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PUBLICAȚIE
Astăzi, 15.07.2020, a fost înregistrată declarația de căsătorie a domnului FILIP NICOLAE în vârstă de 46 ani, cu ultimul domiciliu în com. TINOSU, sat PISCULEȘTI nr. 88, județul Prahova și a doamnei PARASCHIV DOBRIȚA în vârstă de 43 ani, cu ultimul domiciliu în com./mun. BUCUREȘTI, Sector 5, str. Amurgului nr.30, bl.P6, sc.1, ap16.
În temeiul art. 285 din Legea nr. 287/2009 - Codul Civil, orice persoană poate face opunerea la această căsătorie, dacă are cunoștință de existența unor piedici legale, ori dacă, alte cerințe ale legii nu sunt îndeplinite.
Opunerea la această căsătorie se va face în scris, cu arătarea dovezilor pe care se întemeiază, în termen de 10 zile de la data afișării publicației.
Ofițer de stare civilă,
Dobre Rodica
Date cu caracter personal prelucrate în conformitate cu prevederile Regulamentului Uniunii Europene nr.679/2016 privind protecția persoanelor fizice în ceea ce privește Prelucrarea datelor cu caracter personal și libera circulație a acestor date. | <urn:uuid:c9a8437e-cabd-4552-bcb1-e27bf9186cca> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 1,006 |
The CCRM Foundation becomes top event sponsor of the Medicine by Design Symposium
October 3, 2024 (Toronto, ON) – Today, Medicine by Design and The CCRM Foundation announce that The CCRM Foundation will be the top event sponsor of the 9 th Annual Medicine by Design Symposium, to be held on December 9, 2024.
"Medicine by Design and The CCRM Foundation are aligned in our mission to advance regenerative medicine therapies for diseases like heart failure, type 1 diabetes and neurodegenerative disease," says Allison Brown, Executive Director, Medicine by Design.
This year's symposium will be themed "Driving translation with transformative science," and will focus on telling strong translational stories, starting with leading-edge science and enabling technologies through to commercialization and patient impact.
The CCRM Foundation is tackling the rising burden of chronic diseases and an aging population. By collaborating with globally leading experts and partners, The CCRM Foundation is using strategic philanthropy to support the advancement of academic-led innovations through critical, but underfunded, stages of development to catalyze life-changing cell and gene medicines that have the potential to be curative. Its mission is to improve the quality of life for patients and usher in the future of medicine.
"We're thrilled to be introducing The CCRM Foundation to the regenerative medicine community in Toronto through our support of the Medicine by Design symposium," says Michael May, President and CEO, CCRM. "This sponsorship is an important way to support and engage Toronto's world-leading research community. The CCRM Foundation is leveraging the sustainability, track record and expertise of [CCRM and] global ecosystem partners to raise new funding that will be deployed back into highimpact initiatives, including Medicine by Design."
A sponsorship highlight will be a reception hosted by The CCRM Foundation after the symposium, which will bring researchers, industry professionals and other stakeholders together. In addition, the sponsorship will include a CCRM Therapeutic Translation Award for the trainee poster session.
Medicine by Design is a strategic hub where scientists, engineers and clinicians from the University of Toronto and its affiliated hospitals converge to conceive and translate regenerative medicine approaches to transform human health. CCRM and Medicine by Design are strategic partners.
As Medicine by Design's annual flagship event, the symposium will showcase some of the most innovative regenerative medicine work in Canada and internationally. It will take place in the heart of Toronto's vibrant life sciences district. More than a dozen local and international regenerative medicine leaders will present their research at the symposium. More than 500 individuals from the regenerative medicine ecosystem in Toronto typically attend the symposium. For more information about the 9 th Annual Medicine by Design Symposium, visit https://mbd.utoronto.ca/medicine-by-design-symposium/.
About The CCRM Foundation
The CCRM Foundation is a not-for-profit corporation incorporated under the Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act and a Canadian registered charity. The CCRM Foundation is focused on advancing education, conducting research and promoting health in the field of advanced therapies (regenerative medicine and cell and gene therapies). The CCRM Foundation seeks philanthropic support from individuals, corporations and foundations to enable its activities. It will work closely with the Centre for Commercialization of Regenerative Medicine (CCRM), a not-for-profit organization based in Toronto, Canada, and institutional, academic and other not-for-profits to identify and implement innovative opportunities through critical, but underfunded, stages of development. The CCRM Foundation will maintain the highest standards of transparency and practices.
About Medicine by Design
Founded by a $114-million grant from the Canada First Research Excellence Fund, Medicine by Design brings together researchers at the University of Toronto and its affiliated hospitals to advance regenerative medicine discoveries and accelerate them toward impact. It builds on decades of made-inCanada excellence in regenerative medicine dating back to the discovery of stem cells in the early 1960s by Toronto researchers James Till and Dr. Ernest McCulloch.
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For further information, please contact:
Stacey Johnson Vice President, Communications and Marketing CCRM email@example.com 1-647-309-1830
Julie Crljen Marketing & Communications Officer Medicine by Design firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:e3830701-dfa3-478c-9f15-0dc87dc89a05> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,663 |
ΠΡΟΣΚΛΗΣΗ
To Κέντρο Ευρωπαϊκής πληροφόρησης - Europe Direct Δυτικής Μακεδονίας , η Περιφερειακή Διεύθυνση Πρωτοβάθμιας και Δευτεροβάθμιας Εκπαίδευσης Δυτικής Μακεδονίας, ο Δήμος Αμυνταίου, ο Όμιλος Ενεργών Νέων Φλώρινας, οι πρεσβευτές και οι δάσκαλοι - καθηγητές του προγράμματος Teachers4Europe Δυτικής Μακεδονίας σας προσκαλούν στον εορτασμό της «Ημέρας της Ευρώπης» και στην εκδήλωση παρουσίασης των εργασιών της εκπαιδευτικής δράσης
Teachers4Europe 2018 Δυτικής Μακεδονίας
την Τετάρτη, 9 Μαΐου 2018 και ώρα 09:30
στην αίθουσα του Πνευματικού Κέντρου του Δήμου Αμυνταίου
Για το Europe Direct Δυτικής Μακεδονίας Για τον Όμιλο Ενεργών Νέων Φλώρινας
Κωνσταντίνος Στεργίου Κωνσταντίνος Φιλιππίδης
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ACUERDO DE ACREDITACIÓN Nº 408
CARRERA DE PERIODISMO
UNIVERSIDAD DE VIÑA DEL MAR
VIÑA DEL MAR
ENERO 2016
ACUERDO DE ACREDITACIÓN Nº 408
Carrera de Periodismo
Universidad de Viña del Mar
En la sesión del Consejo de Acreditación del área de Ciencias Sociales de la Agencia Acreditadora de Chile, de fecha 05 de Enero de 2016, la Comisión acordó lo siguiente:
TENIENDO PRESENTE:
1. Que la Carrera de Periodismo de la Universidad de Viña del Mar se somete en forma voluntaria al sistema de acreditación de carreras administrado por la Agencia Acreditadora de Chile.
2. Los Criterios Generales de Evaluación para Carreras Profesionales, sancionados por la Comisión Nacional de Acreditación.
3. El Informe de Autoevaluación de la Carrera de Periodismo de la Universidad de Viña del Mar, presentado con fecha 06 de Noviembre de 2015.
4. El Informe del Comité de Pares Evaluadores, realizado como consecuencia de la visita efectuada los días 16, 17 y 18 de Noviembre de 2015.
5. Los Comentarios de la Carrera, de fecha 28 de Diciembre de 2015, en respuesta al Informe de Visita de los Pares Evaluadores de la Agencia Acreditadora de Chile.
CONSIDERANDO
6. Que del proceso evaluativo que se ha llevado a cabo se desprenden fortalezas y debilidades que se mencionan, de manera resumida, en cada una de las dimensiones analizadas:
INTRODUCCIÓN
La carrera de periodismo de la UVM tiene 25 años de funcionamiento. El proyecto educativo de la institución es de carácter matricial y se caracteriza por un enfoque de formación por competencias. Su patrón pedagógico se define como constructivista, que permite a los jóvenes construir su propio saber junto con promover el desarrollo del espíritu crítico.
Concibe al docente como un ente autónomo y facilitador del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje.
Los valores institucionales (pluralismo y diversidad, responsabilidad, integridad, compromiso y pasión por la excelencia) se promueven en las distintas instancias del proceso educativo.
El 2009 la Universidad pasa a formar parte de la Red Laureate como parte del proyecto en la región. El año 2011, y como consecuencia del proceso de Autoevaluación Institucional, se organiza un nuevo Plan de Desarrollo Estratégico (PDE) que establece las bases de un nuevo Proyecto Educativo, centrado en el estudiante y en su aporte al desarrollo regional.
1. DIMENSION DE PERFIL DE EGRESO Y RESULTADOS
El perfil de egreso ha sido definido de acuerdo a los lineamientos institucionales y responde a la metodología del aprendizaje basada en la
acción que incide en el desarrollo de destrezas y habilidades por parte de los estudiantes.
Los conocimientos, habilidades, actitudes y destrezas configuran el perfil adecuado, basado en las dimensiones de aprendizaje: contenidos (saber), habilidades (hacer) y actitudinal (ser) que evidencian coherencia y pertinencia con las especificaciones del perfil de egreso
El perfil de egreso se caracteriza por ser integral y orientado hacia la formación de un "periodista reportero" y con claro compromiso regional, como señala el Proyecto Educativo Institucional validado por estudiantes, docentes, egresados y empleadores y expertos externos consultados, a través de la aplicación de encuestas, "focus group" y cuestionarios, entre otros instrumentos.
La última actualización del perfil vigente agregó la modalidad de proyectos de títulos más acotados que den soluciones concretas a necesidades de la sociedad, iniciativa que contó con la aceptación de los jóvenes.
PLAN DE ESTUDIOS
Organización del plan de estudios
El plan de estudios y los programas de las distintas asignaturas responden adecuadamente del perfil de egreso.
La carrera cuenta con diversos mecanismos para medir la progresión de los estudiantes, entre los que destacan los promedios obtenido por cada asignatura, las tasas de aprobación, los niveles de avance curricular, los informes de práctica, las tasas de titulación oportuna, de asistencia, de retención, todos monitoreados por el jefe de carrera.
El plan de estudio de la carrera de periodismo, según el proyecto educativo de la UVM, contempla cuatro áreas de formación: Formación Profesional, Cross Media, Formación Disciplinar y Formación Integral.
La visita de los pares evaluadores detectó alguna duplicidad de contenidos en los cursos de "Comunicación Estratégica" y "Periodismo Institucional".
Los métodos pedagógicos
Los métodos aplicados y la duración de los cursos son adecuados para lograr las competencias previstas en el perfil de egreso, en el marco de las características del trabajo periodístico que les corresponderá enfrentar al incorporarse al mundo laboral.
Criterios de admisión
La carrera no realiza selección de estudiantes ni discrimina por algún factor social económico o cultural. Su ingreso regular es por vía PSU, con un mínimo de 450 puntos y un promedio de ingreso de 32 alumnos.
Progresión, deserción y mecanismos de apoyo
La carrera cuenta con mecanismos de evaluación para medir la progresión de los estudiantes como promedios de notas por asignatura, tasas de aprobación, avance curricular, informes de práctica, tasas de titulación oportuna, de asistencia, de retención, todos monitoreados por el jefe de carrera.
Los mecanismos de apoyo para los alumnos que presentan dificultades académicas dicen relación con el Programa de Acompañamiento Universitaria (PAU), la Academia de Tutores, el Programa de Apoyo al Rendimiento (PAR) y los programas de Mejora de Asignaturas Críticas.
En cuanto a las tasas de aprobación, el porcentaje asciende a 79% (últimos 6 meses de medición).
Seguimiento de los procesos formativos
La unidad hace un seguimiento de sus procesos académicos: tasas de retención, de aprobación y de titulación. También ha creado una comunidad de profesionales que se preocupa de establecer vínculos por medio de la organización de charlas disciplinares, estudios de empleabilidad y la actualización de bases de datos, entre otras iniciativas.
Existe integración del grado académico y la obtención del título profesional a la malla curricular. De este modo la carrera ha mejorado con acierto los indicadores de titulación real y oportuna de sus egresados.
Vinculación con el medio
El plantel dispone de las Cátedras Espejo: a través de video conferencia los estudiantes comparten una clase con profesores y estudiantes de otras universidades.
La mayoría de los docentes son profesionales destacados, con una sólida formación, lo que se puede considerar como una fortaleza de la carrera. Esta vinculación hace posible que los estudiantes tengan la oportunidad de conocer la realidad del trabajo periodístico en los diversos medios de comunicación y en otros contextos en que los que se desempeñan los periodistas.
Fortalezas de la Dimensión de Perfil de Egreso y Resultados
Se observa que existe un perfil de egreso explícito, revisado y actualizado, en el marco de los lineamientos definidos en el proyecto educativo institucional.
El plan de estudios y los programas de las distintas asignaturas responden a las competencias del perfil de egreso.
Las metodologías de enseñanza en cada asignatura consideran una formación teórico-práctica, coherente con el proyecto educativo institucional centrado en el estudiante y su proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.
La línea de inglés aparece como una oportunidad para que los estudiantes desarrollen conocimientos de un segundo idioma, considerando los aspectos globales de la comunicación.
La asignatura Gestión de Proyectos, de carácter transversal, es acorde al perfil de egreso a de los estudiantes.
Oportunidades de mejora
* Fortalecer la línea de Cross Media para mejorar la capacidad reflexiva de los jóvenes frente a las nuevas tecnologías.
* Potenciar el seguimiento de las prácticas profesionales y la orientación de competencias entre la primera práctica profesional y la segunda.
* Existe una débil vinculación con los egresados y empleadores lo que repercute en la fidelización de la carrera.
2. DIMENSIÓN DE CONDICIONES DE OPERACIÓN
ESTRUCTURA ORGANIZACIONAL, ADMINISTRATIVA Y FINANCIERA
La carrera dispone de una estructura organizacional de nivel central dependiendo su funcionamiento de la Escuela de Comunicaciones. El jefe de carrera tiene por responsabilidad proponer a la dirección de la escuela el
presupuesto anual de la unidad, aprobar la ejecución presupuestaria y sugerir los cambios necesarios de acuerdo al comportamiento presupuestario.
Cuerpo académico
La unidad consta con un cuerpo docente de siete profesores competentes para ejercer la labor educativa, lo que es reconocido y valorado por los estudiantes.
Formación y desarrollo del cuerpo docente
El personal docente que se incorpora a la Carrera recibe un proceso regular de inducción que les permite conocer el Proyecto Educativo y las áreas claves para su mejor desempeño.
El cuerpo académico es adecuado en calificación y formación, y se encuentra comprometido con los objetivos de la carrera y con un perfil profesional concordante con el proyecto educativo.
Se pudo verificar la existencia de mecanismos formales de perfeccionamiento pedagógico del cuerpo docente.
La estructura para la toma de decisiones está bien definida y el jefe de carrera tiene autonomía para hacer cambios y proponer la contratación a honorarios de nuevos profesores. En este contexto el balance entre la autonomía de la unidad y la dependencia de la institución es adecuado para los propósitos de la carrera.
Los docentes manifestaron conformidad con la relación contractual con la institución. Al estar trabajando en la industria la relación a honorarios les permite una mayor libertad de acción.
Calificaciones del cuerpo directivo
Las funciones y atribuciones del cuerpo directivo de la carrera están definidas con claridad. Está integrado por el jefe de carrera(s) y un profesor de jornada completa.
Los docentes están involucrados y comprometidos con el proyecto. Se percibe una preocupación por la buena marcha de la carrera.
Existen instancias de participación entre docentes, directivos y estudiantes de la Carrera. Se expresan principalmente a través del consejo de escuela que es un organismo asesor. Aquí participan los jefes de carrera de la escuela, coordinadores administrativos, docentes y estudiantes. Sus integrantes tratan materias académicas, vinculación con el medio y de gestión.
El presupuesto general de la unidad se construye a partir de los presupuestos parciales elaborados por los jefes de carreras, siendo posteriormente sancionado - previa discusión – por la Vicerrectoría Académica.
La carrera cuenta con las condiciones presupuestarias adecuadas que le dan estabilidad y viabilidad financiera; capacidad para atender las obligaciones contraídas y respaldo para atender las necesidades de equipamiento y de instalaciones, como salas multimedia, laboratorio audiovisual y talleres, entre otros.
La carrera cuenta con los medios apropiados para la planificación, control y ejecución presupuestaria.
La principal fuente de ingresos corresponde a los aranceles.
La mayoría del cuerpo docente comparte su quehacer académico con otras actividades profesionales, situación que otorga un valor agregado importante a la vinculación de la carrera con el mercado laboral y las prácticas profesionales de los estudiantes.
Los estudiantes reconocen que sus profesores están siempre disponibles para recibirlos y ayudarlos a resolver los problemas y desafíos planteados.
El año 2014 la Institución inició el proceso de jerarquización académica con el objeto de promover a los docentes a un mayor nivel académico.
Políticas de gestión de los recursos humanos
Los criterios de selección y evaluación de los académicos se encuentran definidos por políticas y normas que son conocidas por todos.
La carrera aplica dos mecanismos de evaluación del desempeño de los académicos. Uno, a nivel institucional, mediante la encuesta de evaluación docente en la que los estudiantes evalúan a sus profesores.
A nivel de la unidad, la evaluación se realiza a través de entrevistas personales de la jefatura de carrera con cada profesor.
INFRAESTRUCTURA, APOYO TÉCNICO Y RECURSOS PARA LA ENSEÑANZA
La carrera cuenta con el presupuesto apropiado y adecuado para desarrollar su gestión. Cubre gastos operacionales para apoyar la tarea docente, como charlas, salidas a terreno, actividades de integración y de vinculación con el medio.
A esto también se suma un presupuesto de inversiones llamado Capex, que permite la actualización y mantención del equipamiento computacional y audiovisual.
El recorrido por las instalaciones da cuenta que la dotación de recursos materiales es suficiente para atender la cantidad de estudiantes de la carrera.
La calidad del equipamiento y las instalaciones es apropiada para satisfacer las demandas de los jóvenes.
La biblioteca cuenta con instalaciones apropiadas para el trabajo individual y colectivo de los estudiantes. Asimismo, dispone del sistema EDS, que se caracteriza por su fácil acceso a los contenidos de todos los recursos del Sistema de Bibliotecas.
Existe preocupación por mantener permanentemente al día los equipos y las instalaciones. Se dispone de mecanismos formales para la adquisición de material bibliográfico, los que son requeridos por la Unidad de acuerdo a los niveles de progresión en que se encuentra la Carrera. El 74 % de los estudiantes señalan que existe una aceptable disponibilidad de títulos en Biblioteca.
3. DIMENSIÓN DE CAPACIDAD DE AUTORREGULACIÓN
Los propósitos de la carrera están expresados en forma de metas y objetivos verificables. Son compartidos por todos los miembros de la carrera y se difunden en diversas instancias a toda la comunidad.
Los docentes conocen el medio profesional en que está inserta la carrera, de manera que están continuamente realimentando hacia el ámbito académico las innovaciones y avances de la disciplina.
Resulta importante fortalecer las instancias de participación de estos docentes en la toma de decisiones ya que la comisión observó que no todos ellos conocían el informe de autoevaluación a cabalidad ni tenían opinión, o injerencia, en el desarrollo de la carrera.
Producto de los permanentes cambios y evolución de la tecnología, el diseño de la carrera permite una posición flexible frente a los avances de la industria.
Está preparada para actualizar los contenidos de los programas de estudio, lo que se refleja en la existencia de, por ejemplo, una línea Cross Media.
Evaluación del logro de los propósitos
La carrera está consciente de los avances de su actividad de formación y conoce el grado en que está logrando sus propósitos. Se vigilan las fortalezas y debilidades del proceso académico y los demás aspectos concernientes a la unidad como, por ejemplo, el grado de logro de las competencias del plan de estudios.
La estrategia institucional de mejora continua proporciona planes de acción y las vías de correcciones de las debilidades y aspectos a mejorar. La metodología de formación por competencias facilita una mirada introspectiva de adecuada objetividad.
INTEGRIDAD
La consistencia interna
Los propósitos y objetivos de la carrera orientan de manera efectiva y clara las decisiones que se adoptan en la unidad académica, permitiendo que las actividades que se emprenden proporcionen un resultado consistente.
La carrera ha articulado políticas y mecanismos para fortalecer los hábitos de estudio, de manera transversal, a todos sus estudiantes.
Sin embargo, el comité de pares pudo constatar la necesidad de fortalecer el desarrollo de habilidades blandas de los alumnos en aspectos tales como la expresión oral y escrita, la capacidad de reflexión y el desarrollo de espíritu crítico, entre otras.
Se constató que la jefatura de carrera, un cargo que toma decisiones administrativas, necesita mayor autonomía e independencia para la efectiva toma de decisiones en el ámbito de la gestión académica.
La unidad carece de instancias de apoyo continuo y formal para la reflexión académica, los avances y la evaluación permanente del plan de estudios, como un consejo asesor permanente que le permita analizar situaciones disciplinares.
La publicidad y difusión de la carrera es adecuada. Todos los estamentos conocen de manera clara y fidedigna los servicios de la unidad.
En las acciones internas, la carrera cuenta con un sistema de información que permite acceder a estadísticas en cualquier ámbito y nivel de procesos.
Los reglamentos y normativas internas
Existe una reglamentación completa de los derechos y deberes de académicos y estudiantes que regula el funcionamiento y los procesos propios de la gestión de la Universidad de Viña del Mar.
PROCESO DE AUTOEVALUACIÓN
El proceso de autoevaluación se ha realizado con acuciosidad e integrando a los diversos estamentos en la formulación de opiniones y datos específicos de cada uno de ellos. Además, ha identificado fortalezas y debilidades de la carrera. Finalmente, ha establecido un plan de mejoramiento de las debilidades identificadas.
Fortalezas de la Capacidad de Autorregulación
* Se observa que los propósitos y objetivos de la carrera son conocidos por estudiantes y docentes.
* Existen reglamentos y normativas que guían el quehacer académico, adecuadamente informados a la comunidad docente y estudiantil.
* El proceso de autoevaluación se realizó apropiadamente, integrando a los diversos estamentos en la recopilación de opiniones y datos específicos.
Debilidades de la Capacidad de Autorregulación
* Promover con mayor énfasis la socialización del Informe de Autoevaluación, considerada limitada por algunos estamentos, según reuniones sostenidas con ellos.
* Potenciar el vínculo con empleadores y egresados, para mejorar – entre otros aspectos - la participación de estos en los planes de actualización curricular.
POR LO TANTO,
7. Analizados la totalidad de los antecedentes señalados previamente, el Consejo de Acreditación del área de Ciencias Sociales de la Agencia Acreditadora de Chile resuelve:
a. Acreditar la Carrera de Periodismo de la Universidad de Viña del Mar, que conduce al título de Periodista y al grado académico de Licenciado en Comunicación Social, impartida en la ciudad de Viña del Mar, en jornada Diurna y modalidad Presencial, por un plazo de 5 años, que culmina el 05 de Enero de 2021.
b. Que en el plazo señalado, la Carrera de Periodismo de la Universidad de Viña del Mar podrá someterse voluntariamente a un nuevo proceso de acreditación, en cuyo caso serán especialmente consideradas las observaciones transmitidas por este Consejo. Para tal efecto deberá presentar la documentación correspondiente al menos 90 días antes del vencimiento de esta acreditación.
Sergio Thiers Silva DIRECTOR DE PROCESOS Y AUTOEVALUACIÓN AGENCIA ACREDITADORA DE CHILE A&C S.A.
Álvaro Vial Gaete
DIRECTOR EJECUTIVO AGENCIA ACREDITADORA DE CHILE A&C S.A. | <urn:uuid:968da482-dfad-4605-a6aa-0c7486661772> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 18,914 |
ORDIN
Cu privire la sistarea eșalonată a activității instituțiilor de educație timpurie din municipiul Chișinău
În temeiul prevederilor Regulamentului-tip de organizare și funcționare a instituției de educație timpurie, aprobat prin ordinul ME nr. 243 din 22 aprilie 2016 și a ordinului nr. 601 din 06 iulie, 2017 „Cu privire la modificarea Regulamentului-tip de organizare și funcționare a instituției de educație timpurie” și consimțământul părinților referitor la suspendare în legătură cu necesitatea efectuării unor lucrări de reparații capitale și curente ale blocurilor și depozitelor alimentare, a spălătoriilor, igienizarea încăperilor, acordarea concesiilor personalului instituțiilor, frecvența redusă a copiilor și a demersurilor prezentate de către directorii instituțiilor de educație timpurie, coordonate cu șefii DETS sectoarele Botanica, Buiucani, Centru, Ciocana, Râșcani privind sistarea activității pe perioada concesiilor de vară,
ORDON:
1. Se sistează temporar activitatea instituțiilor de educație timpurie, sectorul Botanica, Buiucani, Centru, Ciocana, Râșcani după cum urmează:
Sectorul Botanica
1. școala primară - grădiniță nr.120 - de la 01.07 - 31.08.2019
2. școala primară - grădiniță nr.152 - de la 01.07 – 01.09.2019
3. instituția de educație timpurie nr.9 - de la 01.07 - 18.08.2019
4. instituția de educație timpurie nr.17 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
5. instituția de educație timpurie nr.35 - de la 15.07 - 01.09.2019
6. instituția de educație timpurie nr.40 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
7. instituția de educație timpurie nr.44 - de la 15.07 - 01.09.2019
8. instituția de educație timpurie nr.71 - de la 15.07 - 01.09.2019
9. instituția de educație timpurie nr.89 - de la 15.07 - 31.08.2019
10. instituția de educație timpurie nr.98 - de la 01.07 - 14.07.2019
11. instituția de educație timpurie nr.99 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
12. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 103 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
13. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 112 - de la 15.07 - 31.08.2019
14. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 122 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
15. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 141 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
16. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 142 - de la 15.07 - 31.08.2019
17. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 153 - de la 15.07 - 25.08.2019
18. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 180 - de la 22.07 - 01.09.2019
19. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 182 - de la 15.07 - 31.08.2019
20. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 216 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
Sectorul Buiucani
21. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 20 - de la 01.07 - 04.08.2019
22. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 54 - de la 01.07 - 30.08.2019
23. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 63 - de la 01.07 - 02.08.2019
24. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 75 - de la 22.07 - 31.08.2019
25. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 85 - de la 01.07 - 02.08.2019
26. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 87 - de la 01.07 - 09.08.2019
27. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 116 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
28. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 119 - de la 01.07 - 04.08.2019
29. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 158 - de la 01.07 - 02.08.2019
30. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 183 - de la 29.07 - 30.08.2019
31. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 186 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
32. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 215 - de la 01.07 - 02.08.2019
Sectorul Centru
33. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 12 - de la 15.07 - 25.08.2019
34. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 23 - de la 01.07 - 08.08.2019
35. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 46 - de la 01.07 - 18.08.2019
36. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 53 - de la 01.07 - 18.08.2019
37. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 59 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
38. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 73 - de la 01.07 - 09.08.2019
39. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 78 - de la 01.07 - 05.08.2019
40. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 167 - de la 15.07 - 25.08.2019
41. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 174 - de la 15.07 - 16.08.2019
42. Școala Primară - Grădinița nr. 226 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
Sectorul Ciocana
43. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 32 - 01.07 - 31.08.2019
44. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 128 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
45. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 138 - de la 01.07 - 12.08.2019
46. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 212 - de la 01.07 - 16.08.2019
47. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 225 - de la 01.07 - 16.08.2019
48. Gimnaziul-grădiniță Cruzești - de la 01.07 - 16.08.2019
Sectorul Râșcani
49. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 25 - de la 01.07 - 09.08.2019
50. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 47 - de la 01.07 - 01.08.2019
51. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 51 - de la 22.07 - 30.08.2019
52. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 56 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
53. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 57 - de la 15.07 - 30.08.2019
54. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 64 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
55. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 66 - de la 01.07 - 31.08.2019
56. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 68 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
57. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 105 - de la 17.07 - 30.08.2019
58. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 108 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
59. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 129 - de la 12.07 - 30.08.2019
60. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 136 - de la 01.07 - 15.08.2019
61. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 137 - de la 01.07 - 31.07.2019
62. instituția de educație timpurie nr. 160 - de la 01.07 - 02.08.2019
63. IP Școala Primară - Grădinița nr. 199 - de la 15.07 - 01.09.2019
64. IP Școala Primară - Grădinița „I. Fulga” - de la 01.07 - 04.08.2019
2. Direcția management preșcolar (A. Vartic, șef), metodiștii principali ai DGETS, (E. Bușilo, G. Ropot, A. Monacu, T. Bostan), responsabili de activitatea instituțiilor de educație timpurie din municipiul Chișinău:
2.1 vor monitoriza respectarea graficului de sistare temporară a activității instituțiilor de educație timpurie, în cadrul controalelor efectuate;
2.2 vor monitoriza procesul de asigurare a înmatriculării copiilor, conform vârstei și numărului de locuri disponibile pentru perioada estivală, 2019.
3. Șefii DETS din sectoarele Botanica, Buiucani, Centru, Ciocana, Râșcani (I. Musteață, T. Golban, șef interimar, N. Strajesco, V. Rotaru, A. Pavaloi):
3.1. vor ține la control și vor monitoriza eficientizarea condițiilor de funcționare a instituțiilor de educație timpurie din subordine suspendate temporar.
3.2. vor asigura reparația, igienizarea și amenajarea încăperilor, salubrizarea teritoriului, paza bunurilor materiale în instituție.
4. Directorii instituțiilor de educație timpurie nominalizate în punctul 1 al prezentului ordin:
4.1. vor perfecta și prezenta la Contabilitățile centralizate ale DGETS, DETS din sectoarele Botanica, Buiucani, Centru, Ciocana, Râșcani pachetul de documente pentru acordarea concesiilor ordinare și zilelor de recuperări angajaților în conformitate cu legislația în vigoare, iar angajații, care vor fi încadrați pentru efectuarea reparației curente vor fi salarizați conform fișei de pontaj;
4.2. vor lua măsuri, la necesitate, de asigurare a copiilor neîncadrați în grădiniță, contactând instituțiile apropiate, din raza unității administrativ-teritoriale, care vor funcționa în perioada respectivă și vor asigura înmatricularea copiilor de vârsta preșcolară;
4.3. vor informa părinții cu conținutul prezentului ordin prin afișarea pe panoul informativ din instituția de educație timpurie;
4.4. vor fi responsabili de efectuarea lucrărilor de reparație a încăperilor, paza bunurilor materiale etc. în instituția de educație timpurie. | <urn:uuid:081fad72-8685-4c53-95b8-96c229803b82> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 7,684 |
Only Two Weeks Remain for Oklahomans to Register for Disaster Assistance
Release Date: May 12, 2021
OKLAHOMA CITY —Time is nearly up for Oklahoma residents and businesses recovering from uninsured or underinsured losses and damage caused by February's severe winter storms. Survivors only have two weeks left to register for disaster assistance with FEMA and apply for a U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) lowinterest disaster loan.
The deadline to register with FEMA and apply with the SBA is May 25, 2021. The fastest and easiest way to apply to FEMA is by visiting DisasterAssistance.gov.
If it is not possible to register online, call 800-621-3362 (TTY: 800-462-7585). The tollfree phone lines operate daily from 6 a.m. to 10 p.m. CDT. Those who use a relay service such as a videophone, Innocaption or CapTel should provide FEMA with their specific number assigned to that service.
FEMA reminds survivors who registered online for disaster assistance that correspondence or information from FEMA needed to process their case will be sent to the online disaster assistance account created by the survivor.
When you apply for assistance, have the following information readily available:
A current phone number where you can be contacted.
Your Social Security number, if available.
Your address at the time of the disaster and the address where you are now staying.
A general list of damage and losses.
If insured, the insurance policy number, or the agent and company name.
After registering, FEMA staff may contact you for various reasons, including to discuss your case or request additional information. It's important to answer those phone calls to ensure your application process continues.
If you have any doubt about someone who calls stating they work for FEMA, do not provide any information, but instead call 800-621-3362 (TTY: 800-462-7585) between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. CDT to verify that the call is legitimate.
For disaster damage to private property that is not fully covered by insurance, SBA may be the best option. SBA is the primary source of federal money for long-term disaster recovery. Non-farm businesses (including rental properties) of all sizes, as well as homeowners and renters whose property was damaged because of a declared disaster, should apply for a low-interest SBA disaster loan.
Homeowners may apply for up to $200,000 to replace or repair their primary residence. Renters and homeowners may borrow up to $40,000 to replace or repair personal property — such as clothing, furniture, cars and appliances — damaged or destroyed in a disaster.
SBA makes physical disaster loans of up to $2 million to qualified businesses or most private nonprofit organizations. These loan proceeds may be used for the repair or replacement of the following:
Real property
Equipment
Machinery
Fixtures
Leasehold improvements
Inventory
To apply for a low-interest, long-term SBA disaster loan, call 800-659-2955 (TTY: 800877-8339) or complete an online application at disasterloan.sba.gov/ela/.
For the latest information on the February winter storms visit http://www.fema.gov/disaster/4587 or follow the FEMA Region 6 Twitter account at twitter.com/FEMARegion6. | <urn:uuid:c5c93e6f-0d9b-4c99-94d3-2ee8fc6e3bce> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,203 |
ASSEMBLEA MISSIONARIA TRIVENETO
PROPOSTA ADATTATA DAL CMD DI TREIVISO PER TUTTI COLORO CHE DESIDERANO FAR PERVENIRE IL LORO CONTRIBUTO ALLA RIFLESSIONE
Titolo: «Quale MISSIONE e ANIMAZIONE
siamo chiamati a vivere insieme oggi?»
Luogo: Seminario diocesano di Concordia-Pordenone
Data: 28 ottobre 2023 - dalle ore 9.30 alle 16.30
Introduzione:
Il tema dell'Assemblea missionaria Triveneto attinge quello che ha caratterizzato l'Assemblea del 2019 dal titolo "La missione fa la chiesa". L'obiettivo generale di allora era "avviare un processo d'interscambio e confronto attivo tra le 15 diocesi del Triveneto sull'urgente conversione pastorale e individuare sinodalmente tracce per nuove prassi pastorali missionarie".
Si è pensato quindi, anche per questa edizione dell'Assemblea 2023, un percorso che faccia emergere un linguaggio condiviso su due focus tematici missione e animazione dandoci l'occasione di passare dall' "autoreferenzialità al noi ecclesiale". È previsto un lavoro pre-assembleare di tipo sinodale e corresponsabile da svolgere sui territori diocesani.
Scrive Papa Francesco: "L'annuncio si concentra sull'essenziale, su ciò che è più bello, più grande, più attraente e allo stesso tempo più necessario" (EG 35). L'assemblea punta quindi ad essere una tappa importante di rilancio, di orizzonte nuovo, di obiettivi comuni e un contributo concreto da offrire alle nostre chiese del Triveneto sui temi esposti sopra.
Obiettivi:
* Individuare un linguaggio condiviso su ciò che intendiamo per missione e stile di evangelizzazione alla luce anche dei documenti Evangelii Gaudium, Fratelli Tutti, Laudato Sì e Querida Amazonia.
* Scegliere una linea comune rispetto a forme, criteri, stile di animazione missionaria da proporre in maniera dinamica e creativa alle diocesi.
* Definire l'Identità, specificità e il contributo dei CMD rispetto ai due nuclei tematici missione e animazione.
* Individuare proposte per promuovere una conversione in chiave missionaria di tutta la pastorale e possibili scelte concrete che realizzino la Chiesa in uscita nel nostro contesto e nel mondo.
Prima dell'Assemblea di ottobre verrà svolto un lavoro di ascolto, narrazione e condivisione secondo un metodo di lavoro sinodale e corresponsabile. Sono state preparate delle schede di lavoro con indicazione di alcune linee comuni che permettano un lavoro in sinergia tra Diocesi. Ogni Centro missionario potrà adattare le proposte a seconda del proprio contesto e realtà diocesana e lavorare sulle schede singolarmente o abbinandosi ad un'altra diocesi vicina.
SCHEDA DI LAVORO
PRIMA FASE
BREVE PREGHIERA INIZIALE:
INTRODUZIONE:
Tutti abbiamo sperimentato la bellezza di una chiesa che desidera mettersi in ascolto... dall'ascolto infatti nasce la fede (Rm 10,17). Certamente è fondamentale l'ascolto della Parola di Dio contenuta nelle Scritture. Se ascoltiamo lo Spirito che parla attraverso le Scritture, il nostro cuore si apre anche all'ascolto dello stesso Spirito che ci parla nei fratelli e sorelle, nelle vicende della storia in cui viviamo e testimoniamo... e nell'incontro con altre chiese. Ogni volta che ci mettiamo in atteggiamento di ascolto, facciamo dunque esperienza del nostro essere chiesa, quella chiesa in cui risuona forte l'invito missionario che il Risorto ci rivolge (Mt 28,18-20) e che Papa Francesco ricorda con accorato appello ad una chiesa "in uscita" (EG 19-24). La chiesa in uscita, animata dallo Spirito di Gesù, e lungi dall'essere ripiegata su sè stessa, auto-referenziale, clericale... è invece quella comunità di discepoli-missionari che prendono iniziativa, si coinvolgono, accompagnano, fruttificano e festeggiano riconoscendo sempre il "per primo di Gesù" che ci precede... EG 24. È una chiesa che nel suo agire pastorale pertanto è sempre aperta alla conversione (EG 25-27) per partire ed arrivare al "cuore del Vangelo" (EG 34).
Il gruppo viene invitato dal moderatore a mettersi in atteggiamento di ascolto della Parola. Si può fare un canto o preghiera di invocazione allo Spirito...
Lettura del vangelo di Mt 28,18-20
E Gesù, avvicinatosi, disse loro: «Mi è stato dato ogni potere in cielo e in terra. Andate dunque e ammaestrate tutte le nazioni, battezzandole nel nome del Padre e del Figlio e dello Spirito santo, insegnando loro ad osservare tutto ciò che vi ho comandato. Ecco, io sono con voi tutti i giorni, fino alla fine del mondo».
NARRAZIONE
In ascolto dello Spirito ognuno è invitato a condividere, narrando, una esperienza (vissuta personalmente o come gruppo o comunità...) che esprima la missione della Chiesa: evangelizzare, testimoniare... Due domande diverse possono aitarci:
- Quale esperienza significativa mi ha permesso di entrare in contatto con i valori, la spiritualità, la comunità, il vangelo...?
- Quando e con chi ho fatto esperienza di Gesù morto e risorto che trasforma la vita fino a mettere tutto, anche la morte, a servizio del Regno?
UNA VISIONE COMUNE nel caso di un lavoro fatto in gruppo:
Dopo che il gruppo si è messo in ascolto delle esperienze, può riprendere quello che a ciascuno è apparso come importante, illuminante.... di quanto ascoltato singole persone o gruppi possono inviare le proprie "narrazioni" (max un foglio A4 e identificando la persona o il gruppo che scrive) a: firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:641e0aa4-c54d-4b33-acf4-4f0f1fd8747b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 5,320 |
LA MANIPULACIÓN DEL ESTADO DE DERECHO COMO INSTRUMENTO DE CONSOLIDACIÓN DE UN PROYECTO POLÍTICO DE CONCENTRACIÓN DEL PODER EN VENEZUELA*.
Les envío la relación que presenté en Ciudad de México en el Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la Universidad Autónoma de México. Roman Duque Corredor
LA MANIPULACIÓN DEL ESTADO DE DERECHO COMO INSTRUMENTO DE CONSOLIDACIÓN DE UN PROYECTO POLÍTICO DE CONCENTRACIÓN DEL PODER EN VENEZUELA*.
Román J. Duque Corredor
Ex Magistrado de la Corte Suprema de Justicia (1983-1992)
Individuo de Número de la Academia de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales
Profesor de derecho constitucional en el Curso de Doctorado de la Universidad
Católica Andrés Bello de Caracas, Venezuela.
Miembro de la Comisión Andina de Juristas.
1. "Manipulación del Estado de Derecho" es la calificación que según Human Rights Wacht define mejor la actual crisis política venezolana. Puesto que no se trata de un atentado contra el orden constitucional del país proveniente de un golpe de Estado sino de una amenaza que proviene del propio gobierno 1[1]. Podríamos agregar del propio Estado mediante el ejercicio de sus funciones.
2. En otras palabras, de un proyecto político personalista que a través de las funciones legislativas y jurisdiccionales persigue la destrucción de la noción de Estado democrático y la limitación de las libertades para permitir la concentración del poder.
3. Proyecto este, como se afirma en un reciente estudio, donde los diversos órganos del Estado, principalmente, del Poder Judicial han contribuido con la desaparición de la Constitución, la Democracia y el Estado de Derecho 2[2],
* Relación presentada en la Mesa Redonda "Lecciones prácticas de la crisis política venezolana", en el Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas de la Universidad Autónoma de México, celebrado junto con la Fundación Manuel García Pelayo, 20 y 21 de abril de 2005.
1[1] "Manipulando el Estado de Derecho: Independencia del Poder Judicial amenazada en Venezuela", Human Rights Wacht, junio de 2004, Vol. 16, No. 3 (B).
2[2] Hernández Mendible, Víctor Rafael, "La contribución del Poder Judicial a la desaparición de la Constitución, la Democracia y el Estado de Derecho", en "El nuevo Derecho Constitucional Venezolano", Ponencias presentadas en VI Congreso Venezolano de Derecho Constitucional en homenaje al Dr. Humberto La Roche, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas, 2002, páginas 81 a 107.
mediante el quiebre del principio de la separación de poderes, como se dice en otra investigación jurídica3[3]. Y ello no obstante que la Constitución vigente de 1.999 descansa sobre la noción del Estado democrático y social de Derecho y de Justicia. Y a pesar de que la misma Constitución para garantizar la independencia y autonomía de las funciones del Estado consagra ahora una peculiar penta división del poder. En efecto, el poder público venezolano en la actualidad se divide en el legislativo, el ejecutivo, el judicial, el ciudadano y el electoral4[4].
4. La manipulación del Estado de Derecho comenzó en agosto y octubre de 1.999 al reconocer legitimidad la Corte Suprema de Justicia en Pleno al Estatuto de funcionamiento de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente del 8 de agosto de 1.999. Este Estatuto subordinaba todos los organismos del poder público a esta Asamblea y permitió el cese de las actividades de estos organismos e inclusive de la misma Corte, que quedó sujeta a la declaratoria de emergencia del Poder Judicial5[5]. Contrariando de esta forma la Corte Suprema de Justicia sus propias decisiones anteriores que habían fijado como limites de dicha Asamblea, como poder constituyente delegado, las Bases Comiciales aprobadas en referéndum del 25 de abril de 1.999 y a la Constitución de 1.961, que establecían el respeto del funcionamiento de los poderes constituidos6[6].
5. Este Estatuto fue calificado de "golpe de Estado" y al régimen de subordinación de los poderes legislativo y judicial, estadales y municipales a la Asamblea Nacional, de "gobierno de facto"y de "régimen de gobierno asambleario"7[7]. Este Decreto determinó el inicio de intervención de todos los poderes del Estado, en particular del Poder Legislativo y del Poder Judicial, "con la anuencia del propio Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, el cual contribuyó a formalizar el golpe de Estado y aupar su propia destrucción"8[8]. Fue el comienzo del proyecto político estatista y centralizado.
3[3] Brewer Carias, Allan, "La progresiva y Sistemática demolición de la Autonomía e Independencia del Poder Judicial en Venezuela (1999-2004)", XXX Jornadas "J. M: Domínguez Escovar", "Estado de Derecho, administración de justicia y derechos humanos", Barquisimeto, enero 2005. páginas 33 a 174.
4[4] Artículo 136 de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela ( Gaceta Oficial N° 5.453 Extraordinaria del 24.03.2000, que corrigió el texto publicado en la Gaceta Oficial N° 36860 del 30.12.1999)..
5[5] Acuerdo de la Corte Suprema de Justicia en Pleno del 23 de agosto de 1999, que respaldó el Decreto de Reorganización del Poder Judicial de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente y Sentencia de la misma Corte en Pleno del 14 de octubre de 1.999 que consideró legítimo el Decreto de Regulación de las funciones del Poder Legislativo de la misma Asamblea del 25 de agosto de 1.999.
6[6] Sentencias Nos. 17 y 18 del 19 de enero de 1.999; 271 del 18 de marzo de 1.999; 639 del 3 de junio de 1999 y 746 del 17 de julio de 1.999.
7[7] Hernández Mendible, Víctor, Loc. Cit., página 94.
8[8] Brewer Carias, Allan, Loc. Cit., página 40.
6. Igualmente, aún después de sancionada y de aprobada popularmente la nueva Constitución el 15 de diciembre de 1.999, y sin sometérsele a referéndum, la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente creó, al margen de esta Constitución, un régimen constitucional transitorio para los poderes públicos mediante el Decreto del 22 de diciembre del mismo año, argumentando un supuesto "vacío constitucional".
7. Este régimen transitorio, que fue legitimado por el nuevo Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, permitió a la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, eliminar el sistema bicameral, cesar el mandato de los senadores y diputados, disolver las asambleas legislativas de los Estados y cesar a sus diputados; someter las Alcaldías y Concejos Municipales a su control; cesar en sus funciones al Contralor General de la República, al Fiscal General de la República, designar los titulares de los órganos del Poder Ciudadano y del Poder Electoral. Y la eliminación de la Corte Suprema de Justicia y su sustitución por el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia y de sus Salas, la designación de los nuevos Magistrados y la creación de la Comisión de Funcionamiento y Reestructuración del Poder Judicial.
8. Para esta manipulación del Derecho, primeramente, la Corte Suprema de Justicia desarrolló la tesis del carácter "supraconstitucional" de los actos dictados por la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, argumentando que sus funciones no se limitaban a la sanción de una nueva Constitución, sino también al interregno, por lo que sus estatutos de funcionamiento son los que definen el modo de coexistencia con los poderes constituidos y no las Bases Comiciales aprobadas popularmente el 25 de abril de 1999 y tampoco la todavía vigente Constitución de 1.9619[9].
9. Y, en segundo lugar, al no decidir la Sala Plena de la Corte Suprema de Justicia con prontitud una demanda en contra de este régimen transitorio de nuevos nombramientos, dejó, por el contrario, que, en su lugar, decidiera la Sala Constitucional del nuevo Tribunal Supremo de Justicia. Sala esta que, que a pesar de que estaba pronunciándose sobre la constitucionalidad de su propia creación, legitimó el régimen transitorio mediante la tesis de "los actos de rango y naturaleza constitucional y organizativa de la Asamblea Constituyente", a pesar de no estar contemplados ni en la Constitución derogada ni en la nueva y que, además, contenía la designación de los propios Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, que obligaba a éstos a inhibirse de conocer10[10].
10. Participó, pues, el Poder Judicial, al cubrir con la denominación de "actos constituyentes"11[11] en lo que se ha considerado como "golpe de Estado
9[9] Sentencia del 14 de octubre de 1.999.
10[10] Sentencias Nos. 4 del 26.01.2000 y 6 del 27.01.2000.
11[11] Así denominó la Sala Político Administrativa del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia al Decreto de la Junta Directiva de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de Medidas Cautelares Urgentes de Protección al Sistema Judicial ( Sentencia N° 1320 del 02.11.200).
continuado de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente"12[12]. Dentro de esos actos constituyentes se encuentra el Estatuto Electoral del Poder Público que dictó la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente el 30 de enero de 200013[13], que fue convalidado por la Sala Constitucional que interpretó que dicha Asamblea podía dictar un régimen transitorio constitucional paralelo, sin aprobación del pueblo. Con esta interpretación, en materia tan delicada, y con las otras interpretaciones sobre los actos constituyentes, el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia violó la soberanía popular que se había expresado el 25 de abril de 1999, al aprobar las Bases Comiciales de la elección y convocatoria de la Asamblea Constituyente y el 15 de diciembre de 1.999, al aprobar la Constitución.
11. El criterio de la supraconstitucionalidad de la antigua de la Corte Suprema de Justicia permitió, según la doctrina, la usurpación de la soberanía del poder constituyente originario por la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente y una "conspiración política de ambos órganos –Corte y Asamblea- para sustituir la soberanía popular y una extralimitación del mandato concedido a ésta última, para redactar un proyecto de nueva Constitución, que debe ser aprobado por el auténtico y único Poder Constituyente, el pueblo a través del referendo constituyente" 14[14]. E, igualmente se podría decir lo mismo con la doctrina del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia sobre los actos constituyentes, que ha permitido que Venezuela cuente aún con dos Constituciones. La aprobada por el pueblo el 15 de diciembre de 1999 y los actos constituyentes dictados por la Asamblea Nacional durante la discusión de la Constitución y después de su aprobación popular.
12. La Corte Suprema de Justicia anterior, pues, preparó su propia liquidación, que ocurrió al suprimirse y removerse sus Magistrados y al crearse, en su lugar, el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, por Decreto sobre el Régimen de Transición de los Poderes Públicos del 22 de diciembre de 1.999 de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, que previó dentro de sus Salas una Sala Constitucional, que al igual que el resto de los Magistrados de las otras Salas ( Casación Penal, Casación Civil, Casación Social, Política Administrativa y Electoral), fueron designados por la misma Asamblea, a pesar de que la nueva Constitución había sido aprobada por el pueblo el 15 de diciembre de ese mismo año.
13. Este nuevo Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, y principalmente, su Sala Constitucional, en una serie de decisiones comenzó a darle piso jurídico al proyecto político estatista, centralista y militarista que se había iniciado con la elección, mediante un sistema electoral inadecuado de 125 constituyentes a la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente, identificados con ese proyecto, contra 6 constituyentes que no se identificaban con dicho proyecto. Y, que ha continuado con la prácticamente desaparición de la separación de poderes, la
12[12] Brewer Carias, Allan, Loc., Cit., página 76.
13[13] Gaceta Oficial N° 36.884 del 03.02.2000.
14[14] Hernández Mendible, Víctor Rafael, Loc. Cit., página 106.
promulgación una legislación penal que criminaliza la disidencia y la libertad de expresión y manifestación y con la utilización del Ministerio Público y el Poder Judicial en la persecución de periodistas y abogados defensores de los derechos humanos15[15].
14. Este Proyecto Político estatista centralizado ha permitido una progresiva y sistemática destrucción de las instituciones fundamentales del Estado, con la manipulación del Derecho, de la Constitución, de la función legislativa y ejecutiva y con apoyo de una interpretación judicial de convalidación de actos inconstitucionales.
15. El cuadro más sintomático de esta destrucción sistémica de la institucionalidad, tiene su máxima representación en la propia actuación del Poder Judicial en la progresiva destrucción de su independencia y autonomía y en la perdida del sentido democrático del Estado de Derecho constitucional, al convalidar actuaciones de los otros poderes que contribuyen a esa destrucción.
16. Aparte que lo expresado anteriormente es dramáticamente significativo de ese deterioro y de la violación de los derechos humanos, como se ha destacado en recientes Informes de los organismos especializados16[16], me permitiré destacar fundamentalmente la participación del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia en ese deterioro institucional, y algunas actuaciones de otros poderes públicos en la materialización de un proyecto político de concentración del poder mediante la formación de una legalidad autocrática.
17. El principal factor de esa destrucción es la debilidad del Poder Judicial, puesto que no representa la garantía de la integridad de la Constitución y de protección de los derechos humanos, hasta el punto, por ejemplo, que la Comisión Andina de Juristas, vistas algunas decisiones de la Sala Constitucional del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia en materia de libertad de expresión y de delitos de opinión, califica de
15[15] El caso más reciente es el de la imputación de conspiración contra el Dr. Carlos Ayala, Presidente actualmente de la Comisión Andina de Juristas y Expresidente de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Este hecho provocó una carta al Fiscal General de la República por parte de la Comisión Internacional de Juristas de fecha 13 de abril de 2005, que calificó el hecho de acoso y represalia y que denunció en este caso la violación de los Principios Básicos sobre la Función de los Abogados adoptados por la Asamblea General de la ONU en 1990 y de la Declaración sobre el derecho y el deber de los individuos, los grupos y las instituciones de promover y proteger los derechos humanos y las libertades fundamentales universalmente reconocido, adoptados por Resolución 53/144 de la misma Asamblea (www.globovisión.com.ve/documentos/cartas.comunicados/2005.05.13/comision/index.14/ 04/05)
16[16] Ver Informe de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela ( 24 de octubre de 2003). XVI Informe Anual de PROVEA sobre la situación de los derechos humanos en Venezuela ( Octubre 2003/septiembre 2004).
preocupante la actuación de la Sala Constitucional del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, "en tanto sus decisiones permanecen alejadas de los estándares internacionales en materia de derechos humanos"17[17].
18. Baste señalar, como ya se dijo, que en virtud de las decisiones del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia sobre actos constituyentes, Venezuela cuenta con dos ordenes constitucionales: El de la Constitución de 1.999, aprobada por el pueblo, y el régimen transitorio dictado por la Asamblea Nacional con posterioridad a la sanción de la Constitución, sin aprobación popular, que por la singular interpretación del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, es indefinida, puesto que dura hasta tanto se dicte toda la legislación que ha de completar la Constitución. Transitoriedad que la Sala Constitucional califica de "vigencia indeterminada "18[18]. Así dijo: "El régimen de transición del poder público se proyecta hacia el futuro, no sólo hasta la instalación de la Asamblea Nacional, sino aún más allá"19[19]. Bajo este régimen transitorio indefinido, que pospuso la vigencia efectiva del Texto Constitucional, y con un Estatuto Electoral también transitorio, se eligieron todos lo titulares de los organismos del actual Estado venezolano.
19. Sobre el particular la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos señaló que el régimen transitorio debilita la plena vigencia de la Constitución y determinó la falta de aplicación de los mecanismos constitucionales para la designación de los Magistrados del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, del Defensor del Pueblo, del Fiscal General y del Contralor General de la República, y de los integrantes del Consejo Nacional Electoral y ello porque la Sala Constitucional consideró válido el régimen de transición. Todo lo cual ha demorado la expedición de las leyes específicas por la Asamblea Nacional y creado una gran inseguridad jurídica que dificulta la plena consolidación del Estado de Derecho20[20].
20. El Tribunal Supremo de Justicia ha permitido en su Normativa sobre la Dirección, Gobierno y Administración del Poder Judicial del 2 de agosto de 2000, que el régimen disciplinario judicial siga a cargo de una Comisión de Funcionamiento y Reestructuración del Sistema Judicial, creada por la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente por el Decreto del 22 de diciembre de 1999 sobre el Régimen de Transición del Poder Publico; prolongando así el régimen de transición en esta delicada materia. Esta situación es mucho más grave cuando al promulgarse la controvertida Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia el 20 de mayo de 200521[21] , se mantiene aún ese régimen disciplinario transitorio, no obstante que la Constitución establece que la jurisdicción
17[17] Comisión Andina de Juristas, "Los Desencuentros del Poder", Informe Anual sobre la Región Andina, enero 2004, páginas 194 y 226.
18[18] Sentencia N° 457 del 05.04. 2001.
19[19] Sentencia N° 180 de 28 de marzo de 2000, que contradice Sentencia N° 179 de la misma fecha.
20[20] Informe de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela, 24 de octubre de 2003, Numeral 188.
21[21] Gaceta Oficial N° 37942 del 20.05.2004.
disciplinaria debe estar a cargo de tribunales disciplinarios previstos en la ley y que la legislación referida al sistema judicial debe dictarse dentro de los primeros seis (6) meses siguientes a la instalación de la Asamblea Nacional que sustituyó al antiguo Congreso de la República 22[22]. Es decir, durante seis (6) años siguientes a la Constitución de 1999 los jueces son juzgados por una Comisión no judicial, atentándose contra su estabilidad y a su derecho a un debido proceso.
21. Pero aun más, al lado de esta Comisión de Funcionamiento y Reestructuración del Poder Judicial, el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia creó la Comisión Judicial, que no sólo nombra los jueces, sin seguir los concursos públicos ante jurados de los circuitos judiciales, que ordena la Constitución para su ingreso23[23], sino que también suspende los jueces, sin formula de juicio alguno, alegando que se trata de jueces temporales 24[24] . Por ejemplo, los jueces que liberaron a las personas detenidas por protestar por la brutal represión a manifestaciones cívicas, para que fueran juzgadas en libertad, fueron removidos por la Comisión Judicial sin proceso alguno25[25] . Los jueces venezolanos han estado sometidos a una total inestabilidad y han quedado sujetos a la amenaza de su remoción por presiones políticas de la cual el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia es coparticipe.
22. A este panorama de destrucción del Poder Judicial se unen las actuaciones de la Sala Constitucional que dejan maltrecho al Estado de Derecho en sus principios esenciales. Por ejemplo, esta Sala, como se dijo, resolvió sobre la inconstitucionalidad de su propia creación y del nombramiento de sus Magistrados26[26], pero también sobre la inaplicabilidad a ellos de los requisitos constitucionales27[27] para su ratificación, puesto que distinguió entre los que no se aplican a quienes ya están en funciones para su ratificación y los que se aplican a quienes van ser designados nuevos Magistrados28[28] y ello no obstante que la Constitución como norma suprema es obligatoria para todas las personas e instituciones29[29]. Pero además de crearse su propio régimen para su ratificación, los Magistrados de la Sala Constitucional legislaron sobre las condiciones para las nuevas designaciones, interpretando que el requisito de
22[22] Artículo 267 y Disposición Transitoria Tercer, Numeral 5, de la Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela.
23[23] Artículo 255
24[24] Se estima que el 80% de los jueces son provisionales o temporales ( Ver el Informe ya citado "Manipulando el Estado de Derecho. Independencia del Poder Judicial Amenazada en Venezuela", de Human Rights Wacht, junio 2004, Vol. 16, N° 3, página 11, que califica a esos jueces de "jueces desechables").
25
[25]
Ver el Informe citado, página 15.
26[26] Sentencias N° 4 del 26 de enero de 200; N° 6 del 27 de enero de 2000; 180 del 28 de marzo de 2000 y Auto del 12 de diciembre de 200 ( Inadmisibilidad de la demanda de inconstitucionalidad de la Ley Especial para la Ratificación o Designación de los Funcionarios o Funcionarias del Poder Ciudadano y Magistrados y Magistradas del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de 14 de diciembre de 2000). Y sentencia N° 1562 de 12 de diciembre de 2000.
27[27] Artículo 263 de la Constitución
28[28] Sentencia N° 1562 de 12 de diciembre de 2000.
29[29] Artículo 7° ibidem
profesor titular que exige la Constitución, no quiere decir que se tenga que hacer una carrera académica sino que se ocupe un cargo de profesor. Y que el requisito de haber sido juez superior en la especialidad a la que corresponda la Sala a que se aspire, no es estricto porque hay materias, como la constitucional y social, que abarcan varios ámbitos y no uno sólo30[30].
23. Este cuadro de deterioro del Estado, soportado por las interpretaciones de la Sala Constitucional, que han permitido el desarrollo de un proyecto estatista centralizado, se ha visto agravado por lo que se ha dado en llamar "la intervención judicial del poder judicial" y la "intervención legislativa del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia"31[31].
24. Respecto de lo primero ya adelantamos que el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia mantiene un régimen transitorio de ingreso y disciplinario que coloca en una situación de gran inestabilidad a los jueces que les impide ejercer con independencia sus funciones, y que los hace depender de las presiones políticas que se ejercen a través de la Comisión Judicial. No ha sido preocupación para la Sala Constitucional la omisión de la Asamblea Nacional de sancionar las leyes del sistema judicial en el plazo de los seis (6) meses siguientes a su instalación, para acabar con la transitoriedad, como se lo ordenó la Disposición Tercera Numeral 5I de la Constitución. Por el contrario, si lo ha sido la omisión en que ha ocurrido, por ejemplo, en no sancionar la Ley Orgánica del Poder Municipal, hasta el punto que de oficio declaró la inconstitucionalidad de esta omisión32[32]. La inestabilidad judicial, por otro lado, se agrava por la intervención del poder legislativo, dominado por el gobierno, con la promulgación apresurada de Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, que incluso prolonga la transitoriedad del régimen judicial.
25. Un ejemplo patente, de esta intervención judicial del Poder Judicial, por motivos políticos, además de las remociones de los jueces penales antes mencionadas, es la remoción por esta Comisión de los cinco (5) jueces de un importante tribunal nacional, como lo es la Corte Contenciosa Administrativa y con su clausura durante diez meses, después que esta Corte dictó una medida cautelar solicitada en un recurso contencioso administrativo de nulidad que suspendió el acto administrativo que permitió la contratación de médicos cubanos para un programa de salud por violar los derechos a la igualdad ante la ley de médicos venezolanos establecidos en la Ley de Ejercicio de la Medicina 33[33],.
30[30] Sentencia citada N° 1562 del 12 de diciembre de 2000. |
31[31] Ambos términos han sido expuestos por el Profesor Allan Brewer Carias en su trabajo citado "La progresiva y sistemática demolición de la autonomía e independencia del Poder Judicial en Venezuela (1-999-2004)".
32[32] Sentencia N° 3118 del o6.10.2003.
33[33] Medida esta que fue desacatada por el Ministerio de Salud y el propio Presidente de la República declaró que el gobierno no acataría la decisión de amparo (Programa Radial "Aló Presidente" N° 151, del 24.08.2004, violando la Ley Orgánica de Amaro sobre Derechos y Garantías Constitucionales que impone a todo funcionario la
Decisión esta que fue calificada por el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia de error inexcusable para justificar la remoción34[34]. Intervención que se completó con la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional que arrebató la competencia a dicha Corte Contenciosa para que siguiera conociendo de esta demanda, con el argumento que por afectar a intereses colectivos la competente con exclusión de cualquier otro tribunal lo es la propia Sala Constitucional35[35]. Asimismo, otro ejemplo patente de esta intervención judicial política del Poder Judicial lo es el denominado secuestro de la jurisdicción electoral por la Sala Constitucional36[36]. O, "la guerra de las Salas del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia frente al referéndum revocatorio"37[37] , para evitar que se ejecutara la decisión de la Sala Electoral que ordenó al Consejo Nacional Electoral contabilizara las firmas rechazadas para la convocatoria del referéndum revocatorio del mandato del Presidente de la República. La Sala Constitucional para arrebatar la jurisdicción de la Sala Electoral, como juez natural, incluso desconoció y contrarió su propia doctrina que establecía la competencia exclusiva de esta última Sala en los asuntos electorales38[38].
26. La intervención legislativa del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia, con la cual se completa el control del Poder Judicial por el Presidente y sus aliados, con la aprobación de la mayoría del dicho Tribunal, y que destruye, por tanto, aún más la separación de poderes y la independencia del Poder Judicial, lo constituye la sanción por mayoría simple por la Asamblea Nacional de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia. Con esta Ley se perseguía ampliar el número de miembros de este organismo de 20 a 32 magistrados, la designación de los nuevos magistrados y la creación de otros mecanismos para la anulación de sus nombramientos y su suspensión por mayoría simple y no por los dos tercios de los integrantes de la Asamblea Nacional que se requieren para su remoción. Y, modificar el quórum de instalación y deliberación de las Salas del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia.
obligación de cumplir los mandamientos de amparo ( Artículo 19) y que incluso califica de delito el desacato de estos mandamientos ( Articulo 31).
34[34] Sentencia de esta Corte de fecha 21 de agosto de 2003. En Brasil un juez federal el 12 de abril de 2005 ordenó al Gobierno de Tocantins, y éste acató la medida, que despidiera 96 médicos cubanos que trabajaban en programas de salud familiar preventiva en respuesta a una demanda interpuesta por el Colegio de Médicos del Estado ( Diario "El Nacional", Caracas, 16 de abril de 2005, página B12).
35[35] Sentencia de 25 de septiembre de 2003
36
[36]
Brewer Carias, Allan, trabajo citado, páginas 121 a 164.
37[37] Ver "Brewer Carias, Allan; José Peña Solís; Rafael J. Chavero Gazdik; Román J. Duque Corredor y Ricardo Antela G., en "La Guerra de las Salas del TSJ frente al Referéndum Revocatorio", Editorial Aequitas, C. A., Caracas, 2004.
38[38] Ver Sentencia de la Sala Constitucional N° 27 del 29 de marzo de 2004 y Sentencia del Juzgado de Sustanciación de la misma Sala N° 92 del 2 de diciembre de 2003.
27. Para la aprobación de esta Ley la Asamblea Nacional reformó varias veces sus reglamentos internos para acortar la deliberación parlamentaria y limitar las intervenciones de los diputados e integró diversas normas en larguísimos textos legales, para abreviar la discusión a pocos artículos de la Ley39[39]. Demandada la inconstitucionalidad de las reformas al reglamento de debates, por violación de los derechos constitucionales parlamentarios, la Sala Constitucional consideró validas todas las reformas40[40] y con ello facilitó la aprobación de la Ley Orgánica del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia que ciertamente permite una intervención del poder legislativo en este Tribunal y por ende del poder político.
28. Esta Ley ha sido calificada por Human Rights Wacht como de "toma política del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia", porque le "permitirá al gobierno y a su coalición en la Asamblea Nacional copar y purgar el Tribunal Supremo de Justicia"41[41]. Ya la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, con anterioridad, había advertido que el Proyecto de esta Ley contenía "implicaciones negativas para la independencia del Poder Judicial"42[42]
29. La manipulación del Derecho, para instrumentar un sistema presidencialista y militarista, se evidencia por la facultad otorgada en la Constitución a la Asamblea Nacional de delegar su potestad normativa en el Presidente de la República43[43], que según la Sala Constitucional, no tiene " ningún tipo de límites de contenido", incluso para dictar aquellas leyes orgánicas que para sancionarse requieren de los dos tercios de los diputados44[44]. Lo que ha sido denunciado por la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos porque tácitamente encubre la posibilidad de creación de figuras penales a través de normas emanadas del poder ejecutivo y no del poder legislativo, en contradicción con la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos45[45]. Asimismo, la consagración en la Constitución del privilegio del antejuicio de mérito para los altos oficiales de la Fuerza Armada previo al enjuiciamiento de delitos46[46], es una demostración del trato discriminatorio para los civiles que vulnera las normas del debido proceso en relación con la garantía de un trato igualitario. Y, la consagración de un régimen aparte y separado de contraloría para dicha Fuerza47[47] no garantiza la independencia de la función contralora y dificulta el control de las autoridades civiles sobre las autoridades militares48[48].
39[39] Por ejemplo, los artículos 19 y 21 constan cada uno de treinta (30) párrafos.
40[40] Sentencia N° 1718 de 20.08.2004.
41[41] Informe citado, Vol. 16, N° 3 (B), página 1.
42[42] Comisión de Derechos Humanos Informe sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela, 24 de octubre de 2003, Numeral 158.
43[43] Artículo 203 de la Constitución.
44[44] Sentencia N° 1719 de 19.09.2001.
45[45] Informe sobre la Situación de los Derechos Humanos en Venezuela, 24 de octubre de 2003, Numeral 57.
46[46] Artículo 266, numeral 3.
47[47] Artículo 291, ibidem.
48[48] Informe citado anteriormente numeral 56.
En este orden de ideas, en materia de seguridad interna la Constitución atribuye actividades de policía a la Guardia Nacional49[49], que es un componente de la Fuerza Armada, cuando estas actividades deben corresponder exclusivamente a los cuerpos policiales, puesto que no se trata de la defensa nacional, que si es asunto militar. Y, por otra parte, no cabe duda que la eliminación en la vigente Constitución del carácter no deliberante de la Fuerza Armada y de su sujeción al poder civil que constituía un principio tradicional de nuestra historia republicana, ha contribuido a que la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos afirme que en Venezuela existe un excesivo "estado deliberativo de las Fuerzas Armadas y una indebida influencia de éstas en el accionar político del país"50[50].
30. Un aspecto relevante en este esquema de proyecto de concentración del poder tiene que ver con la impunidad, sobre todo en delitos contra derechos fundamentales cometidos por autoridades. La Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos ha señalado, que se ha podido "constatar que la mayoría de las violaciones del Estado venezolano se refieren a infracciones de las obligaciones del Estado venezolano de prevenir e investigar los delitos y castigar a los culpables, que ha generando situaciones de impunidad". Y, que según sus investigaciones se ha recibido información sobre el aumento significativo de la impunidad en Venezuela en los últimos años relacionada con hechos de violencia, según la cual un 90% de las investigaciones sobre violaciones a los derechos humanos no supera las etapas preliminares del proceso51[51] . También en este aspecto, interpretaciones judiciales facilitan esa impunidad. Así, por ejemplo, la Sala Constitucional desconoce el carácter obligatorio de las decisiones de los órganos internacionales de derechos humanos, porque su ejecución queda condicionada a que la propia Sala determine que no contrarían la Constitución52[52], que no sólo implica una violación a la normativa constitucional53[53], sino también un desconocimiento de los compromisos asumidos por el Estado venezolano al ratificar la Convención Americana de Derechos Humanos 54[54]. E, igualmente la Sala Constitucional restringió el alcance del artículo 29 de la Constitución, que permite a los ciudadanos acudir a los tribunales ordinarios a solicitar la investigación y el juzgamiento de los delitos contra los derechos humanos cometidos por las autoridades, al reservar sólo al Ministerio Público tal iniciativa55[55].
49[49] Artículo 329 de la Constitución.
50[50] Informe citado numeral 16.
51[51] Informe citado Numeral 13.
52[52] Sentencia N° 1942 de 15 de julio de 2003.
53[53] Artículo 31 de la Constitución
54[54] Informe de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos citado, numerales 209 a 214.
55[55] Sobre un comentario sobre la distorsión interpretativa del este artículo, se puede ver mi trabajo "El derecho constitucional de acceso a la justicia para la investigación y juzgamiento de delitos contra los derechos humanos cometidos por autoridades del Estado", en Estudios de Derecho, Derecho Publico y Procesal, Tomo III, Universidad Católica Andrés Bello, Caracas, 1004, páginas 115 a 162.
31. Basta citar como un ejemplo de la utilización de la función legislativa para burlar los controles de la constitucionalidad, la actitud de la Asamblea Nacional de reformar el Decreto con fuerza de Ley de Tierras y Desarrollo Agrario56[56], para incorporar disposiciones, con apenas variaciones en sus textos, que habían sido anuladas anteriormente por la Sala Constitucional, por ser evidente su contrariedad con normas constitucionales que prohíben la confiscación y que garantizan el debido proceso y el derecho al juez natural para el caso de rescate de tierras57[57]. Y como ejemplo de la utilización de la facultad reglamentaria ejecutiva para los mismos fines y para controlar el sector educativo, se pueden señalar las reglamentaciones organizativas del Ministerio de Educación Superior que desconocen la Constitución y la Ley de Universidades, que reconocen a éstas su autonomía58[58], al modificar las competencias para la creación de planes, programas e institutos de investigación, del Consejo Nacional Universitario, que congrega a las universidades, para transferirles a un Viceministro59[59].
32. Por último, no cabe duda que las sentencias de la Sala Constitucional sobre los limites al derecho a la información, de expresión y de pensamiento, en el sentido que estos derechos están sujetos a los valores y principios que inspiran el Estado60[60], en franca contradicción con la normativa y la jurisprudencia internacional en materia de libertad de expresión61[61], sirvieron de apoyo a la Asamblea Nacional para sancionar leyes como la de responsabilidad social en radio y televisión y la de reforma parcial del Código Penal que penaliza con mayor penas, la injuria, la difamación, los cacerolazos y las ofensas a los funcionarios públicos62[62]. Reforma esta que incluso para el Fiscal General de la República constituye "un desmedido aumento de la represión"63[63] y para los especialistas constituye "una penalización de la crítica"64[64] y que para la Relatoría Especial para la Libertad de Expresión de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos constituye una ley de desacato que viola de la libertad de
56[56] Gaceta Oficial N° 37.323 del 13 de noviembre de 2001.
57[57] Los artículos 89 y 90 del referido Decreto habían sido anulados por la Sala Constitucional mediante sentencia 20.11.2002.
58[58] Artículo 109 de la Constitución y Artículo 9° de la Ley de Universidades ( Gaceta Oficial N° 1.429 Extraordinaria del 08.09.1970).
59[59] Decreto N° 3464 sobre Organización y Funcionamiento de la Administración Pública Central (Gaceta N° 38.124 del 10.02.2005) y Decreto N° 3.444 mediante el cual se dicta la reforma Parcial del Reglamento Orgánico del Ministerio de Educación Superior ( N° Gaceta N° 5.788 Extraordinario del 27.02.2005)
60[60] Sentencias 1013 del 12.06.2001 y 15 de julio de 2003.
61[61] Informe especial de la Comisión Interamericana sobre el Derecho ala Libertad de Expresión y Pensamiento en Venezuela,
62[62] Por ejemplo, incrementó el límite mínimo de la pena del delito de injuria 60 veces y el máximo 45,6 veces ( Fernández, Fernando, Diario "El Nacional", Caracas, del 03. 04.2005, página A7).
63[63] Diario "El Nacional", Caracas, 31.03.2005, página A6.
64[64] Fernández, Fernando, ibidem.
expresión y el derecho a la información65[65] . A este aumento de la represión debe sumarse la sentencia de la Sala Constitucional, de fecha 11 de marzo de 200566[66]que, basándose en su interpretación de atribuirse una jerarquía superior al resto de las demás Salas del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia para revisar y anular sus sentencias, anuló la sentencia de su Sala Plena de fecha 14 de agosto de 2002 que había considerado que un grupo de militares no había incurrido en el delito de rebelión en los sucesos del 11 de abril de 2001. Sentencia esta que no sólo viola la garantía constitucional de la prohibición del doble juzgamiento, sino que, además, supone una modificación a las competencias de las Salas establecidas en la propia Constitución, usurpando, de esta forma, el poder de revisión constituyente.
33. En materia sindical, la Constitución prevé que el Poder Electoral puede intervenir en las elecciones internas de los sindicatos67[67], lo cual alertó a la Organización Internacional del Trabajo sobre el peligro que representa para la libertad sindical, y, en virtud de las frecuentes denuncias de intervenciones gubernamentales en la dinámica de las organizaciones sindicales para desconocer la dirigencia sindical electa por los trabajadores, dicha Organización advirtió al Estado venezolano sobre esta violación68[68]. Esta advertencia fue incluso acogida por la Sala Electoral del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia que precisó que el Poder Electoral tiene funciones supletorias en las elecciones sindicales y que no puede intervenir sino cuando una controversia eleccionaria la organización sindical no pueda resolverla en su seno 69[69].
34. Como resumen, cabe la conclusión a que llegó la Comisión de Derechos Humanos sobre la situación de la institucionalidad democrática en Venezuela: Se "ha observado preocupantes signos de fragilidad institucional entre los que se puede mencionar la falta de aplicación íntegra de la nueva Constitución, la percepción de la falta de independencia de los poderes del Estado, la creciente concentración del poder en el Ejecutivo Nacional, la impune actuación de ciertos grupos civiles armados y de los grupos parapoliciales, la tendencia a la confrontación y descalificación de la oposición política por parte del Gobierno, los constantes ataques contra periodistas y medios de comunicación, la tendencia hacía una militarización de la administración pública, mediante el rol cada vez más protagónico de las Fuerzas Armadas, la creciente radicalización de las posturas en un contexto de descontento social frente a las demandas sociales y las controversias con relación al ejercicio de los derechos sindicales"70[70]. A esa fragilidad institucional, no cabe duda, que ha contribuido el activismo judicial del Tribunal Supremo de Justicia y la manipulación del Derecho por los poderes del Estado, en beneficio de un proyecto político estatista militarista y personalista.
65[65] Ver Derechos Humanos y Coyuntura, de PROVEA, Boletín Electrónico N° 153,
del 28 de marzo al 7 de abril de 2005, Sección Documentos.
66[66] Expediente AA50-5-2004-00327.
67[67] Artículo 293, numeral 6.
68[68] Ver Informe de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos citada, Numerales 28 a 30.
70[70] Informe citado Numeral 9
Ciudad de México, 20 de abril de 2005. | <urn:uuid:a07d779d-a2df-4235-9480-969c8da7b1e5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 42,512 |
XXVIII LLIGA CATALANA EBA 2009
COMPETICIÓ CADET MASCULÍ DE PRIMER ANY
Partits i horaris
| | Data | Hora | Resultat |
|----------------|------|------|----------|
| A) CB VIC | 6.12.09 | 17:00 | |
| CB SANTFELIUENC | | | |
| Lloc: Pista Annexa al Palau Municipal d'Esports. Pare Millan s/n VIC |
| B) RECANVIS GAUDI CB | 6.12.09 | 19:00 | |
| GAM-CB VILA-SECA | | | |
| Lloc: Pista Annexa al Palau Municipal d'Esports. Pare Millan s/n VIC |
COMPETICIÓ PRE-INFANTIL MASCULÍ
Partits i horaris
| | Data | Hora | Resultat |
|----------------|------|------|----------|
| A) CB VIC | 6.12.09 | 17:00 | |
| CB SANTFELIUENC | | | |
| Lloc: Pista Annexa al Palau Municipal d'Esports. Pare Millan s/n VIC |
| B) RECANVIS GAUDI CB | 6.12.09 | 19:00 | |
| GAM-CB VILA-SECA | | | |
| Lloc: Pista Annexa al Palau Municipal d'Esports. Pare Millan s/n VIC | | <urn:uuid:c0d513a2-e6c7-4943-a6dc-4a406e2ab9c1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 1,007 |
MLK CORRIDOR AUTHORITY MEETING AGENDA
DATE:
Thursday, October 28, 2021
TIME: 5:30 p.m.
LOCATION: City Hall 10th Floor Conference Room 161 W. Michigan Ave, Jackson, MI 49201
I. Call to Order
II. Roll Call
III. Adoption of the Agenda
IV. Citizen Comments (3-Minute Limit)
V. Approval of the September Meeting Minutes and Strategic Planning Meeting Minutes
VI. Old Business
a. Strategic Planning – Priorities and Next Steps
VII. New Business
a. Reschedule December Meeting
* City Hall will be closed on December 23 rd
VIII. Staff Report
IX. Director's Comments
X. Adjournment | <urn:uuid:ff8e8009-868d-4340-8a1d-6d44e1ee8995> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 577 |
TAYLORSVILLE HAMnet - KG7BVO NET CONTROL PROCEDURE
Version: 11-21-2016
Conduct a Radio Check with another station at least 5 minutes prior to the scheduled Net time. Check the frequencies to be used for the Net. Normal frequencies are 146.940 (88.5 HZ tone) repeater and 146.420 simplex.
At 5 minutes prior to the scheduled Net time make an open call, using the Club call sign, for any stations wishing to list traffic, announcements or training for the Net. There will be an additional call during the Net but this will allow the Net Control Operator to know what to expect during the Net time. NOTE: The entire Net session should not exceed 30 minutes duration.
Net Control is a functional position that can or will be rotated during an incident. It is more important to have Net Control recognized as a function rather than as a specific operator serving as Net Control. The Net Script includes identification of the individual operator and call sign.
NOTE: The Net Control Operator is encouraged to randomize the order in which the CERT Divisions are called. This avoids the operator tendency to wait to join the Net until the anticipated time their Division and alphabetic call sign is called.
PREAMBLE
"Good evening and welcome to the Taylorsville HAMnet on (date). Your net control operator this evening is (Name & Call sign) using the club call sign KG7BVO. The HAMnet is being called from (Location) ."
"This net will stand by in the event of an emergency. Emergency traffic may interrupt at any time"
"The Net is organized and operated by local volunteer amateur radio operators in Taylorsville City and surrounding areas. The Net operates each Monday at 2030 hours local time on the 146.940 repeater with a tone of 88.5 Hertz with an alternate frequency of 146.420 simplex. The purpose of this Net is to provide weekly equipment trials and HAMnet announcements and training. Additional information about the Taylorsville HamNet is available on the web at www.taylorsvillehamnet.org"
"This is a DIRECTED NET. All traffic during the Net should be coordinated with the Net Control Operator."
"We will now take traffic or general announcements for the NET."
"Net Control has the following announcements:"
"Are there any HAM net members with traffic or announcements for the Net?"
"The Net will now accept check-ins from HAMnet members. Guests or Visitors may check in following the regular roll call of Net members. In order to remain on the weekly member check-in list you must check into the net a minimum of 4 times in 2 months"
''I will now take member check-ins by Taylorsville CERT Division and call sign. " As I call for check-ins, please reply with: 'THIS IS' your call sign, name and any requested information."
- Be sure and acknowledge each check-in.
- Begin by Selecting each Division one at a time.....
- Then...call members residing in other Areas or Divisions
FCC STATION ID - "This is KG7BVO net control station for the Taylorsville HAMnet. "
"I will now take check-ins from any late or missed members or visitors, one at a time, with your call sign and name."
TRAINING
Net Control will invite those stations with listed training to present at this time. Training should be limited to about 5 minutes with a maximum of 10 minutes. NOTE: Net Control may need to exercise control if the training takes excessive Net time.
FCC STATION ID - "This is KG7BVO net control station for the Taylorsville HAMnet."
"Are there any stations with additional announcements or traffic?"
"Are there any additional or late check-ins for the Net?"
"Thank you for your participation in the Net. Tonight we had [number of members] members and [number of visitors] visitors for a total of [total number of participants] participants checking in. We look forward to your participation next Monday evening at 2030 hours local time."
"This concludes the Taylorsville HAM net at [time] on [current date]."
"Net Control Operator this evening was [name and call sign] using the club call sign KG7BVO. Now closing the Net and returning this frequency back to general amateur radio use.
"KG7BVO is now CLEAR | <urn:uuid:8e2b2f78-2b73-4bbd-a08b-c9dbbb066bd8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,132 |
Rapport sur la gestion des plaintes en 2018 SPF Economie, P.M.E., Classes moyennes et Energie
Table des matières
1. Introduction
En 2011, le SPF Economie a adhéré au Réseau fédéral « Gestion des plaintes », qui a pour but d'uniformiser le traitement des plaintes dans les services publics fédéraux. Début 2012, Chantal De Pauw, porte-parole, a été désignée coordinatrice des plaintes pour le SPF Economie. Cette fonction répond à deux objectifs : offrir un point de contact aux plaignants et assurer la gestion des plaintes au SPF. Elle est assistée dans cette mission par Stefaan Jacobs.
Depuis 2013, la coordinatrice des plaintes recourt à une procédure permanente et à un système de suivi des plaintes.
Le présent rapport comporte 3 volets :
* les résultats des points d'action du rapport annuel précédent,
* le reporting des plaintes formulées en 2018 et
* les actions pour 2019.
« Créer les conditions d'un fonctionnement compétitif, durable et équilibré du marché des biens et des services en Belgique »
2. Résultats des points d'action 2017
En 2017, le SPF Economie a reçu 70 plaintes, dont 16 étaient fondées. Sur la base de ces chiffres, trois points d'action ont été développés pour 2018. Vous les trouverez ci-dessous ainsi qu'une description des résultats obtenus.
S4. L'enregistrement des conversations et l'enquête de satisfaction restent des points d'action, puisque ces deux dispositifs permettent d'accroître la qualité du service et des informations. Des formations sont en outre prévues pour apprendre aux agents à mener des conversations téléphoniques professionnelles dans des conditions optimales.
- Résultat : Les fonctions « enregistrement des conversations » et « enquête de satisfaction », demandées dans le nouveau système informatique du contactcenter (Unified Communications) doivent encore être implémentées. Elles sont toujours à l'ordre du jour pour 2019. Un marché public a été lancé afin d'organiser des formations sur ces thèmes. Elles auront lieu en 2019. Des ajustements sont en outre constamment opérés par les dirigeants et les superviseurs lorsqu'ils constatent qu'un agent n'agit pas professionnellement pendant une conversation. Ces remarques sont alors formulées directement à l'agent ou pendant les réunions d'équipe périodiques.
1. E3. Le service chargé du paiement des montants réclamés par les médiateurs de dettes est confronté à des retards qui allongent les délais de traitement des dossiers. La direction prend des mesures, d'une part, pour résorber au plus vite le nombre de dossiers en attente et, d'autre part, pour éviter qu'une indisponibilité de longue durée de certains agents n'engendre de nouveaux retards de traitement.
- Résultat : La direction générale a implémenté deux types de mesures pour résoudre la problématique structurelle du retard des dossiers de surendettement.
* Mesure à court terme :
1) Emploi temporaire d'un fonctionnaire pendant 6 mois (début 2018) afin de résorber le retard.
* Mesures à long terme :
1) Mise en place de changements organisationnels au niveau de la procédure de travail (y compris la suppression des accusés de réception, correspondances avec les médiateurs uniquement par e-mail via une boîte commune, etc.)
2) En 2018, le projet transversal « FEDCOM E-invoicing » a été mis en place entre E3, S2 et tous les services publics fédéraux. Ce logiciel permet une collaboration plus efficace dans le traitement des factures par les deux services.
3) Nomination du personnel afin de limiter les mouvements au sein du service.
4) Un formulaire a été élaboré à l'attention des médiateurs de dettes, afin de limiter leurs erreurs et de garantir un traitement plus rapide des dossiers.
5) Rédaction d'une circulaire pour les différents présidents des tribunaux du travail, afin de clarifier certains points dans leurs jugements (obligation de motivation spécifique pour
dépasser le plafond légal). Les médiateurs ne doivent donc pas se rendre une seconde fois chez le juge pour répondre aux conditions d'intervention dans les frais de médiation de dettes du SPF Economie.
2. E6. La communication avec le service Métrologie de la Direction générale de la Qualité et de la Sécurité était parfois très difficile en raison des absences de longue durée ou du départ à la pension des personnes de contact mentionnées. La direction prend les mesures nécessaires pour suivre les contacts, e.a. grâce à l'utilisation d'adresses e-mail ou de numéros de téléphone du service et à la sensibilisation des agents, les invitant à rediriger les dossiers vers des collègues disponibles en cas d'absences de longue durée.
Résultat : La page web (https://economie.fgov.be/fr/contact/rejoindre-nosbatiments/rejoindre-nos-batiments-haeren) de notre site consacrée au bâtiment à Haeren a été adaptée : les numéros de téléphone et l'adresse e-mail de Haeren ont été supprimés. Les adresses e-mail des services des Etalons nationaux et Contrôle Métrologie Sud sont désormais mentionnées en vue de fixer des rendez-vous. Les activités et les collaborateurs d'E6 à Haeren relèvent des services SMD (Etalons nationaux) et CTRLM (Contrôle métrologie).
Les demandes d'étalonnage et de calibration sont désormais traitées par ces services.
« Créer les conditions d'un fonctionnement compétitif, durable et équilibré du marché des biens et des services en Belgique »
3. Reporting des plaintes 2018
Le reporting des plaintes est opéré conformément à la demande du SPF BOSA dans le cadre du Réseau fédéral « Gestion des plaintes » et de la circulaire 626.
Outre les 57 plaintes relatives au SPF Economie, la coordinatrice des plaintes a également reçu 33 plaintes concernant d'autres organisations et 5 demandes d'information.
« Créer les conditions d'un fonctionnement compétitif, durable et équilibré du marché des biens et des services en Belgique »
4. Comparaison par rapport à 2017
En 2018, la coordinatrice des plaintes a reçu 57 plaintes relatives au SPF Economie, soit 3 de plus que l'année précédente. Dix-neuf d'entre elles étaient fondées, soit 3 de plus que l'année passée. Quelques plaintes concernaient la disponibilité du calculateur de loyer. À la suite de la réorganisation des sites web, cet outil est passé du site economie.fgov.be à statbel.fgov.be. Les utilisateurs qui avaient sauvé l'ancien lien ne retrouvaient dès lors plus le calculateur sur le site economie.fgov.be, ni via la fonction de recherche.
L'absence d'intervention dans les notifications individuelles introduites via le Point de contact demeure un objet de plaintes . Il s'agit cependant de plaintes non fondées puisque le Point de contact n'a pas vocation à intervenir au niveau individuel (cette réserve est d'ailleurs clairement indiquée sur le site web). .
Le délai moyen du traitement des plaintes a continué à diminuer : en 2017, il était encore de 5,3 jours ouvrables alors qu'en 2018, il ne fallait en moyenne plus que 3,1 jours ouvrables pour traiter une plainte. En tenant compte de la définition du SPF BOSA (jours calendrier au lieu de jours ouvrables), le délai moyen de 4,7 jours reste bien en-dessous des 15 jours calendrier requis.
En 2018, 98 % des plaintes ont été traitées dans les 15 jours ouvrables impartis, ce qui représente une légère amélioration par rapport à 2017. Pour 1 dossier, la réponse de la direction générale a été communiquée hors délai. Dans un second cas, il y a eu un malentendu entre la direction et la coordinatrice des plaintes, cette dernière ayant attendu trop longtemps d'éventuelles précisions de la direction.
5. Points d'action
Sur la base des données ci-dessus, trois points d'action ont été proposés pour 2019, en concertation avec les directions générales et les services d'encadrement concernés.
1. S4. Les liens mentionnés sur le site internet du SPF Economie ne sont parfois plus actifs. Tous les trois mois, les webmasters demanderont une liste des liens obsolètes et, si possible, les modifieront ou les supprimeront.
2. E5. Les informations sur le site internet du SPF Economie concernant l'arrêt d'une entreprise sont très sommaires et ne donnent aucune indication sur les mesures à entreprendre. La direction générale de la Politique des P.M.E complète ces informations par un aperçu le plus complet possible, afin que les entrepreneurs aient une vue claire des formalités à accomplir pendant tout le cycle de vie de l'entreprise.
3. S3. Les informations sur les mesures à entreprendre pour le numéro d'entreprise en cas d'arrêt d'une entreprise ne sont pas complètes. Le service de gestion BCE les complétera afin que les entrepreneurs aient une vue d'ensemble des procédures administratives liées à l'enregistrement et à l'arrêt des données d'entreprise dans la Banque-Carrefour des Entreprises. | <urn:uuid:26c6f912-e9d1-4415-9e63-23ef0a21a349> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 8,732 |
Technische Information
helcotec Chemie u. Technik GmbH Trompeterallee 240 • D-41189 Mönchengladbach Tel. +49 (0) 2166 14401-0 • Fax +49 (0) 2166 14401-23 firstname.lastname@example.org • www.helcotec.com
Systemclean
Wassermischbarer, aminfreier Systemreiniger zur Reinigung von Kühlschmierstoffanlagen
Anwendung:
Systemclean ist ein universell einsetzbarer Systemreiniger mit hervorragenden Reinigungs- und Spüleigenschaften für Werkzeugmaschinen, zentralen Versorgungsanlagen und Entfettungsanlagen.
Eigenschaften/Vorteile:
[x] Hochkonzentriert und daher sehr sparsam in der Anwendung (Ca. 2% gerechnet auf das Tankvolumen)
[x] Hat eine ausgesprochen gute Reinigungs- und Spülwirkung und löst selbst hartnäckige Verunreinigungen aus den Werkzeugmaschinen und Anlagen
[x] Entfernt zuverlässig organische Verunreinigungen aus Maschinenarbeitsräumen, Versorgungsleitungen, Späneförderer und Kühlschmierstofftanks. Die Standzeit der Emulsionen/Lösungen wird so deutlich verlängert
[x] In allen gängigen Kühlschmierstoffemulsionen und -lösungen einsetzbar
[x] Aminfrei, daher bessere Buntmetallverträglichkeit
Anwendungshinweise:
Bei regelmäßiger Reinigung und Wechsel des Kühlschmierstoffs ca. 4-8 Stunden vor Ende der letzten Arbeitsschicht ca. 2% Systemclean zugeben. Die Dosierung erfolgt abhängig von der Verschmutzung der Anlage und sollte in Schritten von 1% durchgeführt werden. Nach Beendigung der Arbeitsschicht die Arbeitsemulsion/Lösung ablassen bzw. abpumpen und fachgerecht entsorgen. Im Anschluss die Maschine mit 1%-iger Frischemulsion über einen Zeitraum von mindestens 2 Stunden spülen und neu befüllen. Dabei sollten blanke Metallflächen mit der Kühlschmierstoffemulsion überspült werden.
Achtung:
Vor dem Einsatz von Systemclean den Kühlschmierstoffbehälter bis oben befüllen, so dass auch oben angesammelte, festsitzende Pilze und Bakterien gelöst werden.
Biozide sicher verwenden. Vor Gebrauch stets Kennzeichnung und Produktinformation lesen.
Hinweis:
Das Produkt kann während der Lagerung etwas nachdunkeln und so die Farbe von gelblich zu hellbraun verändern.
Dies stellt keinen Qualitätsmangel dar. Die Qualität und die technischen Eigenschaften werden dadurch nicht beeinträchtigt, so dass das Produkt weiterhin ohne Bedenken eingesetzt werden kann.
Technische Daten:
pH-Wert:
ca. 10,0
Die Angaben in den Ihnen überlassenen Informationsunterlagen basieren auf unseren derzeitigen technischen Kenntnissen und Erfahrungen. Sie befreien den Käufer/Anwender wegen der Fülle möglicher Einflüsse bei der Verarbeitung und Anwendung unserer Produkte nicht von eigenen Prüfungen und Versuchen.
F011 Rev. 01/21 | <urn:uuid:40e395e8-b72c-40bc-8f8f-7cd5083479a4> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 2,645 |
L'impresario ligure Bianchi invia una manifestazione d'interesse. In città ne già trasformato l'ex palazzo Inps in piazza Uni. Il Comune: "Le norme consentono di trasformare l'edificio in struttura alberghiera, ma anche interamente residenziale"
Grattacielo Rai, l'ultima speranza
Arriva un'offerta per la rinascita
Il grattacielo Rai di via Cernaia
La costruzione
Costruito nel corso degli anni sessanta, doveva essere sede nazionale della Rai, nata a Torino, ma presto destinata al trasferimento di gran parte dei suoi dipartimenti a Roma
L'abbandono
Nel palazzo è stato completato il trasferimento totale degli oltre 450 dipendenti e i relativi uffici di competenza in via Cavalli
La vendita
La prima procedura indetta dal Comune risale a luglio del 2019; l'edificio viene messo all'asta con una base di 7 milioni ma alla scadenza di novembre nessuno si fa avanti
Claudia Luise
Diego Molino
A novembre scorso l'ennesimo nulla di fatto: il bando per la vendita del grattacielo Rai di via Cernaia era andato deserto per la seconda volta, dopo numerose prologhe delle scadenze. A distanza di pochi mesi, però, le cose sembra siano cambiate. Non c'è ancora l'assegnazione definitiva ma una trattativa in stato avanzato. Ad essere interessato è l'imprendario Giuseppe Bianchi che ha alle spalle diverse operazioni immobiliari ben riuscite nel centro di Torino e tanti investimenti a Milano. Operazioni che non ha mai condotto da solo ma sempre affiancato da altri importanti gruppi, come dovrebbe avvenire anche questa volta. Un esempio? Il restauro e la vendita, nel 2010, gestito con Nexty, dell'ex palazzo Inps di piazza Cnl trasformato in appartamenti di lusso. Da novembre a oggi le cose sono cambiate perché mentre prima di partiva da un importo di 7 milioni per la vendita, a cui bisogna aggiungere i 3,5 di oneri di urbanizzazione e poi costi per la bonifica dall'amianto e la ristrutturazione stimati in circa 60 milioni, ora la Rai, proprietaria dell'immobile, ha dato la possibilità di presentare un'offerta libera.
Rassegna stampa ASPESI 19/3/2021 pag. 36 ARTICOLO A USO ESCLUSIVO DEL DESTINATARIO
Questo potrebbe aver facilitato la trattativa. Ma resta, come sottolinea anche Marco Crespi, presidente di Aspesi Torino, un'operazione difficile per gli altissimi costi. «Bisogna davvero lavorare sul progetto. Indubbiamente è un'operazione difficile ma cruciale», dice. Tra le ipotesi è che si accantonì l'idea di trasformare il grattacielo in hotel ma di dividerlo in appartamenti di lusso e uffici. Già in passato molti hanno valutato l'acquisto ma poi si sono ritirati, a partire dalla famiglia Boffa ma anche Nexty, l'architetto Norberto Vairano e il collega Rolla per due gruppi internazionali.
Sull'attesa riqualificazione del grattacielo interviene anche l'assessore all'Urbanistica, Antonino Iaria: «La destinazione di quell'edificio rimane terziaria ma le norme consentono anche l'arrivo di una struttura ricettivo-alberghiera. In questo caso specifico è possibile anche trasformarlo in un palazzo completamente ad uso residenziale». Ad auspicare il recupero dell'ex sede Rai è il presidente della Circoscrizione 1, Massimo Guerrini: «Si tratterebbe di un intervento positivo poiché parliamo di un manufatto in pieno centro pericoloso per la salute delle persone, essendo necessaria la bonifica dall'amianto. Ben venga la sua riqualificazione che è contestuale a quella che interessa la storica stazione di Porta Susa. Questa intera porzione di città potrebbe cambiare volto e combattere il progressivo degrado degli ultimi anni». Proprio nell'ex stazione sono appena cominciati i lavori di restauro conservativo della facciata principale, con il recente allestimento dei ponteggi. L'edificio diventerà la reception del futuro hotel della catena statunitense Marriott, che sorgerà nell'area di fianco: l'area è stata acquisita dal gruppo Vastint. «Stiamo aspettando la fine del Pec e cambio destinazione d'uso entro la fine d'aprile», spiega Marco Mor, responsabile di Vastint Hospitality Italy. «Per ora solo il restauro è stato autorizzato e durerà ancora 8 mesi. Altrettanti ce ne vorranno per costruire la nuova struttura», aggiunge l'architetto Norberto Vairano, che con Lombardini 22 sta curando il progetto. I tempi, quindi, si allungano e si rischia di arrivare al 2023. — | a29313fc-675e-4e5d-954c-1e51bc22212c | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 4,308 |
Vår ref:
21/04914-1
Deres ref:
Dato:
28.09.2021
Universiteter, høgskoler og fagskoler
Universell utforming av læringsmiljø i høyere utdanning og høyere yrkesfaglig utdanning. Utlysning av tilskuddsmidler fra HK-dir.
Universell er en avdeling i Direktoratet for høyere utdanning og kompetanse (HK-dir) med ansvar for inkludering, universell utforming, tilrettelegging og læringsmiljø i høyere utdanning.
På vegne av Kulturdepartementet lyser vi med dette ut prosjektmidler for økt kompetanse om universell utforming som strategi for inkludering. Midlene er rettet mot inkluderende læringsmiljø – læringsmiljømidler – og gjøres tilgjengelig for universiteter, høyskoler og fagskoler. Formålet er økt kompetanse og felles læring for å gjøre læringsmiljøet tilgjengelig for alle ved hjelp av strategien universell utforming.
For budsjettåret 2021 lyser vi ut en million kroner til prosjekter om universell utforming av læringsmiljø. Midler deles ut senest i midten av november 2021.
Bakgrunn: Universell utforming som inkluderingsstrategi
I Norge er universell utforming en viktig strategi for å nå mål om et inkluderende samfunn med like muligheter for deltakelse for alle. Høsten 2021 lanserte regjeringen handlingsplanen «Bærekraft og like muligheter – et universelt utformet Norge» med
TELEFON
+47 55 30 38 00
ORG.NO
974 788 985
tiltak for perioden 2021-2025. Økt kompetanse om universell utforming er et sentralt begrep, og i planen etterlyses det mer målrettet kunnskap og kompetanseutvikling ved utdanningsinstitusjonene.
Gode universelle løsninger fører til at flere studenter kan inkluderes i de ordinære løsningene rettet mot alle studenter. Kunnskapsdepartementet er opptatt av at universell utforming skal være et bærende prinsipp for et helhetlig læringsmiljø. I dette inngår fysiske, digitale, organisatoriske, pedagogiske og psykososiale forhold. 1 Direktoratet for høyere utdanning og kompetanse, ved avdeling Universell, vil derfor støtte prosjekter på alle disse områdene for å øke kompetanse og høste erfaringer om universell utforming av læringsmiljøet ved utdanningsinstitusjonene.
Formål
Formålet med midlene er todelt:
1. Støtte til utviklingsprosjekter for å finne gode universelt utformede løsninger for et inkluderende læringsmiljø, på alle læringsmiljøområder.
2. Støtte til intern kompetanseheving for å ta i bruk universelt utformede løsninger ved institusjonene.
Plan for tildeling
Søknadsfrist:
22. oktober 2021
Tildeling (senest)
12. november 2021
Frist for gjennomføring av prosjekter:
1. juli 2022
Krav om sluttrapport, resultat og bruk av midler:
25. oktober 2022
Hvordan søke?
Søknader skal leveres gjennom tilskuddsportalen i HK-dir med lenke https://tilskudd.hkdir.no. Logg på ved hjelp av ID-porten på og finn utlysningen i listen over tilskuddsmidler. Se også www.universell.no/stimuleringsmidler for all informasjon om utlysning og tildeling.
1 Bærekraft og like muligheter – et universelt utformet Norge, s. 78. Handlingsplan 2021-2025. Kulturdepartementet (2021)
Hvem kan søke?
Universell retter seg mot universiteter, høyskoler og fagskoler i Norge. Søkere må være en administrativ enhet ved institusjonene, slik som for eksempel fakulteter, institutter, avdelinger eller seksjoner, eller på institusjonsnivå. Søknad må være forankret hos leder på ett av disse nivåene, som må signere søknaden digitalt gjennom søknadsportalen.
Hva kan man søke om?
Prosjekter skal støtte opp om formålet med utlysningen, enten utvikling av universelt utformede løsninger eller spredning og/eller anvendelse av universelt utformede løsninger innen læringsmiljøområdene.
Eksempel på prosjekter (lista er ikke uttømmende):
- Kunnskapsspredning/opplæring/kompetanseheving
- Utvikling av tjenestetilbud og eller produkter
- Kunnskapsutvikling
o Nye løsninger
- Kartlegginger
o Oppgradering av eksisterende løsninger
- Kulturendringer/holdningsendringer
Maksimal søknadssum er kroner 200 000,- for tildeling i 2021. Søknadsmassen vil avgjøre antallet søknader som støttes.
Avgrensninger
Formålet med utlysningen er kompetanseheving og kunnskapsspredning. Universell kan derfor ikke støtte ordinære driftstiltak eller støtte til ordinære driftsmidler (innkjøp av utstyr, datamaskiner og møblement eller liknende). Vi vil heller ikke støtte finansiering/delfinansiering av fysiske ombygginger eller større oppgraderinger av bygningsmasse eller digital infrastruktur.
Ta gjerne kontakt med Universell for å avklare aktuelle prosjekter.
Krav til søknader
Følgende formelle krav stilles til søknaden:
1. Alle obligatoriske felter i søknadsskjemaet må fylles ut.
3. Søknaden må forankres på institusjons-, fakultets-, avdelings-, seksjons- eller instituttnivå, som skal være den formelle søker til midler. Dette må komme frem av søknaden, og den som står ansvarlig for søknad vil få en epost for digital signering. Tildeling vil skje til tilsvarende nivå.
2. Det må legges ved et separat budsjett (Excel eller PDF).
Det er i tillegg mulig å legge ved en full søknadstekst dersom rubrikkene i skjemaet ikke gir et fullverdig bilde av prosjektet.
Søker må levere rapport med erfaring fra arbeidet, og som også kan deles med utdanningssektoren for felles læring. HK-dir ved avdeling Universell kan bistå med formidling via direktoratets digitale plattformer.
Behandling av søknader
Søknadene vil vurderes etter et eget kriteriesett for vurderinger. Prosjektene trenger ikke fylle alle kriterier.
- Prosjektbeskrivelse og gjennomføringsevne
- Hvilke universelle effekter har tiltaket for alle studenter
- Hvilke effekter prosjektet har for å inkludere studenter med nedsatt funksjonsevne
- Nedslagsfelt – hvor mange blir berørt av prosjektet (ansatte/studenter)
- I hvilken grad er svarer prosjektet ut den allmenne definisjonen og forståelsen av begrepet universell utforming
- Hvilke varige endringer kommer ut av prosjektet
- I hvilken grad gir prosjektet kunnskapsutvikling til nytte for sektoren
- I hvilken grad er prosjektet nyutvikling eller innovativt (gjelder særlig produkter og tjenester)
Spørsmål
Eventuelle spørsmål om utlysningen eller om det elektroniske søknadssystemet kan rettes til HK-dir, avdeling Universell ved
* Kjetil Knarlag, e-post email@example.com,
* Lars Jørgensen, e-post firstname.lastname@example.org
* Bjørnar Kvernevik, e-post email@example.com
Med vennlig hilsen
Kjetil Knarlag Avdelingsdirektør
Avdeling Universell
Dokumentet er elektronisk signert og har derfor ikke håndskrevne signaturer. | <urn:uuid:0ba72d3f-3aa4-495c-b153-885035b5822f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 6,495 |
14.12.2012
Änderungsmitteilung
Neue Verpackung bei Einschaltstrombegrenzern aus
Zhuhai
EPCOS Einschaltstrombegrenzer (ICL) in Schüttgutverpackung, die auf Pappstreifen gesteckt wurden, werden künftig auf einem Kartonstreifen mit Klebeband fixiert. Bei einigen Typen ändert sich dadurch die Verpackungseinheit von 500 auf 1000 Stück.
Betroffene Produkte: siehe Anlage
Die Änderung hat keinen Einfluss auf Form, Funktion, Qualität, Zuverlässigkeit und Lieferzeit der Produkte.
Das Werk in Zhuhai, China, ist nach ISO/TS 16949 und ISO 9001 zertifiziert. Die Produktionsfreigabe erfolgt nach ISO/TS 16949.
Anlage Änderungsmitteilung (PCN)
Übersicht der betroffenen Produkte
Kontakt Michael Mewes, PPD AB PM/ VAR, Berlin
Kunden wenden sich bei Fragen bitte direkt an ihren Ansprechpartner im Vertrieb.
Intern / Extern
121214THERM1g
Product / Process Change Notification Produkt-/ Prozess-Änderungsmitteilung
| 1. ID No. / ID-Nr.: PPD 14/T117 | | |
|---|---|---|
| 3. Type / Produktgruppe: Inrush current limiters / Einschaltstrom- begrenzer (ICL) | Old ordering code / Alte Bestell-Nr.: See annex/ Siehe Anlage | New ordering code / Neue Bestell-Nr.: No change / Keine Änderung |
4. Description of change / Beschreibung der Änderung:
Components in bulk packing, fixed on a Manila paper strip holder, will in future be fixed to craft paper with hot-melt adhesive tape. Due to this change, the packing unit for some types will also be changed from 500 to 1000 pcs/box./
Bauelemente in Schüttgutverpackung, die auf Pappstreifen gesteckt wurden, werden künftig auf einem Kartonstreifen mit Klebeband fixiert. Bei einigen Typen ändert sich dadurch die Verpackungseinheit von 500 auf 1000 Stück.
5. Effect on the product or for customers (quality, specification, lead time) / Auswirkung auf das Produkt oder für den Kunden (Qualität, Spezifikation, Lieferzeiten):
There will be no impact on form, fit, function, quality, reliability or lead time./
Diese Änderung hat keinen Einfluß auf Form, Funktion, Qualität, Zuverlässigkeit und Lieferzeit.
6. Quality assurance measures / Maßnahmen zur Qualitätssicherung:
The plant in Zhuhai, China, is certified according to ISO/TS 16949 and ISO 9001. Production release in conformance with ISO/TS 16949./
Das Werk in Zhuhai, China, ist nach ISO/TS 16949 und ISO 9001 zertifiziert. Produktionsfreigabe erfolgt nach ISO/TS 16949.
7. Scheduled date of introduction / Geplante Einführung: March 15, 2013
8. Customer feedback / Rückmeldung vom Kunden:
If EPCOS does not receive notification to the contrary within a period of 10 weeks, EPCOS assumes that the customer agrees to the change. For an interim period we cannot rule out that old as well as new products will be shipped.
Falls EPCOS innerhalb von 10 Wochen keine gegenteilige Mitteilung erhält, geht EPCOS davon aus, dass die geplante Änderung vom Kunden akzeptiert ist. Innerhalb einer Übergangszeit kann es vorkommen, dass sowohl alte wie auch neue Ware geliefert wird.
Customer acknowledgement
Signature
Bestätigung durch den Kunden
Annex to UPtoDATE 121214THERM1 and PCN PPD 14/T117 of December 14, 2012/ New packaging for inrush current limiters from Zhuhai Affected products
Ordering code
Description
New min. packing unit
| B57011I0100A002 | I011/10/A2 |
|---|---|
| B57153S0100M000 | S153/10/M |
| B57153S0100S000 | S153/10/S |
| B57153S0150A002 | S153/15/A2 |
| B57153S0150M000 | S153/15/M |
| B57153S0150S000 | S153/15/S |
| B57153S0160M000 | S153/16/M |
| B57153S0200M000 | S153/20/M |
| B57153S0330M000 | S153/33/M |
| B57153S0330S000 | S153/33/S |
| B57153S0479M000 | S153/4.7/M |
| B57153S0479M002 | S153/4.7/M2 |
| B57153S0809M000 | S153/8/M |
| B57211P0100M301 | P11/10 |
| B57211P0120M301 | P11/12 |
| B57211P0160M301 | P11/16 |
| B57211P0200M301 | P11/20 |
| B57211P0250M301 | P11/25 |
| B57211P0409M301 | P11/4 |
| B57211P0509M301 | P11/5 |
| B57213P0309M301 | P13/3 |
| B57213P0409M301 | P13/4 |
| B57213P0509M301 | P13/5 |
| B57235S0100M000 | S235/10/M |
| B57235S0100M005 | S235/10/M5 |
| B57235S0259M000 | S235/2.5/M |
| B57235S0479M000 | S235/4.7/M |
| B57235S0509L000 | S235/5/L |
| B57235S0509L002 | S235/5/L2 |
| B57235S0509L003 | S235/5/L3 |
| B57235S0509L005 | S235/5/L5 |
| B57235S0509M000 | S235/5/M |
| B57235S0509M005 | S235/5/M5 |
| B57235S0509S000 | S235/5/S |
| B57235S0609M000 | S235/6/M |
| B57235S0609S000 | S235/6/S |
| B57235S0809L003 | S235/8/L3 |
| B57235S0809M000 | S235/8/M |
| B57235S0809M005 | S235/8/M5 |
| B57235S0809S000 | S235/8/S |
| B57236S0100L002 | S236/10/L2 |
| B57236S0100M000 | S236/10/M |
| B57236S0100M005 | S236/10/M5 |
| B57236S0100S000 | S236/10/S |
Annex to UPtoDATE 121214THERM1 and PCN PPD 14/T117 of December 14, 2012/ New packaging for inrush current limiters from Zhuhai Affected products
| Ordering code | Description |
|---|---|
| B57236S0120M000 | S236/12/M |
| B57236S0120M005 | S236 /12/M5 |
| B57236S0120S000 | S236/12/S |
| B57236S0121M000 | S236/120/M |
| B57236S0160M000 | S236/16/M |
| B57236S0160M005 | S236 /16/M5 |
| B57236S0160S000 | S236/16/S |
| B57236S0200A001 | S236/20/A1 |
| B57236S0200L002 | S236/20/L2 |
| B57236S0200M000 | S236/20/M |
| B57236S0200M005 | S236 /20/M5 |
| B57236S0200S000 | S236/20/S |
| B57236S0229M000 | S236/2.2/M |
| B57236S0250A002 | S236/25/A2 |
| B57236S0250M000 | S236/25/M |
| B57236S0250M005 | S236/25/M5 |
| B57236S0250S000 | S236/25/S |
| B57236S0259L000 | S236/2.5/L2 |
| B57236S0259L002 | S236/2.5/L2 |
| B57236S0259L003 | S236/2.5/L3 |
| B57236S0259M000 | S236/2.5/M |
| B57236S0259M005 | S236 /2.5/M5 |
| B57236S0259S000 | S236/2.5/S |
| B57236S0309L002 | S236/3/L2 |
| B57236S0309L003 | S236/3/L3 |
| B57236S0309M000 | S236/3/M |
| B57236S0479M000 | S236/4.7/M |
| B57236S0500M000 | S236/50/M |
| B57236S0500M005 | S236 /50/M5 |
| B57236S0509A004 | S236/5/A4 |
| B57236S0509L002 | S236/5/L2 |
| B57236S0509L003 | S236/5/L3 |
| B57236S0509M000 | S236/5/M |
| B57236S0509M005 | S236/5/M5 |
| B57236S0509S000 | S236/5/S |
| B57236S0800M000 | S236/80/M |
| B57236S0800M005 | S236/80/M5 |
| B57236S0800S000 | S236/80/S |
| B57236S0809L002 | S236/8/L2 |
| B57236S0809L003 | S236/8/L3 | | <urn:uuid:2d1542ab-3964-44be-9c19-352d1ca70b9b> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 6,128 |
Brazil Nuts
RICH SOIL OF THE AMAZON RAINFOREST BOOST THE BRAZIL NUT'S WIDE RANGE OF NUTRIENTS
ENJOY A 30g HEALTHY HANDFUL TODAY | <urn:uuid:75d60512-cba2-4ae3-989f-65e4dcd2b48f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 129 |
MINISTARSTVO GOSPODARSTVA
Temeljem članka 52. stavka 2. Zakona o obrtu ("Narodne novine" br. 77/93), po prethodno pribavljenom mišljenju Hrvatske obrtničke komore, ministar gospodarstva donosi :
PROGRAM
majstorskog ispita za zanimanje - majstor autoelektričar
I.
Majstorski ispit sastoji se od zajedničkog dijela koji obuhvaća potrebita znanja neophodna za bavljenje obrtom i poduzetništvom i posebnog dijela koji se odnosi na svako zanimanje posebno.
II.
Na zajedničkom ispitu, ispitna pitanja formuliraju se iz slijedećih ispitnih područja:
1. Gospodarstvo i pravni propisi
2. Osnove podučavanja naučnika
III.
Područje gospodarstva obuhvaća slijedeće programske cjeline:
a) Osnovna pitanja osnivanja obrta, naročito analiza tržišta i mjesta, pravni oblik, veličina obrta;
b) Organizacija obrtničke radionice, naročito priprema rada i odvijanje posla, upotreba materijala i skladište, oblici racionaliziranja, uprava, utjecaja automatizacije na organizaciju rada u obrtu ;
c) Organizacija osoblja, popunjavanje radnih mjesta, pitanja rukovođenja i društvena klima u obrtničkoj radionici;
d) Ekonomski/rentabilni zadaci u obrtničkoj radionici naročito kupnja, proizvodnja, reparaturne usluge, usluge, trgovačka djelatnost, prodaja, reklama, servisna služba, međuobrtnička suradnja, naročito zadrugarstvo;
e) Financijsko ekonomska osnovna pitanja, naročito obrtnička financijska ekonomija i njezine funkcije, financijsko planiranje, platni i kreditni promet, vrste financiranja, štedno-kreditne zadruge i druge mjere za unapređenje obrta;
f) Mjere za unapređenje obrta, naročito stručno savjetovanje, poduka izvan obrtničke radionice i usavršavanje;
g) Knjigovodstvo i bilanca, naročito knjigovodstvo, imovinski pregled, inventura, procjena kao i račun dobitka i gubitka, vođenje knjiga i centralna obrada podataka u obrtništvu;
h) Obračun troškova, posebno iskazivanje pojedinačnih troškova, ukupnih troškova kao i kalkulativnih troškova u kalkulativnoj marži, kalkulativne šeme, prethodna i naknadna kalkulacija ;
i) Rentabilno iskorištenje knjigovodstva, završnog obračuna i obračuna troškova, računa karakterističnih vrijednosti, naročito obračuna likvidnosti, obračuna za pokriće investicija, usporedbe ekonomskih pokazatelja.
IV.
Područje pravnih propisa obuhvaća slijedeće programske cjeline:
- obavljanje obrta (stjecanje uvjeta, otvaranje obrta, poslovanje obrta, prestanak obrta),
- obrazovanje i osposobljavanje za bavljenje obrtom,
- organiziranost obrta,
- građansko pravo, pravo opomena i prinudnog izvršnog postupka,
- trgovačka društva,
- pravo na rad, naročito pravo na radni ugovor, statut poduzeća, tarifni pravilnik, radno vrijeme i godišnji odmor, zaštitu na radu i pravni postupak pred sudom za radne sporove(Zakon o radu),
- pravo na socijalno i privatno osiguranje, naročito pravo na zdravstveno, penziono, pravo na osiguranje u slučaju nesreće, pravo na osiguranje života, stvari, osiguranje od odgovornosti, starosnu penziju samostalnih obrtnika,
- pravo na stvaranje imovine,
- porezni sustav
vrste poreza, naročito porez na promet, poslovni porez, porez na dohodak, porez na dobit, porez na dodanu vrijednost, porez na plaće, porez na imovinu, nasljedstvo i poklone ;
porezni postupak, naročito termini oporezivanja, postupak za utvrđivanje vjerodostojnosti porezne prijave, odgoda plaćanja poreza, oslobađanje od poreza i korištenje pravnih sredstava;
- obrt u privredi i društvu, razvoj, izgradnja i zadaci obrtničke-komore, gospodarske komore, udruženja cehovske organizacije,
- pravne osnove za stručno obrazovanje,
- bitne odredbe sustava koje se odnose na obrazovanje, zakona o stručnom obrazovanju i zakona o obrtu, pravni odnosi između učenika i poslodavaca, ugovor o naukovanju.
V.
Iz područja osnova podučavanja naučnika ispitanik mora pokazati znanje iz slijedećih područja:
1. Osnovna pitanja stručnog obrazovanja (zadaci i ciljevi ovog obrazovanja, ravnopravnost šansi, mobilnost i uspon, veza obrazovanja i tržišta), stručne škole i obrtničke radionice kao mjesta stručnog obrazovanja, zadaci i odgovornost stručnog učitelja.
2. Planiranje i provođenje obrazovanja (sadržaj obrazovanja, ciljevi i zadaci, okvirni planovi i programi, ispitni zahtjevi...
Izvedbeni i operativni programi, uvjeti za realizaciju nastave, utvrđivanje obrazovnog plana obrtničke radionice...
3. Suradnja obrtnička radionica - škola (nastavni postupci, sredstva i pomagala, metode poučavanja, ocjenjivanje i vrednovanje, timski rad).
4. Mladi u obrazovanju
(potreba i značenje stručnog obrazovanja za mladu generaciju, tipične razvojne pojave i način ponašanja u mladenačkoj dobi, motivacija kao faktor napredovanja, grupnopsihološki način ponašanja, utjecaj okoline, socijalno i praktično ponašanje mladih, odgojne teškoće, psihološka pomoć mladima, zdravstvena zaštita, zaštita od nesreća na radu.
VI.
Okvirni sadržaji programskih cjelina navedeni u poglavljima III., IV. i V. osnova su za oblikovanje ispitnih pitanja na majstorskim ispitima.
VII.
Posebni dio ispita obuhvaća praktična i teoretska stručna znanja neophodna za samostalno obavljanje obrta u određenom zanimanju i to za zanimanja objavljena u "Popisu vezanih obrta i zanimanja" označena u rubrici "Šifra, naziv zanimanja i stupanj stručne spreme" brojem 2. (Pravilnik o vezanim i povlaštenim obrtima "Narodne novine" br. 31 od 9. svibnja 1995. g).
VIII.
Programske cjeline stručno-teoretskog i praktičnog dijela ispita za navedena zanimanja obuhvaćaju:
a) praktični dio ispita
b) neophodna stručno teoretska zanimanja za vješto obavljanje poslova primjerenih obrtu.
Ispitni sadržaj za majstorski ispit za zanimanje majstor autoelektričar, koje je u skladu s Pravilnikom o vezanim i povlaštenim obrtima ("Narodne novine" br. 31/95) označeno šifrom 72410,je:
MAJSTOR - AUTOELEKTRIČAR
I. Područje rada
- održavanje i popravci električnih instalacija i opreme cestovnih vozila,
- pružanje pomoći na cesti autoelektričarski radovi,
- proizvodnja električne opreme za motore i cestovna vozila,
- proizvodnja i održavanje akumulatora.
II. Sadržaji ispita
1. Praktični dio ispita
Na praktičnom dijelu majstorskog ispita ispitanik obavlja poslove i operacije obuhvaćene jednim od radova:
- održavanje i popravci sustava za generiranje struje u cestovnim vozilima (istosmjerni i sinkroni generator, regulatori napona, instalacije),
- održavanje i popravci sustava za elektropokretanje cestovnih vozila (elektropokretači, sklopovi i instalacije sustava za elektropokretanje),
- održavanje i popravci elektroničkih sustava za paljenje goriva i instalacija sustava za paljenje,
održavanje i popravci svjetlosno-signalnih uređaja i instalacija na cestovnim vozilima (svjetlosna oprema, svjetlosni signalni uređaji, kontrolni instrumenti i signalizacija, instalacije osvjetljenja i signalizacije vozila),
- održavanje i popravci sustava za brisanje, pranje i sušenje stakla, uređaja za grijanje i provjetravanje vozila, pokretanje prozorskih stakala,
- ugradnja i popravak uređaja za zaštitu od provale,
- ugradnja radioprijemnika i drugih komunikacijskih uređaja, otklanjanje radio smetnji,
- proizvodnja električne opreme za motore i cestovna vozila
Praktična izrada podrazumijeva:
- ispitivanje sustava i opreme, te pronalaženje uzroka neispravnog rada,
- popravak neispravnih sklopova i dijelova sustava,
- ugradnja popravljenih ili zamjenskih sklopova i dijelova sustava,
- kontrola ispravnog djelovanja popravljenog sustava
- izrada popisa potrebnog materijala utvrđivanje vremena za obavljanje rada, utvrđivanje cijene rada i materijala,
- izrada električne opreme za motore i cestovna vozila prema tehničko-tehnološkoj dokumentaciji.
Pri izradi praktičnog dijela ispita ispitanik se mora pridržavati propisanih normi, mjera zaštite pri radu i zaštite okoliša, te ostalih uvjeta koje odredi Ispitna komisija.
2. Sadržaj majstorskog ispita, neophodnog za obavljanje poslova primjerenih obrtu
2.1. Materijali i pribor za instalacije cestovnih vozila
- vrste, izvedbe, označavanje i primjena vodova u vozilima,
- izbor presjeka vodiča za električne instalacije vozila,
- kontaktni i izolacijski materijali,
- materijali za spajanje i tehnika spajanja,
- instalacijski pribor (sklopke, konektori, osigurači, signalni elementi),
- materijali i električne i elektroničke komponente u vozilima (otpornici, kondenzatori, zavojnice, releji, poluvodički elektronički elementi),
2.2. Zaštitne mjere
- djelovanje električne struje na čovjeka,
- pružanje prve pomoći unesrećenom od električne struje,
- zaštita od direktnih i indirektnih dodira u autoelektričarskoj radionici,
- opasnosti od požara i gašenje požara,
- zaštita od mehaničkih opasnosti u autoelektričarskoj radionici,
- zaštita od štetnih tvari,
- propisi o zaštiti na radu.
2. 3. Zaštita okoliša
- propisi i postupci pri skladištenju opasnih materijala,
- postupci s otpadnim materijalima.
2. 4. Mjerni instrumenti i postupci
- ispitivanje karakterističnih vrijednosti elektromehaničkih, električnih i elektroničkih komponenata,
- postupci za ispitivanje elektroničkih sklopova, uporaba osciloskopa,
- instrumenti posebne namjene u autoelektrici (uređaji za ispitivanje rada motora),
- obrada mjernih podataka računalom.
2. 5. Cestovna vozila
- prijenosni sklopovi cestovnih vozila,
- ovješenje i uležištenje kotača,
- hidraulični i zračni sustavi kočnica,
- mehanički i hidraulički sustavi upravljanja kotača,
- mjenjači i diferencijali,
- grijanje, klimatizacija i provjetravanje vozila.
2. 6. Motori s unutarnjim izgaranjem
- radni ciklusi Ottovih motora,
- sustavi napajanja i pripreme gorive smjese,
- sustav razvoda goriva smjese i ispušnih plinova,
- sustavi paljenja, regulacija paljenja,
- radni ciklus Dieselova motora,
- sustavi hlađenja motora.
2. 7. Generatori električne struje u cestovnim vozilima
- olovni akumulator (pojave pri punjenju i pražnjenju, kapacitet akumulatora, održavanje akumulatora),
- izvedbe i rad istosmjernog generatora, reguliranje napona,
- izvedbe i rad izmjeničnog generatora, reguliranje napona,
- instalacije sustava za proizvodnju električne struje u vozilima.
2. 8. Električni pokretač
- konstrukcija i djelovanje pojedinih tipova elektropokretača, posebna snaga elektropokretača,
- instalacije sustava za elektropokretanje motora vozila,
- serijsko i paralelno spajanje akumulatora, paralelni rad dva elektropokretača,
- pokretači za Dieselove motore.
2. 9. Sustavi za paljenje goriva
- izvedbe i djelovanje magnetskih i elektroničkih sustava za paljenje goriva kod Ottovih motora,
- karakteristike svjećica,
- izvedbe i djelovanje sustava za paljenje kod Dieselovih motora.
2.10. Osvjetljenje i signalizacija
- propisi o svjetlosnim i signalnim uređajima cestovnih vozila,
- izvedbe sustava za osvjetljavanje puta i vozila,
- izvedbe sklopova i sustava za signalizaciju na cestovnim vozilima,
- kontrolni instrumenti i signalizacija,
- instalacije osvjetljenja i signalizacije vozila.
2.11. Ostala električna oprema vozila
- izvedbe i djelovanje uređaja u vozilima (brisači stakla, uređaji za podizanje stakla, zaštitni uređaji od provale),
- radioprijemnici i antene vozila, otklanjanje radio-smetnji, radiokomunikacijski i telekomunikacijski uređaji u vozilima.
2. 12. Uporaba računala u vođenju obrtničke radionice
- baza podataka (materijal, stranke),
- proračuni (tehnički, troškovi)
- poslovna korespodencija,
- vođenje poslovnih knjiga.
Klasa:311-01/95-01/523
Urbroj: 526-01-95-19
Zagreb, 27. studenoga 1995.
Ministar
Davor Štern, dipl. ing., v.r. | <urn:uuid:6f80a4e8-2707-4443-b9b0-1dc4ce2aa48d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hrv_Latn/train | finepdfs | hrv_Latn | 11,475 |
Biserica din Espinhosela nu tăinuiește nici o comoară. Nici cea din Mofreita. Nu i‑a mai rămas decât biserica din Santalha. Dacă crucifixul părintelui Ulisses nu se află acolo, ce‑o să facă el atunci ?
Se întoarce împleticindu‑se la automobil. Se studiază în oglinda laterală. E murdar și are privirea rătăcită. Părul îi e unsuros și încâlcit. Hainele îi sunt atât de soioase, încât aproape că nu se mai recunosc sub slin. Arată ca o frigăruie de carne. Petrece o noapte lugubră și fără somn, bântuit de doi ochi albaștri, de un chip micuț și grav, în timp ce stomacul i se tot strânge și i se destinde. Într‑un târziu începe să înțeleagă : îi e rău din pricina copilului. Copilul îl apasă dinăuntru.
Pe drumul spre Santalha începe să i se facă rău. Durerea vine în valuri și la fiecare val i se pare că își simte cu precizie con turul stomacului. Acolo, în interiorul acelui contur, e asaltat de crampe. Apoi totul se potolește, pentru ca imediat să‑l apuce altă crampă. După care greața începe să‑i urce în piept. E un acces violent. Gura i se umple de salivă și gustul ei, simpla ei prezență, îi sporește senzația de greață. Oprește vehiculul și se dă repede jos, tremurând și scăldat într‑o sudoare rece. Cade în genunchi. Voma îi țâșnește din gură într‑un șuvoi alb care împroașcă iarba. Pute a brânză stricată. Îl lasă cu răsuflarea tăiată. Greața revine cu o forță de nestăvilit și Tomás vomită iarăși. Când totul se termină, simte cum fierea îl arde pe gât.
În dimineața aceea intră într‑un sat pe nume Tuizelo. E o zi însorită, dar piața satului e pustie. Se dă jos din automobil și bea apă de la cișmeaua din centrul pieței. Ar trebui să se și spele, dar nu reușește să‑și mobilizeze nici voința, nici intere sul. În schimb, pornește în căutarea unui loc de unde să‑și cum pere puțină mâncare. A descoperit că în sătucurile astea din Munții Înalți ai Portugaliei, unde localnicii supraviețuiesc în mare parte dintr‑o combinație de autarhie și troc, uneori o casă particulară poate ține loc de magazin neoficial – dar în Tuizelo nici măcar așa ceva nu se găsește, ci doar grădini întinse de legume și animale care rătăcesc peste tot. De fapt satul e plin
de animale : pisici, câini, găini, rațe, oi, capre, vaci, măgari, păsări cântătoare. Când se întoarce la automobil, simte că îl apucă altă crampă la stomac. Se oprește ca să‑și revină și dă cu ochii de biserica din sat. E o clădire îndesată, foarte simplă, totuși nu neapărat urâtă. Piatra decolorată din care e construită lucește în soare, nu fără un anumit farmec. Tomás e de părere că modes tia arhitecturală se potrivește cel mai bine sentimentului reli gios. Într‑o biserică doar cântările trebuie să se înalțe. Orice alte somptuozități nu sunt decât aroganță omenească deghizată în credință. O biserică precum cea din Tuizelo, fără arce înalte în ogivă, fără bolți cu nervuri, fără arce butante, reflectă mai bine natura cu adevărat umilă a celui care caută adăpost între zidurile ei. Biserica nu se află pe lista lui – dar vizitarea ei i‑ar mai putea abate atenția de la durerile de stomac și de la amă răciunea sa plină de vinovăție.
— Părintele Abraão e la pescuit toată ziua, zice ea. Am eu cheia, dacă doriți.
Cele două porți pe care le încearcă sunt închise. Când se înde părtează, zărește o femeie. Stă ceva mai încolo și se uită la el.
Tomás șovăie. Mai are mult de mers cu mașina. Și multă incertitudine la orizont. Dar femeia e amabilă. Și – Tomás nu poate să nu observe – e frumoasă. O frumusețe de țărancă. Asta îi ridică moralul, dar îl golește de curaj. Cândva a existat o femeie frumoasă și în viața sa.
Ea îi spune că o cheamă Maria Dores Passos Castro și îl roagă să aștepte o clipă. Dispare după colț. Cât o așteaptă să revină, se așază pe treapta bisericii. Ce ușurare că‑l abordează o femeie singură! E recunoscător pentru faptul că în sătucul acesta pierdut din Munții Înalți ai Portugaliei nici o mulțime nu s‑a năpustit asupra lui.
— Ar fi foarte amabil din partea dumitale, Senhora.
Senhora Castro se întoarce. Scoate la iveală o cheie de fier enormă.
— Paracliserul bisericii e soțul meu, Rafael Miguel Santos Castro, dar el e plecat până la sfârșitul săptămânii.
Cu multe zăngăneli și scrâșneli, femeia descuie ușa, care se deschide spre interior. Se dă la o parte ca să‑l lase să treacă.
Înăuntru e întuneric, pentru că ferestrele sunt înguste și el tocmai a intrat de afară, unde soarele luminează puternic. Face câțiva pași până în centrul naosului, pe singurul culoar dintre rândurile de bănci. Îl îngrijorează starea stomacului său. Ce n‑ar da să nu‑l mai apese copilul ! Se teme să nu vomite în biserică. Nădăjduiește că Senhora Castro nu se va ține prea aproape de el. Nici n‑o face : femeia rămâne în urmă și‑l lasă în pace.
— Mulțumesc, zice Tomás.
Ochii i se obișnuiesc cu lumina difuză. Pilaștrii de piatră care susțin mulurile arcuite încadrează zidurile albe de stuc din jurul său. Capitelurile pilaștrilor sunt simple. Cu excepția unei ilustrări banale a Drumului Crucii, pereții sunt goi, iar feres trele nu au vitralii. Tomás străbate naosul mergând cu spatele. Totul e sobru și simplu. Vede biserica așa cum aceasta năzuiește să fie : un adăpost, un refugiu, un port. E așa de ostenit !
— Când e ridicată biserica ? întreabă el.
Remarcă ferestrele înguste, zidurile groase și tavanul în formă de boltă semicilindrică. Stilul romanic a pătruns târziu în Portugalia și a apus tot târziu. Asta pare a fi o mică biserică romanică tipică, neafectată de trecerea timpului și nemodificată de alte mâini. O biserică uitată, veche de șapte secole.
— În secolul al treișpelea, răspunde femeia.
Se bucură să audă că a identificat‑o corect. Merge încet, de‑a‑ndăratelea, pe culoarul dintre bănci, pășind cu grijă. Apar și transepturile, care nu adăpostesc nici o surpriză. Se întoarce cu fața la altar, lăsându‑se să cadă pe o bancă din rândul al doi lea. Inspiră adânc multă vreme. Se uită la altar și la crucifixul de deasupra acestuia. Crucifixul nu este simbolul standard, de un sentimentalism dulceag, pe care l‑a întâlnit aproape peste tot. Pare a data din zorii Renașterii. Chipul prelung al lui Cristos, brațele alungite și picioarele scurte ilustrează încercarea stân gace a artistului de a corecta deformările care apar când privești
de jos o sculptură plasată undeva sus. Brațele lungite și picioa rele scurtate conferă trupului un aspect normal pentru cel care își ridică privirea spre el. Nu e chiar o lucrare de Mantegna ori de Michelangelo, dar e una expresivă – mai ales chipul lui Cristos, de o elocvență emoțională aproape barocă. E o tenta tivă vrednică de laudă de a reda umanitatea lui Cristos și de a jongla cu perspectiva, datând cam de pe la începutul secolului al XV‑lea.
I se pare nefiresc să pună un pas în fața altuia, dar nu vrea să‑și ia ochii de la crucifix. Înaintează cu fața. Crucifixul nu e din perioada Renașterii. E mult mai recent. De fapt știe precis anul din care datează : 1635. Este cu adevărat în stil baroc – în ceea ce s‑ar putea numi baroc african. Nu încape nici o urmă de îndoială : sub ochii lui se află crucifixul părintelui Ulisses. Iată‑l, venit tocmai din îndepărtata insulă São Tomé. Ah, ce minunăție ! Ceea ce părintele Ulisses a scris în jurnal se potrivește perfect cu ce a modelat cu mâinile sale. Brațele, umerii, trupul care atârnă, picioarele încovoiate și, mai presus de toate, chipul ! Acum, când conștientizează cum se cuvine ceea ce vede, cru cifixul strălucește cu adevărat, ba chiar țipă, zbiară, urlă. Cu adevărat acesta este Fiul lui Dumnezeu care scoate un țipăt pătrunzător și își dă ultima suflare în timp ce catapeteasma templului se crapă de sus până jos.
Îi vine să vomite. Își încleștează dinții. Copile, oprește‑te ! Se ridică în picioare și încearcă să‑și țină echilibrul. O ia înapoi pe culoar, tot cu spatele, și când dă să se întoarcă spre ușă, își aruncă pentru ultima dată privirea de jur împrejurul bisericii. Ochii îi poposesc iarăși pe crucifix. Simte cum pacea pune stă pânire pe el, o pace care nu îi liniștește doar tulburările din trup, ci și forfota bezmetică din creier.
— Să‑mi fie cu iertare ! strigă Tomás înspre Senhora Castro. Aceasta înaintează câțiva pași.
— Ce‑i asta ?
El întinde brațul, arătând cu degetul. Arată spre inima bise ricii și o întreabă :
Femeia pare derutată.
— Da, dar cum e el înfățișat ?
— Este Domnul Nostru Isus Cristos.
— Suferind pe cruce.
— Forma unui om. Dumnezeu ne iubește într‑atât, încât ni l‑a dat pe Fiul Său, îi răspunde ea simplu.
— Dar ce formă a luat ?
— Nu ! strigă Tomás zâmbind, deși simte cum i se contorsio nează toți mușchii abdomenului, până la unul. Ceea ce aveți aici e un cimpanzeu ! O maimuță. Se vede limpede din felul cum e conturat – părul de pe față, nasul, gura... I‑a mai înlăturat el din blană, dar trăsăturile sunt inconfundabile. Iar brațele alea lungi și picioarele scurte nu sunt stilizate, sunt de simian ! Cimpanzeii au membrele exact așa, lungi în partea de sus a cor pului și scurte în partea de jos. Mă‑nțelegi ? În toți anii ăștia v‑ați rugat la un cimpanzeu răstignit pe cruce. Fiul Omului pe care‑l aveți aici nu e nici un Dumnezeu – e doar o maimuță pe cruce !
Ar vrea să râdă vesel, dar victoria îi e umbrită de o emoție care‑l năpădește : o tristețe abisală. Încearcă să i se împotri vească. Iată adevărul despre Isus din Nazaret, iată realitatea bio logică. Întreaga știință pune accent pe materialitatea condiției noastre. De altminteri, crucifixul e de o frumusețe care îți taie respirația, iar lui Tomás îi va reveni gloria de a‑l fi descoperit și de a‑l fi adus la muzeu. Cu toate acestea, senzația de tristețe i se întețește repede. Își ațintește privirea asupra maimuței răs tignite a părintelui Ulisses. „Nu un dumnezeu – doar un animal."
S‑a sfârșit. Acest Crist pe cruce, odată ce va fi expus și cunos cut de toată lumea, o să‑și bată joc de toți ceilalți. Tomás își șoptește în barbă râca lui personală : „Așa. Tu mi‑ai luat fiul, acum ți‑l iau și eu pe‑al tău".
Când se repede afară din biserică, ducându‑și mâna la gură, în urechi îi răsună pe neașteptate un verset din Evanghelii. Isus tocmai a fost arestat după trădarea lui Iuda, discipolii au fugit, și atunci, după cum scrie în Evanghelia după Marcu, „Însă îl
urma un tânăr oarecare, acoperit numai cu o pânză oarecare pe trupul gol ; l‑au prins, dar acesta, lăsând pânza, a fugit gol" 1
Senhora Castro îl urmărește cu privirea, frapată de felul bizar în care umblă cu spatele : arată de parcă un vânt l‑ar aspira afară din biserică. Femeia nu‑l urmează. În schimb, se apropie de altar și se uită atentă la crucifix. Ce tot spunea omul acela ? O maimuță ? Isusul pe care‑l vede ea are brațe lungi pentru că e primitor și un chip prelung pentru că e trist. Niciodată n‑a văzut nimic neobișnuit la crucifixul ăsta. Artistul a făcut tot ce i‑a stat în puteri. Pe lângă asta, ea e mai atentă la părintele Abraão. Și se roagă cu ochii închiși. Nu‑i decât un crucifix. Și dacă o fi o maimuță, las' să fie – e o maimuță. Asta nu‑l face mai puțin Fiul lui Dumnezeu.
. Oare nu e și el acum la fel de gol ?
Își zice că ar trebui să vadă ce face străinul.
Părintele Abraão o vede pe Maria Passos Castro, care are o expresie perplexă pe chip, vede una dintre trăsurile astea noi, la modă, de care a tot auzit (numai că asta e într‑o stare jal nică), și, lângă ea, vede un bărbat străin, murdar, care geme și se sforțează cumplit să vomite.
Tomás se sprijină de automobil, cuprins de convulsii vio lente. De la rect până la gât, nu e decât un singur mușchi care se contractă, la mila copilului care îl stoarce dinăutru ca pe o cârpă udă. Vede cu coada ochiului cum în piață își face apariția un preot ținând o undiță într‑o mână și trei pești înșirați pe fir în cealaltă.
Tomás se suie în compartimentul șoferului. Vrea să plece. Se uită năuc la volan. Automobilul ar trebui să se miște spre dreapta, ca să evite zidul de lângă el. Ce presupune asta în
1. Evanghelia după Marcu, 14:42, în Biblia, introducere și note de pr. Alois Bulai și pr. Eduard Pătrașcu, Editura Sapientia, Iași, 2013. Toate citatele urmează această ediție. Din rațiuni evidente, care țin de cadrul de desfășurare a acțiunii romanului, am recurs la o ver siune catolică a Bibliei (n.t.). | <urn:uuid:ada9439e-bd7a-4bdf-9864-d267418dd5c6> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ron_Latn/train | finepdfs | ron_Latn | 12,246 |
Žilinský samosprávny kraj, v zmysle ustanovenia § 77 ods. 3 zákona č. 448/2008 Z. z. o sociálnych službách a o zmene a doplnení zákona č. 455/1991 Zb. o živnostenskom podnikaní (živnostenský zákon) v znení neskorších predpisov v platnom znení (ďalej len "zákon o sociálnych službách"), oznamuje zistené priemerné bežné výdavky v štruktúre podľa § 72 ods. 5 zákona o sociálnych službách za sociálnu službu poskytovanú v pôsobnosti ŽSK za rozpočtový rok 2019:
| Priemerné bežné výdavky na 1 prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 - rozpis podľa §72 ods. 5 zákona č. 448/2008 Z. z. o sociálnych službách | | |
|---|---|---|
| Druh sociálnej služby: Domov sociálnych služieb Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 6 728,62 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 2 468,54 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 4,76 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 819,43 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 1 287,38 € |
| f) | dopravné | 37,42 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 133,08 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 4,54 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 634,09 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 71,77 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Domov sociálnych služieb Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: od 41 do 100 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Domov sociálnych služieb Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: od 101 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 6 002,25 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 2 183,65 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 3,68 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 525,96 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 1 005,36 € |
| f) | dopravné | 11,49 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 63,25 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 382,84 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 75,10 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| SPOLU: | | 10 253,58 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Domov sociálnych služieb Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová týždenná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Domov sociálnych služieb Forma sociálnej služby: ambulantná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 5 651,50 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 2 071,52 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 3,17 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 654,59 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 624,04 € |
| f) | dopravné | 32,48 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 182,82 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 1,64 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 372,54 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 85,39 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
Priemerné bežné výdavky na 1 prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 - rozpis podľa §72 ods. 5 zákona č. 448/2008 Z. z. o sociálnych službách
| Druh sociálnej služby: Špecializované zariadenie Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Priemerné bežné výdavky na 1 prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 - rozpis podľa §72 ods. 5 zákona č. 448/2008 Z. z. o sociálnych službách | | |
|---|---|---|
| Druh sociálnej služby: Špecializované zariadenie Forma sociálnej služby: ambulantná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 5 584,00 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 2 003,00 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 0,20 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 194,00 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 284,92 € |
| f) | dopravné | 11,24 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 10,52 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 100,42 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 35,00 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| SPOLU: | | 8 223,30 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Špecializované zariadenie Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: od 41 do 100 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Špecializované zariadenie Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: od 101 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Špecializované zariadenie Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová týždenná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 7 355,25 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 3 146,98 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 3,56 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 541,32 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 1 313,82 € |
| f) | dopravné | 70,22 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 95,33 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 68,78 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 281,46 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 35,69 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Zariadenie podporovaného bývania Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 4 604,41 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 1 723,77 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 0,68 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 772,05 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 178,26 € |
| f) | dopravné | 42,82 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 68,94 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 378,33 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 15,34 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Zariadenie núdzového bývania Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Domov na polceste Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Útulok Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: do 40 vrátane | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
Priemerné bežné výdavky na 1 prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 - rozpis podľa §72 ods. 5 zákona č. 448/2008 Z. z. o sociálnych službách
| Druh sociálnej služby: Útulok Forma sociálnej služby: pobytová celoročná Kapacita zariadenia podľa registra: od 41 do 100 vrátane | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na prijímateľa sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 2 580,65 € |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 943,08 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 0,16 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 641,39 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 122,99 € |
| f) | dopravné | 29,55 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 143,09 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 248,04 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 22,35 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Služba včasnej intervencie | | Priemerné bežné výdavky na 1 hodinu sociálnej služby za rok 2019 |
|---|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu | 7,91 € |
| b) | poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) | 2,86 € |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady | 0,03 € |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie | 1,48 € |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov | 0,70 € |
| f) | dopravné | 0,01 € |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov | 0,00 € |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| i) | výdavky na služby | 0,11 € |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu | 0,00 € |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci | 0,00 € |
| SPOLU: | | 13,10 € |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Špecializované sociálne poradenstvo | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| Druh sociálnej služby: Podpora samostatného bývania | |
|---|---|
| a) | mzdy, platy a ostatné osobné vyrovnania vo výške, ktorá zodpovedá výške platu a ostatných osobných vyrovnaní podľa osobitného predpisu |
| b) | poistné na verejné zdravotné poistenie, poistné na sociálne poistenie a povinné príspevky na starobné dôchodkové sporenie platené zamestnávateľom v rozsahu určenom podľa písmena a) |
| c) | tuzemské cestovné náhrady |
| d) | výdavky na energie, vodu a komunikácie |
| e) | výdavky na materiál okrem reprezentačného vybavenia nových interiérov |
| f) | dopravné |
| g) | výdavky na rutinnú údržbu a štandardnú údržbu okrem jednorazovej údržby objektov alebo ich častí a riešenia havarijných stavov |
| h) | nájomné za prenájom nehnuteľnosti alebo inej veci okrem dopravných prostriedkov a špeciálnych strojov, prístrojov, zariadení, techniky, náradia a materiálu najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho ostého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| i) | výdavky na služby |
| j) | výdavky na bežné transfery v rozsahu vreckového podľa osobitného predpisu, odstupného, odchodného, náhrady príjmu pri dočasnej pracovnej neschopnosti zamestnanca podľa osobitného predpisu |
| k) | odpisy hmotného majetku a nehmotného majetku podľa účtovných predpisov, o ktorom poskytovateľ sociálnej služby účtuje a odpisuje ho ako účtovná jednotka; odpis hmotného majetku, ktorým sú novoobstarané stavby, byty a nebytové priestory užívané na účely poskytovania sociálnych služieb v zariadeniach alebo ich technické zhodnotenie, najviac vo výške obvyklého nájomného, za aké sa v tom čase a na tom mieste prenechávajú do nájmu na dohodnutý účel veci toho istého druhu alebo porovnateľné veci |
| SPOLU: | |
V Žiline dňa 28.04.2020
Ing. Iveta Ďurišová, v. r. riaditeľka
18/18 | <urn:uuid:76321e3e-60c1-43a3-ae5f-f76401067aaf> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 35,935 |
(Structure) Who We Are
Strategic Intent
Strategic themes
Our Sector Vision
(What we aspire to)
Our Purpose
(Why we exist)
An independent, member-based, not for profit organisation representing and supporting the WA local government sector
Agile and inclusive Local Governments enhancing community wellbeing and enabling economic prosperity
To leverage the collective strength and influence of the Local Government sector for the benefit of WA Local Governments and their communities
Core Strategic Themes and Descriptors
Advocating and facilitating sector solutions and policy
* We amplify the voice of local government and bring sector concerns directly to key decision makers
* We develop future-focused and evidence-based policy positions
* We connect and bring together expertise to maximise sector outcomes
* We empower the sector so local governments can take greater responsibility for their own future
* We understand member needs
* We translate research and evidence into practical sector-wide solutions
* We provide integrated, member-centric services to help members succeed
* We deliver quality and relevant services and programs
* We work with the sector to build strong pathways for knowledge sharing
Delivering member-centric, quality services
Our Focus
(what we do and how we will achieve our purpose and vision)
Our Values
(Our deeply held beliefs)
We deliver on our purpose and vision by:
* Undertaking research on the most important issues that local government faces
* Facilitating collaboration and creating platforms to inspire innovative and progressive policy solutions
* Delivering services to support and build capacity across the local government sector
* Influencing decision makers by delivering strong evidence-based recommendations and advocacy in support of sector positions
Respect Excellence
Accountable
Collaborative
We treat everyone with honesty, integrity and respect
We are a professional organisation delivering positive impact for members and community
We take responsibility and work openly and transparently to earn the trust of stakeholders
We leverage strong relationships and partnerships
Innovative
We constantly strive to improve, innovate and adapt
Enabling Strategic Themes and Descriptors
Financially
* We are financially sustainable
sustainable
Contemporary systems
Agile workforce
* We have diverse revenue streams that leverage core strengths and capabilities
* We financially support and invest in transformation and innovation to support the sector effectively
* We have contemporary governance and engagement models
* We ensure systems and processes are simplified and digitised
* We make decisions and advise our stakeholders based on strong evidence
* We can redirect and repurpose resources to shifting priorities
* We have a recognized and respected brand
* We have a fit-for-purpose structure
* We have an engaged, empowered and connected workforce with agile, multi-disciplinary teams
* We invest in capability to drive improvement and innovation | <urn:uuid:4e260cca-2907-46db-af8b-774b15aa7fca> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,044 |
Rapport 2009 en exécution de l'article 90decies Code d'instruction criminelle (2008)
27 Octobre 2009
Service de la
Politique criminelle
I.
Table des matières
Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1
I. Introduction
Conformément à l'article 90decies du Code d'instruction criminelle, le Ministre de la Justice est tenu de rendre un rapport annuel au Parlement relatif à l'application des mesures d'écoute, des témoignages anonymes (anonymat complet), de la protection des témoins menacés, des méthodes particulières de recherche et autres méthodes.
A. Mission
"Le Ministre de la Justice fait rapport annuellement au Parlement sur l'application des articles 90ter à 90novies.
Il informe le Parlement du nombre d'instructions ayant donné lieu à des mesures visées par ces articles, de la durée de ces mesures, du nombre de personnes concernées et des résultats obtenus.
Il fait en même temps rapport sur l'application des articles 40bis, 46ter, 46quater, 47ter à 47decies, 56bis, 86bis, 86ter, 88sexies et 89ter.
Il informe le Parlement du nombre d'instructions ayant donné lieu à des mesures visées par ces articles, du nombre de personnes concernées, des infractions concernées et des résultats obtenus.
Il fait en même temps rapport sur l'application des articles 102 à 111 et 317 et informe les Chambres législatives fédérales du nombre de dossiers, de personnes et d'infractions concernés."
B. Récolte et traitement des données
La récolte des données en 2009 (concernant 2008) est réglementée via la COL 17/2006.
1. Procédure générale
Les données relatives à l'application des mesures susmentionnées sont en principe fournies par année par :
Le procureur fédéral, qui est responsable de la transmission des données concernant les témoins anonymes, la protection des témoins menacés, les méthodes particulières de recherche et les autres méthodes d'investigation ;
Le juge d'instruction, par la voix du procureur du Roi, et le procureur du Roi lui-même, qui est chargé de communiquer les données relatives aux témoignages anonymes et aux autres méthodes d'investigation.
À titre complémentaire, il est également fait appel au gestionnaire national des indicateurs afin de pouvoir produire un rapport sur le recours aux indicateurs.
Afin d'obtenir une image plus complète des autres méthodes d'investigation, la Police Fédérale a fourni des informations supplémentaires concernant les écoutes directes et les contrôles visuels discrets.
Toutes les informations (à l'exception de la mesure d'écoute) sont transmises au Service de la Politique criminelle à l'aide de formulaires uniformes (disponibles via la COL 17/2006).
Les données concernant la mesure d'écoute telle que visée à l'art. 90ter §1, alinéa 1 er CIC ont été rassemblées de deux façons au sein des PJF :
Pour les personnes qui utilisent le programme « Phoobs », l'évaluation se fait presque automatiquement. Ce programme permet de générer un fichier Access qui reprend l'évaluation du dossier et qui est envoyé à la DGJ/DJF/FCCU.
2
Rapport 2009
Les personnes qui n'utilisent pas le programme « Phoobs » envoient à la
DGJ/DJF/FCCU un fichier Excel reprenant déjà les données dont dispose la
DGJ/DJF/FCCU et qui doit ensuite être complété par l'enquêteur.
La DGJ/DJF/FCCU reçoit également des données de la DSGU/NTSU/CTIF, qui est chargée de l'exécution des réquisitions des mesures d'écoute. Ces données sont également comptabilisées.
Le traitement de ces données et la rédaction du rapport final sont effectués par le Service de la Politique criminelle, qui remet ensuite le rapport au Ministre de la Justice et une copie au Collège des Procureurs généraux.
2. Validation des données
Les données ont été validées en collaboration avec :
La Plate-forme de concertation Télécommunications (PNCT 1 ) pour les données relatives aux mesures d'écoute (art.90ter § 1, alinéa premier CIC) ;
Le Parquet fédéral, la Police Fédérale et le Parquet général près la Cour d'appel de Gand pour les données relatives à l'audition anonyme de témoins, la protection des témoins menacés, les méthodes particulières de recherche et les autres méthodes d'investigation ainsi que les écoutes directes.
1
Le PNCT est une plate-forme permettant une concertation mensuelle entre le secteur privé et le secteur public. Le terrain d'action du PNCT s'étend à la lutte
contre toutes
les formes
de délinquance
pour lesquelles
l'élément
« télécommunication », sous toutes ses formes (téléphonie fixe et/ou mobile, via
Internet ou dans tout autre environnement informatisé) est un élément constitutif ou un mode opératoire spécifique.
Le Service de la Politique criminelle veille à la coordination et à la cohérence de ses activités. En outre, le PNCT développe des
stratégies concrètes et les transpose dans des propositions législatives afin de mieux pouvoir lutter contre les formes de criminalité susmentionnées.
3
Cette procédure de validation a été coordonnée par le Service de la Politique criminelle.
Pour conclure, une dernière remarque : les données du présent rapport ne portent que sur l'année 2008, même si les mesures ont encore des effets au cours de l'année qui suit.
3. Limitation et explications complémentaires des chiffres
Généralités:
La récolte des informations se caractérise par un certain nombre de limites pratiques qui s'expliquent principalement par la grande diversité des acteurs et services compétents, la manière qu'a chacun d'enregistrer les données, la volonté de retourner les formulaires (d'évaluation) exigés (voir les mesures d'écoute) et le niveau d'informatisation. 2 C'est pour cette raison qu'il a été
2 Concrètement, les facteurs suivants jouent un rôle dans le présent rapport :
1. Les données sont éparpillées dans divers services et instances qui, chacun en fonction de leur organisation, ont un propre mode d'enregistrement et/ou de traitement des données, ce qui complique la transformation de ces données en statistiques. Le comptage au niveau du parquet se fait sur la base des mandats tandis que l'unité de comptage de la Police Fédérale est l'opération. Il convient ici de tenir compte du fait que tous les mandats ne sont pas exécutés (dans le cas du décès de la cible par exemple);
2. Le caractère complet de l'image dépend entre autres de la volonté des parquets et des juges d'instruction de transmettre les données exigées par la COL 17/2006. Cette volonté peut être influencée entre autres par l'anticipation d'une plus grande charge de travail en raison d'une tâche supplémentaire. De plus, il existe encore une discussion quant à la confidentialité des données d'enquête. L'équipement technique des parquets et le degré de respect des conventions passées entre les juges d'instruction et les procureurs du Roi ont indiscutablement un impact sur le caractère complet du rapportage.
3. Le comptage du nombre du nombre de mandats au niveau du parquet pose problème dans la pratique. Les mandats peuvent être rallongés, modifiés ou complétés. Ceci influence évidemment la manière dont le calcul du nombre de mandats peut/doit être calculé.
décidé, lorsque c'était possible, de confronter les données disponibles du parquet aux données de la Police Fédérale, qui est d'ailleurs chargée de l'exécution des mandats.
Anonymat complet, protection des témoins menacés et MPR :
Cependant, une collaboration étroite entre le Parquet fédéral et la Police Fédérale dans la récolte des données nécessaires a permis d'obtenir une image complète (au niveau des chiffres) sur l'application de l'anonymat complet, de la protection des témoins menacés, de l'observation, de l'infiltration, du recours aux informateurs et du contrôle visuel discret. (voir note de bas de page n° Erreur ! Signet non défini..)
Autres méthodes de recherche :
Malgré l'adaptation de la COL 2/2004 par la nouvelle COL 17/2006, il subsiste au niveau local des problèmes concernant la récolte des données relatives aux autres méthodes d'investigation et la coordination entre les parquets et le juge d'instruction. Plusieurs parquets ont entre-temps indiqué qu'ils cherchaient des solutions. Le Service de la Politique criminelle a mis en place un groupe de travail afin de trouver une solution efficace au problème de l'absence d'enregistrement informatisé. On y a évoqué une rationalisation de toutes sortes d'obligations de faire rapport auxquelles le parquet doit répondre ou participer. Cela pourrait par exemple se faire en effectuant une adaptation dans le système informatique REA/TPI. Une demande des parquets généraux près la cour d'appel a également été adressée aux premiers présidents des cours d'appel afin d'insister auprès des juges
4. Le non-respect du devoir d'information du procureur du Roi vis-à-vis du procureur fédéral (art. 47ter, §2, 2 et 3 CIC) compromet le caractère complet de l'image. (Le devoir d'information concerne la notification écrite immédiate de toute infiltration et observation et l'envoi d'une copie des rapports trimestriels concernant le recours aux indicateurs).
d'instruction pour qu'ils transfèrent systématiquement les informations relatives à toutes les mesures qu'ils imposent.
Ce caractère incomplet des données (involontaire) fait qu'il est mieux de parler d'indications, certainement en ce qui concerne l'intervention différée, l'interception et l'ouverture du courrier, la récolte de données bancaires et le gel des comptes. On ne peut davantage parler d'évolution du recours à ces mesures, étant donné que ce ne sont pas toujours les mêmes parquets ni tous les juges d'instruction qui fournissent (ou peuvent fournir) des informations (voir annexe 2).
La même remarque doit également être faite concernant les écoutes téléphoniques: en effet, toutes les PJF et la police locale ne collaborent pas et tous les formulaires d'évaluation remplis et renvoyés ne sont pas complets. (Il suffit de se référer à la note de bas de page n°7)
Évaluation du résultat :
Enfin, il convient de faire une remarque concernant l'évaluation du « résultat ». Dans la pratique, il s'avère très difficile d'une part de définir le « résultat » de façon suffisamment adéquate et d'autre part d'examiner le résultat « isolé », étant donné qu'il est souvent question d'utilisation parallèle de différentes méthodes de recherche et d'investigation. En outre, il est impossible de rendre le « résultat » de façon correcte ou d'au moins le faire apparaître de façon efficace sans donner d'informations supplémentaires concernant le contexte dans lequel les mesures ont été utilisées et sans informations sur le jugement du juge de fond.
4. Sommaire
Chaque chapitre de ce rapport commence par une brève situation des mesures. Des informations complémentaires sont données au fur et à mesure afin de mieux contextualiser les chiffres. Ceux-ci sont repris dans un cadre.
II. Mesures d'écoute (art. 90ter à 90novies CIC)
Le Code d'instruction criminelle permet actuellement 4 formes d'intervention dans les (télé)communications, à savoir : l'obtention d'informations concernant un abonné ou l'utilisateur habituel d'un service de télécommunication (l'identification 3 ), la recherche d'une télécommunication privée (l'observation 4 ), l'interception de communications (l'écoute et l'enregistrement 5 ) et l'écoute directe 6 .
Conformément à l'art. 90decies CIC, seules les deux dernières formes font l'objet d'une évaluation.
A. Écoute (art. 90ter§1, 1° CIC) 7
Le principe de la mesure d'écoute se trouve dans les art. 90ter à 90decies CIC. Ceci est le résultat d'une législation exceptionnelle. En effet, la loi du 30 juin 1994 pose comme principe général l'interdiction de prendre connaissance, d'écouter er d'enregistrer à l'aide d'un appareil quelconque les communications et télécommunications privées pendant leur transmission. Seules les exceptions explicitement stipulées par la loi autorisent le juge
3 Cf. art. 46bis CIC.
4 Cf. art. 88bis CIC.
5 Cf. art. 90ter , §1, 1° CIC.
6 Cf. art. 90ter, §1, 2° CIC.
7 81% des formulaires d'évaluation ont été renvoyés par les directions judiciaires déconcentrées (PJF) pour le traitement des données mises à disposition. Cependant, toutes les directions judiciaires déconcentrées et la police locale n'ont pas renvoyé un formulaire d'évaluation à la DGJ/DJF/FCCU. De plus, tous les formulaires d'évaluation renvoyés n'étaient pas complètement remplis.
Concrètement, cela signifie que le nombre de mesures d'écoute est un reflet correct de la situation. Cependant, les informations supplémentaires de contenu concernant ces mesures (la nature des délits auxquels se rapportent les mesures d'écoute, la qualité des personnes concernées, le nombre de commissions rogatoires, la charge de travail, les interprètes utilisés et les langues ainsi que les résultats des mesures) devant être récoltées à l'aide des formulaires d'évaluation sont incomplètes.
d'instruction, le procureur du Roi (en cas de flagrant délit de prise d'otages ou d'extorsion avec menace/violence) ou une autre autorité étrangère compétente 8 (à condition d'avoir obtenu le consentement des autorités judiciaires belges compétentes, in casu le juge d'instruction) à ordonner une telle mesure.
Le juge d'instruction donne au préalable son consentement à l'exécution d'une mesure d'écoute par une ordonnance motivée qu'il communique au procureur du Roi.
À peine de nullité 9 , l'ordonnance doit comprendre les éléments suivants:
L'ordonnance doit être datée;
L'ordonnance doit indiquer:
- les indices ainsi que les faits concrets et propres à la cause qui justifient la mesure conformément à l'article 90ter;
- les motifs pour lesquels la mesure est indispensable à la manifestation de la vérité;
- la personne, le moyen de communication ou de télécommunication ou le lieu soumis à la surveillance;
- la période pendant laquelle la surveillance peut être pratiquée et qui ne peut excéder un mois à compter de la décision ordonnant la mesure;
- les nom et qualité de l'officier de police judiciaire commis pour l'exécution de la mesure.
Pour l'exécution de son ordonnance, le juge d'instruction ne peut désigner que des officiers de police judiciaire (ci-après OPJ). Ces derniers peuvent cependant se faire assister par des agents de la police judiciaire, dont les noms sont communiqués au préalable au juge d'instruction. Les noms des
8 Les paragraphes ont été introduits par la loi du 9 décembre 2004 sur l'entraide judiciaire internationale en matière pénale et modifiant l'article 90ter CIC (M.B. 24/12/2004).
9 Cf. art. 90quater §1 CIC.
officiers de la police judiciaire ne sont pas mentionnés dans le dossier judiciaire.
En 2008, 4.881 mesures d'écoute ont été exécutées. 10 Cette augmentation suit la tendance de ces dernières années. Ces mesures, payées dans le cadre des frais judiciaires, ont été exécutées dans le cadre de 688 instructions judiciaires. 65 commissions rogatoires de mesures d'écoute ont été ordonnées. Elles ont eu lieu dans le cadre de l'exécution de demandes étrangères en Belgique. 11
Remarque: La contextualisation qui suit (à l'aide de chiffres et de graphiques) concerne 81% du nombre total de mesures d'écoute effectuées (556 instructions). Il ne s'agit que des données concernant les mesures pour lesquelles un formulaire d'évaluation a été rempli par la PJF. Toutes les PJF et les polices locales n'ont donc pas rempli le formulaire d'évaluation.
En ce qui concerne la nature des moyens de communication écoutés, 64,2% des mesures d'écoutes ont été placées sur un numéro de GSM (3.113). Cela correspond au cadre social actuel dans lequel l'infrastructure téléphonique a fortement changé au cours de cette dernière décennie et dans lequel l'utilisation de GSM et d'autres moyens de communication mobiles a augmenté de façon exponentielle. 12
Le Code d'instruction criminelle limite les mesures d'écoute aux infractions les plus graves reprises dans l'art. 90ter §§2-4 CIC. Cette liste comprend aussi
12 Pour les statistiques, consulter l'adresse http://statbel.fgov.be/figures/d75_nl.asp#3 [consultée le 11/06/09].
bien les faits punissables commis (art. 90ter §2 CIC) que leur tentative (art. 90ter §3 CIC). Les agissements d'associations de malfaiteurs (art. 90ter §4 CIC) sont également visés pour autant que l' association soit formée dans le but de commettre un attentat contre les personnes ou les propriétés visées à l'art. 90ter §2 CIC.
Environ 45% des mesures d'écoute sont exécutées dans le cadre d'instructions judicaires relatives aux stupéfiants (45,7%). Viennent ensuite l'extorsion et le vol avec violence/menaces, le meurtre/empoisonnement et la participation/ direction d'organisations criminelles.
L'ordonnance du juge d'instruction est valable pour une période d'un mois, prolongeable pour une période ne pouvant dépasser 1 mois, avec un maximum de six mois. Malgré la possibilité de prolonger la mesure d'un mois, l'OPJ ne peut agir de façon autonome. Il a l'obligation de rédiger un rapport écrit au juge d'instruction tous les 5 jours. Ce rapport permet d'informer le juge d'instruction de la nécessité d'arrêter ou de prolonger la mesure.
Presque la moitié des mesures (46,9%) ne dure pas plus de deux semaines. 1/3 des mesures dure de 2 semaines à 1 mois. Cependant, on observe une tendance depuis 2006: en effet, les délais deviennent plus longs.
La mesure de surveillance ne peut être ordonnée qu'à l'égard soit de personnes soupçonnées, sur la base d'indices précis, d'avoir commis l'infraction, soit à l'égard des moyens de communication ou de télécommunication régulièrement utilisés par un suspect, soit à l'égard des lieux présumés fréquentés par celui-ci. Elle peut l'être également à l'égard de personnes présumées, sur la base de faits précis, être en communication régulière avec un suspect.
Sur la base de l'analyse des formulaires d'évaluation disponibles (voir note de bas de page 7), on constate que 34,3% des numéros d'appel sur lesquels une mesure d'écoute a été placée appartiennent aux personnes ayant la qualité de suspect. Ce pourcentage apparaît faible par rapport aux 60,8% des formulaires d'évaluation ne précisant pas la qualité des personnes concernées.
L'exécution des mesures d'écoute représente une charge de travail importante. Cette charge de travail s'exprime par le nombre d'heures écoutées et le nombre d'heures retranscrites. Conformément à l'art. 90sexies CIC, la retranscription des communications se limite aux communications
considérées comme importantes pour l'enquête. Plusieurs garanties sont cependant prévues :
la totalité des communications doit toujours être enregistrée;
Les communications considérées comme importantes pour l'enquête sont intégralement retranscrites. Les communications qui ne sont pas considérées comme pertinentes ne doivent pas être traduites et retranscrites;
Les communications non pertinentes sont répertoriées par l'OPJ. Le sujet de la conversation et les données d'identification du moyen de communication de l'appelant ou de l'appelé sont repris;
Les parties concernées peuvent demander au juge d'instruction de consulter les communications non retranscrites et d'ordonner des retranscriptions supplémentaires.
Un premier indicateur de la charge de travail de ce qu'une écoute engendre est le nombre d'heures écoutées. En 2008, ce chiffre s'est élevé à 23.733,13 heures (sur la base des formulaires d'évaluation disponibles). 13 Un second indicateur est la transcription des conversations pertinentes. En 2008, on a comptabilisé 2.075,24 heures. Cela représente environ 8,7% des conversations écoutées. Cela s'inscrit dans la tendance des années précédentes.
13 Donc attention : dans le formulaire d'évaluation, une indication de la durée des communications n'a pas été mentionnée pour toutes les mesures !
Lors de l'exécution de la mesure d'écoute, on se trouve souvent confronté à d'autres langues que le français ou le néerlandais. Il ressort donc du tableau ci-dessous le caractère souvent international de la criminalité pour laquelle l'écoute est ordonnée
Le tableau ci-dessous donne un aperçu 14 des langues et des dialectes pour lesquels il a fallu faire appel à un traducteur ou un interprète (Voir également le point 3 de l'évaluation qualitative). Le top 5 des langues pour lesquelles on fait le plus souvent appel à un traducteur/interprète est:
1) Arabe ;
2) Turc ;
3) Anglais ;
4) Français ;
5) Albanais.
14 L'aperçu est également incomplet.
Tableau 1 : Langues /dialectes - mesure d'écoute
Les formulaires d'évaluation ont également permis d'examiner les résultats. Bien que pour 63% des mesures d'écoute, aucune information n'a été communiquée sur le résultat obtenu, sur la base des formulaires d'évaluation disponibles, on peut quand même constater que dans 30,3% des cas, le résultat a été considéré comme important à crucial.
Enfin, une évaluation qualitative de l'exécution des mesures d'écoute a été effectuée. Les constats suivants ont été faits.
1) Contre-stratégies
Tout comme lors des années précédentes, on constate que les criminels font toujours usage d'un large éventail de contre-stratégies comme un langage codé et des noms de code.
L'utilisation d'Internet et des technologies VoIP comme moyens de communication est de plus en plus importante. Un autre élément devant être pris en considération est l'intérêt des médias pour les possibilités et les développements techniques au sein des services de police. Les criminels peuvent facilement prendre connaissance des possibilités en la matière et peuvent donc plus aisément les repousser.
2) Relations entre les opérateurs et les services de police
De manière générale, l'entente entre les enquêteurs et les opérateurs télécom est considérée comme positive. Cependant, certains services de police indiquent que dans de nombreux cas, des retards ou des problèmes se produisent chez les opérateurs : lenteur du démarrage des mesures, retards dans la communication de données aux autorités compétentes, problème de contact (cf. répondeur), …
L'intégration des CTI (Cellules Télécommunication et Interception) au sein des PJF est également très avantageuse. Dans la plupart des cas, c'est cette CTI qui constitue le lien direct entre l'enquêteur et l'opérateur. Grâce à cette centralisation des contacts, les problèmes peuvent être résolus rapidement et efficacement.
Les PJF et les services centraux (DGJ/DJF/FCCU/Telecom en DGSU/NTSU/CTIF) se rencontrent régulièrement et partagent leurs expériences et leurs bonnes pratiques. Cependant, il convient de noter qu'il est difficile de suivre les nouvelles technologies et de diffuser systématiquement les connaissances sur l'implémentation de ces dernières. Principalement lorsqu'il s'agit de nouveaux moyens techniques qui rendent plus difficiles l'identification et le traçage, une enquête exploratoire semble nécessaire.
En fonction de l'arrondissement, certains problèmes peuvent se poser au niveau de la relation avec la police locale. En effet, cette dernière ne veut pas toujours travailler via la CTI. Cela se produit également pour les évaluations. Dans certains arrondissements, les évaluations sont très difficilement obtenues auprès de la police locale.
3) Traducteurs et interprètes
La disponibilité de traducteurs et d'interprètes et surtout une liste des traducteurs/interprètes jurés par arrondissement représentent un réel problème dans la pratique. De plus, certaines langues n'apparaissent que rarement et il n'est donc pas toujours possible de travailler de façon continue et efficace avec ces personnes lorsqu'un dossier dure longtemps.
4) Coordonnées des opérateurs
Il existe un problème en termes d'accessibilité des opérateurs étant donné les développements rapides de ce marché et le va-et-vient des opérateurs (reprises et rotations de personnel chez et entre les opérateurs).
Les listes dont dispose la police ne sont en effet pas toujours adaptées, d'une part parce que les opérateurs négligent de les lui transmettre et d'autre part parce que les changements internes chez et entre les opérateurs se succèdent si rapidement que ce n'est parfois plus très clair pour les opérateurs eux-mêmes. Le problème est d'autant plus clair dans le cadre des nouveaux opérateurs virtuels. Pour une partie des tâches administratives, ils renvoient la police vers l'opérateur qui loue une partie de son réseau et pour l'autre partie de ces tâches vers d'autres opérateurs.
De plus, de nombreux opérateurs optent pour une interprétation minimaliste des données relatives aux cellules justice 15 qui doivent être communiquées. Enfin se pose le problème de la permanence et de la disponibilité de ces cellules justice en dehors des heures de service et le week-end.
15 L'AR du 9 janvier 2003 portant exécution des articles 46bis, § 2, alinéa 1er, 88bis, § 2, alinéas 1er et 3, et 90quater, § 2, alinéa 3 du code d'instruction criminelle ainsi que de l'article 109ter, E, §2 de la loi du 21 mars 1991 portant réforme de certaines entreprises publiques économiques (M.B. 10/02/03) prévoit entre autres la création d'une « Cellule de coordination de la Justice » auprès de chaque opérateur du réseau afin de garantir un disponibilité continue pour les autorités judiciaires.
B. Écoutes directes (art. 90ter §1, 2°lid Sv)
L'art. 90ter, 2 e alinéa du Code d'instruction criminelle permet au juge d'instruction (ou au procureur du Roi en cas de flagrant délit de prise d'otage et d'extorsion avec violence ou menace, conformément à l'art. 90ter, §5 CIC) d'ordonner, même à l'insu ou sans le consentement du propriétaire ou de ses ayants droit, la pénétration dans un domicile ou dans un lieu privé en vue de permettre l'écoute, la prise de connaissance ou l'enregistrement direct de communications privées à l'aide de moyens techniques. Toutes les conditions de forme et de fond ainsi que les modalités d'exécution de l'art. 90ter CIC restent les mêmes sans exception.
En 2008, les écoutes directes ont été appliquées dans 40 dossiers pénaux 16 .
III. Témoignages anonymes (art. 86bis et 86ter CIC)
Est visé ici l'octroi de l'anonymat complet en vertu des articles 86bis et 86ter CIC. Cette mesure visant à tenir complètement secrète l'identité du témoin n'appartient qu'au procureur du Roi. L'ordonnance doit être communiquée au procureur du Roi. Ce dernier tient un registre de tous les témoins dont l'identité est tenue secrète.
En 2008, aucune enquête n'a été lancée pour laquelle le juge d'instruction a accordé l'anonymat complet à un ou plusieurs témoins.
16 Les données relatives à l'écoute directe ont été fournies par la Police fédérale (DGJ/DJO).
IV. Protection de témoins menacés (art. 102 à 111 et 317 CIC) 17
Au cours de l'année 2008, 4 dossiers de protection de témoins ont été ouverts. Cependant, plusieurs dossiers ouverts au cours des années précédentes ont encore eu des effets en 2008. Il y a eu ainsi 3 dossiers encore en cours pour lesquels 11 personnes bénéficiaient d'une protection (témoins et membres de la famille).
Les 4 nouveaux dossiers concernaient 16 personnes (témoins menacés, membres de la famille et parents). Les déclarations des témoins menacés concernaient la participation / la direction d'une organisation criminelle.
Dans 2 de ces dossiers, seules des mesures de protections ordinaires ont été octroyées par le procureur fédéral en urgence. Ces dossiers concernaient 9 personnes. Ces mesures n'ont pas été confirmées par la Commission de protection des témoins. 18
17 Les chiffres qui suivent ne concernent que des dossiers (devant être) présentés à la Commission de protection des témoins (en vertu de la loi du 7 juillet 2002). Ni les demandes d'entraide visant l'organisation en Belgique d'un programme de protection accordé à l'étranger ni les demandes de juridictions supranationales n'ont été reprises dans ces chiffres. Les demandes d'appui visant à fournir une aide très ponctuelle à un autre État dans le cadre de programmes étrangers n'ont pas non plus été reprises dans les chiffres ci-dessous, étant donné qu'elles ne sont pas soumises à l'approbation de la Commission de protection des témoins.
Les chiffres ne concernent que les personnes qui se sont vues octroyer le statut de témoin protégé par la Commission de protection des témoins, y compris les personnes auxquelles le procureur fédéral a octroyé des mesures de protection ordinaires dans les cas d'extrême urgence.
18 Article 105, § 3 CIC: Si des mesures de protection sont nécessaires en cas d'extrême urgence, le président de la Commission de protection des témoins peut décider à titre provisoire d'octroyer des mesures de protection ordinaires.
A. Mesures de protection ordinaire
La Commission de protection des témoins peut, compte tenu des principes de subsidiarité et de proportionnalité, octroyer des mesures de protection ordinaire à un témoin menacé ainsi que, le cas échéant et dans la mesure où ils courent un danger à la suite de ses déclarations, aux membres de sa famille et autres parents.
Les mesures de protection ordinaire concernent :
la protection des données relatives à la personne concernée auprès du service de la population et auprès de l'état civil
la formulation de conseils dans le domaine de la prévention
l'installation d'un équipement technique préventif
la désignation d'un fonctionnaire de contact
l'élaboration d'une procédure d'alarme
l'octroi d'une assistance psychologique
l'organisation, à titre préventif, de patrouilles par les services de police
l'enregistrement des appels entrants et sortants
le contrôle régulier des consultations du registre national et/ou la protection des données relatives à la personne concernée
la mise à disposition d'un numéro de téléphone secret
la mise à disposition d'une plaque d'immatriculation protégée
la mise à disposition d'un GSM pour les appels urgents
la protection physique rapprochée et immédiate de la personne concernée
la protection électronique de la personne concernée
la relocalisation de la personne concernée pendant maximum 45 jours
le placement dans une section spécialement protégée de la prison de la personne concernée détenue.
En ce qui concerne l'application de la mesure, les mesures de protection ordinaire ont été octroyées dans 1 des nouveaux dossiers en 2008. Ce dossier concerne 5 personnes.
B. Mesures de protection spéciale
La Commission de protection des témoins peut, compte tenu des principes de subsidiarité et de proportionnalité, octroyer des mesures de protection spéciale à un témoin menacé dont la protection ne peut être assurée par des mesures de protection ordinaire et dont les déclarations concernent une infraction visée à l'article 90ter, §§ 2-4 CP, une infraction commise dans le cadre d'une organisation criminelle visée à l'article 324bis CP ou une infraction visée à la loi du 16 juin 1993 relative à la répression des violations graves du droit international humanitaire.
Les mesures de protection spéciale peuvent comprendre :
la relocalisation de la personne concernée pour une période de plus de 45 jours ;
le changement d'identité de la personne concernée.
Chaque dossier comprenant des mesures de protection spéciale comporte toujours un certain nombre de mesures de protection ordinaire.
En ce qui concerne l'exécution de ces mesures en 2008, 1 nouveau dossier a fait l'objet de mesures de protection spéciale. Ce dossier concernait 2 témoins qui avaient fait des déclarations concernant la participation / la direction d'une organisation criminelle.
C. Aides financières
La Commission de protection des témoins peut, en tenant compte de la situation spécifique de la personne concernée, octroyer des mesures d'aide financière au témoin menacé qui bénéficie de mesures de protection spéciales.
Les mesures d'aide financière peuvent comprendre :
un versement mensuel destiné à assurer la subsistance du témoin menacé ainsi que des membres de sa famille et autres parents qui sont protégés avec lui, et dont certaines parties peuvent être destinées à des fins spécifiques ;
le versement en une seule fois d'un montant pour démarrer une activité indépendante ;
une contribution financière spéciale réservée à des fins spécifiques.
En 2008, deux nouveaux dossiers ont fait l'objet de mesures d'aide financière à des témoins à qui l'on avait octroyé des mesures spéciales de protection.
V. Méthodes particulières de recherche (art. 47ter – 47decies et 56bis CIC)
Les méthodes particulières 19 de recherche sont l'observation, l'infiltration et le recours aux informateurs, telles qu'elles sont appliquées dans le cadre d'une information et d'une instruction.
19 Conformément à la loi du 6 janvier 2003 et la circulaire COL 13/2006 du Collège des Procureurs généraux, le Parquet fédéral est informé des méthodes particulières de recherche utilisées dans les différents arrondissements judiciaires.
Le Parquet fédéral dispose ainsi d'un aperçu complet des méthodes particulières de recherche ordonnées par les procureurs du Roi, les juges d'instructions, les auditeurs du travail ou le Procureur fédéral dans les dossiers belges ou en réponse à une
A. Observation (art.47sexies, 47septies et 56bis CIC)
L'observation, en tant que méthode particulière de recherche, est l'observation systématique, par un fonctionnaire de police, d'une ou de plusieurs personnes, de leur présence ou de leur comportement, ou de choses, de lieux ou d'événements déterminés. 20
Une observation systématique est une observation :
de plus de cinq jours consécutifs ou de plus de cinq jours non consécutifs répartis sur une période d'un mois, ou
une observation dans le cadre de laquelle des moyens techniques 21 sont utilisés, ou
une observation revêtant un caractère international, ou
ou une observation exécutée par des unités spécialisées de la police fédérale.
demande d'aide juridique internationale. Les chiffres se basent principalement sur les données transmises par les parquets locaux (au Procureur fédéral). Dans le cadre de cette transmission d'informations (du niveau local au parquet fédéral), il peut y avoir un retard ou un oubli, on peut alors parler dans ce cas d'une petite marge d'erreur dans le comptage.
De plus, en ce qui concerne les observations et les infiltrations, il faut également tenir compte qu'il est possible qu'il y ait plusieurs mandats pour un seul dossier. En ce qui concerne le recours aux informateurs, conformément à la COL 13/2006, les parquets ne sont tenus qu'à une information périodique du Parquet fédéral sous forme d'un rapport global. Le Parquet fédéral ne dispose donc par des chiffres permettant de faire rapport sur l'utilisation du recours aux informateurs conformément à l'article 90decies CIC. Afin de pouvoir donner d'autres informations à ce sujet, le Gestionnaire national des indicateurs fournit des données utiles. (voir également dans l'introduction)
20
Art. 47
sexies
, §1, 1
er alinéa CIC.
21 Un "moyen technique" est une configuration de composants qui détecte des signaux, les transmet, active leur enregistrement et enregistre les signaux, à l'exception des moyens techniques utilisés en vue de l'exécution d'une mesure visée à l'article 90 ter CIC. La loi réparatrice "MPR" a explicitement exclu l'appareil photo de la définition de moyen technique à moins qu'il serve à avoir une vue dans une maison (dans ce cas, la protection procédurale de l'art. 56bis, alinéa 2 CIC s'applique).
Il suffit qu'un des éléments susmentionnés soit présent pour que l'on parle d'une observation systématique.
Les observations non systématiques ne sont donc pas dans le champ d'action de l'art. 47sexies CIC et peuvent être exécutées par les fonctionnaires de police sur la base de l'art. 8 CIC et sur la base de leurs compétences générales, conformément à la Loi sur la fonction de police.
Cependant, un règlement légal d'application des méthodes particulières de recherche pour les personnes qui se sont soustraites à l'exécution de peines ou de mesures privatives de liberté s'impose, d'autant plus que le traité passé entre les pays du Benelux le 8 juin 2004 en matière d'intervention policière transfrontalière prévoit une extension de l'observation internationale pour les personnes s'étant soustraites à certaines peines privatives de liberté. Les obligations de coopération internationale ne peuvent plus être respectées ainsi.
En 2008, 851 observations ont été mandatées 22 , dont 42,4% par le juge d'instruction, 39,5% par le procureur du Roi (336), 17,7% par le procureur fédéral (151), et 0,4% par l'auditeur du travail (3). Ces 851observations ont été mandatées dans le cadre de 772 enquêtes.
22 Ce chiffre ne concerne que les mandats recevables. Les modifications, les adaptations et les prolongations ne sont pas prises en compte.
Tableau 2 : nombre d'enquêtes - observations
Depuis 2004, le nombre d'informations dans lesquelles une observation a été ordonnée a diminué au niveau du pourcentage. Le nombre d'instructions avec mandat d'observation est resté quasi identique par rapport à 2007.
En 2008, un total de 1.356 suspects ont été observés. Ceci signifie que la diminution se poursuit par rapport à 2006 et 2007. En 2008, une moyenne de 1,8 suspects a été observée par enquête (par rapport à 2,1 en 2006 et 1,9 en 2007). En 2008, la moitié des observations à l'encontre des suspects (50,1%) a été ordonnée par le juge d'instruction.
Tableau 3 : Nombre de suspects en % - observation
À mesure que l'observation a un caractère plus profond, un seuil plus haut est déterminé en ce qui concerne les faits punissables. On peut donc distinguer trois types d'observation :
L'observation pour laquelle on n'utilise pas de moyens techniques ;
L'observation pour laquelle on utilise des moyens techniques ;
L'observation pour laquelle on utilise des moyens techniques afin d'avoir une vue dans une habitation ou dans ses dépendances.
L'observation pour laquelle des moyens techniques sont utilisés est celle qui est la plus souvent ordonnée et ce sur la base d'un large éventail de faits punissables. La forme la plus poussée de l'observation est rarement ordonnée.
L'observation sans moyens techniques (OSMT) peut s'appliquer à tous les délits. En d'autres termes, il n'y a pas de seuil pénal. En 2008, l'observation sans moyens techniques a surtout été utilisée dans le cadre de la lutte contre les délits liés à la drogue.
Le caractère plus poussé de l'observation avec utilisation de moyens techniques va plus loin que le type d'observation précédent. Ce type d'observation ne peut donc être appliqué que s'il existe des indices sérieux que les infractions peuvent donner lieu à une peine d'emprisonnement correctionnel d'un an ou à une peine plus lourde.
De manière générale, l'observation avec des moyens techniques (OAMT) est la méthode la plus utilisée. En 2008, l'observation avec moyens techniques a été principalement utilisée pour les infractions liées aux stupéfiants suivies par l'extorsion et le vol avec violence ou menace, la participation / la direction d'une organisation criminelle et l'extorsion et le vol avec violence/menaces.
En 2008, l'observation avec utilisation de moyens techniques pour avoir une vue dans une habitation 23 n'a pas été mandatée.
En ce qui concerne le résultat des observations, il convient de noter le constat qu'il est dans la pratique quasiment impossible de mesurer le résultat des observations indépendamment des autres mesures. (Voir remarque dans l'introduction page 6).
23 Ce type d'observation ne peut être appliqué que s'il existe des indices sérieux que les faits punissables constituent une infraction telle que visée à l'art. 90ter, §§ 2-4 CIC ou qu'ils ont été commis dans le cadre d'une organisation criminelle.
B. Infiltration (art. 47octies et 47novies CIC)
L'infiltration est le fait, pour un fonctionnaire de police (appelé infiltrant) d'entretenir, sous une identité fictive, des relations durables avec une ou plusieurs personnes concernant lesquelles il existe des indices sérieux qu'elles commettent ou commettraient des infractions dans le cadre d'une organisation criminelle (article 324bis CP) ou des crimes ou des délits tels que visés dans la liste de l'article 90ter, §§ 2 à 4 (ou de ladite « liste des écoutes »). 24
En 2008, 43 infiltrations ont été mandatées 25 , dont 48,8% par le procureur du Roi (21), 27,9% par le procureur fédéral (12), et 23,3% par le juge d'instruction (10). Ces infiltrations ont eu lieu dans le cadre de 47 enquêtes.
On note depuis 2004 une tendance à la baisse dans le nombre de mandats d'infiltration. (Voir le graphique ci-dessous).
Tableau 4 : nombre d'enquêtes - infiltrations
Pour qu'il y ait infiltration, il faut qu'il y ait un contact durable entre l'infiltrant et la personne ou le groupe de personnes visées. Les contacts doivent également avoir une certaine intensité et doivent durer quelques temps. Un contact unique ne constitue pas une infiltration.
Les infiltrants ont au total entretenu un contact durable avec 71 personnes en 2008. Presqu'un tiers des personnes avec lesquelles l'infiltrant a entretenu des contacts durables, a un lien avec les mandats venant du procureur du Roi. Pour 42% des personnes visées par la mesure, les mandats étaient émis par le juge d'instruction. Il est surprenant de voir l'importance grandissante du rôle du procureur fédéral dans le recours aux infiltrants.
Le principe de proportionnalité tel que visé à l'article 47octies, § 1CIC est un seuil difficilement accessible: en effet, il faut qu'il y ait de sérieuses indications que les personnes visées commettent des faits punissables dans le cadre d'une organisation criminelle ou commettent ou pourraient commettre des crimes ou délits de la « liste des écoutes ».
Environ la moitié des infiltrations concernait les stupéfiants (53,5%).
En ce qui concerne le résultat des infiltrations, il convient de noter le constat qu'il est dans la pratique quasiment impossible de mesurer le résultat des infiltrations indépendamment des autres mesures. (Voir remarque dans l'introduction page 6).
C. Recours aux informateurs (art. 47decies CIC) 26
La troisième méthode particulière de recherche est le recours aux informateurs. Il s'agit du fait, pour un fonctionnaire de police, d'entretenir des contacts réguliers avec une personne (appelée indicateur) dont il est supposé qu'elle entretient des relations étroites avec une ou plusieurs
26 En ce qui concerne le rapportage relatif à cette mesure, conformément à la COL 17/2006, les parquets ne sont tenus qu'à une information périodique du Parquet fédéral sous forme d'un rapport global. En raison de la mauvaise circulation des informations, le parquet fédéral ne dispose pas des chiffres permettant de faire rapport sur l'application de cette méthode particulière de recherche.
personnes à propos desquelles il existe des indices sérieux qu'elles commettent ou commettraient des infractions et qui fournit à cet égard au fonctionnaire de police des renseignements et des données, qu'ils aient été demandés ou non.
L'art. 47decies CIC et l'AR sur le recours aux indicateurs prévoient un système de gestion dans lequel sont fixées l'organisation et les règles de fonctionnement du Gestionnaire national des indicateurs (GNI), du Gestionnaire local des indicateurs (GLI) et des fonctionnaires de contact.
En 2008, 73,6% des indicateurs actifs ont été gérés au niveau fédéral. Le recours aux indicateurs au niveau local semble prendre de l'importance. Cette augmentation est la conséquence des efforts réussis de certaines zones de police en matière de gestion des indicateurs. La diminution au niveau de la Police fédérale est quant à elle la conséquence d'une augmentation continue du nombre d'indicateurs codés. Le système de gestion des indicateurs a été entretemps mis en place et les investissements réalisés commencent à porter leurs fruits.
Tableau 5 : Pourcentage d'indicateurs actifs
Les bénéfices octroyés aux indicateurs sont réglés par l'A.R. relatif au recours aux informateurs. Le GNI veille à à l'uniformité des bénéfices. Les compensations pécuniaires pour le recours aux indicateurs sont réglées par une circulaire ministérielle confidentielle réglant l'utilisation de fonds mis à la
disposition de services de police par le SPF Justice. Le procureur fédéral a un rôle de contrôle et de gestion en la matière. 27
Lors du paiement des indicateurs, certains coefficients de pondération sont utilisés afin de déterminer le montant à payer. On y tient compte de l'importance du danger encouru par l'indicateur, de la pertinence des informations par rapport au résultat obtenu, … Si aucun résultat concret n'est enregistré, aucun paiement n'est effectué.
653 primes 28 ont été payées aux indicateurs. L'augmentation du nombre de primes payées se confirme également en 2008. Environ 2/3 de paiements se situent au niveau fédéral.
Tableau 6 : Nombre de primes payées
57% des primes payées en 2008 concernent les faits qui sont prioritaires pour le Plan national de sécurité (PNS), contre 44% l'année précédente (2007). Les phénomènes non-prioritaires du PNS ont également été suivis dans le cadre de la politique de sécurité intégrale en 2008. Environ la moitié (53%) des primes payées ont été payées pour des renseignements sur des faits relatifs
27 Voir COL 5/2002.
28 Il s'agit ici du nombre de primes payées, pas du nombre d'indicateurs.
aux stupéfiants, ensuite aux infractions à la législation relative aux armes et aux vols organisés 29 .
Tableau 7 : Primes payées PNS/non PNS (2007/2008)
29 Note méthodologique: un nouveau PNS a été mis en œuvre en 2008. Ceci a des conséquences sur la comptabilisation du nombre de primes par priorité PNS. Les chiffres du premier semestre ont en effet encore été calculés sur la base du PNS précédent (2004-2007). Les chiffres du second semestre ont été calculés sur la base du nouveau PNS (2008-2001).
Tableau 8 : Primes payées concernant les priorités PNS en 2008
Il est important de savoir que le rôle des informateurs se limite à chercher et à fournir des informations. En fin de compte, l' « information » est transformée en preuve par les enquêteurs qui appliquent ou non des méthodes particulières de recherche dans leur dossier.
Le tableau ci-dessous donne un aperçu global des résultats des contributions des indicateurs en 2008.
Le recours aux informateurs a permis de procéder en 2008 à 873 arrestations et à la saisie de :
163 véhicules ;
81 armes (illégales) ;
139.776 pilules de drogues synthétiques ;
6.612 grammes de drogues synthétiques sous forme de poudre ;
128.349 grammes d'opiacées ;
317.009 grammes de cocaïne et dérivés ;
480.344 grammes de drogues douces ;
1.018 litres de drogues liquides ;
7.320.716 euros d'avantages patrimoniaux illégaux;
83.142.614 euros par équivalent;
Un appartement d'une valeur de 125.000 - 150.000 euros + mobilier ;
Un tracteur avec une remorque "aménagée" (espaces cachés);
9.626 plantes de cannabis;
Plus de 24.000.000 cigarettes;
1 camion contenant divers biens volés;
Plusieurs centaines de kilos de cuivre volé;
Différentes installations complètes de plantations de cannabis ou de laboratoires de drogues synthétiques;
Des dizaines de GSM;
…
VI. Autres méthodes d'enquête (art. 40bis, 46ter, 46quater, 88sexies et 89ter CIC)
Les autres méthodes d'enquête sont des mesures liées aux méthodes particulières de recherche ou des mesures d'enquêtes déjà décrites pour la loi du 6 janvier 2003 dans le Code d'instruction criminelle. Les autres méthodes se distinguent également des MPR car il n'y a pas de dossier confidentiel conservé et donc toutes les pièces sont reprises dans le dossier pénal. Concrètement, il s'agit de mesures comme l'intervention différée, l'interception et l'ouverture de courrier, le gel et la récolte de données sur des comptes et des transactions bancaires, le contrôle visuel discret dans un lieu privé et le contrôle visuel discret dans une habitation.
Bien que l'art.46quinquies CIC ne soit pas repris dans l'art. 90decies, le présent rapport aborde le contrôle visuel discret dans un lieu privé afin d'offrir une image plus complète de l'application des autres méthodes d'investigation telles que reprises au chapitre 15 (Évaluation) de la COL 13/2006.
A. Contrôle visuel discret dans un lieu privé (art. 46quinquies CIC) et contrôle visuel discret dans une habitation (art. 89ter CIC) 30
Sans préjudice de l'art. 89ter CIC, le procureur du Roi peut autoriser les services de police à pénétrer à tout moment dans un lieu privé – qui n'est clairement pas une habitation – à l'insu du propriétaire ou de son ayant droit, ou de l'occupant, ou sans le consentement de ceux-ci, dans le but:
d'inspecter ce lieu et de s'assurer de la présence éventuelle de choses qui forment l'objet d'une infraction, qui ont servi ou qui sont destinées à en commettre une ou qui ont été produites par une infraction, des biens et valeurs qui leur ont été substitués et des revenus de ces avantages investis;
de réunir les preuves de la présence de ces choses;
d'installer un moyen technique dans le cadre d'une observation.
Seul le juge d'instruction peut ordonner un contrôle visuel discret dans une habitation (art. 89terCIC).
35 contrôles visuels discrets ont été effectués en 2008.
30 Les formulaires fournis ne permettent pas de déterminer avec assurance le nombre de contrôles visuels discrets qui ont été mandatés. Les chiffres indiqués ci-dessous proviennent donc de la Police fédérale et ne reflètent que le nombre de mesures exécutées.
Le principe de proportionnalité tel que visé à l'article 47quinquies, § 1CIC et à l'article 89ter CIC est un seuil difficilement accessible: en effet, il faut qu'il y ait de sérieuses indications que les personnes visées commettent des faits punissables dans le cadre d'une organisation criminelle ou commettent ou pourraient commettre des crimes ou délits de la « liste des écoutes ». En outre, le contrôle visuel discret ne peut être ordonné par le procureur du Roi ou le juge d'instruction que pour des lieux où, sur la base d'indications précises, on suppose que se trouvent les choses visées à l'art. 46quinquies § 2, 1°, que des preuves peuvent en être collectées ou dont on suppose qu'ils sont utilisés par des personnes suspectes (art. 46quinquies §3 CIC).
Les contrôles visuels discrets concernaient les faits punissables suivants 31 : stupéfiants, hormones – importation, exportation et possession, pénétration dans des systèmes informatiques et sabotage informatique, prise d'otages, extorsion et vol avec violence/menace, vol considéré comme circonstance aggravante, corruption privée, importation, exportation et transit d'armes, homicide, meurtre et empoisonnement.
En ce qui concerne le résultat des contrôles visuels discrets, il convient de noter ici également le constat qu'il est dans la pratique quasiment impossible de mesurer le résultat des contrôles visuels discrets indépendamment des autres mesures. (Voir remarque dans l'introduction page 6).
B. Autres méthodes de recherche
Étant donné que l'image de l'application des autres méthodes d'enquête (à savoir l'intervention différée (art. 40bis CIC), l'interception et l'ouverture de courrier (art. 46ter et 88sexies CIC), la récolte de données sur des comptes et des transaction bancaires auprès d'institutions financières (art. 46quater, §1, a
31
Cette liste se base sur les informations fournies par les parquets.
44
à c et §2 CIC) et le gel (art. 46quater, §2, b CIC)) est trop fragmentaire, il a été décidé d'insérer les données disponibles (qui ne sont que des indications) dans le tableau suivant.
VII. Résumé
En 2008, 4.881 mesures d'écoute ont été exécutées, ce qui constitue une augmentation par rapport à l'année précédente (2006). Ces mesures ont eu lieu dans le cadre de 688 instructions. 2/3 des mesures ont été placées sur des numéros d'appel GSM. Les dossiers concernaient principalement des stupéfiants, des extorsions ou vols avec violence/menace et des organisations criminelles. Dans 46,8% des cas, la mesure d'écoute ne dure pas plus de deux semaines. Un tiers des mesures dure entre deux semaines et un mois. Les conversations téléphoniques ont été écoutées pendant 23.733 heures. 8,7% d'entre elles ont été retranscrites. Il ressort des formulaires d'évaluation que plus de 30,3% des mesures d'écoute ont permis de découvrir des éléments importants à cruciaux.
Les expériences problématiques ou non des enquêteurs semblent ne pas avoir beaucoup changé par rapport aux années précédentes. Sur le terrain, il ressort que les criminels s'adaptent aux développements technologiques. Malgré les bons contacts, l'exécution de la mesure d'écoute par les opérateurs ne se fait cependant pas rapidement : lent démarrage des mesures, retards dans la communication des données, disponibilité limitée… En ce qui concerne la traduction, il y a un important problème de disponibilité des traducteurs et/ou interprètes surtout de mise à jour des listes de traducteurs/interprètes jurés par arrondissement judiciaire. Il n'existe pas non plus de liste mise à jour des différents opérateurs étant donné les développements rapides de ce marché. Le problème est d'autant plus clair dans le cadre des nouveaux opérateurs virtuels. Pour une partie des tâches administratives, ils renvoient la police vers l'opérateur qui loue une partie de son réseau et pour l'autre partie de ces tâches vers d'autres opérateurs dont la disponibilité laisse à désirer.
L'
écoute directe a été appliquée dans 40 dossiers.
En 2008, aucune enquête n'a été lancée pour laquelle le juge d'instruction a accordé l'anonymat complet à un témoin.
En ce qui concerne la protection des témoins menacés, 4 nouveaux dossiers de protection ont été ouverts.
En ce qui concerne la première méthode d'enquête, 851 observations ont été mandatées dans 772 enquêtes. 1.356 suspects ont été observés. En ce qui concerne les mandats d'observation, leur nombre a diminué par rapport à 2007. Également par rapport à 2007 (759), le nombre d'enquêtes pour lesquelles des mandats d'observation ont été délivrés a augmenté. En ce qui concerne le nombre de personnes observées, on constate cependant une légère diminution.
L'observation avec utilisation des moyens techniques est la forme la plus mandatée d'observation et est appliquée à un large éventail de faits punissables. La forme la plus poussée d'observation, l'observation avec utilisation de moyens techniques pour avoir une vue dans une habitation, est rarement mandatée. L'observation sans moyens techniques et l'observation avec moyens techniques sont les plus mandatées dans les dossiers relatifs aux stupéfiants. Ces chiffres se situent parfaitement dans le prolongement des périodes de référence précédentes.
En 2008, le nombre d'infiltrations est resté quasi stable par rapport à 2007. La tendance générale montre toutefois une diminution du recours à l'infiltration. Tout comme l'observation, l'infiltration est principalement mandatée dans les dossiers relatifs aux stupéfiants.
La majorité des indicateurs actifs sont gérés au niveau fédéral. Cependant, le recours aux indicateurs au niveau local prend de plus en plus d'importance. 57% des informations récoltées portent sur des priorités du PNS. Environ la moitié des primes concerne des informations sur les stupéfiants.
35 contrôles visuels discrets ont été effectués en 2008. Ces contrôles concernaient entre autres les stupéfiants, les hormones et la pénétration de systèmes informatiques.
En raison de limitations dans la récolte des données auprès des parquets locaux et des juges d'instruction, on ne peut donner que des valeurs indicatives sur l'application des autres méthodes d'enquête, à savoir l'intervention différée, le gel, la récolte de données bancaires et l'interception et l'ouverture de courrier. Le seul constat pouvant être fait avec certitude est que ces méthodes sont utilisées pour un éventail très large éventail de faits punissables.
Il demeure très difficile d'une part de définir le résultat des diverses mesures de manière suffisante et d'autre part d'évaluer correctement leur impact. Dans la pratique, on parle en effet d'utilisation parallèle de diverses mesures de recherche et d'investigation, ce qui empêche d'évaluer l'impact individuel de ces mesures. De plus, l'actuelle méthode de récolte de données ne permet pas de vérifier l'utilisation combinée de plusieurs mesures pour une même enquête.
VIII. Conclusions
Concernant les observations et les infiltrations en particulier, les conclusions suivantes peuvent être tirées. Si on observe les tendances, on constate que le nombre de mandats pour des observations au cours de la période 2004 –
2008 a fortement augmenté. Cependant, les tendances ne nous apprennent malheureusement rien sur l'intensité du travail investi en la matière par la police, le parquet et les juges d'instruction, ni sur l'impact sur la vie privée des suspects et des personnes concernées.
Les conclusions sur les autres mesures de recherche et d'enquêtes sont moins évidentes. Les données disponibles, combinées à un cadre d'évaluation trop vague, ne permettent pas de produire une image globale de l'application de ces moyens d'enquête. Le simple rapportage de chiffres (nombre de mandats, nombre de mesures, nombre de dossiers, …) n'apporte que peu d'éléments dans le débat opposant la recherche et les droits et libertés fondamentaux et individuels.
La rédaction de la législation MPR a par exemple mené à la considération que la loi doit autoriser la police à réagir de façon innovante aux contrestratégies que les organisations criminelles peuvent utiliser selon leurs connaissances des méthodes policières. Ce dernier point ne peut cependant être évalué dans le présent rapport. Il faut à cet effet une évaluation plus approfondie, avec une mission claire et un objectif formulé de façon précise et répondant au principe SMART. Les résultats d'une évaluation n'ont de signification qu'à la lumière d'un objectif transparent et univoque.
IX. Recommandations
Les recommandations suivantes peuvent être formulées à partir de la présente évaluation. La première recommandation a un caractère global et concerne le concept d'évaluation stratégique. Les trois recommandations suivantes ont un caractère davantage opérationnel.
1) Rationalisation du nombre d'obligations de rapportage
Les évaluations stratégiques sont une partie indispensable du cycle de politique. Ces évaluations doivent non seulement être bien encadrées (à l'aide d'objectifs SMART) mais doivent également être alimentées avec des données suffisantes et correctes. Plusieurs obligations ont été inscrites dans toutes sortes de lois et de réglementations au cours de ces dernières années. On assiste ainsi à une croissance sauvage des évaluations. Les mêmes instances sont donc souvent sollicitées, ce qui augmente la charge de travail de ces dernières. La nécessité est donc apparue d'une rationalisation du nombre d'obligations de rapportage et d'une informatisation parallèle. Il est donc recommandé de poursuivre l'informatisation des parquets et des tribunaux.
2) Cellules de coordination de la Justice et listes adaptées
Conformément à l'art. 2 de l'A.R. du 9 janvier 2003, chaque opérateur et fournisseur de service a l'obligation de créer une Cellule de coordination de la Justice en vue de garantir une accessibilité permanente
Cela doit se faire par la communication des données d'identification, ainsi que toute autre information utile pour assurer son accessibilité à l'IBPT (Institut belge des services postaux et des télécommunications). Ce dernier doit ensuite transmettre ces données au Service de la Politique criminelle qui, à son tour, transmet ces données aux autorités judiciaires. Toute modification
des données (d'identification) doit être communiquée par la Cellule de coordination de la Justice sans délai à l'IBPT, lequel transmet ces nouvelles données au Service de la Politique criminelle.
Il est donc fortement recommandé que l'IBPT rappelle régulièrement aux opérateurs et aux fournisseurs de service leurs obligations en matière de collaboration et d'assistance technique nécessaire aux autorités judiciaires. En effet, en tant qu'autorité compétente, il peut rappeler aux opérateurs et aux fournisseurs de service leur obligation d'accessibilité permanente via une "Cellule de coordination de la Justice".
3) Adaptation de l'art. 90ter CIC: transmission de communications à la demande d'autorités étrangères compétentes
Conformément à l'art. 90ter §6 et 7 CIC, introduit par la loi du 9 décembre 2004 sur l'entraide judiciaire internationale en matière pénale et modifiant l'article 90ter du Code d'instruction criminelle, une autorité étrangère compétente peut, dans le cadre d'une enquête pénale, temporairement écouter, prendre connaissance et enregistrer, pendant leur transmission, des télécommunications privées lorsque la personne visée par cette mesure se trouve sur le territoire belge (sous certaines conditions). Cela a été rendu possible par la transposition dans le droit belge de la convention du 29 mai 2000 relative à l'entraide judiciaire en matière pénale entre les États membres de l'Union européenne. Cependant, il ressort de la pratique que la transposition n'est pas complète. L'art. 90ter §6 et §7 CIC ne s'applique pas pour la situation dans laquelle la Belgique doit fournir une assistance technique pour l'interception et la transmission de télécommunications. Bien que sur la base de l'art. 18 de la convention du 29 mai 2000, il apparaît que l'enregistrement et la transmission directe seraient jusqu'à présent impossibles. Il est donc recommandé de procéder à une modification de la loi afin de créer une sécurité juridique.
4) Application des méthodes particulières de recherche au cours de la phase d'exécution de la peine.
Une nouvelle réglementation en matière d'application des méthodes particulières de recherche au cours de la phase d'exécution de la peine s'impose. D'autant plus que le traité entre les pays du BENELUX du 8 juin 2004 en matière d'intervention policière transfrontalière prévoit l'élargissement de l'observation transfrontalière vis-à-vis des personnes qui se sont soustraites à certaines peines privatives de liberté. Les Pays-Bas et la France ont déjà depuis quelques temps mis une réglementation en place concernant les méthodes de recherche pour la recherche de fugitifs. Une réglementation légale de l'application des méthodes particulières de recherche pour la recherche de personnes qui se sont soustraites à l'exécution de peines ou de mesures privatives de liberté est donc particulièrement importante et nécessaire afin que les obligations de coopération internationale puissent être respectées.
Cette réglementation est également nécessaire pour que la F.A.S.T. (Fugitives Active Search Team), une unité spéciale de la Police fédérale chargée entre autres de la recherche des fugitifs, puisse fonctionner de façon effective.
X. Annexe
A. « Liste des écoutes » – art. 90§§ 2-4 CIC
Dernière modification : Juin 2008.
B. Aperçu des arrondissements judiciaires
dans une
Parquets
TA
TM
MPR
Intervention
différée
Courrier
Banque
Gel
contrôle visuel
discret
dans un lieu
contrôle visuel
discret
Anvers
Arlon
Bruges
Bruxelles
Charleroi
Termonde
Dinant
Eupen
Parquet fédéral
Gand
Hasselt
Huy
Ypres
Courtrai
Louvain
Liège
Marche-en-
Famenne
Malines
Mons
Namur
Neufchâteau
Nivelles
Audenarde
Tongres
Tournai
Turnhout
Verviers
Furnes
Légende
Données (quasi) complètes
Impossibilité
de
communiquer
les
chiffres
Données incomplètes | <urn:uuid:edbb7f64-df0c-4199-8483-ea73c3e64d34> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 63,605 |
| | | 2 OFFENSES REPORTED OR KNOWN TO POLICE (INCUDING "UNFOUNDED" AND ATTEMPTS) | 3 UNFOUNDED, I.E.. FALSE OR BASELESS COMPLAINTS | 4 NUMBER OF ACTUAL OFFENSES (COLUMN 2 MINUS COLUMN 3) (INCLUDE ATTEMPTS) | 5 TOTAL OFFENSES CLEARED BY ARREST OR EXCEPTIONAL MEANS (INCLUDES COL. 6 ) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | 100 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 3 |
| | 110 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 |
| | 120 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 130 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| | 140 | 162 | 0 | 162 | 38 |
| | 150 | 8 | 0 | 8 | 7 |
| | 160 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 170 | 12 | 0 | 12 | 10 |
| | 180 | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
| OPIUM - COCAINE | 18A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MARIJUANA | 18B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SYNTHETIC | 18C | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OTHER | 18D | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OPIUM - COCAINE | 18E | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MARIJUANA | 18F | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| SYNTHETIC | 18G | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| OTHER | 18N | 4 | 0 | 4 | 1 |
| | 190 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 19A | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 19B | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 19C | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| | 200 | 36 | 0 | 36 | 26 |
| | 210 | 42 | 0 | 42 | 42 |
| | 220 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 13 |
| | 230 | 72 | 0 | 72 | 72 |
| | 240 | 59 | 0 | 59 | 49 |
| | 250 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| | 260 | 709 | 11 | 698 | 473 |
| | | 1133 | 11 | 1122 | 737 |
Month and Year of Report
Agency Identifier
Population
Prepared By
Title
Date
July 24, 2000
10000.00
az0050500
January 1900
AnyTown Police Department , CA
John Doe
Records Supvsr
Agency and State
This report generated by CrimeStar® - Law Enforcement Records System | <urn:uuid:4dece10e-0cb7-493e-8e1a-d64432ca29e3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,488 |
Výroční zpráva za rok 2016
Sestavena dne 31.3.2017
Z obsahu:
1. Úvodní slovo jednatele společnosti
2. Základní údaje o společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
3. Zpráva o hospodaření společnosti a podnikatelské činnosti v roce 2016
4. Poskytování informací podle zákona č. 106/1999 Sb., o svobodném přístupu k informacím
5. Výhled hospodaření na rok 2017
6. Zpráva dozorčí rady k účetní závěrce 2016
7. Přehled hospodaření v minulých letech
8. Zpráva o vztazích 2016
9. Účetní závěrka 2016
10. Příloha k účetní závěrce 2016
11. Zpráva auditora o ověření účetní závěrky k 31.12.2016, výroční zprávy za rok 2016 a zprávy o vztazích za rok 2016
1. Úvodní slovo jednatele společnosti
Vážené dámy a pánové, obchodní přátelé,
Stejně jako v uplynulých letech předkládáme výroční zprávu společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. a věříme, že Vám poskytne všechny potřebné informace o jejím stavu a vývoji v roce 2016. Pravidelně Vás touto cestou informujeme o všech důležitých událostech, plněných úkolech a vytýčených cílech naší společnosti. Rádi bychom Vám chtěli představit i další záměry, kterými se budeme dále zabývat v novém roce 2017.
Stejně jako v roce minulém pokračovala společnost v roce 2016 na úkolech směřujících nejen k zajištění základních služeb, k nimž je společnost, vlastněná Městem Bruntál zřízena. Pokračovala na dokončení starých úkolů a byly připravovány nové záměry, které ovlivní naší činnost v dalších letech.
Dnes již můžeme konstatovat, že to byl rok plný práce. Jsme potěšeni, že po ekonomické stránce umožnil provedení a profinancování, námi stanovených úkolů.
Společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o., na základě provedených auditů, znovu obhájila systém práce dle norem ISO 9001:2009, ISO 14001:2008 a ISO 18001:2005. Věříme, že naše společnost přispěla ke zlepšení kvality života občanů našeho města, díky celému rozsahu naší společnosti poskytovaných služeb v Bruntále.
Opět se potvrdilo, že je společnost stabilní, když zejména díky provozu komunálního odpadu a městských lesů dosáhla za rok 2016 zisk ve výši 3.343 tis. Kč před zdaněním.
Dovolte nám proto, poděkovat Vám všem za aktivní podporu při provádění a poskytování našich služeb a přijměte, prosím, toto naše poděkování jako příslib další, neúnavné snahy zúročit naše zkušenosti při jejich poskytování.
Věříme, že společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. je a bude Vaším spolehlivým partnerem i v letech následujících a že ji zachováte svou přízeň.
Ing. Václav Frgal
Jednatel
2. Základní údaje o společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
1. Název společnosti: TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
2. Sídlo: Zeyerova 12, 792 01 Bruntál
Telefon: 552 306 750
IČ: 258 23 337
DIČ: CZ25823337
Bankovní spojení: 27-2168500227/0100
ID datové schránky: a5us2u3
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
http: www.tsbruntal.cz
3. Registrace společnosti:
Obchodní rejstřík, vedený Krajským obchodním soudem v Ostravě, oddíl C, vložka 19499.
4. Den zápisu: 22. října 1998.
5. Zahájení činnosti: od 1. dubna 1999.
6. Právní forma: společnost s ručením omezeným.
7. Místo, kde jsou k nahlédnutí dokumenty:
Sídlo společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o.: Zeyerova 12, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál.
8. Předmět podnikání:
- Podnikání v oblasti nakládání s nebezpečnými odpady
- Montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky elektrických zařízení
- Provádění staveb, jejich změn a odstraňování
- Silniční motorová doprava - nákladní vnitrostátní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti přesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí, nákladní provozovaná vozidla nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti nepřesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí.
- Výroba, obchod a služby neuvedené v přílohách 1 až 3 živnostenského zákona
- Provozování veřejného pohřebiště
- Výroba elektřiny
Předmět činnosti
- Pronájem nemovitostí, bytů a nebytových prostor
9. Statutární orgán:
Jednatel:
Ing. Václav Frgal - jednatel od 1.5.2011 - dosud
Dozorčí rada
JUDr. Dušan Blažek - předseda dozorčí rady od 24.1.2012
Pavel Bačgon - místopředseda dozorčí rady od 1.5.2011
Ing. Karel Soukop - člen dozorčí rady od 1.5.2011
Ing. Jan Meca - člen dozorčí rady od 4.2.2015
Michal Handl - člen dozorčí rady od 4.2.2015
10. Společníci:
Město Bruntál, Nádražní 994/20, 792 01 Bruntál, IČ: 002 95 892, Podíl 100 %
11. Základní kapitál: 37 100 000,- Kč
3. Zpráva o hospodaření společnosti a podnikatelské činnosti v roce 2016
Rok 2016 byl pro TS Bruntál, s.r.o. rokem plným práce a to v celé škále svých prováděných činností a poskytovaných služeb.
Společnost v roce 2016 zajistila poskytování všech objednaných služeb a plnila všechny své přijaté objednávky a vytýčené úkoly na úseku správy a údržby místních komunikací, chodníků a veřejných ploch vč. provádění jejich zimní údržby. Pracovala na zajištění úklidu města, sečení a údržby veřejné zeleně, údržby veřejného osvětlení, prováděla svoz odpadů, provozovala zónu placeného parkování, spravovala městské lesy, hřbitovy a sportoviště. Jako významný partner Města Bruntálu spolupracovala na organizaci všech větších kulturních akcí v Bruntále.
Rok 2016 byl pro naši společnost velmi úspěšný. Byl dosažen zisk ve výši 3.343.431,- Kč před zdaněním, když čistý obrat činil 113.286 tis. Kč a byl nejvyšší v celé historii společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o..
Navýšení výnosů ovlivnilo zejména středisko lesy, když celkové tržby z prodeje dříví z lesů města Bruntál dosáhly 26.916.500,- Kč a byly tak o 18.605.174,- Kč vyšší než v roce 2015. Toto celkové navýšení tržeb mělo zásadní dopad na zlepšení finanční situace společnosti a umožnilo vytvoření zákonné a účetní rezervy na obnovu, díky kůrovcové kalamitě napadeného a vytěženého lesa.
Dovolte nám proto podat bližší informace k celému výsledku hospodaření v uplynulém roce. Vývoj hospodářského výsledku za rok 2016 byl ovlivněn zejména:
1. Kůrovcovou kalamitou, díky které byly výrazně navýšeny tržby z prodeje dřeva.
2. Provedením oprav majetku společnosti.
3. Nižší spotřebou energií na středisku Wellness centrum.
4. Růstem mzdových nákladů.
Středisko lesy vykázalo hospodářský výsledek ve výši 1.368.230,- Kč. Celkové výnosy střediska činily 30.752.460,- Kč a náklady pak 29.384.229,- Kč. Náklady střediska byly ovlivněny zvýšenou spotřebou materiálu – zejména nákupem sazenic. V loňském roce byly nakoupeny sazenice v celkové hodnotě 738.190,- Kč. Díky výrazně vyšší potřebě těžebních prací, byly významným způsobem navýšeny nákupy ostatních služeb a to celkově o 5.472.294,- Kč. V souladu s platnou legislativou byl v loňském roce, díky kůrovcové kalamitě, dvakrát požádán Krajský úřad o navýšení těžby dřeva o celkových 30.000 m3 dřeva. Za celý rok tak bylo vytěženo celkem 21.696,36 pln dřeva. Vzhledem k vývoji těžeb a stavu lesního majetku byla informována nejprve dozorčí rada společnosti a následně dne 7.12.2016 i Rada města Bruntál. Díky zásadnímu dopadu na stav hospodářského lesa byly využity zákonné možnosti pro budoucí obnovu vytěženého lesa. Byla vytvořena daňově uznatelná rezerva na pečetní činnost ve výši 10.363.550,- Kč a dále účetní rezerva ve výši 5.911.322,- Kč. Věříme, že takto bude umožněno, postupně vytěžený a kůrovcem zdecimovaný les obnovit. Kůrovcová kalamita na Bruntálsku má a bude mít katastrofální dopady na ekonomiku hospodaření v lesích. Již nyní je zřejmé, že dochází k poklesu ceny dřeva. Průměrné zpeněžení dřeva meziročně pokleslo cca o 212,- Kč za 1 pln. Zároveň dochází ke zdražování sazenic na obnovu lesa a navíc lze díky
růstu mezd očekávat, že budou dražší i práce na zalesňování. S těmito trendy se bohužel budeme muset v dalších letech vypořádat.
V průběhu loňského roku jsme pokračovali v opravách vlastního majetku. V sídle společnosti tak byla provedena oprava a modernizace haly garáže a dílny. Náklady společnosti tak byly zvýšeny o 2.566.126,- Kč. Tato oprava byla z větší části hrazena z vytvořené účetní rezervy ve výši 2.550 tis. Kč z roku 2015. Přestože byla tato oprava plánovaná až na rok 2017, bylo přistoupeno, díky jejímu havarijnímu stavu, k opravě již o rok dříve. Byly dále provedeny opravy v areálu městského koupaliště, když byl opraven plot za 94.000,- a předláždění dlažby za 35.000,- Kč. V sauně pak byla opravena střecha za 193.394,- Kč, byt správce za 368.948,- Kč, vyměněna okna za 219.404,- Kč a byla provedena výměna obložení potní místnosti v hodnotě 246.000,- Kč. Potýkali jsme se zároveň s problémy a havárií s vozových vozidel, když bylo nutné provést opravu havárie vyklápěče vozidla Scania v hodnotě 173.196,-. Tato oprava byla kompenzována příjmem z pojištění. Mimořádné poruchy se však nevyhnuly ani dalším vozidlům Renault Premium a Man., když byla tato vozidla opravena v celkové hodnotě přesahující 610 tis. Kč. Vzhledem k potřebě udržovat majetek společnosti v provozuschopném stavu, byly náklady společnosti zatíženy tvorbou daňově uznatelné rezervy ve výši 2.964.776,- Kč na opravy majetku a to – komunikací v areálu sběrného dvora a rolby na zimním stadionu.
Provedením všech těchto uvedených oprav byl výrazně ovlivněn hospodářský výsledek celé společnosti.
Na výsledku hospodaření se odrazila i výrazně nižší spotřeba energií, a to díky středisku Wellness centrum, když byla spotřeba elektrické energie nižší o 933 tis. Kč a spotřeba tepla o necelých 806 tis. Kč.
Naše společnost se v průběhu roku 2016 vypořádala s výrazným nárůstem mzdyových nákladů, když meziročně osobní náklady stouply o 3.490 tis. Kč. Tento nárůst souvisel s vyšším počtem zaměstnávaných účastníků veřejně prospěšných prací (VPP). V roce 2016 pracovalo na VPP až 55 pracovníků z evidence úřadu práce. Věříme, že výsledek jejich práce byl, nejen v rámci úklidu města Bruntál vidět. Tento nárůst osobních nákladů byl úřadem práce částečně kompenzován přijatými dotacemi. Dalším důvodem zvýšení objemu osobních nákladů byla úprava Nařízení vlády, kterým se zvýšila nejen minimální mzda ale rovněž všechny hranice v příslušných tarifních třídách. Průměrné navýšení osobních nákladů po odpočtu dotací z Úřadu práce tak dosáhlo meziroční výše 7,76 %. S ohledem na záměr - zvyšovat úroveň minimální mzdy, lze předpokládat další růst osobních nákladů v letech příštích. Toto bude mít vliv i na vývoj cen poskytovaných služeb naší společnosti.
V loňském roce byl dále rozšiřován okruh našich činností, když bylo započato s provozováním kompostárny ve vlastní režii. V průběhu roku byla ukončena spolupráce se společností Rumpold a zároveň byl vydán nový provozní řád kompostárny pro její provoz jménem TS Bruntál, s.r.o..
V rámci odpadového hospodářství bylo pokračováno na záměru provozování sběrného dvora na ulici Polní v Bruntále ve vlastní režii. Nejprve byly odkoupeny pozemky a stavby v jeho areálu a následně došlo k nastavení nového smluvního vztahu s městem Bruntál tak, aby bylo umožněno poskytovat služby a jiným zákazníkům.
Pro posílení separace biologicky rozložitelného odpadu byly ve spolupráci s městem dále vydávány nádoby do domácností v rodinných domech v Bruntále. I díky tomuto vyseparovalo Město Bruntál v roce 2016 celkem 1.114 tun biologicky rozložitelného dopadu.
Naše společnost zaměřila svou investiční činnost na zlepšení dopravní situace a pracovních podmínek v sídle společnosti na Zeyerově ulici. V průběhu roku pak prováděla postupnou obnovu svého strojního a vozového parku. Zaměřila se dále na rozšíření svých podnikatelských aktivit a to zejména nákupem pozemků a objektů sběrného dvora.
V rámci obnovy strojního parku byly pořízeny tyto nové stroje: malé nákladní vozidlo Piaggio Porter maxxi, nákladní vozidlo MAN pro kontejnerovou dopravu a osobní vozidla Suzuki Jimny pro středisko lesy a dále Vozidlo Dacia Dokker pro parkovací automaty. V rámci nemovitého majetku pak byly dále koupeny pozemky a překládací stanice sběrného dvora a v neposlední řadě bylo provedeno technické zhodnocení haly garáží a dílny v sídle společnosti.
Investiční náklady na nově pořízený majetek a technické zhodnocení dosáhly celkové výše 8.920 tis. Kč.
Naše společnost se v průběhu roku zaměřila na plnění všech úkolů, které jsme si pro rok 2016 stanovili a to i přesto, že musely být s ohledem na změnu podmínek průběžně upraveny. Byly to zejména tyto úkoly:
1. Provozování kompostárny ve vlastní režii vyřízením povolení u Krajského úřadu v Ostravě.
2. Pořízení technického vybavení pro kompostárnu v rámci dotačních programů a pořízení traktoru.
3. Obnova strojního vybavení společnosti – malé nákladní vozidlo sklápěč, vozidlo pro přepravu kontejnerů s hydraulickou rukou pro odpadové hospodářství, a vozidla pro malou kontejnerovou dopravu.
4. Rekonstrukci a opravu dílen a garáží v sídle společnosti
5. Nákup nemovitosti sběrného dvora vč. pozemků a přípravu žádosti o poskytnutí dotace na jeho modernizaci a vybudování překladiště
6. Připravit všechny podklady pro rozhodnutí o investičním záměru zastřešení zimního stadionu
Můžeme sdělit, že se nám tak podařilo většinu stanovených úkolů splnit. Svědčí o tom nejen, již výše zmiňovaná investiční činnost ale i projednávaní všech dalších připravovaných záměrů na zastřešení zimní ledové plochy a vybudování překladiště odpadů v areále sběrného dvora na ulici Polní v Bruntále. V průběhu roku byly prověrovány možnosti získání investičních dotací pro jejich realizaci. Bohužel došlo k odstoupení od záměru zajistit, díky příslibené dotaci, strojní vybavení kompostárny. Důvodem byla nemožnost splnit podmínky pro aplikaci kompostu na zemědělské pozemky.
Společnosti se podařilo obhájit svůj systém řízení dle norem ISO 9001, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001 v provozech odpadového hospodářství, veřejné zeleně, veřejného osvětlení a místních komunikací.
Další podrobné informace o výsledcích hospodaření společnosti v roce 2016 jsou uvedeny v kapitolách Účetní závěrka 2016 a Příloha k účetní závěrce 2016.
Vzhledem k dosažovaným výsledkům a finanční situaci společnosti lze konstatovat, že je společnost schopna dostát všem svým závazkům a neeviduje žádné nesplacené úvěry po lhůtě splatnosti.
Roční účetní závěrku za rok 2016 ověřila společnost ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o. se sídlem Erbenova 783/29 Ostrava – Vítkovice, IČ: 258 99 007.
Po rozvahovém dni nenastaly žádné významné skutečnosti pro naplnění účelu této předkládané výroční zprávy. Společnost nemá vlastní výzkum a vývoj a nevlastní žádnou organizační složku v zahraničí.
Na základě těchto uvedených skutečností navrhuje jednatel po projednání tohoto návrhu dozorčí radou společnosti zúčtovat dosažený hospodářský výsledek za rok 2016 ve výši 2.567.893,33 Kč, takto:
1. Příděl do rezervního fondu ve výši 257.000,- Kč.
2. Příděl do sociálního fondu ve výši 800.000,- Kč.
3. Nerozdělený dosažený hospodářský výsledek ve výši 1.510.893,33 Kč přeúčtovat na účet nerozdělený zisk minulých let.
4. Poskytování informací podle zákona č. 106/1999 Sb., o svobodném přístupu k informacím
Za předcházející kalendářní rok 2016 byly TSB podány 3 žádosti o informace. Nebylo vydáno žádné rozhodnutí o odmítnutí žádostí. Byly vydána 3 rozhodnutí, kterým bylo částečně vyhověno, proti kterým bylo podáno 0 odvolání. Nebyl vydán žádný rozsudek soudů ve věci přezkoumání rozhodnutí TSB jako povinného subjektu o odmítnutí žádosti o poskytnutí informace a v souvislosti s tím nebyly vynaloženy žádné náklady. TSB neposkytly žádné výhradní licence. Podle § 16a zákona o svobodném přístupu k informacím byla TSB podána 1 stížnost. Další informace k uplatňování cit. zákona nejsou k dispozici.
5. Výhled hospodaření na rok 2017
Vývoj české ekonomiky, změny v české legislativě, povětrnostní a přírodní podmínky ale např. i kůrovcová kalamita v Jeseníkách, nepřispívá k tomu, abychom mohli mít výrazně, oproti roku 2016 odlíšné, příliš optimistické představy pro vývoj ekonomických výsledků společnosti v roce 2017. Předpokládáme, že jej budou ovlivňovat zejména:
1. Zvyšování úrovně minimální mzdy a mzdových tarifů pro rok 2017
2. Novela zákona o zadávání veřejných zakázek a zákona o registru smluv
3. Vyšší těžba v městských lesích vyvolaná kůrovcovou kalamitou a s ní související povinnost tvorby rezerv na pěstební činnost
4. Propad prodejních cen na trhu se dřevem
5. Nedostatek sazenic a vyšší ceny pěstebních prací
Plně si proto uvědomujeme, že pro společnost bude v roce 2017 výrazně těžší udržet dlouhodobě potvrzovaný trend dosahování kladného výsledku hospodaření.
Pro rok 2017 jsme stanovili v naší společnosti, mimo všechny běžné provozní povinnosti, tyto hlavní úkoly:
1. Provozování sběrného dvora ve vlastní režii a získání povolení a schválení Provozního řádu sběrného dvora u Krajského úřadu v Ostravě.
2. Pořízení traktoru pro jeho využití na kompostárně.
3. Obnova strojního vybavení společnosti – malé nákladní vozidlo pro svoz košů, vozidlo pro malou kontejnerovou dopravu.
4. Nákup pozemku vedle sběrného dvora a překladiště a dále vyřízení stavebního povolení na jeho postupnou opravu a rekonstrukci.
6. Zpráva dozorčí rady k účetní závěrce 2016
Dozorčí rada společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. přezkoumala účetní závěrku za rok 2016 a vzala na vědomí záměr společnosti vydat výroční zprávu za rok 2016 v souladu se zněním Zákona č. 563/1991 Sb., o účetnictví v platném znění, s jejímž obsahem byla seznámena. Údaje uvedené ve výroční zprávě dozorčí rada potvrzuje.
Vzhledem k dosaženému hospodářskému výsledku za rok 2016 nemá dozorčí rada námitek proti zaúčtování hospodářského výsledku za rok 2016 ve výši 2.567.893,33 Kč dle návrhu jednatele společnosti, takto:
1. Příděl do rezervního fondu ve výši 257.000,- Kč.
2. Příděl do sociálního fondu ve výši 800.000,- Kč.
3. Nerozdělený dosažený hospodářský výsledek ve výši 1.510.893,33 Kč přeúčtovat na účet nerozdělený zisk minulých let.
Dozorčí rada doporučuje valné hromadě schválit Roční účetní závěrku za rok 2016 včetně Zprávy o vztazích, dále schválit Výroční zprávu za rok 2016 a schválit návrh na rozdělení zisku za rok 2016.
Bylo ověřeno, že společnost není účastníkem žádného soudního sporu, který by přesahoval 5% obchodního majetku společnosti.
V Bruntále dne: 31.3.2017
JUDr. Dušan Blažek
Předseda dozorčí rady
## 7. Přehled hospodaření v minulých letech (Aktiva jsou uvedeny netto)
### VÝKAZ ZISKU A ZTRÁTY v plném rozsahu k 31.12.-porovnání za roky 2014-2016
| Označení a | TEXT | číslo řádku c | Účetní období |
|------------|------|---------------|---------------|
| | | | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
| I. | Tržby za prodej výrobků a služeb | 1 | 68 821 | 60 278 | 100 093 |
| II. | Tržby za prodej zboží | 2 | | | |
| A. | Výkonnost spotřeby | Součet A.1. až A.3 | 3 | 40 069 | 42 449 | 51 241 |
| A.1. | Náklady vynaložené na prodané zboží | 4 | | | |
| A.1. | Spotřeba materiálu a energie | 5 | 18 508 | 18 232 | 17 015 |
| A.1. | Služby | 6 | 21 561 | 24 217 | 34 226 |
| B. | Změna stavu zásob vlastní výroby | 7 | | | |
| C. | Aktivace | 8 | -367 | -147 | 0 |
| D. | Osobní náklady | Součet D.1. až D.2. | 9 | 29 885 | 34 037 | 37 527 |
| D.1. | Mzdové náklady | 10 | 21 224 | 24 486 | 27 046 |
| D.2. | Náklady na sociální zabezpečení a zdravotní pojištění ostatní náklady | 11 | 8 661 | 9 551 | 10 481 |
| D.2.1 | Náklady na sociální zabezpečení a zdravotní pojištění | 12 | 7 772 | 8 575 | 9 447 |
| D.2.2 | Ostatní náklady | 13 | 889 | 976 | 1 034 |
| E. | Úpravy hodnot v provozní oblasti | Součet E.1. až E.3. | 14 | 6 440 | 6 260 | 6 255 |
| E.1. | Úpravy hodnot dlouhodobého nehmotného a hmotného majetku | 15 | 6 476 | 6 146 | 6 284 |
| E.1.1 | - Úpravy hodnot dlouhodobého nehmotného a hmotného majetku-trvalé | 16 | 6 476 | 6 146 | 6 284 |
| E.1.2 | - Úpravy hodnot dlouhodobého nehmotného a hmotného majetku-dočasné | 17 | | | |
| E.2. | Úpravy hodnot zásob | 18 | -69 | 15 | -33 |
| E.3. | Úpravy hodnot pohledávek | 19 | 33 | 97 | 4 |
| III. | Ostatní provozní výnosy | Součet III.1 až III.3 | 20 | 8 004 | 10 587 | 13 192 |
| III.1 | Tržby z prodaného dlouhodobého majetku | 21 | 445 | 307 | 297 |
| III.2 | Tržby z prodaje materiálu | 22 | 144 | 205 | 391 |
| III.3 | Jiné provozní výnosy | 23 | 7 415 | 10 075 | 12 504 |
| F. | Ostatní provozní náklady | Součet E.1 až F.5 | 24 | -1 862 | 6 671 | 14 826 |
| F.1. | Zálohovací cena prodaného dlouhodobého majetku | 25 | 14 | 1 | |
| F.2. | Zálohovací cena prodaného materiálu | 26 | 27 | 105 | 92 |
| F.3. | Daně a pokuty v provozní oblasti | 27 | 278 | 262 | 251 |
| F.4. | Rezervy v provozní oblasti a komplexní náklady předch. období | 28 | -2 820 | 5 482 | 13 405 |
| F.5. | Jiné provozní náklady | 29 | 839 | 821 | 1 078 |
| | Provozní výsledek hospodaření | i+II-A-B-C-D-E+i+II-F | 30 | 2 460 | 1 595 | 3 436 |
| Označení a | TEXT | číslo řádku c | Účetní období |
|------------|------|---------------|---------------|
| IV. | Výnosy z dlouhodobého finančního majetku - podíly | Součet IV.1. až IV.2 | 31 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| IV.1 | Výnosy z podílů - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 32 | | | |
| IV.2 | Ostatní výnosy z podílů | 33 | | | |
| G. | Náklady vynaložené na prodané podíly | 34 | | | |
| V. | Výnosy z ostatního dlouhodobého finančního majetku | Součet V.1. až V.2 | 35 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| V.1 | Výnosy z ostatního dlouhodobého finančního majetku - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 36 | | | |
| V.2 | Ostatní výnosy z ostatního dlouhodobého finančního majetku | 37 | | | |
| H. | Náklady související s ostatním dlouhodobým finančním majetkem | 38 | | | |
| VI. | Výnosové úroky a podobné výnosy | Součet VI.1 až VI.2 | 39 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| VI.1 | Výnosové úroky a podobné výnosy - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 40 | | | |
| VI.2 | Ostatní výnosové úroky a podobné výnosy | 41 | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| I. | Úpravy hodnot a rezervy ve finanční oblasti | 42 | | | |
| J. | Nákladové úroky a podobné náklady | Součet J.1 až J.2 | 43 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
| J.1 | Nákladové úroky a podobné náklady - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 44 | | | |
| J.2 | Ostatní nákladové úroky a podobné náklady | 45 | 20 | | |
| VII. | Ostatní finanční výnosy | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| K. | Ostatní finanční náklady | 47 | 79 | 92 | 94 |
| | Finanční výsledek hospodaření | IV+G+V+H+VI-I.+J.+VII-K | 48 | -98 | -90 | -93 |
| | Výsledek hospodaření před zdaněním (řádek 30+48) | 49 | 2 362 | 1 505 | 3 343 |
| L. | Daň z příjmů | Součet L.1. až L.2. | 50 | 2 071 | 965 | 775 |
| L.1 | - Daň z příjmů splatná | 51 | 322 | 789 | 1 245 |
| L.2 | - Daň z příjmů odložená | 52 | 1 749 | 176 | -470 |
| | Výsledek hospodaření po zdanění společníkům (+/-) | 53 | 291 | 540 | 2 568 |
| M. | Převod podílu na výsledek hospodaření společníkům (+/-) | 54 | | | |
| | Výsledek hospodaření za účetní období | Ŧ.53-M | 55 | 291 | 540 | 2 568 |
| | Častý obrat za účetní období (i+ii+iii+iv+v+vi+viI) | 56 | 76 826 | 90 867 | 113 286 |
| Označení | AKTIVA | Čís. řád. | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
|----------|--------|-----------|------|------|------|
| **A** | | | | | |
| A. | Aktiva celkem | Součet A až D | 1 | 55 187 | 62 309 | 79 313 |
| B. | Dluhodobý majetek | Součet B.I. až B.II. | 3 | 34 958 | 33 019 | 35 699 |
| B.I. | Dluhodobý nehmotný majetek | Součet I.1. až I.9. | 4 | 694 | 542 | 273 |
| B.I. 1. | Nehmotné výsledky výzkumu a vývoje | 5 | | | |
| B.I. 2. | Ocenitelné práva | 8 | 694 | 542 | 273 |
| B.I. 2.1.| Software | 7 | 694 | 542 | 273 |
| B.I. 2.2.| Ostatní ocenitelná práva | 8 | | | |
| B.I. 3. | Goodwill | 9 | | | |
| B.I. 4. | Ostatní dluhodobý nehmotný majetek | 10 | | | |
| B.I. 5. | Poskytnuté zálohy na dluhodobý nehmotný majetek a nedokončený dluhodobý nehmotný majetek | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| B.I. 5.1.| Poskytnuté zálohy na dluhodobý nehmotný majetek | 12 | | | |
| B.I. 5.2.| Nedokončený dluhodobý nehmotný majetek | 13 | | | |
| B.II. | Dluhodobý hmotný majetek | Součet II.1. až II.6. | 14 | 34 264 | 32 477 | 35 426 |
| B.II. 1. | Pozemky a stavby | 15 | 21 052 | 21 499 | 22 625 |
| B.II. 1.1.| Pozemky | 16 | 3 076 | 3 076 | 4 306 |
| B.II. 1.2.| Stavby | 17 | 17 976 | 18 423 | 18 319 |
| B.II. 2. | Hmotné movité věci a jejich součásti | 18 | 12 369 | 10 511 | 12 342 |
| B.II. 3. | Ocenitelné rozdíl k nabývánímu majetku | 19 | -122 | | |
| B.II. 4. | Ostatní dluhodobý hmotný majetek | 20 | | | |
| B.II. 4.1.| Přístrojové zařízení trvalých porostů | 21 | | | |
| B.II. 4.2.| Družstevní hmotný majetek | 22 | | | |
| B.II. 4.3.| Jiný dluhodobý hmotný majetek | 23 | | | |
| B.II. 5. | Poskytnuté zálohy na dluhodobý hmotný majetek a nedokončený dluhodobý hmotný majetek | 24 | 965 | 467 | 459 |
| B.II. 5.1.| Poskytnuté zálohy na dluhodobý hmotný majetek | 25 | | | |
| B.II. 5.2.| Nedokončený dluhodobý hmotný majetek | 26 | 965 | 467 | 459 |
| B.III. | Dluhodobý finanční majetek | Součet III.1. až III.7. | 27 | | | |
| B.III. 1.| Podíly - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 28 | | | |
| B.III. 2.| Zájazdy a úvěry - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 29 | | | |
| B.III. 3.| Podíly - podstatný vliv | 30 | | | |
| B.III. 4.| Zájazdy a úvěry - podstatný vliv | 31 | | | |
| B.III. 5.| Ostatní dluhodobé cenné pasivity a podíly | 32 | | | |
| B.III. 6.| Zájazdy a úvěry - ostatní | 33 | | | |
| B.III. 7.| Ostatní dluhodobý finanční majetek | 34 | | | |
| B.III. 7.1| Jiný dluhodobý finanční majetek | 35 | | | |
| B.III. 7.2| Poskytnuté zálohy na dluhodobý finanční majetek | 36 | | | |
| Označení | AKTIVA | Čís. řád. | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
|----------|--------|-----------|------|------|------|
| C. | Obětivné aktiva | Součet C.I. až C.IV. | 37 | 19 628 | 28 706 | 42 736 |
| C.I. | Zásoby | Součet I.1. až I.5. | 38 | 728 | 633 | 526 |
| C.I. 1. | Materiál | 39 | 728 | 633 | 526 |
| C.I. 2. | Neocenitelná výroba a poletovary | 40 | | | |
| C.I. 3. | Výrobky zboží | 41 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C.I. 3.1.| Výrobky | 42 | | | |
| C.I. 3.2.| Zboží | 43 | | | |
| C.I. 4. | Mladá a ostatní zvířata a jejich skupiny | 44 | | | |
| C.I. 5. | Poskytnuté zálohy na zásoby | 45 | | | |
| C.II. | Pohledávky | Součet II.1. až II.2. | 46 | 9 777 | 10 866 | 14 429 |
| C.II. 1. | Dluhodobé pohledávky | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C.II. 1.1.| Pohledávky z obchodních vztahů | 48 | | | |
| C.II. 1.2.| Pohledávky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 49 | | | |
| C.II. 2. | Pohledávky - podstatný vliv | 50 | | | |
| C.II. 3. | Ostatní dluhodobá pohledávka | 51 | | | |
| C.II. 3.1.| Pohledávky - podstatný vliv | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C.II. 3.2.| Pohledávky za společníky | 53 | | | |
| C.II. 3.3.| Dluhodobé poskytnuté zálohy | 54 | | | |
| C.II. 3.4.| Dohadné účty aktivní | 55 | | | |
| C.II. 3.4.1.| Jiná pohledávky | 56 | | | |
| C.II. 3.4.2.| Dluhodobé pohledávky | 57 | 9 777 | 10 866 | 14 429 |
| C.II. 184.108.40.206.| Pohledávky za obchodní vztahů | 58 | 7 011 | 7 270 | 10 060 |
| C.II. 220.127.116.11.| Pohledávky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 59 | | | |
| C.II. 18.104.22.168.| Pohledávky - podstatný vliv | 60 | | | |
| C.II. 22.214.171.124.| Pohledávky - ostatní | 61 | 2 766 | 3 596 | 4 369 |
| C.II. 126.96.36.199.1.| Pohledávky za společníky | 62 | | | |
| C.II. 188.8.131.52.2.| Dluhodobé pohledávky | 63 | | | |
| C.II. 184.108.40.206.3.| Pohledávky - podstatný vliv | 64 | 405 | 272 | 307 |
| C.II. 220.127.116.11.4.| Krátkodobé poskytnuté zálohy | 65 | 1 118 | 712 | 776 |
| C.II. 18.104.22.168.5.| Dohadné účty aktivní | 66 | 1 242 | 2 313 | 3 057 |
| C.II. 22.214.171.124.6.| Jiná pohledávky | 67 | 1 | 299 | 229 |
| C.II. 126.96.36.199.6.1.| Krátkodobý finanční majetek | 68 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C.II. 188.8.131.52.6.2.| Ostatní krátkodobý finanční majetek | 69 | | | |
| C.IV. | Peněžní prostředky | Součet IV.1. až IV.2. | 71 | 9 123 | 17 207 | 27 783 |
| C.IV. 1. | Peněžní prostředky v pokladně | 72 | 258 | 729 | 474 |
| C.IV. 2. | Peněžní prostředky na účtech | 73 | 8 865 | 16 478 | 27 308 |
| D. | Časově rozdělitelné aktivativy | Součet D.1.až D.3. | 74 | 601 | 584 | 876 |
| D.1. | Náklady příštích období | 75 | 354 | 327 | 418 |
| D.2. | Kompenzace nákladů příštích období | 76 | | | |
| D.3. | Příjmy příštích období | 77 | 247 | 257 | 458 |
| Označení | PASIVA CEKEM | Součet A až D | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 |
|----------|--------------|---------------|------|------|------|
| A. | Vlastní kapitál | Součet A.1. až A.VI. | 79 | 45 029 | 44 359 | 45 335 |
| A. I. | Základní kapitál | Součet I.1. až I.3. | 89 | 37 100 | 37 100 | 37 100 |
| A. I. 1 | Základní kapitál | 81 | 37 100 | 37 100 | 37 100 |
| A. I. 2 | Vlastní podíly (+) | 82 | | | |
| A. I. 3 | Změny základního kapitálu | 83 | | | |
| A. II. | Aktiva a kapitálové fondy | Součet II.1. až II.2. | 94 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| A. II. 1 | Aktiva | 85 | | | |
| A. II. 2 | Kapitálové fondy | 86 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| A. II. 2.1 | Ostatní kapitálové fondy | 87 | | | |
| A. II. 2.2 | Oceněovací rozdíly z přečlenění majetku a závazků | 88 | | | |
| A. II. 2.3 | Oceněovací rozdíly z přečlenění při přeměnách obchodních korporací (+/-) | 89 | | | |
| A. II. 2.4 | Rozdíly z přeměn obchodních korporací (+/-) | 90 | | | |
| A. II. 2.5 | Rozdíly z ocenění při přeměnách obchodních korporací (+/-) | 91 | | | |
| A. III. | Fondy ze zisku | Součet III.1. až III.2. | 92 | 1 391 | 1 476 | 1 569 |
| A. III. 1 | Ostatní rezervní fondy | 93 | 930 | 960 | 1 015 |
| A. III. 2 | Státní a ostatní fondy | 94 | 461 | 516 | 554 |
| A. IV. | Výsledek hospodaření minulých let | Součet IV.1. až IV.2. | 95 | 6 247 | 5 243 | 4 098 |
| A. IV. 1 | Nerozdělený zisk minulých let | 96 | 6 247 | 5 243 | 4 098 |
| A. IV. 2 | Neuhrazená ztráta minulých let (-) | 97 | | | |
| A. IV. 3 | Jiný výsledek hospodaření minulých let (+/-) | 98 | | | |
| A. V. | Výsledek hospodaření běžného účetního období +/- | 99 | 291 | 540 | 2 568 |
| A. VI. | Rozhodnutí o zálohové výplatě podílu (-) | 100 | | | |
| B. + C. | Čisté zdroje | Součet B + C. | 101 | 9 481 | 17 151 | 32 642 |
| B. | Rezervy | Součet až B 1 až B4. | 102 | 352 | 6 387 | 19 930 |
| B.1 | Rezerva na důchody a podobné závazky | 103 | | | |
| B.2 | Rezerva na daň z příjmů | 104 | | 553 | 690 |
| B.3 | Rezervy podle zvláštních právních předpisů | 105 | 352 | 3 192 | 13 329 |
| B.4 | Ostatní rezervy | 106 | | 2 642 | 5 911 |
| Označení a | PASIVA b | čís. řád c | Účetní období |
|------------|----------|------------|---------------|
| C. | Závazky | Součet C.1. až C.11. | 107 | 9 129 | 10 764 | 12 712 |
| C.1 | Dlouhodobé závazky | Součet I.1. až I.9. | 108 | 1 009 | 1 185 | 714 |
| C.1.1 | Vydané dluhopisy | 109 | | | |
| C.1.1.1 | Vyměnitelné dluhopisy | 110 | | | |
| C.1.1.2 | Ostatní dluhopisy | 111 | | | |
| C.1.2 | Závazky k úvěrovým institucím | 112 | | | |
| C.1.3 | Dlouhodobé půjčné zálohy | 113 | | | |
| C.1.4 | Závazky z obchodních vztahů | 114 | | | |
| C.1.5 | Dlouhodobé smléky k úhradě | 115 | | | |
| C.1.6 | Závazky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 116 | | | |
| C.1.7 | Závazky - podstatný vliv | 117 | | | |
| C.1.8 | Odložený daňový závazek | 118 | 1 009 | 1 185 | 714 |
| C.1.9 | Závazky ostatní | 119 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C.1.9.1 | Závazky ke společníkům | 120 | | | |
| C.1.9.2 | Dohadné účty pasivní | 121 | | | |
| C.1.9.3 | Jiné závazky | 122 | | | |
| C.11. | Krátkodobé závazky | Součet II.1. až II.8. | 123 | 8 120 | 9 579 | 11 998 |
| C.11.1 | Vydané dluhopisy | 124 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| C.11.1.1 | Vyměnitelné dluhopisy | 125 | | | |
| C.11.1.2 | Ostatní dluhopisy | 126 | | | |
| C.11.2 | Závazky k úvěrovým institucím | 127 | | | |
| C.11.3 | Krátkodobé půjčné zálohy | 128 | 1 932 | 2 098 | 3 047 |
| C.11.4 | Závazky z obchodních vztahů | 129 | 2 467 | 2 519 | 3 715 |
| C.11.5 | Krátkodobé smléky k úhradě | 130 | | | |
| C.11.6 | Závazky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 131 | | | |
| C.11.7 | Závazky - podstatný vliv | 132 | | | |
| C.11.8 | Závazky ostatní | 133 | 3 721 | 4 962 | 5 236 |
| C.11.8.1 | Závazky ke společníkům | 134 | | | |
| C.11.8.2 | Krátkodobé finanční výpomoci | 135 | | | |
| C.11.8.3 | Závazky k zaměstnancům | 136 | 1 447 | 1 655 | 1 720 |
| C.11.8.4 | Závazky ze sociálního zabezpečení a zdravotního pojištění | 137 | 905 | 903 | 923 |
| C.11.8.5 | Stát - daňové závazky a dotace | 138 | 272 | 338 | 1 228 |
| C.11.8.6 | Dohadné účty pasivní | 139 | 311 | 928 | 427 |
| C.11.8.7 | Jiné závazky | 140 | 786 | 1 138 | 938 |
| D. | Časové rozlišení pasiv | Součet I.1. až I.2. | 141 | 677 | 799 | 1 336 |
| D.1 | Výdaje příchoz období | 142 | 674 | 799 | 1 331 |
| D.2 | Výnosy příchoz období | 143 | 3 | 5 | |
ZPRÁVA
o vztazích pro účetní období od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016
podle ustanovení § 82 zákona č. 90/2012 Sb., o obchodních společnostech a družstvech (zákon o obchodních korporacích), vypracovaná statutárním orgánem - jednatelem obchodní společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o., se sídlem Bruntál, Zeyerova 12, PSČ: 792 01, IČ 258 23 337, zapsané v obchodním rejstříku pod spisovou značkou: C 19499 vedenou u Krajského soudu v Ostravě (dále "ovládaná osoba")
1. POPIS STRUKTURY VZTAHŮ UVNITŘ PODNIKATELSKÉHO SESKUPENÍ
1.1. Ovládající osoba:
Město Bruntál, Nádražní 20, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 295 892, je ve smyslu ust. § 73 odst. 1 Zákona o obchodních korporacích většinovým společníkem společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. s podílem 100 % (jedno sto procent) všech hlasů.
1.2. Osoby ovládané stejnou ovládající osobou:
- **Příspěvkové organizace:**
1. Hospodářská správa města Bruntál, Požárníků 10, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 711 97 818.
2. Mateřská škola, Komenského 7, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 623 52 776.
3. Mateřská škola, U Rybníka 3, PSČ 792 01 Bruntál, IČ: 607 80 550.
4. Mateřská škola, Okružní 23, PSČ 792 01 Bruntál, IČ: 623 52 768.
5. Mateřská škola, Smetanova 21, PSČ 792 01 Bruntál, IČ: 637 31 398.
6. Mateřská škola Bruntál, Pionýrská 9, PSČ 792 01, IČ: 607 80 517.
7. Městská knihovna, Školní 723/2, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 661 85 033.
8. Základní škola, Jesenická 10, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 008 52 805.
9. Základní škola, Školní 2, PSČ 792 01 Bruntál, IČ: 008 52 783.
10. Základní škola, Okružní 38, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 750 26 961.
11. Základní škola, Cihelná 6, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 661 45 309.
12. Středisko volného času Bruntál, Bruntál, Školní 723/2, IČ 720 88 150
13. Centrum sociálních služeb pro seniory Pohoda, Okružní 1779/16, 792 01, Bruntál, IČ 712 94 970.
- **Obchodní společnosti:**
a) TS Bruntál, s.r.o. se sídlem Bruntál, Zeyerova 12, PSČ: 792 01, IČ: 258 23 337, zapsaná v obchodním rejstříku pod spisovou značkou: C 19499 vedenou u Krajského soudu v Ostravě.
b) TEPLO Bruntál, a.s., se sídlem Šmilovského 6, PSČ 792 01, Bruntál, IČ: 253 50 676, zapsaná v obchodním rejstříku pod spisovou značkou: B 1345 vedenou u Krajského soudu v Ostravě.
2. ÚLOHA OVLÁDANÉ OSOBY V PODNIKATELSKÉM SESKUPENÍ
Společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. poskytuje pro Město Bruntál, Nádražní 20, PSČ 792 01, IČ 295 892, činnosti v rámci předmětu podnikání a činnosti:
- Montáž, opravy, revize a zkoušky elektrických zařízení
- Provozování veřejného pohřebiště
- Podnikání v oblasti nakládání s nebezpečnými odpady
- Silniční motorová doprava – nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti přesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí,- nákladní provozovaná vozidly nebo jízdními soupravami o největší povolené hmotnosti nepřesahující 3,5 tuny, jsou-li určeny k přepravě zvířat nebo věcí
- Provádění staveb, jejich změn a odstraňování
- Výroba, obchod a služby neuvedené v přílohách 1 až 3 živnostenského zákona
- Pronájem nemovitostí, bytů a nebytových prostor
- Výroba elektřiny
TS Bruntál, s.r.o zajišťuje za úplatu pro Město Bruntál provoz veřejně prospěšných služeb, zejména: úklid veřejných prostranství, údržbu veřejné zeleně, údržbu místních komunikací, údržbu městského inventáře (laviček, herních sestav, odpadkových košů atd.), zajišťuje institut veřejně a obecně prospěšných prací, zimní údržbu komunikací a chodníků, údržbu dopravního značení, provoz pohřebiště a placeného parkování, dále zajišťuje svoz komunálního odpadu, správu městských lesů a dále provozuje sportovní zařízení: Wellness centrum, sportovní halu, fotbalový stadion, zimní stadion, saunu, městské koupaliště a tělocvičnu na Dukelské ulici. V rámci svých činností dosáhla společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o za rok 2016 celkové výnosy ve výši 113.286.473,69 Kč, přitom v rámci činností pro Město Bruntál dosáhl tyto výnosy celkové výše 56.806.057,02 Kč. Podíl Města Bruntál na celkových výnosech společnosti tak činil 50,14%. Společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. je povinna poskytovat své činnosti a plnit své úkoly v souladu se zřízením zakladatelské listiny. Při plnění těchto úkolů bylo dosaženo celkových výnosů za rok 2016 celkem 111.460.341,53 Kč a jejich podíl tedy z celkových výnosů činil 98,4 %. Společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. poskytuje za úplatu společnosti Teplo Bruntál, a.s. a dále ostatním, v této zprávě uvedeným osobám, zejména služby v oblasti likvidace a svozu komunálního odpadu, přistavování kontejnerů na likvidaci odpadů, údržba veřejné zeleně a prostranství, drobné přepravy, instalace dopravního značení, prodej soli a dále umožnění užívání či prodej vstupenek do sportovních zařízení spravovaných TS Bruntál, s.r.o. Teplo Bruntál, a.s. dodává společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o za úplatu dodávky tepla.
3. ZPŮSOB A PROSTŘEDKY OVLÁDÁNÍ
Město Bruntál je ve smyslu ust. § 73 odst. 1 Zákona o obchodních korporacích většinovým společníkem společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. s podílem 100 % (jedno sto procent) všech hlasů. Nejvyšším orgánem společnosti je valná hromada, která rozhoduje prostřednictvím Rady
Města Bruntál. Do její kompetence spadají s výjimkou zákonem stanovených pravomocí i kompetence vyhrazené zakladatelskou listinou společnosti, která je veřejně přístupnou listinou. Rada města Bruntálu jedná na základě schváleného jednacího řádu a stanoveného plánu jednání. Společnost má jednoho jednatel a dozorčí radu, která má celkem pět členů.
4. PŘEHLED JEDNÁNÍ UČINĚNÝCH NA POPUD NEBO V ZÁJMU OVLÁDAJÍCÍ OSOBY NEBO JÍ OVLÁDANÝCH OSOB TÝKAJÍCÍ SE MAJETKU, KTERÝ PŘESAHUJE 10% VLASTNÍHO KAPITÁLU OVLÁDANÉ OSOBY ZJIŠTĚNÉHO PODLE ÚČETNÍ ZÁVĚRKY ZA POSUZOVANÉ OBDOBÍ.
Na popud nebo v zájmu ovládající osoby nebyly v roce 2016 učiněna žádná jednání, která přesahovala 10 % vlastního kapitálu ovládané osoby.
5. PŘEHLED VZÁJEMNÝCH SMLUV MEZI OSOBOU OVLÁDANOU A OSOBU OVLÁDAJÍCÍ NEBO OSOBAMI JÍ OVLÁDANÝMI
5.1. V účetním období roku 2016 byly mezi ovládanou a ovládající osobou tyto smluvní vztahy:
a) Mezi ovládající a ovládanou osobou byly v roce 2016 v platnosti tyto smlouvy:
1. Smlouva o svozu odpadu ze dne 28.1.2015 ve znění pozdějšího dodatku.
2. Smlouva č. 01/99 o zabezpečování veřejné prospěšných služeb a provozování sportovních zařízení, ve znění pozdějších dodatků: Dodatek č. 1 ze dne 20. 5. 2000 – provoz recyklačního dvora.
Ovládaná osoba zajišťovala na základě této smlouvy komplexní služby a to na podkladě objednávky na rok 2016, schválené RM dne 20.1.2016 pod bodem č. 943/25R/2016, zasláné TS Bruntál, s.r.o. dne 26.1.2016.
3. Smlouva o nájmu a obstarání věcí - lesního majetku: účinnost od 1. ledna 2006, ve znění pozdějších dodatků a dodatku č. 4 ze dne 23.6.2016.
4. Mandátní smlouva o zajištění provozu placeného parkování ve městě Bruntále, která nabyla účinnosti dnem 1. května 2009, ve znění pozdějších dodatků a dodatku č. 9 ze dne 13.12.2016.
5. Mandátní smlouva o zajištění provozu Wellness centra Bruntál, uzavřená dne 20. 4. 2010 za odměnu vázanou na tržby v zařízení Wellness centra jako protiplnění, ve znění pozdějších dodatků a dodatku č. 2 ze dne 30.12.2015.
6. Smlouva o dílo ze dne 25.7.2007 na dodržování povinností dle Smlouvy o zajištění zpětného odběru elektrozařízení mezi Městem Bruntál a Elektrowní a.s.
7. Smlouva o dílo ze dne 15.7.2007 zřízení místa zpětného odběru elektrozařízení mezi Městem Bruntál a Ekolamp, s.r.o.
8. Smlouva o nájmu nebytových prostor ze dne 21. 2. 2002 za platbu nájemného jako protiplnění.
9. Smlouva o právu umístit a provést střechu objektu s přesahem nad pozemky Města Bruntál č. SMKRM/21/2013-Hou ze dne 23.7.2013
10. Smlouva o nájmu ze dne 14.9.2012 na víceúčelovou sportovní halu.
11. Smlouva o nájmu ze dne 14.9.2012 na provozní objekt „Pohřebiště Bruntál“
12. Darovací smlouva o poskytnutí nepeněžního daru na ples do tomboly ve výši 1.000.- Kč ze dne 5.2.2016, projednaná RM dne 24.2.2016 pod číslem 1006/27R/2016.
13. Dodatek č. 2 ke smlouvě o poskytnutí licence sw PROe.biz PARK verze multi č. 649/BRU/MT ze dne 28.2.2013 na provozování aukční síně pro propojený objekt TS Bruntál, s.r.o..
14. Smlouva o správě veřejných pohřebišť v Bruntále ze dne 12.2.2013.
15. Smlouva o nájmu ze dne 23.9.2013 na fotbalového stadion.
16. Smlouva o nájmu ze dne 31.12.2015 na „tělocvičnu“ a „ubytovací zařízení“ na ulici Dukelská č. 5, Bruntál.
17. Smlouva o poskytování služeb obecného hospodářského zájmu (veřejné služby) ze dne 31.12.2015 na provoz sportovního areálu na ulici Dukelská.
18. Smlouva o výpůjčce movitých věcí, tj. dřevěné sochy Soutok bruntálských potoků ze dne 14.4.2015, schválená RM dne 7.4.2015 pod číslem 323/9R/2015
19. Veřejnoprávní smlouva o poskytnutí individuální neinvestiční dotace z rozpočtu Města Bruntál ze dne 29.4.2016 na projekt „Sauna v Bruntále 2016“.
20. Veřejnoprávní smlouva o poskytnutí individuální neinvestiční dotace z rozpočtu Města Bruntál ze dne 29.4.2016 na projekt „Městské koupaliště v Bruntále 2016“.
21. Veřejnoprávní smlouva o poskytnutí individuální neinvestiční dotace z rozpočtu Města Bruntál ze dne 29.4.2016 na projekt „Zimní stadion v Bruntále 2016“.
22. Smlouva o poskytování služeb obecného hospodářského zájmu (veřejné služby) na provozování zimního stadionu ze dne 15.6.2016
23. Dohoda o narovnání ze dne 23.6.2016.
24. Dohoda o skončení nájmu ze dne 31.8.2016 na pronájem objektů v areálu recykláčního dvora.
25. Kupní smlouva ze dne 11.8.2016 na pozemky v areálu recykláčního dvora, p.č. 3724/18, 3724/19 a 3724/20
26. Smlouva o zajištění sběru a přepravy, přípravy a likvidaci komunálního odpadu a zajištění provozu sběrného dvora ze dne 30.11.2016.
27. Kupní smlouva ze dne 3.2.2016 na drobný movitý majetek (kancelářský nábytek).
28. Kupní smlouva ze dne 8.3.2016 na drobný movitý majetek (kancelářský nábytek).
29. Smlouva o dílo na provedení náhradního výkonu – odstranění stavby ze dne 9.5.2016.
b) Mezi propojenými osobami a ostatními propojenými osobami probíhaly běžné obchodní případy, zejména na svoz a likvidaci komunálního odpadu, přistavování kontejnerů na likvidaci odpadů, údržba veřejné zeleně a prostranství, drobné přepravy, instalace dopravního značení, prodej soli, dodávku tepla a dále umožnění užívání či prodej vstupenek do sportovních zařízení spravovaných TS Bruntál, s.r.o.. Mezi propojenými osobami byly uzavřeny 2 smlouvy darovací ve výši 600,- Kč pro Základní školu Bruntál, Školní 2, 792 01 Bruntál, IČ 008 52 783, a ve výši 990,- Kč pro Základní školu Okružní 23, 792 01 Bruntál, IČ 750 26 961. Smluvní a obchodní vztahy byly sjednány a realizovány za obvyklých obchodních podmínek. Z uvedených smluv nevznikla ovládané osobě žádná újma.
5.2. Mezi ovládanou a ovládající a dále mezi ovládanou a ostatními ovládanými osobami nebyly uzavřeny žádné smlouvy o poskytnutých půjčkách, zárukách či zástavách.
6. POSOUZENÍ, ZDA OVLÁDANÉ OSOBE VZNIKLA ÚJMA A POSOUZENÍ JEJÍHO VYROVNÁNÍ
6.1. V účetním období roku 2016 nevznikla ovládané osobě TS Bruntál, s.r.o. žádná újma z titulu smluv uzavřených s ovládanou osobou a mezi ostatními v této zprávě uvedenými ovládanými osobami.
7. ZHODNOCENÍ VÝHOD A NEVÝHOD PLYNOUCÍCH ZE VZTAHŮ MEZI OSOBAMI UVEDENÝMI V TÉTO ZPRÁVĚ
7.1. Výhody:
Hlavní výhodou vztahů mezi osobami uvedenými v této zprávě je dlouhodobost spolupráce a provázanost jejich vzájemných vztahů. Pro zajištění a provádění, výše popsaných veřejně prospěšných a ekonomických činností byla Rozhodnutím Města Bruntál založena obchodní společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. Takto byl dán celkový zákonný rámec pro vzájemné smluvní vztahy. Pro lepší využití spravovaného či vlastního majetku společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. a dále pro rozšířování její obchodní spolupráce uložila valná hromada společnosti poskytovat služby i ostatním subjektům. Město Bruntál je ekonomický silným finančně stabilním partnerem. Společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. je, v reakci na požadavky města, připravena uspokojit jeho potřeby na základě smluvních vztahů ve všech požadovaných službách.
7.2. Nevýhody:
Město Bruntál založilo pro plnění svých úkolů, uvedených v předmětu činnosti a podnikání ovládané osoby, dceřinou obchodní společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. – ovládanou osobu dle této zprávy, v níž je jediným společníkem. Různorodost, poskytovaných a pro město zajišťovaných služeb přináší po rekopifikaci soukromého práva a implementaci práva EU velmi komplikované právní vztahy mezi ovládanou a ovládající osobou.
7.3. Zhodnocení, zda převládají výhody či nevýhody:
I přes výše uvedené nevýhody, lze vyhodnotit, že v rámci vztahů převládají zejména výhody z takto nastavených vztahů a to pro všechny osoby uvedené v této zprávě.
7.4. Rizika stávající struktury pro ovládanou osobu:
Největším rizikem pro plnění úkolů ovládané osoby, vyplývajícím ze stávající struktury ovládané a ovládající osoby, je nutnost přizpůsobení spolupráce ovládané a ovládající osoby právnímu režimu po rekopifikaci soukromého práva a právu EU, na které je při každodenní činnosti krátký časový limit.
8. PROHLÁŠENÍ O NEDOSTATKU INFORMACÍ
Statutární orgán ovládané osoby prohlašuje, že měl potřebné informace pro vypracování výše uvedených bodů 1 až 7. této zprávy o vztazích.
V Bruntále dne 17.3.2017
Ing. Václav Frgal
jednatel
TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
ZPRÁVA
dozorčí rady ovládané společnosti
TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
ke zprávě ovládané osoby o vztazích za účetní období od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016
I.
Úvodní část
Dozorčí rada společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. se sídlem Bruntál, Zeyerova 12, PSČ: 792 01, IČ:25823 337, která je zapsána v obchodním rejstříku u Krajského soudu v Ostravě v oddíle C., vložka 19499 projednala na svém zasedání dne 17.3.2017 zprávu jednatele TS Bruntál, s.r.o. o vztazích za účetní období od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016 ze dne 17.3. 2017.
II.
Hodnotící část
Dozorčí rada ovládané osoby TS Bruntál, s.r.o., na základě svých kontrolních šetření provedla přezkum Zprávy o vztazích a nezjistila žádné nesrovnalosti mezi skutečnostmi uváděnými ve zmíněné zprávě jednatele TS Bruntál, s.r.o. o vztazích za účetní období od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016.
III.
Závěrečná část
Dozorčí rada ovládané osoby TS Bruntál, s.r.o. dle §83 odst. 1) zákona o obchodních korporacích bude o této své zprávě ke zprávě jednatele o vztazích za účetní období od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016 informovat nejbližší zasedání rady Města Bruntál, která bude rozhodovat jako jediný společník při výkonu působnosti valné hromady ovládané osoby TS Bruntál, s.r.o., o schválení účetní závěrky za účetní období roku 2016.
Tato zpráva dozorčí rady ke zprávě jednatele TS Bruntál, s.r.o. o vztazích za účetní období roku 2016 je sepsána ve dvou stejnopisech, z nichž jeden stejnopsis bude založen v agendě dozorčí rady a druhý stejnopsis bude založen spolu se zprávou o vztazích za účetní období od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016 v rejstříkové agendě ovládané společnosti.
V Bruntále dne 17.3. 2017
za dozorčí radu TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
JUDr. Dušan Blažek
Předseda dozorčí rady
| Označení | AKTIVA | čís. řád. | Běžné účetní období | Minulé úč. období |
|----------|--------|-----------|---------------------|------------------|
| | | | Brutto 1 | Korekce 2 | Netto 3 | Netto 4 |
| A. | Pohledávky za upsaný základní kapitál | 2 | | | | |
| B. | Dlouhodobý majetek | Součet B.I. až B.III. | 3 | 102 965 | -67 266 | 35 699 | 33 019 |
| B.I. | Dlouhodobý nehmotný majetek | Součet I.1. až I.5. | 4 | 1 129 | -856 | 273 | 542 |
| B.I.1. | Nehmotné výsledky výzkumu a vývoje | 5 | | | | |
| B.I.2. | Ocenitelná práva | 6 | 1 129 | -856 | 273 | 542 |
| B.I.2.1. | Software | 7 | 1 129 | -856 | 273 | 542 |
| B.I.2.2. | Ostatní ocenitelná práva | 8 | | | | |
| B.I.3. | Goodwill | 9 | | | | |
| B.I.4. | Ostatní dlouhodobý nehmotný majetek | 10 | | | | |
| B.I.5. | Poskytnuté zálohy na dl. nehmotný majetek a nedokončený dl. nehmotný majetek | 11 | | | | |
| B.I.5.1. | Poskytnuté zálohy na dlouhodobý nehmotný majetek | 12 | | | | |
| B.I.5.2. | Nedokončený dlouhodobý nehmotný majetek | 13 | | | | |
| B.II. | Dlouhodobý hmotný majetek | Součet II.1. až II.5. | 14 | 101 836 | -66 410 | 35 426 | 32 477 |
| B.II.1. | Pozemky a stavby | 15 | 38 139 | -15 514 | 22 625 | 21 499 |
| B.II.1.1.| Pozemky | 16 | 4 306 | | 4 306 | 3 076 |
| B.II.1.2.| Stavby | 17 | 33 833 | -15 514 | 18 319 | 18 423 |
| B.II.2. | Hmotné movité věci a jejich soubory | 18 | 63 238 | -50 896 | 12 342 | 10 511 |
| B.II.3. | Oceňovací rozdíl k nabytému majetku | 19 | | | | |
| B.II.4. | Ostatní dlouhodobý hmotný majetek | 20 | | | | |
| B.II.4.1.| Pěstitelské celky trvalých porostů | 21 | | | | |
| B.II.4.2.| Dospělá zvířata a jejich skupiny | 22 | | | | |
| B.II.4.3.| Jiný dlouhodobý hmotný majetek | 23 | | | | |
| B.II.5. | Poskytnuté zálohy na dl. hmotný majetek a nedokončený dl. hmotný majetek | 24 | 459 | | 459 | 467 |
| B.II.5.1.| Poskytnuté zálohy na dlouhodobý hmotný majetek | 25 | | | | |
| B.II.5.2.| Nedokončený dlouhodobý hmotný majetek | 26 | 459 | | 459 | 467 |
| B.III. | Dlouhodobý finanční majetek | Součet III.1. až III.7. | 27 | | | | |
| B.III.1. | Podíly - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 28 | | | | |
| B.III.2. | Zápůjčky a úvěry - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 29 | | | | |
| B.III.3. | Podíly - podstatný vliv | 30 | | | | |
Obchodní firma nebo jiný název účetní jednotky
TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
Sidlo nebo bydliště účetní jednotky
a místo podnikání liší-li se od bydliště
Zeyerova 12
Bruntál 1
792 01
Rozvaha podle Přílohy č. 1
vyhlášky č. 500/2002 Sb.
ROZVAHA
v plném rozsahu
ke dni 31.12.2016
( v celých tisících Kč )
1 x příslušnému finančnímu úřadu
| Rok | Měsíc | IČ |
|-----|-------|----|
| 2016| | 25823337 |
Ověřeno podle zákona o auditorech
auditorskou společností ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o.
IČ: 25899007, č. oprávnění 387
| Označení | AKTIVA | čís. řád. | Běžné účetní období | Minulé úč. období |
|----------|--------|-----------|---------------------|------------------|
| | | | Brutto 1 | Korekce 2 | Netto 3 | Netto 4 |
| B.III.4. | Zápůjčky a úvěry - podstatný vliv | 31 | | | | |
| B.III.5. | Ostatní dlouhodobé cenné papíry a podíly | 32 | | | | |
| B.III.6. | Zápůjčky a úvěry - ostatní | 33 | | | | |
| B.III.7. | Ostatní dlouhodobý finanční majetek | 34 | | | | |
| B.III.7.1. | Jiný dlouhodobý finanční majetek | 35 | | | | |
| B.III.7.2. | Poskytnuté zálohy na dlouhodobý finanční majetek | 36 | | | | |
| C. | Oběžná aktiva | Součet C.I. až C.IV. | 37 | 43 310 | -572 | 42 738 | 28 706 |
| C.I. | Zásoby | Součet I.1. až I.5. | 38 | 693 | -167 | 526 | 633 |
| C.I.1. | Materiál | 39 | 693 | -167 | 526 | 633 |
| C.I.2. | Nedokončená výroba a polotovary | 40 | | | | |
| C.I.3. | Výrobky a zboží | 41 | | | | |
| C.I.3.1. | Výrobky | 42 | | | | |
| C.I.3.2. | Zboží | 43 | | | | |
| C.I.4. | Mladá a ostatní zvířata a jejich skupiny | 44 | | | | |
| C.I.5. | Poskytnuté zálohy na zásoby | 45 | | | | |
| C.II. | Pohledávky | Součet II.1. až II.2. | 46 | 14 834 | -405 | 14 429 | 10 866 |
| C.II.1. | Dlouhodobé pohledávky | 47 | | | | |
| C.II.1.1. | Pohledávky z obchodních vztahů | 48 | | | | |
| C.II.1.2. | Pohledávky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 49 | | | | |
| C.II.1.3. | Pohledávky - podstatný vliv | 50 | | | | |
| C.II.1.4. | Odložená daňová pohledávka | 51 | | | | |
| C.II.1.5. | Pohledávky - ostatní | 52 | | | | |
| C.II.1.5.1. | Pohledávky za společníky | 53 | | | | |
| C.II.1.5.2. | Dlouhodobé poskytnuté zálohy | 54 | | | | |
| C.II.1.5.3. | Dohadné účty aktivní | 55 | | | | |
| C.II.1.5.4. | Jiné pohledávky | 56 | | | | |
| C.II.2. | Krátkodobé pohledávky | 57 | 14 834 | -405 | 14 429 | 10 866 |
| C.II.2.1. | Pohledávky z obchodních vztahů | 58 | 10 465 | -405 | 10 060 | 7 270 |
| C.II.2.2. | Pohledávky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 59 | | | | |
| C.II.2.3. | Pohledávky - podstatný vliv | 60 | | | | |
| C.II.2.4. | Pohledávky - ostatní | 61 | 4 369 | | 4 369 | 3 596 |
| C.II.2.4.1. | Pohledávky za společníky | 62 | | | | |
| C.II.2.4.2. | Sociální zabezpečení a zdravotní pojištění | 63 | | | | |
| C.II.2.4.3. | Stát - daňové pohledávky | 64 | 307 | | 307 | 272 |
| C.II.2.4.4. | Krátkodobé poskytnuté zálohy | 65 | 776 | | 776 | 712 |
| C.II.2.4.5. | Dohadné účty aktivní | 66 | 3 057 | | 3 057 | 2 313 |
| C.II.2.4.6. | Jiné pohledávky | 67 | 229 | | 229 | 299 |
Ověřeno podle zákona o auditorech
auditorskou společností ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o.
IČ: 25699007, č. oprávnění 387
| Označení | AKTIVA | čís. řád. | Běžné účetní období | Minulé úč. období |
|----------|--------|-----------|---------------------|------------------|
| | | | Brutto 1 | Korekce 2 | Netto 3 | Netto 4 |
| C.III. | Krátkodobý finanční majetek Součet III.1. až III.2. | 68 | | | | |
| C.III.1. | Podíly - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 69 | | | | |
| C.III.2. | Ostatní krátkodobý finanční majetek | 70 | | | | |
| C.IV. | Peněžní prostředky Součet IV.1. až IV.2. | 71 | 27 783 | | 27 783 | 17 207 |
| C.IV.1. | Peněžní prostředky v pokladně | 72 | 474 | | 474 | 729 |
| C.IV.2. | Peněžní prostředky na účtech | 73 | 27 309 | | 27 309 | 16 478 |
| D. | Časové rozlišení aktiv Součet D.1. až D.3. | 74 | 876 | | 876 | 584 |
| D.1. | Náklady příštích období | 75 | 418 | | 418 | 327 |
| D.2. | Komplexní náklady příštích období | 76 | | | | |
| D.3. | Příjmy příštích období | 77 | 458 | | 458 | 257 |
Ověřeno podle zákona o auditorech
auditorskou společností ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o.
IČ: 25899007, č. oprávnění 987
| Označení | PASIVA | čís. řád. | Stav v běžném účetním období | Stav v minulém účetním období |
|----------|--------|-----------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|
| | | | 5 | 6 |
| A. | Vlastní kapitál | Součet A.I. až A.VI. | 79 | 45 335 | 44 359 |
| A.I. | Základní kapitál | Součet I.1. až I.3. | 80 | 37 100 | 37 100 |
| A.I.1. | Základní kapitál | | 81 | 37 100 | 37 100 |
| A.I.2. | Vlastní podíly (-) | | 82 | | |
| A.I.3. | Změny základního kapitálu | | 83 | | |
| A.II. | Ažio a kapitálové fondy | Součet II.1. až II.2. | 84 | | |
| A.II.1. | Ažio | | 85 | | |
| A.II.2. | Kapitálové fondy | | 86 | | |
| A.II.2.1.| Ostatní kapitálové fondy | | 87 | | |
| A.II.2.2.| Oceňovací rozdíly z přecenění majetku a závazků (+/-) | | 88 | | |
| A.II.2.3.| Oceňovací rozdíly z přecenění při přeměnách obchodních korporací (+/-) | | 89 | | |
| A.II.2.4.| Rozdíly z přeměn obchodních korporací (+/-) | | 90 | | |
| A.II.2.5.| Rozdíly z ocenění při přeměnách obchodních korporací (+/-) | | 91 | | |
| A.III. | Fondy ze zisku | Součet III.1. až III.2. | 92 | 1 569 | 1 476 |
| A.III.1. | Ostatní rezervní fondy | | 93 | 1 015 | 960 |
| A.III.2. | Statutární a ostatní fondy | | 94 | 554 | 516 |
| A.IV. | Výsledek hospodaření minulých let (+/-) | Součet IV.1. až IV.3. | 95 | 4 098 | 5 243 |
| A.IV.1. | Nerozdělený zisk minulých let | | 96 | 4 098 | 5 243 |
| A.IV.2. | Neuhraněná ztráta minulých let (-) | | 97 | | |
| A.IV.3. | Jiný výsledek hospodaření minulých let (+/-) | | 98 | | |
| A.V. | Výsledek hospodaření běžného účetního období (+/-) | | 99 | 2 568 | 540 |
| A.VI. | Rozhodnuto o zálohové výplatě podílu na zisku (-) | | 100 | | |
| B. + C. | Cizí zdroje | Součet B. + C. | 101 | 32 642 | 17 151 |
| B. | Rezervy | Součet B.1. až B.4. | 102 | 19 930 | 6 387 |
| B.1. | Rezerva na důchody a podobné závazky | | 103 | | |
| B.2. | Rezerva na daň z příjmů | | 104 | 690 | 553 |
| B.3. | Rezervy podle zvláštních právních předpisů | | 105 | 13 329 | 3 192 |
| B.4. | Ostatní rezervy | | 106 | 5 911 | 2 642 |
Ověřeno podle zákona o auditorech auditorskou společností ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o. IČ: 25899007, č. oprávnění 387.
| Označení | PASIVA | čís. řád | Stav v běžném účetním období | Stav v minulém účetním období |
|----------|--------|---------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|
| C. | Závazky | 107 | 12 712 | 10 764 |
| C.I. | Dlouhodobé závazky | 108 | 714 | 1 185 |
| C.I.1. | Vydané dluhopisy | 109 | | |
| C.I.1.1. | Vyměnitelné dluhopisy | 110 | | |
| C.I.1.2. | Ostatní dluhopisy | 111 | | |
| C.I.2. | Závazky k úvěrovým institucím | 112 | | |
| C.I.3. | Dlouhodobě přijaté zálohy | 113 | | |
| C.I.4. | Závazky z obchodních vztahů | 114 | | |
| C.I.5. | Dlouhodobě směnky k úhradě | 115 | | |
| C.I.6. | Závazky - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 116 | | |
| C.I.7. | Závazky - podstatný vliv | 117 | | |
| C.I.8. | Odložený daňový závazek | 118 | 714 | 1 185 |
| C.I.9. | Závazky - ostatní | 119 | | |
| C.I.9.1. | Závazky ke společníkům | 120 | | |
| C.I.9.2. | Dohadné účty pasivní | 121 | | |
| C.I.9.3. | Jiné závazky | 122 | | |
| C.II. | Krátkodobé závazky | 123 | 11 998 | 9 579 |
| C.II.1. | Vydané dluhopisy | 124 | | |
| C.II.1.1.| Vyměnitelné dluhopisy | 125 | | |
| C.II.1.2.| Ostatní dluhopisy | 126 | | |
| C.II.2. | Závazky k úvěrovým institucím | 127 | | |
| C.II.3. | Krátkodobě přijaté zálohy | 128 | 3 047 | 2 098 |
| C.II.4. | Závazky z obchodních vztahů | 129 | 3 715 | 2 519 |
| C.II.5. | Krátkodobě směnky k úhradě | 130 | | |
| C.II.6. | Závazky – ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 131 | | |
| C.II.7. | Závazky - podstatný vliv | 132 | | |
| C.II.8. | Závazky ostatní | 133 | 5 236 | 4 962 |
| C.II.8.1.| Závazky ke společníkům | 134 | | |
| C.II.8.2.| Krátkodobé finanční výpomoci | 135 | | |
| C.II.8.3.| Závazky k zaměstnancům | 136 | 1 720 | 1 655 |
| C.II.8.4.| Závazky ze sociálního zabezpečení a zdravotního pojištění | 137 | 923 | 903 |
| C.II.8.5.| Stát - daňové závazky a dotace | 138 | 1 228 | 338 |
| C.II.8.6.| Dohadné účty pasivní | 139 | 427 | 928 |
| C.II.8.7.| Jiné závazky | 140 | 938 | 1 138 |
Ověřeno podle zákona o auditorech
auditorskou společností ABC.AUDIT, s.p.n.o.
IČ: 25899007, č. oprávnění 387
| Označení | PASIVA | čís. řád. | Stav v běžném účetním období | Stav v minulém účetním období |
|----------|--------|-----------|-----------------------------|-------------------------------|
| D. | Časové rozlišení pasiv | Součet D.1. až D.2. | 141 | 1 336 | 799 |
| D.1. | Výdaje příštích období | | 142 | 1 331 | 799 |
| D.2. | Výnosy příštích období | | 143 | 5 | |
Ověřeno podle zákona o auditorech auditorskou společností ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o., IČ: 25899007, č. oprávnění 287
Sestaveno dne: 31.03.2017
Právní forma účetní jednotky: -----
Předmět podnikání: Nakládání s odpady, čištění a údržba komunikací
Ing. Václav Frgal
Jednatel
Podpisový záznam statutárního orgánu účetní jednotky nebo podpisový vzor fyzické osoby, která je účetní jednotkou
| Označení a | TEXT | číslo řádku c | Skutečnost v účetním období |
|------------|------|--------------|-----------------------------|
| | | | běžném 1 | minulém 2 |
| I. | Tržby z prodeje výrobků a služeb | 1 | 100 093 | 80 278 |
| II. | Tržby za prodej zboží | 2 | | |
| A. | Výkonová spotřeba | Součet A.1. až A.3. | 3 | 51 241 | 42 449 |
| A. 1. | Náklady vynaložené na prodané zboží | 4 | | |
| A. 2. | Spotřeba materiálu a energie | 5 | 17 015 | 18 232 |
| A. 3. | Služby | 6 | 34 226 | 24 217 |
| B. | Změna stavu zásob vlastní činnosti (+/-) | 7 | | |
| C. | Aktivace (-) | 8 | | -147 |
| D. | Osobní náklady | Součet D.1. až D.2. | 9 | 37 527 | 34 037 |
| D. 1. | Mzdové náklady | 10 | 27 046 | 24 486 |
| D. 2. | Náklady na sociální zabezpečení, zdravotní pojištění a ostatní náklady | 11 | 10 481 | 9 551 |
| D. 2.1. | Náklady na sociální zabezpečení a zdravotní pojištění | 12 | 9 447 | 8 575 |
| D. 2.2. | Ostatní náklady | 13 | 1 034 | 976 |
| E. | Úpravy hodnot v provozní oblasti | Součet E.1. až E.3. | 14 | 6 255 | 6 260 |
| E. 1. | Úpravy hodnot dlouhodobého nehmotného a hmotného majetku | 15 | 6 284 | 6 148 |
| E. 1.1. | - Úpravy hodnot dlouhodobého nehmotného a hmotného majetku - trvalé | 16 | 6 284 | 6 148 |
| E. 1.2. | - Úpravy hodnot dlouhodobého nehmotného a hmotného majetku - dočasné | 17 | | |
| E. 2. | Úpravy hodnot zásob | 18 | -33 | 15 |
| E. 3. | Úpravy hodnot pohledávek | 19 | 4 | 97 |
| III. | Ostatní provozní výnosy | Součet III.1. až III.3. | 20 | 13 192 | 10 587 |
| III. 1. | Tržby z prodaného dlouhodobého majetku | 21 | 297 | 307 |
| III. 2. | Tržby z prodaného materiálu | 22 | 391 | 205 |
| III. 3. | Jiné provozní výnosy | 23 | 12 504 | 10 075 |
| F. | Ostatní provozní náklady | Součet F.1. až F.5. | 24 | 14 826 | 6 671 |
| F. 1. | Životatková cena prodaného dlouhodobého majetku | 25 | | 1 |
| F. 2. | Životatková cena prodaného materiálu | 26 | 92 | 105 |
| F. 3. | Daně a poplatky | 27 | 251 | 262 |
| F. 4. | Rezervy v provozní oblasti a komplexní náklady příštích období | 28 | 13 405 | 5 482 |
| F. 5. | Jiné provozní náklady | 29 | 1 078 | 821 |
| * | Provozní výsledek hospodaření (+/-) | I. + II. - A. - B. - C. - D. - E. + III. - F. | 30 | 3 436 | 1 595 |
| Označení | TEXT | číslo řádku | Skutečnost v účetním období |
|----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------|-----------------------------|
| | | | běžném 1 | minulém 2 |
| IV. | Výnosy z dlouhodobého finančního majetku - podíly Součet IV.1. až IV.2.| 31 | | |
| IV. 1. | Výnosy z podílů - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 32 | | |
| IV. 2. | Ostatní výnosy z podílů | 33 | | |
| G. | Náklady vynaložené na prodané podíly | 34 | | |
| V. | Výnosy z ostatního dlouhodobého finančního majetku Součet V.1. až V.2.| 35 | | |
| V. 1. | Výnosy z ostatního dlouhodobého finančního majetku - ovládaná nebo | 36 | | |
| | ovládající osoba | | | |
| V. 2. | Ostatní výnosy z ostatního dlouhodobého finančního majetku | 37 | | |
| H. | Náklady související s ostatním dlouhodobým finančním majetkem | 38 | | |
| VI. | Výnosové úroky a podobné výnosy Součet VI.1. až VI.2. | 39 | 1 | 2 |
| VI. 1. | Výnosové úroky a podobné výnosy - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 40 | | |
| VI. 2. | Ostatní výnosové úroky a podobné výnosy | 41 | 1 | 2 |
| I. | Úpravy hodnot a rezervy ve finanční oblasti | 42 | | |
| J. | Nákladové úroky a podobné náklady Součet J.1. až J.2. | 43 | | |
| J. 1. | Nákladové úroky a podobné náklady - ovládaná nebo ovládající osoba | 44 | | |
| J. 2. | Ostatní nákladové úroky a podobné náklady | 45 | | |
| VII. | Ostatní finanční výnosy | 46 | | |
| K. | Ostatní finanční náklady | 47 | 94 | 92 |
| * | Finanční výsledek hospodaření (+/-) IV. - G. + V. - H. + VI. - I. - J. + VII. - K. | 48 | -93 | -90 |
| ** | Výsledek hospodaření před zdaněním (+/-) *(ř. 30) + * (ř. 48) | 49 | 3 343 | 1 505 |
| L. | Daň z příjmů Součet L.1. až L.2. | 50 | 775 | 965 |
| L. 1. | Daň z příjmů splatná | 51 | 1 245 | 789 |
| L. 2. | Daň z příjmů odložená (+/-) | 52 | -470 | 176 |
| ** | Výsledek hospodaření po zdanění (+/-) ** (ř. 49) - L. | 53 | 2 568 | 540 |
| M. | Převod podílu na výsledek hospodaření společníkům (+/-) | 54 | | |
| *** | Výsledek hospodaření za účetní období (+/-) ** (ř. 53) - M. | 55 | 2 568 | 540 |
| * | Čistý obrat za účetní období I. + II. + III. + IV. + V. + VI. + VII. | 56 | 113 286 | 90 867 |
Sestaveno dne: 31.03.2017
Ing. Václav Frigal
jednatel
Právní forma účetní jednotky
Předmět podnikání
Nakládání s odpady, čištění a údržba komunikací
Pozn.:
Příloha k účetní závěrce v plném rozsahu k 31.12.2016
společnosti
TS Bruntál, s. r. o.
Zeyerova 12
792 01 Bruntál
IČO 258 23 337
DIČ CZ25823337
Příloha je zpracována v souladu se zákonem o účetnictví č. 563/1991 Sb., ve znění pozdějších předpisů a změn, a vyhlášky č. 500/2002 Sb., kterou se provádějí některá ustanovení zákona o účetnictví a kterým se stanoví obsah účetní závěrky pro podnikatele. Údaje vycházejí z účetních záznamů účetní jednotky (účetní doklady, účetní knihy a ostatní účetní záznamy) a z dalších podkladů, které má účetní jednotka k dispozici. Hodnotové údaje jsou vykázány v celých tisících Kč, pokud není uvedeno jinak.
**Obsah přílohy**
I. Obecné informace o účetní jednotce
1. Popis účetní jednotky
2. Osoby podílející se na základním kapitálu účetní jednotky
3. Změny a dodatky v obchodním rejstříku
4. Organizační struktura účetní jednotky, její zásadní změny v uplynulém účetním období
5. Členové statutárních a dozorčích orgánů k rozvahovému dni
6. Majetková či smluvní spoluúčast účetní jednotky v jiných společnostech ve společnosti
7. Zaměstnanci společnosti, osobní náklady
8. Poskytnutá peněžitá či jiná plnění
II. Informace o účetních metodách a obecných účetních zásadách a způsobech oceňování
Způsob ocenění majetku
1.1. Ocení a způsob účtování zásob
1.2. Ocení dlouhodobého hmotného a nehmotného majetku vytvořeného vlastní činnosti
1.3. Ocení cenných papírů a majetkových účastí
2. Způsob stanovení reprodukční pořizovací ceny
3. Změny ocenění, odpisování a postupů účtování
4. Opravné položky k majetku
5. Odpisování
6. Přepočet cizích měn na českou měnu
7. Způsob stanovení reálné hodnoty
8. Rezervy
III. Doplňující informace k rozvaze a výkazu zisku a ztráty
1. Položky významné pro hodnocení majetkové a finanční situace účetní jednotky
1.1. Doměrký, splatné daně ze zisku za minulá účetní období
1.2. Evidované daňové nedoplatky u místně příslušných finančních orgánů
1.3. Dlouhodobé bankovní úvěry
1.4. Rozpis odložené daně ze zisku
1.5. Rozpis přijatých dotací na provozní účely
1.6. Rozpis přijatých dotací na investiční účely
1.7. Manka a přebytky u zásob
2. Významné události po datu účetní závěrky
3. Doplňující informace o hmotném a nehmotném majetku
3.1. Hlavní skupiny dlouhodobého hmotného majetku
3.2. Rozpis dlouhodobého nehmotného majetku
3.3. Dlouhodobý hmotný majetek pořízený formou finančního pronájmu
3.4. Nejdůležitější tituly přírůstků a úbytků dlouhodobého majetku
3.5. Souhrnná výše majetku neuvedená v rozvaze
3.6. Rozpis hmotného majetku zatíženého zástavním právem
3.7. Omezená dispozice s majetkem účetní jednotky
3.8. Dlouhodobé majetkové cenné papíry a majetkové účast
4. Vlastní kapitál
4.1. Zvýšení nebo snížení vlastního kapitálu
4.2. Rozdělení zisku / úhrada ztráty/ předchozího minulého období
4.3. Návrh na rozdělení zisku/ úhrada ztráty/ běžného účetního období
4.4. Základní kapitál
5. Pohledávky a závazky
5.1. Pohledávky po lhůtě splatnosti
5.2. Závazky po lhůtě splatnosti
5.3. Závazky nesledované v účetnictví a neuvedené v rozvaze
6. Rezervy
7. Výnosy z běžné činnosti
8. Výdaje vynaložené v průběhu účetního období na výzkum a vývoj
9. Ostatní údaje
I. Obecné informace
1. Popis účetní jednotky:
Název: TS Bruntál, s. r. o.
Sídlo: Bruntál, Zeyerova 12, PSČ 792 01
Právní forma: společnost s ručením omezeným,
zapsaná v obchodním rejstříku u Krajského soudu v Ostravě, oddíl C, vložka 19499
IČ: 258 23 337
DIČ: CZ25823337
Rozhodující předmět podnikání: -nakládání s odpady
-údržba a čištění městských komunikací
-údržba veřejné zeleně a veřejného osvětlení
-provozování pohřebišť
-provozování sportovních zařízení
Datum vzniku společnosti: 22. října 1998
Zahájení činnosti: 1. 4. 1999
Účetní období: účetním obdobím je kalendářní rok
Okamžik, ke kterému se sestavuje účetní závěrka: 31.12.2016
Okamžik sestavení účetní závěrky: 31.3.2017
Měna, ve které je účetní závěrka sestavena: Kč
Kategorie účetní jednotky dle ZoÚ k 1.1.2016: Z hlediska rozsahu účetní závěrky, kterou je účetní jednotka povinna sestavit, je společnost TS Bruntál, s.r.o. zařazena do skupiny malých účetních jednotek dle § 1b zákona č. 563/1991 Sb. o účetnictví.
2. Osoby podílející se na základním kapitálu účetní jednotky více než 20%:
| Jméno fyzické osoby, název právnické osoby | Bydliště, sídlo | Sledované účetní období | Minulé účetní období |
|--------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------------------|---------------------|
| | | podíl | tj. % | podíl | tj. % |
| Město Bruntál | Nádražní 20, Bruntál | | 100 | | 100 |
3. Změny a dodatky provedené v účetním období v obchodním rejstříku:
| Druh změny (dodatku) | Datum změny |
|----------------------|-------------|
| Beze změn. | |
4. Organizační struktura účetní jednotky a její zásadní změny v uplynulém účetním období:
Organizační strukturu společnosti tvoří:
Vedení společnosti (jednatel a ředitel společnosti) řídí manažera technicko-provozního úseku a ekonomicko-správní oddělení. Manažer technicko-provozního úseku řídí tato provozní střediska:
- 01 - svoz a likvidace odpadů
- 02 - údržba a čištění městských komunikací
- 03 - údržba veřejné zeleně
- 04 - údržba veřejného osvětlení
- 05 - provoz a údržba městského hřbitova
- 06 - Wellness centrum
- 07 - sauna
- 08 - městské koupaliště
- 09 - zimní stadion
- 10 - veřejná služba
- 12 - městské lesy
- 13 - recyklační dvůr
- 14 - parkovací automaty
- 15 - provoz a údržba pohřebiště Uhlířský vrch
- 16 - středisko obslužných činností
- 17 - sportovní hala
- 18 - fotbalový stadion
- 19 - kompostárna
- 20 - svoz biologicky rozložitelného odpadu
- 21 - tělocvična Dukelská
V účetním období roku 2016 nedošlo ke změnám v organizační struktuře společnosti.
5. Orgány společnosti: Valná hromada – tvořena členy Rady města Bruntálu
Dozorčí rada – pětičlenná, zapsaná v Obchodním rejstříku
Členové statutárních a dozorčích orgánů k rozvahovému dni
| Funkce | Příjmení | Jméno |
|-------------------------|------------|-------|
| jednatel | Ing. Frgal | Václav|
| předseda dozorčí rady | JUDr. Blažek | Dušan|
| místopředseda dozorčí rady | Bačgoň | Pavel|
| člen dozorčí rady | Handl | Michal|
| člen dozorčí rady | Ing. Meca | Jan |
| člen dozorčí rady | Ing. Soukop | Karel |
6. Majetková či smluvní spoluúčast účetní jednotky v jiných společnostech:
- účetní jednotka nemá žádnou majetkovou či smluvní spoluúčast v jiných společnostech
7. Zaměstnanci společnosti, osobní náklady:
| Položka | Zaměstnanci celkem |
|----------------------------------------------|--------------------|
| | Sledované účetní období | Předchozí účetní období |
| Průměrný počet zaměstnanců (přepočtený) | 131 | 135 |
| Mzdové náklady | 27 046 | 24 486 |
| Odměny členům dozorčích orgánů společnosti | 187 | 204 |
| Náklady na soc. zabezpečení a zdrav. pojistění | 9 447 | 8 575 |
| Sociální náklady | 1 034 | 976 |
| Osobní náklady celkem | 37 527 | 34 037 |
8. Poskytnutá peněžitá či jiná plnění členům řídících a kontrolních orgánů
- účetní jednotka neposkytla za sledované účetní období žádné půjčky, úvěry, důchodové pojistění a ostatní plnění v peněžní nebo naturální formě členům orgánů statutárních, řídících nebo dozorčích.
II. Používané účetní metody, obecné účetní zásady a způsoby oceňování
Účetní jednotka se v plném rozsahu řídí ustanoveními Zákona č. 563/1991 Sb. o účetnictví a Vyhláškou č. 500/2002 Sb. ve znění pozdějších předpisů a změn.
1. Způsob ocenění majetku
1.1. Ocení a způsob účtování nakupovaných zásob
a) ve skutečných pořizovacích cenách, které zahrnují:
- nákupní cenu
- vedlejší pořizovací náklady (dopravné, clo, provize, pojistné, apod.)
b) účtované způsobem A
c) pro výdej ze skladu je používána metoda průměrných cen
1.2. Ocení dlouhodobého hmotného a nehmotného majetku vytvořeného vlastní činností
- vlastními náklady, tj. přímými a nepřímými náklady souvisejícími se vytvořením majetku
1.3. Ocení cenných papírů a majetkových podílů
- ve sledovaném účetním období jednotka nevlastnila žádné cenné papíry, majetkové podíly ani deriváty
1.4. Ocení pohledávek a závazků
- pohledávky se ocení při svém vzniku jmenovitou hodnotou. Ve sledovaném účetním období jednotka nevlastnila žádné pohledávky nabyté za úplatu nebo vkladem, které se ocení pořizovací cenou. Ocení pohledávek po splatnosti se snižuje pomocí opravných položek účtovaných na vrub nákladů, viz bod 4., písm. c).
- závazky se ocení jmenovitou hodnotou.
2. Způsob stanovení reprodukční pořizovací ceny dlouhodobého majetku
- ve sledovaném období účetní jednotka nepořídila žádný majetek oceněný reprodukční pořizovací cenou
3. Změny oceňování, odpisování a postupů účtování
- v návaznosti na novelu Zákona o účetnictví a Vyhlášky č. 500/2002 Sb. společnost od 1. ledna 2016 změnila účetní postupy následujícím způsobem: aktivaci majetku účtuje prostřednictvím nákladových účtů skupiny 58, místo výnosových účtů skupiny 62.
4. Opravné položky a oprávky k majetku
- opravné položky vytvářené na vrub nákladů byly tvořeny k následujícímu majetku:
| Druh majetku | Opravné položky k: | Zůstatek k 1. dni účetního období | Tvorba | Zúčtování | Zůstatek k poslednímu dni účetního období |
|--------------|--------------------|----------------------------------|--------|-----------|------------------------------------------|
| | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období |
| -dlouhodobému maj. | 0 | 122 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 122 | 0 | 0 |
| - zásobám | 200 | 185 | 167 | 200 | 200 | 185 | 167 | 200 |
| - finančnímu majetku | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| -pohledávkám – zák. | 401 | 304 | 4 | 102 | 0 | 5 | 405 | 401 |
| -pohledávkám –ost. | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Způsob stanovení opravných položek:
a) Oceňovací rozdíl k nabytému majetku stanoven při zápisu do základního kapitálu společnosti (rozdíl mezi vkladem a reprodukční cenou). Odepisuje rovnoměrně do výnosů po dobu 15 let. V účetním období 2015 ukončeno odpisování a oceňovací rozdíl vyřazen.
b) Opravná položka u zásob na základě vyhodnocení obrátkovosti a skutečného fyzického stavu.
c) Opravná položka u pohledávek
- zákonná, tvořena v souladu s ustanoveními Zákona číslo 593/1992 Sb. o rezervách z hlediska jejich výše, doby jejích splatnosti, popř. zahájení soudního řízení či exekučního rozhodnutí.
- účetní, tvořena v souladu s vnitropodnikovou směrnicí z hlediska doby po splatnosti.
5. Odpisování
a) Odpisový plán účetních odpisů dlouhodobého hmotného a nehmotného majetku sestavila účetní jednotka v interní směrnicí, v souladu s § 28 odst. 2 zákona o účetnictví a vycházela z předpokládané doby opotřebení zařazovaného majetku odpovídajícího běžným podmínkám jeho používání, účetní a daňové odpisy se nerovnají.
Daňové odpisy - použita metoda: - zrychlená
Účetní odpisy - použita metoda - lineární - rovnoměrná
Systém odpisování drobného dlouhodobého majetku - nově pořízený
Drobný dlouhodobý hmotný majetek od 10.000,- Kč do 40.000,- Kč se účtuje na účet 022 – Drobný dlouhodobý hmotný majetek a je při zařazení do používání odepisován 24 měsíců.
Drobný hmotný majetek do 10.000,- Kč je veden jako zásoba a je účtován do nákladů společnosti při vyskladnění na účet 501 - Spotřeba materiálu.
6. Přepočet cizích měn na českou měnu
- pro přepočet cizích měn na českou použila účetní jednotka denní kurs ČNB, platný v den účetního případu.
7. Ocenění majetku reálnou hodnotou
- ve sledovaném účetním období nepoužívala jednotka ocenění majetku reálnou hodnotou.
8. Rezervy
- zákonné, tvořeny v souladu s ustanoveními Zákona číslo 593/1992 Sb. o rezervách.
- účetní, jsou určeny k pokrytí budoucích závazků nebo nákladů, jejichž povaha je jasně definována, a u nichž je k rozvahovému dni pravděpodobné, že nastanou, nebo jisté, že nastanou, ale není jistá jejich výše nebo okamžik jejich vzniku. V podmínkách účetní jednotky byla tvořena rezerva na daň z příjmů a rezerva na pokrytí pěstební činnosti nad rámec rezervy zákonné.
III. Doplňující informace k rozvaze a výkazu zisku a ztráty
1. Položky významné pro hodnocení majetkové a finanční situace účetní jednotky
1.1. Doměrky splatné daně ze zisku za minulá účetní období
- ze strany finančního orgánu nebyly společnosti za uplynulá zdaňovací období vyměřeny žádné doměrky na splatné daní z příjmů právnických osob.
1.2. Evidované daňové nedoplatky u místně příslušných finančních orgánů
- u místně příslušných finančních orgánů nemá společnost za uplynulá zdaňovací období evidovány žádné daňové nedoplatky.
1.3. Dlouhodobé bankovní úvěry
- účetní jednotka nemá žádné závazky z titulu poskytnutých dlouhodobých bankovních úvěrů.
1.4. Rozpis odložené daně
- účetní jednotka vykazuje odloženou daň od roku 2002. V roce 2015 vstupoval do odložené daně rozdíl mezi účetními a daňovými zůstatkovými cenami. V roce 2016 byly do výpočtu odložené daně zahrnuty též zůstatky účetních rezerv tvořených na pěstební činnost nad rámec zákona o rezervách.
| Položka | Částka v tis. Kč | Stav k 1.1. | Poznámka |
|----------------------------------------------|-----------------|-------------|----------|
| Stav k 1.1.2016 účet 481 | | 1 185 | Závazek |
| Odl. daňový závazek z DHNM r. 2016 | | 1 837 | Závazek |
| Odl. daňová pohledávka z úč. rezervy 2016 | 1 123 | | Pohledávka |
| Odložená daň vykázaná ve výkaz zisku a ztráty k 31.12.16 | -470 | | |
| Odložená daň vykázaná v rozvaze k 31.12.16 | 714 | | Závazek |
### 1.5. Rozpis přijatých dotací na provozní účely
| Účel dotace | Poskytovatel | Běžné období v Kč | Minulé období v Kč |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------|--------------------|
| Na vytvoření pracovních míst na veřejně prospěšné práce | Úřad práce Bruntál dohoda | 6 380 446,00 | 4 926 341,00 |
| Na vytvoření společensky účelných pracovních míst | Úřad práce Bruntál dohoda | 0,00 | 207 612,00 |
| Zachování a obnova lesního ekosystému | Moravskoslezský kraj | 528 674,00 | 0,00 |
| Na provoz sportoviště (sauna, koupaliště, zimní stadion) - neinvestiční | Město Bruntál | 2 392 921,76 | 0,00 |
| Celkem provozní dotace | | 9 267 336,76 | 5 133 953,00 |
### 1.6. Rozpis přijatých dotací na investiční účely
| Účel dotace | Poskytovatel | Běžné období v Kč | Minulé období v Kč |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------|------------------|--------------------|
| Vozidlo-projekt „Efektivní sběr bioodpadu z VZ“ | SFŽP | 0,00 | 1 351 368,00 |
| Celkem investiční dotace | | 0,00 | 1 351 368,00 |
### 1.7. Rozpis manka a přebytků u zásob
- v rámci vypořádání inventarizačních rozdílů nebylo zjištěno v účetní jednotce za běžné ani minulé období žádné manko ani přebytky u skladových zásob.
### 2. Významné události po datum účetní závěrky
-po datum účetní závěrky nenastaly v účetní jednotce žádné významné události, které by měly vliv na položku výsledkovky nebo rozvahy. Společnost se neodchýlíla od metod věrného a poctivého obrazu majetku, závazků, finanční situace a vykázaného hospodářského výsledku.
### 3. Doplňující informace o dlouhodobém hmotném a nehmotném majetku
#### 3.1. Hlavní skupiny dlouhodobého hmotného majetku
| Skupina majetku | Pořizovací cena | Oprávky | Zůstatková cena | Přírůstky | Úbytky |
|----------------------------------|-----------------|---------|----------------|-----------|--------|
| | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období |
| Pozemky SÚ 031 | 4 306 | 3 076 | – | – | 4 306 | 3 076 | 1 230 | – |
| Stavby SÚ 021 | 33 833 | 32 603 | –15 514 | –14 180 | 18 319 | 18 423 | 1 229 | – |
| Samostatné movité věci a soubory drob. mov. včet AÚ 022170, 022270 | 3 196 | 3 145 | –2 911 | –2 857 | 285 | 288 | 302 | 251 |
| Stroje, přístroje, zařízení AÚ 022120,130,150, 220,230-1, 250 | 21 266 | 21 552 | –18 649 | –17 807 | 2 617 | 3 745 | 270 | 556 |
| Dopravní prostředky AÚ 022110, 210, 211,212 | 38 776 | 34 157 | –29 336 | –27 679 | 9 440 | 6 478 | 5 889 | 1 269 |
| Celkem | 101 377 | 94 533 | –66 410 | –62 522 | 34 967 | 32 010 | 8 920 | 2 076 |
#### 3.2. Rozpis dlouhodobého nehmotného majetku
| Skupina majetku | Pořizovací cena | Oprávky | Zůstatková cena | Přírůstky | Úbytky |
|-----------------|-----------------|---------|----------------|-----------|--------|
| | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období | Běžné období | Minulé období |
| Software | 1 129 | 1 078 | –856 | –535 | 273 | 542 | 51 | – |
3.3. Dlouhodobý hmotný majetek pořízený formou finančního pronájmu
- Účetní jednotka nepořídila ve sledovaném období žádný majetek formou finančního pronájmu
3.4. Nejdůležitější přírůstky a úbytky dlouhodobého majetku v tis. Kč
| Syntetický účet | Přírůstky Běžné období | Přírůstky Minulé období | Úbytky Běžné období | Úbytky Minulé období |
|-----------------|------------------------|------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| 021 | 1 229 | 1 712 | - | - |
| 022 | 6 460 | 2 859 | 2 076 | 2 092 |
| 042 | 9 122 | 6 588 | 9 130 | 7 086 |
| 031 | 1 231 | 0 | - | - |
| Celkem | 18 042 | 11 159 | 11 206 | 9 178 |
Nejdůležitější přírůstky dlouhodobého majetku – rozpis nejvýznamnějších
| Syntetický účet | Název | Odpisová skupina | Pořizovací cena |
|-----------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------|------------------|----------------|
| 021 | Budovy a stavby v areálu recyklačního dvora | 5 | 1 229 |
| 022 | Automobil nákladní MAN 9T7 8740-kontejnerová doprava, ZÚ | 2 | 4 032 |
| 022 | Automobil nákladní Piaggio 9T7 8295-úklid, ZÚ | 2 | 1 273 |
| 031 | Pozemky v areálu recyklačního dvora p.č. 3724/18,19,20 | - | 1 231 |
| Celkem | | | 7 765 |
3.5. Souhrnná výše majetku neuvedená v rozvaze
a) Majetek najatý – účtovaný na podrozvahovém účtu 750 100 v celkové účetní hodnotě 156.496.176,47 Kč. Jedná se o soubor movitého a nemovitého majetku Wellness centra a fotbalového stadionu.
b) Drobný hmotný a nehmotný majetek (vlastní) – účtovaný na podrozvahovém účtu 750 200 v celkové účetní hodnotě 2.320.212,73 Kč. Jedná se o drobný hmotný a nehmotný majetek v hodnotě od 500,- Kč do 10.000,- Kč.
c) Drobný hmotný majetek (vlastní)-nádoby na odpad – účtovaný na podrozvahovém účtu 750 300 v hodnotě 3.112.607,68 Kč, ke změně evidence z rozvahové na podrozvahovou došlo v roce 2012 z důvodu nákup čipového a vážního systému na odpad, kdy jednotlivé nádoby mají svůj jedinečný čárový kód s čipem a jsou sledovány v software k tomu určeném.
3.6. Účetní jednotka nemá žádný hmotný majetek zatížený zástavním právem.
3.7. Omezení dispozice nakládání s majetkem společnosti
-Z důvodů popsaných v bodu 6 – Rezervy, jsou finanční prostředky vykázané v rozvaze na řádku C.IV.2 Peněžní prostředky na účtech, v objemu 19.239.648,91 Kč deponovány k využití v souvislosti s vytvořenými rezervami.
3.8. Dlouhodobé majetkové cenné papíry a majetkové účasti
- Účetní jednotka nevlastní žádné majetkové cenné papíry a nemá žádnou majetkovou účast tuzemsku ani v zahraničí.
4. Vlastní kapitál
4.1. Zvýšení nebo snížení vlastního kapitálu
| Vlastní kapitál | Stav k 1.1.2016 | Přírůstky | Úbytky | Stav k 31.12.2016 |
|-----------------|-----------------|-----------|--------|-------------------|
| Základní kapitál | 37 100 | 0 | 0 | 37 100 |
| Zákonný rezervní fond | 960 | 55 | 0 | 1 015 |
| Statutární a ostatní fondy | 516 | 480 | 442 | 554 |
| Nerozdělený zisk minulých let | 5 243 | 5 | 1 150 | 4 098 |
| Neuhraněná ztráta minulých let | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hosp. výsledek běžného účet. období | 540 | 2 568 | 540 | 2 568 |
| Vlastní kapitál celkem | 44 359 | 3 108 | 2 132 | 45 335 |
4.2. Návrh na rozdělení zisku vytvořeného v roce 2015
| Položka | Částka |
|----------------------------------------------|--------|
| Výsledek hospodaření - zisk | 540 |
| • příděl rezervní fond | 55 |
| • příděl sociální fond | 480 |
| • nerozdělený zisk | 5 |
4.3. Skutečné rozdělení zisku z roku 2015
| Položka | Částka |
|----------------------------------------------|--------|
| Nerozdělený zisk minulých let k 1.1.2016 | 5 243 |
| • příděl rezervní fond | 5 |
| • příděl sociální fond | 480 |
| • nerozdělený zisk | 5 |
| • rozdělení zisku minulých let společníkovi | 1 150 |
Nad rámec výše uvedeného návrhu na rozdělení zisku vytvořeného v roce 2015 Rada Města Bruntál v působnosti valné hromady rozhodla dne 13.7.2016 o rozdělení zisku minulých let ve výši 1.150 tis. Kč mimo účetní jednotku, jako podíl na zisku.
4.4. Návrh na rozdělení zisku běžného účetního období
| Položka | Částka |
|----------------------------------------------|--------|
| Výsledek hospodaření - zisk | 2 568 |
| Návrh na rozdělení zisku: | |
| • příděl rezervní fond | 257 |
| • sociální fond | 800 |
| • nerozdělený zisk | 1 511 |
4.5. Základní kapitál společnosti s ručením omezeným
| Společník | Podíl | Nesplacený vklad | Lhůta splatnosti |
|-----------|-------|------------------|------------------|
| Město Bruntál | 100 % | - | - |
| Společník | Podíl | Nesplacený vklad | Lhůta splatnosti |
|-----------|-------|------------------|------------------|
| Město Bruntál | 100 % | - | - |
5. Pohledávky a závazky
5.1. Pohledávky po lhůtě splatnosti
| Počet dnů po splatnosti | Běžné účetní období | Minulé účetní období |
|-------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| | z obchodních vztahů | ostatní | z obchodních vztahů | ostatní |
| celkem | 808 | 0 | 971 | 0 |
| od 0 do 90 | 280 | 0 | 718 | 0 |
| od 90 do 180 | 16 | 0 | 98 | 0 |
| od 180 do 360 | 18 | 0 | 5 | 0 |
| nad 1 rok | 494 | 0 | 149 | 0 |
-Stav krátkodobých pohledávek společnosti činil k 31.12.2016 celkem 14.834 tis. Kč, z toho pohledávky k z obchodních vztahů 10.038 tis. Kč, ostatní pohledávky 426 tis. Kč, pohledávky z titulu dotace Úřadu práce 307 tis. Kč, pohledávky z krátkodobých poskytnutých záloh zejména na dodávku energií 776 tis. Kč a jiné pohledávky 229 tis. Kč – z toho celá částka jako pohledávka z titulu nadměrného odpočtu DPH uplatněného v lednu 2017.
Dohadné účty aktivní (3.057 tis. Kč) zahrnují především odhad výše přijatých vyrovnávacích plateb a jejich vyúčtování na sportoviště od Města Bruntál na základě Pověřovacích aktů.
5.2. Ostatní aktiva
-Náklady příštích období (SÚ 381) ve výši 418 tis. Kč zahrnují především pojistné hrazené předem a předplatné servisu ekonomických a provozních software
-Příjmy příštích období (SÚ 385) ve výši 458 tis. Kč zahrnují nevyfakturované dodávky služeb, zejména pro stř. 06 Wellness centrum.
5.3. Závazky po lhůtě splatnosti (SÚ 321)
| Počet dnů po splatnosti | Běžné účetní období | Minulé účetní období |
|-------------------------|---------------------|---------------------|
| | z obchodních vztahů | ostatní | z obchodních vztahů | ostatní |
| Celkem | 5 | 0 | 51 | 0 |
| od 0 do 90 | 5 | 0 | 6 | 0 |
| od 90 do 180 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| od 180 do 360 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| nad 1 rok | 0 | 0 | 45 | 0 |
-Stav krátkodobých závazků společnosti činil k 31.12.2016 celkem 11.998 tis. Kč, z toho závazky k z obchodních vztahů 3.715 tis. Kč, závazky k zaměstnancům 1.720 tis. Kč, závazky ze sociálního zabezpečení a zdravotního pojištění 923 tis. Kč, závazky daňové za státem 1.228 tis. Kč (z toho z titulu daně z příjmů fyzických osob ze závislé činnosti 142 tis. Kč, z titulu DPH 1.070 tis. Kč. A silniční daně 16 tis. Kč). Krátkodobé přijaté zálohy – 3.047 tis. Kč- zahrnují především přijaté vyrovnávací platby na sportoviště přijaté od Města Bruntál na základě Pověřovacích aktů a přijaté zálohy na energie.
Jiné závazky v úhrnné výši 938 tis. Kč zahrnují závazky za Městem Bruntál z titulu nedovedených příjmů obdržených na základě Mandátních smluv o provozu Wellness centra 713 tis. Kč, placeného parkování 32 tis. Kč, Smlouvy o správě veřejných pohřebišť 8 tis. Kč a zeleného bonusu za výrobu elektřiny KGJ 185 tis. Kč
Dohadné účty pasivní zahrnují odhad nevyfakturovaných dodávek energií (vodné a stočné, plyn) ve výši 427 tis. Kč.
5.4. Závazky nesledované v účetnictví a neuvedené v rozvaze
- Účetní jednotka nepřijala ve sledovaném ani minulém účetním období záruky za jiný podnik z titulu bankovního úvěru, akreditivu nebo směnečného práva.
5.5. Ostatní pasiva
- Výdaje příštích období představují náklady včasně i časově související s účetním obdobím 2016, ale výdej peněz je uskutečněn v roce 2017. Zahrnují především dodavatelů nevyfakturované dodávky (zejména energií), ale společnost již zná fakturovanou částku a odměnu jednatelů včasně odvodu sociálního a zdravotního pojištění. Úhrnná výše účtu 383 činí 1 331 tis. Kč.
6. Rezervy
6.1. Změny na účtech rezerv (v Kč)
| Druh rezervy | Zůstatek k 31.12.2015 | Zúčtování 2016 | Tvorba 2016 | Zůstatek k 31.12.2016 | Předpoklad čerpání |
|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------|----------------|-------------|-----------------------|--------------------|
| Účetní-na opravu automobilu Peugeot | 91 890 | 91 890 | 0 | 0 | |
| Účetní-na opravu ocelové haly garáží | 2 550 000 | 2 550 000 | 0 | 0 | |
| Zákonná-na pěstební činnost | 3 192 465 | 3 192 465 | 10 363 550 | 10 363 550 | 03/2017 – 12/2025 |
| Zákonná-na opravu Rolby (ve výši 500.000,- Kč, tvorba 250 tis. Kč v roce 2016 a 250 tis. Kč v roce 2017) | 0 | 0 | 250 000 | 250 000 | 03/2018 |
| Zákonná-na opravu asfaltové a betonové plochy areál RD v celkové výši 5.429.522,- Kč, tvorba ½ v roce 2016 a ½ v roce 2017 | 0 | 0 | 2 714 776 | 2 714 776 | 03-11/2018 |
| Účetní-na krytí ztrát stř. 12-lesy | 0 | 0 | 5 911 322,91| 5 911 322,91 | 01/2017-12/2021 |
| Rezerva na daň z příjmů | 789 010 | 789 010 | 1 245 720 | 1 245 720 | 2017 |
| Celkem | 6 623 365 | 6 623 365 | 20 485 368,91| 20 485 368,91 | |
Poznámka: Rezerva na daň z příjmů je v rozvaze vykázána zkompenzována se zaplacenými zálohami na daň z příjmů
Ve zdaňovacím období 2016 vytvořila účetní jednotka v souvislosti s neplánovaným vytěžením velkého množství dřeva z městských lesů, kvůli rozsáhlé kůrovcové kalamitě, rezervu na pěstební činnost na následujících 9 let, tj. do roku 2025. Vzhledem k nutnosti pokračovat s těžbou napadených stromů i v roce 2017, předpokládá účetní jednotka vyšší tvorbu této rezervy i pro rok 2017, tedy opět i vyšší výnosy z této těžby. Poté bude těžba drživě utlumena a předpokládá se vznik ztráty střediska lesy po několik následujících let. Proto si účetní jednotka vytvořila účetní rezervu na krytí ztrát z provozních nákladů ve výši 5.911.322,91 Kč až do roku 2021. Tvorba daňově účinných rezerv s sebou nese zákonnou povinnost deponovat příslušné množství finančních prostředků na samostatný účet. Společnost deponovala finanční prostředky ve výši 19.239.648,91 Kč (včetně účetní rezervy tvořené na středisko 12-lesy) tak, aby byly k dispozici v době realizace plánovaných nákladů.
7. Výnosy z běžné činnosti
| Výnosy | Běžné účetní období | Minulé účetní období |
|---------------------------------------------|---------------------|----------------------|
| | Celkem | Tuzemsko | Zahraniči | Celkem | Tuzemsko | Zahraniči |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-svoz odpadů, včetně bio (stř. 01, 13, 19, 20) | 27 400 | 27 400 | 0 | 27 064 | 27 064 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-údržba MK (stř. 02) | 16 076 | 16 076 | 0 | 14 110 | 14 110 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-údržba veř. Zeleně (stř. 03) | 4 501 | 4 501 | 0 | 4 484 | 4 484 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-údržba veř. osvětlení (stř. 04) | 1 210 | 1 210 | 0 | 1 573 | 1 573 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-správa pohřebiští (stř. 05, 15) | 832 | 832 | 0 | 881 | 881 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-provoz sportovišť (stř. 06, 07, 08, 09, 17, 18, 21) | 17 761 | 17 761 | 0 | 18 885 | 18 885 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-veřejné prospěšné práce (stř. 10) | 1 420 | 1 420 | 0 | 1 078 | 1 078 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-správa lesů (stř. 12) | 30 219 | 30 219 | 0 | 11 523 | 11 523 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-placené parkování (stř. 14) | 652 | 652 | 0 | 777 | 777 | 0 |
| Tržby z prodeje služeb-správa společnosti (stř. 11, 16) | 23 | 23 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0 |
| Ostatní výnosy včetně dotací | 13 192 | 13 192 | 0 | 10 587 | 10 587 | 0 |
| **Celkem** | **113 286** | **113 286** | **0** | **91 012** | **91 012** | **0** |
Nárůst tržeb oproti minulému účetnímu období je způsoben u služeb za odpady navýšením rozsahu svozu, u služeb za údržbu komunikací – více srážek přes zimu – nárůst zimní údržby.
U střediska městských lesů je nárůst tržeb ve zdanovacím období extrémní – byla opět zvýšena těžební činnost z důvodu kůrovcové kalamity nebývalého rozsahu.
U veřejně prospěšných prací (dále jen VPP) byl oproti minulému účetnímu období vyšší počet pracovníků a jejich výkony byly fakturovány na samostatném středisku. V minulém účetním období byly výkony za tyto pracovníky fakturovány v rámci střediska údržby komunikací a zeleně.
V rámci sportovišť se výnosy za služby snížily – zejména u koupaliště z důvodu nepřízně počasí v letním období.
Navýšení ostatních výnosů je způsobeno nárůstem přijatých dotací a to zejména opět v souvislosti s pracovníky VPP, jejichž mzdové náklady jsou dotovány Úřadem práce a změnou poskytování příspěvku Města Bruntál na provoz některých sportovišť formou dotace.
8. Výdaje vynaložené v průběhu účetního období na výzkum a vývoj
- Účetní jednotka nevynaložila na výzkumnou činnost žádné finanční prostředky.
9. Ostatní údaje
9.1. Změny v uspořádání a označování položek rozvahy a výkaz zisku a ztráty a jejich obsahového vymezení oproti předcházejícímu účetnímu období
- Společnost při sestavení výkazů účetní závěrky postupovala v souladu se změnou platné legislativy pro účetní období započaté dnem 1.1.2016. Údaje minulého účetního období jsou vykázány v souladu s Českým účetním standardem č. 024 – srovnatelné období za účetní období započaté v roce 2016.
9.2. Náklady vynaložené na audit v roce 2016
- V roce 2016 činily náklady na průběžný audit roku 2016 částku 44.680,20 Kč bez DPH.
- Na audit roku 2015 bylo v roce 2016 vynaloženo 49.680,- Kč bez DPH.
Prohlášení účetní jednotky:
Statutární orgán účetní jednotky prohlašuje, že společnost zabezpečuje zásadu nepřetržitosti trvání účetní jednotky a pokračování ve své činnosti v dohledné budoucnosti.
Datum sestavení: 31.3.2017
Zpracovala: Jana Klabanová, hlavní účetní
Schválil: Ing. Václav Frgal, jednatel
ZPRÁVA NEZÁVISLÉHO AUDITORA
určená společníkům účetní jednotky
TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
Výrok auditora
Provedli jsme audit přiložené účetní závěrky společnosti
TS Bruntál, s.r.o.
se sídlem Zeyerova 1489/12, 792 01 Bruntál; IČO: 258 23 337
zapsané do obchodního rejstříku vedeným u Krajského soudu v Ostravě, oddíl C,
vložka 19499,
která se skládá z rozvahy k 31.12.2016, výkazu zisku a ztráty za období od 1.1.2016
do 31.12.2016, a přílohy této účetní závěrky, která obsahuje popis použitých významných
účetních metod a další vysvětlující informace. Údaje o společnosti TS Bruntál, s.r.o. jsou
uvědeny v části 1 přílohy této účetní závěrky.
Podle našeho názoru účetní závěrka podává věrný a poctivý obraz aktiv a pasiv společnosti
TS Bruntál, s.r.o. k 31.12.2016 a nákladů a výnosů a výsledku jejího hospodaření za období
od 1.1.2016 do 31.12.2016 v souladu s českými účetními předpisy.
Základ pro výrok
Audit jsme provedli v souladu se zákonem o auditech a standardy Komory auditorů České
republiky (KA ČR) pro audit, kterými jsou mezinárodní standardy pro audit (ISA) případně
doplňené a upravené souvisejícími aplikačními doložkami. Naše odpovědnost stanovená
těmito předpisy je podrobněji popsána v oddílu Odpovědnost auditora za audit účetní
závěrky. V souladu se zákonem o auditech a Etickým kodexem přijatým Komorou auditorů
České republiky jsme na Společnosti nezávislí a splnili jsme i další etické povinnosti
vyplývající z uvedených předpisů. Domníváme se, že důkazní informace, které jsme
shromáždili, poskytují dostatečný a vhodný základ pro vyjádření našeho výroku.
Ostatní informace
Za ostatní informace se považují informace uvedené ve výroční zprávě mimo účetní závěrku
a naši zprávu auditora. Za ostatní informace odpovídá vedení společnosti.
Náš výrok k účetní závěrce se k ostatním informacím nevztahuje, ani k nim nevydáváme
žádný zvláštní výrok. Přesto je však součástí našich povinností souvisejících s ověřením
účetní závěrky seznámení se s ostatními informacemi a zvážení, zda ostatní informace
uvedené ve výroční zprávě nejsou ve významném (materiálním) nesouladu s účetní
závěrkou či našimi znalostmi o účetní jednotce a jejím obchodním závodě získanými během
ověřování účetní závěrky, zda je výroční zpráva sestavena v souladu s právními předpisy
nebo zda se jinak tyto informace nejevi jako významně (materiálně) nesprávné. Pokud na základě provedených prací zjistíme, že tomu tak není, jsme povinni zjištěné skutečnosti uvést v naší zprávě.
V rámci uvedených postupů jsme v obdržených ostatních informacích nic takového nezjistili.
**Odpovědnost statutárního orgánu a dozorčí rady účetní jednotky za účetní závěrku**
Jednatel Společnosti odpovídá za sestavení účetní závěrky podávající věrný a poctivý obraz v souladu s českými účetními předpisy a za takový vnitřní kontrolní systém, který považuji za nezbytný pro sestavení účetní závěrky tak, aby neobsahovala významné (materiální) nesprávnosti způsobené podvodem nebo chybou.
Při sestavování účetní závěrky je jednatel Společnosti povinen posoudit, zda je Společnost schopna nepřetržité trvat, a pokud je to relevantní, popsat v příloze účetní závěrky záležitosti týkající se jejího nepřetržitého trvání a použití předpokladu nepřetržitého trvání při sestavení účetní závěrky, s výjimkou případů, kdy jednatelé plánuji zrušení Společnosti nebo ukončení její činnosti, resp. kdy nemá jinou reálnou možnost, než tak učinit.
Za dohled nad procesem účetního výkaznictví ve Společnosti odpovídá dozorčí rada.
**Odpovědnost auditora**
Naším cílem je získat přiměřenou jistotu, že účetní závěrka jako celek neobsahuje významnou (materiální) nesprávnost způsobenou podvodem nebo chybou a vydat zprávu auditora obsahující náš výrok. Přiměřená míra jistoty je velká míra jistoty, nicméně není zárukou, že audit provedený v souladu s výše uvedenými předpisy ve všech případech v účetní závěrce odhalí případnou existující významnou (materiální) nesprávnost. Nesprávnosti mohou vznikat v důsledku podvodů nebo chyb a považuji se za významné (materiální), pokud lze reálně předpokládat, že by jednotlivě nebo v souhrnu mohly ovlivnit ekonomická rozhodnutí, která uživatelé účetní závěrky na jejím základě přijímou.
Při provádění auditu v souladu s výše uvedenými předpisy je naší povinností uplatňovat během celého auditu odborný úsudek a zachovávat profesní skepticismus. Dále je naší povinností:
- Identifikovat a vyhodnotit rizika významné (materiální) nesprávnosti účetní závěrky způsobené podvodem nebo chybou, navrhnout a provést auditorské postupy reagující na tato rizika a získat dostatečné a vhodné důkazní informace, abychom na jejich základě mohli vyjádřit výrok. Riziko, že neodhalíme významnou (materiální) nesprávnost, k níž došlo v důsledku podvodu, je větší než riziko neodhalení významné (materiální) nesprávnosti způsobené chybou, protože součástí podvodu mohou být tajné dohody, falšování, úmyslná opomenutí, nepravdivá prohlášení nebo obcházení vnitřních kontrol statutárním orgánem.
- Seznámit se s vnitřním kontrolním systémem Společnosti relevantním pro audit v takovém rozsahu, abychom mohli navrhnout auditorské postupy vhodné s ohledem na dané okolnosti, nikoli abychom mohli vyjádřit názor na účinnost vnitřního kontrolního systému.
• Posoudit vhodnost použitých účetních pravidel, přiměřenost provedených účetních odhadů a informace, které v této souvislosti jednatel Společnosti uvedl v příloze účetní závěrky.
• Posoudit vhodnost použití předpokladu nepřetržitého trvání při sestavení účetní závěrky jednatelem a to, zda s ohledem na shromážděné důkazní informace existuje významná (materiální) nejistota vyplývající z událostí nebo podmínek, které mohou významně zpochybnit schopnost Společnosti trvat nepřetržitě. Jestliže dojdeme k závěru, že taková významná (materiální) nejistota existuje, je naši povinností upozornit v naší zprávě na informace uvedené v této souvislosti v příloze účetní závěrky, a pokud tyto informace nejsou dostatečné, vyjádřit modifikovaný výrok. Naše závěry týkající se schopnosti Společnosti trvat nepřetržitě vycházejí z důkazních informací, které jsme získali do data naší zprávy. Nicméně budoucí události nebo podmínky mohou vést k tomu, že Společnost ztratí schopnost trvat nepřetržitě.
• Vyhodnotit celkovou prezentaci, členění a obsah účetní závěrky, včetně přílohy, a dále to, zda účetní závěrka zobrazuje podkladové transakce a události způsobem, který vede k věrnému zobrazení.
Naši povinností je informovat jednatele a dozorčí radu mimo jiné o plánovaném rozsahu a načasování auditu a o významných zjištěních, která jsme v jeho průběhu učinili, včetně zjištěných významných nedostatků ve vnitřním kontrolním systému.
V Ostravě dne 31. března 2017
ABC.AUDIT, s.r.o.
Erbenova 783/29, 703 00 Ostrava-Vítkovice
auditorská společnost
auditorské oprávnění č. 387
zastoupená:
Ing. Tomášem Pospíšilem
jednatelem
Ing. Dagmar Procházkovou
pověřeným zaměstnancem
a odpovědným auditorem
auditorské oprávnění č. 1839 | 2709a283-a6a7-4fb6-bc6d-b0a4991cefd2 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 119,607 |
Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk
Performance as needed, efficiency as desired
The reliable solution for public transportation
Passenger safety, everyday
We designed the Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk to meet the industry’s highest standards so that each passenger enjoys a safe ride every day.
High performance, low energy consumption
The Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk maximizes energy use efficiently, lowers consumption and costs, and delivers improved performance.
Simplicity leads to increased reliability
Because the pallets on the Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk are secured directly to the pallet chain, wear and tear on the pallet band is kept to a minimum, ensuring extremely smooth, comfortable and quiet operation.
Passenger safety, everyday
The Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk is a front runner when it comes to passenger safety: Its comprehensive active and passive safety equipment comprises 35 system-relevant safety features, both mechanical and electrical. This ensures a safe ride for each passenger.
Maximum safety against wedging shoes:
Schindler’s unique safety feature
The pallets’ sides run underneath the skirt panels, eliminating the horizontal side gap which is found on conventional moving walks. The Schindler design 25 times safer with respect to pinching and wedging than conventional moving walk designs.
MICONIC F: Intelligent microprocessor controller
Two independent safety circuits control each safety device in real time. Dual safety checks mean double the safety: a unique safety feature from Schindler.
Visual safety features: safety you can see
The Schindler 9500 is designed with illuminated risk zones so that passengers can see what’s ahead:
- Combplate lighting
- Combo line
- Skirt lighting
- Pallet gap lighting
- Balustrade lighting
- Handrail entry brush
Would you like more information on safety and efficiency? Please consult the Schindler escalator safety brochure and energy brochure.
High performance, low energy consumption
The Schindler 9500 features three design solutions that increase energy efficiency: more efficient drive systems, components requiring less power, and intelligent power management software. We call it the Schindler E³ energy-saving approach.
E1 – Efficient drive system
With the latest drive technology, the Schindler Premium Power Package increases total drive efficiency by 23%.
E2 – ECOLINE power management
Schindler’s ECOLINE power management reduces power consumption by up to 40% over conventional continuous operation systems.
E3 – Ecological design
Schindler aluminum pallets
Schindler moving walks with aluminum pallets reduce overall weight compared to conventional steel pallets, i.e., a 50 m long Schindler moving walk has 2000 kg less weight to pull. This leads to greater efficiency.
Schindler LED lighting
Use of LED lights reduces energy consumption by up to 80% and extends lifetime by 100%.
Simplicity leads to increased reliability
The pallets of the Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk are directly secured to the pallet chain, which reduces wear and tear on the pallet band while providing extremely smooth, comfortable and quiet operation.
The Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk has a flexible setting for intermediate supports. The distance between two adjacent intermediate supports ranges up to 11,500 mm. This maximized flexibility means the Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walks fits readily into the building’s existing structural support.
With widths of up to 1400 mm, the Schindler 9500 horizontal moving walk is ideal for meeting the passenger demand and public transportation requirements at airports, convention centers and other facilities.
| Support distance [mm] | Pallet width [mm] |
|-----------------------|-------------------|
| | 1000 | 1200 | 1400 |
| t | min | 5900 | 5900 | 5900 |
| | max | 11500 | 11000 | 10500 |
| d | min | 5900 | 5900 | 5900 |
| | max | 11500 | 11000 | 10500 |
| m1 - m17 | min | 5751 | 5501 | 5251 |
| | max | 11500 | 11000 | 10500 |
| Parameters | Unit | Description |
|---------------------|--------|--------------------------------------------------|
| Inclination | degree | 0 – 6 |
| Installation length | [m] | Max 100 m at an inclination of 0° |
| Pallet width | [mm] | 1000, 1200, 1400 |
| Balustrade design | – | E type, slim design |
| Balustrade height | [mm] | 1000 |
| Pit depth | [mm] | Middle section: 600 Top/bottom section: 1150 |
| Speed | [m/s] | 0.45, 0.5, 0.6, 0.65, 0.75 |
When vision meets discipline: Schindler partners with Solar Impulse.
Schindler is the main partner of Solar Impulse, the airline design company building the world’s first zero-fuel airplane intended for around-the-world travel propelled solely by solar power.
www.schindler.com
Find more information on Schindler products.
Just scan the QR code with your mobile phone. (QR scanner software is either pre-installed on your cellphone or can be conveniently downloaded for free.) | aafa4b34-b862-4635-b046-fd87af748939 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,448 |
Angel Project Application Form Be an Angel & Give to a Child in Need!
Angel Project is a toy drive that collects toys for distribution to children from low-income families at our Toy Room at the Amazing Brentwood Mall. We will provide printable versions of Angel Poster (for display), Angel Cards (for distribution to members of your group) and a Wish List of Gifts as reference. New unwrapped toys and gifts are then purchased for children of different ages and delivered to our Toy Room between Dec 4 - 15. It will be the best to deliver larger drop offs (50+ toys) by Dec 8 because families start selecting toys for their children from Dec 1. Sound like an awesome project to participate? Email this application form to email@example.com!
Group/Company name
Address
Name of contact person
Phone of contact person
Email of contact person
Estimated number of toys to collect
Will you deliver the toys to our Toy Room?
Estimated deliver date:
If you prefer us arranging volunteers to deliver the toys to the Toy Room, please advise
* Estimated toys available date
* Pick up location
Once we receive your application, we will contact you for detail logistics information (Toy Room location, parking information and hours). | <urn:uuid:78f73005-8265-4520-a49f-c474f27477eb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,234 |
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT LUFTGEWEHR 2019
Schüler/Jugend 1 und 2
Jugend 1 männlich
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT
Luftgewehr 2019 stehend frei
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT
Luftgewehr 2019 stehend frei
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT
Mannschaftswertung LG stehend frei 2019
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT
Luftgewehr 2019 stehend aufgelegt
Senioren 1 m
Bezirksmeisterschaft 2019 Luftgewehr stehend aufgelegt
Mannschaftswertung
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT LUFTGEWEHR 2019
sitzend abgestützt
Frauenklasse
BEZIRKSMEISTERSCHAFT LUFTGEWEHR 2019
sitzend abgestützt
Senioren 3 a männlich
Bezirksmeisterschaft 2019 Luftgewehr sitzend abgestützt
Mannschaftswertung
Medaillenspiegel BM 2019 LG
(mit Mannschaft)
| Gilde | Gold | Silber | Bronze | Summe |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kappl | 7 | 4 | 4 | 15 |
| Zams | 5 | 2 | | 7 |
| Fließ | 4 | 4 | 3 | 11 |
| Landeck | 4 | | | 4 |
| See | 4 | 4 | 1 | 9 |
| Ischgl-Galtür | 2 | | 1 | 3 |
| Kaunertal | 1 | | 1 | 2 |
| Flirsch | | 3 | 1 | 4 |
| Pfunds | | | 1 | 1 |
| Gesamt: | 27 | 17 | 12 | 56 |
Der BezSpL LG.
THÖNI Heinrich eh. | <urn:uuid:0c3fba5e-08da-4251-bef1-39f7456971f8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 1,046 |
**BUILDING PERMIT**
**PERMIT NO.** B1007451
**Address of Project:** 2225 GEORGIA AVE NW
**Description Of Work:**
SUMMER GARDEN PERMIT PROPERTY. SEATING FOR 14 SEATS AS PER PLANS. EXISTING RESTAURANT LOCATED ON PART OF FIRST FLOOR.
**Permission Is Hereby Granted To:** Howard University
**Owner Address:** CIO RISK OFFICE DIRECTOR, 2344 10TH ST NW #402
**PERMIT FEE:** $110.00
**Permit Type:** Alteration and Repair
**Existing Use:** Restaurants - A-2
**Proposed Use:** Restaurants - A-2
**Agent Name:** Joe A Spinelli
**Agent Address:** PO BOX 141, COLLEGE PARK, MD 20741
**Existing Dwell Units:** 0
**Proposed Dwell Units:** 0
**No. of Stories:** 3
**Floor(s) Involved:** part of first
**Conditions/ Restrictions:**
This Permit Expires if no Construction is Started Within 1 Year or if the Inspection is Over 1 Year.
All Construction Done According To The Current Building Codes And Zoning Regulations:
As a condition precedent to the issuance of this permit, the owner agrees to conform with all conditions set forth herein, and to perform the work authorized hereby in accordance with the approved application and plans on file with the District Government and in accordance with all applicable laws and regulations of the District of Columbia. The District of Columbia has the right to enter upon the property and to inspect all work authorized by this permit and to require any change in construction which may be necessary to ensure compliance with the plans and with all the applicable regulations of the District of Columbia. Work authorized under this Permit must start within one(1) year of the date appearing on this permit or the permit is automatically void. If work is started, any application for partial refund must be made within six months of the date appearing on this permit.
**Director:** Linda K. Argo
**Permit Clerk:** Stacie Williams
TO REPORT WASTE, FRAUD OR ABUSE BY ANY DC GOVERNMENT OFFICIAL, CALL THE DC INSPECTOR GENERAL AT 1-800-521-1639
FOR CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION INQUIRIES CALL (202) 442-9557
TO SCHEDULE INSPECTIONS PLEASE CALL (202) 442-9557 | <urn:uuid:7d420be0-6017-4ff3-95c1-c57bbc77a318> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,101 |
DÜSSELDORF, 4. Juni 2019
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New Hampshire Department of Education Bureau of Special Education
SPECIAL EDUCATION COMPLIANCE & IMPROVEMENT MONITORING REVIEW REPORT
Raymond School District 2017-2018
Dr. Tina McCoy, Superintendent Walter Anacki, Director of Student Services
Coordinating Education Consultant Elizabeth Carlotto
Compliance & Improvement Monitoring Visit Conducted on November 20-21, 2017
Report Date: December 29, 2017
Overview of the Special Education Compliance & Improvement Monitoring Process
New Hampshire has a responsibility, under federal law, to have a system of general supervision that monitors the implementation of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) by school districts. The general supervision system is accountable for enforcing IDEA, New Hampshire Statutes, and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities and for ensuring continuous improvement. As stated in section 616 of 2004 amendments to the IDEA, "The primary focus of Federal and State monitoring activities described in paragraph (1) shall be on -
(B) Ensuring that States meet the program requirements under this part, with a particular emphasis on those requirements that are most closely related to improving educational results for children with disabilities."
(A) Improving educational results and functional outcomes for all children with disabilities; and
There are eight components that comprise NH's general supervision system. It is important to note that although the components are separate, the components connect, interact and articulate requirements to form a comprehensive system. The general supervision system for NH has the following components:
- State Performance Plan (SPP)
- Policies, Procedures, and Effective Implementation
- Data on Processes and Results
- Targeted Technical Assistance and Professional Development
- Effective Dispute Resolution
- Integrated Monitoring Activities
- Improvement , Correction, Incentives and Sanctions
- Fiscal Management
The Special Education Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review is one method that the New Hampshire Department of Education (NHDOE), Bureau of Special Education (Bureau) utilizes to implement the general supervision system. The Special Education Compliance & Monitoring review is comprised of:
- Special Education Procedures, and Effective Implementation
- District Special Education Forms and Effective Implementation
- Special Education Personnel
- Program Visits
- Identification of Recommended Preventive Actions
- Monitoring of Special Education Process
- Improvement, Correction, Assistance, and Enforcement
The intent of the Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review is to improve student outcomes for students with IEPs by:
- Ensuring districts understand and are implementing special education requirments in accordance with the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with
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Disabilities, New Hampshire State Statutes, and the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA); and
- Improving special education procedures, and practices.
- Identifying and supporting correction of noncompliance, consistent with Office of Special Education Programs (OSEP) Memo 09-02.
The Bureau of Special Education followed a standard process to select districts to participate in the Special Education Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review. Each district was sorted into one of six cohort groups based on size using the current October 1 st fall enrollment. The Bureau utilized a multi-data approach which aligns with the OSEP differentiated monitoring approach to determine the district in each cohort group with the highest need based on the District Determinations; the State Performance Plan (SPP) Indicators: (4B) Suspension/Expulsion, (5A) Education Environments, (6A) Preschool Environments, (11) Child Find, and (12) Early Childhood Transition; and state special education complaints.
Once a district was selected, the Bureau of Special Education contacted the district to discuss the Special Education Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review with the school administration. The Raymond School District was selected through this process. The Raymond School District is comprised of 3 schools: the Lamprey River Elementary School with a grade span of preschool-4, the Iber Holmes Gove Middle School with a grade span of 5-8, and the Raymond High School with a grade span of 9-12.
The Bureau also provided targeted professional development regarding the Special Education Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review process and completion of the self-assessment data collection form. The district was provided with a list of 30 students with disabilities representative of the schools based on grade level, disability, gender, special education program, and case manager. At the time of the selection of students, the information entered into the New Hampshire Special Education Information System (NHSEIS) indicated that there were 8 students enrolled in charter schools and 2 students placed by the district in approved out-of-state special education programs for the Raymond School District. During the onsite visit, the monitoring team selected a total of 24 of the 30 student files to review.
The district fall enrollment for October 1, 2016 showed that there was a total of 1,336 students enrolled in the Raymond School District which had a grade span of pre-school through 12 grade. The district data profiles for October 1, 2016 indicated that there were 288 students in the Raymond School District who were identified with disabilities.
The monitoring visit conducted on November 20 & 21, 2017 consisted of NHDOE team members and one visiting special education administrator verifying district-identified evidence on the self–assessment data collection form. While the district completed the entire self-assessment, each file was reviewed, covering either Parts 1 & 3 (encompassing questions 1-2 and 31-65) or covering Parts 2 & 4 (encompassing questions 3-30 and 6671) .
The district was encouraged to invite their special education staff as well as related service providers and regular education staff, if appropriate, to attend the review. For the staff who attended the review, this provided another targeted professional development opportunity. Staff members were provided the opportunity to learn about implementing IDEA, New Hampshire Statutes, and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities and to engage in a professional discussion of best practices for ensuring improved outcomes for students with disabilities.
The NHDOE, Bureau review members for this Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review included: Elizabeth Carlotto, Education Consultant, Helene Anzalone, Eductation Consultant and Amy Jenks, Program Specialist. The special education administrator participating in this Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review was Kim Carpinone, Director of Pupil Services from Londonderry School District.
Special Education Procedures, and Effective Implementation
Each district must have special education procedures, and effective implementation of practices that are aligned and support the implementation of IDEA, New Hampshire Statutes, and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities. As part of the special education Compliance & Improvement Monitoring review, the monitoring team reviewed the district's special education procedures plan for compliance.
In addition, the Bureau cross checked the Annual Request for Federal Special Education Funds FY 17, IDEA Part B Section 611 Assurances - District Policies to Support Assurance Standards to ensure that document name, date adopted, and pages were valid with the district's special education procedures plan. Districts are required to submit assurance statements with their local application for IDEA funds.
The monitoring team reviewed the district's special education procedures plan for the following components.
- Child Find pursuant to 34 CFR 300.111; Ed 1105;
- Confidentiality of Information pursuant to 34 CFR 300.610 – 300.627; Ed 1119;
- Special Education Facilities, Personnel and Services pursuant to Ed 1126.01(b)(3)
- Personnel Development pursuant to Ed 1126.01(b)(4)
- Parent Involvement pursuant to Ed 1126.01(b)(5)
- Public Participation pursuant to Ed 1126.01(b)(6)
- Procedural Safeguards pursuant to 34 CFR 300.121; Ed 1126.01(b)(7);
- Pupil Evaluation to Placement 34 CFR 300.300 – 300.311; Ed 1126.01(b)(8)
- Specific Learning Disabilities -Evaluation pursuant to 34 CFR 300.307; Ed 1107; Ed 1107.02
- The Individualized Education Program pursuant to 34 CFR 300.112; Ed 1109; Ed 1109.06(a)
- Placement of Children with Disabilities pursuant to 34 CFR 300.115; Ed 1111
- Coordination with other Local and State Agencies pursuant to Ed 1126.01(b)(10)
- Children with Disabilities Enrolled in Private Schools by Parents pursuant to 34 CFR 300.132(a); Ed 1126.01(b)(11)
Based on the review of the Raymond School District's special education procedures plan, the monitoring team determined there were no findings of noncompliance.
District Special Education Forms and Effective Implementation
As part of the review of The Raymond School District's forms implementing the special education process, the Bureau of Special Education also looked for evidence that the policies and procedures were effectively being implemented. The monitoring team reviewed the following district forms to ensure the implementation of the special education process:
- Notice of Special Education Meeting pursuant to 34 CFR 300.322; Ed 1103.02
- Record of Access pursuant to 34 CFR 300.614; Ed 1119.01(a)
- Parental Permission to Waive Time Limits for Written Notice pursuant to Ed 1103.02(d)
- Written Prior Notice pursuant to 34 CFR 300.503; Ed 1120.03
- Specific Learning Disability Eligibility Determination Documentation pursuant to 34 CFR 300.311; Ed 1107.02
- Evaluation Report pursuant to Ed 1107.05(a),(b)
- Procedural Safeguard Notice pursuant to 34 CFR 300.504; Ed 1120
- Age of Majority pursuant to 34 CFR 300.320(c); Ed 1120.01(b)
- Annual Notification when Proposing Accessing Public and Private Insurance pursuant to 34 CFR 300.154(d)(2)(v); Ed 1120.08(a)
Based on the review of the Raymond School District's special education forms, the NHDOE determined that there were no findings of noncompliance.
Special Education Personnel
The Bureau reviewed the Raymond School District special education staff certifications using the New Hampshire Educator Information System. The review process was for special education staff employed during 2017-2018 school year.
The data for Raymond School District was generated on November 1, 2017. Each special education staff member's endorsement was compared to the subject/assignment. This process was used for special educators who hold Education Intern License 4 (INT4), Beginning Educator Certification (BEC) and Experienced Educator Certification (EEC). If the endorsement was appropriate to the subject/ assignment then the renewal date of the endorsement was verified to ensure that the endorsement was current.
If there was a discrepancy between endorsement and the subject/assignment, the district was given an opportunity to verify the data. If the discrepancy could not be resolved a finding of noncompliance was made based on Personnel Standards pursuant to Ed 1113.12, 34 CFR 300.18, and 34 CFR 300.156.
Based on the review of the special education staff certifications, the monitoring team determined there were no findings of noncompliance.
Program Visits
The purpose of the program visits has been to observe the district's full range of opportunities for the child with a disability that cannot be met in a regular education setting. Per Ed 1111, districts shall ensure that children with disabilities are educated with children who do not have disabilities to the maximum extent appropriate and that removal from the regular educational environment occurs only when the nature or severity of the disability is such that education in regular classes with the use of supplementary aids and services cannot be achieved satisfactorily. School districts shall comply with the requirements of 34 CFR 300.115, relative to continuum of alternative placements.
Based on the review of the Newport School District's special education programs (district program description, observation & interviews), the monitoring team determined there was 1 finding of noncompliance that must be corrected as soon as possible but no later than 30 days from the date of this report. Per Ed 1126.03(e)(1), all district special education programs "shall remain approved unless disapproved. In the event that standards are not met, the bureau of special education shall monitor and enforce a corrective action plan and apply appropriate sanctions as necessary to ensure compliance."
COMPLIANCE CITATIONS
AREA OF COMPLIANCE
1. Ed 1113.10(e)(1)
Class Size and Age Range
Finding of Noncompliance: When the monitoring team was verifying the evidence of compliance (district program description, observation & interviews), the team observed that the program was operating as a Self -Contained program and that the student population had an age range of greater than four years.
Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The Raymond School District must consider if it would like to continue operating the program as a self- contained program or if it would like the program to operate as a resource room, in accordance with this program's current approval. If the district determines self-contained, it must request a change for a self-contained setting. If the district determines resource room, the district must determine what programmatic changes will be necessary to operate as a resource room. Additionally, pursuant to ED 1113.10(d)(4) , a self -contained program may not have an age rage grater than four years. The district must consider how it will meet the requirements in ED 1113.10(d)(4) relative to age range if it continues to operate the program as self -contained. The district must inform the NHDOE of substantive program changes that may have a bearing on the special education program approval status.
A statement from the special education director that describes how the district is meeting compliance for this requirement must be provided to the NHDOE within 30 days.
The NHDOE will verify compliance through review of the district statement and a subsequent on-site program visit.
Monitoring of Special Education Process
Districts are responsible for implementing the special education process in accordance with IDEA, New Hampshire Statutes, and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities. The self-assessment data collection form highlights the district's understanding of the requirements of IDEA and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities and was reviewed during the monitoring visit. Each area of compliance on the self-assessment data collection form clearly outlines whether the compliance is either a requirement of both IDEA and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities or a requirement of solely the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities. During the monitoring visit, the monitoring team verified the evidence of compliance based on the review of the student file, using the district's self-assessment as a resource.
Based on this review, the Bureau of Special Education identified findings of noncompliance with IDEA and the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities. The findings include the compliance citation, the area of compliance, the specific component of the regulation, and the required corrective actions, which include timelines for demonstrating correction of noncompliance. Student specific information is not included in the report but will be provided to the district's Special Education Director.
There are two main components to the corrective actions entitled, "Corrective Action of Individual Instance of Noncompliance" and "Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations". The first component, "corrective action of individual instance of noncompliance," is for any noncompliance concerning a child-specific requirement. There must be evidence that the district has corrected each individual case of noncompliance,
unless the child is no longer within the jurisdiction of the district. These areas must be corrected as soon as possible with state timelines given in the report for each area. The NHDOE will return to the district, typically within three months of the date of the report, to verify compliance for each individual instance identified in the report. The second component, "corrective action regarding the implementation of the regulations" would typically involve the district's providing professional development training to appropriate staff with regards to areas found to be in noncompliance. The NHDOE will review updated data collected after the identification of noncompliance to demonstrate that the district is correctly implementing the specific requirement. This involves a follow-up on-site review of new student files, selected typically within one year of the original on-site compliance & improvement monitoring.
Overview of the Student Specific Findings of Noncompliance
The chart below identifies the area of compliance based on student files that were reviewed by the Compliance & Improvement Monitoring team during the onsite visit. The chart is broken down into the compliance citations and area of compliance. The compliance citations are based on the CFR found in the federal regulations of IDEA and the Ed found in the administrative rules of the New Hampshire Rules for the Education of Children with Disabilities. The chart aligns the regulatory components to the numbered questions in the self-assessment. Regulatory components and self-assessment numbers are bolded in instances where noncompliance was noted by the Compliance & Improvement Monitoring team.
The review status identifies the number of files reviewed for the self-assessment question as well as the number of files that were found to be in compliance. For example "1 out of 3 files demonstrated a record of parties that have obtained access to the education records collected or used under Part B of the Act. For student files A & B, there was insufficient evidence demonstrating compliance with this requirement " This means that 3 files were reviewed and 1 file was found to be in compliance and students A & B were found to be noncompliant.
In cases where there was a finding of noncompliance for a particular student, the chart identifies the First Stage Corrective Action of Student Specific Instance(s) of Noncompliance. In the case of an individual instance of noncompliance, the corrective action would generally involve the IEP team convening to resolve the finding of noncompliance. Timelines for these corrective actions are also noted. For the First Stage Corrective Actions, the NHDOE will return to the district within three months following the district receiving written notification of noncompliance (the report) to review all student files in which there were findings of noncompliance in order to verify compliance with the corrective action stated in the report.
In cases where there was a finding of noncompliance for a particular student, the next section of the chart identifies the First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulation. This section will also include a reference to a student file that was used as evidence to support the noncompliance of the regulation, if applicable.
This section informs the district of any practices or procedures which need to be corrected as well as trainings for staff to inform them of the corrections as a result of the findings of noncompliance. The required corrective action by the district and a timeline for the corrective action is also provided.
In cases where there was a finding of noncompliance for a particular student, the final section of the chart identifies the Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulation. Identified in this section will be the number of new student files that will be selected at each school to demonstrate correct implementation of the regulations for the section of the self-assessment in which noncompliance was found. For the Second Stage Corrective Actions, the NHDOE will verify compliance through a subsequent on-site review of the new files within a year from the date of the report. The total number of student files selected for the Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulation will not exceed the original number of files reviewed at each school.
Student Specific Findings of Noncompliance
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to appropriate staff to ensure that the composition of the IEP team to determine eligibility includes a group of qualified professionals and the parent of the child and that the IEP team to determine eligibility draws upon carefully considered and documented information from a variety of sources, including aptitude and achievement tests, parent input and teacher recommendations, as well as information about the child's physical condition, social or cultural background and adaptive behavior.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Questions 3 and 5 and two new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Question 5 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to staff on completing the written prior notice for determination of eligibility in order for staff to appropriately document each component of a written prior notice.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review three new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School for Self-Assessment Questions 6-11, two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Questions 6-11, and four new files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Questions 6-11 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action of Student Specific Instance(s) of Noncompliance: As soon as possible, but no later than 2 months from the date of this report, the district must show evidence of the signature of the parent or, where appropriate, student, and a representative of the LEA indicating approval of the provisions of the IEP and evidence that a copy of the IEP has been provided to each teacher and service provider listed as having responsibilities for implementing the IEP.
The NHDOE will verify this through a subsequent on-site review.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to appropriate staff to ensure that copies of IEPs are provided to each teacher and service provider listed as having responsibilities for implementing the IEP, meetings to develop an IEP for a student are conducted within 30 days of a determination that the child needs special education and related services. Trainings will also need to ensure that IEPs are reviewed at least annually, and that IEPs are in place at the beginning of the school year.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School for Self-Assessment Question 13, two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Question 14 and 3 new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Questions 13 and 16 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide trainings to appropriate staff for ensuring that the IEP team included at least one regular education teacher of the child. Provide trainings to appropriate staff for ensuring that at least a 10 day notice is given to the parent before an IEP meeting, which includes the purpose, time, location and identification of the participants, or the parent agreed in writing that the LEA could satisfy this requirement via transmittal by electronic mail or demonstrated evidence of written consent of the parent(s) that the notice requirement were waived.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Lamprey River Elementary for Self-Assessment Question 23; two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Questions 18 and 23, and two new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Question 23 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
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First Stage Corrective Action of Student Specific Instance(s) of Noncompliance: As soon as possible, but no later than 2 months from the date of this report, the district must convene the IEP teams to review the IEPs and provide evidence that for each student with a disability beginning at age 14 or younger, if determined appropriate by the IEP team, the IEP includes a statement of the transition service needs of the student under the applicable components of the student's IEP that focuses on the student's courses of study such as participation in advancedplacement courses, vocational education, or career and technical education.
The NHDOE will verify this through a subsequent on-site review.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to appropriate staff to ensure that IEPs include the signature of the parent, or where appropriate, student, and a representative of the LEA indicating approval of the provisions of the IEP.
Provide training to appropriate staff to ensure that for each student with a disability beginning at age 14 or younger, if determined appropriate by the IEP team, the IEP includes a statement of the transition service needs of the student under the applicable components of the student's IEP that focuses on the student's courses of study such as participation in advanced-placement courses, vocational education, or career and technical education.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Question 37 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action of Student Specific Instance(s) of Noncompliance: As soon as possible, but no later than 2 months of the date of this report, the district must amend the IEPs to include measurable annual goals and include goals that relate to a need identified in the student profile pages of the IEP.
The NHDOE will verify this through a subsequent on-site review.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to appropriate staff to address writing measurable annual goals, including goals that relate to a need identified in the student profile pages of the IEP.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School for Self-Assessment Questions 38 and 40; two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Question 38 and two new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Question 38 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action of Student Specific Instance(s) of Noncompliance: As soon as possible, but no later than 2 months from the date of this report, the district must show evidence that each teacher and service provider has been informed of the specific accommodations, modifications, and supports that must be provided for the child in accordance with the IEP.
As soon as possible but no later than 2 months from the date of the report, the district must convene the IEP teams to review the IEPs and show evidence that if modifications are included in the IEP, they are changes in instruction or evaluation determined necessary by the IEP team that impacts the rigor, validity or both of the subject matter being taught or assessed.
The NHDOE will verify this through a subsequent on-site review.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to appropriate staff to ensure that each teacher and service provider has been informed of the specific accommodations, modifications, and supports that must be provided for the child in accordance with the IEP, and to address that modifications are changes in instruction or evaluation determined necessary by the IEP team that impacts the rigor, validity or both of the subject matter being taught or assessed.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School for Self-Assessment Question 43; two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Question 43 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action of Student Specific Instance(s) of Noncompliance: As soon as possible, but no later than 2 months from the date of this report, the district must convene the IEP teams to review the IEPs and provide evidence of a statement of special education .
As soon as possible, but no later than 2 months from the date of this report, the district will provide documentation for evidence of the implementation of special education, related services provided, and supports provided for school personnel.
The NHDOE will verify this through a subsequent on-site review.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations:
Provide training to appropriate staff to ensure that the IEP includes applicable special education services.
Provide training to appropriate staff for ensuring that there is written evidence documenting implementation of the IEP with regards to all special education, related services provided and supports provided for school personnel implementing the IEP.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review two new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School for Self-Assessment Questions 46, 47 and 49; two new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School for Self-Assessment Question 47 and 53 and two new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Question 46 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to staff on completing the written prior notice for IEP in order for staff to appropriately document each component of a written prior notice.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review three new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School, four new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School and two new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Questions 60-65 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement.
First Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: Provide training to staff on completing the written prior notice for placement in order for staff to appropriately document each component of a written prior notice.
Provide the dates, names of attendees, and a description of the trainings, which defines the district's procedure for complying with this specific rule, to the NHDOE within three months from the date of this report.
Second Stage Corrective Action Regarding the Implementation of the Regulations: The NHDOE will review four new student files at Lamprey River Elementary School, four new student files at Iber Holmes Gove Middle School and three new student files at Raymond High School for Self-Assessment Questions 66-71 for updated data demonstrating compliance with this requirement. | <urn:uuid:1b3291eb-0817-4729-b709-b52418e8357e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 34,607 |
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ONCOLOGY
Ovarian Cancer Update
SPECIAL REPORT
Boosting CBD Counseling Confidence
CBD Legislation: Where Does it Stand?
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As virus fights for its survival, vaccines remain our greatest weapon
So it goes. Those 3 words were made famous by iconic author Kurt Vonnegut in his novel *Slaughterhouse-Five*. The phrase was repeated each time a character’s death was recorded, but today it has meaning for the living. The Guardian pointed out the phrase implies fatalism, stoicism, and the acceptance that no use will come of shrinking away when the worst has happened.\(^1\)
So it goes with COVID-19. We now have reached the stage of the pandemic in which the virus has mutated in its attempt to survive. We hear of Delta and Lambda variants and know that Delta is the strain causing most illness and death among unvaccinated individuals in the United States. The virus is targeting the most vulnerable, mainly those who are unvaccinated and children under 12, who cannot yet get vaccinated. With the availability of vaccines, why aren’t more people getting their shots? It’s a question that is frustrating physicians and professional medical associations alike. The CDC held a webinar on August 17 outlining the need for COVID-19 vaccine booster shots for those who are immunocompromised as the FDA issued emergency use authorizations for this population.\(^2\)
But what about those who have not received even their first dose of the vaccine? How do physicians get through to those patients? Perhaps it is beneficial to state what we know: Infection risk is reduced by 91% for fully vaccinated people from mRNA vaccines, according to a recent study from the CDC.\(^3\) “COVID-19 vaccines are a critical tool in overcoming this pandemic,” CDC Director Rochelle P. Walensky, MD, MPH, said in a press release. “Findings from the extended time frame of this study add to accumulating evidence that messenger RNA (mRNA) COVID-19 vaccines are effective and should prevent most infections—but that fully vaccinated people who still get COVID-19 are likely to have milder, shorter illness and appear to be less likely to spread the virus to others. These benefits are another important reason to get vaccinated.”
We have heard the frustration from physicians on the front lines, who are treating those who remain unvaccinated despite vaccine availability.
So it goes, but does it have to? We are at a point where perhaps new data will encourage the unvaccinated population to get the shot. For some, it may be their only chance at survival.
Thank you for reading.
Mike Hennessy Sr
Chairman and Founder of MJH Life Sciences™
References available online
**COVER STORY**
**THE NEW WAVE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE**
---
**ONCOLOGY**
Ovarian Cancer Treatment Update
PAGE 8
**VACCINES**
Getting Patients Immunized Against Pneumonia Is Important
PAGE 14
**HEALTH SYSTEMS**
Build a Successful Analytics Program
PAGE 26
**CAREER**
Self-care for Pharmacists
PAGE 34
Marketplace Products & Services
PAGE 36
Medical World News®
PAGE 5
---
**SPECIAL SECTION**
**TOTAL PHARMACY**
POC Testing Opportunities Are Important Beyond COVID-19
PAGE 28
---
**Special Report**
CBD Special Report
PAGE 20
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EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD
LAKESHA M. BUTLER
PHARMD
Clinical Professor, Pharmacy Practice
Director of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion
Southern Illinois University Edwardsville
Edwardsville, IL
JAMES JORGENSEN
RPH, MS
CEO & Board Chairman
Visante, Inc. & Visante Ltd.
St Paul, MN
JEFF LOMBARDO
PHARMD, BCOP
Research Assistant Professor
UB School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
Buffalo, NY
MARK NEUENSCHWANDER
President
The Neuenschwander Company
Bellevue, WA
PERRY COHEN
PHARMD, FAMCP
Chief Executive Officer
The Pharmacy Group LLC
Irvine, CA
PAUL LOFHOLM
PHARMD, FACA
Owner
Golden Gate Pharmacy Services
San Rafael, CA
DAVID D. POPE
PHARMD, CDE
Chief Innovation Officer, OmniSYS
Augusta, GA
DAVID J. FONG
PHARMD
Vice President, Pharmacy
NurxInc, a Telehealth Company
Danville, CA
DEBBIE MACK
BS PHARM, RPH
Director
Pharmacy Regulatory Affairs
Walmart Health and Wellness
Bentonville, AR
BRIAN ROMIG
RPH, MBA
Vice President
Corporate Pharmacy Director
Supply Chain
Adventist Health System
Altamonte Springs, FL
LISA M. HOLLE
PHARMD, BCOP, FHOPA
Associate Clinical Professor
UConn School of Pharmacy
Storrs, CT
GENE MEMOLI JR
RPH, FASCP
Director
Customer Development
Omnicare
Cheshire, CT
STEPHEN W. SCHÖNDELMeyer
PHARMD, PhD
Director
PRIME Institute College of Pharmacy
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, MN
MARY E. INGUANTI
MPH, RPH, FASCP
Vice President,
Strategic Customer Group
Becton Dickinson
South Windsor, CT
MARVIN R. MOORE
PHARMD
Pharmacy Manager & Co-Owner
The Medicine Shoppe
Two Rivers, WI
KEN THAI
PHARMD
Chief Executive Officer, 986 Degrees Corporation, CPhA President
San Marino, CA
MOHAMED A. JALLOH
PHARMD
Assistant Professor, Clinical Sciences
Touro University California College of Pharmacy
Vallejo, CA
EDITORIAL MISSION: Drug Topics® is the top-ranked pharmacy resource for community and health-system professionals. Since 1857, readers have turned to Drug Topics® for coverage of issues and trends important to the practice of pharmacy, and for a forum in which they can share viewpoints and practical ideas for better pharmacy management and patient care.
Biden pushes for lower drug prices in an executive order
An executive order by President Joe Biden will direct the FDA to work with states and tribes to import prescription drugs from Canada and pushes the US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to increase support for generic and biosimilar drugs, as well as orders HHS to release a comprehensive plan to combat high prescription drug prices and price gouging.
The July 9, 2021, order encourages the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to ban so-called pay-for-delay agreements, in which pharmaceutical manufacturers pay generic manufacturers to stay out of the market. This has raised drug prices by $3.5 billion a year, according to the fact sheet. A separate provision of the executive order also announces a policy for antitrust agencies to focus enforcement on several industries including health care. The order pushes the FTC to ban or limit the use of noncompete agreements in employment contracts. These agreements limit employees’ opportunities when they leave the company, and can lead to costly lawsuits. It is not clear what impact any limitations would have on physicians currently working under a noncompete agreement. The order also calls on the FTC to ban unnecessary occupational licensing, which limits a person’s chance to find employment across states where licensure may be different. It also encourages the FTC and the US Department of Justice to limit employers’ ability to share information on worker pay, which may amount to collusion.
For references, visit medicaledconomics.com
IDP-126 meets end points in second phase 3 study
Investigators reported that the phase 3 trial met all coprimary endpoints.
By Linda Stocum
Ortho Dermatologics, a Bausch Health Company, announced results from its second phase 3 trial investigating the safety and efficacy of IDP-126 for the treatment of acne vulgaris in patients 9 years and older. All coprimary end points were met by week 12 in the phase 3, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial.
The end points were the absolute changes from baseline in inflammatory lesion count and noninflammatory lesion count, and the percentage of patients who achieved treatment success. Treatment success was defined as clear or almost clear skin in the Evaluator’s Global Severity Score (EGSS). “If approved, IDP-126 will provide the first triple combination treatment option to help patients with acne,” said Scott Hirsch, president of Ortho Dermatologics, and senior vice president and chief strategy officer of Bausch Health, Laval, Quebec, Canada. Results from the study were based on 193 patients, age 9 years and older. Just over half of patients in the IDP-126 arm achieved EGSS clear or almost clear skin, compared with 20.5% of patients in the vehicle arm. Some patients achieved benefits from treatment as early as 2 weeks. “The [strong efficacy] results of this second phase 3 study are consistent with results seen in the first phase 3 study,” said Linda Stein Gold, MD, director of dermatology clinical research of the Henry Ford Health System in Detroit, Michigan. If approved, IDP-126 would be the first treatment that is a combination retinoid, antibacterial, and antibiotic topical.
For references, visit dermatologytimes.com
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Ovarian Cancer Treatment Update and Pharmacists’ Role
By Jennifer Gershman, PharmD, CPh
Pharmacists can play a key role in treating patients with ovarian cancer through counseling, drug information consults, and adherence. September is Ovarian Cancer Awareness Month and an important time to educate patients about the latest treatments and research.\(^2\) New targeted therapies known as PARP inhibitors (PARPi) used to treat patients with advanced ovarian cancer are transforming the treatment landscape through precision medicine.\(^3\)
Treatment and Research Updates
PARPi are a type of targeted therapy, and there are 3 FDA-approved medications in this class taken orally for the treatment of ovarian cancer: olaparib (Lynparza), rucaparib (Rubraca), and niraparib (Zejula) (see online Table 1).\(^4,^6\) PARPi work by preventing cancer cells from repairing. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network indicates that certain patients with newly diagnosed stage II-IV disease may benefit from maintenance therapy with PARPi if a complete or partial response is achieved after primary treatment with surgery and platinum-based first-line therapy.\(^7\) There also are promising drugs in the pipeline from different classes being studied for the treatment of ovarian cancer (see online Table 2).\(^8\)
Studies are now examining the causes of racial and ethnic disparities among women with ovarian cancer.\(^8\) These studies aim to examine disparities in patient care and survival.\(^9\) The ACS research programs are evaluating ovarian cancer topics such as diagnosis, prevention strategies, and effective treatment options.\(^9\)
One long-running study from the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and cofunded by the Ovarian Cancer Research Alliance found that the antibiotic novobiocin can target and kill tumor cells in laboratory cell lines and tumor models with \(BRCA1\) or \(BRCA2\) genetic mutations.\(^10\) It is also effective in tumors that have become resistant to PARPi.\(^10\)
One recent study showed that the PARPi rucaparib is effective in treating certain types of ovarian cancers if used early in treatment, before the cancer builds resistance to chemotherapy.\(^11\) Researchers at the University of Alabama at Birmingham identified a gene called \(DOT1L\), and inhibitors of the DOT1L enzyme could be a new approach to treating ovarian cancer.\(^12\) Researchers examined patient data and found that \(DOT1L\) expression was much higher in tissues from patients with ovarian cancer compared with tissues from healthy patients.\(^12\) Patients with ovarian tumors that had high \(DOT1L\) expression showed shorter progression-free survival and shorter overall survival rates compared with patients whose ovarian tumors had lower \(DOT1L\) expression.\(^12\)
Pharmacists’ Role in Ovarian Cancer Management
Pharmacists can aid in monitoring patients on PARPi therapy and determining the appropriate dose based on renal function, adverse reactions, and potential drug interactions. Patients with renal impairment require a dose reduction with olaparib, but not for niraparib and rucaparib.\(^5,^6\) The starting dose for niraparib should be reduced in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, and further dose reductions may be needed.\(^6\)
The NCCN recommends that patients receiving PARPi therapy have careful monitoring of blood counts and renal and hepatic function.\(^7\) Blood pressure monitoring is required for niraparib and recommended for all other PARPi.\(^7\) Pharmacists can provide medication therapy management services, such as patient counseling, refill synchronization, and follow-up.\(^7\)
For references, visit drugtopics.com.
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1. Christiansen, M. P. (2017). A New, Wireless-enabled Blood Glucose Monitoring System That Links to a Smart Mobile Device: Accuracy and User Performance Evaluation. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 11(3), 567-573. DOI: 10.1177/1932296817691301
2. Bernstein, R. et al. (2013). A New Test Strip Technology Platform for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, 7(5), 1386–1399.
3. Ascensia Diabetes Care. Data on File. OTC brand volume (October 2020). IFI Cash Data CYTD accessed November 2020.
4. Ascensia Diabetes Care. Data on File. Internal 95/70ct Distribution Report accessed November 2020.
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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE WIDELY USED IN PHARMACY
This technology has come in waves.
By Fred Gebhart
The term “artificial intelligence” first appeared at the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence in 1956. The concept drew wide attention and funding, including the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), which continues to fund AI research.
The agency’s Information Innovation Office (I2O) identifies 3 waves of AI development. The first wave was handcrafted knowledge: subject matter experts crafting algorithms and software that follow precise, logical rules. First-generation AI excels at following rules but cannot manage ambiguity or uncertainty. It is used extensively in computer operating systems, interactive voice recognition, and other familiar applications. The inability to deal with ambiguity can be fatal. DARPA launched a self-driving car competition in 2004. Rule-based programming could not distinguish between shadows, clouds, and nearby obstacles. Every vehicle crashed or stalled.
Second-wave AI added statistical learning, using known data sets to train statistical modeling programs to interpret the environment. Five vehicles completed DARPA’s second self-driving car competition in 2005. Second-generation AI powers voice and image recognition systems, automated translation, and autonomous vehicles.
The third wave adds contextual adaptation: AI systems constructing their own models and teaching themselves to reach useful, and hopefully correct, conclusions. Third-generation AI is moving out of the lab with dynamic models of human proteins, bespoke drug designs, and clinical decision support systems that can recommend specific interventions.
Artificial intelligence (AI) has been an integral part of pharmacy for decades. It is called the pharmacy management system: the collection of digital tools that houses patient utilization and drug data in virtually all pharmacy settings. Academia and industry have been using AI to bolster drug research and development for at least as long.
Wayne Salverda, RPh, senior director of clinical services for National CooperativeRx, remembers visiting Eli Lilly and Company while in pharmacy school. “They had a crazy supercomputer working on drug design and that was 30 years ago,” he said. “About 1 in 10 drugs in development makes it to market, but companies like Vertex or Regeneron that have invested in and leveraged AI see 30% to 40% of their new molecular entities make it to market. It’s not a coincidence; it’s putting smart science and AI into drug development.”
AI can be just as useful in medication management. Pharmacy benefit manager Prime Therapeutics worked with AI provider SAS to save clients $355 million over 18 months by consolidating and analyzing data from pharmacy, drug claims, and medical services to target fraud.
“We have gotten some good recoveries and great cost avoidances with AI,” Salverda said. “We will be able to leverage AI even more in the future to help make sure that individual patients are getting the most appropriate medications at the most appropriate dose by factoring in their specific genetics and health conditions. We’re going to see a lot of advances in pharmacogenomics with AI.”
Beyond the Human Brain
AI is a concept, not a gadget like the robot Maria in the 1927 film *Metropolis* or R2-D2 in *Star Wars* 50 years later. “AI is nothing more than a means to an end, improving processes and improving outcomes,” said Codrin Arsene, chief marketing officer for Digital Authority Partners. “It’s just an automation of data, rules, and statistical processes that help people do their jobs more efficiently.”
When the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) and the American Medical Association discuss AI, they mean augmented intelligence: leveraging the strengths of computers and clinicians to improve outcomes for patients. “AI today is everywhere in pharmacy: drug discovery, drug design, drug development, trial design, participant selection, clinical decision support, drug response and risk prediction, personalized therapy, everywhere,” said Wei-Hsuan Lo-Ciganic, PhD, MS, MSPharm, associate professor in the Department of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy at the University of Florida College of Pharmacy.
AI has come to pharmacy in 3 waves, noted Chenglong Li, PhD, a professor in the Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biophysics Department at the University of Florida College of
Pharmacy (see Sidebar). Pharmacy management systems, IVR, and DUR screens are first-wave products. Second-wave AI powers some of the more advanced decision-support tools and systems that are starting to track fraud. Third-wave applications will change pharmacy in ways that are difficult to imagine, Li explained.
“AI is going to have the kind of impact we see with digital cameras,” Lo-Ciganic said. “When I was in school, people laughed at digital cameras. But when the iPhone came out, with its smart camera, the world changed. We are going to see the same kind of change in the world of pharmacy.”
Lo-Ciganic is using AI to improve risk prediction for opioid misuse by linking Medicaid, human services, and criminal justice data. AI helped her identify 30 key predictors of opioid overdose.
“The methods used today can predict about 30% of opioid overdoses,” she said. “When we use our machine learning rule, we can improve to 70% to 90% accuracy for individuals who have an opioid overdose or misuse. That helps focus time and resources on the people at highest risk.”
Li’s lab modeled an enzyme that represses tumor suppressor genes and a native compound that blocks the enzyme, which allows suppressor genes to be expressed and kill the tumor. “We have a few collections of really potent compounds, maybe 10,000-fold more potent than the native compounds that work in cell culture,” Li said. “We are trying them in animal models to see if they are active in vivo.”
More changes in drug discovery are coming. In July 2021, DeepMind announced the latest version of its AlphaFold platform has identified the 3D structure of 98% of the entire human protein complement. More than 350,000 protein structures are available in a public database hosted by the European Molecular Biology Laboratory’s European Bioinformatics Institute.
**Pharmacist First**
AI isn’t making any of these advances on its own. AI needs human intervention as much as humans need AI.
“AI has the potential to help pharmacists improve their workflows,” said Sophia Chhay, PharmD, assistant director of the ASHP Innovation Center. “Any pharmacist will tell you that ‘anything that gets me away from the computer and spending more time with patients is going to be an answer.’”
Freeing up pharmacist time is key, said Ken Perez, vice president of healthcare policy and government affairs at Omnicell. The typical pharmacist spends 75% of working hours on non-clinical tasks.
“If you think about every medication as a node on a network, every drug has a journey, and where every dose goes is important,” he said. “Pharmacists spend too much time as de facto supply chain specialists, figuring out where drugs are [and] how to get them to the right patient at the right time. That time would be better spent with patients, not products. And that’s where AI can make a huge difference. The real prize of AI is helping pharmacists [to] practice at the top of their licenses, spending more time with the patients who need them the most.”
AI may shift pharmacist roles by giving them more hands-on time with patients, but don’t expect massive layoffs. “I don’t think any state board is at all comfortable with turning over critical decision-making to automation or AI,” said Lisa Schwartz, PharmD, senior director for professional affairs at the NCPA. “AI might make a recommendation, maybe a medication adjustment to avoid an interaction or adjusting the time of day a patient takes something, but it’s up to the pharmacist to decide what needs to be done.”
US clinicians, including pharmacists, are slow to adopt AI, Arsene noted. About 25% of European Union physicians are using voice assistants in daily practice. “For all the research that goes on, this is an industry that has a very low level of innovation and too much bureaucracy to change quickly,” he said.
Arsene likened pharmacy to the financial services industry. It wasn’t until Credit Karma, Mint.intuit.com, and other new entrants began to affect customer preferences and banking profits that traditional providers moved to AI.
New entrants in pharmacy are presenting similar challenges. Kit Check uses AI to audit 100% of hospital-controlled substance use in less time than a conventional 5% random audit.
“Nobody can track controlled substances manually; there is just too much information,” said Doug Zurawski, PharmD, Kit Check’s senior vice president of clinical strategy. “We and our competitors can give you a dynamic picture of everything and everyone in your system relative to controlled substances.”
AI systems developed for the relatively closed universe of health systems can be expanded to ambulatory care and retail pharmacy, he added.
On the dispensing side, InterLink-AI is expanding Rx verification by identifying every pill as it goes into a patient vial. Different versions of image-based verification can be adapted for a single pharmacy, telepharmacy, load sharing across multiple pharmacies.
“You have a clean record of the chain of custody from the raw materials used in a batch of medication through distribution of the stock bottle,” said Ram Subramanian, PhD, InterLink’s chief business officer. “But from the stock bottle on, there are questions. Verifying 100% of the pills that go into every vial optimizes the pharmacy workflow and frees up time for technicians and pharmacists. Improving the workflow puts the pharmacist in the driver’s seat regarding patient care.”
Fact:
Nearly 2.5 million patients visit a health care professional regarding constipation each year.*
Essential Resources in the Treatment of Occasional Constipation
Be prepared to answer patient questions and make informed recommendations in the pharmacy!
Explore resources at your fingertips:
- The latest news and updates regarding the treatment of occasional constipation
- Reputable industry resources and reports for pharmacists
- Information to support pharmacists in educating patients
Bookmark this Drug Topics® toolkit to stay connected to the most up-to-date, authoritative and essential resources for pharmacy teams.
drugtopics.com/constipation-resources
*Cleveland Clinic, November 2019. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4059-constipation
With all the talk about COVID-19 vaccines and flu season approaching, it is almost easy to forget the importance of the pneumonia vaccine.
The good news is that pneumonia vaccinations are increasing. According to the National Health Interview Survey, from 2000-2018:
- percentage of adults aged 65 to 74 years who had ever received pneumonia vaccine increased from 48% to 64.8%,
- percentage of adults aged 75 to 84 years who had ever received pneumonia vaccine increased from 59.5% to 74.9%, and
- percentage of adults 85 years and older who had ever received pneumonia vaccine increased from 56.4% to 76.3%.
**What Is Pneumonia?**
Pneumonia is a lung infection involving 1 or both lungs. Pneumonia causes the air sacs of the lungs to fill with pus or fluid. Symptoms vary in severity, depending on factors such as cause of the infection, the patient’s age, and other medical conditions. Bacteria (usually *Streptococcus pneumoniae* in the United States) are the most common cause of pneumonia, which can occur on its own or secondary to a viral infection. Pneumonia may be viral or fungal. Fungal pneumonia occurs more often in patients who are immunocompromised or have other chronic health problems.
**Available Vaccines and Scheduling**
The CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice (ACIP) recommends vaccination to prevent pneumococcal disease (any illness caused by *S pneumoniae*). There are 2 vaccines available in the United States:
- **pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) 13** (Prevnar 13; Pfizer)—pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for intramuscular (IM)
injection; prevents pneumonia and invasive disease caused by *S pneumoniae* serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 18C, 19A, 19F, and 23\[7\]
- **pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV) 23** (Pneumovax 23; Merck)—pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine for IM or subcutaneous injection; prevents pneumonia caused by *S pneumoniae* serotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6B, 7F, 8, 9N, 9V, 10A, 11A, 12F, 14, 15B, 17F, 18C, 19F, 19A, 20, 22F, 23F, and 33F\[8\]
ACIP recommends the following for pneumococcal vaccination\[5-6\]:
- PCV13 for all children under 2 years, individuals 2 or older with certain medical conditions, and adults 65 or older who are not immunocompromised and do not have a cerebrospinal fluid leak or cochlear implant
- PPSV23 for all adults 65 or older, individuals aged 2 to 64 years with certain medical conditions, and adult smokers aged 19 to 64 years
Regimens vary based on individual circumstances. For adults 65 and older who are not immunocompromised and do not have a cerebrospinal fluid leak or cochlear implant, a standard regimen is 1 dose of PCV13 first, followed by 1 dose of PPSV23 at least 1 year later.
Pneumococcal vaccine 20-valent (Prevnar 20; Pfizer) was approved by the FDA in June 2021 and is anticipated to be available in August 2021. The ACIP is expected to meet in October to review recommendations for vaccination.\[9\]
**Getting Patients Vaccinated**
Globally, pneumonia kills more children younger than 5 each year than any other infectious disease.\[10\] About 50,000 individuals die due to pneumonia each year; most are adults.\[10\]
Pharmacists have the resources and knowledge to provide vaccines to patients who need them. What are some ways we can help get the word out to our patients?
Bruce Kneeland is an independent pharmacy specialist based in Prescott, Arizona, and host of the popular *Pharmacy Crossroads* podcast. He has helped independent pharmacies for over 40 years. Kneeland is a longtime advocate of pharmacy immunizations.
Kneeland acknowledged that some pharmacists may be apprehensive about conflicts with physicians. He recommends finding ways to assure physicians that the goal is not to steal patients but to provide a critical service that pharmacists are qualified to deliver. “Reach out to key physicians in your immediate area and let them know you’re vaccinating,” Kneeland said. “Explain that you are trained, have the infrastructure to support vaccine administration, and you look forward to cooperating with them to help people get the vaccines they need.”
Pharmacists may also contact their key technology partners to find out how they can identify who needs a specific vaccination by accessing their state’s Immunization Information System, Kneeland said. From there, pharmacists can approach targeted patients with a quick consult in person, asking, “Have you gotten your pneumonia shot yet?”
According to Kneeland, patients often require time to consider the need for vaccination. Pharmacists should not be discouraged if a patient visits the pharmacy 2 or 3 times before agreeing to receive the vaccine. Pharmacists can also send text messages, emails, or snail mail to targeted patients about the importance of the pneumonia vaccine, suggesting that they ask to speak with the pharmacist on their next visit. Importantly, pharmacists should become comfortable talking to patients who may be in a hurry or are unsure why they need a particular vaccine, Kneeland said. Keeping up with available vaccines and new ones on the market helps pharmacists stay current and able to address patients’ questions. Kneeland also suggests setting up a designated area for vaccine administration in the pharmacy.
Bridget Hanna, CPhT, a marketing consultant for independent pharmacies in the United States and Canada, noted that pharmacists can utilize various marketing platforms and resources to develop a successful plan for promoting the pneumonia vaccine. “To effectively educate patients on these topics, you need to create content on multiple platforms,” Hanna explained.
“Social media is an extremely effective way to deliver your message to multiple target audiences. You need to create different forms of content to provide information on the vaccine,” Hanna said. She suggests live videos, educational posts, webinar events, and links to the pharmacy’s website or to a PDF with important information.
Hanna also recommends strategically placed in-store signage, printed material, newsletters, bag stuffers, and email marketing. “This brings awareness to the vaccine and lets patients know that your pharmacy can provide a solution by vaccinating patients,” she explained.
Keeping the community and patients updated, educated, and supported is of utmost importance. “The more you communicate with your patients and community with this information, the more you build trust and loyalty, resulting in long-term retention,” she added.
For references, visit drugtopics.com.
Karen Berger, PharmD, graduated from the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, and her experience includes chain and independent pharmacy as well as medical writing and reviewing.
DON’T BE OUT OF THE LOOP ON OUT-OF-POCKET COST
LET PATIENTS KNOW THE AVERAGE OUT-OF-POCKET COST MAY BE LESS THAN THEY THINK
SHINGRIX (ZOSTER VACCINE RECOMBINANT, ADJUVANTED)
LESS THAN*
$5
*Average out-of-pocket cost for commercially insured patients.¹
Indication
SHINGRIX is a vaccine indicated for prevention of herpes zoster (shingles) in adults aged 50 years and older.
SHINGRIX is not indicated for prevention of primary varicella infection (chickenpox).
Important Safety Information
• SHINGRIX is contraindicated in anyone with a history of a severe allergic reaction (eg, anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine or after a previous dose of SHINGRIX
• Review immunization history for possible vaccine sensitivity and previous vaccination-related adverse reactions. Appropriate medical treatment and supervision must be available to manage possible anaphylactic reactions following administration of SHINGRIX
• In a postmarketing observational study, an increased risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome was observed during the 42 days following vaccination with SHINGRIX
• Solicited local adverse reactions in subjects aged 50 years and older were pain (78.0%), redness (38.1%), and swelling (25.9%)
• Solicited general adverse reactions in subjects aged 50 years and older were myalgia (44.7%), fatigue (44.5%), headache (37.7%), shivering (26.8%), fever (20.5%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (17.3%)
• SHINGRIX was not studied in pregnant or lactating women, and it is unknown if it is excreted in human milk. Therefore, it cannot be established whether there is vaccine-associated risk with SHINGRIX in pregnant women or if there are effects on breastfed infants or milk production/excretion
When it comes to healthcare, coverage and cost are often big concerns for patients. But as you’ll see, cost doesn’t need to be an obstacle to receiving quality care. In fact, for most commercial plans, the out-of-pocket cost to patients is usually minimal.
Nationally, payers covering 96% of commercial medical benefit enrollees cover SHINGRIX\(^2,\dagger\)
90% of privately insured patients pay no or limited out-of-pocket cost with the average cost being less than $5 per dose\(^1\)
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) requires all Health Insurance Marketplace plans and most other private health insurance plans to cover all Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)-recommended vaccines, including SHINGRIX, with no cost sharing (deductibles, copayments or coinsurance) if administered in-network.\(^3\)
Individual access may vary by geography and plan benefit design.
**What you need to know:**
Coverage, coding, cost to patient, reimbursement amount for product, and administration fee will vary by payer, plan, patient, professional setting, or services rendered and are subject to change without notice. Cost to patients may vary. Coverage and reimbursement decisions are made by individual payers following receipt of claims from providers. Providers must follow payer documentation and billing requirements.
\(^{\dagger}\)SOURCE: Managed Markets Insight & Technology, LLC, Database as of June 2021. “Coverage” is formulary access without restrictions, which means reimbursement from a health plan with no accompanying step edits or prior authorizations. Veterans Affairs (VA) and Indian Health Service (IHS) lives have been omitted when calculating the percentage of lives for this geography.
**Important Safety Information (cont’d)**
• Vaccination with SHINGRIX may not result in protection of all vaccine recipients
**References:** 1. Data on file, GSK. 2. Managed Markets Insight & Technology, LLC, Database as of June 2021. 3. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, 42 USC §2713 (2010). Updated June 9, 2010. Accessed February 2, 2021. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/ppacacon.pdf
You are encouraged to report vaccine adverse events to the US Department of Health and Human Services. Visit www.vaers.hhs.gov to file a report, or call 1-800-822-7967.
Please see Brief Summary of Prescribing Information for SHINGRIX on the following pages.
To see additional information about cost and coverage go to [CoverageSHINGRIX.com](http://CoverageSHINGRIX.com)
Trademarks are owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies.
©2021 GSK or licensor. SGXJRNA210005 April 2021 Produced in USA.
SHINGRIX (Zoster Vaccine Recombinant, Adjuvanted)
The following is a brief summary only; see full prescribing information for complete product information.
1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
SHINGRIX is a vaccine indicated for prevention of herpes zoster (shingles) in adults aged 50 years and older.
Limitations of Use:
- SHINGRIX is not indicated for prevention of primary varicella infection (chickenpox).
2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION
2.2 Administration Instructions
For intramuscular injection only.
After reconstitution, administer SHINGRIX immediately or store refrigerated between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F) and use within 6 hours. Discard reconstituted vaccine if not used within 6 hours.
2.3 Dose and Schedule
Two doses (0.5 mL each) administered intramuscularly according to the following schedule: A first dose at Month 0 followed by a second dose administered anytime between 2 and 6 months later.
4 CONTRAINDICATIONS
Do not administer SHINGRIX to anyone with a history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any component of the vaccine or after a previous dose of SHINGRIX [see Description (11) of full prescribing information].
5 WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS
5.1 Preventing and Managing Allergic Vaccine Reactions
Prior to administration, the healthcare provider should review the immunization history for possible vaccine sensitivity and previous vaccination-related adverse reactions. Appropriate medical treatment and supervision must be available to manage possible anaphylactic reactions following administration of SHINGRIX.
5.2 Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)
In a postmarketing observational study, an increased risk of GBS was observed during the 42 days following vaccination with SHINGRIX [see Adverse Reactions (6.2)].
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a vaccine cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another vaccine and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. There is the possibility that broad use of SHINGRIX could reveal adverse reactions not observed in clinical trials.
Overall, 17,041 adults aged 50 years and older received at least 1 dose of SHINGRIX in 17 clinical studies.
The safety of SHINGRIX was evaluated by pooling data from 2 placebo-controlled clinical studies (Studies 1 and 2) involving 29,305 subjects aged 50 years and older who received at least 1 dose of SHINGRIX or placebo or saline placebo (n = 14,660) administered according to a 0- and 2-month schedule. At the time of vaccination, the mean age of the population was 69 years; 7,286 (24.9%) subjects were aged 50 to 59 years, 4,488 (15.3%) subjects were aged 60 to 69 years, and 17,531 (59.8%) subjects were aged 70 years and older. Both studies were conducted in North America, Latin America, Europe, Asia, and Australia. In the overall population, the majority of subjects were white (74.3%), followed by Asian (18.3%), black (1.4%), and other racial/ethnic groups (6.0%); 58% were female.
Solicited Adverse Events
In Studies 1 and 2, data on solicited local and general adverse events were collected using standardized diary cards for 7 days following each vaccine dose or placebo (i.e., day of vaccination and the next 6 days) in a subset of subjects (n = 1,886 receiving SHINGRIX, n = 4,488 receiving placebo with at least 1 documented dose). Across both studies, the percentages of subjects aged 50 years and older reporting each solicited local adverse reaction and each solicited general adverse event following administration of SHINGRIX (both doses combined) were pain (78.0%), redness (38.1%), and swelling (25.9%); and myalgia (44.7%), fatigue (44.5%), headache (37.7%), shivering (26.8%), fever (20.5%), and gastrointestinal symptoms (17.3%), respectively.
The reported frequencies of specific solicited local adverse reactions and general adverse events (overall per subject), by age group, from the 2 studies are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Percentage of Subjects with Solicited Local Adverse Reactions and General Adverse Events within 7 Days* of Vaccination in Adults Aged 50 to 59 Years, 60 to 69 Years, and 70 Years and Older† (Total Vaccinated Cohort with 7-Day Diary Card)
| Adverse Event | Aged 50-59 Years | Aged 60-69 Years | Aged ≥70 Years |
|--------------------------------|------------------|------------------|----------------|
| | SHINGRIX % | Placebo‡ % | SHINGRIX % | Placebo‡ % | SHINGRIX % | Placebo‡ % |
| Local Adverse Reactions | | | | | | |
| Pain | 88.4 | 14.4 | 82.8 | 11.1 | 69.2 | 8.8 |
| Pain, Grade 3§ | 10.3 | 0.5 | 6.9 | 0.5 | 4.0 | 0.2 |
| Redness | 38.7 | 1.2 | 38.4 | 1.6 | 37.7 | 1.2 |
| Redness, >100 mm | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.0 |
| Swelling | 30.5 | 0.8 | 26.5 | 1.0 | 23.0 | 1.1 |
| Swelling, >100 mm | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 |
| General Adverse Events | | | | | | |
| Myalgia | 56.9 | 15.2 | 49.0 | 11.2 | 35.1 | 9.9 |
| Myalgia, Grade 3§ | 8.9 | 0.9 | 5.3 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 0.4 |
| Fatigue | 57.0 | 19.8 | 45.7 | 16.8 | 36.6 | 14.4 |
| Fatigue, Grade 3§ | 8.5 | 1.8 | 5.0 | 0.8 | 3.5 | 0.8 |
| Headache | 50.6 | 21.6 | 39.6 | 15.6 | 29.0 | 11.8 |
| Headache, Grade 3§ | 6.0 | 1.7 | 3.7 | 0.2 | 1.5 | 0.4 |
| Shivering | 35.8 | 7.4 | 30.3 | 5.7 | 19.5 | 4.9 |
| Shivering, Grade 3§ | 6.8 | 0.2 | 4.5 | 0.3 | 2.2 | 0.3 |
| Fever | 27.8 | 3.0 | 23.9 | 3.4 | 14.3 | 2.7 |
| Fever, Grade 3§ | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| GI§ | 24.3 | 10.7 | 16.7 | 8.7 | 13.5 | 7.6 |
| GI, Grade 3§ | 2.1 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
Total vaccinated cohort for safety included all subjects with at least 1 documented dose (n).
* 7 days included day of vaccination and the subsequent 6 days.
† Data for subjects aged 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years are based on Study 1. Data for subjects 70 years and older are based on pooled data from Study 1: NCT01165177 and Study 2: NCT01165229.
‡ Placebo was a saline solution.
§ Grade 3 pain: Defined as significant pain at rest; prevents normal everyday activities.
¶ Grade 3 myalgia, fatigue, headache, shivering, GI: Defined as preventing normal activity.
∥ Fever defined as ≥37.5°C/99.5°F for oral, axillary, or tympanic route, or ≥38°C/100.4°F for rectal route; Grade 3 fever defined as ≥39.0°C/102.2°F.
§§ GI = Gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and/or abdominal pain.
The incidence of solicited local and general symptoms was lower in subjects aged 70 years and older compared with those aged 50 to 69 years.
The majority of solicited local adverse reactions and general adverse events seen with SHINGRIX had a median duration of 2 to 3 days.
There were no differences in the proportions of subjects reporting any or Grade 3 solicited local reactions between Dose 1 and Dose 2. Headache and shivering were reported more frequently by subjects after Dose 2 (28.2% and 21.1%, respectively) compared with Dose 1 (24.4% and 13.8%, respectively). Grade 3 solicited general adverse events (headache, shivering, myalgia, and fatigue) were reported more frequently by subjects after Dose 2 (2.3%, 3.1%, 3.6%, and
(continued on next page)
3.5%, respectively) compared with Dose 1 (1.4%, 1.4%, 2.3%, and 2.4%, respectively).
**Unsolicited Adverse Events**
Unsolicited adverse events that occurred within 30 days following each vaccination (Day 0 to 29) were recorded on a diary card by all subjects. In the 2 studies, unsolicited adverse events occurring within 30 days of vaccination were reported in 50.5% and 32.0% of subjects who received SHINGRIX \((n = 14,645)\) and placebo \((n = 14,660)\), respectively (Total Vaccinated Cohort). Unsolicited adverse events that occurred in ≥1% of recipients of SHINGRIX and at a rate at least 1.5-fold higher than placebo included chills (3.5% versus 0.2%), injection site pruritus (2.2% versus 0.2%), malaise (1.7% versus 0.3%), arthralgia (1.7% versus 1.2%), nausea (1.4% versus 0.5%), and dizziness (1.2% versus 0.8%).
Gout (including gouty arthritis) was reported by 0.18% \((n = 27)\) versus 0.05% \((n = 8)\) of subjects who received SHINGRIX and placebo, respectively, within 30 days of vaccination; available information is insufficient to determine a causal relationship with SHINGRIX.
**Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)**
In the 2 studies, SAEs were reported at similar rates in subjects who received SHINGRIX (2.3%) and placebo (2.2%) from the first administered dose up to 30 days post last vaccination. SAEs were reported for 10.1% of subjects who received SHINGRIX and for 10.4% of subjects who received placebo from the first administered dose up to 1 year post last vaccination. One subject (<0.01%) reported lymphadenitis and 1 subject (<0.01%) reported fever greater than 39°C; there was a basis for a causal relationship with SHINGRIX.
Optic ischemic neuropathy was reported in 3 subjects (0.02%) who received SHINGRIX (all within 50 days after vaccination) and 0 subjects who received placebo; available information is insufficient to determine a causal relationship with SHINGRIX.
**Deaths**
From the first administered dose up to 30 days post last vaccination, deaths were reported for 0.04% of subjects who received SHINGRIX and 0.05% of subjects who received placebo in the 2 studies. From the first administered dose up to 1 year post last vaccination, deaths were reported for 0.8% of subjects who received SHINGRIX and for 0.9% of subjects who received placebo. Causes of death among subjects were consistent with those generally reported in adult and elderly populations.
**Potential Immune-Mediated Diseases**
In the 2 studies, new onset potential immune-mediated diseases (pIMDs) or exacerbation of existing pIMDs were reported for 0.6% of subjects who received SHINGRIX and 0.7% of subjects who received placebo from the first administered dose up to 1 year post last vaccination. The most frequently reported pIMDs occurred with comparable frequencies in the group receiving SHINGRIX and the placebo group.
**Dosing Schedule**
In an open-label clinical study, 238 subjects 50 years and older received SHINGRIX as a 0- and 2-month or 0- and 6-month schedule. The safety profile of SHINGRIX was similar when administered according to a 0- and 2-month or 0- and 6-month schedule and was consistent with that observed in Studies 1 and 2.
**6.2 Postmarketing Experience**
The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of SHINGRIX. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to the vaccine.
**General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions**
Decreased mobility of the injected arm which may persist for 1 or more weeks.
**Immune System Disorders**
Hypersensitivity reactions, including angioedema, rash, and urticaria.
**Nervous System Disorders**
Guillain–Barré syndrome.
**Postmarketing Observational Study of the Risk of Guillain-Barré Syndrome following Vaccination with SHINGRIX**
The association between vaccination with SHINGRIX and GBS was evaluated among Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older. Using Medicare claims data from October 2017 through February 2020, vaccinations with SHINGRIX among beneficiaries were identified through National Drug Codes, and potential cases of hospitalized GBS among recipients of SHINGRIX were identified through International Classification of Diseases codes.
The risk of GBS following vaccination with SHINGRIX was assessed in self-controlled case series analyses using a risk window of 1 to 42 days post-vaccination and a control window of 43 to 183 days post-vaccination. The primary analysis (claims-based, all doses) found an increased risk of GBS during the 42 days following vaccination with SHINGRIX, with an estimated 3 excess cases of GBS per million doses administered to adults aged 65 years or older. In secondary analyses, an increased risk of GBS was observed during the 42 days following the first dose of SHINGRIX, with an estimated 6 excess cases of GBS per million doses administered to adults aged 65 years or older, and no increased risk of GBS was observed following the second dose of SHINGRIX. These analyses of GBS diagnoses in claims data were supported by analyses of GBS cases confirmed by medical record review. While the results of this observational study suggest a causal association of GBS with SHINGRIX, available evidence is insufficient to establish a causal relationship.
**7 DRUG INTERACTIONS**
**7.1 Concomitant Vaccine Administration**
For concomitant administration of SHINGRIX with inactivated influenza vaccine [see Clinical Studies (14.5) of full prescribing information].
**7.2 Immunosuppressive Therapies**
Immunosuppressive therapies may reduce the effectiveness of SHINGRIX.
**8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS**
**8.1 Pregnancy**
There are no available human data to establish whether there is vaccine-associated risk with SHINGRIX in pregnant women [see Use in Specific Populations (8.1) of full prescribing information].
**8.2 Lactation**
It is not known whether SHINGRIX is excreted in human milk. Data are not available to assess the effects of SHINGRIX on the breastfed infant or on milk production/excretion [see Use in Specific Populations (8.2) of full prescribing information].
**8.5 Geriatric Use**
Of the total number of subjects who received at least 1 dose of SHINGRIX in the 2 efficacy trials \((n = 14,645)\), 2,243 (15.3%) were aged 60 to 69 years, 6,837 (46.7%) were aged 70 to 79 years, and 1,921 (13.1%) were 80 years and older. There were no clinically meaningful differences in efficacy across the age groups or between these subjects and younger subjects [see Clinical Studies (14.1, 14.2, 14.3) of full prescribing information].
The frequencies of solicited local and general adverse events in subjects aged 70 years and older were lower than in younger adults (aged 50 through 69 years) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].
**17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION**
- Inform patients of the potential benefits and risks of immunization with SHINGRIX and of the importance of completing the 2-dose immunization series according to the schedule.
- Inform patients about the potential for adverse reactions that have been temporally associated with administration of SHINGRIX.
- Provide the Vaccine Information Statements, which are available free of charge at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) website (www.cdc.gov/vaccines).
**Storage:**
Store vials of **Lyophilized gE Antigen and Adjuvant Suspension Components** refrigerated between 2° and 8°C (36° and 46°F). Protect vials from light. **Do not freeze.** Discard if the vials have been frozen.
Trademarks are owned by or licensed to the GSK group of companies.
Manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals
Rixensart, Belgium, U.S. License 1617, and
Distributed by GlaxoSmithKline
Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
©2021 GSK group of companies or its licensor.
March 2021 SHX:5BRS
©2021 GSK or licensor.
SGXJRNA210005 April 2021
Produced in USA.
Boosting Confidence in CBD Counseling
How to discuss CBD and answer questions frequently asked by patients
Given the popularity of cannabidiol (CBD), patients are curious about this natural remedy, asking more questions than ever. We consulted 4 pharmacists knowledgeable about CBD for advice on counseling patients. Our experts are:
**Jesica Thomason Mills, PharmD, ND, MBA, RPh, owner of Owensboro Family Pharmacy and Wellness in Owensboro, Kentucky, and certified endocannabinoid specialist**
**Becky Stillo, PharmD, owner of Alpine Apothecary in Whitefish, Montana**
**Elaine Richer, RPh, CEO of MyCureAll, based in Fair Lawn, New Jersey**
**Anne Henriksen, PharmD, owner of Malley’s Compounding Pharmacy in Richland, Washington**
Our experts recommend that pharmacists advise patients to discuss CBD use with their health care providers before starting it. Here are some of the most frequently asked patient questions and our experts’ answers.
1. **How does CBD work?**
**Mills:** Patients will typically ask how CBD works and whether it will really help with pain, inflammation, [gastrointestinal] issues, anxiety, etc. We explain that CBD works by allowing the cannabinoids their body makes to stay in their body longer and that it helps to strengthen the endocannabinoid system [ECS]. The ECS is a system that functions to bring the body back into balance and to decrease inflammation. It reduces inflammation by decreasing proinflammatory chemicals (eg, cytokines and chemokines) and helping the immune system become better at recognizing what it should attack (ie, T-cell upregulation). If they have a symptom that is due to inflammation… it should help.
2. **What product should I try?**
**Mills:** As a pharmacist who is a certified endocannabinoid specialist, I love providing education and counseling my patients on the benefits and effective use of CBD. When a patient [is deciding] what product to try, I ask what they are interested in using it for. If they have pain in the wrist, elbow, or knee, or skin conditions, we will start using a balm or topical product. If they have pain in multiple joints, autoimmune conditions, inflammatory diseases, or mental health issues such as anxiety, I recommend using an oil or capsule.
**Stillo:** Match your intention with the application. Topical applications are great for localized support of your muscles and joints. Oral and under-the-tongue formulations are better for systemic absorption and support of your whole body.
3. **What dose should I start with?**
**Mills:** I advise starting low and going slow. I recommend a starting dose of 15 mg once or twice daily, explaining that the timing of effectiveness typically depends on the state of their endocannabinoid system. If they have had illness or pain that the body has tried to bring back into balance for a while, it typically takes longer for the full benefit to show. I recommend trying the product for at least 10 days and to increase the dose every 3 days if needed. For oils and tinctures, I advise them to hold it under the tongue for at least 30 seconds, but 1 minute is usually best.
For capsules, I let them know that it takes longer for the effects to kick in, because they must wait for the stomach to empty. We discuss how oils have the fastest absorption rates, because there are a lot of blood vessels under the tongue.
4. **How do I adjust the dose?**
**Stillo:** Remind the patient to consult a professional when adjusting, because more is not always better. Switching up routes or sites may be more beneficial. Teaching patients to read and understand a label is also crucial. Product labeling isn’t always standard or clear, so advising consumers to pay attention and understand things like mg per bottle vs mg per serving becomes important. Serving sizes can be listed as per ml or per dropperful, and those distinctions can make a difference and often lead to confusion with consumers.
**Henriksen:** More is not always better. Once someone has found an effective dose… taking more can either decrease the effect, increase [adverse] effects [AEs],
or provide no further benefits. In my experience, most patients take between 10 and 40 mg daily in divided doses every 12 hours.
5. Is it safe to purchase CBD from anywhere?
Richer: I recommend that patients only purchase CBD from a reputable source, because some preparations can become contaminated with fungus, which may be especially harmful to patients with a compromised immune system. If the patient needs to take a drug test, [they] should always ask for the certificate of analysis when purchasing CBD to ensure the product is [tetrahydrocannabinol] THC free.
Stillo: Verify your product with the certificate of analysis, and never buy from a company that doesn’t provide lot-specific analysis that is conducted by a third-party lab.
6. Will CBD show up on a drug test?
Mills: I always ask the patient whether they are in a profession where they are drug tested or in pain management. If so, I recommend a product that is THC free. I always recommend THC-free CBD for children. We discuss that products can have the legal limit of THC, and although that amount will not cause any psychoactive [AEs], the urine test limit is so low that they can still fail a drug test for THC.
7. What are the most common AEs of CBD?
Henriksen: In my experience, the most common [AEs] are tiredness and drowsiness, dry mouth, dizziness and lightheadedness, and changes in appetite. I recommend taking the first dose in the evening and not doing anything else for the day until one knows how they respond to the CBD. We often forget that most accidents happen in the home. With any prescription, [OTC] medicine, or supplement that might affect cognition, I recommend not doing tasks around the house where they could hurt themselves afterward until they have adjusted to the medication.
Mills: We educate that the [ECS] is a different system from the central nervous system and that added sedation is not a concern. As far as CBD [AEs], clinically we have had patients say they would become drowsy, which can be mitigated by decreasing the dose and checking the product to make sure it doesn’t have melatonin or other ingredients. We have had a few patients say the oil caused mild stomach discomfort, to which we suggest taking it with food and allowing it to sit under the tongue for 30 to 60 seconds.
Levels of opioids, such as oxycodone, codeine, hydrocodone, morphine, or tramadol, increase when CBD is introduced.
Henriksen: CBD can have potential drug interactions with prescription medications, which can cause increased AEs of either the medication or the CBD. Other times the drug interaction may cause an increased level of the medication or the CBD. It is vital for the patient to inform the pharmacist and medical provider about CBD usage. Another valuable tool for screening for drug interactions includes an interaction checker, such as ondrugs.com, which helps screen for interactions between cannabis, CBD, and THC and prescription drugs.
8. What drugs interact with CBD?
Richer: CBD is a strong inhibitor of both cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) and cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6). CBD may increase levels of:
- macrolide antibiotics (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)
- calcium channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem)
- benzodiazepines (lorazepam, diazepam, alprazolam, clonazepam)
- cyclosporine
- phosphodiesterase inhibitors
- erectile dysfunction drugs (sildenafil, tadalafil, vardenafil, avanafil)
- antihistamines
- haloperidol
- antiretrovirals
- certain statins (atorvastatin and simvastatin)
CYP2D6 metabolizes many antidepressants, so CBD may increase levels of these drugs in the patient’s body:
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, sertraline)
- tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline, nortriptyline)
- antipsychotics
- β-Blockers (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol, bisoprolol)
9. Will CBD make me high?
Henriksen: Retail CBD comes from the hemp plant and has no high or psychoactive effect. When given with THC, CBD inhibits the psychoactive effects of THC.
10. Can CBD help multiple problems?
Mills: We counsel our patients that although CBD can help with a wide variety of symptoms, it may not be their miracle or silver bullet and solve every problem they have. It can help decrease inflammation, but the source of the inflammation is the root cause, and we should work to correct the source.
Richer: As medical professionals, it is very important to ensure collaboration with other caretakers of the patient. Informed and shared decision-making is a must. We need to ensure ongoing monitoring and adapting the treatment plan as needed.
Karen Berger, PharmD, graduated from the University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, and her experience includes chain and independent pharmacy as well as medical writing and reviewing.
According to a 2019 Gallup poll,¹ 14% of Americans use cannabidiol (CBD) products, which makes the hemp derivative a potentially profitable addition to pharmacy shelves. However, the lack of a regulatory standard for selling CBD has created a gray area for pharmacists.
“What really makes that difficult is that as pharmacists we’re not comfortable operating in a gray area,” said Tim Gregorius, RPh, vice president of operations for PRS Pharmacy Services in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, and chief adviser for the National Community Pharmacist Association CBD resource page. “Our line of work is usually very cut and dried. You want to know how many you can sell and the exact strength and how to report it.”
In February 2021 the bipartisan bill HR 841² proposed classifying and regulating CBD as a supplement. However, legislators await FDA input. Two years ago, the FDA promised a statement on CBD’s potential uses but research continues. The FDA has not issued a conclusion. HR 841, also known as the Hemp and Hemp-Derived CBD Consumer Protection and Market Stabilization Act of 2021, is identical to HR 8179,³ which was proposed in 2020. Both bills urge the regulatory agency to approve CBD for use in dietary supplements.
Before the Farm Act⁴ legalized hemp and hemp products in 2018, many individuals were already buying unregulated CBD products online. After the Farm Act passed, CBD products proliferated in retail markets while pharmacies faced a confusing patchwork of federal and local laws governing CBD sales.
“Pharmacy came to the game late, in 2018 and 2019,” said Gregorius. “We got there and said, ‘This is safe, there’s no THC [tetrahydrocannabinol], we’re going to sell this,’ and that’s where it got really sticky because a lot of state boards said, ‘No, you don’t.’ And in a few states, agencies such as the department of agriculture or the department of transportation had an issue. Nebraska had an issue where it was not the state Board of Pharmacy but it was the state Department of Agriculture that said, ‘CBD comes from marijuana and marijuana is illegal. Therefore, don’t bring it into our state.’”
Despite the growing number of states legalizing marijuana for medical and/or regulatory use, it remains illegal at the federal level. However, CBD has less than 0.3% THC, the compound responsible for the marijuana high, and the hemp product falls under the Farm Act. So far, the FDA has only approved⁵ 1 CBD product, a prescription drug that treats seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, Dravet syndrome, or tuberous sclerosis complex.
The FDA has not approved any other therapeutic use for CBD. It cannot be used as a dietary supplement or added to a food product. Some state pharmacy boards have prohibited selling CBD, whereas others told pharmacists to follow existing FDA guidelines.
“These are the only things the FDA has been clear about,” said Gregorius. “And the state boards of pharmacy said, ‘We are not going to stop you from selling it because it is not illegal. It doesn’t have THC.’ If the FDA says, ‘If you’re going to sell it, we’re going to look the other way’—which is effectively what their enforcement discretion says—then sure, go and sell it.”
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Cannabidiol (CBD) sales are driving profits for many pharmacies, whereas others seem to be watching from the sidelines. Here are some tips to help increase your pharmacy’s CBD sales.
“What really makes that difficult is that as pharmacists we’re not comfortable operating in a gray area,” said Tim Gregorius, RPh, vice president of operations for PRS Pharmacy Services in Latrobe, Pennsylvania, and chief adviser for the National Community Pharmacist Association CBD resource page. “Our line of work is usually very cut and dried. You want to know how many you can sell and the exact strength and how to report it.”
Many pharmacy owners treat CBD like the field of dreams: If they carry it, sales will come. You may get lucky with a few of these sales, but to create a profitable cash niche with CBD you need to focus on nurturing it. I speak every week with pharmacy owners who do not carry CBD because they lack confidence or simply have not seen sales. I have been able to help many pharmacies turn around their CBD sales with simple tips pharmacists can easily implement.
**Changing Your Mind-set**
A limiting mindset shows up in several ways when I speak with pharmacy owners, including the following:
- I am not a CBD expert.
- Other pharmacies are already selling CBD.
- My community does not want CBD.
- I do not know which brand(s) to carry.
Let us take these one at a time.
**I Am Not an Expert**
This phrase has now become the most common excuse I hear. Many pharmacy owners feel they missed out on the CBD opportunity because they are late to the game.
Far too many pharmacy owners worry about what other pharmacies are doing instead of focusing on how to serve their patients best. My advice is to pick the brands and products that you think are best, provide stellar outcomes, and sell them to your patients. Most pharmacies are sitting on about $100,000 a year in profit with only their patients as CBD customers. Your patients trust you. Your opinion and action in helping them choose a good product could be the nudge they need.
**My Community Does Not Want CBD**
Much of the stigma around CBD has been dispelled. If you find that your
community still believes CBD is the same as marijuana, that is an excellent opportunity for your pharmacy. You can rise to the occasion and be the leader in teaching the truth about CBD. Become the local expert by explaining the differences and how quality CBD products will protect the community.
The negative impact of opioids has finally gone mainstream. Medical professionals and patients are looking for alternatives to opioids, controlled drugs, sleep medication, and the chronic use of anxiety medications. Because CBD marketing has become popular, many individuals already associate CBD with helping these types of conditions. Every community, no matter how conservative, is ripe for CBD sales.
**I Do Not Know Which Brands to Carry**
I typically recommend that each pharmacy carry 3 to 4 brands of CBD. Many CBD companies have a specialty or a niche product that is special to them. Another strategy is to stock products at different price points. Here is my short list of requirements for choosing a brand to carry in your pharmacy:
- The company offers education.
- It accepts returns of unsold products.
- There is a uniqueness to the products, such as price, combination dosage form, or selling model.
- It provides stock marketing materials.
**Leverage Your Dispensing Records**
Your patients trust you. They will listen to your recommendations. When you can use their prescription history to make a specific recommendation for a CBD product, the rate of conversion and getting the sale skyrocket. Below are 2 examples involving my 2 favorite products.
**Bag Stuffers**
There is no better awareness method than having a catchy bag stuffer on every prescription bag that leaves your store. Programs like Canva can easily create bag stuffers. You can print them in-house as a low-cost, effective marketing tool. Here is a quick checklist for bag stuffers.
- Print on bright, neon-colored paper using black ink.
- Every patient at every visit gets a bag stuffer (do not prescreen).
- Use the same bag stuffer for an entire month.
- Employees must also talk about it, not just secretly slide it in the bag.
These are my favorite inside the 4-walls marketing tactics. Cheap and effective—what more could you ask for?
**Educating Your Community**
If you want to foster a strong CBD niche, eventually you will have to go outside your current patient database. To increase your reach, it is important to use different tactics.
**Social Media**
Marketing CBD on social media quickly became a no-go after Facebook shut off advertising accounts. However, much more is known about what you can and cannot do. I am no longer concerned about posting about CBD on social channels if some simple rules are followed.
- You have no paid ads for CBD, no boosting for CBD or where CBD is mentioned or goes to a page where CBD is mentioned.
- Be creative. You can discuss the ailments and how your pharmacy has a solution without mentioning CBD. You can also use creative graphics that imply CBD.
- Live videos are perfect for talking about CBD.
**Traditional Media**
Your local news station, radio, or newspaper often can be great sources to help educate your community and position yourself as the local expert. Start contacting them and ask whether they would be interested in running educational CBD information for their followers. You could include a sample of what you have written or a link to a post you have done. Emphasize educational material, not selling products.
CBD can be a great product that helps your patients and boosts your profits. It is a win-win situation. If you have questions or want some additional support in getting started or in growing your CBD sales in your pharmacy, I am happy to help. You can contact me at email@example.com.
A robust hospital pharmacy analytics program can improve drug utilization and advance patient care delivery. In a webinar by Becton Dickinson held on June 16, 2021, pharmacy leaders discussed the critical elements of high-performing pharmacy analytics programs and how hospital pharmacy departments can grow them to drive operational, clinical, and financial decisions.
Joe Lassiter, PharmD, MS, president of The Robertson Group, LLC, based in Portland, Oregon, kicked off the presentation by underscoring the need for pharmacy analytics. “In 2019, [the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists] launched the Practice Advancement Initiative, or PAI, 2030 as a continuation of [its] Practice Model Initiative to guide and ensure that practitioners and leaders [‘meet the demands of future practice and patient care delivery models’],” Lassiter explained.
Technology and data science are among the 5 domains from those recommendations, with several suggestions that propose applications of pharmacy analytics in practice and speak to the need for having a workforce fluent in informatics and analytics, according to Lassiter. However, despite the importance of well-developed pharmacy analytics programs, starting the process can be daunting, especially for departments with limited resources.
**Getting Started**
During the webinar panel discussion, pharmacy leaders emphasized the importance of getting started, no matter where you are in the process. “[Three years ago] we really were stone and chisel for how we did our analytics…We barely could get to our data,” said Chad Hatfield, PharmD, MHA, BCPS, chief pharmacy officer, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California. “[We] went from those caveman days to a rocket ship that’s trying to put somebody now onto Mars.”
According to Hatfield, the analytics program at UC Davis started from a partnership with the information technology (IT) team infrastructure outside of the pharmacy. The program was built on the backbone of the health system using the existing commercial data visualization tool, Tableau. Leveraging existing third-party solutions such as this can be a beneficial strategy when starting out.
“I recommend you pay close attention to where your organization is investing its dollars in regard to these applications and align accordingly,” Lassiter said. He added that pharmacies can use a blended approach of the following options to help get their pharmacy analytics off the ground:
- Third-party solutions
- Vendor partnerships
- Regional collaboration
- In-house personnel with specialized skill sets
Jeffrey Chalmers, PharmD, senior director of pharmacy informatics and technology at Cleveland Clinic in Ohio, said his pharmacy department shifted toward a pharmacy analytics program after implementing a more modern electronic medical record platform. “Over the years, requests [for data] became more complex,” he said. The implementation of his organization’s specialty pharmacy also fueled the need for a more robust program when it realized the need for data from multiple sources, to “be able to manipulate that data in different ways.”
Launching the program is a challenge but gaining the additional resources to grow the program can be another hurdle. Developing dedicated staff, whether in-house experts or recruited resources, can help advance the process.
**Growing Your Program**
All the webinar panelists agreed that partnerships with necessary stakeholders were vital in supporting the growth of their pharmacy analytics programs and teams. “We heavily engaged our enterprise business intelligence institute,” Chalmers said. “They have a lot of programmers [and] data scientists on their team. [We] started by meeting with those groups to understand what types of skills we would need.”
Hatfield said internal discussions with financial stakeholders, such as the chief financial officer and the IT
team, were crucial for communicating the program’s needs. Chalmers recommended highlighting opportunities for cost savings with drug utilization to gain buy-in.
“We were able to leverage data to increase efficiency and utilize drugs more appropriately and display cost savings,” he said. “We continued to use that to gain more momentum to ultimately get approval for additional resources.” Chalmers relayed how, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the analytics team built a medication inventory dashboard that allows near-real-time monitoring of inventory levels for hard-to-acquire medications. Identifying opportunities early to showcase successful projects to leadership teams in the organizations helped build support for the program’s growth, Chalmers explained.
**Demonstrating Value**
Proposing and justifying a pharmacy analytics program to the C-suite team may require demonstrating value and addressing return-on-investment questions. Chalmers and Hatfield agreed that focusing on revenue and cost containment is especially crucial to justifying the program’s significance.
Chalmers explained that, at Cleveland Clinic, much time was spent trying to increase the capture rates of physicians prescribing to the organization’s ambulatory pharmacies. “We have 26 pharmacies across northeast Ohio but only capture about 11% of prescriptions [from] Cleveland Clinic doctors,” he said. Chalmers added that, by doing basic analytics, it was determined that every 1% increase in capture rate translated to approximately $1 million annually in net profit.
“Well, that catches a lot of people’s attention,” he said. Next, a dashboard was created to display capture rates based on the clinic, institute, and specialty, which allowed the team to identify areas with high and low performances.
According to Hatfield, gaining that initial trust from the executive team and then having the ability to report back the data are essential. “When I told you that I could save $10 million off inpatient drug spend, and then I came back and we did $12 [million] last year, and we did it because we had these [individuals] in place, that was really more telling for us to help us continue to move forward with our program,” he said.
**Building Relationships for Success**
One of the key issues in proposing a pharmacy analytics program is determining the organizational structure. Programs can be based in pharmacy, or IT, or shared between the 2 departments. “Our entire informatics programming, including our reporting and analytics teams, reports up through me, and I report through the chief pharmacy officer, but not everybody has that structure,” Chalmers said.
However, he emphasized that the most important aspect is not who you report to but the relationships between the responsible parties and the pharmacy department. For example, his reporting and analytics teams sit in weekly pharmacy operations meetings and regularly meet with the clinical team and residents. “I don’t think that it matters if they report up to pharmacy or IT, as long as that dynamic exists,” Chalmers said.
Lassiter agreed that these relationships are key because the exact structure of the program will be unique to each organization. “The organizational nuances are too specific to be able to have just 1 template,” he said. He noted that successful programs could have an IT director with dual reporting roles to the pharmacy and IT departments or a pharmacist sitting on an enterprise analytics team. Regardless of the reporting structure, what matters most is the connection with pharmacy, he said.
**The Future of Pharmacy Analytics**
As pharmacy teams grow their analytics, Lassiter noted, having a strong program does not have to mean “death by dashboard.” To prioritize efficiency and reduce information overload, Lassiter recommended ensuring that everyone in the organization is focused by asking specific questions such as: “What are the problems we’re trying to solve? What are we going to look at? How do we measure it, and how do we visualize that?” Chalmers agreed, noting that dashboards are not going away anytime soon; it’s a matter of advancing them to run more efficiently so they can perform multiple functions.
On the future of data, Hatfield and Chalmers both pointed to the movement toward predictive analytics. Hatfield added that some of those tools exist now, but it’s ultimately moving toward using them on a grander scale to add a predictive element to their reporting.
Chalmers reflected on his team’s inventory experience amid the COVID-19 pandemic as an example of the benefits of predictive analytics. “Inventory, in general, is something that I think lends itself well to a predictive type of tool, because we can see trends over time, things that change season to season,” he said. As data and analytics reporting evolve, pharmacy teams will be able to better predict and prepare for what is ahead, ultimately resulting in cost savings and enhanced patient care.
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the unique role pharmacies can play in promoting public health in their communities. With healthcare trends constantly evolving, there is no better time for community pharmacies to build a point-of-care (POC) testing practice. Although most independent pharmacies are offering COVID-19 and influenza vaccines, so much more can be done to bring in new customers and increase revenue.
Paige Clark, vice president of pharmacy programs and policy at Prescriptive Health, who spent the past 11 years at Oregon State University College of Pharmacy, is passionate about pharmacists expanding their scope of practice and is a champion of POC testing for independent pharmacies. “Given the role they play in their community, [and] the convenience that having these services done at their local independent pharmacy provides [to patients], pharmacists should definitely look to these services,” she said. “Momentum is with us now in the community pharmacy settings again from a public health standpoint. We clearly haven’t seen anything like this pandemic before and it has just massively extrapolated the visibility and the functionality that our retail pharmacies play in the overall healthcare ecosystem.”
Beth Bryan, PharmD, pharmacist and owner of Surgoinsville Pharmacy in Surgoinsville, Tennessee, noted that the pandemic has instigated practice changes for all medical offices. “Medical practices across the nation implemented new protocols, from temperature checks and mask protocols to COVID-19 testing and vaccinations,” she said. “So there couldn’t be a better time for pharmacies to consider implementing [POC] testing in their practice.”
Community pharmacies are among the most accessible health care destinations in the country. According to the CDC, more than 90% of the population lives within 5 miles of a community pharmacy and an estimated 77% of community pharmacies operate in populations of less than 50,000.
**Getting Started**
To get started in POC testing, there needs to be an assessment of the pharmacy practice to see which tests would make the most sense for the pharmacy and the population that it serves, Bryan explained. “Then, I would recommend a training program for the staff to learn about testing procedures and allow for certification for the staff performing the tests,” she said. “As soon as the pharmacy decides which test(s) they want to provide, they need to apply for a CLIA [Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment] waiver. Additional tests can be added later if the pharmacy decides to offer more or grow their testing program.”
Independent pharmacists can get their CLIA Certificate of Waiver by submitting the application (Form CMS-116) to the appropriate state agency. Lisa Faast, PharmD, CEO of DiversifyRx, noted that every state is different; pharmacists cannot necessarily rely on what they have heard from someone else in the business.
“The next step is to ensure that you have the appropriate Provider Transaction Access Number [PTAN] for billing CMS [Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services] for these tests as a clinical laboratory,” said Jason Ausili, PharmD, chief clinical officer, FDS. “This is different from the typical mass immunizer or pharmacy PTANs that pharmacies are accustomed to,” he added. Finally, pharmacies will want to ensure they have a seamless medical billing platform in place that allows them to submit the appropriate codes for reimbursement to the medical plan.
**More Than COVID-19 and Flu**
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pharmacies provide are for influenza, streptococcus, and now COVID-19 testing. These tests are a good fit for pharmacies; they are attractive to patients because of the quick turnaround and easy access. Because POC tests are relatively inexpensive, they are very affordable for patients and often cheaper than a co-pay for urgent care or emergency department visits.
There are hundreds of tests that pharmacies can provide under the CLIA waiver. Bryan asserted that pharmacies should quickly add strep and urinary tract infection (UTI) testing because they would appeal to patients needing a fast diagnosis and treatment option.
“Another good option to consider is [hemoglobin] A1C testing, especially if the pharmacy offers any diabetes services such as counseling, education classes, or diabetes prevention programs,” Bryan said. “A pharmacy can also consider cholesterol screening to add to its disease management programs such as MTM, hypertension management, and risk-assessment programs.”
Community pharmacies, Ausili noted, are ideally suited to administer CLIA-waived tests that screen for infectious diseases as well as those that aid in chronic disease monitoring. Under the public health emergency (PHE), pharmacists are authorized to order and administer COVID-19 tests and influenza or respiratory syncytial virus tests if done in conjunction with a COVID-19 test. Several states have adopted legislation during the PHE that gives pharmacists this privilege moving forward.
In addition to screening for infectious diseases and monitoring chronic diseases, community pharmacies have a key role in “test and treat” programs for conditions like group A strep and influenza. “Patients who are experiencing the symptoms of strep and flu typically turn up at urgent care, emergency [departments], or do not seek care at all,” said Ausili. “This often leads to the patient receiving a much higher level of care than needed, or the increased risk of community spread.”
Community pharmacies offer a convenient, effective alternative that takes pressure off overburdened primary care and emergency care channels. Kentucky, for example, has a statewide protocol supporting pharmacy-driven “test and treat” programs and has improved access to quality care for residents.
**Benefits to All**
Some pharmacists are hesitant about POC tests because they do not know whether their patients want it or will pay for it, according to Faast. “They have this uncertainty that they will go out and buy this test and they don’t know whether they are throwing money away or whether their patients are interested in paying for the tests,” Faast said.
Still, she recommends pharmacists start with POC tests for cholesterol panels, hepatitis, HIV, A1C, UTI, and INR, and believes most will find success. “The ultimate benefit is for the patient—the more that they can get a clear path on how to feel better is good for all,” she said.
For pharmacies, the bottom-line benefit is increasing profitability and lessening reliance on pharmacy benefit managers (PBMs). “Obviously everybody associates pharmacists with their drugs, but I think the more that we can start to associate pharmacists with more clinical-based activities, I think the better off it’s going to be for the community and the profession,” said Faast.
**Money Matters**
POC testing is predicted to exceed immunizations as a driver of revenue for community pharmacies, according to research from Deloitte. Although research has shown tremendous growth in the number of pharmacies becoming CLIA-waived facilities, highlighting a 45% increase between 2015 and 2020, so far, very few pharmacies have taken this leap.
The ROI is an important consideration for pharmacists as they add POC testing. Clark explained that pharmacists start in the cash lane and crack open the Medicaid lane for reimbursement, which then opens the door for the commercial lanes. Pharmacies will need a medical billing solution that seamlessly integrates with their normal workflow to bill and get reimbursed for these tests.
“A billing solution that does not deviate from pharmacy workflow will provide a more efficient billing experience for community pharmacies while enabling them to get paid as a provider for services versus a dispenser of services,” he said. “Because these claims go directly to the medical benefit and not the PBM, pharmacies will maximize reimbursement and administration fees by being recognized as a provider.”
Medical billing is a possibility with POC testing but not required for pharmacies to offer testing to their patients, according to Bryan. “Most testing options are completely affordable to patients and billing isn’t a huge concern for the general public,” she said. “There is the option for the patient to file a paper form or use their flex spending cards to cover the costs. To bill medically, the pharmacy will be required to individually contract with the insurance providers, as well as implement an electronic platform for processing claims.”
**Getting the Word Out**
For independent pharmacists to get the most out of their POC testing, they need to let people in their community know they are offering these services. Faast recommended utilizing social media and Facebook Live to connect to individuals and get more eyes on websites advertising the new testing. “Educating in an entertaining, personal, authentic way will drive more traffic,” she said.
AmerisourceBergen (AB) kicked off ThoughtSpot 2021, Good Neighbor Pharmacy’s (GNP) annual conference and trade show, on July 28. Good Neighbor Pharmacy is AmerisourceBergen’s independent pharmacy network, which unites strong independent stores under one brand and leverages its scale, expertise, and insights to help pharmacies make smarter business decisions, increase growth and profitability, and enhance patient care in local communities. The annual conference and trade show represents AB’s and GNP’s commitment to supporting independent pharmacies as community health care destinations and providing resources to optimize their business operations.
During ThoughtSpot 2021, in an interview with Drug Topics®, Rich Tremonte, president of customer relations, animal health, and community & specialty pharmacy (CSP), AB, and GNP President Brian Nightengale, PhD, RPh, discussed insights and lessons from the past year, which proved to be one of the most tumultuous and influential for independent community pharmacy.
ThoughtSpot 2021 was held virtually again this year to support pharmacists and their customers. “This is not the time we want to take [pharmacists] out of their community,” Tremonte said, citing low vaccination rates in regions of the country where independent community pharmacists are positioned to address these challenges. “If they can be in their community vaccinating, that’s where we want them.”
**Independents As Health Care Leaders in their Communities**
“Independents have always gone above and beyond to provide their uniquely personal local experience,” Nightengale said.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been no different. The trials brought on by the pandemic demonstrated the tireless dedication independent pharmacies bring to their communities. From closing their doors to keep their staff and customers safe to providing COVID-19 vaccination, independents fearlessly met pandemic challenges with their signature customer loyalty. “They completely changed and modified to meet their community’s specific needs, just like they’ve always done,” said Nightengale.
One silver lining of the pandemic has been the public and government recognition of independents’ ability and willingness to support the unique needs of their patients and alleviate pressure on health systems. Not only that, but independent pharmacies were also acknowledged for being accessible health care hubs, especially for vulnerable populations. The national COVID-19 vaccination effort helped bring this fact to light.
“One of the key things with the vaccination program was a focus on making sure that underserved communities, socially disadvantaged communities, and people had access to the vaccines,” Nightengale said. Indeed, data from GNP revealed that close to 50% of individuals vaccinated by GNP network pharmacies lived in zip codes with a high Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). “The federal government response really focused on getting the vaccine to those vulnerable communities. They reached out to independents, and they delivered,” he said.
Pharmacy’s demonstrated ability to carry out the national COVID-19 response, as well as their agility in navigating unpredictable changes, caught the public eye. Now, it is critical for independents to hold that attention and capitalize on it, according to Tremonte. “Pharmacists have a platform, and we want to use that platform more than we ever have in the past. And I feel like it’s been set up for us to advocate more than ever before,” he said.
**Independents Can Depend on AmerisourceBergen and Good Neighbor Pharmacy**
AmerisourceBergen has long been an advocate for independent pharmacies, and its commitment to these cornerstones of the community has only increased since COVID-19.
From providing access to COVID-19 tests to securing reimbursement, AmerisourceBergen has offered unwavering support to independents amid the pandemic. In February, the company became a network administrator for the Federal Retail Pharmacy Program for
COVID-19 vaccination, collaborating with state and federal governments and national pharmacy partners to expand access to COVID-19 vaccines. “By May, we expanded to over one thousand pharmacies across 46 states,” Tremonte said. AmerisourceBergen was also the sole distributor of many COVID-19 therapies that the FDA authorized before the vaccination effort. “We worked with the federal government very closely, again on allocation, but also making sure the product was getting to the right place at the right time,” Tremonte said.
At the close of reporting, Good Neighbor Pharmacy and AmerisourceBergen have allocated nearly 1.8 million COVID-19 vaccine doses to nearly 1,554 pharmacies across the country since the program began.
Nightengale explained that the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) and Operation Warp Speed (OWS), the federal effort from the previous administration that supported COVID-19 vaccine candidates and worked to expedite development, didn’t initially plan on including independent community pharmacies in the COVID-19 vaccination effort, as they prepared to reach out only to pharmacies with at least 200 stores. AmerisourceBergen and GNP were instrumental in demonstrating the value of independent pharmacies in reaching vulnerable demographics and boosting vaccination rates. By functioning as a single administrator for thousands of independent pharmacies and an access point to the CDC, AmerisourceBergen and GNP could include independent community pharmacies in COVID-19 vaccinations. “Because of that, and the efforts of other peers in the industry, the independent community pharmacy had access and could be part of that federal response,” Nightengale said. “We were very proud of that.”
But GNP’s work didn’t end there. “We had to invest a tremendous amount of time, effort, energy, and money to enable all that,” Nightengale said. AmerisourceBergen and GNP provided pharmacist training at test stations and implemented vaccine ordering systems and reporting and data capabilities that kept in line with CDC requirements. “It was truly an investment we made in our pharmacies to be able to do what they do best, and that is care for their communities in a unique way.”
**What’s Next for Independent Pharmacies?**
Tremonte and Nightengale agree that now is the time to fight for provider status and boost clinical services. GNP can help them get there, Tremonte asserted. “There’s no reason that pharmacists shouldn’t be granted provider status under Medicare in all 50 states,” he said. “I think this is one of those areas that Good Neighbor Pharmacy can continue to see the needs of pharmacies going forward and…promote them.” According to Tremonte, provider status is key to keeping independent pharmacies viable and transforming pharmacy practice overall.
Nightengale also pointed to reimbursement, which continues to be a prevalent challenge for independents. “The reimbursement landscape is really tough. And so, it’s imperative that we do everything we can to keep those pharmacies open,” he said. AmerisourceBergen’s Elevate Provider Network works to ensure their members receive optimal reimbursement, in addition to offering business coaching and data analytics to help support and grow operations. However, comprehensive reimbursement reform is top of mind for GNP. “We’re taking a strong leadership position in the industry…to advocate for comprehensive reimbursement reform as well as expanded scope of practice,” Nightengale said.
Helping member pharmacies attract and retain new customers is another goal for GNP. For example, GNP’s digital marketing platform monitors new patients and traffic through the mobile app. “These patients that came in to get their vaccine [who] had never been in that pharmacy before, to have them experience all that independents have to offer, that’s our goal,” Nightengale said.
As medication dispensing becomes more commoditized with the surge of mail orders and online pharmacies, the traditional pharmacy business model is becoming a challenge. Independent pharmacies need to consider diversified patient services such offering clinical services.
But although pharmacy’s typical bread and butter of dispensing may be shifting, the fact remains that customers want a personal connection with a trusted health care provider. “We’ve done market research on this, as have others, and people still want the personal relationship. And so, I think it’s key that independent pharmacies embrace this opportunity,” Nightengale said.
Tremonte and Nightengale stress that the time is now for independents to use the increased visibility from the COVID-19 pandemic as a springboard for reaching these goals. Additionally, legislation at the state level, such as the Supreme Court’s ruling on Rutledge v. PCMA, has helped gain momentum for pharmacy reform. “We’ve got a short window of what I would call the ‘halo effect,’ where community pharmacy has gained a lot of awareness as a health care provider, as the highly accessible, trusted site of care, because of the vaccination initiative,” Nightengale said.
“It’s a critical time now because I think all the stars are aligned where we’ve got traction. I think we’ve demonstrated pharmacy’s ability to do more, and now it’s time to make it happen.”
ThoughtSpot 2021, hosted virtually on AmerisourceBergen’s event platform ABLive, featured three days of general sessions, more than 40 on-demand continuing education (CE) courses, and a selection of live webinars that will remain available throughout the summer.
For more exclusive *Drug Topics* coverage of ThoughtSpot 2021, including interviews, podcast episodes, and videos on topics such as legislation trends affecting pharmacy and how pharmacists can reduce health disparities, check out our ThoughtSpot 2021 tab under the Spotlight section on the *Drug Topics* homepage, or head to our dedicated conference coverage page.
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Why Pharmacists Are Stressed Out, and How to Improve Self-care
Prioritizing well-being can be difficult when dealing with increased workloads, but pharmacists can find small ways to incorporate self-care into their days.
It is common knowledge that pharmacists feel overworked and experience a high level of stress in their jobs, which was further exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Thirty percent of pharmacists say they are taking worse care of themselves now compared with before the pandemic, according to a recent Pharmavite survey. Sixty-two percent said that work commitments were the primary impediment to better self-care.
In addition, the American Pharmacists Association’s (APhA) Well-Being Index (WBI) for Pharmacy Personnel—an online self-assessment tool measuring well-being, suicidal ideation, and other factors—showed that the National Distress Percent for pharmacists reached 33.68% as of July 15, 2021, according to APhA. Mayo Clinic investigators have reported that those individuals are at greater risk for adverse outcomes including a 3-fold higher risk of low quality of life, an 8-fold higher risk of burnout, and a 2-fold higher risk of making a medication error, APhA told Drug Topics®.
“People are reporting burnout, fatigue, the intent to leave their jobs, and [employers] not supporting pharmacists as they need to be supported,” said Sandra Leal, PharmD, MPH, president of APhA, and executive vice president for advocacy at Tabula Rasa HealthCare.
Theresa M. Mc Ardle, MBA, senior brand manager for Nature Made Essentials, Pharmavite, said that although pharmacists have always been trusted, accessible advisers on health-related matters, “the pandemic placed an increased demand on [them] as a source of much-needed support at a time when other areas of the health care system were overtaxed.”
Pharmacists “have taken an even more active part in providing counsel, education, and support to patients who have concerns about the virus—going far beyond simply administering vaccines,” Mc Ardle added, which has led to longer hours and less time for self-care.
Pharmacies were not effectively staffed before COVID-19 hit and took on a greater workload during the pandemic, according to Lucinda Maine, PhD, RPh, executive vice president of the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP). “It really made people feel good that they were part of the solution [to] the horrible scourge of the pandemic,” Maine said. Plus, pharmacists are on the front lines of their communities, and some are the only access points for COVID-19 vaccinations after mass vaccination clinics largely closed, said Maine.
Pharmacists’ well-being is so important that AACP’s board adopted “well-being for all” as one of its top 6 strategic priorities for 2021-2022.
**Self-care Tips**
“Pharmacists do so much for us, it’s understandable that they may forget to prioritize their own well-being,” Mc Ardle said. She suggests the following ways for pharmacists to incorporate self-care practices into their workdays.
1. **Step away.** “The most effective way to disconnect and take a break during the workday is to step away for a moment, whether it’s grabbing a coffee or simply sitting down for 15 minutes to meditate,” Mc Ardle said.
2. **Take a walk.** “Exercise is an important aspect of any person’s overall health. Taking a short walk is an easy way for pharmacists to stretch their legs and even get some fresh air during a time when they may be stuck inside all day,” she noted.
3. **Drink plenty of water.** “By combining hydration with work breaks, pharmacists can get double the health benefits,” Mc Ardle said.
Another way to help reduce stress and burnout is to explore other job options, Maine noted. Some pharmacists feel stuck in their current positions because they are unable to move across the country.
However, there are many new options for pharmacists—particularly in telepharmacy and digital health solutions—that may not require a geographic move, according to Maine.
AACP is encouraging colleges and universities to work with digital health companies to integrate pharmacists into their businesses. “There are jobs waiting for pharmacists that don’t yet exist,” Maine said.
For references, visit drugtopics.com.
LEVERAGING THE DISRUPTION
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NCPA 2021 ANNUAL CONVENTION
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*Eligibility requirements for the Repatha® Copay Card: Open to patients with commercial prescription insurance and who are not enrolled in any government-funded program that pays for prescription drugs. This program is not open to uninsured patients or patients enrolled in any federal, state, or government-funded healthcare program such as Medicare, Medicare Advantage, Medicaid Part D, the Retiree Drug Subsidy Program, Medicaid, Medigap, Veterans Affairs (VA), the Department of Defense (DoD), or TRICARE®, or where prohibited by law. Cash Discount Cards and other noninsurance plans are not valid as primary under this offer. Other restrictions, including annual copay maximum limits may apply. This offer is subject to change or discontinuation without notice. Please visit https://www.repatha.com/patient-services-and-copay-registration/#atandc for full terms and conditions.
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Økonyt Grovfoder
Nr. 8 24. maj 2018
Læs i dette nummer:
Aktuelt i afgræsningsmarken Afgræsningsrug sikrer afgræsning Aktuelt fra majsmarken
Regler for fluebekæmpelse
5% vil få uanmeldt kontrol Branchereglerne er blevet revideret
Så har de fleste forhåbentligt fået et godt 1. slæt i hus og vi kan glæde os over de gode bjærgningsforhold og udsigten til en god kvalitet for de der var rettidigt ude. Der er forhåbentlig lidt tid lige nu til at læse nogle aktuelle og vigtigt bemærkninger om kontrol og ændringer af økologireglerne sidst i dette nyhedsbrev.
Aktuelt i afgræsningsmarken
De fortsatte høje temperaturer og solindstråling har medført en fortsat kraftig vækst af græsset. Som det kan ses af figur 1, har væksten været helt oppe på omkring 8090 FE/ha om dagen. Hos de der får lavet afgræsningstjek er det også lykkedes ind til videre at få køerne til at udnytte den store græsvækst og optage meget græs på en mindre areal end forventet. Hvis græsset er løbet fra dig, skal det afpudses nu hvor det er skredet, hvis kvaliteten skal sikres også til senere på sæsonen.
Figur 1. Prognosen for vækst i den økologiske afgræsningsmark med tilstrækkelig vandforsyning.
Men måske er græsvæksten allerede nu stoppet eller i hvert fald aftagende pga. vandmangel. Som det kan ses af figur 2 over vandbalancen, så er den stadig i frit fald og når overalt i vores regioner ned på et underskud der nærmer sig 140 mm. Så nærmer vi os også kapacitetsgrænsen på selv de bedste lerjorde.
Afgræsningsrug sikrer afgræsning
Vandbalancen viser forskellen mellem nedbør og den potentielle fordampning som svarer til fordampningen fra et areal med kortklippet græs. Da den aktuelle fordampning er mindre indtil en afgrøde er fuldt etableret er vandbalancen i vårsåede afgrøder meget bedre, end det fremgår af tallene. Det betyder, at afgræsningsrug lige pt. stadig vokser for fuld speed selv om kløvergræsmarkerne er gået eller ved at gå i stå. En mark med afgræsningsrug kan således også være en sikring af afgræsningen over en periode i et tørt forår som dette.
Aktuelt fra majsmarken
Majsen har fået en fantastisk start med god varme og hurtig fremspiring. Det giver gode muligheder for at vinde kampen over ukrudtet. Hvis der er ukrudt i rækken og det er mindre en majsen så skal du endelig benytte dig af at hyppe noget jord ind i rækken, som kan dække dette ukrudt uden at dække majsen for meget. Vær opmærksom på, at majsplanterne ikke tåler at få jord ned i hjerteskuddet. Som vi så på vores økoplantedag ved Roskilde i går, så kan fingerhjul monteret på radrenseren lave et rigtig godt stykke arbejde i den retning og ellers kan tallerkener, der er rigtigt indstillet også klare jobbet. At få hyppet noget jord ind i rækken med succes forudsætter en god muldet jord uden knolde og sten af betydning.
Regler for fluebekæmpelse
Det er ikke tilladt at bruge veterinære lægemidler forebyggende i økologiske kvægbesætninger, og du må derfor som udgangspunkt ikke behandle dine dyr for at imødegå flueplage, før du sætter dem på græs. Det er vigtigt, at du tilrettelægger afgræsningen, så du ikke bruger særligt udsatte marker i perioder med flueplage. Det kan også blive nødvendigt at tage dyrene på stald i en kortere periode, og her er det vigtigt, at du noterer årsagen, perioden og dyrenes CKR-nr. i logbogen, især hvis perioden strækker sig over mere end syv dage.
Hvad må du bruge?
For at forhindre fluestik er det tilladt at bruge produkter til udvortes brug, som ikke er lægemidler. Du kan fx anvende hjortetakolie og/eller tildækning af patteanlæg. Lige nu er der ingen tilgængelige flue-afvisende midler på det danske marked, som er godkendt til anvendelse i den økologiske produktion.
Undtagelse: Dyrlægen kan anvise lægemidler
Hvis din dyrlæge vurderer, at flueplagen og risikoen for fluestik er særligt stor, og der derved opstår fare for skader og alvorlige gener for dyrene, samt når effekten af de andre indsatser ikke er tilstrækkelig, kan du – efter dyrlægens anvisning – behandle alle dyr i den pågældende flok med et veterinært lægemiddel. Vær opmærksom på, at dyrlægeanvisningen skal kunne fremvises for økologikontrollen, og at de veterinære lægemidler kun må opbevares på bedriften i forbindelse med ordineringen, jf. de generelle regler for brugen af veterinære lægemidler i økologisk produktion.
5% vil få uanmeldt kontrol
Landbrugsstyrelsen har valgt at sætte fokus på de økologiske dyrs udearealer og forhold udendørs. 5 % af økologerne med et husdyrhold vil få uanmeldt besøg i perioden 15, maj til 1. september.
På kvægbedrifter fokuseres på adgang til græsning og velfærd på græs.
På svinebedrifter fokuseres på adgang til udearealer og velfærd i sommerperioden. Adgang til afkøling mv.
På fjerkræbedrifter fokuseres på adgang til udearealer og beplantningskravet.
Kontakt din økologikonsulent hvis du er i tvivl om hvilke regler der gælder for dine husdyr.
Branchereglerne er blevet revideret
Leverer du til en af de virksomheder som frivilligt har tilsluttet sig branchereglerne skal du være opmærksom på følgende:
Bestemmelserne vedrørende hudpleje i Lov om hold af Malkekvæg og deres håndhævelse suppleres af nedenstående krav om adgang til hudpleje for henholdsvis malkekvæg og kødkvæg.
For bedrifter med bygninger taget i brug før den 1. juli 2010 gælder:
Dyr på stald skal kunne udføre deres naturlige hudpleje og skal som minimum have adgang til:
* Malkekøer: En roterende, mekanisk drevet kobørste pr. 50 køer
* Goldkøer og køer i kælvningsbokse: En stationær kobørste
* Ungdyr fra 6 mdr.: En stationær kobørste
* Kødkvæg: En stationær kobørste pr. 50 dyr
For bedrifter med bygninger taget i brug den 1. juli 2010 eller senere gælder:
Dyr på stald skal kunne udføre deres naturlige hudpleje og skal som minimum have adgang til:
* Malkekøer og goldkøer samt køer i fælles kælvningsbokse: En roterende mekanisk drevet kobørste pr. 50 køer
* Køer i enkelt kælvningsbokse: En stationær kobørste
* Ungdyr og kalve i grupper (3 kalve eller flere): En stationær kobørste
* Kødkvæg: En stationær kobørste pr. 50 dyr.
Når dyrene er på græs skal der være adgang til kobørste, kløpind, træer eller lignende, såfremt dyrene ikke har adgang til børsterne i stalden dagligt. | <urn:uuid:6a2519b4-ebcd-4b50-a07c-e74d42535b3c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train | finepdfs | dan_Latn | 6,260 |
TfL Corporate Archives Research Guides
Research Guide No 33: Aldenham Bus Works
Originally intended as car sheds for the never-built Northern line extension beyond Edgware, London Transport (LT) Aldenham Bus Overhaul Works was located near Elstree, some 6km north-west of Edgware. Ickenham had been proposed as a site for a new overhaul works but was rejected by the government due to being an intrusion into the Green Belt. The Aldenham site was acceptable; although being within the Green Belt, its 'existing use' for manufacturing purposes allowed it to escape a planning veto. The contract for building the depot was awarded to Haymills (Contractors) Ltd and was partially complete by the outbreak of war in September 1939.
With the cessation of the war, contractors moved in to demolish and redevelop parts of the building in anticipation of its rebuilding as an Underground railway depot. New vehicles and bus repairs were carried out on the site from around 1945 but it was to be some years before rebuilding got underway. In December 1947 it was decided to make temporary alterations to the building to enable it to be used for heavy repair of bus bodies until it was required for railway purposes or other purpose-built overhaul facilities became available.
In1950 it was announced that there would be no further railway construction beyond Edgware. Chiswick Works was struggling to manage the overhauling of buses, and with the abandonment of the Underground extension it was decided to convert and extend the existing building at Elstree, which became known as Aldenham Bus Overhaul Works, taking its name from a nearby village. This left Chiswick to specialise in engines, gearboxes and experimental work and chassis overhauls. This set-up continued until 1955 when all overhaul work was transferred to Aldenham.
Construction and extension work began in 1952. The building measured some 480yds x 180yds, the site covering 53.3 acres (21.56Ha) and being virtually self-contained, even with its own power station. This made the site the world's largest bus overhaul works. The official opening of the completed works on in October 1956 was to be by Harold Watkinson, Minister of Transport and Civil Aviation, as misleadingly stated on a ceremonial plaque in the works. The ceremony was in fact performed by Hugh Molson MP - his parliamentary secretary - deputising for Mr Watkinson, who was otherwise engaged on Cabinet business.
Aldenham never reached its full capacity as an overhaul works, and part of the Works was leased to British Leyland as a repair and spares storage centre. The site was at its busiest during the late 1950s/early 1960s. Work carried out included body rebuilds, accident repairs, repaints, seat trimming, destination blinds, new bus preparation, and tilt-testing, whereby a complete bus would be tilted to a certain angle on a special table to ensure its stability in the event of an accident.
The high level of standardisation achieved by LT at this time meant that, with few exceptions, a bus entering the Works for overhaul rarely left with the same body and chassis combination with which it entered. Initially the Works was designed to overhaul members of the RT-family, since the vast majority of these vehicles had interchangeable parts. After some four years on the road, the complete bus would arrive at the Works, the body would be removed from the chassis, and the two would then each go their separate ways. At this point, the vehicle would lose its identity. The body would be thoroughly inspected for damage, with replacement panels fitted if necessary. The bodies were lifted, placed on an inverter and pressure-cleaned underneath. They were moved around the works by means of an overhead crane, originally intended for tube trains, and were then lowered into the areas known as
'standings' for any repair work to be carried out.
Chassis were dealt with on a parallel work-line, with replacement parts being fitted as appropriate or returned to Chiswick for attention. Entire buses or chassis could be moved around the Works by small tugs hand-operated by one man, or by means of motorised tractors. After any necessary chassis-work had been completed, it was repainted and remounted with a newly-overhauled body, not normally that with which it entered the works. Since chassis overhauls generally took less time than bodyoverhauls, this system saved LT a considerable amount of money by not losing an equivalent amount of road-tax whilst the vehicle was moving through the Works. Thus it was quite normal for a bus emerging from overhaul to take the stock and registration number of one which entered the works a few days earlier, even though it was a completely different vehicle. Buses were road-tested along an internal roadway along the front of the building and brake-tested. Vehicles were then taken off for painting and the application of adverts and transfers, were re-equipped with seat cushions, and generally made ready for the road, having undergone final inspection by London Transport and Ministry of Transport staff for certification before release.
In time, Aldenham successfully handled overhauls for Routemaster buses as they became due for attention, despite them having sub-frames as opposed to complete chassis. Vehicles of the smaller classes of bus and sub-classes were normally overhauled as one unit and not body-changed.
New buses were also delivered to Aldenham for checks, before being despatched for service. The works also dealt with crash-repairs if the damage was beyond the scope of the home garage, such as collisions with low bridges.
Much of Aldenham's workload was lost after the formation of London Country Bus Services in 1970, as part of the National Bus Company, to which the Country Area and Green Line services were transferred and which made its own arrangements, although some work was carried out at Aldenham for LCBS on a contract basis. With the introduction of 'off-the-peg' buses in the 1970s, whose design did not generally lend themselves to Aldenham's body-changing overhaul process and which took far longer to deal with, the decision was taken in October 1985 to completely discontinue the practice of overhauling buses every 4-5 years. Bus overhaul subsequently moved back to Chiswick and on a much smaller scale.
After due consideration as to its future, Aldenham Works closed completely in November 1986 and the site was acquired by Slough Estates. The derelict site remained largely empty until it was demolished in July 1996 and redeveloped as the Centennial Business Park.
A British Transport Film documentary entitled 'Overhaul' was made in the works in 1957, and Aldenham appeared in the first ten minutes of the 1962 feature film Summer Holiday, starring Cliff Richard.
Key archival records
For further details on these records please contact Transport For London Corporate Archives at email@example.com | <urn:uuid:6282eeb9-15f6-499e-b761-6d983ff3ce52> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 6,940 |
Miteinander – Füreinander: Informationsblatt des Allgemein öffentlichen Bezirkskrankenhauses Kufstein, Ausgabe Nr. 14, Februar 2009
Neuer Partner in der Pathologie
Liebe LeserIn nen, liebe PatientInnen,
Gewebe- und Zell-Untersuchungen – z. B. bei Krebsverdacht – werden nicht direkt im BKH Kufstein durchgeführt. Hierfür gibt es externe, hoch qualifizierte Labors, die sich auf dieses Gebiet spezialisiert haben. Durch die gut funktionierende Zusammenarbeit mit den behandelnden Ärzten kann eine rasche Diagnose gestellt werden. Von dieser Geschwindigkeit und Sicherheit profitieren die Patienten des BKH.
Seit November 2008 arbeitet das BKH Kufstein im Bereich der Pathologie mit zwei neuen Partnern zusammen: Dr. Pe ter Obrist, Pathologie-Labor Zams, und Prim. Univ.-Doz. Dr. Anton Hittmair, Insti tut für Pathologie, Kardinal Schwarzenberg`sches Kran kenhaus, Schwarzach/Pongau. Diesem Wechsel war ein „Pro belauf" vorangegangen, um sicherzustellen, dass durch diese Maßnahme das Dia gnoseniveau weiter verbessert werden kann. Über mehrere Monate hinweg arbeiteten zwei chirurgische Abteilungen des BKH mit den nunmehr neuen Partnern zusammen. Danach entschloss sich die
Krankenhausleitung aufgrund der hervorragenden Ergeb nisse, diese auf das gesamte BKH auszuweiten.
Qualitätssteigerung
Durch diesen Wechsel steht innerhalb von maximal drei Tagen das Ergebnis der fein geweblichen Untersuchungen zur Verfügung. Bei vielen Erkrankungen kann diese Zeiteinsparung die Erfolgs aussichten einer Therapie be einflussen. Ferner wurde eine schnelle und unkomplizierte Diskussion mit den behan delnden Ärzten intensiviert. Diese ist auch bei der so ge nannten „Schnellschnittdi agnostik" wesentlich. Dabei
Für die so genannte Schnellschnittdiagnostik werden Daten und Bilder der Probe über eine spezielle Intranetverbindung zum begutachtenden Pathologen geschickt.
Besondere Leistungen 2008
Das BKH Kufstein genießt mehr denn je das Vertrauen der Bürger im Bezirk. Etwa 31.600 Patienten wurden im vergangenen Jahr stationär aufgenommen und suchten die medizinische Hilfe und den kompetenten Rat un serer Ärzte, Pflegepersonen und Therapeuten.
Besonders erfreulich ist der Anstieg der Geburten. Knapp 800 Mütter vertrauten im Jahr 2008 bei der Geburt ihrer Babys den Hebammen und Gynäkologen der Ge burtenstation des BKH Kuf
richtet von einem Anstieg der stationären Aufnahmen. Natürlich ist es für Kinder und Eltern immer eine ge wisse Belastung, wenn die Kleinen ins Krankenhaus müssen. Dennoch bemühen wir uns, auch trotz der ge stiegenen Patientenzahlen, eine möglichst angenehme, kindgerechte Atmosphäre zu schaffen. Nach Möglichkeit kann auch ein Elternteil mit aufgenommen werden.
stein. Auch die Kinderstation be
10.242 Operationen – um einiges mehr als in den Jah ren zuvor – wurden am BKH Kufstein im Jahr 2008 durch geführt.
Ob ein Tumor gut- oder bösartig ist, kann mit Sicherheit nur eine pathologische Untersuchung zeigen. Je schneller die Diagnose bestätigt wird, desto rascher kann mit der nachfolgenden Behandlung begonnen werden.
werden zeitgleich mit der Operation Gewebeproben vom Pathologen untersucht, damit der behandelnde Chi rurg bereits während des Eingriffs Aussagen über das Gewebe erhält – z. B. ob ein Tumor gut- oder bösartig ist. Diese wichtigen Informati onen erhält der Chirurg meist innerhalb von 30 Minuten.
Die Schnellschnittdiagnostik
Im Labor des BKH Kufstein präpariert ein Mitarbeiter die während des Eingriffs ent nommene Gewebeprobe und schickt die so gewonnenen Bilder über eine Datenleitung an die Partner in Zams bzw. Schwarzach. Der Chirurg im OP erhält auf kürzestem Weg die Antwort. Dadurch wird die für den Patienten belas tende Narkose- und OP-Zeit verringert.
Was ist die Aufgabe der Pathologie?
Der griechische Begriff (πaqologia = Pathologia) bedeutet eigentlich „Die Lehre von den Leiden". Der Pathologe beschäftigt sich mit entnommenen Gewebeoder Zellstrukturen, die er auf abnorme bzw. krankhafte Veränderungen untersucht. Er behandelt also nicht den Patienten selbst. Daher ist eine enge Zusammenarbeit zwischen Pathologen und be handelndem Arzt besonders wichtig. Denn nur gemeinsam
Vorträge des BKH Kufstein für interessierte Laien
Kinderkrankheiten im Winter – wenn unsere Jugend erkrankt
Referenten: Prim. Dr. C. Haberland, Prim. Dr. P. Ostertag
Wo: Brixlegg, Hauptschule
Wann: 5. 3. 2009 – 20.00 Uhr
Therapie von Schmerzen
Referent: Prim. Dr. W. Furtwängler Wann: 26. 3. 2009 – 20.00 Uhr Wo: Scheffau, Aula der Volksschule
Mein Körper von innen betrachtet
Referent: Prim. Univ.-Doz. Dr. R. Knapp Wann: 2. 4. 2009 – 20.00 Uhr Wo: Wörgl, Tagungshaus
Mittwoch, 18. 3. 09 um 19.00 Uhr, BKH Kufstein Das kleine 1x1 der Pflege können sie gewisse Fragestel lungen klären. In der Praxis gibt die Pathologie oft Aus kunft über die Art und den Schweregrad einer Erkran kung. Insbesondere bei Krebs ist der Pathologe gefragt: Er begutachtet den genauen Typ, die Größe, die Ausdeh nung und die Bösartigkeit eines Tumors. So wird nach operativer Entfernung eines Organs oder Entnahme eines kleinen Gewebsstückes (Bi opsie) dieses dem Pathologen vorgelegt. Er begutachtet das Gewebe zunächst mit freiem Auge und anschließend unter dem Mikroskop. Für letztere Untersuchung wird das Ge webe verschiedenen Spezial färbungen unterzogen.
sollten Sie zur ste tig wachsenden Gemeinde der Jogger, Langläu fer und Moun
tainbiker gehören, so haben Sie sicher schon versucht, Ihre Leistungsfähigkeit auszuloten. Sie werden Ihrem Herzen je doch nur für kurze Zeit eine volle Belastung zumuten. Die größte Ausdauer erreichen Sie bei etwa 85 % Ihrer Leistungs fähigkeit.
In gewisser Weise ähnelt ein Krankenhaus einem leben den Organismus. Auch wenn wir fähig sind, für einige Zeit unsere Kapazitäten voll auszu nutzen und sogar zusätzliche Ressourcen zu schaffen, so müssen auch wir nach einiger Zeit den „Pulsschlag" wieder senken. Das BKH Kufstein ist bereits seit Wochen zu mehr als 100 % ausgelastet. Das heißt, dass nicht nur alle regulären Betten belegt sind, sondern da rüber hinaus auch zusätzliche Plätze geschaffen wurden. Das bedeutet für unsere Mitarbei ter viele Überstunden und für unsere Patienten unter Um ständen auch längere Warte zeiten. Selbst Operationen, die aufschiebbar waren, mussten bereits zeitlich verlegt werden. Wir sind derzeit mit dem Land Tirol in Verhandlung, die Ka pazität des BKH Kufstein auch längerfristig den gewachsenen Anforderungen anzupassen. Damit unsere Leistungsfähig keit für Ihre Gesundheit auf Dauer gesichert ist.
Ihr Verw.-Dir. Wolfgang Schoner
Aus dem Gemeindeverband
Im Vorjahr traten die Primarärzte des BKH mit dem Wunsch an den Ge meindever band heran, einen neuen
Partner für die pathologischen Untersuchungen zu beauftra gen.
nen. Dem gegenüber stan den jedoch deutlich höhere Kosten. Deshalb wurde auch im Gemeindeverband dieser Wunsch unserer Primarii be sonders gründlich diskutiert. Letztlich entschied sich der Gemeindeverband einhellig dafür, den höheren Aufwand zu tragen.
Zu diesem Zeitpunkt la gen bereits Vergleichsdaten aus einem mehrmonatigen Probebetrieb vor. Diese be sagten, dass Qualität und Geschwindigkeit der Befun dung gesteigert werden kön
Sowohl von der Befundquali tät als auch von der rascheren Abwicklung profitieren letzt lich die Patienten. Gerade bei Krebsverdacht zehrt jeder Tag des Wartens auf die Diagno se an der Psyche des Betrof fenen und seiner nächsten Angehörigen.
Miteinander – Füreinander: Informationen des Allgemein öffentlichen Bezirkskrankenhauses Kufstein
Ein Schihelm kann das Leben retten!
Unter Kindern hat sich das Tragen eines Helms beim Schifahren bzw. Snowboarden inzwischen durchgesetzt. Teenager und vor allem Erwachsene sind jedoch nach wie vor „Helmmuffel". Dabei reduziert ein Schihelm das Risiko einer Kopfverletzung um fast 60 Prozent.
Kopfverlet zungen sind die häufigste Todesursache beim alpinen Wintersport. Praktisch je der fünfte in die Unfallchirurgie eingelie ferte Patient weist nach einem solchen Unfall Verletzungen am Kopf auf. Ärzte appellie ren daher schon lange an die Wintersportler, diesen sen siblen Bereich des mensch lichen Körpers besonders zu schützen.
Auch eine vorsichtige Fahr weise kann Unfälle und Ver letzungen nicht ausschließen. Immerhin sind zehn Prozent der Patienten, die ins Kran kenhaus gebracht werden müssen, Opfer von Kollisi onen mit anderen Schifah rern oder Snowboardern. Dabei – wie auch bei selbst verschuldeten Einzelstürzen – weisen etwa 20 Prozent der eingelieferten Patienten Kopf- und Halswirbelsäulen verletzungen auf.
das deutlich höhere Tem po, das auch Ungeübte mit modernen Carving-Schiern erreichen. Durch Geschwin digkeiten von 30 km/h und mehr kam es gerade auch in unseren Schigebieten in letz ter Zeit zu einer deutlichen Zunahme an schweren Ver letzungen.
Studien beweisen Schutz
Prozent der unter 13-Jährigen gehen nur mit Kopfschutz auf die Piste.
Überschätztes Können
Das KfV (Kuratorium für Verkehrssicherheit) rechnet in der Saison 2008/09 mit rund 55.000 verletzten Win tersportlern (im Jahr 2007 waren es noch rund 51.600 Schi- und Snowboardunfäl le). Ursachen sind vermutlich das überschätzte Können der Wintersportler, die mit neu en Schiausrüstungen und der damit verbundenen Carving technik schnell an ihre Leis tungsgrenze kommen.
Zur Sinnhaftigkeit des Schi helms existieren einige aussa gekräftige Studien. So konnte Steinar Sulheim bereits im Jahr 2006 (Helmet Use and Risk of Head Injuries in Al pine Skiers and Snowboar ders) nachweisen, dass das Tragen eines Helms das Risi ko einer Kopfverletzung beim Schifahren wie beim Snow boarden um immerhin 60 Prozent reduziert. Bei Helm trägern sind schwere Verlet zungen wesentlich seltener (über 50 Prozent weniger) zu beobachten. Damit wären die Vorteile eines Kopfschutzes beim alpinen Wintersport wohl ausreichend erwiesen! Studien belegen außerdem, dass das Risiko für Kopfverlet zungen bei Snowboardfahrern höher ist als bei Schifahrern. Die an der Unfallchirurgie
Helmes vermieden werden. In Sportfachgeschäften mit guter Beratung wird in der Regel da rauf geachtet, dass der Helm ideal sitzt und auch eine gute Sicht zur Seite freilässt. Moderne Helme verfügen außerdem über spezielle Konstruktionen, die ein nahezu uneingeschränktes Hören ermöglichen.
13 Prozent der über 20-Jäh rigen und 20 Prozent der 13bis 20-Jährigen einen Helm. Lediglich bei jüngeren Win tersportlern hat sich der Helm durchgesetzt. Immerhin 85
Profis fahren nur mit Helm
Auffallend ist, dass besonders junge Männer auf der Schi piste stärker von Kopfverlet zungen betroffen sind. Eine Ursache ist möglicherweise des BKH Kufstein gemachten Erfahrungen decken sich mit diesen Ergebnissen.
Gegenargumente entkräftet
Gegenargumente, das Helm tragen würde das Verletzungs risiko erhöhen, treten dage gen in den Hintergrund. Hier wird vor allem angeführt, dass der Helm das Gesichts feld einschränken könne. Außerdem würde der Fahrer weniger gut hören und sich durch das Fehlen dieser äu ßeren Reize in einer falschen Sicherheit wiegen.
Eine Einschränkung des Ge sichtsfeldes kann jedoch leicht durch Tragen eines passenden
Während bei sportlichen Wettkämpfen kein Sportler ohne Helm an den Start gelas sen wird, gibt es für Amateure nur Empfehlungen. Vor allem Erwachsene sind nach wie vor „Helmmuffel".
Bedauerlicherweise tragen nur
Der Schutz des eigenen Kör pers beim Schi- und Snow boardfahren ist unbedingt zu empfehlen. Dies betrifft nicht nur einen gut passenden Helm, sondern auch Protek toren.
Die Devise heißt also: Mit einem gut passenden Helm sind Schifahren und Snowboarden weniger riskant.
Psychiatrische Tagesklinik schafft Halt und Stabilität
Das Angebot der Psychiat rischen Tagesklinik in Kufstein richtet sich an Menschen, die durch eine psychiatrische Er krankung (z. B. Depression) den Boden unter den Füßen verloren haben. Halt und Sta bilität dauerhaft wiederzuer langen und neuen Sinn und Freude am Leben zu finden, sind die Ziele der Therapie.
Zuweiser wie Hausärzte, nie dergelassene Fachärzte sowie Psychotherapeuten. Auch ver schiedene Institutionen, die mit psychiatrisch Erkrankten und deren Angehörigen ar beiten, empfehlen ihren Kli enten eine tagesklinische The rapie im BKH Kufstein.
Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt befasst sich ein multiprofes sionelles Team mit den ihnen anvertrauten PatientInnen. Im Mittelpunkt der Therapie stehen dabei zentrale Ebenen der menschlichen Existenz – z. B. soziale Kompetenz, Kri senmanagement, Lebensplan entwurf und Vorbereitung auf den Arbeitswiedereinstieg. Im geschützten tagesklinischen Alltag zeigen die Therapeuten ihren PatientInnen auf, wie diese ihr Leben selbst in die Hand nehmen können. Das bewusste Erleben dieser Ge
Das multiprofessionelle Team der Tagesklinik berät regelmäßig über die Therapiefortschritte.
staltungs möglichkeit weckt die Le bensfreude. Durch die längere Be treuung – zwischen vier und sechs Wochen – kann die
Therapie auch an die individu ellen Bedürfnisse der Patient Innen angepasst werden. Das Angebot beinhaltet Ergo- und Physiotherapie, Psychologie, Sozialarbeit, psychiatrische Pflege, Psychotherapie und ärztlich-psychiatrische Be handlung. Geöffnet ist die Ta gesklinik täglich von 9.00 bis 15.30 Uhr.
Neben der Psychiatrischen Akutstation und der Ambu lanz ist die Psychiatrische Ta gesklinik aus der modernen
Versorgung psychisch kranker Menschen im Tiroler Unter land nicht mehr wegzuden ken. Die zur Verfügung ste henden acht Therapieplätze sind meist auf Monate im Vo raus vergeben. Die Akzeptanz des tagesklinischen Angebots unter den Betroffenen zeigt sich in der hohen Erfolgsrate und den seltenen Therapieab brüchen.
Der Weg in die Psychiatrische Tagesklinik führt teils über die Akutstation, teils über externe
Das therapeutische Arbeiten in einer Gruppe eröffnet die Möglichkeit, alle Teilnehmer an Fortschritten der Einzelnen teilhaben zu lassen.
Neben der individuellen The rapie werden auch Familienund Paargespräche angeboten.
Das Wiedererlangen und der Erhalt von Freizeitinteressen sind Teil der Therapie.
Insgesamt ist die Psychiat rische Tagesklinik eine zeit gemäße, dem modernen Standard entsprechende Pati entenversorgung.
Impressum
Informationsblatt des Allgemein öffentlichen Bezirkskranken hauses Kufstein, Medieninhaber, Herausgeber und Verleger: BKH Kufstein, Verwaltungsdirektion, Verlagspostamt 6330 Kufstein; Druck: Aschenbrenner, Kuf stein; Kontakt: BKH Kufstein, Verwaltungsdirektion, Redakti on „Gesund in Kufstein", 6330 Kufstein, Endach 27, E-Mail: firstname.lastname@example.org Internet: www.bkh-kufstein.at | <urn:uuid:baf4529b-b63d-427d-8bd2-08b4e1c61328> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 14,728 |
Aprobado por el Consejo de Administración el 25 de febrero de 2021
REGLAMENTO DE LA COMISIÓN DE NOMBRAMIENTOS DE INTERNATIONAL CONSOLIDATED AIRLINES GROUP, S.A.
TÍTULO I DISPOSICIONES GENERALES
Article 1.- Naturaleza y finalidad
1. De conformidad con lo previsto por la ley, los Estatutos Sociales y el Reglamento del Consejo, el Consejo de Administración de INTERNATIONAL CONSOLIDATED AIRLINES GROUP, S.A. (la "Sociedad") ha creado una comisión de nombramientos (la "Comisión de Nombramientos" o la "Comisión") para velar por el mejor desempeño de sus funciones y cumplir las disposiciones de la legislación aplicable.
2. El presente reglamento (el "Reglamento") tiene por objeto determinar los principios de actuación de la Comisión de Nombramientos, las normas básicas de su organización y funcionamiento y las normas de conducta de sus miembros, todo ello con miras a garantizar la independencia de la Comisión.
3. La Comisión de Nombramientos es un órgano interno permanente, de carácter consultivo y sin funciones ejecutivas, con facultades de información, supervisión, asesoramiento y propuesta dentro de su ámbito de actuación y que se rige por lo dispuesto en la ley, en los Estatutos Sociales, en el Reglamento del Consejo y en el presente Reglamento.
Article 2.- Prevalencia e interpretación
1. Este Reglamento desarrolla y complementa las disposiciones de los Estatutos Sociales y del Reglamento del Consejo de Administración que son de aplicación a la Comisión de Nombramientos. Los Estatutos Sociales y el Reglamento del Consejo de Administración prevalecerán en caso de contradicción con este Reglamento.
2. El presente Reglamento se interpretará de conformidad con la ley, los Estatutos Sociales y el Reglamento del Consejo de Administración. Corresponde al Consejo de Administración resolver las dudas que suscite la interpretación de este Reglamento.
3. Los términos con inicial en mayúscula utilizados, pero no definidos en este Reglamento tendrán el significado que se les otorga en los Estatutos Sociales y en el Reglamento del Consejo.
Article 3.- Aprobación y modificación
1. El presente Reglamento entrará en vigor en la fecha de su aprobación por el Consejo de Administración.
2. Corresponde al Consejo de Administración la aprobación de cualquier posible modificación del Reglamento.
TÍTULO II
COMPOSICIÓN DE LA COMISIÓN DE NOMBRAMIENTOS
Article 4.- Composición
1. La Comisión de Nombramientos estará compuesta por un mínimo de tres consejeros nombrados por el Consejo de Administración. El Consejo de Administración procurará que los miembros de la Comisión, y en particular el Presidente, tengan los conocimientos, cualificaciones y experiencia adecuados a las funciones que están llamados a desempeñar.
2. Todos los miembros de la Comisión serán consejeros no ejecutivos y una mayoría de ellos serán consejeros independientes que sean nacionales de la UE.
3. En la medida de lo posible, y teniendo en cuenta las limitaciones derivadas de su menor dimensión en comparación con el Consejo de Administración, se intentará garantizar la diversidad de los miembros de la Comisión, en particular en aspectos como el género, la experiencia profesional, las competencias, los conocimientos sectoriales y la procedencia geográfica, favoreciendo el escepticismo y una mentalidad crítica.
Article 5.- Nombramientos y cargos
1. Los miembros de la Comisión de Nombramientos serán designados por el Consejo de Administración.
2. Los miembros de la Comisión que sean reelegidos consejeros de la Sociedad por acuerdo de la Junta General continuarán desempeñando sus cargos en la Comisión, sin necesidad de nueva elección, salvo que el Consejo de Administración acuerde otra cosa.
3. El Consejo de Administración nombrará al Presidente de la Comisión de Nombramientos de entre los consejeros independientes de la Comisión, velando por que tenga una capacidad y disponibilidad suficientes para el adecuado ejercicio de sus funciones.
4. El Secretario del Consejo de Administración o quién éste designe actuará como Secretario de la Comisión de Nombramientos.
Article 6.- Cese
Los miembros de la Comisión cesarán en su cargo:
1. Cuando pierdan su condición de consejeros de la Sociedad.
2. Cuando, aun manteniendo la condición de consejeros de la Sociedad, dejen de ser consejeros no ejecutivos.
3. Al término del plazo máximo para el que fueron nombrados sin ser reelegidos.
4. Por acuerdo del Consejo de Administración.
TÍTULO III ACTUACIONES Y FUNCIONES DE LA COMISIÓN
Article 7.- Principios rectores
1. Sin perjuicio de otros cometidos que le asigne la ley, los Estatutos Sociales o el Consejo de Administración, la Comisión tendrá las funciones expuestas en los Artículos 8 a 12.
2. En el desempeño de sus funciones, la Comisión deberá tener en cuenta los siguientes principios básicos de actuación:
a) Independencia, preservando en todo momento la independencia de actuación de la Comisión con respecto a instrucciones y relaciones con terceros que pudieran comprometerla, así como la libertad de criterio y juicio de sus miembros;
b) Mentalidad crítica, desempeñando su función con escepticismo, sin aprobar de forma sistemática propuestas e informes de personas ajenas a la Comisión, en particular de consejeros ejecutivos y otros miembros del Equipo Directivo.
c) Diálogo constructivo, que ofrezca a todos los miembros y asistentes la oportunidad de deliberar libremente durante las reuniones. Este diálogo incluye tanto el que se establece entre los miembros de la Comisión, como el que se mantiene con el Presidente del Consejo de Administración, el Consejero Delegado y otros miembros del Equipo Directivo de la Sociedad.
d) Capacidad de análisis suficiente, recabando, cuando sea necesario o conveniente, el asesoramiento experto de un tercero que pueda asistir a la Comisión en aquellos aspectos que sean técnicos o particularmente relevantes.
Para ello, y en su caso, la Comisión deberá tener en cuenta los posibles conflictos de intereses que podrían surgir al contratar los servicios del tercero.
Article 8.- Funciones relacionadas con la evaluación y selección de consejeros y con la planificación de la sucesión de los miembros del Consejo de Administración
La Comisión de Nombramientos tendrá las siguientes facultades de información, asesoramiento y propuesta en relación con la evaluación y selección de consejeros y la planificación de la sucesión de los miembros del Consejo de Administración:
1. Evaluar las competencias, conocimientos, experiencia y diversidad que necesita el Consejo de Administración y efectuar recomendaciones al Consejo de Administración en relación con cualquier cambio. A estos efectos se tendrán en cuentan los objetivos de la Sociedad en materia de diversidad.
2. Velar por el cumplimiento de la política de selección y nombramiento de consejeros de la Sociedad y de sus políticas de diversidad en lo referente a los consejeros.
3. Revisar anualmente la dedicación exigida a los consejeros no ejecutivos. Para valorar si los consejeros no ejecutivos están dedicando tiempo suficiente al ejercicio de sus funciones se llevará a cabo una evaluación del desempeño.
4. Revisar anualmente los resultados del proceso de evaluación del desempeño del Consejo de Administración relacionados con la composición del Consejo de Administración y con la planificación de la sucesión.
5. Poner en marcha planes para la sucesión de los consejeros y, en concreto, para la sucesión en los cargos de Presidente y Consejero Delegado y, en su caso, formular propuestas al Consejo de Administración para que dicha sucesión se produzca de forma ordenada y planificada. Asimismo, revisar periódicamente el plan de sucesión para adaptarlo a nuevas necesidades y circunstancias que puedan surgir.
6. Asegurar la existencia de planes para la sucesión ordenada de los miembros del Consejo de Administración y el desarrollo de una cartera de candidatos a la sucesión que promueva la diversidad, teniendo en cuenta los retos y oportunidades que la Sociedad tenga ante sí y las competencias y conocimientos que necesitará el Consejo de Administración en el futuro.
7. Fijar objetivos en materia de diversidad (género, etnia y otros criterios) para el Consejo de Administración
Article 9.- Funciones relacionadas con el nombramiento, reelección y cese de consejeros
La Comisión de Nombramientos tendrá las siguientes facultades de información, asesoramiento y propuesta en relación con el nombramiento, reelección y cese de consejeros:
1. Con carácter previo a un nombramiento o propuesta de nombramiento por el Consejo de Administración, evaluar el equilibrio de competencias, conocimientos, experiencia y diversidad del Consejo y, partiendo de las conclusiones de dicha evaluación, elaborar una descripción de la función y capacidades que se requieren para un determinado nombramiento y la dedicación de tiempo que se le exigirá. En la identificación de candidatos adecuados, la Comisión de Nombramientos (i) usará anuncios públicos o los servicios de asesores externos para facilitar la búsqueda; (ii) considerará candidatos de muy distintos perfiles; y (iii) los elegirá por mérito y mediante criterios objetivos, teniendo en cuenta los beneficios de la diversidad y asegurando que los candidatos propuestos tengan suficiente tiempo disponible para dedicarle al cargo.
2. Elevar al Consejo de Administración las propuestas de nombramiento de consejeros independientes para su designación por cooptación o, en su caso, para su sometimiento a la decisión a la Junta General, así como las propuestas de reelección o separación de dichos consejeros por la Junta General.
3. Informar las propuestas del Consejo de Administración para el nombramiento de los restantes consejeros para su designación por cooptación o, en su caso, para su sometimiento a la decisión de la Junta General, así como las propuestas para su reelección o separación por la Junta General.
4. Asegurar que, en su nombramiento por el Consejo de Administración, los consejeros no ejecutivos reciben una carta formal de nombramiento estableciendo claramente lo que se espera de ellos en términos de dedicación, servicio e involucración más allá de las reuniones del Consejo de Administración.
5. Asegurar que, en las propuestas de reelección, se tienen en cuenta los mismos factores que en el primer nombramiento y que se valora debidamente el desempeño y la evaluación del consejero durante el tiempo en que haya ejercido el cargo, así como su capacidad para seguir desempeñándolo satisfactoriamente, además de la necesidad de renovación progresiva del Consejo.
6. Asegurar que, en caso de cese de consejeros independientes y sin perjuicio de las competencias de la Junta General, la propuesta de cese elevada por el Consejo de Administración a la Junta General procede de la propia Comisión. En particular, se entenderá que existe justa causa cuando el consejero pase a ocupar nuevos cargos o contraiga nuevas obligaciones que le impidan dedicar el tiempo necesario al desempeño de las funciones propias del cargo de consejero, incumpla los deberes
inherentes a su cargo o incurra en algunas de las circunstancias que le hagan perder su condición de independiente, de acuerdo con lo establecido en la legislación aplicable.
Article 10.- Funciones relacionadas con la composición de las comisiones del Consejo de Administración y con el nombramiento de cargos del Consejo de Administración
La Comisión de Nombramientos tendrá las siguientes facultades de información, asesoramiento y propuesta en relación con la composición de las comisiones del Consejo de Administración y con el nombramiento de los cargos del Consejo de Administración.
1. Informar las propuestas de nombramiento o cese de cargos del Consejo de Administración (incluido el Presidente, el Vicepresidente, el Secretario, el Vicesecretario y el Senior Independent Director).
2. Proponer al Consejo de Administración el nombramiento de los miembros de cada una de sus comisiones y de sus presidentes.
Article 11.- Funciones relacionadas con la alta dirección, la planificación de la sucesión y la diversidad
La Comisión de Nombramientos tendrá las siguientes facultades de información, asesoramiento y propuesta en relación con la alta dirección, la planificación de la sucesión y la diversidad:
1. Informar las propuestas de nombramiento y separación de altos directivos de la Sociedad.
2. Velar por que existan planes para la sucesión ordenada de cargos de alta dirección y supervisar el desarrollo de una cartera de candidatos a la sucesión que promueva la diversidad, teniendo en cuenta los retos y oportunidades que la Sociedad tenga ante sí.
3. Informar las propuestas de nombramiento y separación de los miembros de los órganos de administración de las principales filiales y/o participadas del Grupo (tal y como sean determinadas por el Consejo de Administración en cada momento) y de nombramiento de sus presidentes y consejeros delegados.
4. Fijar objetivos en materia de diversidad (género, etnia y otros criterios) tanto para los puestos de alta dirección como para la cartera de candidatos a la sucesión y velar por que existan planes para la sucesión ordenada de los cargos de alta dirección que al mismo tiempo contribuyan a la consecución de los referidos objetivos de diversidad.
5. Procurar el cumplimiento de las políticas sobre diversidad de la Sociedad en lo que respecta a los altos directivos.
6. Mantener bajo revisión las necesidades de la organización en materia de alta dirección con el fin de garantizar su permanente capacidad de competir eficazmente en el mercado.
Article 12.- Otras funciones confiadas a la Comisión
La Comisión de Nombramientos tendrá, asimismo, las siguientes facultades de información, asesoramiento y propuesta:
1. Coordinar la evaluación del funcionamiento del Consejo de Administración y de sus comisiones y presentar al Consejo de Administración, junto con las conclusiones de su evaluación, una propuesta de plan de acción o recomendaciones para subsanar cualesquiera deficiencias detectadas o mejorar el funcionamiento del Consejo de Administración o de sus comisiones.
2. Valorar adecuadamente la independencia del consultor externo que ayude al Consejo de Administración cada tres años a realizar la evaluación y asegurar, en la medida posible, que no sea el mismo consultor externo que asesore a la Sociedad en relación con el nombramiento de consejeros o altos directivos o sobre sistemas de remuneración.
3. Informar al Consejo de Administración sobre cualquier situación, relacionada o no con la Sociedad, en la que esté implicado un consejero y que por su importancia o características pueda afectar gravemente a la reputación de la Sociedad. En particular, si los consejeros son objeto de investigación en una causa penal, así como de cualquier otro hito procesal relevante en dicha causa. La información facilitada al Consejo de Administración incluirá la valoración de medidas como la de realizar una investigación interna, requerir al consejero para que presente su dimisión o proponer el cese del consejero.
TÍTULO IV FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA COMISIÓN
Article 13.- Reuniones
1. La Comisión de Nombramientos se reunirá siempre que sea convocada por su Presidente, a iniciativa propia, o a solicitud de dos o más de sus miembros y al menos tres veces al año y, en todo caso, cuando el Consejo de Administración solicite la emisión de informes, la presentación de propuestas o la adopción de acuerdos en el ámbito de sus funciones.
2. La Comisión de Nombramientos establecerá un calendario de sesiones ordinarias, incluido su plan de trabajo anual, teniendo en cuenta el tiempo que ha de dedicarse a las distintas funciones, la necesidad de reuniones preparatorias sobre temas específicos, la posible necesidad de recurrir a asesores externos y la planificación de cualquier formación considerada oportuna.
3. Corresponderá al Presidente de la Comisión de Nombramientos la facultad de convocar reuniones de la Comisión y de fijar el orden del día.
4. La convocatoria incluirá el orden del día, se cursará por escrito con la antelación necesaria para que los miembros la reciban no más tarde del tercer día anterior a la fecha de la reunión, salvo en el caso de reuniones de carácter urgente a juicio del Presidente, y estará autorizada con la firma del Presidente de la Comisión de Nombramientos o la del Secretario, o de quien hiciera sus veces. Se procurará en todos los casos que los miembros de la Comisión reciban la documentación e información pertinente con antelación suficiente para poder desempeñar adecuadamente sus funciones.
5. La Comisión de Nombramientos podrá convocar a cualquier empleado o cargo de la Sociedad, e incluso disponer que comparezca sin la presencia de ningún otro cargo.
6. Se procurará que la presencia en reuniones de la Comisión de personas ajenas a la misma (en particular, empleados y directivos de la Sociedad) se limite a los casos en los que resulte necesario y para el tratamiento de los puntos específicos del orden del día para los que fueron convocados por el Presidente de la Comisión.
7. Para fomentar una diversidad de opiniones que enriquezca los análisis y propuestas de la Comisión, el Presidente velará por que todos los miembros participen libremente en las deliberaciones, sin verse afectados por presiones internas o de terceros, y fomentará el diálogo constructivo entre sus miembros, promoviendo la libertad de expresión y una mentalidad crítica.
8. Para el adecuado desempeño de sus funciones, el Presidente de la Comisión promoverá el establecimiento de un canal de comunicación efectivo y periódico con el equipo directivo, en el que participarán también el resto de miembros de la Comisión, en la medida en que lo considere oportuno.
9. Cuando un miembro de la Comisión de Nombramientos se encuentre en situación de conflicto de intereses (en los términos establecidos en el Reglamento del Consejo de Administración) durante la celebración de una reunión, dicho conflicto de intereses se regirá por las normas establecidas en el Reglamento del Consejo de Administración.
Article 14.- Constitución y adopción de acuerdos
1. La Comisión de Nombramientos quedará válidamente constituida cuando concurran a la reunión, presentes o representados, más de la mitad de sus componentes.
2.
Los consejeros harán todo lo posible por asistir a las sesiones de la Comisión y, cuando no puedan hacerlo personalmente, procurarán que la representación que
confieran sea a favor de otro miembro de la Comisión, incluyendo las instrucciones pertinentes y dando cuenta al Presidente de la Comisión.
3. Será válida la constitución de la Comisión de Nombramientos sin previa convocatoria si se hallan presentes todos sus miembros y aceptan por unanimidad la celebración de la reunión.
4. Los acuerdos se adoptarán por mayoría absoluta de los miembros concurrentes, presentes o representados, a la sesión.
Article 15.- Lugar de celebración
1. Las reuniones de la Comisión se celebrarán en el domicilio social o en el lugar, dentro de España o en el extranjero, que se señale en la convocatoria.
2. Los miembros de la Comisión podrán asistir a las sesiones de la misma por conferencia telefónica, videoconferencia o sistemas análogos siempre que tales sistemas permitan el reconocimiento e identificación de los asistentes, la permanente comunicación entre los concurrentes independientemente del lugar en que se encuentren, así como la intervención y emisión del voto, todo ello en tiempo real.
Article 16.- Información al Consejo de Administración.
1. El Presidente de la Comisión de Nombramientos informará al Consejo de Administración de las actividades desarrolladas y de los acuerdos adoptados por la misma, pudiendo el Consejo de Administración efectuar todas las sugerencias o recomendaciones que estime adecuadas.
2. Las actas en las que se consignen los acuerdos adoptados por la Comisión se pondrán a disposición de todos los consejeros.
Article 17.- Información facilitada a accionistas y otros grupos de interés
1. La Comisión preparará anualmente un informe de actividad para ofrecer a los accionistas y otros grupos de interés una mejor comprensión de las actividades llevadas a cabo por la Comisión a lo largo del año.
2. El informe anual de la Comisión de Nombramientos se publicará como parte del informe anual de la Sociedad y estará a disposición del público a través de la página web de la Sociedad.
3. El Presidente de la Comisión deberá acudir a la Junta General Ordinaria de Accionistas para contestar a las preguntas sobre las actividades de las Comisiones, cuando resulte apropiado.
Article 18.- Evaluación de desempeño
1. La Comisión de Nombramientos organizará evaluaciones anuales de su desempeño, facilitadas de forma externa al menos cada tres años.
2. Al menos una vez al año, la Comisión revisará sus reglas de composición y funcionamiento para asegurar que está operando con la máxima eficacia posible y recomendará cualquier modificación que estime necesaria o conveniente al Consejo de Administración para su aprobación.
Article 19.- Formación e iniciación
La Comisión de Nombramientos deberá recibir formación en tiempo y forma, tanto a través de programas de iniciación para nuevos miembros como a través de formación continua para todos sus miembros.
TÍTULO V
DEBERES DE LOS MIEMBROS DE LA COMISIÓN
Article 20.- Facultades Consultivas
1. La Comisión de Nombramientos podrá recabar asesoramiento externo independiente cuando lo considere conveniente para el desempeño de sus funciones, con cargo a la Sociedad.
2. Cuando el ejercicio de sus funciones así lo requiera, los miembros de la Comisión de Nombramientos tendrán acceso a todos los servicios de la Sociedad y tendrán el deber de exigir y el derecho a obtener de la Sociedad la información adecuada y necesaria para el cumplimiento de sus obligaciones.
Article 21.- Deberes de los miembros de la Comisión
1. Los miembros de la Comisión deben actuar con independencia de criterio y desempeñar su labor con la máxima diligencia y competencia profesional. En particular, la asistencia a las reuniones de la Comisión deberá ir precedida de una dedicación adecuada por sus miembros al análisis y evaluación de la información recibida.
2. En el ejercicio de sus responsabilidades, los miembros de la Comisión deben mantener una actitud escéptica, cuestionando debidamente los datos, los procesos de evaluación y las conclusiones preliminares a las que hayan llegado los ejecutivos y directivos de la Sociedad.
3. Los miembros de la Comisión estarán sujetos, en calidad de tales, a todos los deberes de los consejeros previstos en el Reglamento del Consejo, en la medida en que sean aplicables a las funciones desarrolladas por la Comisión.
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Cases. Jean Nouvel Design
Con il sistema Cases, Jean Nouvel propone una visione inedita dell’ufficio, che si concretizza attraverso un sentimento d’improvvisazione controllata, di eterogeneità, di spazio creato secondo gli umori e le affinità delle persone che lo abitano. Un ambiente confortevole che scaturisce da un processo di auto-costruzione spontanea, capace di generare modalità di comportamento alternative a quelle convenzionali: ci si può sedere sui cassoni, scalarli, spostarli… i piani si possono intercalare, aggregare, accostare momentaneamente, eliminare… Si inventano nuovi modi per confrontarsi, dialogare, riunirsi, telefonare, ordinare, organizzare, isolarsi, scrivere… lavorare. Si attiva una strategia collettiva del fare.
Costituito da un’articolata famiglia di componenti modulari, il sistema si caratterizza per l’elevato livello di flessibilità compositiva e l’ampia scelta di elementi, materiali, finiture e colori, che consentono di rispondere a specifiche esigenze funzionali, personalizzando ogni singolo spazio in modo originale. Contenitori e piani di lavoro si combinano liberamente, come un gioco di costruzioni a incastro, dando origine a molteplici configurazioni, di cui, in queste pagine, presentiamo solo alcuni esempi. Realizzate su misura secondo una struttura organizzativa disomogenea e una visione individuale dello spazio, le soluzioni compositive si possono estendere in linea, aggregare in blocchi, sviluppare in altezza, e così via, disegnando una sorta di sagoma urbana accogliente e positiva; una città da percorrere, esplorare, scalare… vivere.
With the Cases system, Jean Nouvel proposes an entirely new vision for the office, in which the furnishings communicate a sense of controlled improvisation, of heterogeneity, of spaces created according to the moods and affinities of those who inhabit them. Containers that can be sat on, climbed on and shifted about. Desktops that can be inserted anywhere, grouped, rearranged or temporarily removed. The Cases system encourages spontaneous self-building activities, resulting in friendly work environments and less conventional behavior. The users find themselves inventing new ways to interact, dialog, meet, telephone, organize and write: in short, new ways to work together, in a collective strategy of doing.
Consisting of modular components that can be freely combined, Cases is characterized by a high degree of compositional flexibility and a wide selection of elements, materials, finishes and colors, permitting original customization of each workstation. Arranged ad-hoc according to heterogeneous organizational schemes and personal visions of the work environment, the solutions can take the form of lines, blocks, towers and so on, delineating playful and inviting office skylines, cities to wander through, explore, climb over…and inhabit.
Composizione di servizio per archiviazione
Posizionato autonomamente nello spazio, svincolato dalle postazioni operative, ma facilmente accessibile da entrambi i lati, questo blocco di servizio per archiviazione e consultazione definisce nuove modalità di organizzazione e allestimento degli ambienti di lavoro contemporanei.
Costituita da un’aggregazione lineare a media altezza, la composizione disegna un elemento di partizione attrezzato con moduli a giorno in legno e cassettiere armadi metallici con le disposizioni di apertura a pressione. I volumi sporgenti del basamento si possono utilizzare come piani di appoggio ausiliari oppure come panche, dove è possibile sedersi per visionare velocemente i materiali da consultare. Gli scaffali in legno sono realizzati in multistrato di pioppo naturale, mentre i contenitori metallici sono in alluminio trattato con vernici alle polveri epossidiche, colore grigio grafite.
Auxiliary storage configuration
Positioned in a central space, separate from the workstations but easily accessible from both sides, this autonomous service block for storage and consultation defines new ways to organize and furnish contemporary work environments. Articulated as a mid-height, linear composition, it functions as a fitted partition element, featuring open wooden storage containers as well as metal drawer pedestals and cabinets with push-open doors. The protruding volumes of the basement can be used as auxiliary surfaces for placing objects or as benches where one can sit and rapidly consulting materials. The wooden storage containers are in natural-finish poplar plywood, while the metal containers are in aluminum with an epoxy powder finish, in the color graphite gray.
Unifor
Unifor is a modular shelving system that can be configured in various ways to suit different needs and spaces. The system includes open shelves, closed cabinets, and drawers, allowing for a versatile storage solution. Unifor is available in a range of materials, including wood, metal, and glass, and can be customized with different finishes and colors.
The Unifor system is designed to be both functional and aesthetically pleasing, making it an ideal choice for home offices, study rooms, and other spaces where storage and organization are important. The modular design allows for easy expansion or contraction of the system, making it adaptable to changing needs over time.
Composizione con sviluppo in altezza
Dotati su tutti i lati di appositi fori predisposti per la connessione dei vari elementi tra loro, i contenitori modulari in legno e in metallo sono in grado di garantire elevati livelli di stabilità e sicurezza, unitamente alla massima flessibilità compositiva. La soluzione proposta per questa postazione professionale identifica una sorta di struttura architettonica, costituita da un ampio e articolato basamento di scaffali, cassettieri e armadi metallici, di sotto il quale si erge una seconda composizione di contenitori in multistrato di poppia naturale, che si sviluppa a media altezza per terminare con un’ulteriore elevazione. Posizionato davanti al piano di lavoro con finitura in laminato grigio chiaro, il blocco centrale assume il ruolo di supporto funzionale allo spazio operativo, mentre sul fronte opposto i contenitori più bassi diventano elementi di seduta ausiliari.
Vertical configuration
All sides of the modular metal and wooden containers feature special perforations for connecting the various elements together. This system offers a high degree of safety and stability, together with maximum compositional flexibility. The solution proposed for this professional workstation brings to mind a sort of architectural structure. Beginning with a wide and articulated base with shelving, drawers and metal cabinets, a second composition of containers, in natural-finish poplar plywood, emerges to mid-height and then continues on to a further level. Positioned in front of the worktop, in light gray laminate, the central block provides functional support to the work area. On the opposite side, the lower containers become auxiliary seating elements.
Composizione con postazione operativa
Liberamente aggregati secondo uno schema personalizzato, gli arredi disegnano una struttura architettonica modulare con sviluppo a L, che definisce una postazione operativa, decisamente lontana dai modelli convenzionali. Dinamico e movimentato all’esterno, rigoroso e ordinato all’interno, il doppio fronte attrezzato per l’archiviazione protegge la scrivania, creando uno spazio di lavoro riservato, funzionale e confortevole. Il tavolo in marmo di mappa, con bordo a vista dello spessore di 4 cm e finitura in laminato grigio medio, è predisposto per accogliere lo speciale componente di collegamento alla rete elettrica e dati. Gli scaffali, le cassettiere e i mobili chiusi da ante con meccanismi a pressione e avvolgibili verticali sono assemblati mediante appositi perni e dispositivi di connessione, che semplificano le operazioni di montaggio e smontaggio dei vari elementi.
Configuration with workstation
The modular furnishings of this personalized composition are freely arranged to create an L-shaped architectural structure, defining a workstation that is decidedly different from conventional office furniture. Dynamic and lively at the exterior, rigorous and orderly within, the double-face storage system protects the desk area, ensuring a reserved, functional and comfortable work environment. The worktop is in poplar plywood with 4-cm-thick exposed edges and laminated finish in medium grey. It is designed to accommodate a special electrical module for power, telephone and data connections. The shelves, drawer pedestals and cabinets, with push-open doors or vertical shutters, are all connected together by means of pins and connection devices, greatly simplifying assembly and disassembly of the various elements.
Composizione con sviluppo in linea
Qualificata da dotazioni esclusive, essenzialità formale e un raffinato studio cromatico, la postazione si caratterizza per la lunga scrivania rossa, accessibile di lato per veloci incontri informali. Assemblati con sviluppo in linea a varie altezze, i contenitori metallici per archiviazione, completati dall’armadio laterale con avvolgibile orizzontale, sono proposti in eleganti gradazioni di grigio grafite e medio, che si abbinano molto bene al pioppo naturale del tavolo in legno. Il piano di lavoro è realizzato in tavolato rinforzato, con bordo rivestito dello spessore di 4 cm e finitura superficiale in laminato ad alta resistenza, ed è servito dal componente di salita cavi attrezzato con prese elettriche, telefoniche e di connessione dati. I fori predisposti sui lati corti del tavolo consentono l’eventuale fissaggio dei contenitori di servizio in legno a larghezza ridotta.
Configuration with linear development
Enhanced by exclusive accessories, simplicity of form and refined color combinations, this workstation features a long, red worktop, accessible from one side for impromptu meetings. The metal storage cabinets are assembled in a linear composition in various heights. Complete with a side cabinet with a horizontal shutter, they are presented in elegant shades of graphite and medium gray, combining perfectly with the natural pine of the wooden containers. The worktop is built in reinforced plywood with a 4 cm edge, 4 cm thick, with surface finish in high-strength laminate. A special electrical module provides power, telephone and data outlets. At each end of the worktop are perforations for attaching special reduced width wooden containers.
Composizione in linea con postazione alta
La composizione che si estende in linea, con piano di lavoro alto allineato ai mobili di servizio, si configura come elemento di organizzazione dello spazio-ufficio. Pensato per le situazioni in cui si deve operare stando in piedi o seduti su sgabelli, il tavolo è posizionato in continuità con i contenitori componibili che, su un lato, si sviluppano in altezza, disegnando una sorta di libreria a torre, accessibile da ogni parte. Scala a gradoni, i contenitori armadi ad ante, contraddistinti dal passo regolare dei fori a vista presenti sulle facciate dei vari elementi, sono assemblati mediante appositi perni in alluminio e dispositivi di connessione, che assicurano adeguate prestazioni di sicurezza e stabilità, oltre a consentire facili riconfigurazioni delle composizioni. Il piano di lavoro è in multistrato con bordo a vista e finitura superficiale in sycamoro naturale; i contenitori in legno sono in ploggo naturale; i mobili metallici dalla linea essenziale sono rattati con vernici alle polveri epossidiche, colore argento.
Linear configuration with standing desk
With a high worktop-table arranged in continuity with the modular storage units, this linear composition is configured as an organizing element of the office environment. The table is designed for working in a standing position or sitting on a tall stool. To one side, the containers are arranged vertically, creating a sort of tower bookcase, accessible from all sides. The open cabinets, drawers, pedestals and wardrobe-style doors are distinguished by the alternating patterns created by evenly-spaced perforations which allow to connect the various elements. Special aluminum pins and connecting devices ensure safety and stability while making it quick and simple to rearrange the compositions. The worktop is in plywood with exposed edging and surfaces in natural-finish sycamore; the wooden containers are in natural-finish poplar; the metal storage units feature minimalist forms and a silver-color epoxy powder finish.
The office furniture is designed to be versatile and adaptable, allowing for different configurations and layouts to suit various workstyles and preferences. The furniture pieces can be easily rearranged or reconfigured to accommodate changes in workflow or team dynamics. This flexibility ensures that the office space remains functional and efficient throughout its lifecycle.
In addition to its adaptability, the furniture also emphasizes sustainability by using eco-friendly materials and manufacturing processes. This commitment to environmental responsibility aligns with contemporary values and contributes to creating a healthier and more sustainable work environment.
Overall, the office furniture not only enhances productivity and collaboration but also promotes a positive and inspiring atmosphere for employees. Its design principles reflect a balance between functionality, aesthetics, and environmental consciousness, making it an ideal choice for modern workplaces.
Linear multifunctional configuration
This workspace is interpreted in a highly unusual island configuration that extends linearly, incorporating workstations of various types in terms of form, size, functionality and use. Conceived as a multifunctional complex, it was built selecting from the large catalog of modular elements of the Cases system, incorporating a range of compositions that coexist and interact. The result is an optimal spatial and organizational solution, ranging from the most simple application to office design. The central structure consists of a block of storage cabinets, with the desktops inserted as required for personalization of every workstation. The wood and metal furnishings are aligned at mid-height and accessible from both sides, defining a sort of accessorized wall system around which the various activities are organized. Forms, volumes, finishes, and colors create a series of textures and chromatic patterns that enliven the environment, making it a dynamic and pleasant place in which to work.
Composizione multifunzionale in linea
Lo spazio operativo è interpretato attraverso una inedita configurazione a isola che si estende in linea, aggregando postazioni di lavoro differenziate per morfologia, dimensioni, funzionalità e modalità di utilizzo. Pensata come un complesso multifunzionale, costruito attingendo liberamente dall’ampio catalogo di elementi modulari del sistema, questa proposta integra composizioni diverse che convivono e interagiscono donando vita a una soluzione spaziale e organizzativa assolutamente lontana dalla convenzione. La struttura centrale è costituita da un blocco di contenitori per archiviazione su cui si innestano i piani dei tavoli posizionati secondo necessità, in modo da personalizzare ogni singolo posto. Allineati a media altezza e accessibili da entrambi i lati, i mobili in legno e in metallo definiscono una sorta di parete attrezzata attorno alla quale si sviluppano le varie attività. Forme, volumi, finiture e colori disegnano una texture materico-cromatica che vivacizza l’ambiente, rendendolo più dinamico e piacevole da abitare.
Composizione con postazioni ad altezze differenziate
Due piani di lavoro, posizionati ad altezze diverse per rispondere a differenziate modalità di utilizzo, costituiscono la base di questa proposta, decisamente non convenzionale, che si caratterizza per l’originale composizione dei contenitori aggregati a blocco con sviluppo verticale. Accuratamente assemblati scegliendo i vari pezzi da un unico catalogo di oggetti, gli arredi disegnano una soluzione progettuale incerta, dinamica e funzionale. I mobili metallici sono posti a basamento, grazie allo strato superiore di finitura antiscivolo, possono essere impiegati come elementi da scalare per accedere comodamente alle scaffalature più alte, oppure come panche di servizio. I piani in multistrato di pioppo, con finitura in laminato grigio medio e bianco della scrivania e della postazione alta, sono fissati ai contenitori metallici sottostanti mediante appositi distanziatori strutturali.
Configuration with workstations at different heights
This decidedly unconventional proposal is based on two worktops, positioned at different heights for different modes of use, together with an original composition of containers grouped in vertical arrangements. Assembled from pieces selected from a single catalog, the furnishings delineate an unusual, dynamic and highly functional design solution. The metal base cabinets feature tops with an anti-slip finish that makes them suitable for standing up to access shelves or the uppermost shelves as well as for use as auxiliary benches. The tops of both the desk and the standing workstation are in poplar plywood, with a white or medium gray laminate finish. They are fixed to the metal cabinets by means of specially-designed spacer supports.
Composizione a blocchi funzionali
Come volumi architettonici di una città contemporanea, i contenitori metallici e in legno disegnano un suggestivo skyline urbano ad altezza variabile. La postazione di lavoro, sul fronte esterno, si configura come un blocco funzionale di servizio attrezzato per l’archiviazione, mentre sul lato interno, accanto all’ampia scrivania, organizza un vero e proprio angolo conversazione con elementi di seduta predisposti per accogliere ospiti o tenere brevi riunioni informali. Lo spessore delle basi metalliche è trattato con vernice a finitura bicomata ad alta resistenza, antiscivolo, che permettono di salire in piedi, per accedere comodamente agli scaffali più alti. Le finiture in sicomoro e pioppo naturale del piano di lavoro e dei contenitori in multistrato si armonizzano al colore argento dei mobili in alluminio, conferendo alla composizione un piacevole aspetto domestico.
Configuration of functional groups
Like the architectural volumes of a contemporary city, the arrangement of these metal and wood containers creates an interesting skyline with varying heights. While the exterior “facade” of the workstation serves as a functional service block for storage, the interior, adjacent to the ample desktop, delineates a conversation corner, with seating for guests or for brief, impromptu meetings. The tops of the metal base cabinets are treated with a high-strength, non-slip finish, making them ideal to stand on for comfortably reaching the higher shelves. The finishes in sycamore and natural poplar of the worktop harmonize with the silver color of the aluminium elements, giving the entire composition a pleasant, domestic appearance.
Composizione con postazioni fronteggianti
Qualificata dall’impianto volumetrico che richiama il disegno di una struttura urbana, la composizione propone quattro postazioni operative fronteggianti con i piani di lavoro inseriti direttamente nella parete attrezzata per l’archiviazione. L’isola costituisce un possibile modello ripetibile, capace di rispondere brillantemente e in modo razionale alle esigenze degli ambienti contemporanei a spazio aperto. Gli elementi modulari in pino naturale sono aggregati tra loro e alle basi in alluminio verniciato argento mediante ganci perni metallici e dispositivi di fissaggio che garantiscono le necessarie prestazioni di sicurezza e stabilità, oltre a facilitare eventuali riconfigurazioni. Le scrivanie in mullistrato con bordo a vista e finitura superficiale in sicomoro naturale sono servite dallo speciale componente verticale di connessione alla rete elettrica e dati, mentre sui lati corti sono dotate di fori predisposti per accogliere i contenitori di servizio a larghezza ridotta.
Configuration with facing workstations
The volumetric composition of this island configuration recalls an urban skyline. The four workstations are arranged facing each other, with the desktops inserted directly into the wall system. It is an easily repeatable configuration that responds brilliantly and efficiently to the requirements of contemporary open-space office environments. The modular elements in natural poplar are connected to each other and to the bases in silver-anodized aluminum by metal pins and fastening devices, ensuring high standards of safety and stability while making it easy to rearrange the compositions. The desktops are in plywood with exposed edging and surfaces in natural-finish sycamore. Perforations at the narrow sides of the desks permit the attachment of small containers. Each workstation is served by a vertical element that provides accommodation for electrical and data connections.
Composizione con sviluppo verticale
Impilati come in un gioco di costruzioni, i contenitori in legno definiscono una libreria a torre, accessibile da ogni parte, che può essere posizionata ovunque all’interno di uno spazio-ufficio. Come una sorta di totem, questo elemento modulare verticale di supporto alle postazioni identifica nuove modalità di allestimento e di arredo per gli ambienti di lavoro contemporanei. Utilizzabile singolarmente o ripetuto più volte come necessario, questo monolite può assumere un ruolo organizzatore nella distribuzione, oltre che di servizio per l’archiviazione e la rapida consultazione. Realizzati in multistrato di pioppo tinto pero, i vari elementi che lo compongono, chiusi da ante e a giorno, sono dotati su ogni faccia di una serie di fori a vista predisposti per il fissaggio mediante appositi perni in alluminio e dispositivi di connessione, che assicurano facilità di montaggio, smontaggio e riconfigurazione, oltre ad adeguate caratteristiche di sicurezza e stabilità.
Vertical configuration
The wood containers are stacked like parts of a toy construction set to form a tower bookcase, accessible from all sides, that can be positioned anywhere in the office environment. This vertical modular element, with its totem-like appearance, represents a new approach to furnishing and accessorizing contemporary workstations. It can be used individually or repeated as often as necessary, functioning as an organizing feature for work station layouts, as well as for general filing and rapid consultation. The towers are composed from plywood elements in pear stained poplar, with or without doors. All sides feature a series of perforations for connecting the other elements by means of special aluminum pins and fasteners, ensuring ease of assembly, disassembly, and reconfiguration, as well as high safety and stability standards.
Scatole in metallo/Metal boxes
- Contenitori in metallo, tintelli con vernici alle polveri epoxidiche, nei colori argento RAL 9006, grigio medio e grigio grafite.
- Predisposti su tutti i lati di fori con passo cm 20 per il fissaggio dei vari elementi mediante pin in alluminio e dispositivi connettori.
- Dotati di strato superiore con finitura lucchiata antiscivolo ad alta resistenza.
- Disponibili nella versione a giorno e chiusa con ante a battente, ante e cassetti con apertura a pressione, avvolgibili orizzontali e verticali.
- Base con piedini regolabili.
- Metal containers, with epoxy powder finishes, in the colors silver RAL 9006, medium gray and graphite gray.
- All sides feature perforations spaced at 20 cm for connecting the various elements together by means of aluminum pins and connection devices.
- Top surfaces with high-strength, textured non-slip finish.
- Available in the open version, with swing doors, with doors or drawers with push-open mechanisms, or with horizontal or vertical shutters.
- Bases with adjustable feet.
Contenitori gradino
Steps/storage containers
Profondità/Deep: cm 40
| X | 1 C 6 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|---|
| X | 2 C 1 2 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | M |
Contenitori a giorno
Open storage containers
Profondità/Deep: cm 40
| X | M G 6 0 | 6 0 | 4 0 | M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|---|
| X | M G 8 0 | 6 0 | 4 0 | M |
Contenitori a casseffì
Storage containers with drawers
Profondità/Deep: cm 40
| X | 2 C 6 0 | 6 0 | 4 0 | M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|---|
| X | 3 C 8 0 | 1 0 0 | 4 0 | M |
Contenitori ad ante
Storage containers with doors
Profondità/Deep: cm 40
| X | M A 8 0 | 6 0 | 4 0 | M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|---|
| X | M A 8 0 | 8 0 | 4 0 | M |
Cassettiere strutturali di supporto ai piani
Structural drawer pedestals to support worktops
Profondità/Deep: cm 60
| X | M G 4 0 | 6 0 | 6 0 | M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|---|
| X | 3 C 4 0 | 6 0 | 6 0 | M |
Profondità/Deep: cm 80
| X | 2 C 4 0 | 6 0 | 8 0 | M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|---|
| X | 3 C 4 0 | 6 0 | 8 0 | M |
Contenitori con tapparella
Storage containers with roll shutter doors
Profondità/Deep: cm 40
| X | M T 8 0 | 8 0 | 4 0 | V M |
|---|---------|-----|-----|----|
| X | M T 8 0 | 1 6 0 | 4 0 | M |
- Contenitori in multistrato di pioppo, spessore mm 20, con finitura naturale, tinti giallo, tinti pero.
- Predisposti su tutti i lati di fori con passo cm 20 per il fissaggio dei vari elementi mediante appositi perni in alluminio.
- Disponibili in versione a giorno e ad ante con apertura a pressione.
- Basi con piedini regolabili.
- Containers in poplar plywood, 20 mm thick, with natural finish or stained yellow or pear.
- All sides feature perforations spaced at 20 cm for connecting the various elements together by means of aluminium pins.
- Available in the-open version or with push-open doors.
- Bases with adjustable feet.
Contenitori a giorno
Open storage containers
Profondità/Deep cm 20
| X | M G 2 0 | 2 0 | 2 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 4 0 | 4 0 | 3 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 6 0 | 4 0 | 3 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 8 0 | 4 0 | 3 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 4 0 | 8 0 | 3 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
Contenitori ad ante
Storage containers with doors
Profondità/Deep cm 30
| X | M A 4 0 | 4 0 | 3 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
Profondità/Deep cm 40
| X | M G 4 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 6 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 8 0 | 4 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 4 0 | 8 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 6 0 | 8 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 8 0 | 8 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
| X | M G 4 0 | 8 0 | 4 0 | W |
|---|---------|----|----|---|
| | | | | |
NW
Pioppo naturale
Natural poplar
YW
Pioppo tintto giallo
Yellow stained poplar
PW
Pioppo tintto pero
Pear stained poplar
Piani di lavoro / Worktops
- Piano in multistrato di pioppo, spessore mm 40, con bordo a vista e profili strutturali sottopiano in alluminio previdente per il fissaggio ai contenitori metallici di supporto.
- Finitura superificiale in sycamore naturale o laminato, nei colori bianco 410, grigio 1810, grigio 1820, rosso 823.
- Larghezza cm 60-80-100-120.
- Disponibile con lunghezze da cm 160 a 300 con incremento modulare di cm 20.
- Fori nella superficie fissati a passo cm 20, permette il fissaggio delle scatole in legno sia sul fronte che sul lato del piano di lavoro.
- Attrezzabile con componente elettrificato per salita cavi e prese di connessione alle reti (elettrica, telefonica, dati ecc.)
- Top in poplar plywood, 40 mm thick, with exposed edging and aluminum structural profiles fixed to the underside, designed for attaching to the structural drawer pedestals.
- Surface finish in natural sycamore or laminate, in the colors 410 white, 1810 gray, 1820 gray, and 823 red.
- Width 60-80-100-120 cm.
- Available in lengths from 160 cm to 300 cm, with modular increments of 20 cm.
- Supplied with perforations spaced at 20 cm apart, permitting specially-designed wooden containers to be fixed firmly to the top of the worktop, along the back or at either side.
- Can be equipped with the power and data module, which provides cable management and outlets for network connectors (electrical, telephone, data, etc.).
Larghezza/Width cm 60
Lunghezza/Length cm 160/180/200/220/240/260/280/300
Larghezza/Width cm 80
Lunghezza/Length cm 160/180/200/220/240/260/280/300
Larghezza/Width cm 100
Lunghezza/Length cm 160/180/200/220/240/260/280/300
Larghezza/Width cm 120
Lunghezza/Length cm 160/180/200/220/240/260/280/300
Foratura superiore a passo cm 20
predisposte per il fissaggio delle scatole in legno
sulla parte frontale o sulla parte laterale destra e sinistra
della pedana del piano.
Perforations in top surface, spaced at 20 cm
for accommodating specially-designed wooden
containers along the back or the left and right sides
of the workstation.
Distanziale strutturale / Spacer supports
- Distanziale metallico predisposto per il fissaggio del piano
alle basi strutturali.
- Finitura, verniciato nero opaco.
- Metal spacer support for fixing the worktop
to the structural base cabinets.
- Finish, painted matt black.
Componente elettrificata / Power and data module
- Elemento per salita cavi attrezzato con prese integrate
di connessione alle reti (elettrica, telefonica, dati ecc.)
- Realizzato in alluminio verniciato colore nero.
- Cable management element with integrated outlets:
(electrical, telephone, data etc.)
- In aluminum, painted black.
Piedini / Feet
- Piedini regolabili in metallo.
- Finitura, verniciato nero opaco.
- Adjustable metal feet.
- Finish, painted matt black.
### UniFor
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---
UniFor has obtained UNI EN ISO 9001:2008 and UNI EN ISO 14001:2004 certification.
The products illustrated in this catalog are made in conformity with the Italian decree law DLGS 91.03.06 and with all of the principal regulations applicable to the sector. The content of this catalog is subject to change without prior notice. The products described in this catalog are made with Class C1 materials (low formaldehyde content), and are GreenGuard® certified.
The bookcase is a modular system that can be configured in various ways to suit different needs and spaces. It features a combination of open and closed storage options, allowing for both display and practical use. The design is versatile and adaptable, making it suitable for a wide range of environments from home offices to public spaces. | 938827cd-b89f-4e8b-863e-b2845655bd59 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 37,448 |
I) Consideración del Acta Nº 3082 de 12 de diciembre de 2012.
II) Asuntos correspondientes a la Secretaría General.
2012/2045 – Juan Alarcón – Solicitud de acceso a la información al amparo de la Ley Nº 18.381 de 17 de octubre de 2008.
2012/2046 – Juan Alarcón – Solicitud de acceso a la información al amparo de la Ley Nº 18.381 de 17 de octubre de 2008.
III) Asunto correspondiente a la Gerencia de Servicios Institucionales.
2012/1912 – Concurso de oposición, méritos y antecedentes para la provisión de 10 cargos de Administrativo I (GEPU 30).
IV) Asunto correspondiente a la Gerencia de Política Económica y Mercados.
2012/1035 – Recopilación de Normas de Operaciones – Régimen de Financiamiento de Exportaciones – Posiciones arancelarias para la cadena textil, vestimenta, cuero, marroquinería, calzado, papel estucado, filetes y preparados de pescado, citríco, productos de la industria metalmecánica, madera para la construcción y cerámica vidrios y muebles – Prórroga de plazo.
V) Asuntos correspondientes a la Superintendencia de Servicios Financieros.
2009/0470 – Secreto.
2012/1724 – Recopilación de Normas de Seguros y Reaseguros – Artículo 131 - Ajuste por inflación en las empresas públicas o privadas que desarrollen actividad aseguradora o reaseguradora – Modificación - Ejercicio del derecho de avocación (artículo 36 de la Ley Nº 16.696 de 30 de marzo de 1995 en la redacción dada por el artículo 9 de la Ley Nº 18.401 de 24 de octubre de 2008 y resolución D/160/2012 de 14 de junio de 2012 – Comienza a computarse el plazo de 30 días establecido para ejercer el derecho de avocación una vez que estas actuaciones se ponen en conocimiento del Directorio).
VI) Asunto correspondiente a la Asesoría Económica.
2011/0290 – Fondo Monetario Internacional – Convocatoria a participar en el incremento de la iniciativa denominada “Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust (PRGT)”.
Dra. Viviana Pérez Benech
Gerente de Área
Secretaría General
MARIO BERGARA
PRESIDENTE
VII) Asuntos repartidos para conocimiento de los señores Directores.
2012/0964 – Departamento de Comunicación Institucional – Iniciativa Estratégica N° 17 “Presentar y difundir el Programa BCU Educa a nivel nacional con el objetivo de reforzar la imagen corporativa de la Institución” – Informe Final.
2012/2048 – Departamento de Comunicación Institucional – Meta de Mejora 2012 (MM18) "Desarrollar acciones transversales e internas para la mejora de los procesos de comunicación externa de la Institución" – Informe de cumplimiento.
VIII) Asunto Entrado.
- Fondo Latinoamericano de Reservas (FLAR) – LXX Reunión Ordinaria de Directorio – Bogotá, Colombia – 4 de marzo de 2013.
Viviana Pérez
Gerente de Área
sn/mlp | <urn:uuid:abda2611-15be-4f0a-826a-778e4390e8e5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 2,708 |
Nursery
Mariya Afia
Reception
Fareeha
Year 1
Year 4
Simran Kirtan Artin Nisr Yusra Huda Asfika
Year 2
Raheel Nahiya
Year 3
Zayd Lana Baraa'a Kacper Maryam Deina Amoray Tawheed
Year 5
Year 6
Gavin Naina Maqadas Diba Mahak
Maria Yusra Haleema Mariam Tasnim Haleema
Jasdeep Wadea
Monday 18th June - KS1 Sports Day in the playground , 1.30pm Tuesday 19th June - KS2 Sports Day at Oak House at 10am Wednesday 20th June - Yr 6 Trip to Aston University Thursday 21st June - Year 2 trip to Barry Island
Dear Parents and Carers,
It has been another busy week in school. The teachers have all been busy writing the children's annual reports and we have been very busy reading them. It is lovely to read about the progress of the children and how hard they have been working. We will be sending out the reports later this term so do please look out for them.
This week, our Year 1 children and some of our Year 2 children took the Phonics Assessment Task. The children all tried really hard to read the words. We are very proud of them all. Well done!
Eid Mubarak to all our families who will be celebrating this weekend. If Eid is tomorrow (Friday 15 th June), please make sure that your child comes back to school on Monday as only one day absence will be authorised.
Have a good weekend with your families.
Best wishes, Lisa Gillam
Class RH-95.3%
Class RD-95.8%
Class 1-95.7%
Class 1T-98.0%
Class 2H-95.4%
Class 2G-100%
Class 3K-100%
Class 3T-94.2%
Class 4M-98.4%
Class 4P– 91.7%
Class 5S-94.4%
Class 5G-96.8%
Class 6C– 96.4%
Class 6E– 96.7%
WORLD CUP COLOUR DAY
On Friday 22nd June to celebrate the World Cup the children are invited to wear their classes chosen colour for their country.
If you are unsure what colour your child should wear please see their class teacher for details.
Many thanks.
Our attendance this week was 96.3% which is just below our target of 97%
This week's winners are:
WORLD CUP MENU
We are holding a special World Cup lunch on Wednesday 20th June 2018 - please see the menus on the KS1/KS2 entrance doors for details.
For those who are not eligible for free school meals please see the office for payment.
Thank you!
GOLF AFTER SCHOOL CLUB
There will be NO Golf After school club on the following dates:-
Monday 18th June Monday 25th June
Club will re-commence on Monday 2nd July 2018
Apologies for any Inconvenience caused
Sports Day
One of the most exciting events of the Summer Term, Sports Day, is fast approaching! We would like to invite you to come along and support the children with lots of enthusiasm and your loudest cheers!
- Sports Day for Key Stage 1 will be held on Monday 18th June in our playground at 1.30pm
- Sports Day for Key Stage 2 will be held on Tuesday 19th June at the Oak House at 10.00am.
Please ensure your child has extra to drink, however class water bottles will be available on that day.
We look forward to seeing you at our Sports Day to support the children as they participate in this fun and enjoyable event.
IMPORTANT ATTENDANCE INFORMATION
Our school target for attendance is 97%. If appointments in school time cannot be avoided, please ensure an appointment card (or letter) is handed to the school office prior to the appointment. If your child is absent through sickness please provide medical proof in the way of medication labels or prescription slip. Wherever possible attend school prior to appointment and return to school following the appointment. You should not keep your child off school for the whole morning, afternoon or all day.
If your child does not return to school on the advice of the GP, always contact the school to inform them of the outcome. Thank you for your support.
Home visits will be conducted by the Attendance Officer - if your child is not in school a referral will be made. Please try wherever possible to avoid medical appointments in school time. | <urn:uuid:e8dbf000-976d-428b-adfe-49b84dc34b9e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,909 |
Fissa la data!
buon compleanno Banca del Dono!
il 30 settembre dalle ore 18 in piazza Roma
“IL TAVOLONTARIO 2018”
...per aggiungere un tavolo conviviale ai seriosi tavoli organizzativi e tematici
Ad un anno dalla sua apertura, inaugurata il 4 di ottobre del 2017, la Banca del Dono propone l’incontro dei volti e delle esperienze che hanno caratterizzato un periodo di attività, contatti, coinvolgimento di singoli e accoglienza di disponibilità.
E lo intende fare in modo conviviale.
L’iniziativa si svolgerà in piazza Roma, dove ha sede la Banca del Dono. In un clima assolutamente informale, per favorire lo scambio e il dialogo, ciascuna associazione potrà offrire in termini di gusto e sobrietà la parte commestibile, che sarà un contributo “di sostanza” all’incontro. Su tavoli appositamente allestiti anche cibo e alimenti, altrimenti in scadenza, potranno essere cucinati e consumati per apprezzarne valore e appetibilità.
La giornata ospiterà Volontari in Piazza e sarà parte integrante di “Volontariato in vetrina… nei negozi della città” | <urn:uuid:4deb65cb-4a57-477f-be37-27cf52ef0d5a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,055 |
PENLLERGAER COMMUNITY COUNCIL
Minutes of meeting held on 11 th April 2017
PRESENT
. Councillor W Morgan (Chairman)
Councillors Mrs G Richards,
Mr T John, Mrs R A Talbot, Mr K Evans Mrs W Fitzgerald Mrs C Pugh,
APOLOGIES
Councillors Mr N Bolt, Mr M Daniels, Mr D Oakley
12.17. 01 PUBLIC MEETING
No public in attendance
12.17.02 DECLARATION OF MEMBERS INTERESTS
The Register of Members Interests was confirmed for publication on the web site.
12.17.03 APPROVAL OF MINUTES
The Minutes of the meeting held on 14 th March 2017 were approved
12.17.04 MATTERS ARISING
Request for use of a small area of Sports Field for football training for under 7's during the Summer. Update
Councillor John reported that an area of the Sports Field has been earmarked for the purpose requested
Defibrilator. It was confirmed that a defibrilator be located at the Sports and Social Club and that an order for the equipment now be placed.
12.17.05 CORRESPONDENCE
None
12.17.06 NEWSLETTER
Next issue to be published in May/June
12.17.07 FINANCE REPORT
Invoices for Payment
The following invoices were approved for Payment
12.17.08 REPORT OF THE SUB COMMITTEES.
Sports Field
Councillor John reported that the football season will finish shortly and cricket will commence shortly. It was noted that the netting requires to be reinstated
Councillor John outlined a proposal for the creation of a community orchard on the area of land earmarked for clearing and drainage in conjunction with the Gardening Club who would be responsible for maintaining and managing the site. After a wide ranging debate it was agreed that the proposal be noted in principle and considered further following completion of the clearance and drainage work at which time the proposed role and responsibilities of the Gardening Club would need to be examined in more detail.
Village Hall
Councillor Pugh expressed concern at the car parking problems in the V Hall car park that emanated from a recent PTA evening event which resulted in users of the Hall being unable to gain access and the Caretaker being subject to verbal abuse from parents attending the PTA event. It was agreed that a schedule of future PTA events be obtained in order that a similar situation can be avoided.
It was also agreed that the caretakers hours be increased from 6 to 8 hours per week to reflect the the increase use of the V Hall and boiler room, and that the hourly rate be increased to £7.50 per hour in accordance with the increase in the National Living Wage from 1 st April 2017.
Environment
Councillor Fitzgerald reported on the following matters.
Following a site visit with CCoS officers no suitable locations were identified for hanging baskets
The LDP deadline for the Delivery Agreement at the end of March has been broken. It was agreed that a letter be sent to the Welsh Government expressing the Council's concern at a further delay in the process.
Awaiting further response from CCoS Highways Dept on possible solutions to the problem of car parking on the A48 during school hours. It was agreed that a letter be sent to the School expressing concern at the practice of children exiting vehicles directly onto the A48 at busy school dropping off and picking up times.
Proposal for a Christmas tree to be located on the Village Hall to be considered in more detail.
It was noted that the planning application a new dwelling in the garden of 57, Gorseinon Road was approved in spite of Council and neighbour objections.
Police
No report
12.17.09 CONSIDERATION OF PLANNING APPLICATIONS.
The following application was approved 2017/0568 Mr and Mrs Davies, 16, Swansea Road Two storey rear extension and front porch
12.17.10 RESIDENTS QUERIES
Councillor Pugh wondered what has become of the Penllergaer Village sign at the entrance to the Village on Pontardulais. Councillor Fitzgerald agreed to investigate the situation.
12.17.11 DATE OF NEXT MEETING. 9 th May 2017
D.L.Hoskins CPFA
Clerk to the Council | <urn:uuid:dd721aa0-ffbc-467c-a6ca-9a94c80e5bc9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,014 |
REFERAT
Møde i Det Centrale Arbejdsmiljøudvalg 27. februar 2015 kl. 10-12
Direktoratet j.nr. 14-112-0024
Mødedeltagere:
Ole Hansen, (formand), Direktoratet Ina Rasmussen, som observatør for organisationerne Steen Rersøe, Københavns Fængsler
Fraværende:
Lene Theilgaard, Statsfængslet i Kragskovhede og Peter Kempf Pedersen, Statsfængslet ved Søndre Omme
Signe Sommerset (sekretær), Direktoratet. / Katrine Nørbæk Cobbold (observatør)
Dagsorden
Referatet fra sidst
Generelt – Reorganiseringen
Vold og Trusler
Arbejdstilsynet
Sygefravær
Valg i 2015
Gennemgang af indkomne informationer til CAU fra de øvrige AMU
Forebyggelsespakker
Eventuelt
Næste møde
Ole Hansen bød velkommen til årets første ordinære møde i det centrale arbejdsmiljøudvalg (CAU) og kunne meddele, at to af udvalgets medlemmer beklageligvis var blevet forhindret i at komme. Herunder B-sidens Peter Kempf Pedersen samt Lene Theilgaard, Statsfængslet i Kragskovhede, som er den ene af de to afløsere af den tidligere A-side. Udvalgets andet nye medlem på A-siden Steen Rersøe Københavns Fængsler blev budt velkommen.
Referatet fra sidst
Der var ingen kommentarer til referatet fra sidst.
Generelt - Reorganiseringen
Vedr. fysisk arbejdsmiljøforhold
Ole Hansen orienterede om status på de fysiske forhold i områdekontorerne, hvor man arbejder på højtryk for at skabe nogle ordentlige arbejdsrammer for medarbejderne dér. Meldingen er, at bygningssagerne kører efter planen.
Områdekontoret i København:
Medarbejderne flyttede ind i de nye lokaler den 20. januar 2015
Områdekontoret i Ringsted:
Lokalerne forventes færdige den 16. marts.
Områdekontoret i Kolding:
Lokalerne forventes færdige den 17. april.
Områdekontoret i Hobro:
Lokalerne forventes færdige den 14. marts.
Revideret ledelses- og institutionsstruktur
Ole Hansen: Der er to store emner, som optager vores lokale ledere en hel del. Det ene emne, er den del af vores reorganisering, som handler om, at vi skal revidere vores ledelses- og institutionsstruktur. Men 'ro på' – der arbejdes på, at alle bliver inddraget undervejs og orienteret om grundlaget for strukturerne løbende. Et startskud på orienteringen var temadagen den 24. februar, hvor ca. 170 af Kriminalforsorgens ledere var samlet på for at få en indføring i ledelsesteorien - Leadership Pipeline i den offentlige sektor. Temadagen bød på erfaringsoplæg fra andre offentlige myndigheder, der har haft stor succes med indførelsen af Leadership Pipeline – herunder Rigspolitiet og Hjørring Kommune.
Steen Rersøe: Det var en rigtig god dag. Det var virkelig positivt med nogle konkrete eksempler fra oplægsholderne, på hvordan vi kan bruge denne tankegang (teori) i udviklingen af vores ledelsesstruktur. Desuden var det givtig, at alle var samlet og fik den samme besked på samme tid.
Input fra udvalget – hvad oplever medlemmerne af reaktioner lokalt på, der hvor vi er nu i reorganiseringen?
Steen Rersøe: Der er en vis grad af uvished i forhold til de daglige arbejdsgange og processer. Medarbejderne er i tvivl om hvem og hvortil de skal rette henvendelse, når de har problemer. Vi skal have nye procedure integreret og have snitfladerne i opgavevaretagelsen klart kommunikeret.
Ole Hansen: Med henvisning til en nylig afholdt temadag omkring klientsagsbehandling i Nyborgs Personalehus fremgik det, at vores medarbejdere er enige om 'det generelle'. Men når det bliver konkret og praksisnært, så opstår diskussioner og uenigheder.
Ina Rasmussen: Det er et udtalt problem. Lederne bliver matte. De ved ikke hvordan de skal forholde sig til uvisheden, som findes hos dem selv, i institutionen og blandt medarbejderne. Kapacitetstilpasningen fylder meget. Den fylder mere end reorganiseringen.
Steen Rersøe: Der er brug for at skabe mening i det der sker. Det er et afgørende fokuspunkt fra øverste instans. Det er vigtigt at gentage hvorfor vi reorganiserer – og hvad vi er på vej 'hen imod'.
Ina Rasmussen: Der er brug for, at man sender tydelige signaler og holder fast i de signaler man sender.
'Reorganisering af intranettet' – AMO får et nyt og mere tilgængeligt Teamsite
Fredag den 27. februar flyttes samtlige dokumenter fra det eksisterende arbejdsmiljønetværk på intranettet til et nyoprette Teamsite. AMO vil således i løbet af marts ikke kunne oploade dokumenter, som de plejer. Alle vil modtage en mail med link til teamsitet, når det er klar til brug i løbet af april.
På sitet vil man kunne finde al den information, som man har brug for som arbejdsmiljøleder og arbejdsmiljørepræsentant.
Indtil sitet er klar skal informationer og referater mv. sendes til £Arbejdsmiljø (101s68) cc til Signe Sommerset.
Vold og Trusler
Statistikken
I 2014 (jan.- dec.) er der samlet set indberettet 410 episoder. I samme periode 2013 (jan.-dec.) blev der indberettet 363 episoder.
Stigningen i antallet af episoder skyldes, at antallet af registrerede tilfælde af trusler mod Kriminalforsorgens personale er steget i de lukkede og åbne institutioner.
Ole Hansen: Vi tager den negative udvikling meget alvorligt og er derfor positive over de forebyggende indsatser, der er i gang på området (nedenstående):
Underpartnerskabet – til Partnerskab om Sikkerhed
Ole Hansen: Til at understøtte områdernes arbejde med at nedbringe antallet af vold eller trusselsepisoder arbejder underpartnerskabet på en ny definition af hhv. vold og trusler samt en nultolerancepoltik. Desuden foretager underpartnerskabet en grundig revision af arbejdet med de statiske opgørelser mhp. at optimere data. Arbejdet forventes færdigt med udgangen af 1. kvartal/ primo 2. kvartal 2015.
Ina Rasmussen: Underpartnerskabet har ladet sig inspirere af arbejdsmiljøarbejdet – det er ganske positivt.
Som nævnt under sidste møde i CAU arbejder underpartnerskabet desuden på et katalog over effektive indsatser, der vedrører forebyggelse, håndtering og opfølgning samt kortlægning og registrering. Indsatser som direkte og indirekte retter sig mod at nedbringe niveauet for fysisk eller psykisk vold. Kataloget skal tjene som inspiration til institutionsarbejde på området.
Ændring i Arbejdsmiljøloven vedr. vold eller trusler i fritiden samt chikane på de sociale medier.
1. februar 2015 trådte en skærpelse af arbejdsmiljøloven i kraft, som pålægger arbejdsgiveren, at imødegå vold og chikane også uden for tjenesten.
Kriminalforsorgen ser positivt på, at arbejdsmiljøloven er skærpet, så der nu er en lovgivningsmæssig ramme, som styrker vores ansattes retlige position. Når det drejer sig om nye initiativer, som følge af lovændringen, så har man bedt underpartnerskabet om at se på sagen, og Fængselsforbundet involveres i arbejdet.
Der er i dag systematisk opfølgning til ansatte, der udsættes for chikane i form af vold og trusler og hærværk – hvad enten det er i tjenesten eller i fritiden. De tilbydes defusing og debriefing, og de kan få psykologhjælp mv. via Kriminalforsorgens Sundhedsordning.
I Kriminalforsorgens HR-strategi 2015-2016 sættes der desuden yderligere fokus på, at det skal være trygt at gå på arbejde, både i og uden for arbejdstiden. Og i det allerede eksisterende arbejde med at optimere og forbedre data og registrering er fokus også på at tilpasse det nuværende system i henhold til lovændringen.
Arbejdstilsynet vil fremover kunne påbyde arbejdsgiver 'straks' eller 'inden for en frist', at undersøge om en medarbejder bliver chikaneret uden for arbejdstiden.
Direktoratet har et møde med Arbejdstilsynet 8. april for at sikre overensstemmelse mellem vores omfattende praksisinitiativer og de gældende krav til retningslinjer. Men tjenestestederne bør ligeledes skærpe opmærksomheden på lokal praksis på området.
Input fra udvalget – er der forhold på vold eller trusselsområdet, som medlemmerne oplever, har en særlig forebyggende effekt? Andre input i forhold til lovændringen?
Ina Rasmussen: Man bør skæve til politiet, hvis medarbejderes navne er beskyttet. Er man politibetjent står det anført i diverse registre og man kan, som borger ikke få oplyst politibetjentes navne. Vores betjente er ikke beskyttet, hvorfor der er lettere at få adgang til navn og bopæl mv.
Steen Rersøe: Politiet er anonyme – det er vi ikke. Der er behov for en art ligestilling
Arbejdstilsynet
Risikobaseret tilsyn
Der har desuden været gennemført risikobaseret tilsynsbesøg i 2015 og flere tjenesteder er varslet besøg. Koncern HR arbejder på at få oprettet sagerne og fremsende sagsnumre til de involverede tjenestesteder – men oplyser at være lidt bagud. Såfremt der er spørgsmål til konkrete sager kan man skrive til Koncern HR's institutionspostkasse.
Skærpet fokus på passiv rygning
Koncern HR har noteret sig, at Arbejdstilsynet har et skærpet fokus på risikoen for passiv rygning – og Arbejdstilsynet er hertil som noget nyt begyndt at give strakspåbud efter rygeloven.
I 2014 var der 11 påbud og 3 strakspåbud samt 1 rådgivningspåbud vedr. rygning eller passiv rygning på Kriminalforsorgens institutioner.
Det er en markant stigning i forhold til 2013, hvor der ikke var nogen reaktioner/afgørelser vedr. rygning og passiv rygning. Her kan forklaringen være, at Arbejdstilsynet i hele 2013 gennemførte en særlig tilsynsindsats med fokus på det psykiske arbejdsmiljø i 29 af Kriminalforsorgens institutioner. Der var derfor forholdsvis få af de risikobaserede tilsynsbesøg.
Ole Hansen: Kriminalforsorgen tager problemet meget alvorligt – og vi forholder os til de henvendelser vi får fra institutionerne. I øjeblikket arbejder vi på at danne sig et overblik over omkostninger og mulige indsatser på området. Der er desuden sendt en henvendelse til departementet, men vi afventer svar.
Input fra udvalget – har I erfaringer med lokal tackling af problematikken?
Ina Rasmussen: Vi bør med øjeblikkelig virkning forbyde rygning i besøgsrum, der jo ikke kan betragtes som bopæl for indsatte jfr. den nuværende lovgivning.
Steen Rersøe: 'Ryger' – 'Ikke-ryger' - afdelinger kunne være en mulighed.
Sygefravær
Seneste sygefraværsstatistik
Ved udgangen af december måned 2014 var sygefraværet på 16,1 kalendersygedage pr. medarbejder – og der er desværre fortsat en svag stigning. Det er dog ikke en usædvanlig konsekvens af store forandringer, som den reorganisering Kriminalforsorgen har været igennem i det sidste år. Men ikke desto mindre er det fortsat et indsatsområde, der har høj prioritet i 2015.
Ole Hansen: I Koncern HR's projektgruppe på sygefraværsområdet har man - udover efterårets mange besøg - også understøttet områdekontorerne med nyeste data for de enkelte områder og afholder her i 1. og 2. kvartal konkrete temadage omhandlende 'tackling af sygesager fra A-Z'. Temadagene skal yderligere støtte den fremadrettede opgaveløsning og den tætte kontakt med institutionerne som ligger i de fire områdekontorer.
Ina Rasmussen: Det er ikke et alarmerende sygefraværsniveau. Det er en af konsekvenserne i en omstillingstid, hvor der samtidig er kapacitetsusikkerhed.
Ole Hansen: Der er bestemt årsager, at pege på – men ikke desto mindre går det den forkerte vej og det skal vi bekymre os om – og fortsætte det fokuserede arbejde.
Steen Rersøe: Sygefravær kræver et konstant fokus og en intens indsats. Vi skal ikke jagte folk.
Udgangspunktet er, at vi skal hjælpe folk, der har brug for hjælp og har "ondt i maven".
Gennemgang af indkomne informationer til Det Centrale Arbejdsmiljøudvalg fra de øvrige arbejdsmiljøudvalg i Kriminalforsorgen
Status på valg til ny AMO struktur
Første fase og anden fase af valget er sat i gang og der er kommet opdaterede skemaer over nyvalgte AMrepræsentanter fra 2/3 dele af alle tjenestesteder. Deadline var den 20. marts, og stort set alle skemaer er modtaget og er nu ved at blive sat ind i et oversigtsskema og diagram, inden 3. fase sættes i gang – nemlig valg til område AMU. De der mangler at sende skemaer må eftersende snarest muligt.
Revidering af den udsendte model til AMO vedr. valg
Der er kommet en henvendelse fra et områdekontor. Vedkommende læste illustrationen, som om alle arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter i hele Kriminalforsorgen skulle stemme til områdeudvalgsniveauet – derfor er illustrationen nu gjort tydeligere. Det er nemlig KUN arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter i det pågældende område, der kan stille op til og stemme om udvalgsniveauet i pågældende områdes AMU.
Arbejdsmiljøloven
5.2.1. Sammensætning af arbejdsmiljøudvalget
(…) I virksomheder, hvor der er flere end to arbejdsmiljøgrupper, vælger arbejdsmiljørepræsentanterne to repræsentanter fra grupperne til arbejdsmiljøudvalget.
Arbejdslederne i arbejdsmiljøgrupperne vælger ligeledes to repræsentanter mellem sig. Arbejdsgiveren eller dennes repræsentant er formand for arbejdsmiljøudvalget. Et arbejdsmiljøudvalg består således som udgangspunkt af fem medlemmer, uanset hvor mange arbejdsmiljøgrupper der er i virksomheden.
Ud over de to arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter og de to arbejdslederrepræsentanter i udvalget vælges der yderligere to arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter og to arbejdslederrepræsentanter som suppleanter. Suppleanterne vælges efter samme regler som ved valg til arbejdsmiljøudvalget (…)
IAPV
Der er kommet et par henvendelser vedr. IAPV:
"Om det kan forventes, at den bliver rullet ud i juni, og om institutionerne dermed kan vente med at uarbejde en APV til den er klar?"
Der arbejdes på at kunne melde noget mere detaljeret ud. Men det er hensigten og forventningen, at systemet er implementeret i juni 2015, men eftersom superbrugerkurser først forventes afholdt henover sommeren og i august, vil det kunne tages i brug umiddelbart derefter.
Men indtil videre er man velkommen til at skrive til Signe Sommerset Koncern HR, hvis man allerede har en leverandøraftale eller hvis der er andre forhold, der er usikkerhed om.
"Vil arbejdsmiljørepræsentanternes uddannelse som superbrugere i systemet være en del af årets kompetenceudvikling af arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter (den supplerende arbejdsmiljøuddannelse)?"
Det vil ikke være samtlige arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter, som bliver superbrugere på systemet og dermed ikke alle, der skal indgå i en uddannelsesdag, som skal varetages i samarbejde mellem områdekontorerne og direktoratet. Men for de der deltager, kan kurset umiddelbart godt fungere, som en lille del af den årlige supplerende arbejdsmiljøuddannelse på 1½ dag. Men den kan ikke stå alene.
Konsulentbesøg vedr. arbejdspladsindretning
"Er der i kontrakten med Sundhedsdoktor mulighed for at tilkøbe et ergonomisk konsulentbesøg til at se, om arbejdspladserne på områdekontoret har de rette indstillinger?"
Meningen er, at alle civile medarbejdere skal igennem et sådan forløb – inklusiv Strandgade. Der er en 'timebank' hos Sundhedsdoktor, som man kan gøre brug af. Institutionens leder skal således henvende sig til Inger Merete Børsting i Koncern HR og anmode om besøg.
Årsmøde for arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter
Der er blevet spurgt til indholdet i det årsmøde for arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter og -ledere, som CAU drøftede i december 2014.
I brev til AMO af oktober 2014 kom CAU med et forslag til områdekontorerne – som de kan gøre brug af eller lade være:
"Forslag til et obligatorisk årsmøde
CAU lægger desuden op til, at områdekontorerne én gang om året afholder et obligatorisk møde for samtlige arbejdsmiljøgrupper/ og –ledere i området. Dette årlige møde kunne have tre overordnede formål: dels fungere som den årlige, lovpligtige arbejdsmiljødrøftelse med de reglementerede temaer, dels at understøtte den områdebaserede arbejdsmiljøstrategi og dels at være et forum for områdebaseret videndeling, opsamling – samt udvikling."
Dobbeltarbejdsplads for medarbejdere
"Vedr. tilhørsforholdet i arbejdsmiljømæssig sammenhæng for medarbejdere, som er ansat i områdekontoret, men hovedsagelig virker på en institution. Er disse både stemmeberettigede til valg af arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter i områdekontoret og på institutionen? - og udfylder de også APV begge steder?"
Den enkelte institutions arbejdsmiljøgruppe skal varetage alle ansattes interesser og behov i forhold til arbejdsmiljøet. Dvs. at de også varetager behov fremsat af medarbejdere, som er ansat i områdekontoret – men noget af tiden gør tjeneste på en institution.
Men der vil være en særskilt APV, for særlige arbejdsfunktioner.
Hvad angår valg af arbejdsmiljørepræsentanter afgives stemme kun ét sted og det er til det sted, man er ansat på og der hvor ens direkte (arbejdsmiljø)leder er.
Hvis noget ikke fungerer på institutionen, som man er tilknyttet i noget af ens arbejdstid, så vil det være den leder, som har det ledelsesmæssige ansvar for medarbejderen, der skal tage affære – evt. i samspil med den lokale arbejdsmiljørepræsentant på institutionen.
Forebyggelsespakker – Fonden for forebyggelse og Fastholdelse
Samarbejdsaftale med Oxford Research vedr. evaluering af forebyggelsespakkerne
Der er indgået en samarbejdsaftale med virksomheden Oxford Research, som skal evaluere Kriminalforsorgens arbejde med Forebyggelsespakkerne. Rapporten forventes færdig i slutningen af april og har til hensigt at bidrage med anbefalinger til, hvordan Kriminalforsorgen kan bruge de erfaringer og værktøjer, som er høstet og har været brugt gennem de enkelte forløb.
Den 18. februar deltog størstedelen af konsulentkorpset til et fokusgruppeinterview i Odense sammen med forskerne og næste skridt er en række caseundersøgelser, der involvere nogle af de medarbejdere, der har deltaget.
Nogle af pointerne fra dagen handlede om, at pakkerne har været konstruktive og har haft en mærkbar effekt. Fremtidsværktøjet har stor værdi og er et rigtig godt og virkningsfyldt HR værktøj – der passer til Kriminalforsorgens arbejdsmiljøarbejde.
Dog ses pakkernes resultater tydeligst de steder, hvor ledelsen har dedikeret sig til indsatsen. Der hvor ledelsen har støttet op om projektet hele vejen igennem – og hvor ledelsen samtidigt har turdet lytte til - og realisere de forandringsforslag, som er kommet fra medarbejderne.
CAU og Koncern HR ser frem til at blive klogere på de endelige anbefalinger til fremadrettede indsatser, når rapporten er færdig. Rapporten vil blive sendt til AMO og oploadet på det kommende teamsite.
Eventuelt
Ikke noget til eventuelt
Næste møde
8. maj 2015 | <urn:uuid:9db48827-594e-41f2-bbde-6819fc5b4a04> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/dan_Latn/train | finepdfs | dan_Latn | 18,192 |
Media in Transition: Globalization and Convergence, an International
Conference
10-12 May 2002
Germany Goes Global: Challenging the Theory of Hollywood's Dominance on
International Markets
Joseph Garncarz (University of Cologne, Germany)
1.
There are a variety of theories which deal with Hollywood's international role, e. g., by Colin Hoskins and Rolf Mirus or by Steven S. Wildman and Stephen E. Siwek. 1 However, all these theories share a fundamental error: they attempt to explain a phenomenon of which they simply assume that it is the case, namely that Hollywood films have dominated the world markets since the 1910s. I would like to demonstrate that for Germany, at least, this assumption is unfounded: Hollywood films did not become consistently popular with German audiences until the 1980s. When we revise the theory of Hollywood as the most successful global player, it becomes possible to construct a middle range theory which not only fits the empirical facts better, but also has a dynamic aspect and an explanatory value for the popularity of films on export markets.
For the purpose of constructing a new theory of the popularity of Hollywood films on international markets, we have to revise the existing research on a conceptual as well as on an empirical level. Firstly, I will
1
argue that the widely accepted hypothesis of the global dominance of US movies has been constructed on a research design which confuses supply and demand, thus excluding the crucial role of audiences per se. Secondly, I will reconstruct and interpret the process of change in the popularity of Hollywood films in Germany based on thoroughly compiled data which measures the demand for films by German audiences. Thirdly, I will give an explanation for the increasing popularity of US films in Germany by looking not only at the economic and political elites as global players but also, and even primarily, at the changing tastes of German audiences. Lastly, based on the German case study, I would like to propose a new theory of how Hollywood gained its dominance on international markets.
2.
The research design that guides work on the world-wide dominance of US films is not explicated. Neither Kristin Thompson nor Thomas Guback reflect on their research design. 2 When made explicit, it becomes clear how problematic it is. My central argument is, that the usual concepts limit the empirical enquiry from the outset in such a way that results which conform to the research frame are generated almost automatically.
The concept of how the conquest of the world market is achieved is based solely on the level of elites, i. e. of economic and political leaders. In the "global flow patterns of films", the primary factors are political and economic ones; cultural factors are only of secondary concern. 3 Thompson emphasizes economic activity. For Guback, the concerted action of the US government and the US film industry guaranteed the
international success of Hollywood films. When examining the relationship between the exporting and the importing country, only the large exporting country is credited with playing a significant role; the smaller importing country is described as nothing but a black box or at most as playing a defensive role. 4 The players that engage in an active economic policy are therefore only the US elites. The European film industries or governments do not hold a position as agents, but at most one as defenders, who limit the import of US films with the help of protectionist measures (e.g., protective duty, import quotas, screening time quotas).
In these concepts of the global circulation of films the audience's power and also that of the smaller importing countries' film industries is almost totally ignored. When the audience is taken into account, it is merely presented as a function of film supply or as a compliant object of political interests: the audience watches what the elites of the US film industry want it to watch. The economic law implied here is that "demand follows supply". However, it is absolutely plausible that the US film industry threw a large supply of films on foreign markets without a large audience ever taking interest in them (e. g. because these films had already returned their costs on the domestic market or for image reasons, i. e. for the purpose of gaining a market advantage on a medium- or long-term basis). In these discourses, only the film industry's market dominance and not the films' popularity is of any consistent interest.
In the context of such a concept, which allows only US economic and political elites to function as players, it becomes clear that until now research has only used data to measure film supply: the US film industry is regarded as dominant on a foreign market, when the supplied (premiered or censored) US films represent more than half or at least the greatest part of the total film supply of all the countries who have a share
in that market. 5
Based on the explicated research design and the sources used, international research has held on to an idea that could be termed as "the standard model". The standard model of the global success of the US film industry maintains that since the mid 1910s Hollywood films have been more popular all over the world than the respective national films. It postulates that Germany is a special case, because the triumphant advance of US films set in late in Germany: the US film industry did not attain its market dominance there until the mid 1920s, and moreover, the market dominance of US film was interrupted by the National Socialist regime.
3.
The basic idea of my concept is that of a figuration of interdependent social groups or countries, like the one Norbert Elias developed in his work. 6 A useful research design assumes an interdependent relationship between elites and audiences, an exporting and an importing country without defining the nature of the relationship from the start; it neither presupposes a one-sided process per se, nor does it exclude the possibility that such a process may be essentially one-sided de facto. In whatever direction the dependence in the relationship may be shifted, it is understood that no part is imaginable without the other. Even if one assumes a dependence situation in which one part has total control and the other no control whatsoever of the process, the actions of both parts result from the interdependence in the relationship.
In this concept of interdependence, not only the film industry, but also the audience must be regarded as being an empirical variable. When
studying US films on foreign markets the results directly depend on whether one has a clear concept of the audience or not. My hypothesis is, that past research has led to inadequate results, because it was not guided by an empirical and historical concept of the audience. An audience is a figuration of people constituted by the reception of a certain film. The empirical audience is not an unchanging variable, because its preferences are shaped by cultural traditions, so that audiences in different countries or times like different films, respectively. Cinema-goers select films on the basis of values: at the box office, they decide in favor of films that promise the maximum entertainment value in their view. Films are entertaining when they reflect values that are shared by the members of an audience, because spectators enjoy that which provides an essential affirmation of their opinions and feelings. It is definitely not only advertising, but primarily the communication of values by "word of mouth" that is of relevance for the selection process of films at the box office. 7 If a film was liked, if it was enjoyed, it will be recommended to others.
It is necessary to examine the actual audience, because a national cinema can only exist under market-economy conditions if it can win the audience it addresses. When the audience is not conceptualized as a black box, but as a shaping, selecting force on which a film industry depends, it is appropriate to stress the popularity of films rather than the market dominance as crucial for economic success and cultural influence. The concept of popularity must be defined in an empirical or more precisely - in an empirically-comparative manner: a certain film is more popular than another if more people saw it. Statistics on the number of tickets sold or surveys among exhibitors on cinema attendance can be used as sources to calculate a film's success. Such ranking lists show how the audience actually responded to a specific film
supply.
4.
When our concept of the audience is established empirically and historically, one arrives at more adequate models of the role of US film on foreign markets as an indicator of a globalization process. On the basis of German ranking lists, it is possible to revise the standard model and to replace it with a new model, which describes the change in the national origin of popular films in Germany more adequately. Contrary to usual expectations, US films did not surpass Germans films in popularity as early as the 1910s. In fact, a popularity of German films comes to light that remains unbroken until the beginning of the 1960s. 8 By examining the films that are popular with German audiences, three phases can be identified, each defined by the respective country that supplies the greatest number of successful films: between 1925 (the first year in which data could be collected) and 1963 German films were unrivalled in popularity: the overwhelming majority of successful films were German or Austrian productions. In the second phase, between 1964 to 1979, films from neighboring Western-European countries were favored by German audiences - for this reason I have called it the "European phase". Since the beginning of the 1970s, however, US films have gained more and more popularity. In the third phase, beginning in 1980, US films have become as popular as German films had been in the first phase.
This analysis of a great transformation of popular cinema in Germany can be formulated even more precisely with respect to two aspects. Firstly, a comparison with films that were successful on German
television shows that the special form of the transformation is specific to cinema. On television, US films also became increasingly successful, but in the 1980s, the biggest successes were actually the same German films that had been successful in cinemas in the 1950s. Secondly, one can compare the development on the German film market with that on the neighboring European countries' film markets: in the large Continental-European film-producing countries France and Italy, the popularity of their national films was replaced by that of US films at about the same time. In the 1950s, movie audiences of these countries preferred films from their own countries. However, from the 1980s onwards, practically all smash hits in Central Europe are Hollywood productions. In Germany, however, the transformation process began sooner and was more marked. Furthermore, it can be shown that the process of globalization on European film markets is also one of European integration: the number of films that were equally successful in all these European countries rose significantly in the 1980s. While in the 1950s it was still an exception when a movie made it into the top ten in all three countries, up to 40% of the top ten films in all three countries have been the same Hollywood movies since the 1980s. Thus, this process of global cultural integration is much more than a process of Americanization; it can be interpreted as a process of European integration with Hollywood as its main instrument.
5.
In the context of the standard model, which postulates that the US film industry attained global dominance as early as the 1910s, two explanations are offered (of which only the first explanation is elaborated
in the research literature, the second remaining marginal). Are these explanations of value for understanding the triumphant advance of US film, which I have identified as setting in much later in Germany, namely in the 1970s and 1980s, or must these explanations also be reconceptualized, when the audience is defined empirically and historically?
Both of the proposed explanations see the reasons for the US film industry's attainment of dominance in Europe during the 1910s in general social factors, especially in the political interference set to restrain the free play of economic forces and the free choice of the cinema-goers.
(1) The supply-oriented approach maintains that the economic strength of the US film industry and the relative weakness of the national film industries led to a world-wide dominance of the US film industry that existed for decades. Because of certain factors, such as the consistent orientation towards market success and the formation of cartels, the US film industry is considered superior to those in Europe concerning its economic structure. Due to the restraint of trade during the World Wars, US films were kept out of the German market by force. Inflation "naturally" isolated the German import market after WWI. After the political pressure had been released and the general economic situation had stabilized, the forces of the film market could develop freely: because of its structural weakness, the German film industry was immediately defeated by the US one.
This explanation is based on a concept in which the film industry of the exporting country has all the power, its sphere of influence only being checked by the political or general economic interference of the importing country. This explanation is not compatible with facts that come to light with the help of research that is guided by different concepts and oriented towards an empirically and historically defined
audience. If the US film industry really always was structurally superior to the one in Germany, then the success of German and the failure of US films in the first phase provides evidence against the hypothesis that the economic performance of German and US films was the result of the unequal power of the respective national film industries.
(2) The second approach simply states that US films were always internationally successful because they were "better" than the national productions of the European countries. This concept also fails to acknowledge an empirical, historical audience. In fact, no proof is given that the contemporary German audience judged US films as being "better" in quality. Authors determine quality subjectively, by projecting present standards on the past without reflecting on their historical distance. Barry Salt regards films with a more dynamic tempo and a more natural acting style as "better" and simply assumes that the European audience of the 1920s shared this view. 9
However, since German audiences at that time actually preferred German films, they must have judged German films as being "better" than those from the USA (unless one is prepared to assume that a national audience consistently decides in favor of films it does not like). The identification of the characteristics of German and US films from the 1920s (theatricality vs. spontaneity of acting, slow-moving vs. fast-paced) is based on close observations and is therefore accurate enough, but the status of these characteristics for which the respective national cinemas stand has changed. Today's generation judges Hollywood cinema of the 1920s as being "better" than its German counterpart, because it is less theatrical and has a faster pace. But since the German audience actually preferred German films in the first phase, it obviously valued the slow-moving pace of German films and the theatrical style of German actors more highly than it did the fast-paced
6.
How can we develop an explanation for the change in popularity of films in Germany that avoids falling into the traps of past explanations? There is a simple solution for the discussed problems: a highly developed film export industry will not be very successful as long as the members of the addressed foreign audience share values that are incompatible with the supplied films. Even a structurally inferior domestic film industry will be more successful as long as it supplies films that cater to the audience's cultural preferences. One has to relate a film industry and its audience, i.e. supply and demand, to each other. Generally speaking, two plausible reasons for a change in the success of films deserve consideration: the national origins of films that were popular in Germany may have changed because of a change in the film supply from different film-producing countries or because of a change in the preferences of the German audience.
1. Hypothesis: Change in Supply
The quantitative film supply differentiated by producing country provides no explanation for the change in the national origin of popular films. There is a significant change in the popularity of US films in Germany, whereas there was little change in the number of those films supplied per year. 11 If the change in the composition of popular films in Germany is connected to film supply, it could therefore only be the result
of a difference in the quality of these films. 12
Generally speaking, we may note that the demand in films by German cinema-goers has not changed since the 1920s with respect to at least one characteristic: the ranking lists show a clear tendency towards popular films with narrative integration, generic differentiation, presentation of stars and providing an entire evening of entertainment for a mass audience. This demand was met by the German film industry until the early 1960s: films were produced continuously and in relatively unchanging numbers per year, under principles such as the division of labor and the producer-unit system of organization. While the USA and the European countries continued the production of popular narrative films and their supply in Germany, this system collapsed in Germany in the 1970s. With the exception of a very small number of films, e. g. Bis zur bitteren Neige (1975) and Steiner - Das eiserne Kreuz (1976), the remaining production of the narrative kind consisted almost entirely of films that were cheaply produced, had no stars, showed no technical or creative effort, were often sex comedies, and usually commercial failures. The majority of films made in this period belong to the New German Cinema movement: an auteur cinema with little success at the box office. The New German Cinema broke with the film form as well as with the mode of production that the popular narrative cinema had established. Instead of being generically differentiated, star-oriented, and entertaining, films now reflected the experiences of their auteurs, were unconventional in style and committed to critical themes. The break with popular German cinema's mode of production expressed itself in the fact that striving for a profit, which is the basis of any commercial film production, was thought of as being an "out-dated fetish". 13 The new German film makers (with their spokesman, the lawyer Alexander Kluge) successfully fought for production conditions that were
independent of the market economy, and for which the German theater system with its subsidies and directors having artistic control served as a model. Furthermore, the rejection of German entertainment-cinema was connected to a self-image that sought its ideals in literary rather than cinematic traditions. These film makers saw themselves as authors, and they strove to cross the boundaries between author, director and producer by practicing a craft-like mode of production.
In contrast to the other European countries, the break with popular narrative cinema is more radical in Germany because of a generational conflict: the film makers of the New German Cinema movement had all been born in the Third Reich. The motor of this generational conflict was the criticism of the role the parent generation had played in National Socialism. The new generation postulated acting on one's own responsibility and held their parents morally responsible for their participation, sense of duty and blind support. They therefore disapproved of almost everything their parents had created. Thus the new film makers identified popular German cinema completely with the Nazis, because many directors of the 1950s had formerly been successful in the Third Reich, and they therefore rejected it without exception. 14
The generation of Germans born in the Third Reich were able to decide the conflict in their favor so quickly and consistently only because the parent generation hardly gave any resistance. The directors of the popular German cinema, who had all been born during the Kaiserreich, retired in the early 1970s. There were no generations in between, because after the victory over the National Socialist regime, there was no training in film making in Germany until 1966.
Thus foreign films were selected by the German audience, because they followed the conventions of popular narrative cinema, which were no longer observed by German film makers since the 1970s. Films about
World Word II such as A Bridge Too Far (1977), tear-jerkers such as Love Story (1970/71) or films especially addressed to young children such as the Disney movies, which Germany had itself produced in great numbers during the 1950s and 1960s and which were very popular with German audiences, were increasingly supplied by Hollywood during the 1970s. Thus, Hollywood films became more popular with German audiences, because their tastes had not changed fundamentally concerning such types of movies, and German film makers were no longer supplying them.
However, this explanation is not sufficient in itself. If foreign films were merely a replacement for the kinds of movies German audiences had favored for decades but which young German film makers now failed to supply, this would not explain why US films and not those from other countries won the race.
2. Hypothesis: Change in Demand
In fact, not only did German film production increasingly lose sight of its audience in the 1970s, the audience also changed its preferences, so that older German films were regarded as out-dated. If an audience enjoys films that affirm its opinions and feelings, then the selection process of films at the box office will change along with an audience's values. At the beginning of the 1960s, i.e. before the change in the composition of popular films in Germany, a profound change in the values of young people set in - and these young people represented the majority of cinema-goers since the establishment of television. 15 This change in preferences made cinema-goers turn to Hollywood films, because these films expressed this new orientation in values like no others did. To the
extent that movies from other countries also followed these standards, they too became popular in Germany, e.g. the British James Bond film-series.
Two groups of values were involved in the change in Germany: values of duty and acceptance on the one hand and values of self-realization on the other. Both groups differ concerning the degree in which they see individuals as being dependent on one another. Values of duty and acceptance are values that place the demands of a group (e. g. school, church, military, state) above those of the individual, i.e. values such as discipline, obedience, a sense of duty, loyalty, subordination and self-control. Values of self-realization are values that place the demands of an individual above those of the group to which he or she belongs, i.e. values such as self-sufficiency, self-realization, pleasure for its own sake and fulfillment of emotional needs. The trend in the German value-change was a movement away from the shrinking duty and acceptance values towards the expanding self-realization values. 16
US films were preferred because they gave expression to the values of self-realization, which were now favored by the new generation. The protagonists of many Hollywood films function as motors for the films' plot and they control events. "The character wants something. The desire sets up a goal, and the course of the narrative's development will most likely involve the process of achieving that goal." 17 In addition to the value of self-sufficiency, the value of pleasure for its own sake is also fulfilled in Hollywood films: "Hollywood's delight in movement for its own sake ensures that nearly every movie has at least one sequence which displays action or physical expertise as a production value, interrupting narrative and challenging its dominance." 18 Furthermore, Hollywood films emotionalize their spectators to a great extent. This is what the German audience since the 1970s valued more highly than it
had before.
Characteristics such as self-sufficiency, pleasure for its own sake and emotional involvement especially apply to the type of film that had never been a cornerstone of German film production and that helped establish US films in Germany in the 1970s and early 1980s: adventure and action films such as Jaws (1976), Star Wars (1978) and Superman (1979) which were addressed to a young male audience. Films that belong to this group present spectacular physical action, which is usually carried along by a male hero. They express values that were favored more than before, i.e. taking matters into one's own hands in a goal-oriented manner and handling them successfully on one's own. Furthermore, special effects are often important production values of these films. More often than not, the story of these films can be summed up in a few words; these films' appeal lies not solely in the story but in their spectacular action and special effects, which are heightened from film to film. Naturally, these films end with the hero's reaching his goal.
In the course of the change in values, older Hollywood films and stars clearly became as popular as never before with German audiences. The US top star John Wayne, who represents values such as independence and self-determination, and whose Westerns also always present action for its own sake, was no success with German audiences for years. It was not until the change in values in the 1970s that John Wayne became a top star in Germany as well - a star favored by a young audience which saw Wayne's films on TV.
Older German films, which expressed values of duty and acceptance, increasingly fell into disfavor with young audiences during the 1970s and 1980s when they were shown on TV. Contrary to classical Hollywood films, it is often the case in German films that the plot is not driven on by the protagonist, but that the protagonist is driven by
something, so to speak. 19 Many German films - to name only a few classic ones from the period of the Weimar Republic: Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari (1919), Der letzte Mann (1924), Der heilige Berg (1926), Der Student von Prag (1926), Der blaue Engel (1930/31) - show such antiheroes that are driven by social conditions or inner compulsions. This fatalism is even a characteristic of entire genres, e.g. the Kammerspielfilm, the Trümmerfilm and the Heimatfilm. In one of the most successful films of the 1950s, Grün ist die Heide (1951), which served as a model for many German post-war films, the protagonist is driven by various forces (he has to leave East-Germany for West-Germany and suffers from an inner compulsion for poaching). The protagonists passively give in to fate. There is no happy end to the most popular love-story of the Weimar period, Der Kongreß tanzt (1931): The romance with the Russian Czar (played by Willy Fritsch) is over, and his lover (played by Lilian Harvey), the glove-maker Christl Weinzinger, has to submit to the rules of social standing and sacrifice her love.
Even though the change described here was in part brought about by conscious decisions of individuals, the result - the change in the national origins of the successful films in German cinema - was not planned by any of the groups involved. Neither the audience, nor the US or the German film industry had this goal. The US film industry had certainly always aimed to conquer the European film markets. But only when factors came into play on which the US film industry had no influence, i.e. collapse of the popular German cinema, changes in the demographics and values of the German audience, could it achieve this goal.
It has been demonstrated how results concerning the globalization process of the film industry depend directly on the research design used. When we want to gain adequate knowledge about this globalization process, we have to base our research on an empirical and historical concept of the audience, because it is the audience that decides which films become more successful than others, even though these decisions are always made on the basis of the film supply that the film industries provide. In the context of such a concept of the interdependence of various social groups (film industry elites, audience) and countries (importing and exporting) we arrive at a new and more adequate model of the global role of US films.
Thus, in conclusion, a general theory of the success of foreign films on export-markets may be constructed on the basis of the German example, a theory of middle range, which has an explanatory as well as a prognostic value for the popularity of foreign films and its change.
Let us make the following assumptions: 1) Both film production and reception take place on a free market. 2) The national audience only selects films that correspond to its own cultural value-standards. 3) The economic strength of a national film industry is measurable with the help of certain variables, such as the size of its domestic market, the formation of cartels, a consistent market-orientation etc.
Unequal economic power of two rival national film industries is a secondary factor for the success of their films in any given market compared to the films' cultural acceptability for a target audience. Cultural affinity between the producing and the importing country is the necessary precondition for the exported films to become popular. When a cultural affinity exists between a large exporting and a small importing country, competition advantages can be gained by a market structure that
is developed better (e.g. consistent orientation towards market success, formation of cartels, protectionist measures by the government) and through the size of the respective market, because the larger an audience is, the more investments (e.g. stars, creative personnel, special effects) can be made in the production of films. The most successful national film industry will then be the one that produces films which have the greatest cultural affinity with the importing countries, that has the strongest economic production system, and that has the largest domestic market. The economic strength of a film industry increases in the same degree that the audience grows through a process of cultural assimilation. The greater the global cultural acceptance of US films is, the higher the investments in US films may be. Under the condition that the foreign audience is culturally compatible with US popular film culture, the economic strength of the US film industry is a competition advantage, which is then further increased by the expansion of the US film market across country borders. Thus, the globalization process of the film industry led by the US gains momentum and longevity.
Translation by Annemone Ligensa
About the author:
Joseph Garncarz is Privatdozent in Film Studies at the University of Cologne in Germany. His main subject of study is European film history and he has published widely on this topic in British, American and German journals and edited collections. His dissertation on film versions was published as Filmfassungen (Frankfurt: Lang, 1992). His postdoctoral thesis Importing Entertainment: The Internationalization of German Film Culture, 1925-1990, on which this paper is partly based, is not yet published. He is currently working on two books, The Emergence of Cinema in Germany, 1895-1924 and German Cinema: A History.
Endnotes
1. Colin Hoskins and Rolf Mirus, Reasons for the US dominance of the international trade in television programs, Media, Culture and Society, Vol. 10, [1988], 499-515; Steven S. Wildman and Stephen E. Siwek, International Trade in Films and Television Programs, Cambridge: Ballinger, 1988.
2. Thomas H. Guback, The International Film Industry: Western Europe and America since 1945 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press,1969); Kristin Thompson, Exporting Entertainment (London: BFI, 1986).
3. See e. g. Taeyoung Kang, "Films in International Circulation: Economic Aspects and Cultural Implications in a Cross-national Comparative Study" (Unpublished Dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin: 1989).
4. e. g. Janet Staiger, Douglas Gomery, "The History of World Cinema: Models for Economic Analysis", Film Reader, 4, (1979), 35-44.
5. Thomas Elsaesser, "Kunst und Krise: Die Ufa in den 20er Jahren", Das Ufa-Buch, Hans-Michael Bock and Michael Töteberg (eds.) (Frankfurt a. M.: Zweitausendeins, 1992), pp. 100-130, "In the mid 1920s the Americans have a share of up to 40% of the German market, in spite of a surplus in production in Germany. The concrete figures are: 1923: 24.5%: 1924: 33.2%; 1925: 40.7%; 1926: 44.5% (...)" (p. 103, trans.). In this example Thomas Elsaesser draws the conclusion that the US film industry had a share of up to 40% of the German film market from the fact that the percentage of US films related to the total number of films supplied represented about 40%; the share of US films related to the national supply is taken as evidence for demand and thus for the popularity of US film.
6. Norbert Elias, Was ist Soziologie? (München: Juventa, 1970); Norbert Elias, Die Gesellschaft der Individuen (Fankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1987); Diskussionsbeiträge IS/TUB, Institut für Soziologie an der Technischen Universität Berlin (ed.), Bd. 6: Norbert Elias, Über die Begriffe der Figuration und der sozialen Prozesse: Einführende Bemerkungen zu einem Colloquium über den historischen Charakter der Gesellschaft und die soziologische Theorie am 12. Mai 1987 in der Technischen Universität Berlin, veranstaltet vom Institut für Soziologie (Berlin: IS/TUB,1987); Norbert Elias, "Figuration", Grundbegriffe der Soziologie, Bernhard Schäfers (ed.) (Opladen: UTB, 1986), pp. 88-91.
7. Representative surveys conducted in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s agree, that the decisive factor for the selection of films at the box office is not advertising, but the oral recommendation based on the spectator's own reception of the respective film. See Hermann Busch, "Der Absatz in der Filmwirtschaft unter dem Einfluß des Fernsehens", Unpublished Dissertation (Mannheim: 1962), p. 32.
8. I have already demonstrated this in the article "Hollywood in Germany: The Role of American Films in Germany", Hollywood in Europe, David W. Ellwood and Rob Kroes (eds.) (Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 1994), pp. 94-135. In contrast to this article, I differentiate three and not two phases here (the European phase is added).
9. Barry Salt, Film Style and Technology: History and Analysis (London: Starword, 1983), p. 132.
10. See Juri Tsivian, "Caligari in Rußland: Der deutsche Expressionismus und die sowjetische Filmkultur", montage/av, 2/2 (1993), 35-48, "Since the 1910s the Russians regarded American cinema as being vulgar and crude. The hectic tempo of American films as well as their emphasis on action and stunts made it impossible to connect them to any cultural tradition. American cinema, it was generally agreed, was closer to sports or circus than to art." (p. 38, trans.)
11. Only the quantitative increase in European film supply that set in shortly before the second phase, and for which a lack of new German and US films is thought to be responsible, has a certain explanatory value.
12. Tino Balio, Grand Design: Hollywood as a Modern Business Enterprise (Berkeley et. al.: University of California Press, 1995), uses the term "production trends". In my opinion, it would be useful to differentiate between "trends in supply" and "trends in success".
13. Alfred Andersch, "Räte, Kommissionen und 'Förderungs'-Anstalten ersticken das Kino", Konkret, (Aug. 1977), 36.
14. Edgar Reitz, "Das Kino der Autoren lebt", Liebe zum Kino, Edgar Reitz (ed.) (Köln: Köln 78, [1985]), pp. 117-124: "But the totalitarian regime of mediocrity, a special cultural inheritance of the Third Reich, still existed without change in German film. The idea of auteur cinema, practiced by the directors of the nouvelle vague, gave us hope of renouncing this Nazi inheritance. At last we can understand the lifestyle of our generation as a productive force." (p. 117, trans.).
15. See Stephanie Henseler, Soziologie des Kinopublikums, (Frankfurt a. M. et al.: Peter Lang, 1987), pp. 33-38.
16. Helmut Klages, Wertorientierungen im Wandel: Rückblick, Gegenwartsanalyse, Prognosen, Frankfurt a. M. et. al.: Campus, 1984; Wertedynamik: Über die Wandelbarkeit des Selbstverständlichen, Zürich: Edition Interfrom, 1988.
17. David Bordwell, Kristin Thompson, Film Art: An Introduction, New York et al.: McGraw-Hill, 1993, p. 82.
18. Richard Maltby, Hollywood Cinema: An Introduction, Oxford: Blackwell, 1995, p. 239.
19. See Walter Schmieding, Kunst und Kasse: Der Ärger mit dem deutschen Film, Hamburg: Rütten & Loening, 1961, pp. 79ff. | <urn:uuid:35e0d00b-edd7-4b4d-a415-65f4de5a6855> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 37,710 |
Confermato e sottoscritto,
IL RESPONSABILE DEL SERVIZIO
ZINILLI ALESSANDRO
__________________________
PUBBLICAZIONE
La presente determinazione viene pubblicata in data odierna all’Albo Pretorio Comunale per rimanervi per quindici giorni consecutivi.
Li _______________________
L’Addetto
Calandrelli Elia
__________________________
CERTIFICATO DI PUBBLICAZIONE
Si attesta che il presente atto è stato affisso all’Albo Pretorio Comunale dal ____________ al ____________
Li _______________________
Il Messo Comunale
Calandrelli Elia
__________________________
COMUNE DI CROGNALETO
Provincia di Teramo
SETTORE TECNICO -
Ufficio
DETERMINAZIONE ORIGINALE
REG. GEN. N. 163
| N. 110 | OGGETTO: FORNITURA MOBILIO SCUOLA FRAZ. NERITO. DITTA OTTOVOLANTE. LIQUIDAZIONE DI SPESA. |
|--------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| DEL | 30-06-2017 |
VISTO DI REGOLARITÀ CONTABILE: si attesta la copertura finanziaria del conseguente impegno di spesa, ai sensi dell’art. 151, comma 4 del D.Lgs n. 267/2000.
Il Responsabile del Servizio Finanziario
(Allegra Carla)
VISTO:
☐ Soggetto a registrazione.
☐ Non soggetto a registrazione
| CAPITOLO | | | | | |
|----------|---|---|---|---|---|
| IMPEGNO | | | | | |
| LIQUIDAZIONE | | | | | |
| MANDATO | | | | | |
L’ADDETTO
__________________________
Determinazione SETTORE TECNICO n.110 del 30-06-2017 COMUNE DI CROGNALETO
Pag. 4
IL RESPONSABILE DEL SERVIZIO
Premesso che l’intero territorio comunale, a partire dal 24 Agosto 2016, è stato interessato da molteplici eventi atmosferici e da forti scosse telluriche, di cui alcune di magnitudo superiore a 5 gradi della scala Richter, aventi epicentro nei territori limitrofi dei Comuni di Capitignano e Campotosto;
Considerato che, a causa di detti eventi, si sono verificati diversi problemi ai danni di edifici privati e pubblici;
Visto che le maggiori difficoltà si sono riscontrate negli edifici scolastici in essere nel Comune di Crognaleto: il plesso di Tottea prima e quello di Nerito poi, entrambi dichiarati inagibili;
Ritenuto necessario doversi provvedere con rilevanti ed urgenti interventi, atti a garantire la continuità del quotidiano e delle attività didattiche;
Tenuto conto che, a seguito di tali eventi, il Comune di Crognaleto è stato inserito nell’elenco dei 131 Comuni compresi nel cratere, così come previsto dal D.L. 189/2016;
Presentata per il Comune di Crognaleto l’opportunità di beneficiare di un cospicuo contributo donato dalla Società Ikea Retail e dai suoi 7.000 dipendenti che hanno rinunciato al premio produttività per donarlo alla Scuola di Crognaleto;
Valutata la possibilità di realizzare, nell’immediato e nel minor tempo possibile, una nuova struttura da adibire a Scuola, sicura e completamente antismisca;
Realizzata la nuova Scuola in soli 45 giorni e inaugurata in data 29/05/2017;
Considerato che le attività scolastiche sono state regolarmente riprese nella nuova struttura a partire dall’11 Settembre c.a., data prevista per la riapertura delle Scuole nella Regione Abruzzo;
Resosi necessario, ai fini di una più idonea e funzionale attività didattica, provvedere all’acquisto di arredi, nello specifico banchi e sedie in stile e conformi alla normativa vigente in materia di sicurezza scolastica;
Contattata la Cooperativa Sociale Ottovolante, con sede legale in Cona, 97 – 64100 Teramo, già nota a codesto Ente per la disponibilità e la qualità dei materiali;
Constatata la puntualità della fornitura e valutata la regolarità della fattura meglio di seguito indicata:
- Fattura n. 218/2017 del 05/06/2017, di importo complessivo pari a € 20.896,40,
emessa dalla Società di cui sopra, che forma parte integrante e sostanziale del presente atto;
Ritenuto l’importo congruo e commisurato alla fornitura richiesta;
Visto il D.Lgs 267/2000;
Visto il D.Lgs 118/2011;
DETERMINA
di liquidare la somma di € 173128,20 alla Cooperativa Sociale Ottovolante con sede legale in Cona, 97 – 64100 Teramo;
di versare l’importo di € 3.768,20 all’Erario, a titolo di imposta,
di imputare la somma di € 20.896,40 al capitolo 5005 del bilancio c.e. finanziario;
di provvedere al pagamento tramite bonifico bancario presso Banca Tercas–IBAN: IT 54 U 05424 15300 000000053715. | <urn:uuid:f26d20d8-5237-4afc-8507-1caafcbc7585> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 4,406 |
Garanciális szolgáltatások munkadíjának visszatérítése
(2023. július 27-től érvényes)
Ausztria, Belgium, Dánia, Egyesült Királyság, Franciaország, Hollandia, Írország, Lengyelország, Luxemburg, Magyarország, Németország, Olaszország, Portugália, Spanyolország, Svájc és Svédország
Az Enphase Energy, Inc. („Enphase") garanciális szervizszolgáltatásokra vonatkozó munkadíj-visszatérítési programjának („Munkadíj-visszatérítési program") célja, hogy segítsen azoknak a napelemes rendszereket üzembe helyező szakembereknek („Üzembe helyezők"), akik nem rendelkeznek termékvásárlási (vagy más hasonló) megállapodással az Enphase vállalattal a szolgáltatások/munkák díjának részleges visszatérítésére vonatkozóan azon hibás (alábbiakban meghatározott) Jogosult termékek cseréje kapcsán, melyekre meglévő és aktív Enphase korlátozott jótállás vonatkozik és egy PV napelemes rendszer részét képezik, valamint Belgium, Dánia, az Egyesült Királyság, Franciaország, Hollandia, Írország, Lengyelország, Luxemburg, Magyarország, Németország, Olaszország, Portugália, Spanyolország, Svájc és Svédország területén találhatók (együttesen a „Terület").
A Munkadíj-visszatérítési program nem azonos a termékekre vonatkozó standard Korlátozott garanciával. Ha vállalata termékvásárlási (vagy más hasonló) megállapodást kötött az Enphase vállalattal az Enphase termékek megvásárlására vonatkozóan, a program nem vonatkozik Önre; ez esetben az Enphase vállalattal kötött adott szerződés feltételei érvényesek.
A Munkadíj-visszatérítési programban való részvételre Jogosult Enphase termék(ek)
* Enphase Microinverters (különálló vagy egy IQ Battery tárolórendszer alapegységén belül)
* Enphase IQ Gateway (Envoy) (2020. október 1-jén vagy azután aktiválva)
* IQ Batteries (2020. október 1-jén vagy azután aktiválva)
* Enphase ACB 1.5 units (2020. október 1-jén vagy azután aktiválva) A fentiek mindegyike egy „Jogosult termék".
A munkadíj-visszatérítés összege
* 200 € minden helyszíni kiszállásért, amely magában foglalja a hibás termék eltávolítását és cseréjét; valamint további
* 25 € minden további hibás Enphase Microinverters (különálló vagy egy IQ Battery tárolórendszer alapegységén belül) eltávolításáért és cseréjéért a helyszínen;
* 25 € minden további hibás Enphase Gateway (Envoy) termék eltávolításáért és cseréjéért a helyszínen;
* 150 € minden további hibás IQ Battery egység eltávolításáért és cseréjéért a helyszínen; valamint
* 25 € minden további hibás ACB 1.5 unit eltávolításáért és cseréjéért a helyszínen.
Felhasználási feltételek
Minden összeg euróban van megadva, beleértve a vonatkozó adókat is. A Munkadíj-visszatérítési program keretében történő pénzvisszatérítésre való jogosultsághoz az alábbi feltételeknek kell teljesülni:
* a Jogosult terméknek hibásnak kell lennie, és az Enphase korlátozott jótállás hatálya alá kell tartoznia a termék eltávolításakor és cseréjekor;
* a hibás Jogosult termék(ek) eltávolítását és cseréjét („Jogosult termék eltávolítása/cseréje") a jótállási időszak első két (2) évében kell elvégezni (a Jogosult termékre érvényes vonatkozó Enphase korlátozott jótállásban meghatározottak szerint);
* az Enphase távoli diagnózist állított fel a hibás Jogosult termékről kiadta a visszáru-engedélyt (RMA) az üzembe helyezőnek a Jogosult termék cseréje előtt; és
* az üzembe helyező a Jogosult termék eltávolításának/cseréjének befejezését követő hat (6) hónapon belül bemutatta a jelen Munkadíj-visszatérítési program keretében benyújtott visszatérítési igényét.
A Munkadíj-visszatérítési program keretében történő visszatérítési igénylés benyújtásához kövesse az alábbi lépéseket:
1. Kérjen távoli diagnózist az Enphase-től a szóban forgó Jogosult termék(ek)re vonatkozóan.
2. Szerezze meg a visszáru-engedélyt (RMA) az Enphase-től.
3. Végezze el a Jogosult termék cseréjét a helyszínen, és küldje el a következő információkat az Enphase üzembe helyezőknek készült alkalmazásán keresztül: (a) RMA-szám, (b) régi és új sorozatszám és (c) a Jogosult termék eredeti aktiválási dátuma.
4. Megjegyzés: Ha a Jogosult termék egy ACB 1.5 termék, akkor egy számlát is be kell nyújtania az Enphase részére az firstname.lastname@example.org címen (ACB 1.5 termékre vonatkozó kérelmekhez)A Jogosult termék cseréjének elvégzésétől számított hat (6) hónapon belül jelentkezzen be az Enlighten Manager fiókjába (Bejelentkezési oldal).
5. Jelölje meg a helyszínt, ahol végrehajtották a Jogosult termék cseréjét.
7. Az „Overview" (Áttekintés) részben kattintson a „System Location" (Rendszer helye) alatti „click here" (kattintson ide) hivatkozásra.
Megjegyzés: A hivatkozás csak akkor jelenik meg, ha az Enphase az elmúlt hat (6) hónapban adott ki visszáru-engedélyt (RMA) a helyszínre. Ha nem látja a „click here" (kattintson ide) hivatkozást egy olyan helyszín alatt, ahol hat (6) vagy annál kevesebb hónapja Jogosult termék eltávolítását/cseréjét hajtotta végre, vegye fel a kapcsolatot támogatási részlegünkkel itt.
8. Ha rákattint a „click here" (kattintson ide) hivatkozásra, megnyílik a Munkadíj-visszatérítési űrlap, valamint a Munkadíj-visszatérítési program irányelvei. Az űrlap kitöltése előtt figyelmesen olvassa el az irányelveket.
9. Ha első alkalommal igényel munkadíj-visszatérítést, akkor a kérelemmel együtt be kell nyújtania egy kitöltött és aláírt Munkadíj-visszatérítési űrlapot is. A Munkadíj-visszatérítési űrlapot innen töltheti le.
10. Miután kitöltötte és feltöltötte a Munkadíj-visszatérítési űrlapot, kattintson a „Submit" (Küldés) gombra a munkadíj-visszatérítési kérelem benyújtásához.
11. A Munkadíj-visszatérítési űrlap benyújtását követően regisztrált e-mail-címén keresztül felvesszük Önnel a kapcsolatot, hogy elkérjük az adóazonosító számát, adóigazolását, valamint az összes olyan dokumentumot, amelyre az adóhatóságoknak szüksége van („Adózási dokumentumok").
12. Az Enphase a regisztrált e-mail-címén keresztül felveheti Önnel a kapcsolatot, ha további dokumentációra van szükség a kérelem feldolgozásához.
Emlékeztető: A jogosult ACB 1.5 Units termékekre vonatkozó visszatérítési kérelem benyújtásához a fenti lépések mellett a következők szükségesek:
1. A megfelelő költségtérítési összeghez a számlákat is el kell küldenie a következő címre:
- email@example.com (ACB 1.5 termékre vonatkozó kérelmekhez)
2. A számlának tehát a következő információkat kell tartalmaznia:
* RMA-szám
* Régi sorozatszám
* Új sorozatszám
* Az ACB 1.5 termék eredeti aktiválási dátuma
© 2021-2022 Enphase Energy, Inc.
Az Enphase, az „e" logó, IQ, Envoy-S és egyéb nevek az Enphase Energy, Inc védjegye az Egyesült Államokban és más országokban. | <urn:uuid:9f0aff00-42fc-4d1f-8d7c-f407cfd351b1> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 6,602 |
Performance Fact Sheet
April, 2020
Performance
MTD
QTD
YTD
-33.46%
-18.76%
KWD 1.99 Mn
Benchmark
173
54%
N/A
Concentrations
Total Holdings
Top 5 Holdings %
Cash Holdings
4.97% -18.15%
Fund
0
0%
100.0%
Fund
-0.13% -32.63%
Benchmark
NAV
Fund Size
KWD 0.3754
NAV Performance
FUND OBJECTIVE:
The fund seeks to achieve medium to long-term capital appreciation in shares of companies listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange and shares of companies seeking listing. The Fund manager, in achieving the Fund's objectives may also invest in shares of companies not listed on the Kuwait Stock Exchange up-to 10% of the Fund Net Asset Value.
PARAMETERS & FUND DETAILS
Fund manager
Kuwait Finance and Investment Company
| | Yearly | 2 Years | 3 Years | 4 years | 5 Years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fund | -27.9% | -11.1% | -7.2% | 5.2% | -14.1% |
| KSE All Shares | -8.2% | 12.9% | 12.4% | 27.2% | -4.4% |
| MSCI Kuwait | -9.2% | 17.0% | 24.8% | 43.4% | 0.8% |
Fund Manager's Management Fees:
1.25%per annum
Fund Manager's Incentive Fees:
10% for Over 10% Annual Return
Thomson Reuters Ticker
LP65038256
Bloomberg Ticker
KFIWASM KK
Benchmark
The Fund Does not Follow a specific Index; for performance comperison, KSE ALL SHARE
MARKET INDEX TR (Since 01/04/2018) and MSCI
KUWAIT INDEX are used
Custodian
Gulf Clearing Company
Fees: 0.075% P. A.
Investment controller
Gulf Clearing Company
Fees: 0.05% P. A.
Share Registrar
Gulf Clearing Company
Fees: KWD 1,000 P.A.
Auditors
Abdulkareem Abdullah Al-Samdan
Al Aiban, Al Osaimi & Partners-Ernst & Young
Fees: KWD 2,250 P.A.
Fund Currency
Fund Capital:
Variable
Fund Capital Range:
Fund structure:
Open-ended
First public Offering: 22/06/2005
Subscription fees: 2%
Minimum Subscription1000 Units
Analysis Start
01/06/2005
Dividends:
KD 0.300 P/U on 20/08/2007
Kuwaiti Dinars
KD 5 Million to KD 50 Million
Subscription/
Redemption:
Weekly
| Fund MTD Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec | | | | | | | | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2007 | 1.2% | 5.9% | 14.2% | 12.5% | 3.3% | 4.7% | -1.4% | -27.1% | 41.0% | -1.9% | -4.4% | 3.0% |
| 2008 | 10.0% | 2.7% | -2.7% | 0.8% | -4.8% | -0.3% | -0.8% | -6.9% | -12.3% | -9.3% | -4.3% | -14.6% |
| 2009 | -5.0% | -3.9% | -5.5% | 5.1% | 16.6% | -6.6% | -2.8% | 0.4% | -1.5% | -6.3% | -11.1% | -4.3% |
| 2010 | 3.4% | 6.5% | -2.7% | -7.2% | -18.8% | -17.1% | 7.9% | -1.7% | 6.7% | 2.6% | -3.9% | 2.2% |
| 2011 | -0.5% | -7.0% | -3.3% | 11.2% | -4.6% | -3.1% | -0.8% | -2.6% | 2.7% | 3.2% | -2.9% | -0.3% |
| 2012 | 0.2% | 2.4% | 2.3% | -1.0% | -2.6% | 0.6% | -1.8% | 1.7% | 5.1% | -1.5% | 4.1% | -0.2% |
| 2013 | 3.3% | 0.7% | 0.5% | 4.6% | 4.3% | -4.3% | 1.3% | -3.4% | 1.2% | 1.5% | -0.3% | -1.4% |
| 2014 | 1.7% | 2.2% | 3.5% | 0.6% | -0.5% | -4.8% | 2.1% | 2.5% | 0.2% | -2.5% | -6.1% | -2.8% |
| 2015 | 0.1% | 5.8% | -2.7% | 2.1% | -2.4% | -0.2% | 0.2% | -8.1% | 0.5% | 1.2% | 1.8% | -3.0% |
| 2016 | -7.2% | 0.8% | 2.8% | 1.2% | -2.4% | -2.8% | 0.1% | -0.6% | 0.5% | 0.9% | 3.0% | 3.5% |
| 2017 | 14.0% | -2.0% | -0.7% | -1.3% | -1.0% | 1.7% | 3.4% | 3.9% | -0.1% | -2.4% | -3.3% | 0.3% |
| 2018 | 1.0% | 0.7% | 0.7% | -1.3% | 0.0% | 2.9% | 6.8% | -0.3% | -0.5% | -0.6% | 0.3% | -1.2% |
| 2019 | 2.3% | 1.3% | 9.0% | 1.7% | 2.7% | 2.1% | 4.9% | -3.7% | -5.9% | -0.9% | 3.8% | 4.3% |
| 2020 | 1.3% | -5.4% | -29.6% | -0.1% | | | | | | | | |
MARKET REVIEW
| Sector BreakDown | Top 5 Holdings |
|---|---|
| Commercial Banks0% Telecom0% Diversified Fin. Serv.0% Industrials0% Materials0% Real Estate0% Consumer Goods0% Building & Construction0% | 0 0 0 0 0 |
In Kuwait, All Share index dropped by -0.92% as Premier Index extended losses by -2.39% MTD. Biggest sectors, Financials and Telecom slipped -3.99% and -4.78% while Consumer Goods gained +17.45%.
The GCC member countries are gearing up for the fallout of combined consequence of unprecedented oil price rout and Covid19 pandemic. Learnings from previous experiences when oil prices crashed in 2015, GCC countries are aiming to protect currency reserves by tapping bond markets. With increasing pressure on oil prices, comes burden on currency pegs that the GCC countries have maintained. Pressure on 12 month dollar forwards for Saudi Riyal has already intensified however, remains well short of the peak reached in 2016 after the previous commodity price rout.
Legal Disclaimer
KFIC Mutual Funds are not deposits in, or obligations of, and are not guaranteed by any financial institutions. The fund is subject to investment risk. The investment return and principal value of an investment in a mutual fund will fluctuate, and an investor's shares when redeemed may be worth more or less than their original cost. Past performance does not guarantee future results.
Contact Information: Assets Management Division Tel: +965 1889000 Ext:4297/4210 Email: email@example.com | <urn:uuid:846ed133-020b-4162-bdf9-31e1aa579660> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,954 |
Opportunities and Challenges: Lessons from Analyzing Terabytes of Scanner Data
Serena Ng*
Columbia University
December 7, 2016
Abstract
This paper seeks to better understand what makes big data analysis different, what we can and cannot do with existing econometric tools, and what issues need to be dealt with in order to work with the data efficiently. As a case study, I set out to extract any business cycle information that might exist in four terabytes of weekly scanner data. The main challenge is to handle the volume, variety, and characteristics of the data within the constraints of our computing environment. Scalable and efficient algorithms are available to ease the computation burden, but they often have unknown statistical properties and are not designed for the purpose of efficient estimation or optimal inference. As well, economic data have unique characteristics that generic algorithms may not accommodate. There is a need for computationally efficient econometric methods as big data is likely here to stay.
Keywords: big data, random sub-sampling, leverage score sampling, seasonal adjustment
JEL Classification: C1, C4, E3
*Department of Economics, 420 W 118 St, New York, NY 10027. Email: serena.ng at columbia.edu
Financial support from the National Science Foundation (SES-0962431) is gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank David Weinstein for introducing me to this work and Jessie Handbury for getting me started. I also thank Jushan Bai, Christos Boutsidis, Jean-Jacques Forneron, Matt Shum, and Juan Ospina for helpful discussions. This work would not be possible without the contribution of Rishab Guha and Evan Munro. I am deeply indebted to their help. All errors are mine.
1 Introduction
The goal of a researcher is often to extract signals from the data, and without data, no theory can be validated or falsified. Fortunately, we live in a digital age that has an abundance of data. According to the website Wikibon (www.wikibon.org), there are some 2.7 zetabytes data in the digital universe.\(^1\) The U.S. Library of Congress collected 235 terabytes of data as of 2011. Facebook alone stores and analyzes over 30 petabytes of user-generated data. Google processed 20 petabytes of data daily back in 2008, and undoubtedly much more are being processed now. Walmart handles more than one million customer transactions per hour. Data from financial markets are available at ticks of a second. We now have biometrics data on finger prints, handwriting, medical images, and last but not least, genes. The 1000 Genomes project stored 464 terabytes of data in 2013 and the size of the database is still growing.\(^2\) Even if these numbers are a bit off, there is lot of information out there to be mined. The data can potentially lead economists to a better understanding of consumer and firm behavior, as well as the design and functioning of markets. The data can also potentially improve the monitoring of traffic control, climatic change, terror threats, causes and treatment of health conditions. It is not surprising that many businesses and academics are in a big data frenzy. The Obama Administration announced the Big Data Research and Development Initiative in 2012.\(^3\) The National Bureau of Economic Research offered lectures on big data in two of the last three summer institutes. Courses on big data analysis often have long waiting lists.
Many economists have written about the potential uses of big data. New overview articles seem to appear in REPEC every month. Some concentrate on the economic issues that can be studied with the data, as in the excellent articles by Einaiv and Levin (2013, 2014), Athey (2013). Other surveys take a more statistical perspective. For example, Varian (2014) considers machine learning tools that are increasingly popular in predictive modeling. Fan et al. (2014) warns about the possibility of spurious correlation, incidental endogeneity, and noise accumulation that come with big data and suggests new methods to handle these challenges. While the use of big data in predictive analysis has drawn the most attention, much of economic analysis is about making causal statements. Belloni et al. (2014) discusses how regularization can permit quality inference about model parameters in high-dimensional models. Athey and Imbens (2015) uses machine-learning methods to estimate treatment effects that may differ across subsets of the population.
As with these studies, I also consider methods specific to big data. But instead of predictive modeling and taking the data as given, I focus on data preprocessing, perhaps the most time consuming step of a big data analysis. This paper was initially motivated by the curiosity to learn what makes big data analysis different, how far can our existing econometric tools take us, and getting a sense of what issues need to be addressed if big data are here to stay, using as case study
\(^1\)1024 Megabyte = 1 Gigabyte, 1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabytes, 1024 Terabyte=1 Petabyte, 1024 Petabyte=1 Exabyte, and 1024 Exabyte=1 Zetabyte.
\(^2\)The project seeks to find most genetic variants that have frequencies of at least 1% in the population.
\(^3\)See http://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2012/03/29/big-data-big-deal.
four terabytes of weekly retail sales data collected between 2006 and 2010. A distinctive feature of the dataset is that it has direct measures of prices and quantities. I use the opportunity to analyze the cyclical aspects of the quantity data. This is interesting because the Great Recession of 2008 is in this sample, and official consumption data do not come at higher than a monthly frequency. The project gives me a better understanding of the limitations of statistics/econometrics in big data analysis, and why methods in the domain of data science are useful.
A gigabyte of data can be easily analyzed on our desktop computers using our favorite statistical software packages. The problem is that methods which we understand and work well with small datasets may not be big data friendly or scalable. Even though I have four terabytes of data, it is impossible to analyze them all at once. The memory requirement is beyond the capacity of our computers even with unlimited financial resources. Aggregation, whether in the time, spatial, or product dimension, would seem to take away features that make the data special. Fortunately, even if we could analyze all the data, it might not be necessary to do so. Studying a subset of the data might suffice, provided that the subset is appropriately assembled. Hence the first part of this paper explores two random subsampling algorithms developed by computer scientists to accurately approximate large matrices. Random subsampling is neither efficient nor necessary when the sample size is manageable. In a big data setting, random sampling not only speeds up the analysis; it is a way to overcome the constraints imposed by the computing environment. However, the subspace-sampling algorithms considered are developed to run fast and have desirable ‘worse case error bound’, quite distinct from the optimality criteria such as mean-squared error and consistency that we typically use. There is thus a need to evaluate these algorithms in terms of quantities that we analyze. This is difficult when the probability structure of the data is not specified.
Business cycle analyses typically use data collected by government agencies that also handle the data irregularities. With the Nielsen data, the task of removing seasonal effects is left to the user. The challenge is that weekly seasonal variations are not exactly periodic. Structural modeling on a series by series basis may deliver a filtered series that is statistically optimal, but this is impractical when we have millions if not billions of highly heterogeneous series to analyze. Hence the second part of this paper explores a practical approach to modeling the seasonal effects and have mixed success. I find that removing the seasonal effects at individual level is no guarantee that the seasonal variations at the aggregate level will be removed. The exercise does, however, suggest promising ways of handling seasonality that need to be further explored.
More generally, the volume, heterogeneity, and high sampling frequency that generate excitement about the data are precisely what make extracting signal from the data difficult. Big data creates a need for econometric methods that are easy to use, computationally fast, and can be applied to data with diverse features. Accomplishing these objectives may entail a change from the current practice of customizing a model to a particular data type. The difference is a bit like shopping at a general merchandise store versus a specialty store; there is a tradeoff between quality and convenience. The non-probabilistic methods developed by data scientists enable efficient comcomputations, but they are not developed with estimation and inference in mind. It is an open question whether computation efficiency and statistical efficiency are compatible goals. It is also debatable if precision of estimates obtained in a data rich environment can be judged the same way as when the sample size is small. Understanding the statistical underpinnings of computationally efficient methods can go a long way in easing the transition to big data modeling. This can be important as big data are likely here to stay.
2 Data Analysis in the Digital Age
This section has two parts. Subsection 1 draws attention to the challenges that big data pose for traditional statistical modeling that is also the foundation of econometrics. Subsection 2 highlights some characteristics of big data and summarizes features of the Nielsen scanner data used in the analysis of Section 3 and 4.
2.1 Data Science and Statistics
A lot has been written about ‘big data’ in recent years, but not everyone has the same notion of what big data is. Labor and health economists have long been analyzing big surveys, census data and administrative records such as maintained by the Social Security Administration, Medicare and Medicaid. Increasingly, macroeconomists also turn to big data to study the price determination process, sometimes involving unpublished data. But once access to the data is granted, analysis of these pre-Google big data can proceed using existing hardware and software packages like STATA and MATLAB.
The post-Goggle data that concern this study are the large and complex datasets that are not collected through surveys, not supported by official agencies, and cannot be stored or analyzed without switching to a new computing environment at some point. If 8 bytes (64 bits) are used to store a real number, a few billion of observations for several variables would be beyond the capacity of most off-the-shelf desktop computers. What makes big data analysis different is not just that the sheer size of the dataset makes number crunching computationally challenging,\footnote{A problem is class P if it runs in polynomial time (eg. linear, quadratic, or logarithmic in the size of the input, say $n$). A problem is in NP class if its solution cannot be verified in polynomial time. An NP-hard problem is at least as hard as the hardest NP problem.} but also that the observations are often irregularly spaced and unstructured. Indeed, it is quite common to use three-Vs to characterize big data: large in Volume, come in a Variety of sources and formats, and arrive at a fast Velocity. Some add variability and veracity to the list because the data are sometimes inconsistent in some dimensions and possibly inaccurate. Conventional methods designed to process data with rectangular structures often do not apply. There is no statistical agency to oversee confidentiality and integrity of the data, and the tasks of cleaning and handling the data are in the hands of researchers, many of whom have limited knowledge about database
management. PYTHON and R seem to be commonly used to prepare the data for analysis but often, programs written for one dataset are of little use for another because each dataset typically has its own quirky features.
Each of the three Vs pose interesting challenges for statistical analysis because they violate assumptions underlying methods developed for conventional data. Because of variety, it may be difficult to justify a common data generating process. Because of volume, thinking about how to conduct optimal estimation and inference is not realistic when we struggle just to find ways to summarize the massive amount of information. It would also not be useful to have complex models that cannot be estimated, or MCMC methods that cannot be completed within a reasonable time frame. Bayesian estimation would essentially be likelihood based when sample information dominates the prior. Because of velocity and volume, the standard error of estimates will be tiny. But because the noise level in big data can be high, the assumption that information increases with sample size may be questionable, an issue noted in Granger (1988). A new way of doing asymptotic analysis may well be warranted.
A big data project typically uses methods that are part statistics, part computer science, and part mathematics, and is often associated with the field of *data science*. Cleveland (2001) proposes to expand the areas of technical work in statistics and to call the new field ‘data science’. Wikipedia defines the field as ‘extraction of knowledge or insights from large volumes of data’, thereby directly linking data science with big data. Another characterization is well summarized by how The Journal of Data Science defines its scope: ‘everything to do with data: collecting, analyzing, modeling, …, yet the most important part is its application’. The emphasis here is the ability to apply what is learned from the data analysis to practical use, such as business analytics and predictions. In a sense, this view treats data analysis as an immediate input of production; what ultimately matters is the value of the final good.
In an influential paper, Brieman (2001) distinguishes data science from traditional statistical analysis as follows. A statistician assumes a model, or a data generating process, to make sense of the data. Econometric analysis largely follows this stochastic model paradigm. The theoretical results are not always well communicated to practitioners and not always taken to the next level after publication of the article. Brieman (2001) argues that the commitment to stochastic models has handicapped statisticians from addressing problems of interest and encourage the adoption of a more diverse set of tools. A data scientist accepts the possibility that the assumptions underlying models may not be correct. He/she therefore uses algorithms, or machine-learning methods, to map data to objects of interest, leaving unspecified the data generating process that nature assigns. Probability models and likelihoods are replaced by random forests, regression trees, boosting, and support vector machines. One looks for clusters and frequent-items in the data. The work of a data scientist often has immediate downstream uses (such as for business decisions or in gene mapping).
Big data provides a momentum boost to move away from stochastic modeling as the more data with the three V features we have, the more difficult it is to defend a model that is generally valid.
The American Statistical Association (ASA) has a working group to study the future direction of the discipline at large. The group sees collaboration with data scientists as a way for statisticians to contribute to exciting problems of the digital generation.\footnote{See \url{http://www.amstat.org/policy/pdfs/BigDataStatisticsJune2014.pdf}.} The Institute of Mathematical Statistics also recognizes the challenge that data science poses. In her 2014 presidential address, Bin Yu remarked that data science represents an inevitable (re)-merging of computational and statistical thinking. She suggests to call themselves (ie. statisticians) data scientists in order to fortify their position in the new era of data analysis, echoing the suggestion of the statistician Jeff Wu made at an inaugural lecture at the University of Michigan in 1997.\footnote{See also \url{http://bulletin.imstat.org/2014/09/data-science-how-is-it-different-to-statistics/}, \url{http://magazine.amstat.org/blog/2010/09/01/statrevolution/}, \url{http://statweb.stanford.edu/~tibs/stat315a/glossary.pdf}. for differences between the two fields. \url{http://bulletin.imstat.org/2014/10/ims-presidential-address-let-us-own-data-science/}}
While statisticians are open to the idea that computer science and mathematics will play an important role in statistical analysis in the future, economists are slower to react. Most of us have little experience with big data and know little about the computational aspect of data analysis. As will be discussed in Section 3, we may well have to become active in this area of research as we are increasingly presented with opportunities to analyze big economic data, and see that there are data issues that require our knowledge and input.
\subsection{Data Types}
Most post-Google big datasets are not intentionally collected, hence they are cheap to produce compared to data produced by surveys. The big datasets used in economic analysis are usually in one of two forms. The first is generated by search engines and social media websites such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter. It is no secret that online clicks have been used to target products to potential buyers. Social media data are now more effective than data from loyalty programs in predicting repeated purchases. But web search data have many uses other than advertising, the most famous of which is probably the initial success of prediction of flu outbreaks by Ginsberg et al. (2009). A creative use of social media data is the U-report, a UNICEF project that collects text-messages from young people in Uganda. IBM researchers were able to apply machine learning methods to the tweets to learn about economic, political, and health conditions, and to alert health officials of ebola outbreaks.\footnote{\url{http://www.research.ibm.com/articles/textual-analysis-u-report.shtml}.} Projects of this type are now expanded to other parts of Africa.
A second type of data comes from web searches. Such data provide information about intent and potential actions, hence can be useful for prediction. Choi and Varian (2012) finds that a small number of Google search queries can ‘nowcast’ car sales and shows how proxies for consumer confidence can be constructed from Google Trends data. Preis et al. (2013) computes a Future Orientation index and finds a correlation between online searches and realized economic outcomes.\footnote{The Future orientation index is the ratio of the volume of searchers of the future (ie 2011) to the past (ie 2010).}
Koop and Onorante (2013) uses Google search data to improve short-term forecasts. Antenucci et al. (2014) uses twitter data to produce an index that can predict job loss.
A different type of big data is action-based, arising from the real-time purchases at stores such Walmart, and from charges processed by, for example, Mastercard. These databases are relatively structured and often have a business value. As an example, Target was reported to form prediction indicators from buying habits of customers going through life changing events, such as divorce and giving birth, and push to them the promotional flyers.\footnote{Tolentino (2013) analyzes loyalty programs, Goel (8-2-2014) on Facebook, and Duhigg (2-16-2012) on Target.} Based on Matercard transactions, SpendingPulse\textsuperscript{TM} claimed that its near-real time purchase data can predict spending weeks if not months ahead of other sources.
Data on prices are of particular interest to economists. The Billion Prices project gives real time inflation predictions by aggregating information in five million items sold by about 300 online retailers around the world. Handbury et al. (2013) uses a Japanese dataset with five billion observations on price and quantity to construct an ideal (Torqvist) price index. The authors report a non-trivial difference between their measure and the official measure of inflation. This type of data is valuable when credibility of the official data is in question, as in the case of inflation in Argentina. It is also useful when release of the data is disrupted by unanticipated circumstances, such as in the case of earthquakes in Chile and Japan, see Cavallo (2012) and Cavallo et al. (2013).
### 2.3 The Nielsen Data
The dataset that motivates this analysis is the Retail Scanner Data collected weekly by the Nielsen marketing group. The database is managed by the Kilts center for marketing at the University of Chicago. Through a university license, the data are made available for analysis a couple of years after the actual transactions. The data are collected at 35,000 participating grocery, drug stores, and mass merchandiser affiliated with about 90 participating retail chains across 55 MSA in the U.S.. Our data are from 2006 to 2010. The dataset covers 3 million unique UPC for 1073 products in 106 product groups which are in turn classified into 10 categories: \textit{dry groceries}, \textit{frozen}, \textit{dairy}, \textit{deli}, \textit{meat}, \textit{fresh food}, \textit{non-food}, \textit{alcoholic beverage}, \textit{general merchandise}, and \textit{health and beauty}. The data are structured (ie. in numeric format only, audio and video files are not involved) but highly heterogeneous. There is also information about location (zip and fips county codes) and the retailer code, but retailers are not identified by name. Household level information is in a companion Nielsen Homescan Consumer Panel database which is not used in this study. The Nielsen data have been widely studied in marketing analysis of specific products.\footnote{Research papers using the data can be found in \url{http://research.chicagobooth.edu/nielsen/research/}}.
The variables of interest are units of packages sold and the price of the package, from which unit price is constructed. Several features make the data interesting to economists. First, prices and quantities are separately observed. In contrast, conventional price deflators are inferred from observations on value and quantities. Furthermore, this data are recorded at a higher frequency
and at more locations than the official data on retail sales. In fact, few economic indicators (on price or quantity) are available at a weekly frequency. Even at a monthly frequency, there is little data available at a local level. However, the Nielsen data also has several drawbacks. The data only cover grocery store purchases and ignore services and durables which tend to be more cyclical. Furthermore, the data are not seasonally adjusted.
An increasing number of researchers are using scanner data to answer interesting economic questions. Broda et al. (2009) concludes from analyzing the Homescan data that the poor indeed pays less for food purchases, not more, as poverty analyses based on the CPI suggest. Beraja et al. (2015) constructs monthly price indexes to study the impact of local versus aggregate shocks. The indexes are constructed from bottom-up (group by group), keeping memory usage is kept at a manageable level. Coibion et al. (2015) uses an IRI database that is similar to the Nielsen data but with fewer products to study the cyclicality of sales. They aggregate the data to monthly frequency and pool the data across markets to run fixed effect regressions. Cha et al. (2015) aggregates the weekly Homescan data to annual level and finds that food consumed at home is countercyclical.
Far fewer studies have looked at the price data at the native (weekly) frequency. Even harder to find are studies that analyze the quantity data. One reason could be that there are not many predictors available at a weekly frequency for a structural demand analysis. Even at a descriptive level, analysis of the quantity data at the weekly level requires separating the cyclical from the seasonal components. I hope to make some progress on this front, given the unique opportunity of having the financial crisis in the sample of 2006-2010.
A total of six products will be analyzed: beer, foreign wine, meat, eggs, pet food and baby food. Results for lightbeer and beer, domestic wine and foreign-wine are similar and not reported. For a given product, let unit price at week $t$ be $u_{ti}$ and units sold be $q_{ti}$, where $i$ is a unique store-UPC pair. For example, Coke-zero and Coca-Cola-light sold at the same store are two different units, as are Coke-zero sold at say, Seven-Eleven and Wawa. To get an idea of features in the data, Figure 1 shows $u_{ti}$ and $q_{ti}$ for one $i$ selected from the pet food and one $i$ selected from the beer group. Figure 2 shows the unweighted mean over all $i$ in the balanced panel (denoted $\bar{u}_t$ and $\bar{q}_t$). The $u_{ti}$ series for both products are non-smooth, reflecting infrequent price changes. The downward spikes are likely due to discounts. Chevalier et al. (2003) finds evidence of price discounts around seasonal peaks in demand. The seasonal variations in the quantity data for beer are strong at both the individual and aggregate levels.
My goal is to extract the cyclical information in the $q_{ti}$ data. After linearly detrending the data, the first two principal components explain around 15 percent of the variations, suggesting the presence of pervasive variations. In the next two sections, I consider two problems encountered. The first is memory constraint which leads to investigation of random sampling algorithms. The second relates to the goal of extracting the cyclical component, which calls for the need to seasonally adjust the weekly data on a large scale. As we will see, knowledge of tools unfamiliar to economists can go some way in making the analysis more efficient, but many issues remain to be solved.
3 Balancing and Sketching the Data
The time it takes to perform a task on the computer depends not just on how efficient is the program written, and in what language, but also on the hardware which big data put to a serious challenge. Specifically, the computation speed depends on how frequently the data are brought from physical storage (the hard disk) to RAM, how fast and how much data can be moved from RAM to the CPU, and the queuing time which depends on the amount of the requested RAM. We have almost four terabytes of data and processing them requires a lot of RAM! The original intent was to perform all computations on a cloud server such as Amazon Web Service. Unfortunately, the user agreement restricts data storage to university owned hardware. It took months to find a feasible and efficient alternative. Eventually, my computing environment consists of a (not very fast) server that allows each job to use up to 256GB of RAM, and a desktop (2011 vintage iMac) upgraded to 24GB of RAM.
To reduce the volume of data in a systematic manner, my student helpers (Rishab Guha, Evan Munro) and I started by constructing a balanced panel for each of the products considered. This is itself a RAM and time intensive exercise. We are familiar with MATLAB and somewhat familiar with R but have no prior experience with database management or packages like PANDAS, which we subsequently use. We initially wrote programs in STATA, PYTHON and R for the same task as a way to check bugs but settled on using PYTHON. We experimented with several ways of balancing the panel. The first method keeps only those UPC-stores that are available for every week in the year and then concatenate the five years of data to keep only those UPC-stores that are available for each of the 260 weeks. The second method stacks all 260 weeks of data and selects those store-UPCs with recorded sales in every week. Eventually, we (i) manually sort the data frame by upc and store code, (ii) loop through the underlying array while keeping track of the number of observations for each unique upc/store code combination, (iii) keep only those with 260 weeks of observations. At least for python, this procedure is much faster than using the built in ‘group-by’ functions; runtime was cut by a factor of 20, taking about an hour to balance 71GB of data. Further tweaking and making use of the just-in-time compiler from the Numba package further reduced the runtime to about 18 minutes, making it feasible to clean all 4TB of data, should we choose to do so. The code for cleaning the data for a particular product is 33 lines. Each job uses between 144GM and 168GB of RAM depending on the size of the data for that product.
Working with balanced panels comes at the cost of incurring selection bias, as mostly likely, the smaller stores are being discarded. Eventually, this issue needs to be explored. But the analysis is now more manageable. As an example, the raw data for beer is 20.3 GB, but the balanced panel is just over 2 GB, with 15 million data points for each of the three variables price, quantity, and value of sales. Together with data on location and other store specific information, there are still over 100 million data points on beer to analyze. While this can be even be done on a desktop, having any software to read in millions of observations can be quite slow, especially when this process has
to be repeated many times until the program is bug-free. But it does not seem necessary to use all the data at the debugging stage. This leads me to consider working with subsamples that preserve characteristics of the original data.
We use simple moments such as mean and variance to describe the data, principal components to highlight the dominant variations, regressions for predictions or to study the structural relations amongst variables. But how much data do we really need? The problem of efficiently analyzing a large volume of data within the constraints imposed by our software and hardware is not new. Deaton and Ng (1998) considers non-parametric regressions when the number of calculations is proportional to $NK^2$ where $N$ is the number of cross-section units and $K$ is the number of regressors. With computer technology of the mid 1990s, one kernel regression with $N = 9119$ and $K = 9$ took days on a 8 processor workstation. We experimented with different ways to reduce the effective sample size, including uniform sampling and binning, both with the expected effect of increasing the variance of the point estimates. For that exercise, it was effective to simply use a Gaussian instead of a quartic kernel which led to a tenfold reduction in computing time. Of course, the sample size of $N = 9119$ and $K = 9$ is trivial by today’s standard. But the goal of the exercise is the same: to efficiently analyze the data subject to resource constraints. For the Nielsen data, with $T = 260$ weeks, and $N$ in six digits, the need to efficiently analyze this data is no longer a luxury but a necessity.
An earlier literature known as ‘data squashing’ suggests to compress statistical information using parametric estimation. The idea is to build a squashed dataset that approximates a specific likelihood function either directly or indirectly. For example, data points having similar likelihood profiles can be deemed equivalent and merged into a single data point by taking their mean.\footnote{The primary papers in this literature are Du Mouchel et al. (1999), Owen (1990), and Madigan et al. (1999). The first forms multivariate bins of the data, and then match low order moments within the bin by non-linear optimization. The second reweighs a random sample of $X$ to fit the moments using empirical likelihood estimation. The third uses likelihood-based clustering and then select data points that match the target distribution.} A drawback is that the squashed data points do not correspond to any unit in the sample and hence has no specific interpretation. The bigger issue is that with data now in terabytes and petabytes instead of megabytes, parametric modeling is not practical.
Consider a generic matrix $A = [A^{(1)} \ A^{(2)} \ldots A^{(d)}]$ with $n$ rows and $d$ columns, where each column $A^{(j)}$ is a vector of length $n$. The rank of $A$ is $r \leq \min[n,d]$. If $A$ can be factored as the product of two lower rank matrices $B$ and $C$ where $B$ is $n \times k$ and $C$ is $k \times d$, then $A$ can be stored and processed efficiently via $B$ and $C$, provided that $k$ (the numerical rank of $A$) is less than $r$. The two matrices $B$ and $C$ can be obtained by singular value decomposition (SVD) in $O(nd^2)$ operations. More efficient algorithms are available when $A$ is sparse. This is the case with the Netflix problem in which $A_{ij}$ is the user $i$’s ranking of movie $j$. But when $A$ is not sparse and $n$ or $d$ are large, the computation demand can be non-trivial.
Finding a small set of data points that provably approximate the original data of much larger dimensions has motivated researchers to look for coresets, or sketches of the original data. A
coreset is essentially a smaller data set that preserves interesting information of the larger data set.\footnote{The term coreset was coined by Agarwal and Varadarajan (2004).} Interest in this arise because data for video streams, images, gene expression micro arrays can be very large in size. Coresets are typically formed using algorithms without reference to the probabilistic structure of the data. Consider a high resolution color image represented by a three dimensional matrix containing the red, green, and blue pixels. A black and white image can be extracted and stored as a two-dimensional matrix consisting of the gray scale values of the image. Storing a two-dimensional matrix is of course much cheaper than a three dimensional one. The resolution of this gray scale image can be further compressed and still be of use for many purposes. In this case, the sketched matrix holds the gray scale values of the lower resolution image. How does this fit into what we do? Economic data can typically be organized in matrix form. Panel data have variables for units over time and possibly space and hence have three or more dimensions. But if we can rearrange the data into two-dimensional matrices, the data sketching algorithms can be used. For example, the rows may be units and the columns may be characteristics of the units. Or, the rows may index time, and the columns may index variables.
Hence given a $n \times d$ matrix $A$, we seek a matrix $R$ so that $R \cdot A$ would be a (linear) sketch if we want a matrix with fewer rows, and $A$ would be approximated by $A \cdot R$ if we want a matrix with fewer columns. Randomization turns out to play an important role in achieving this goal. The intuition is that any matrix $A$ can be written as a product of two matrices which can in turn be expressed as a sum: $A = PQ = \sum_{k=1}^{d} P^{(k)} Q_{(k)}$. Let $p_k$ be the probability that column $k$ is selected and define $X = \frac{1}{p_k} P^{(k)} Q_{(k)}$ for $k = 1, \ldots, d$. Then $E(X) = \sum_{k=1}^{d} P(z = k) \frac{1}{p_k} P^{(k)} Q_{(k)} = \sum_{k=1}^{d} P^{(k)} Q_{(k)} = PQ$ for $z \in \{1, 2, \ldots, d\}$. Hence randomly sampling the terms in the sum (with replacement) and proper rescaling will given an unbiased estimator of the product. But there are $\frac{d!k!}{(d-k)!}$ ways to choose $k$ out of $d$ columns. A systematic approach is called for.
A naive approach is to randomly sample the columns of the original matrix $A$. While uniform sampling (ie. $p_j = 1/d$) is easy to implement, it is not efficient if the data are not uniformly dispersed. For example, if the matrix $X$ contains a column that is orthogonal to the rest, and there are more columns than rows, removing it will change the rank of the matrix. Two types of randomization methods are available to deal with the non-uniformity at a low computation cost. The first method is random projections which removes non-uniformity from the data before sampling. The method approximates $A$ by linear combinations of the columns, and as such, is associated with a $R$ matrix that is dense. The second method is leverage based sampling. It takes non-uniformity into account by biasing the sample towards particular terms in the sum. It does so by choosing the columns with probability proportional to the squared length of the column. The corresponding $R$ matrix is sparse, consisting of indicators of columns of $A$ being retained.
In the next two subsections, I summarize the main idea behind these methods, referring readers to the excellent monographs of Vempala (2004), Mahoney (2011), Woodruff (2014), and Halko et al. (2011) for details. It should be clarified that the random subsampling methods considered here
are aimed at efficient computation, and not to be confused with subsampling schemes developed for the purpose of inference that statisticians and econometricians have studied. The Frobenius and spectral norm play important roles in the discussion to follow. The squared Frobenius norm of an $n \times d$ matrix $A$ is $\|A\|_F = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{d} A_{ij}^2$. It is an average type criteria. The spectral norm $\|A\|_2 = \sup_{\|x\|_2=1} \|Ax\|_2$ is the largest eigenvalue of $A$. It is a worse-case type criterion.
It is useful to start with singular value decomposition (SVD). For a matrix $A$ of rank $r \geq k$ with $\sigma_j$ being its $j$-th largest eigenvalue, the SVD is $A = U\Sigma V^T$. Let $A^+ = V\Sigma^{-1}U^T$ be the pseudo inverse and $A^T$ be its transpose. Let $U_k$ be the $k$ columns of left singular vectors corresponding to the $k$ largest eigenvalues of $A$. The best low rank approximation of $A$ is
$$A_k = U_k \Sigma_k V_k^T = U_k U_k^+ A = P_{U_k} A$$
where $\Sigma_k V_k^T = U_k^+ A$ is $k \times d$. The rows of $A_k$ are the projections of the rows of $A$ onto the subspace $V_k$. For given $k$, $A_k$ is optimal in the sense that $\|A - A_k\|_F \leq \|A - D\|_F$ for any rank $k$ matrix $D$. Since $U_k U_k^+ = P_{U_k}$ is the matrix that projects on $U_k$, the residual $\|A - P_{U_k} A\|_\xi$ is minimized over all $k$ dimensional subspace for $\xi = F, 2$. The SVD has low rank approximation error of $\|A - A_k\| = \sigma_{k+1}$.
### 3.1 Random Projections
A random projection consists of taking $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and embed (project, or map) them to a set of $n$ points in $\mathbb{R}^k$ where $k << d$. Such a projection is not useful unless it preserves the structure of the original data points. Fortunately, the influential JL Lemma (Johnson and Lindenstauss (1994)) establishes that a set of points $(u_1, \ldots, u_n)$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ can be projected down to $(v_1, \ldots, v_n)$ in $\mathbb{R}^k$ such that for any $\epsilon \in (0, 1/2)$, and $k \geq k_0 = O(\log n/\epsilon^2)$,
$$(1 - \epsilon)\|u_i - u_j\|^2 \leq \|v_i - v_j\|^2 \leq (1 + \epsilon)\|u_i - u_j\|^2.$$
That is, random projections generate small distortions in terms of pairwise difference or the euclidean distance between points. The lemma implies that high dimensional computational problems can be solved more efficiently by first translating them into a lower dimensional space with $k$ columns, noting that $k$ depends on $n$ but not on $d$.
A sketch of the proof is as follows. Consider one vector $u$ in $\mathbb{R}^d$ and let $v = \frac{1}{\sqrt{k}} R^T u$ where $R$ is a $d \times k$ symmetric orthonormal matrix. Now $\|v\|^2 = \sum_{j=1}^{k} v(j)^2$ and $\|u\|^2 = \sum_{j=1}^{d} u(j)^2$. Hence
$$E(\|v\|^2) = \sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{k} E\left[\left(\sum_{j=1}^{d} R(i, j) u(j)\right)^2\right] = \sum_{i=1}^{k} \frac{1}{k} \sum_{j=1}^{d} E\left[u(j)^2 R(i, j)^2\right] = \frac{1}{k} \sum_{j=1}^{d} u(j)^2 = \|u\|^2.$$
That is, the euclidean distance of the original subspace is centered around the expected value of the euclidean distance of the random projection. To bound the probability of the embedding, define
\( x_i = \frac{1}{\|u\|} R_{(i)}^T \cdot u \) so that \( y = \sum_{i=1}^{k} x_i^2 = \frac{k \|u\|^2}{\|u\|^2} = \sum_{j=1}^{k} \frac{(R_{(i)}^T u)^2}{\|u\|^2} \). If \( R \) is Gaussian, then \( x_i^2 \sim \chi_1^2 \). Using the properties of \( \chi^2 \) random variables,\(^{13}\)
\[
P(\left\|v\right\|^2 \geq (1 + \epsilon)\|u\|^2) = P(y \geq (1 + \epsilon)k) = P(\chi_k^2 > (1 + \epsilon)k) \leq \exp \left(-\frac{k}{4}(\epsilon^2 - \epsilon^3)\right).
\]
A similar argument shows that \( P(\|v\|^2 \leq (1 - \epsilon)\|u\|^2)^2 < \exp(-\frac{k}{4}(\epsilon^2 - \epsilon^3)) \). Combining the results, we have, for \( \epsilon \leq 1/2 \),
\[
P\left(\|v\|^2 \notin \left[(1 - \epsilon)\|u\|^2, (1 + \epsilon)\|u\|^2\right]\right) \leq 2 \exp^{-(\epsilon^2 - \epsilon^3)k/4} \leq 2 \exp^{-\epsilon^2 k/8}.
\]
This probability holds for \( n^2 \) distances between two points. By the union bound, the probability that \( f \) is a \((1 + \epsilon)\) embedding is at least \( 1 - 2n^2 \exp^{-\epsilon^2 k/8} \), which is positive for \( k = O(\log n/\epsilon^2) \). The map can be found quickly, i.e. in polynomial time. A projection that satisfies the lemma is known as the Johnson-Lindenstrauss (JL) transform.
An appeal of the JL transform is that it is a simple linear map and it is data oblivious, meaning that it can be chosen randomly with high probability irrespective of the data in the input matrix. Early work uses dense \( R \) matrices. For example, a Gaussian matrix with \( R(i, j) \sim N(0, 1) \) is valid.\(^{14}\) Subsequent work shows that the simpler matrix
\[
R(i, j) = \{1, 0, -1\} \quad \text{with prob} \quad \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{6} & \frac{2}{3} & \frac{1}{6} \end{pmatrix}
\]
(1)
will still be a JL embedding with probability \( 1 - n^{-\beta} \), for \( \beta > 0 \), see Achlioptas (2003). The sampling probability of \( q = 1/6 \) above can changed to \( q = O((\log n)^2/d) \) to further reduce computations. A good rank-\( k \) approximation of \( A \) can also be obtained by choosing more than \( k \) vectors.
There are many implementations of the JL- transform. See Venkatasubramanian and Wang (2011) for a review. A popular one is the so-called fast JL transform (FJLT) due to Ailon and Chazelle (2006) and Sarlos (2006). Let the sketched matrix be \( B_k = AR \), where \( R = DHS \)
- \( S \) is a \( d \times k \) matrix that samples the columns uniformly at random without replacement.
- \( D \) is a \( d \times d \) diagonal matrix in which \( D_{ii} = \{+1, -1\} \) with equal probability of 1/2.
- \( H = \frac{1}{d}H_d \) is a \( n \times n \) Hadamard matrix where \( H_d = \begin{pmatrix} H_{d/2} & H_{d/2} \\ H_{d/2} & -H_{d/2} \end{pmatrix} \), and \( H_2 = \begin{pmatrix} +1 & +1 \\ +1 & -1 \end{pmatrix} \).
Intuitively, the Hadamard transform destroys the non-uniform structure in the data. It can be thought of as a real-valued version of the complex Fourier transform that orthogonalizes the data. The orthogonalized data are re-randomized by another sparse matrix \( D \). The benchmark residual
\(^{13}\)In particular, \( E(\exp^{\lambda x^2}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-2\lambda}} \) for \( \lambda < 1/2 \).
\(^{14}\)The runtime is \( \Omega(kd) \) per vector, which is an asymptotic lower bound.
error is usually the best low rank approximation of $A$. It has been shown that the residual error is such that $\|A - P_{B_k} A\|_F \leq (1 + \epsilon) \|A - P_{U_k} A\|_F$ with high probability. Repeating the procedure many times can boost this probability. Boutsidis et al. (2008) analyzes the approximation using the spectral norm.
To see how this subsampling scheme works on the Nielsen data, I apply random projections to the $q_{ti}$ data for beer using the `sklearn` module in Python. The entries in the $A$ matrix are the observations of either the linearly detrended, seasonally unadjusted data for week $t$ and store $i$ of $u_{ti}$ or $q_{ti}$. Using the default value of $\epsilon = 0.1$, a sketched matrix with $k = 4766$ columns is obtained from the original matrix with 64K columns. The total number of data points shrinks from over 16 million to 1.2 million.
Figure 3: Correlation of Principal Components Extracted from $A$ and $A_k$
For $j = 1, 2$, $R^2_j(B_k)$ is the $R^2$ from a regression of the $j$-th principal component extracted from $B_k$ on the first two principal components extracted from the full matrix $A$. The above plots $R^2(B_k) = R^2_1(B_k) + R^2_2(B_k)$.
Computer scientists have developed algorithms for approximating $A$ that run fast and have low worst case error bounds. But my goal is to extract the cyclical variations, which is a particular aspect of $A$. The default $\epsilon$ that yields $k = 4766$ is guided by conventional error analysis which may not be appropriate for my analysis. But how to evaluate if the sketched matrix is good or bad? For this, I turn to factor models as guide. Specifically, statistical factor analysis suggests that under some assumptions, the eigenvectors corresponding to the largest eigenvalues will precisely estimate the common factors. Let PCA1 and PCA2 be the first two principal components extracted from the $A$ matrix for the unit price data $u_{ti}$. These two components explain 0.185 and 0.157 of the variation in $A$. Let PCA1$_k$ and PCA2$_k$ be the first two principal components extracted from the $B_k$ matrix for unit price. With $k = 4766$ columns, PCA1$_k$ and PCA2$_k$ explain 0.181 and 0.163 of the variations in the $B_k$ matrix. These numbers are very similar to the ones found for $A$, which is encouraging. To obtain a more objective measure of how the common factors estimated from
$A$ compare to those estimated from $B_k$, I regress PCA1$_k$ on PCA1 and PCA2. The $R^2$ of this regression is denoted $R^2_1(B_k)$. Similarly, PCA2$_k$ of $B_k$ is regressed on PCA1 and PCA2 to give $R^2_2(B_k)$. Let
$$R^2(B_k) = R^2_1(B_k) + R^2_2(B_k).$$
This quantity has a maximum of two since $R^2_1(B_k)$ and $R^2_2(B_k)$ each has a maximum value of one. I interpret $R^2(B_K)$ as a summary statistic of how close is the space spanned by the first two principal components of the full matrix and the first two components of the sketched matrix.
To explore the sensitivity of the estimated common factors to $k$, I compute PCA1$_k$ and PCA2$_k$ from $B_k$ for different values of $k$. The line labeled NSA in Figure 3 shows that $R^2(B_k)$ is above 1.9 when the dimension is over 1000. The $R^2$ labeled SA indicates that more columns are needed to sketch the seasonally adjusted data (that will be constructed in the next section). The exercise is also repeated by comparing the span of three instead of two principal components. As expected, the more components we are interested in, the bigger must $k$ be for $R^2(B_k)$ to be close its maximum achievable value. For the beer data, $k = 1000$ is enough to give an $R^2(B_k)$ of over 2.7 when the maximum is three. The $R^2(B_k)$ criterion only compares the top (instead of all) principal components of $A$ with $B_k$, which may not be optimal on any ground. But it seems that while the existing generic algorithms do a good job preserving the features of the largest eigenvectors, they can be further improved to suit specific objectives.
### 3.2 Leverage Score Sampling
Random projections produce sketches of a matrix by removing the non-uniformity in the data. The columns of the sketched matrices are linear combinations of columns of the original matrix and hence lack interpretation. It is sometimes useful to sketch a matrix by selecting specific columns rather than forming linear combinations. For example, an eigen-gene has no meaning in gene array analysis, nor is a linear combination of barcodes meaningful.
The problem of efficiently and accurately finding a matrix consisting of exactly $k \leq r$ columns of $A$ is known as the *column subset selection* problem (hereafter CSSP). Let $C_k = A \cdot R$ be the sketched matrix. In a CSSP, $R$ is $d \times k$ sparse matrix consisting of indicators of the columns being selected. There are two approaches to construct $C_k$. The linear algebra community proceeds by noting that the problem reduces to selecting columns in the upper triangular matrix of the $QR$ decomposition of $A$. Solutions can be obtained using the rank revealing methods (RRQR) first developed in Golub (1965).\footnote{A rank-revealing factorization finds the numerical rank of a matrix, or the index $r$ such that $\sigma_r >> \sigma_{r+1} = O(\epsilon)$, $\epsilon$ is machine precision. If $\Pi$ is a column permutation matrix, $A\Pi = Q \begin{pmatrix} R \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$ is a rank revealing $QR$ factorization.} Methods within this class differ in how the columns are pivoted, but they are fundamentally deterministic in nature, see Gu and Eisenstat (1996).
In contrast, computer scientists take a random approach. Frieze et al. (2004) suggests to sample the columns of $A$ with replacement using probabilities $p_j$ that depend on the Euclidean norm of
the column of $A$, ie. $p_j = \frac{\|A^{(j)}\|^2_2}{\|A\|^2_2}$. Once the columns are picked, the sketched matrix is obtained by projecting onto the subspace spanned by $k$ columns of $A$. While the run time is fast, the additive error rate is not satisfactory and the probabilities are not invariant to normalization. Furthermore, the original matrix may not be selected when $k = d$.
An improved sampling scheme known as CUR, proposed in Drineas et al. (2008), is to replace Euclidean norm by a direct measure of where information in $A$ is centered. The idea is to keep column $j$ with probability $\min(1, c \cdot p_j)$ for some $c = O(k \log ke^2)$, where
$$p_j = \frac{1}{k}\|(V_k^T)^{(j)}\|_2^2.$$ \hspace{1cm} (2)
The normalization by $k$ ensures that $p_j$ sums to one. Boutsidis et al. (2009) suggests a two step CSSP algorithm that further improves upon the CUR algorithm. In the first step, a randomized algorithm is used to oversample $k_1 = O(k \log k) > k$ columns, where column $j$ is selected with probability $\min(1, c \cdot p_j)$. In step two, a deterministic RRQR algorithm is used to pick exactly $k$ columns from the rescaled $n \times k_1$ matrix to form $C_k$. The time complexity of the algorithm is $O(nd^2)$ and an error bound of $\|A - P_{C_k}A\|_F \leq O(k\sqrt{\log k})\|A - P_{U_k}A\|_F$ can be achieved with high probability. An advantage of CUR and CSSP is that the columns of the sketched matrix are those of the original data. Hence unlike the method of random projections, the representation of the data is preserved.
But what exactly is $p_j$ and why is the resulting error rate smaller than the one obtained when $p_j$ is defined from the Euclidean norm of $A$? Intuitively, we know from singular value decomposition that the Euclidean norm of $A$ is a convolution of $U_k$, $V_k^T$, and $\Sigma_k$. The subspace information $V_k$ are more precise indicators of where information in $A$ is concentrated. Hence when used to define $p_j$, they select columns that contain more relevant information about $A$.\footnote{Note that the $V^k$ required to compute $p_j$ can be obtained without a full svd.} It turns out that $p_j$ defined in (2) can be motivated from a regression perspective. For the linear model $y = X\beta + e$ where $X$ is full column rank, the projection (hat) matrix is $H = X(X^TX)^{-1}X^T$, and the fit is $\hat{y} = Hy$. As is well known, $i$-th the diagonal element of $H = UU^T$, say, $H_{ii}$, measures the influence, or leverage, of observation $i$. Points with a high leverage have more influence on the fit, hence $H_{ii}$ can be used to detect which observations (or rows) are outliers. Here, we are interested in column selection. Hence the leverage scores are defined by the right eigenvectors $V^T$. By using the leverage scores to determine $p_j$, leverage score sampling favors columns that exert more influence on $A$. Accordingly, $p_j$ defined in (2) is known as (normalized) statistical leverage scores. These probabilities define an importance sampling distribution. It was first used in Jolliffe (1972). By using the left instead of the right singular vectors (ie. $U$ instad of $V$) to define the sampling probabilities, leverage scores can also be used to select rows. Selecting rows and columns simultaneously is, however, a harder problem since a set of good columns and a set of rows selected separately to have some desired characteristics may no longer have the desired features when put together to form a new matrix.
I use the unit price data to evaluate the column selection procedures because the quantity data have strong seasonal variations which could affect the leverage scores. Figure 4 plots the largest 1000 leverage scores of the unit price data. It shows that only about 200 out of 65K units have large leverage scores, suggesting a non-uniform structure in the data. Because the data have a non-uniform structure, random sampling should not perform well. To see how the sampling scheme affects features retained in the sketched matrix, the top left panel of Figure 5 presents the full sample histogram of unit price. The histogram has a long right tail. As seen from Figure 2, there are large spikes in the individual unit price data, probably reflecting discount sales. Next, I randomly select $k = n$ (where $n$ is 260 in this example) columns. The corresponding density (denoted pct-0) has a short right tail and almost looks symmetric, quite unlike the full sample density. I also randomly select a fraction $\frac{x}{1000}$ of the sample and label it ‘pct-x’. For example, pct-10 indicates one percent of the sample is retained. These densities are similar to the one shown for pct-0 unless $x$ is very big. The purely random CUR algorithm has a bimodal density but still has a short right tail (not shown to conserve space). The CSSP gives a density that has a long right tail, much like the feature of the original matrix. It is also smoother, suggesting that the random sampling also reduces local variations. The RRQR algorithm does not have a leverage interpretation but preserves the shape of the density of the original data quite well. Hence, when the data are not uniformly dispersed, how the coreset is formed can affect what features in the original data are preserved. Guided by Figure 3, I also extract two principal components from the matrices sketched by CSSP with $k = 4(n - 1) = 1036$ columns.\footnote{Having $k = 4n$ columns is not an issue for random projections. This is a problem for CSSP because if $A$ has rank $r = \min(n, d)$, $C$ necessarily has rank $k \leq r$. For this data, $\min(n, d) = n = 260$, so the procedure will select no more than $n$ columns, discarding more information than we can afford to use. I explored several to remedy this problem. The first is uniformly sampling additional $3n$ columns, and concatenate them to the columns selected by CSSP.} One can hardly distinguish
between the principal components constructed from the full and the sketched matrix. These are not shown.
Figure 5: Density of Unit Price, Beer
This section has explored the possibility of using coresets instead of the full sample to summarize features of the data. Random sampling can speed up big data analysis but the sampling scheme can affect what characteristics of the original data are preserved, and hence what can be uncovered from the subsamples. The two approaches considered – random projections and leverage score – account for the non-uniform structure of the data in a non-probabilistic way. In spite of the lack of an explicit model, my crude analysis suggests that the two approaches can provide sketches that preserve features of the leading principal components reasonably well.
The results from this investigation are encouraging, but a rigorous analysis is needed to evaluate these algorithms in terms of economic objects of interest, such as trends and cycles, index numbers, and consumption distributions. Here, I have used large dimensional factor models for guidance, even though my data may not be stationary, and the factor structure may not be strong. Furthermore, there may be unique features in the economic data that we want to preserve. For example, we may want to incorporate prior information to ensure that certain UPCs are included, or we may want to oversample stores in certain location. In such cases, leverage scores will no longer be the only basis for columns selection. Often, we have data on multiple variables that are not independent, such as price and quantity, and it would seem reasonable to create subsamples of the two variables jointly instead of one data matrix at a time. It seems unlikely that generic algorithms will deliver the best results for a specific objective. Input of economists will likely be needed to address issues specific leverage based sampling. The second is to stack up four matrices each of dimension $n \times d$ so that we can select $4n$ columns. Our four matrices are unit price, quantity, transactions price, and value. Either way, the resulting principal components have properties comparable to those based on random projections.
to economic data. The challenge is how to combine aspects of the algorithmic approach, stochastic modeling, and economic information to make big data analysis feasible and more efficient.
Efficiently forming coresets is an active area of research by data scientists. Algorithms for $L_p$ regressions with good run time and desirable worse-case error bounds are already available; see, for example, Drineas et al. (2011), Maillard and Munos (2012). This can be tremendously helpful in structural analysis using big data. However, computational efficiency may not lead to statistical efficiency. Evidently, statisticians are also taking an interest in understanding these estimates in terms of their bias and mean-squared error. Work by Ma et al. (2014) and Li et al. (2006) is perhaps a sign of a merge of computational and statistical thinking.
4 Seasonal Adjustment
Many products exhibit seasonal sales, as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 for the quantity of beer sold. An economic time series $z_{it}$ can be expressed as the sum of a trend ($d_{it}$), a cycle ($c_{it}$), a seasonal ($s_{it}$), a holiday ($h_{it}$), and an irregular component ($e_{it}$):
$$z_{it} = d_{it} + c_{it} + s_{it} + h_{it} + e_{it}$$
Macroeconomists typically focus on the business cycle component $c_{it}$. But as all components on the right hand side are latent, there is always the possibility that seasonal and holiday adjustments can distort $c_{it}$. Wright (2013) suggests that because the Great Recession had the sharpest downturn occurring between November 2008 and March 2009, the seasonal filter might have treated the downturn as a bad winter, resulting in a difference of 100,000 jobs reported for monthly non-farm payroll. Indeed, the business cycle components in the Nielsen scanner data will necessarily depend on how we handle $s_{it}$ and $h_{it}$.
Nowadays, monthly and quarterly data for the U.S. and Canada are most likely adjusted by the X-12 or X-13 programs maintained by the Census Bureau, and implemented in popular software packages. These filters remove periodic variations using a constant parameter ARIMA model one series at a time. It also adjusts for outliers, easter, labor day, and thanksgiving effects. In Europe, it is more common to use the TRAMO/SEATS program\footnote{The X-12/X13 filters are based on the X-11 protocol developed at Statistics Canada in the mid 1970s. SEATS is the Signal Extraction in ARIMA Time Series procedure. An effort is underway to standardize the seasonal adjustment process. See ESS Guidelines on Seasonal Adjustment, Eurostat Methodologies and Working paper. The Census Bureau now provides a X-13ARMIA-SEATS that uses a version of the SEATS procedure developed at the Bank of Spain.} that can estimate the different components of the time series simultaneously.
The seasonal adjustment of weekly data is more complicated than the adjustment of monthly or quarterly data. At issue is that the Gregorian (solar) calendar has a 400 year cycle (or 20,871 weeks). In this cycle, 329 years have 52 weeks, 303 years have 365 days, 71 years have 53 weeks, and 97 (leap) years have 366 days. As a consequence, the major holidays such as Christmas, Easter,
Labor Day, and Thanksgiving do not fall on the same day every year.\footnote{In the U.S., the major holidays are Christmas, New year, Easter, Labor day, Memorial day, April 15 tax day, July 4, Presidents day, Thanksgiving, MLK day, Veterans day, and Columbus day.} The timing of events such as Superbowl, which generate economic activities for reasons unrelated to the business cycle, also changes from year to year. As seen from Figure 2, values of the aggregate data $\overline{q}_t$ are typically higher during the summer weeks, but the spikes do not occur on exactly the same week each year. Furthermore, even though seasonal effects are present at both the aggregate and the unit (store-UPC) level, they do not necessarily spike in the same week. Variations that are not exactly periodic cannot be removed simply by differencing.
Several approaches have been suggested to seasonally adjust weekly data. One is the CATS-D regression approach proposed in Pierce et al. (1984) to remove deterministic seasonal variations. The program allows for several U.S. holidays and additional ones can be specified by the user. In 2002, the Bureau of Labor Statistics replaced CATS-D by the CATS-M program of Cleveland and Scott (2007). The CATS-M uses a locally weighted regression to allow the seasonal factors to change over time. Also available is the structural state space approach of Harvey and Koopman (1993) and Harvey et al. (1997). The parameters of the model need to be tuned to the series in question. Chevalier et al. (2003) removes the holiday and seasonal effects in the weekly data of a large supermarket chain in Chicago. In general, nonparametric and non-linear regression analysis are difficult to implement when there is substantial product and spatial heterogeneity. Parameters tuned to achieve the desired effect for a particular series may not work well for all series. I need a practical, fairly automated approach that can remove ‘enough’ seasonal variations so as to extract the cyclical component in the data. The next subsection considers a bottom-up approach that adjusts the data at the unit level.
### 4.1 Adjusting the Individual Series
Weekly data are typically recorded on a particular day of the week, and this is also true of the Nielsen scanner data. Let observation $t$ be defined by a triplet (week, month, year). If the sample starts in 2006-01-07, then $t = 59$ corresponds to 2007-02-17, which is week three in month two of year 2007. For the sake of discussion, let $q_{ti} = q_{w_\tau,i}$ be the log of quantity sold by unit $i$ in period $t$, which is week $w$ of year $\tau$. Also let $\overline{q}_{ti} = \overline{q}_{w_\tau}$ be the log of total quantity sold in the same week. Motivated by the CATS-D approach of Pierce et al. (1984), I specify the seasonal component as
\begin{align}
s_{ti} &= \sum_{v=1}^{k_y} \left[ a_{iyv} \sin(2\pi v \cdot y_t) + b_{iyv} \cos(2\pi \cdot vy_t) \right] \\
&+ \sum_{v=1}^{k_m} \left[ a_{mi} \sin(2\pi v \cdot m_\tau) + b_{mi} \cos(2\pi \cdot vm_\tau) \right] + \vartheta_1 \text{TEMPMAX}_{ti} + \vartheta 2 \cdot t,
\end{align}
(3)
where
\[ y_t = \frac{\text{day of year}_t}{\text{days in year}_t}, \quad m_t = \frac{\text{day of month}_t}{\text{days in month}_t} \]
As in Pierce et al. (1984), the sine and cosine terms pick up the purely deterministic seasonal variations. The time trend linearly detrends the data. It remains to find a simple way to control for stochastic seasonal variations without having to estimate ARMA models and to handle to holiday effects in an automated way.
I capture the stochastic seasonal variations using the climate data collected by the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Precisely, the NOAA data contains the latitude and longitudinal coordinates of climate stations. From this information, the county in which each station is located can be identified. The climate data are then merged with the Nielsen data using the county code of the store.\(^{20}\) After experimenting with maximum and minimum temperature, snow, and precipitation, only maximum temperature is used. Hence, the variable \( \text{TEMPMAX}_{ti} \) in (3). This overcomes the problem that parts of the country have no snow, and that the maximum and minimum temperatures are fairly collinear.
Removing the holiday effects requires finding the weeks with unusually high transactions, one year at a time, and then positioning dummy variables to remove them. The challenge is that holiday effects can differ between products. I treat holiday effects as ‘common features’ of the data, the reasoning being that national holidays occur on the same day irrespective of location. Thus, I devise an algorithm that exploits the rich cross-section information within a product type to let the data determine the dates with unusually high volume of transactions. Let
\[ h_{ti} = \sum_{\tau=2006}^{2010} c_\tau \cdot 1(\mathbb{T}_\tau(t) \in \mathbb{A}) + \sum_{\tau=2006}^{2010} \sum_{v=1}^{n_H} \delta_{\tau v} \cdot 1\left( \mathbb{T}_\tau(t) = \mathbb{H}_\tau(v), \mathbb{T}_\tau(t) \notin \mathbb{A} \right) \]
(4)
where \( \mathbb{T}_\tau(t) \) is a function that returns the week in year \( \tau \) associated with \( t \), \( \mathbb{H}_\tau \) and \( \mathbb{A} \) are two sets of dates based on individual and aggregate quantities sold, respectively. Note that \( \mathbb{H}_\tau \) is year specific while \( \mathbb{A} \) is not. The construction of these variables is now explained in further detail.
Turning first to \( \mathbb{H}_\tau \), we have, for each \( i \), 260 weekly observations \( q_{w_{i\tau}} \). Let \( w^*_{\tau i} = \max_{w_{\tau}} q_{w_{\tau i}} \) be the week in which the number of units sold by store \( i \) in year \( \tau \) was highest. Let \( \mathbb{H}_\tau \) be a \( n_H \times 1 \) vector consisting of the top \( n_H \) weeks in year \( \tau \) as indicated by the cross-section distribution of \( w^*_{\tau i} \). Next, I rank weekly aggregate sales \( \bar{q}_{w_{\tau}} \) for year \( \tau \), giving a score of one to the week with highest total units sold in year \( \tau \), two to the week with the second highest total units sold, and so on. Since we have five years of data, the best possible total score any given week can accumulate is five. The \( n_A \) weeks with the highest total score are collected into a vector \( \mathbb{A} \). The dates in \( \mathbb{A} \) need not be the same as those in \( \mathbb{H}_\tau \), but they may overlap. To avoid multicollinearity, I only use those
\(^{20}\)Source: [http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/readme.txt](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ghcn/daily/readme.txt). See Menne et al. (2012) [http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/uwhcn/daily_doc.html](http://cdiac.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/uwhcn/daily_doc.html) for details of the data. For counties with more than one station, the climate data are averaged. Boldin and Wright (2015) Also used climate data recorded at the 50 largest airports to construct proxies for unseasonal weather.
dates in $\mathbb{H}_\tau$ not already in $\mathbb{A}$.
To illustrate, consider the beer data. The algorithm returns $\mathbb{A} = (27, 22, 21, 26, 25, 36, \ldots)$ which indicates that at the aggregate level, more units of beer are sold around July 4th (week 27) and memorial day (week 22) than any other week in the year. The first six entries of $\mathbb{H}_\tau$ are
| Year $\tau$ | Units of Beer Sold: Week |
|-------------|--------------------------|
| | Best | Second | Third | Fourth | Fifth | Sixth |
| 2006 | 27 | 51 | 22 | 47 | 18 | 26 |
| 2007 | 27 | 51 | 22 | 47 | 18 | 36 |
| 2008 | 27 | 51 | 22 | 28 | 36 | 1 |
| 2009 | 27 | 51 | 22 | 28 | 1 | 21 |
| 2010 | 27 | 22 | 26 | 18 | 47 | 6 |
At the store level, $\mathbb{H}_\tau$ indicates that the high volume weeks are around July 4th, Christmas, and Memorial day. The only surprises in these dates are perhaps the omission of dates around Superbowl and the inclusion of week 18, which happened to be the Easter weekends. But according to Nielsen, Superbowl beer sales only ranked 8th, behind Easter. Hence the dates identified by the algorithm are quite sensible. In the seasonal adjustment regression, I use $n_A = 6$ and $n_H = 3$. Since weeks 22 and 27 are in both $\mathbb{A}$ and $\mathbb{H}_\tau$, these two weeks are dropped from $\mathbb{H}_\tau$ to obtain a more parsimonious specification. It should be made clear that $\mathbb{H}_\tau$ and $\mathbb{A}$ are product specific. For example, meat and wine sales peak around thanksgiving and Christmas (weeks 45 and 51), but not around July 4th.
To recapitulate, I have augmented the CATS-D model to include data driven holiday dummies, and I use observable variations in climate to bypass ARMA modeling of the latent stochastic seasonal variations. Equation (3) can in principle be estimated using a fixed-effect regression, but there are two problems. First, I have 65K units each with 260 weeks of beer data, hence 16 million data points for $q_{it}$ alone. The pooled regression is memory intensive because of all the seasonal variables involved. More important is that pooling constrains the seasonal effects to be homogeneous across units. This is restrictive because stores in Florida and may not have the same seasonal pattern as stores in, say, Wisconsin. The periodic spikes in the residuals of the pooled regression suggest that pooling failed to remove the seasonal and holiday effects. The variety at the spatial and product levels that make the data interesting also make preprocessing the data difficult.
Both considerations suggest to estimate $s_{ti}$ and $h_{ti}$ on a series by series basis. This also bypasses the need to account for firm level heterogeneity in a pooled regression, which would have required weighing the observations of each unit by its volume or sales. If I had used the sine and cosine functions alone to model seasonality as in CATS-D, the residual maker matrix would have been the same across units. Adding the climate data makes the regressor matrix unit specific. In spite of this, it takes less than an hour to do 65K regressions. Each regression yields a $\overline{R}^2$ which is a convenient indicator of the importance of the seasonal effects. Most of the $\overline{R}^2$s for the beer regressions are between 0.2 and 0.3, but a few are above 0.85. Now some products (such as baby
Figure 6: $u_{it}$ and $q_{it}$ (SA): Pet Food and Beer
Figure 7: $\bar{u}_t$ and $\bar{q}_t$ (SA): Pet Food and Beer
food and diapers) exhibit weak seasonal effects. To avoid spurious seasonal filtering, the residuals from (3) are used as adjusted data only if the $\overline{R}^2$ of the regression exceeds a threshold, which I set to 0.1. Otherwise, the adjusted series is simply the unadjusted data. Precisely, the sum of the residuals from the seasonal adjustment regression and $\overline{q}_i$ is taken to be the log seasonally adjusted series $q_{ti}^{sa}$.\footnote{These residuals are persistent but mostly stationary, which is why the regression is specified in level form. For longer samples, a first difference specification might well be needed.} Exponentiating $q_{ti}^{sa}$ and sum over $i$ gives an aggregate, seasonally adjusted series, $\overline{q}_{t}^{sa}$ that is constructed from bottom-up.
Figure 6 shows the seasonally adjusted data for the same two units as in Figure 1. These two series are chosen because they have the highest $\overline{R}^2$ in the seasonal adjustment regression. The raw pet food data have little seasonal variations to begin with and the regression preserves the properties. For beer, the adjusted data at the unit level also show little seasonal variations. However, as seen from Figure 7, the aggregate data for beer still exhibit seasonal effects even though they are less pronounced than the raw data shown in Figure 2.
### 4.2 The Cyclical Component at the Aggregate Level
Large dimensional factor analysis suggests that if there are $r$ common factors the principal components corresponding to the $r$ largest eigenvalues of the data matrix should consistently estimate the space spanned by the factors under some assumptions. With the hope that the cyclical component will be one of the top components, I analyze the first three principal components in each of the products, fixing the sign so that all components have a trough around the Great Recession. Since the data being analyzed are in level form, the common variations can have a trend and a cyclical component. By cycle, I mean the stationary (mean-reverting) common variations that display at least a peak and a trough.
Figure 8 displays the first three principal component of six products. The first component PCA1-SA is in black, the second component PCA2-SA is in darkgreen, and the third component PCA3-SA is in blue. For all six products, the first component is always highly persistent with a trough around mid-2008. I interpret this as the common trend in the data. The interpretation of the second and third components is more tricky. The second and third eigenvectors of the eggs data appear to random noise, suggesting that there are no common variations in eggs beyond PCA1-SA. For baby food, the second component has large variations but lack interpretation, though the third component appears cyclical. For beer and meat, the second component has strong seasonal variations but the third component is cyclical. For pet food and foreign-wine, the second and third components are both cyclical. The common variations are strongest in beer. The three principal components explain about 0.18 of the variations in the data. A compact summary of the first three principal components is as follows:
| pca | 1 (black) | 2 (green) | 3 (blue) | peak-cycle | trough-cycle | common var. |
|--------------|-----------|-----------|----------|------------|--------------|-------------|
| eggs | trend | noise | noise | na | na | 0.14 |
| baby food | trend | noise | cycle | 2007-11-03 | 2009-06-13 | 0.11 |
| meat | trend | seasonal | cycle | 2007-09-15 | 2009-04-25 | 0.12 |
| beer | trend | seasonal | cycle | 2007-04-07 | 2009-06-13 | 0.18 |
| pet food | trend | cycle | cycle | 2007-03-24 | 2008-06-21 | 0.17 |
| foreignwine | trend | cycle | cycle | 2007-04-14 | 2008-10-18 | 0.14 |
The Nielsen weekly data presents a unique opportunity to study consumer behavior around the Great Recession of 2008. I explore the cyclical component of pet food, beer, and foreign-wine. These are shown in Figure 9, along with the ‘Retail and Food’ seasonally adjusted monthly series produced by the Census Bureau and obtained from FRED as RSAFS. The RSAFS series (in red) takes a big dive in the third quarter of 2008 and reaches its trough in the first quarter of 2009. The decline is steepest around 2008-09-15, right around the time when Lehman Brothers fell, but well after Bear Stearns collapsed on 2008-03-16. The foreign-wine series reaches its peak on 2007-04-14 and its trough on 2008-10-18. The pet food series is at its peak in 2007-03-24 and reaches bottom around 2008-06-21, similar to the peaks and troughs found for beer, but about one year ahead of the peak and trough exhibited in the RSAFS series.
To see if there is an agreement between consumer confidence and action, I compare the cyclical component with the Rasmussen Consumer Index.\footnote{I thank the Rasmussen Group for providing me with this data.} This index is the seven day moving-average obtained from polling users about their expectations and confidence. I then select those polling days that the Nielsen data are also available, and for the few days with missing data due to holidays, I use the data polled on the closest day available. Figure 10 shows that the cyclical component of the three series track the Rasmussen index (in brown) quite well. Spending on these products is high when confidence is high, and low when confidence is low. At least for these products, actions and sentiment seem to be in sync.
In summary, I find strong co-movements across units in the seasonally adjusted data of just about every product being analyzed in the form of a highly persistent principal component, and which I interpret as a common trend. I also find a common cyclical component that precedes the big downturn of 2008. That some of these cyclical components tend to lead the aggregate retail sales data could be of interest in the monitoring of economic activity. However, the fact that the aggregate data still exhibit seasonal variations is disappointing. Removing the seasonal variations at the individual level apparently did not lead to an aggregate series that is rid of seasonal variations. This raises the question of whether I should have adjusted the aggregate data directly, or in other words, top-down instead of filtering the seasonal effects from bottom up.
One thought is to treat the seasonal variations as a common factor. I can then directly look for the trend, the cycle, and the seasonal factors from the seasonally unadjusted data. This is
Figure 8: PCA-SA
beer: PCA-SA
foreignwine: PCA-SA
petfood: PCA-SA
meat: PCA-SA
babyfood: PCA-SA
eggs: PCA-SA
easy to implement as I just let the method of principal components do its work. To explore this methodology, I re-analyze the seasonally unadjusted data of pet-food, beer, and foreign-wine. Figure 11 shows the three principal components in black, darkgreen, and blue, respectively. Three results are noteworthy. First, the PCA2-SA and PCA2-NSA series for pet food are similar. This is reassuring since the pet food data have small seasonal variations; my seasonal adjustment has preserved the variations in the raw data. Second, the PCA1-NSA series (in black) for beer and foreign-wine indeed have strong periodic movements. Observe that PCA2-NSA (green) and PCA3-NSA (blue) for beer shown in Figure 11 resemble PCA1-SA (black) and PCA2-SA (green) shown in Figure 8. The principal components of the adjusted data are shifted up compared to the unadjusted data because there is no longer the need to accommodate the seasonal factor. This is good news because whether I use a model to seasonally adjust the data or let the method of principal components find these seasonal variations, the trend and the cycle in the raw data are similar. The third observation is that seasonal effects show up in more than one principal component. Notably, PCA3-NSA for foreign-wine (in blue) still has periodic spikes.
This top-down approach shows promise but needs to be further developed. The principal components being identified evidently depend on the relative importance of the trend, cycle, and seasonal variations, and these are product specific. To successfully isolate the common variations from the seasonally unadjusted data directly, I would need a way to systematically associate the principal components with the trend, the cycle, and the seasonal variations on a product-by-product basis. This is not so straightforward when the different variations may not be mutually uncorrelated.
5 Concluding Comments
This paper has set out to better understand what makes big data analysis different. I used four terabytes of Nielsen scanner data as case study, with the aim of analyzing the business cycle variations around the Great Recession of 2008. The task is non-conventional mainly because the memory constraint limits how much information can be processed at a time, the data are highly heterogeneous, and that weekly seasonal variations need to be removed. There was a bit of trial-and-error in the exercise, but most of it is learning-by-doing.
Data scientists have developed many tools to accommodate the 3V characteristics of big data. This paper has focused on the ones used in data-preprocessing and found subsampling algorithms to be flexible with the potential to be very useful in economic analysis. Most of these algorithms are, however, not developed with economic data in mind. It will take some effort to properly integrate them into our analysis. There is definitely a need for new methods that are computationally efficient and statistical optimal. Bridge the gap between the econometric and the algorithmic approaches to data modeling will likely be a multi-disciplinary endeavor.
When the database is so massive, it is inevitable that some information will have to be dropped. In the end, I only analyzed a tiny fraction of the data available. Nonetheless, for the purpose of
Figure 9: RSAFS vs. Pet-Food, Foreign Wine, Beer
Figure 10: Confidence vs. Pet-food, Beer, Foreign Wine
Figure 11: PCA-NSA
petfood: PCA-NSA
beer: PCA-NSA
foreignwine: PCA-NSA
studying the common cyclical variations in each product, the tiny fraction may well be all that is needed. As is apparent in this exercise, the researcher has a heavy influence on what to analyze, and how. It is not a trivial task to accurately document all the steps involved. Being able to reproduce empirical results reported by other researchers is hard even when small datasets are involved. Big data make it even harder because there is more scope for subjective choices. Enforcing reproducibility of results is important, and it will not likely be an easy task.
Finally, big data can give interesting insights that may not be gleaned from conventional data. It will be useful to learn methods outside of the standard econometric toolbox as big data is likely here to stay. But while it is tempting to jump onto the big data bandwagon, one must be prepared that the learning curve can be steep, and the haystack from which to find the needle of economic insight can be huge.
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Joint noise and reverberation suppression for speech applications
Elias K. Kokkinis\textsuperscript{1}, Alexandros Tsilfidis\textsuperscript{1}, Eleftheria Georganti\textsuperscript{1}, and John Mourjopoulos\textsuperscript{1}
\textsuperscript{1}Audio and Acoustic Technology Group, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, 26504, Patras, Greece
Correspondence should be addressed to Elias K. Kokkinis (email@example.com)
ABSTRACT
An algorithm for joint suppression of noise and reverberation from speech signals is presented. The method requires a handclap recording that precedes speech activity. A running kurtosis technique is applied in order to extract an estimation of the late reflections of the room impulse response from the clap while a moving average filter is employed for the noise estimation. Moreover, the excitation signal derived from the Linear Prediction (LP) analysis of the noisy speech along with the estimated power spectrum of the late reflections are used to suppress late reverberation through spectral subtraction while a Wiener filter compensates for the ambient noise. A gain magnitude regularization step is also implemented to reduce overestimation errors. Objective and subjective results show that the proposed method achieves significant speech enhancement in all tested cases.
1. INTRODUCTION
In most practical applications, speech quality and intelligibility are degraded under the effect of room reverberation and ambient noise, while the performance of Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) systems is significantly compromised. Although the placement of a microphone in close proximity to the speaker may minimize the impact of the above distortions [1], this solution may give rise to other problems such as extreme coloration (\textit{proximity effect}) or may not be desired/feasible in practice for several emerging applications (i.e. immersive communications [2]).
To address this problem, a number of different methods for the suppression of noise (“denoising”) and reverberation (“dereverberation”) have been proposed. A common method for the suppression of noise is spectral subtraction (SS) [3, 4], where an
estimate of the noise short-time spectrum is subtracted from the microphone’s short-time spectrum in order to provide an enhanced signal at the output. Moreover the Wiener filter has been also used for denoising purposes, providing an estimate of the clean signal in the minimum mean-squared error sense. In all cases, the challenge is to accurately estimate the noise short-time spectrum and for a review of relevant techniques the interested reader can refer to [5].
More recently, spectral subtraction has been also employed for the suppression of late reverberation. The room impulse response (RIR) consists of an early and a late reverberant part producing different types of degradation in the speech signal. Hence, most dereverberation techniques compensate separately for the coloration generated from the early reflections and the late reverberant decaying tails. Different SS-based methods that blindly estimate the late reverberation short-time spectrum based either on RIR or signal modelling have been proposed [6, 7, 8, 9, 10]. Other techniques draw on the properties of the reverberant LP residual and the harmonic speech structure [11] or employ auditory modelling [12] in order to achieve reverberation suppression with minimal perceived artifacts.
Given that SS and Wiener filtering are employed for both noise and reverberation suppression it is necessary to examine a combined approach for such tasks. To this end, a method for joint suppression of noise and late reverberation is presented in this work. A recorded handclap along with the excitation signal derived from the Linear Prediction (LP) analysis of the reverberant speech provide the noise and late reverberation spectrum estimations [13]. Then spectral subtraction is applied in order to suppress late reverberation while the ambient noise is suppressed through Wiener post-filtering. A Gain Magnitude Regularization (GMR) step is also implemented to adjust the suppression rate and compensate for processing artifacts [14]. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated using measured RIRs and noise and it is shown to be robust with respect to the level of noise, reverberation time and clap recording positions, while preserving the quality of the speech signal.
2. METHOD DESCRIPTION
The proposed method is illustrated by the block diagram of Figure 1 and will be explained in detail below.
Consider a microphone placed at a fixed position $\rho_m$ and a speaker located at $\rho_s$, inside a reverberant room, where an ambient noise source (such as a PC fan or an A/C unit) is also present. The speech signal captured by the microphone can be expressed as
$$y_i(k) = s(k) * h_i(k) + n(k) \quad (1)$$
where $k$ is the discrete time index, $h_i(k)$ is the RIR between the speaker and the microphone, $n(k)$ is the signal produced by the noise source and $s(k)$ is the anechoic speech signal. It is assumed here that the noise and speech signals are uncorrelated.
Using LP analysis the speech signal can be modelled as the convolution of an excitation signal $u(k)$ and a speech production filter $h_S(k)$. Furthermore, it is known that a RIR can be decomposed into an early reflection $h_{i,E}(k)$ and a late reverberation $h_{i,L}(k)$ part. Typically the speech production filter is shorter than the early reflection part and hence Eq. 1 can be written as
$$y_i(k) = \sum_{m=0}^{L_B} \sum_{l=0}^{L_S} h_{i,E}(m-l)h_S(l)u(k-m)$$
$$+ \sum_{m=L_B+1}^{L_R} h_{i,L}(m)u(k-m) + n(k) \quad (2)$$
where $L_S$ is the length of $h_S(k)$, $L_B$ is the length of the early reflection part $h_{i,E}(k)$ (or equivalently the mixing time $t_{mix}$ expressed in samples) and $L_R$ is the total length of the RIR. Defining the direct signal $d(k)$ and the late reverberant signal $r(k)$, Eq. 2 can be written as
$$y_i(k) = d_i(k) + r_i(k) + n(k) \quad (3)$$
In order to obtain an estimation of the direct (or clean) signal, the late reverberant and noise signal or their power spectrums must be estimated. In the proposed method, late reverberation and noise are assumed to be stationary processes and their approximations are provided by a single handclap recording, without the need for a RIR measurement or additional processing of the speech signal (e.g. voice activity detection).
2.1 Estimation of noise and late reverberation from a recorded handclap
Since the energy of late reverberation is considered to be statistically equal in all regions of the room [15], it can be assumed that the power spectral density (PSD) of the late part of a RIR measured for a source at position $\rho_i$ is approximately equal to the PSD of a late part corresponding to a RIR for a source at any other position $\rho_j$ [16]. While a single RIR measurement can lead to fairly good approximation of the late reverberation power spectrum of the room [16], a RIR measurement cannot always be available and a practical approach for the late reverberation estimation is desired.
Consider a handclap recording at position $\rho_i$
$$c_i(k) = \hat{d}(k) * h_i(k) + n(k)$$ \hspace{1cm} (4)
where it is assumed that the excitation signal produced by the handclap can approximate an impulse. It has been shown that a recorded clap may differ from a measured RIR in: (i) the low-frequency range, (ii) the details of its spectrum, presenting some sort of spectral coloration and (iii) the lack of the exact spectral energy details for each measurement [17, 18]. Late reverberation arises by definition in the diffuse field and its spectrum is approximately white [15]. It is reasonable to assume that the same applies for the late room response part due to a handclap. In addition, speech signals do not contain significant energy in the low-frequency range. Hence, the above difference can be considered to be insignificant in the context of late reverberation affecting speech signals and the PSD of late reverberation can be efficiently approximated by the PSD of the late part of an in-room handclap recording. Hence
$$c_{i,L}(k) = \hat{h}_{i,L}(k) + n(k) \quad \text{for } k > L_B$$ \hspace{1cm} (5)
The early-late RIR boundary $L_B$ or equivalently the “mixing time” $t_{mix}$, denotes the start of the diffuse field in a room response [15]. It can be usually described as a fixed time interval regardless of the room properties (usually 80 ms), or calculated based on physical quantities such as the room volume [15, 19]. However, the precise evaluation of this early/late reflections boundary from a RIR measurement is a challenging and open research issue [20, 21]. In [16] the authors used a normalized kurtosis approach [15, 20] to calculate the mixing time. The same approach is also used here and applied to the recorded handclap. However, due to the presence of noise and the approximate nature of the obtained “response” the method may digress. Hence if the mixing time calculated by this method is outside a reasonable range (e.g. $50 \text{ ms} \leq t_{mix} \leq 500 \text{ ms}$ [21]) the static boundary of 80 ms is applied [13].
In order to reduce the effect of noise in the estimated late reverberation, a moving average (MA) with a span of $L_M$ samples is applied to the recorded clap
$$\tilde{c}_{i,L}(k) = \frac{1}{L_M} \left( \sum_{p=1}^{L_M} \hat{h}_{i,L}(k-p) + \sum_{p=1}^{L_M} n(k-p) \right)$$ \hspace{1cm} (6)
for $k > L_B$. If the noise source is sufficiently modelled by white Gaussian noise (WGN), then the sum $\sum_{p=1}^{L_M} n(k-p)$ should tend to zero for a large enough $L_M$. Hence, the PSD of the MA filtered recorded handclap at position $\rho_i$ can be used as an estimation of the late reverberation imprinted on the speech signal.
Since the late part of a RIR is considered to decay exponentially [22], after a certain point $L_N$ noise will dominate the handclap recording
$$c_i(k) \approx n(k) \quad \text{for } k > L_N$$ \hspace{1cm} (7)
Eq. 7 can provide an estimation of the noise PSD. $L_N$ can be chosen as the last samples of the handclap recording, equal to the length of the processing frame.
### 2.2 Suppression of late reverberation
The late reverberant signal can be approximated by using the LP residual $u(k)$ of the captured speech signal $y_i(k)$ and Eq. 6, as
$$\hat{r}_i(k) = u(k) * \tilde{c}_{i,L}(k)$$ \hspace{1cm} (8)
By applying a short time Fourier transform (STFT) on Eq. 8 the PSD of the late reverberant signal is obtained and following a spectral subtraction principle, an estimation of the noisy direct signal can be calculated as
$$P_{\hat{d}_i}(\kappa, \omega) = P_{y_i}(\kappa, \omega) - P_r(\kappa, \omega)$$ \hspace{1cm} (9)
where $\kappa$ is the STFT frame index and $\omega$ the discrete frequency bin index. Note, that since the residual signal does not depend on room properties or source position and the energy of the late reverberation is equal in all room positions, the PSD of the reverberant signal $P_r(\kappa, \omega)$ can be used to provide estimations of the noisy direct signal in any room position $\rho_j$.
The above equation can be alternatively expressed as a spectral gain multiplication
$$P_{\hat{d}_i}(\kappa, \omega) = G_R(\kappa, \omega)P_{y_j}(\kappa, \omega)$$ \hspace{1cm} (10)
where
$$G_R(\kappa, \omega) = \frac{P_{y_j}(\kappa, \omega) - P_r(\kappa, \omega)}{P_{y_j}(\kappa, \omega)}$$ \hspace{1cm} (11)
### 2.3 Suppression of noise
Eq. 7 provides an estimation of the noise signal and with the use of STFT a sufficient approximation of the noise power spectrum can be derived. Hence an approximate Wiener filter can be calculated in the time-frequency domain to facilitate the suppression of noise in the estimated direct signal. The Wiener filter can be expressed as
$$G_N(\kappa, \omega) = \frac{P_{\hat{d}_i}(\kappa, \omega)}{P_{\hat{d}_i}(\kappa, \omega) + P_n(\kappa, \omega)}$$ \hspace{1cm} (12)
Applying the Wiener filter to the output of the spectral subtraction process described in Eq. 11
$$P_{\hat{d}_i}(\kappa, \omega) = G_N(\kappa, \omega)P_{y_i}(\kappa, \omega)$$ \hspace{1cm} (13)
and by substituting Eq. 10 to 13, the PSD of the estimated clean direct signal, i.e. the enhanced speech signal with suppressed noise and late reverberation becomes
$$P_{\hat{d}_i}(\kappa, \omega) = G_J(\kappa, \omega)P_{y_j}(\kappa, \omega)$$ \hspace{1cm} (14)
### 2.4 Gain Magnitude Regularization
In order to compensate for overestimation errors and prevent the generation of musical noise and other artifacts commonly presented in similar methods, the total applied spectral gain is constrained through the following equation:
$$G_J(\kappa, \omega) = \begin{cases}
\frac{G_J(\kappa, \omega) - \theta}{r} + \theta & \text{when } \zeta < \zeta_{th} \\
G_J(\kappa, \omega) & \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}$$ \hspace{1cm} (15)
where
$$\zeta = \frac{\sum_{\omega=1}^{\Omega} G_J(\kappa, \omega)P_{y_j}(\kappa, \omega)}{\sum_{\omega=1}^{\Omega} P_{y_j}(\kappa, \omega)}$$ \hspace{1cm} (16)
where $\theta$ is the threshold for applying the gain constraints, $r$ is a regularization ratio, $\zeta$ is the power
| Room | Type | Volume ($m^3$) | $RT_{60}$ (sec) |
|------|---------------|----------------|-----------------|
| 1 | Lect. room | 555 | 0.84 |
| 2 | Conf. hall | 1292 | 1.00 |
Table 1: Summary of the type and acoustical properties of the rooms where the RIRs were measured.
ratio between the enhanced and the unprocessed signal, $\zeta_{th}$ is a threshold for the detection of regions where speech has low power when compared to noise and/or reverberation, and finally $\Omega$ is the number of frequency bins.
3. TESTS AND RESULTS
3.1. Measurements
Eight anechoic speech recordings, both male and female (sampled at 44.1 kHz) were convolved with measured RIRs in two different rooms (see Table 1) at various distances (0.5m, 1m, 3m). In addition, handclaps in different (random) positions in those rooms and the noise of a typical office A/C unit were also recorded. From these data, the noisy and reverberated speech signals were generated. Note also that in each case noise has been added to the clap recordings at the same SNR as that of the noisy speech signal. The processing was applied for frame size of 4096 samples with a 50% overlap, $\theta = 0.25$ and $\zeta_{th} = 0.8$, the value of the regularization ratio $r$ was 3 and the LP analysis order was 13.
The performance of the proposed method was assessed by calculating the improvement between the degraded and enhanced signals in terms of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Perceptual Speech Quality (PESQ) [5]. Note that the SNR takes into account both noise and reverberation and hence it can assess the performance of the combined method, as well as the performance of each part of the method, namely the suppression of noise only or late reverberation only.
3.2. Performance comparison for suppression of noise or late reverberation only and joint suppression
In this section the performance when only noise or reverberation suppression is applied will be examined in comparison to the performance of the joint suppression method. For this, reverberant recordings with the noise source at SNR=15dB were created using the RIRs of room 1, as well as clap recordings with the same SNR. The results are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
In any of the examined cases, the joint suppression approach provides greater improvement in terms of both SNR and PESQ than when only one of the degrading effects are addressed. Furthermore, the improvement is fairly consistent regardless of which clap recording is used to obtain the spectrum estimations. Finally, it is interesting to note that the performance is also quite similar for the case of a speaker at 0.5m and 1.0m, indicating that at typical office distances between the speaker and the microphone the method performs quite well, while performance is a little lower for a speaker at 3.0m especially in terms of PESQ (Fig. 3(c)).
3.3. Performance for variable SNR and reverberation time
Here the performance of the joint suppression method will be examined for rooms with different reverberation times and recordings (both speech and claps) at different SNRs.
The results for room 1 are shown in Figures 4 and 5. The performance improvement decreases in terms of SNR and increases in terms of PESQ with an increasing SNR of the microphone and clap recordings. Additionally, the performance of the proposed method is consistent for a given SNR regardless of the clap recording or the speaker position.
The results for room 2, with a longer reverberation time, are shown in Figures 6 and 7. The improvement in terms of SNR and PESQ follows the same trends as for room 1.
4. CONCLUSIONS
A method for the joint suppression of noise and late reverberation from speech signals was presented, considering practical hands-free applications in real environments in the presence of typical noise sources. The suppression of late reverberation was based on a spectral subtraction technique and the suppression of noise on a Wiener post-filter. The power spectrum estimations of noise and late reverberation were obtained simultaneously from a hand-clap recording making use of the fact that the energy
Fig. 2: The average performance of the separate parts and the combined method in terms of SNR for a RIR measured in room 1 at a source-microphone distance of (a) 0.5m, (b) 1.0m and (c) 3.0m. The degraded signals and the clap recordings have a SNR of 15dB.
Fig. 3: The average performance of the separate parts and the combined method in terms of PESQ for a RIR measured in room 1 at a source-microphone distance of (a) 0.5m, (b) 1.0m and (c) 3.0m. The degraded signals and the clap recordings have a SNR of 15dB.
Fig. 4: The average performance of the joint suppression method in terms of SNR for a RIR measured in room 1 at a source-microphone distance of (a) 0.5m, (b) 1m and (c) 3m.
Fig. 5: The average performance of the joint suppression method in terms of PESQ for a RIR measured in room 1 at a source-microphone distance of (a) 0.5m, (b) 1m and (c) 3m.
Fig. 6: The average performance of the joint suppression method in terms of SNR for a RIR measured in room 2 at a source-microphone distance of (a) 0.5m, (b) 1m and (c) 3m.
Fig. 7: The average performance of the joint suppression method in terms of PESQ for a RIR measured in room 2 at a source-microphone distance of (a) 0.5m, (b) 1m and (c) 3m.
of the late reverberation is approximately equal in all room positions and the exponential decay of RIRs.
The results presented here indicate that the method does not introduce significant distortion and preserves speech quality, while successfully suppressing late reverberation and noise. The clap recordings have been proved to be a simple and efficient way to obtain simultaneous estimations of noise and late reverberation, without any requirement for special signals and equipment. The method was also shown to be robust with regard to reverberation time, speaker position and handclap recording position. The proposed method is suitable for practical applications where real hands-free acquisition of speech is required providing a simple and efficient enhancement framework.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The research activities that led to these results, were co-financed by Hellenic Funds and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the Hellenic National Strategic Reference Framework (ESPA) 2007-2013, according to Contract no. MICRO2-07/E-II-A.
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[22] J. D. Polack. Playing billiards in the concert hall: The mathematical foundations of geometrical room acoustics. *Applied Acoustics*, (38), 1993. | <urn:uuid:1106a8d4-2687-4ffa-9986-f71326f6fa1d> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 23,477 |
NORWEGIAN CRUISE LINE HOLDINGS LTD.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE GUIDELINES
The board of directors (the "Board") of Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd. (the "Company") has developed and adopted the following corporate governance guidelines ("Guidelines") to promote the functioning of the Board and its committees and to set forth a common set of expectations as to how the Board should perform its functions. The Board will review and, if appropriate, amend these Guidelines from time to time.
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The Board may establish categorical standards that meet or exceed the requirements of the NYSE to assist in making such determinations. In the event that an independent director becomes aware of any change in circumstances that may result in such director no longer being considered independent under the listing standards of the NYSE or under applicable law, the director shall promptly inform the Board.
6. Retirement Policy and Term Limits. The Company currently has no mandatory retirement age or term limits for directors. While a mandatory retirement age and term limits could help ensure that there are fresh ideas and viewpoints available to the Board, they carry the disadvantage of losing the contribution of directors who have been able to develop, over a period of time, increasing insight into the Company and its operations and, therefore, to provide an increasing contribution to the Board and the Company.
7. Limitation of Service on Other Public Company Boards. Directors may not serve on more than five public company boards (including the Company) at any one time. If the director is an active Chief Executive Officer of a public company, the director may not serve on more than two public company boards (excluding any board service at the Company where the director currently serves as Chief Executive Officer) at any one time. Due to the demanding nature of service on the Audit Committee, the members of the Audit Committee may not serve on the audit committee of the board of directors of more than two other publicly traded companies at the same time as they are serving on the Audit Committee, unless the Board determines that such simultaneous service would not impair the abilities of such member to effectively serve on the Audit Committee. Prior to accepting any position on the board of directors of any other organization, the director shall notify the Company's Assistant Secretary.
8. Changes in Primary Employment. The Board does not believe that non-employee directors who retire or change the position they held when they became a member of the Board should necessarily leave the Board. Promptly following such event, the director must notify the Board, which shall review the continued appropriateness of the affected director remaining on the Board under the circumstances. The affected director is expected to act in accordance with the Board's recommendation following such review.
Director Responsibilities
9. Oversight of the Company. The Board acts as the ultimate decision-making body of the Company and advises and oversees management, who are responsible for the day-to-day operations and management of the Company. The Board's most basic responsibility is to exercise their business judgment to act in a manner that they reasonably believe is in the best interest of the Company and its shareholders. Directors must fulfill their responsibilities consistent with their fiduciary duties to the Company's shareholders and in compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. The Board has developed a number of specific expectations of directors, set forth in these Guidelines, to promote the discharge of the Board's responsibility and the efficient conduct of the Board's business. Each director must also comply with the applicable provisions of the Company's Code of Ethical Business Conduct and Insider Trading Policy.
In performing its functions, the Board shall have access to and is entitled to rely on the advice, reports and opinions of management, counsel, accountants, auditors and other expert advisors. The directors will also be entitled to (A) be covered by reasonable directors' and officers' liability insurance purchased by the Company on their behalf; (B) the benefits of indemnification to the fullest extent permitted by law and any indemnification agreements; and (C) exculpation as provided by Bermuda law and any of the Company's organizational documents. The Company shall provide for appropriate funding, as determined by the Board, for payment of compensation to any advisers employed by the Board and other expenses of the Board that are necessary or appropriate in carrying out its duties.
Directors may contact the chief executive officer (the "CEO") and/or the chief financial officer (the "CFO") at any time to discuss any aspect of the Company's business. Directors also have complete access to other members of management, including in-house counsel, internal auditors and accountants; provided, however, that directors should avoid interfering with the day-to-day effectiveness of management and should arrange any such access through the CEO, the CFO or the Assistant Secretary. The Board expects that there will be frequent opportunities for directors to meet with the CEO and/or the CFO and other members of management in Board and Committee meetings and in other formal or informal settings.
10. Board Meetings/Agendas. The Chairperson of the Board will determine the frequency of Board meetings and will set the agenda for each Board meeting. Board members are encouraged to suggest the inclusion of additional items on an agenda, and any director may request that an item be placed on an agenda. Agendas for Board meetings shall be flexible enough so that unexpected developments can be discussed at Board meetings. Information and data that are important to the Board's understanding of the business to be conducted at a Board meeting will,
to the extent practical and appropriate, be distributed to directors sufficiently in advance of the meeting.
11. Commitment, Attendance and Participation. Directors are expected to attend Board meetings and meetings of Board committees of which they are members. Directors should devote appropriate time to Board materials in advance of meetings and be sufficiently familiar with the Company's business (including financial statements, capital structure, risks and competition) to facilitate active and effective participation in Board and committee deliberations. The Company will make appropriate personnel available to answer directors' questions about aspects of the Company's business and to provide assistance to the Board and its committees.
12. Confidentiality. The proceedings and deliberations of the Board and its committees are confidential. Each director shall maintain the confidentiality of information received in connection with his or her service as a director.
13. Executive Sessions. Executive sessions or meetings of independent, non-employee directors without management present will be held regularly. These executive sessions will occur in conjunction with regularly scheduled Board meetings and at such other times as they may deem necessary and appropriate. The Chairperson of the Board will preside over all executive sessions for so long as he or she meets the qualifications of an independent, nonemployee director. If the Chairperson does not meet these qualifications, another independent, non-employee director will be selected to preside at such executive sessions.
Committees
14. Board Committees. The Board has established the following primary committees: Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee. Each of these committees has a written charter setting forth its composition, responsibilities, duties and authorities. The charters will also provide that each committee will annually evaluate its performance. The Board may add new committees as it deems advisable for purposes of fulfilling its primary responsibilities. All members of the Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Governance Committee will meet the criteria required by the NYSE. Each member of the Audit Committee must be financially literate, as determined by the Board in its business judgment, or must become financially literate within a reasonable period of time after his or her appointment. At least one member of the Audit Committee shall have accounting or related financial management expertise, in the Board's judgment, and be an "audit committee financial expert" as defined by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
15. Assignment of Committee Members. The Nominating and Governance Committee is responsible for recommending to the Board the assignment of Board members to various committees and appointment of Chairs of the committees.
16. Committee Agendas. The Chairperson of each committee will develop each committee's agenda for each meeting, taking into account the suggestions of the members of such committee. All directors, whether members of a committee or not, are invited to make suggestions to the Chairperson of each committee for additions to the agenda of any committee or to request that an item from a committee agenda be considered by the Board. Information and data that are
important to a committee's understanding of the business to be conducted at a committee meeting are, to the extent practical and appropriate, to be distributed to committee members sufficiently in advance of the meeting.
17. Committee Reports. After a committee meets or otherwise takes action, it shall, as soon as practicable, make a report of its activities at a meeting of the Board.
Director Orientation and Continuing Education
18. The Company's management, working with the Nominating and Governance Committee, will provide an orientation process for new directors. Periodically, management will prepare additional educational sessions for directors on matters relevant to the Company's operations and plans.
Director Compensation
19. The Board, considering the recommendations of the Compensation Committee, shall periodically conduct a review of the components and amount of the compensation for nonemployee directors (including benefits) in relation to other similarly situated companies to ensure that Board compensation is consistent with market practices and is sufficient to attract and retain individuals who are qualified to serve on the Board and align the interest of the directors with those of shareholders. Based on that review, the Board shall adjust compensation as appropriate. Directors who are also employees of the Company or its subsidiaries receive no separate compensation for serving as directors or as members of Board committees.
Management Succession
20. The Nominating and Governance Committee shall periodically review and make recommendations to the Board regarding the management succession plan, addressing the policies and principles for the Company's executive officers selection and performance review, as well as policies regarding succession for senior management, including the CEO, in the event of emergency or retirement.
Annual Performance Evaluation of the Board
21. Through a formal survey or other means the Board sees fit, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee shall lead the Board and its committees through an annual self-evaluation process to determine whether they are functioning effectively. As soon as possible following completion of each annual self-evaluation, the Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee shall report the results of the self-evaluation process to the Board.
Public Interactions
22. Board's Interaction with Institutional Investors, Press, Customers, Etc. The Board believes that the management speaks for the Company. Individual Board members may, from time to time at the request of the management, meet or otherwise communicate with various constituencies that are involved with the Company. If comments from the Board are appropriate, they should, in most circumstances, come from the Chairperson of the Board.
23. Communications with Interested Parties and Shareholders. Shareholders and other interested parties may send written communications to the Board, to the Chairperson of the Board or to specified individuals on the Board, c/o Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings Ltd.'s General Counsel and Assistant Secretary at 7665 Corporate Center Drive, Miami, Florida 33126. All mail received will be opened and communications from verified shareholders that relate to matters that are within the scope of the responsibilities of the Board, other than solicitations, junk mail and frivolous or inappropriate communications, will be forwarded to the Chairperson of the Board or any specified individual director, as applicable, on at least a quarterly basis. If the correspondence is addressed to the Board, the Chairperson will distribute it to the other Board members if he or she determines it is appropriate for the full Board to review.
Flexibility
24. The Board believes that the policies and procedures described in these guidelines should remain flexible to facilitate the Board's ability to respond to changing circumstances and conditions in fulfilling its responsibilities to the Company and its shareholders. Accordingly, the Board reserves the right to amend these guidelines or grant waivers hereunder, from time to time. Any such waiver or amendment will be disclosed if required by and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and the requirements of the NYSE.
Updated: December 19, 2017 | <urn:uuid:0b42f09f-fe59-4f45-897b-3fa365d52bfe> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 20,799 |
III. Quartal
IV. Quartal
III. Quartal
IV. Quartal
III. Quartal
IV. Quartal
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Anschließend: Planfeststellungsverfahren / Planfeststellungsbeschluss sowie nach Rechtskraft
-
Bauentwurf Baubeginn
UVS mit
Information der
Gremien
Bericht über modi- für die bisherigen
fizierte Planung
Variante 2 +
2030
Ergebnisse VU /
Bericht über
Variantenvergleich das Ergebnis
/ Beschluss
Unterlagen für
Ausarbeitung
Feststellungsent- wurf
Bericht über die für das Planfest-
Antragsunterlagen stellungsverfahren | <urn:uuid:ccefd8a2-34da-49fb-8c1a-4fc4205f88b3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 518 |
LECCOCREAIMPRESA SMART-DIGITALIZZAZIONE:
DAI DATI ALLA LORO CONNESSIONE PER GENERARE NUOVA CONOSCENZA E NUOVA CRESCITA
Obiettivi
Offrire un momento di approfondimento sul tema dei “dati” e della “cultura del dato” partendo dall’analisi dello “stato dell’arte” e delle esigenze rappresentate dalle imprese nel primo incontro dell’11 maggio.
L’incontro è rivolto alle imprese presenti al primo appuntamento dell’11 maggio scorso, a cui potranno aggiungersi altre realtà, specie quelle che hanno partecipato al progetto “LeccoCreaimpresa SMART”, dal percorso “Cresci in digitale con noi” ai “Laboratori di impresa e Innovazione digitale” con Politecnico (21-29 giugno - 5 e 12 luglio)
PROGRAMMA
16.45 Registrazione partecipanti
17.00 Apertura lavori
Daniele Riva, Presidente Camera di Commercio di Lecco
17.10 OPEN INNOVATION ED ECOSISTEMA DELL’INNOVAZIONE
Dal confronto con le imprese, le proposte per generare un ecosistema di condivisione e cogliere le opportunità del digitale per potenziare imprese e lavoratori
Andrea Granelli, Fondatore Kanso (in collegamento)
17.30 WEB 3.0: IL VALORE DEI DATI E LE OPPORTUNITA’ DI CRESCITA PER LE MPMI
Interviene e coordina:
Ouejdane Mejri, Politecnico di Milano - Dip. di elettronica, informazione e bioingegneria
17.45 Dibattito tra esperti, imprese e operatori sulle possibili linee di lavoro
18.30 Conclusioni e chiusura Lavori
Segreteria Organizzativa:
LARIODESK INFORMAZIONI | Area Innovazione e Cultura d’Impresa | Tel. 0341. 292.216 | firstname.lastname@example.org | 36a29253-33cf-4f46-a3d9-c42ea41c608d | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 1,522 |
Weekly Market Commentary
November 4, 2024
Week of Weeks
Equity markets declined for a second week. For the week, the S&P 500 was -1.4%, the Dow -0.1%, and the NASDAQ -1.6%. Within the S&P 500 Index, the Communication Services and Consumer Discretionary sectors posted the only two weekly advances, while the Technology, Real Estate and Utility sectors saw the greatest declines. The 10-year U.S. Treasury note yield increased to 4.375% at Friday's close versus 4.239% the previous week.
The most impactful week of the year may be upon us with the one-two punch of both the election and the November Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meeting. Polls and predictive betting markets show the election as a toss-up for the presidency and multiple senate races. Speculation remains whether definitive results will be known by Tuesday night. Regardless of the election results, the FOMC is widely expected to lower the Fed funds rate by 0.25% at the conclusion of its meeting on Thursday.
The pending FOMC decision comes off a week of mixed economic data. The preliminary third quarter GDP showed the economy grew at a 2.8% rate. Inflation in September, as measured by Personal Consumption Expenditures (PCE) Prices, was 2.1% higher year-over-year and core prices were 2.7% higher. Lastly, the October Employment Situation Report showed only 12,000 net new jobs created during the month.
We are 70% of the way through the third quarter earnings reporting period. Reports continues this week with 103 companies in the S&P 500 Index scheduled to release results. Third quarter earnings growth is currently forecast at 5.1% year-over-year with revenue growth of 5.2%. Full-year 2024 earnings for the S&P 500 Index are expected to grow by 9.3% with revenue growth of 5.0%.
In our Dissecting Headlines section, we look at the latest changes announced for the Dow Jones Industrial Average.
Dissecting Headlines: Keeping Up with the Dow Joneses
Keeping up with the times, the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) has announced its two latest changes to the 30-stock index. Intel is being replaced by fellow technology company Nvidia and Dow (no relation) is being replaced by fellow chemical company Sherwin-Williams.
The DJIA has been around since 1896 and is considered the short-list of blue chip stocks in the U.S. economy. It makes periodic changes to best reflect the economy. The senior member of the index is Procter & Gamble, added in 1932, but the next senior member is 3M, added in 1976. Prior to the currently announced changes, the most recent change was Amazon replacing Walgreens Boots Alliance earlier this year. The last multi-stock shuffle occurred in 2020 when Salesforce replaced Exxon Mobil, Amgen replaced Pfizer, and Honeywell replaced Raytheon.
Some critics deem the DJIA too narrow to represent the economy with only 30 stocks. Indeed, all 30 DJIA stocks are also included in the S&P 500 Index which is generally considered the most representative stock index of the U.S. economy. Still, the DJIA has some cache because of its large numeric value at around 42,000. It is exciting for television commentators to say that the DJIA rose or fell 100 points on a given day, even though that is only a 0.25% change. Saying the S&P 500 rose or fell 14 points just doesn't sound the same.
As seen above, we cite the S&P 500 Index and NASDAQ, along with small capitalization, international, and other indices as multiple gauges to measure the overall global economy and investment landscape.
The NovaPoint Team
Joseph Sroka, CFA, CMT / Chief Investment Officer / email@example.com
Joe has over 20 years of experience in the investment management industry. Prior to founding NovaPoint, he was a portfolio manager at Spectrum Advisory Services and GMT Capital in Atlanta, and Epoch Investment Partners in New York. He has also worked as an equity research analyst at Merrill Lynch and ABN Amro. Before beginning his investment career, Joe was an Infantry officer in the U.S. Army. Joe holds a BS from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and an MBA from the University of Chicago. He is both a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) and a Chartered Market Technician (CMT).
Alan J. Conner / President and Chief Compliance Officer / firstname.lastname@example.org
Alan has over 20 years of experience in the investment management industry. Prior to founding NovaPoint, he was a fixed income manager at both Spectrum Advisory Services and a private family office. Alan was also with the Bank Group division of Countrywide Capital Markets where he developed balance sheet strategies for depository institutions. He holds a BS in Banking and an MBA in Finance from Nova Southeastern University. Alan is an endurance athlete and three-time IRONMAN finisher.
Frederick Wright, CFA / Managing Director & Portfolio Manager / email@example.com
Frederick has over 30 years of experience in the investment management industry. Prior to joining NovaPoint, Frederick was a Partner and Investment Advisor at Brightworth where he advised high net worth investors. Frederick began his investment career in 1991 at Balentine & Co where he rose to Partner. He also co-founded and served as Chief Investment Officer at Wright Investment Management and at Smith & Howard Wealth Management . Prior to beginning his investment career, Frederick served as an Engineer officer in the U.S. Army. He holds a BS from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point and an MBA from Emory University. Frederick is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA).
Larry Dixon, EA / Tax Managing Partner / firstname.lastname@example.org
Larry leads NovaPoint's accounting, tax and outsourced CFO business. He built his previous company, Atlas Solutions, as a solo entrepreneur before merging into NovaPoint CFO. Larry began his career as a Field Artillery officer in the United States Army. Larry earned his Bachelor of Science degree from the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, where he was a four-year letterman on the football team. Larry is a certified Enrolled Agent, recognized by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to represent taxpayers before the Internal Revenue Service.
NovaPoint Capital LLC (referred to herein as "NovaPoint" or "the Company") is registered with the SEC as an investment adviser, but registration does not imply any certain level of skill or training. The information contained in this document has not been filed with, reviewed by or approved by any regulatory or self-regulatory authority.
Not an offer of advisory services or securities: This document is limited to the dissemination of general information about the services provided by the Company and is provided for informational purposes only. This document is intended for residents of the United States only and the information contained herein does not constitute and should not be construed as an offering of advisory services or an offer to sell or solicitation to buy any securities or other financial instruments in any jurisdiction in which such offer or solicitation, purchase or sale would be unlawful under the securities, or other applicable laws of such jurisdiction. Nothing contained in this document constitutes tax, legal or investment advice. Responses to any inquiry which may involve the rendering of personalized investment advice for compensation or effecting or attempting to effect transactions in securities will not be made absent compliance with state broker-dealer, investment adviser, broker-dealer agent or investment adviser representative registration requirements, or applicable exemptions or exclusions from such requirements.
Investment risk: The Company makes no representation, and it should not be assumed, that past investment performance is any indication of future results. Moreover, wherever there is the potential for profit there also is the possibility of loss. Certain of the Company's strategies may involve investments that are illiquid, are subject to a substantial risk of loss and are not suitable for certain investors.
Limitation of liability: While the Company uses reasonable efforts to include accurate and up-to-date information in this document, errors or omissions sometimes occur. The Company makes no warranties or representations as to the accuracy of this document. Opinions expressed herein are subject to change without notice. Under no circumstances shall the Company or any party involved in creating, producing, or delivering this document be liable for any direct, incidental, consequential, indirect, or punitive damages that result from the use of the information contained in this document, even if the Company's authorized representative has been advised of the possibility of such damages. Applicable law may not allow the limitation or exclusion of liability or incidental or consequential damages, so the above limitation or exclusion may not apply to you.
Trademarks and copyrights: All trademarks, service marks, trade names, logos, and icons are proprietary to the Company. Nothing contained in this document should be construed as granting, by implication, estoppel, or otherwise, any license or right to use any trademark displayed in this document without the prior written permission of the Company or such third party that may own the trademarks displayed in this document. Your use of the trademarks displayed in this document, or any other content in this document, except as provided herein, is strictly prohibited. | <urn:uuid:a2331887-f87c-4ff2-b497-b78c078003f8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 9,472 |
ŘÁD VEŘEJNÉHO POHŘEBIŠTĚ
OBCE ČERNOŽICE
Rada obce svým usnesením č. 56/2 ze dne 1. 7. 2002 vydává ve smyslu zákona č. 256/2001 Sb., o pohřebnictví a změně některých zákonů řád veřejného pohřebiště.
Článek 1
Úvodní ustanovení
1. Řád veřejného pohřebiště se vydává na základě zákona č. 256/2001Sb., po souhlasu Okresního úřadu v Hradci Králové ze dne 19.09. 2002 Č.j. RR3/2002 Ja
2. Řád veřejného pohřebiště upravuje správu pohřebiště obce Černožice, práva a povinnosti osob, kterým svěří právo nájmu míst na pohřebištích, dále osob, které zde vykonávají objednané činnosti a návštěvníků pohřebiště, to vše v souladu se zákonem č. 256/2001 Sb., o pohřebnictví.
3. Ustanovení tohoto řádu se vztahují na veřejné pohřebiště, zřízené obcí Černožice, v k.ú. obce Černožice na pozemku č. 545/3.
4. Vysvětlení pojmu:
- Veřejné pohřebiště – dále jen pohřebiště
- Řád veřejného pohřebiště – dále jen řád
- Zák. č. 256/2001 Sb. o pohřebnictví a změně některých zákonů v platném znění – dále jen zákon
5. Provozovatelem pohřebiště je obec Černožice, zastoupená starostou Jaromírem Kotěrou,: IČO 00268 682, se sídlem v Černožicích, 503 04.
Článek 2
Působnost řádu pohřebiště
1. Ustanovení tohoto řádu se vztahují na areál pohřebiště v Černožicích, jehož součástí jsou:
- místa pro ukládání lidských pozůstatků do hrobu
- místa pro ukládání lidských pozůstatků do hrobek
- místa pro ukládání zpopelněných lidských ostatků v urnách
2. Řád je závazný pro provozovatele pohřebiště a dále pro subjekty zajišťující
pohřební služby, pro obstaravatele pohřebních a jiných úkonů, nájemce hrobových a urnových míst, objednatele a zhotovitele služeb, návštěvníky pohřebiště, včetně osob, které zde s prokazatelným souhlasem správce pohřebiště nebo nájemce provádějí práce, a pro ostatní veřejnost.
**Článek 3**
**Rozsah poskytovaných služeb**
1. Na pohřebišti v obci Černožice jsou poskytovány tyto služby:
- nájem místa
- pro hroby, hrobky
- pro uložení lidských ostatků v urnách
- vsyp lidských ostatků
- výkopové práce související s pohřbením nebo exhumací
- správa a údržba pohřebiště, včetně komunikací a zeleně
- vedení předepsané evidence související s provozováním pohřebiště
- zajišťování likvidace odpadů
- údržba a úprava hrobových míst
- spravování a udržování objektů na pohřebišti (komunikace, inž. sítě, oplocení)
- vykonáváním dozoru nad dodržováním tohoto řádu
- zveřejňování informací na místě obvyklém pro potřeby veřejnosti
2. V souladu se stanoviskem okresního hygienika je na základě zákona tímto řádem pro uložení lidských ostatků do hrobu stanovena tlecí doba v délce 15 let.
**Článek 4**
**Povinnosti návštěvníků pohřebiště, způsob a pravidla užívání zařízení a doba zpřístupnění pohřebiště**
1. Pohřebiště je veřejně přístupné denně od října do měsíce dubna od 9,00 hod do 16,00 hod., od měsíce května do října od 08,00 do 19,00 hod. V den Památky zesnulých, včetně předcházející soboty a neděle v době od 08,00 až 20,00 hod. Provozovatel je oprávněn povolit odůvodněnou výjimku individuálním povolením. Návštěvníci jsou povinni opustit pohřebiště do konce uzavírací doby bez upozornění.
2. Provozovatel pohřebiště může z oprávněných důvodů přístup veřejnosti na pohřebiště nebo jeho část dočasně omezit nebo zakázat, např. v době provádění terénních úprav, exhumací, za sněhu, náledí apod., pokud nelze zajistit bezpečnost návštěvníků. Provozovatel zabezpečí v zimním období nezbytnou údržbu hlavních komunikací pohřebiště v zájmu zajištění bezpečnosti.
3. Dětem do 10 let věku je dovolen vstup na pohřebiště pouze v doprovodu dospělých osob.
4. Osobám pod vlivem alkoholu, návykových a psychotropních látek je vstup na pohřebiště zakázán.
5. Motorová vozidla mohou na pohřebiště vjíždět pouze po předchozím oznámení a písemném souhlasu provozovatele. Výjimku tvoří vozíky invalidních občanů, kterým je vjezd do prostorů pohřebiště povolen bezplatně.
6. Rovněž je na pohřebišti zakázáno pohybovat se na kolech, kolečkových bruslích, koloběžkách, skateboardech.
7. Návštěvníci jsou povinni chovat se na pohřebišti důstojně a pietně, s ohledem na charakter tohoto místa, řídit se řádem pohřebiště. Zejména není dovoleno se na pohřebišti chovat hlučně, používat audio a video přijímače, kouřit, požívat alkoholické nápoje a jiné omamné látky, odhadovat odpadky mimo odpadové nádoby, vodit sem psy, kočky a jiná zvířata a používat prostory pohřebiště i jeho vybavení k jiným účelům, než k jakým jsou určeny.
8. Z hygienických důvodů není dovoleno na pohřebišti pít vodu z vodovodních výpustí a studní. Rovněž není dovoleno tuto vodu odnášet v náhradních obalech mimo pohřebiště.
9. Svítilda mohou návštěvníci a nájemci na pohřebišti rozsvěcovat, jen pokud jsou vhodným způsobem zabezpečena proti vzniku požáru. Provozovatel může v odvůdovených případech používání svítildel na pohřebišti omezit nebo i zakázat.
10. Ukládání nádob, nářadí, jiných předmětů včetně dílů hrobového zařízení na zelené pasy a místa kolem hrobových míst není dovoleno. Nádoby na odpadky na pohřebišti slouží jen pro ukládání odpadu z pohřebiště – mimo stavebního. Pokud je na pohřebišti zavedeno třídění odpadu, je nutno toto opatření respektovat.
11. Návštěvníkům je zakázáno bez předchozího souhlasu provozovatele provádět jakékoliv zásahy do vzrostlé zeleně na pohřebišti.
12. Na pohřebišti je povoleno provádět práce pouze v takovém rozsahu a způsobem, který stanoví tento řád a provozovatel.
Článek 5
Provozovatel pohřebiště a jeho povinnosti
Provozovatel pohřebiště je povinen zejména:
1. Provozovat pohřebiště v souladu se zákonem, tímto zveřejněným řádem a zvláštními právními předpisy (např. zákonem o odpadech, zákon o ochraně osobních údajů, zákon o shromažďování apod.).
2. Stanovit stejné podmínky pro sjednání nájmu hrobového místa pro každého nájemce.
3. Zdržet se ve styku s pozůstalými chování nešetrného k jejich citům a umožnit při smutečních obřadech účast registrovaných církví, náboženských společností a jiných osob v souladu s projevenou vůlí osob, které sjednaly pohřbení.
4. Vést evidenci související s provozováním pohřebiště v rozsahu dle ustan. § 21, odst. 1 zákona (o zemřelých, o nájemci, o hrobovému zařízení, o způsobu uložení, o způsobu uložení lidských pozůstatků a ostatků a jiné předepsané zákonem). Současně je povinen dodržovat aktuální plán pohřebiště s vedením evidence volných hrobových míst. Zájemcům o uzavření nájemní smlouvy je povinen na jejich žádost nechat nahlédnout do plánu pohřebiště a evidence volných míst.
5. V případě zákazu pohřbívání bezodkladně písemně informovat nájemce hrobových míst, pokud je mu známa jejich adresa, a současně informovat veřejnost o tomto zákazu v místě na daném pohřebišti obvyklém.
6. V případě rušení pohřebiště provozovatel postupuje dle ustan. § 24 zákona a je bezodkladně povinen ve směru k zúčastněným osobám a veřejnosti splnit veškerou informační povinnost.
7. Připravit k pronájmu místa pro hroby, hrobky, urnová místa apod. (tzn. vytyčit, číselně označit, vyčistit). Pronajmat tato místa a provádět obnovu nájmu zájemcům za podmínek stanovených zákonem a řádem pohřebiště. Žádný zájemce o pronájem místa na pohřebišti nemá nárok na individuální umístění hrobového místa mimo vymezený prostor.
8. Umožňovat výkopy hrobů a služby související s pohřbíváním, exhumacemi a ukládáním zpopelněných ostatků, (vsypy, uložení uren). Tuto povinnost může zajistit i u třetího subjektu.
9. Zajišťovat údržbu veřejné zeleně na pohřebišti podle platných předpisů a pokynů příslušného správního orgánu.
10. Zajišťovat likvidaci odpadů z pohřebiště předepsaným způsobem.
11. Zabezpečovat pořádek a čistotu na pohřebištích, včetně údržby veřejných travnatých ploch, opuštěných hrobových míst, společných hrobů a vyhrazených ploch.
12. Umožnit oprávněným osobám provedení exhumace za podmínek stanovených zákonem o pohřebnictví a tímto řádem.
13. Provozovatel pohřebiště je povinen písemně upozornit nájemce na skončení sjednané doby nájmu nejméně 90 dnů před jejím skončením. Není-li mu trvalý pobyt nebo sídlo nájemce znám, uveřejní tuto informaci na místě na pohřebišti obvyklém, nejméně 60 dní před skončením sjednané doby nájmu.
14. Provozovatel pohřebiště je povinen během doby trvání nájmu zajistit k hrobovému místu přístup a zdržet se jakýchkoliv zásahů do hrobového místa, s výjimkou případů, kdy je nezbytné bezodkladně zajistit bezpečný provoz pohřebiště.
Článek 6
Užívání hrobového místa
1. Nájem hrobového místa (dále jen nájem) vzniká na základě smlouvy o nájmu hrobového místa uzavřené mezi provozovatelem pohřebiště a nájemcem (dále jen smlouva o nájmu). Smlouva o nájmu musí mít písemnou formu a musí obsahovat výši nájemného a výši za služby spojené s nájmem. Výše nájemného a ceny služeb spojených s nájmem je stanovena cenovým výměrem, který vydá obec.
2. K uzavření smlouvy o nájmu hrobového místa je nájemce povinen poskytnout pronajímateli – provozovateli pohřebiště veškeré údaje, jejichž vedení je předepsáno ustanovením § 21, odst. 1 zákona.
3. V případě, že se jedná o nájem hrobového místa v podobě hrobu, musí být doba, na niž se smlouva o nájmu uzavírá, stanovena tak, aby od pohřbení mohla být dodržena tlecí doba stanovena pro pohřebiště, na němž se hrob nachází.
4. Nájem hrobového místa lze sjednat i na dobu předcházející pohřbení nebo uložení urny. Rada obce může omezit maximální délku pronájmu místa na pohřebišti. Podnájem hrobového místa je zakázán.
5. Platným uzavřením nájemní smlouvy k hrobovému místu na pohřebišti vzniká nájemci právo zřídit na pronajatém místě hrob, hrobkou, urnové místo, včetně vybudování hrobového zařízení (rám, krycí desky, apod.), to vše v souladu s obsahem nájemní smlouvy, tímto řádem, a pokyny provozovatele pohřebiště, s následnou možností uložit v tomto místě lidské pozůstatky a lidské ostatky.
6. Nájemní právo k hrobovému místu lze převést smluvně na třetí osobu pouze prostřednictvím provozovatele pohřebiště. Současně s převodem nájemního vztahu je dosavadní nájemce a vlastník hrobky nebo hrobového zařízení povinen předložit provozovateli pohřebiště smlouvu o převodu uvedených věcí do vlastnictví jiné osoby, nezůstávají-li i nadále v jeho vlastnictví.
7. Je-li nájemcem fyzická osoba, přechází právo nájmu na dědice. Je-li nájemcem právnická osoba, přechází právo nájmu na jeho právního nástupce. Dědic nebo právní nástupce nájemce je povinen doložit provozovateli titul k přechodu nájmu a sdělit údaje potřebné pro vedení evidence předepsané zákonem.
8. Provozovatel pohřebiště může odstoupit od smlouvy o nájmu, s výjimkou smlouvy o nájmu hrobu, kde dosud neuplynula stanovená tlecí doba, jestliže nájemce neuhradí dlužné nájemné nebo úhradu za služby spojené s nájmem do 3 měsíců ode dne, kdy ho k tomu provozovatel písemně vyzval.
9. Jestliže nájemce podá před uplynutím sjednané doby nájmu návrh na prodloužení nájemní smlouvy o nájmu, může provozovatel pohřebiště
jeho návrh odmítnout jen v případě, že:
- nájemce neplní své povinnosti podle článku 6 řádu;
- nájemce neuhradil dlužné nájemné nebo úhradu za služby spojené s nájmem do 3 měsíců ode dne, kdy ho k tomu provozovatel písemně vyzval, nebo
- má-li být pohřebiště zrušeno podle § 24, odst. 1 zákona.
10. Pokud si nájemce po skončení nájmu neodebere hrobové zařízení včetně urny, postupuje provozovatel pohřebiště podle § 20, písm. g) bod 4 a 5 zákona.
11. Uložení konstrukce pro ukládání vykopané zeminy při výkopu vedlejšího hrobu, nutných kamenických pracích na přilehlém hrobovém místě, to vše v odůvodněných případech a na nezbytně nutnou dobu, není omezením práva nájemce ve smyslu ustanovení § 25, odst. 4 zákona. Dojde-li do zásahu hrobového místa nebo zařízení a vznikne-li tímto škoda, je povinen hrobové místo uvést do původního stavu nebo škodu nahradit ten, kdo škodu způsobil. To platí i v případě, že škůdce ke své činnosti přibrál třetí osobu.
12. Nájem lze sjednat na dobu kratší, nežli je stanovena tlecí doba, za podmíněk stanovených provozovatelem.
13. Nájemce je povinen provádět údržbu pronajatého hrobového místa a hrobového zařízení dle následujících dispozic a v rozsahu stanoveném smlouvou.
- Nejpozději do 3 měsíců od pohřbení do hrobu zajistit úpravu pohřbivací plochy hrobového místa.
- Zajistit, aby plocha hrobového místa nezarůstala nevhodným porostem, který by narušoval svým vzhledem okoli.
- Průběžně zajišťovat údržbu hrobového místa tak, aby travní porost nedosáhl květenství (vymetání trav), jakož i průběžně zajišťovat údržbu hrobového zařízení na vlastní náklady tak, aby jejich stav nebránil užívání hrobových míst ostatních nájemců a dalších osob.
- Odstranit včas znehodnocené květinové a výzdoby, odpad z vyhořelých svíček a další předměty, které narušují estetický vzhled pohřebiště.
14. Neprodleně zajistit opravu hrobového zařízení, pokud je narušena jeho stabilita a ohrožuje tak zdraví, životy nebo majetek dalších osob. Pokud tak nájemce neučiní, je provozovatel pohřebiště oprávněn zajistit bezpečnost na náklady a riziko nájemce hrobového místa. Je zakázáno odkládat díly hrobového zařízení na sousední hrobová místa nebo je opírat o sousední hrobová zařízení.
15. Při užívání hrobového místa je nájemci zakázáno manipulovat s lidskými ostatky. Se zpopelněnými lidskými ostatky může nájemce manipulovat a ukládat je na pohřebišti pouze s vědomím provozovatele. Nájemce je povinen poskytnout provozovateli veškeré údaje, jejichž vedení je předepsáno § 21, odst. 1 zákona.
16. Nájemce je povinen strpět číselné označení hrobových míst provedené provozovatelem, tato čísla nepřemisťovat, nepoškozovat a nepoužívat k jiným účelům.
17. Po zániku nájmu se lidské ostatky, o jejichž nové uložení se bývalý nájemce nestaral, ponechají na dosavadním místě. Při nájmu hrobového místa novému nájemci hrobu budou tyto lidské ostatky uloženy pod úroveň dna hrobu. Ponechané zpopelněné lidské ostatky se vyjmou a uloží do žárových hrobů bez úředních obalů.
**Článek 7**
**Podmínky zřízení hrobky, náhrobku, hrobového zařízení**
1. Ke zhotovení hrobky, náhrobku, hrobového zařízení na pohřebišti nebo úpravě již existujících je oprávněn pouze vlastník nebo jím zmoceněná osoba po prokazatelném předchozím souhlasu provozovatele pohřebiště za jím stanovených podmínek.
2. Při provádění prací směřujících ke zhotovení, údržbě, opravám nebo odstranění věcí (viz odst. 1) na pronajatém hrobovém místě, je vždy třeba předchozího prokazatelného souhlasu nájemce, neprovádí-li tyto práce sám, přičemž je ten, kdo tyto práce provádí, povinen učinit tak dle pokynů provozovatele pohřebiště, nájemní smlouvy, tohoto řádu a zákona.
3. Podmínky pro zřízení hrobového zařízení mimo hrobky určuje provozovatel v rozsahu:
- Určí rozměry, tvar hrobového zařízení, případně druh použitého materiálu, minimální hloubku základů, odstupňování hrobového zařízení ve svahovitém terénu, šířku uliček mezi hrobovým zařízením, způsob uložení zeminy a odpadu při zřizování hrobového zařízení, jeho opravách a likvidaci. Jednotlivé díly hrobového zařízení musí být mezi sebou pevně kotveny.
- Nápisy na náhrobcích nesmí být v rozporu s obecně závaznými právními normami.
4. V případě, že je místo na pohřebišti pronajato ke zřízení hrobky, je nájemce oprávněn zřídit hrobku sjednaným způsobem, v rozsahu a za podmíněk stanovených souhlasem provozovatele ke zřízení hrobky, který je jako příloha nedílnou součástí nájemní smlouvy k předmětnému místu.
5. V průběhu zhotovování, údržby, oprav nebo odstraňování hrobky, hrobového zařízení na pohřebišti odpovídá nájemce hrobového místa za udržování pořádku, za skladování potřebného materiálu na místech a způsobem určeným provozovatelem pohřebiště. Odstraňovaný stavební materiál, náhrobky či jejich části, stejně tak i vykopanou zeminu je nájemce povinen nejpozději před přerušením práce téhož dne odvézt na určené místo skládky a případně uložit do příslušného kontejneru. Při těchto pracích nesmí být cesty
a uličky na pohřebišti používaný k jiným účelům než ke komunikačním a nesmí být jejich průchodnost omezovala.
6. Po skončení provedených prací je nájemce povinen na svůj náklad uvést okolí příslušného hrobového místa a míst, které při práci znečistil, do původního stavu nejpozději do 48 hodin. Ukončení prací je nájemce povinen ohlásit provozovateli pohřebiště a je povinen uhradit náklady spojené s odvozem a likvidací odpadu vzniklého při pracích na hrobovém místě, pokud toto již neučinil na vlastní náklady.
7. Na pronajatém hrobovém místě lze vysadit strom nebo keř pouze s předchozím písemným povolením provozovatele pohřebiště.
8. Vlastník hrobového zařízení je oprávněn s tímto nakládat bez omezení vlastnických práv, včetně odstranění hrobového zařízení z pohřebiště po předchozím projednání s provozovatelem.
**Článek 8**
**Ukládání lidských pozůstatků a exhumace lidských ostatků**
1. Hroby pro ukládání lidských pozůstatků musí splňovat následující požadavky:
- jejich hloubka musí být při ukládání ostatků dospělých osob a dětí od 10 let nejméně 1,5 m, u dětí mladších 10 let nejméně 1,2 m;
- dno hrobu musí ležet nejméně 0,5 m nad hladinou podzemní vody;
- boční vzdálenosti mezi jednotlivými hroby musí činit nejméně 0,3 m;
- rakev s lidskými pozůstatky musí být po uložení do hrobu zasypána zkypřenou zeminou ve výši minimálně 1,2 m.
2. Před uplynutím tlecí doby mohou být do téhož hrobu uloženy další lidské pozůstatky, pokud je možné je umístit nad úroveň naposledy pohřbených lidských ostatků a vrstva ulehlé zeminy nad rakví bude činit nejméně 1 m.
3. Před uplynutím tlecí doby mohou být lidské ostatky exhumovány na žádost nájemce hrobového místa jen se souhlasem okresního hygienika (popř. krajské hygienické stanice či jiného příslušného úřadu), nebo nařídí-li exhumaci v trestním řízení soud nebo státní zástupce. Náklady na exhumaci hradí ten, kdo o ni požádal. Provozovatel pohřebiště zajistí při exhumaci provoz na pohřebišti tak, aby nebyl narušen veřejný pořádek a aby byl vyloučen přenos možné nákazy.
4. Pokud jsou lidské ostatky uloženy v hrobce, není třeba k jejich přemístění, nemá-li být rakev otevřena, souhlasu příslušného úřadu hygienika.
5. Zpopelněné lidské ostatky je možné uložit na pohřebišti vždy jen se souhlasem provozovatele a způsobem, který odpovídá podmínkám ukládání na daném pohřebišti (u hrobů zpravidla k nohám).
6. V době po úmrtí nájemce, má-li být tento uložen do hrobu, jehož byl
nájemcem, zajistí provozovatel úhradu nájemného a služeb spojených s nájmem na dobu tlecí od osoby, která obstarává pohřbení zemřelého nájemce. Nepožadá-li nikdo o uzavření nájemní smlouvy k předmětnému místu, zůstává toto hrobové místo po tlecí dobu bez nájemce s povinností provozovatele o toto místo pečovat.
7. Rakve použité pro pohřbívání do země musí být vyrobeny z takových materiálů, aby ve stanovené tlecí době zetlely (mineralizace) spolu s lidskými ostatky. Za zetlelé se považují zbytky rakví (hlavních desek) o maximální velikosti 0,5 m² držící vcelku. Pro výrobu rakví ukládaných do hrobu na pohřebišti nesmějí být použity díly z nerozložitelných materiálů. Kovové díly lze použít jen omezeně. Výplň rakví může být pouze z lehce rozložitelných materiálů jako dřevěné piliny, papír a látky. K výrobě rakví a jejich nátěrů nesmí být použity barvy, lepidla a tvrdidla obsahující složky škodlivých látek. Před spuštěním rakve do hrobu musí být víko rakve pevně a trvale spojeno se spodní částí rakve.
Pro pohřbívání do hrobek je nutno použít rakve o maximálních rozměrech 2,15m x 0,85m
- vyrobené z dřevního materiálu s dlouhou trvanlivostí, do které bude umístěna poloviční zinková vložka;
- kovové s nepropustným dnem.
Všechny rakve, v nichž jsou uloženy lidské pozůstatky před pohřbením, musí být označeny štítkem, který obsahuje alespoň: jméno zemřelého, datum narození, den úmrtí, den pohřbu a jméno a identifikaci provádějící pohřební služby.
8. Lidské pozůstatky může do hrobu a hrobek ukládat pouze provozovatel pohřebiště a jím pověřená osoba (právnická osoba) se souhlasem provozovatele.
Lidské pozůstatky lze do hrobu a hrobek ukládat pouze po předání opisu listu o prohlídce mrtvého provozovateli.
9. Pokud jsou lidské ostatky uloženy v hrobce a je třeba jejich přemístění, vyžádá si provozovatel souhlas hygienika v případě, že je pravděpodobné, že lidské ostatky nejsou zetlelé.
Článek 9
Dřeviny, lavičky a ostatní vybavení
1. Dřeviny lze na pohřebišti vysazovat pouze se souhlasem provozovatele. Jedná se o dřeviny, které by v budoucnu vykazovaly znaky vzrostlých stromů a mohly by způsobovat škody na majetku a ohrožovat bezpečnost návštěvníků.
2. Dřeviny nesmějí být vysazovány do pohřbívací plochy s výjimkou toho, případu, kdy se nájemce písemně zaváže k tomu, že bude místo užívat pouze k uložení zpopelněných ostatků.
3. Provozovatel může dle svého uvážení a bez souhlasu nájemce odstranit vysázené dřeviny, k jejichž výsadbě nedal souhlas.
4. Likvidovat vzrostlou zeleň lze jen při dodržení zvláštního předpisu (viz zákon o ochraně krajiny 114/92 Sb. o ochraně přírody a vyhl. 395/92 Sb.
5. Všechna trvalá zeleň vysázená na pohřebišti se stává majetkem provozovatele pohřebiště.
6. Pokud je vzrůstem vzrostlých stromů způsobena nájemci škoda na majetku, rozhoduje o způsobu náhrady příslušný správní orgán.
7. Nájemce ani návštěvník pohřebiště není oprávněn provádět jakékoli zásahy do vzrostlé zeleně bez předchozího souhlasu pronajímatele.
8. Pevné i přenosné lavičky instaluje na pohřebišti provozovatel nebo osoba, které k tomu udělí provozovatel souhlas. Provozovatel je oprávněn určit tvar, provedení, barvu a umístění lavičky. Pokud lavička není v řádném technickém stavu (mechanické poškození, neestetický vzhled nátěrů apod.), je provozovatel oprávněn zajistit opravu nebo trvalé odstranění. Lavičky mohou užívat všichni návštěvníci pohřebiště.
**Článek 10**
**Ostatní ustanovení**
1. Právní vztahy neupravené tímto řádem vztahující se k provozování pohřebiště se řídí zákonem č. 256/2001 Sb. o pohřebnictví v platném znění.
2. Kontrolu dodržování tohoto řádu provádí provozovatel pohřebiště.
3. Výjimky z řádu pohřebiště dle individuální žádosti může povolit rada obce.
4. Pokud pohřebiště, nebo jeho část, včetně hrobových zařízení, jsou zapsány v seznamu kulturních památek, nebo se nacházejí na území památkového zájmu, či jsou v seznamu vojenských hrobů a pohřebišť, civilních válečných hrobů a pohřebišť, vztahují se na péči o ně zvláštní předpisy (např. zákon o státní památkové péči).
**Článek 11**
**Porušení řádu**
1. Přestupku se dopustí ten, kdo poruší ustanovení zákona č. 256/2001 Sb. Za to ho lze postihnout pokutou ve výši 20 000 – 50 000 Kč dle druhu provinění (par. 26 zákona)
Článek 12
Závěrečné ustanovení
Tento řád byl schválen radou obce Černožice dne 01.07.2002 a tohoto dne nabyl platnosti a účinnosti a bude po celou dobu jeho platnosti vyvěšen na místě obvyklém na pohřebišti obce Černožice.
Rada Obce Černožice
zastoupena starostou obce Jaromírem Kotěrou | 6d8f1632-c512-4486-820a-38bfc7f0ee7e | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ces_Latn/train | finepdfs | ces_Latn | 22,915 |
A Plastic-Based Thick-Film Li-Ion Microbattery for Autonomous Microsensors
Qian Lin
Brigham Young University - Provo
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BYU ScholarsArchive Citation
Lin, Qian, "A Plastic-Based Thick-Film Li-Ion Microbattery for Autonomous Microsensors" (2006). Theses and Dissertations. 1084.
https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1084
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A PLASTIC-BASED THICK-FILM LI-ION MICROBATTERY FOR AUTONOMOUS MICROSENSORS
By
Qian Lin
A dissertation submitted to the faculty of
Brigham Young University
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Chemical Engineering
Brigham Young University
April 2006
BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY
GRADUATE COMMITTEE APPROVAL
of a dissertation submitted by
Qian Lin
This dissertation has been read by each member of the following graduate committee and by a majority vote has been found satisfactory.
_____________________________ ________________________________
Date John N. Harb, Chair
_____________________________ ________________________________
Date William G. Pitt
_____________________________ ________________________________
Date Thomas H. Fletcher
_____________________________ ________________________________
Date Ronald E. Terry
_____________________________ ________________________________
Date Richard L. Rowley
As chair of the candidate’s graduate committee, I have read the dissertation of Qian Lin is in its final form and have found that (1) its format, citations, and bibliographical style are consistent and acceptable and fulfill university requirements; (2) its illustrative materials including figures, tables, and charts are in place; and (3) the final manuscript is satisfactory to the graduate committee and is ready for submission to the university library.
_________________________ ________________________________
Date John N. Harb
Chair, Graduate Committee
Accepted for the Department
_________________________ ________________________________
William G. Pitt
Graduate Coordinator
Accepted for the College
_________________________ ________________________________
Alan R. Parkinson
Dean, Ira A. Fulton College of Engineering and Technology
This dissertation describes the development of a high-power, plastic-based, thick-film lithium-ion microbattery for use in a hybrid micropower system for autonomous microsensors. A composite porous electrode structure and a liquid state electrolyte were implemented in the microbatteries to achieve the high power capability and energy density. The use of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) was found to significantly reduce the measured resistance of the cathodes that use LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ as active materials, increase active material accessibility, and improve the cycling and power performance without the need of compression. Optimized uncompressed macro cathodes were capable of delivering power densities greater than 50 mW/cm$^2$, adequate to meet the peak power needs of the targeted microsystems. The anodes used mesocarbon microbeads (MCMB) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and had significantly better power performance than the cathodes.
The thick-film microbattery was successfully fabricated using techniques compatible with microelectronic fabrication processes. A Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)-film was used as both the substrate and primary sealing materials, and patterned metal foils were used as the current collectors. A liquid-state electrolyte and Celgard separator films were used in the microbatteries. These microbatteries had electrode areas of c.a. 2 mm x 2 mm, and nominal capacities of 0.025-0.04 mAh/cell (0.63-1.0 mAh/cm², corresponding to an energy density of ~6.3-10.1 J/cm²). These COC-based batteries were able to deliver constant currents up to 20 mA/cm² (100% depth of discharge, corresponding to a power density of 56 mW/cm² at 2.8 V) and pulse currents up to 40 mA/cm² (corresponding to a power density of 110 mW/cm²). The high power capability, small size, and high energy density of these batteries should make them suitable for the hybrid micropower systems; and the flexible plastic substrate is also likely to afford some unique integration possibilities for autonomous Microsystems.
The mechanism by which the SWNTs improved the rate performance of composite cathodes was studied both experimentally and theoretically. It was concluded that the use of SWNT improved cathode performance by improving the electronic contacts to active material particles, which consequently improved the accessibility of these particles and improved the rate capability of the composite cathodes.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to gratefully acknowledge the support and encouragement I have received from my advisor Professor John N. Harb. For the years of my stay at Brigham Young University, he has been directing my research, as well as being a friend. I would also like to acknowledge the support from my wife Xiaotian. Without her support, completion of this work would not be possible. I would like to thank Jamie Holladay, Paul Humble, Min Tan, Jikun Liu, and many others, for their advice and help in this work. I would also gratefully acknowledge the financial support for this work that has from the National Science Foundation (XYZ on a Chip, DMI-9980835) and NASA (NCC-1-02005).
# TABLE OF CONTENTS
**TABLE OF CONTENTS** ........................................................................................................... I
**LIST OF FIGURES** .................................................................................................................. V
**LIST OF TABLES** .................................................................................................................. IX
**LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE** ....................................................................... XI
**CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION** ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 **AUTONOMOUS MICROSSENSORS** .................................................................................... 2
1.2 **HYBRID MICROPOWER SUPPLIES** .................................................................................. 4
1.3 **DESIRABLE MICROBATTERY CHARACTERISTICS** ............................................................. 5
1.4 **CHOICE OF MICROBATTERIES** ...................................................................................... 7
1.5 **SUMMARY** ......................................................................................................................... 9
**CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND** ................................................................................................. 11
2.1 **LIMITING FACTORS IN POWER PERFORMANCE** ............................................................... 11
2.2 **AN OVERVIEW OF Li-ION BATTERIES** .......................................................................... 14
2.2.1 Principle of operation of lithium-ion batteries ............................................................. 14
2.2.2 Electrode materials ........................................................................................................ 16
2.2.3 Electrolytes .................................................................................................................... 19
2.2.4 Electrode structures ....................................................................................................... 22
2.3 **PERFORMANCE ISSUES OF MICRO COMPOSITE BATTERIES** ....................................... 27
2.3.1 Carbon black and compression ..................................................................................... 27
2.3.2 Fibrous conductive network ......................................................................................... 29
2.4 **FABRICATION ISSUES OF MICRO-COMPOSITE BATTERIES** ........................................ 32
2.4.1 Thin-film deposition techniques ................................................................................... 33
2.4.2 Composite film coatings ............................................................................................... 35
2.4.3 Sealing .......................................................................................................................... 38
2.5 **SUMMARY** ....................................................................................................................... 40
**CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE** ........................................ 43
3.1 LARGE ELECTRODE AND BATTERY FABRICATION ........................................ 43
3.1.1 Composite electrode fabrication .......................................................... 44
3.1.2 Lithium metal electrodes ..................................................................... 47
3.1.3 Cell assembly ...................................................................................... 48
3.2 MICROFABRICATION EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES............................... 50
3.2.1 Evaporation film coating .................................................................... 50
3.2.2 Spin coating ......................................................................................... 51
3.2.3 Photolithography ............................................................................... 52
3.2.4 Reactive ion etcher ............................................................................. 54
3.2.5 Screen printing ................................................................................... 54
3.3 TESTING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES .................................................. 56
CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH POWER THICK-FILM CATHODE ........ 59
4.1 CB-CATHODES .......................................................................................... 59
4.2 CNT-CATHODES ....................................................................................... 65
4.2.1 Morphology and microstructure ......................................................... 66
4.2.2 Performance of CNT-cathodes ............................................................ 69
4.2.3 Optimization of CNT-cathodes ........................................................... 74
4.3 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 84
CHAPTER 5: MECHANISM OF PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN COMPOSITE CATHODES WITH CARBON NANOTUBES ........................................... 85
5.1 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................. 86
5.1.1 Intercalation process .......................................................................... 86
5.1.2 1-D numerical model ......................................................................... 88
5.2 ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY .................................................................. 91
5.3 IONIC TRANSPORT — POROSITY AND PORE STRUCTURE .................. 97
5.4 CONTACT RESISTANCE AND OTHER ISSUES IN COMPOSITE CATHODES .... 106
5.5 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 110
CHAPTER 6: COMPOSITE ANODE AND BATTERY ACTIVATION ....................... 113
6.1 COMPOSITE ANODES .............................................................................. 113
6.2 BATTERY ACTIVATION ............................................................................. 119
6.3.1 Performance of batteries without activation ...................................... 120
6.3.2 Activation technique ......................................................................... 121
6.3 SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 124
CHAPTER 7: MICROBATTERY DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION ...... 125
7.1 Si wafer based method ................................................................. 125
7.2 Polypropylene film based method .................................................. 132
7.3 COC-film-based method .............................................................. 137
7.4 Summary ............................................................................. 147
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................. 149
REFERENCES ........................................................................... 155
APPENDIX A: TEST SCHEDULES ....................................................... 167
A.1 Cathode testing schedule ............................................................ 167
A.2 Microbattery activation schedule ............................................... 168
APPENDIX B: INPUT DATA FILE FOR DUAL-FOIL MODEL ............... 169
APPENDIX C: VOLUME FRACTION ESTIMATION OF CATHODES .......... 173
iv
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 A conceptual diagram of a smart dust .................................................................2
Figure 1.2 A current profile of typical microsensors ...............................................................3
Figure 1.3 A microsensor with integrated hybrid power system .............................................5
Figure 2.1 Effects of polarization on the battery voltage ......................................................12
Figure 2.2 Operation of a lithium ion battery ........................................................................14
Figure 2.3 Diagrams of thin-film and composite Li-ion batteries (not to scale) ....................23
Figure 3.1 Particle size distributions for the cathode active material ...................................45
Figure 3.2 Composite film making with a casting blade .......................................................46
Figure 3.3 Electrode template and individual electrodes ......................................................46
Figure 3.4 Individual large composite electrodes .................................................................47
Figure 3.5 Making a lithium electrode ..................................................................................48
Figure 3.6 Assembling a cell .................................................................................................49
Figure 3.7 Sealing a cell ........................................................................................................49
Figure 3.8 The E-beam evaporator (left) and thermal evaporator (right) ............................51
Figure 3.9 Canon aligner ......................................................................................................53
Figure 3.10 Reactive ion etcher ............................................................................................54
Figure 3.11 A blade drawn across the mask during screen printing ....................................55
Figure 3.12 A screen printing mask ......................................................................................55
Figure 3.13 A large cell compressed in an aluminum holder ..............................................56
Figure 4.1 0.5 C rate cycling performance of a compressed 7 wt% CB-cathode .................60
Figure 4.2 Discharge capacities of a compressed 7 wt% CB-cathode at different rates ................. 61
Figure 4.3 0.5 C rate cycling performance of an uncompressed 7 wt% CB-cathode ..................... 61
Figure 4.4 Discharge capacities of an uncompressed 7 wt% CB-cathode at different rates .......... 62
Figure 4.5 The internal resistances of CB-cathodes (~40 μm thick) for various CB loadings ....... 63
Figure 4.6 The film electrical resistivity of CB-cathodes .......................................................... 64
Figure 4.7 SEM images of a CNT-cathode (top) and a CB-cathode (bottom). .............................. 67
Figure 4.8 Comparison of the measured internal resistances .................................................... 68
Figure 4.9 0.5 C-rate cycling performance of cathodes containing 7 wt% carbon ....................... 70
Figure 4.10 Charge/discharge voltage profiles ........................................................................... 71
Figure 4.11 Power performance comparison of a CNT-cathode ................................................ 71
Figure 4.12 Cycling performance of CNT-cathodes.................................................................... 72
Figure 4.13 Power performance of a 7 wt% CNT cathode (45 μm, 1.90 mAh) ............................ 74
Figure 4.14 Discharge capacity of cathodes containing 12 wt% CNT ........................................ 76
Figure 4.15 Internal resistance of CNT-cathodes ..................................................................... 78
Figure 4.16 Influence of CNT content on the power performance of cathodes .......................... 79
Figure 4.17 Comparison of power performance of 12 wt% composite cathodes ........................ 79
Figure 4.18 Comparison of power performance of cathodes........................................................ 81
Figure 4.19 Comparison of power performance of 12 wt% SWNT-cathodes of different ........... 83
Figure 5.1 A schematic description of discharge (intercalation) process .................................... 87
Figure 5.2 OCP profile of LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ (circles) and fitting with Eq. (5.5) (line) .................. 90
Figure 5.3 Measuring the electrical resistance across the thickness of a cathode ....................... 92
Figure 5.4 Comparison of measured film conductivity between CNT and CB-cathodes ............ 94
Figure 5.5 Simulation of discharge voltage profiles of an uncompressed CNT-cathode ............. 95
Figure 5.6 Simulation of discharge voltage profiles of a compressed CB-cathode ..................... 96
Figure 5.7 Impact of $\sigma$ to the performance of the uncompressed CNT-cathode ..........................96
Figure 5.8 Schematic description of changes .................................................................................99
Figure 5.9 1-sec pulse discharge (40 C-rate) and relax of a compressed CB-cathode ..................100
Figure 5.10 Comparison of measured relaxation behaviors between CB-cathodes ......................101
Figure 5.11 Comparison of measured pulse-relaxations ...............................................................102
Figure 5.12 Measured relaxation behaviors after constant rate discharges ..................................103
Figure 5.13 Predicted effect of change of porosity of the uncompressed CNT-cathode .............105
Figure 5.14 Salt concentration profiles in the CNT-cathode .......................................................105
Figure 6.1 0.5 C rate Cycling behavior and voltage profile of a composite anode ....................114
Figure 6.2 0.5 C rate Cycling behavior and voltage profile of a MWNT anode .......................115
Figure 6.3 0.5 C rate cycling behavior and voltage profile ..........................................................117
Figure 6.4 Power performance of composite anodes .................................................................118
Figure 6.5 0.5C cycling performance of a Li-ion battery without ..............................................120
Figure 6.6 Current and voltage profiles of a lithium-ion battery during activation ...................123
Figure 6.7 0.5 C-rate cycling performance of a Li-ion battery) ..................................................123
Figure 7.1 A side-by-side microbattery design used in Holladay (2001) ....................................126
Figure 7.2 A layer-over-layer Si wafer based microbattery design ............................................127
Figure 7.3 A schematic fabrication process of a composite cathode on a Si wafer ....................128
Figure 7.4 0.5 C rate cycling performance of two microcathodes, .............................................129
Figure 7.5 A schematic fabrication process of gel-polymer electrolyte and anode ....................131
Figure 7.6 PP-film based microbattery design (not to scale) .....................................................133
Figure 7.7 Image of a cut anode on PP-film ..............................................................................134
Figure 7.8 0.5 C cycling performance of a microbattery built on PP-films ................................135
Figure 7.9 Power performance of a PP-film based microbattery ................................................135
Figure 7.10 COC film based microbattery design ................................................................. 138
Figure 7.11 Fabrication procedure of the COC film based microbattery .......................... 140
Figure 7.12 The first generation microelectrodes and sealed microbatteries .................... 141
Figure 7.13 The second generation microelectrodes and sealed microbatteries ............... 141
Figure 7.14 Comparison of voltage profiles between a microbattery and a large battery ....... 142
Figure 7.15 0.5 C rate cycling performance of a microbattery ............................................. 143
Figure 7.16 Power performance of COC-film based microbatteries...................................... 143
Figure 7.17 Duty cycle testing of a 0.025 mAh microbattery .............................................. 144
Figure 7.18 Change of average cell voltage during pulse discharges................................. 145
Figure 7.19 Voltage and current profiles of a COC-film based microbattery in .................. 146
Figure 7.20 Voltage profile of a COC-film based microbattery .......................................... 147
Figure B.1 Unrealistic voltage jump in the dual foil model using a lithium metal anode........ 171
| Table | Description | Page |
|-------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|------|
| 1.1 | Summary of selected previous microbattery works | 8 |
| 2.1 | Some electrode materials and their characteristics | 16 |
| 3.1 | Electrode materials and contents | 44 |
| 3.2 | Voltage limits of different cell testing | 58 |
| 4.2 | Relationship between thickness and capacity of 12 wt% CNT-cathodes | 76 |
| 5.1 | System specific parameters used in the model | 91 |
| 5.2(a)| Measured electrical conductivity of uncompressed CB-cathodes | 93 |
| 5.2(b)| Measured electrical conductivity of compressed CB-cathodes | 93 |
| 5.3 | Measured electrical conductivity of uncompressed CNT-cathodes | 93 |
| B.1 | Complete list of input parameters for the dual-foil model | 169 |
| C.1 | Densities of electrode materials | 173 |
| C.2 | Examples of volume fraction calculation in uncompressed composite cathodes | 174 |
| C.3 | Estimated volume fraction data compared with Lazarraga et al. (2003) | 174 |
x
| Symbol | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| CB | carbon black; |
| CB-cathode | a composite cathode that uses CB as conductive additives; |
| Celgard | a trade name for porous polypropylene separator films; |
| CNT | carbon nanotubes; |
| COC | Cyclic Olefin Copolymer; |
| C rate, C-rate | 1 C rate corresponds to a current at which a fully charged cell will be completely discharged in 1 hour; |
| DOD | depth of discharge. A 100% DOD discharge refers to a complete discharge; |
| Duty cycle | a term to describe the unit of operation of microsensors, which is consisted of a low power stand-by and a high power active operation periods; |
| EPD | Electrophoretic deposition; |
| IC | integrated circuit; |
| ICL | irreversible capacity loss; |
| Intercalation | an incorporation process of Li⁺ into the crystal lattice of electrode materials; |
| LIPON | lithium phosphorus oxynitride, a solid state electrolyte for thin-film batteries; |
| Lithiation | intercalation of lithium ions; |
| MCMB | mesocarbon microbead, a type of anode materials in Li-ion batteries; |
| MWNT | multi-walled carbon nanotubes; |
| OCP | open circuit potential (V); |
| PP | polypropylene; |
| PR | photoresist; |
| PSD | particle size distribution; |
| PVDF | polyvinylidenefluoride, a polymer binder used in this study; |
| SEI | solid electrolyte interface, a passivation film (ionic conducting but electrically insulating) on the electrode surface to stabilize the intercalation system; |
| SEM | scanning electron microscope; |
| SOC | state of charge, ratio of concentration of intercalated Li⁺ to the equilibrium Li⁺ concentration in solid phase; |
| SPE | solid polymer electrolyte; |
| SWCNT, SWNT | single walled carbon nanotubes; |
| SWNT-cathode | a composite cathode that uses SWNT as conductive fillers; |
| Taper-charge | a technique used to charge a cell to its full capacity, in which the cell voltage is held constant and charge current is gradually decreased; |
| Via | a hole structure used in microelectronics to make connection through a layer; |
| $A$ | electrode area; |
| $b$ | the Bruggeman exponent; |
| $C$ | concentration of the salt (subscription $t$ refer to maximum concentration, $s$ refer to solid phase, $B$ and $E$ refer to the bulk and the electrode surface, respectively); |
| Symbol | Description |
|--------|-------------|
| $D_{\text{eff}}$ | diffusion coefficient; |
| $F$ | the Faraday’s constant; |
| $i$ | current density; |
| $j_n$ | pore wall flux of Li$^+$; |
| $k$ | reaction rate constant; |
| $R$ | the gas constant; |
| $R_{\text{film}}$ | film resistance, a parameter used in the dualfoil model; |
| $T$ | temperature; |
| $U$ | open circuit potential; |
| $y$ | state of charge; |
| $\alpha_s$, $\alpha_c$ | transfer coefficients in the Butler-Volmer equation; |
| $\delta$ | boundary layer thickness; |
| $\varepsilon$ | porosity, which is also the volume fraction of the electrolyte in this study; |
| $\varepsilon_s$ | volume fraction of the active material; |
| $\eta$ | surface overpotential; |
| $\kappa_{\text{eff}}$ | ionic conductivity of the salt in the electrolyte; |
| $\sigma_b$ | electrical conductivity of the solid phase. |
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
High-volume, low-unit-cost fabrication techniques are among the key factors that have led to the success of microelectronics for the past 30 years. These techniques and other microfabrication techniques have been used to build microscopic sensors in recent years. It is of great interest to combine microsensors and microelectronics as microscopic systems that can sense and/or interact with the physical world.
Of particular interest to this study are autonomous microsensors (also called wireless or remote microsensors) which do not have physical connections for either power or communication. These sensors rely on on-board power supplies for operation throughout their lifetime, and send and/or receive information via wireless connections. One attractive potential application of autonomous microsensors is a sensing array formed by distributing a large number of sensor units onto a field of interest (e.g. a battlefield) where wiring is impractical or impossible.
While microsensors have existed for over 10 years, microscopic power supplies for these sensors are still being developed. Such developments have direct impact on the size and performance of the microsensing systems. As a part of a larger project targeting a micro power solution, an objective of this study was to develop a microbattery to provide energy and power for autonomous microsensors and other similar applications.
1.1 AUTONOMOUS MICROSENSORS
One example of an autonomous microsensor is “Smart Dust” (Fig. 1.1), being developed by K. Pister and coworkers (Warneke and Pister 2002, Zhou et al. 2003). These remote microsensors are targeted to be an autonomous sensing and communication platform on a millimeter-scale, intended for a massively distributed sensor network. Each smart dust module is designed to contain sensors, a power supply, computation circuits and active elements for bi-directional wireless communication. Presently, a smart dust module occupies a volume of $16 \text{ mm}^3$ and is expected to shrink down to $6.6 \text{ mm}^3$ (Warneke and Pister 2002). Note that only part of the power supply, a solar cell array, has been implemented on current modules. Such a power supply lacks the capability to provide the required high power, as will be discussed shortly.
To ensure the full functionality of the miniature sensor devices, the power supply not only needs to provide sufficient energy, but also needs to deliver the required power. Obviously the size of the power supply needs to be smaller than or comparable to that of the microsensor in
order to take full advantage of the small sensor. The size of the power supply can be reduced by reducing the energy and power requirements of the device. Power management strategies and circuits have also been implemented to enable more efficient use of the available power (Wise 2000).
It should be noted that the power consumption rate of most autonomous microsensors varies significantly during operation, as illustrated in Puers and Routers (1997, Fig. 1.2). The duty cycle of the microsensor consists of a long low power stand-by period (a few $\mu$W) with intermittent short high power bursts (up to 6 mW) when active operations (e.g. data collecting, processing and/or transmitting) are performed. For a duty cycle that has a peak power of 5 mW lasting 10 ms, and a standby time of longer than 100 seconds at a power of 10 $\mu$W, the average power is essentially equivalent to the standby power. This estimation should be valid for a wide variety of sensor systems (Harb et al., 2002). Based on this average power requirement, a device needs about 6 J to operate for one week. With a desirable area of $\sim 0.1 \text{ cm}^2$ (Harb et al. 2002), the
power supply needs to have a power capability of about 50 mW/cm$^2$ and an energy density of 60 J/cm$^2$ to meet the peak power and energy requirements of a microsensing system.
1.2 HYBRID MICROPPOWER SUPPLIES
Two power options have been proposed for microsensors, energy conversion devices and energy storage devices. Both options have limitations in microsystems (Harb et al. 2002). Examples of energy conversion devices include solar cells (Warneke and Pister 2002), piezoelectric generators (Meninger, et al. 2001) and nuclear generators (Lal and Blanchard 2004). These devices have excellent energy densities but lack in power capabilities. Therefore, if an energy conversion device were used alone, it would need to be greatly oversized to meet the power requirements of the system. For example, Harb et al. (2002) showed that the average power and energy requirements can be easily met by a solar cell with an area less than 1 mm$^2$, however, an area of about 4.3 cm$^2$ is required to provide the peak power.
On the other hand, the size of a power system consisting of an energy storage device (i.e. a battery) alone is most likely limited by the energy requirement. Assuming an energy density of 2.5 J/cm$^2$ for microfabricated batteries (Harb et al. 2002), the area of the battery needs to be 2.4 cm$^2$ to supply the required energy (6 J as illustrated above) for an operational life of a week. The peak power requirement can be easily met with a battery of this area, as power densities of 30 mW/cm$^2$ (Neudecker et al. 2000) and 140 mW/cm$^2$ (Humble and Harb 2003) have been demonstrated.
Hybrid power schemes (e.g. Koeneman et al. 1997, Harb et al. 2002) appear to have the greatest promise of fulfilling the energy and power requirements for microsensors with a minimal size. Hybrid power supplies combine two or more power supplies, typically one being an energy conversion device and the other being an energy storage device. For example, the
hybrid micropower system proposed by Harb et al. (2002) consisted of solar cells and rechargeable microbatteries (Fig. 1.3). The solar cells were sized to meet the average power requirement, and the microbatteries were sized to provide the peak power and reserve capacity for the periods when energy scavenging is not available. As energy can be continually harvested from the environment, the life of the hybrid system is virtually limited by the cycle life of the battery (Harb et al. 2002). The size for that system was about $0.36 \text{ cm}^2$ (the maximum depth of discharge of the batteries was limited to 50%, Harb et al. 2002), limited by the reserve capacity of the battery. Such an area is much smaller than that of a power supply with either solar cells or batteries alone.
**Figure 1.3** A microsensor with integrated hybrid power system (Humble et al. 2001)
### 1.3 DESIRABLE MICROBATTERY CHARACTERISTICS
As one key component in a hybrid micropower system, the battery will provide peak power and reserve energy for microsensors. It is obvious that the size of the microbattery should be comparable with that of other components in the system. Specifically, the desirable size of the battery is about $0.1 \text{ cm}^2$ in area and less than 1 mm in thickness. It is desirable to use microfabrication techniques to build these miniature batteries. Conventional techniques, such as those used for coin or button cells, are impractical for making batteries in the sub-millimeter
scale, as the energy density of button cells decreases exponentially with decreasing volume (Ruetschi 1980). Coin cells as small as 4.8 mm in diameter and 1.4 mm in height (ML414S coin cell, Panasonic) are available commercially.
Providing the peak power to the microsystem is the primary function of the battery; therefore, the microbattery should meet the power requirements of the system. For a cell area of about 0.1 cm$^2$, a battery with a power capability of $\sim50$ mW/cm$^2$ is desirable for the micropower system. This was set as a primary target characteristic for battery development in this study.
It is desirable that the battery has a high energy density, especially for a system that depends on the reserve capacity of the battery to operate continually when energy scavenging is not available. For such a case the size of the hybrid power system is most likely limited by the reserve capacity of the battery and can be reduced if the energy density of the battery is improved. For example, a simple calculation shows that the size the battery can be reduced from 0.36 to 0.10 cm$^2$ (assuming same depth of discharge) by improving the energy density of the battery from 2.5 to 8.5 J/cm$^2$. With the area of solar cells and control circuit of 1 mm$^2$ (Harb et al. 2002), the size of the power supply will be reduced to about 0.11 cm$^2$. Therefore, an energy density of $\sim8.5$ J/cm$^2$ is desirable for a 0.1 cm$^2$ battery to use in a continually operating microsensor. As a microsensing system could be turned off when energy scavenging is not available, the high energy density requirement was not set as a primary target in this study.
It is also desirable that the battery is rechargeable in order to store the energy from the conversion device and have sufficient life expectancy, as the operational life of the hybrid power system is limited by that of the battery (Harb et al. 2002). The actual life requirement will depend on the application; for example, a cycle life of 1000 cycles is required for a lifetime of one week if a cycle lasts 10 minutes (Harb et al. 2002).
There are other desirable characteristics of the battery. For example, the battery must work in the environment that the microsensor is to be placed. These parameters, including temperature, are not discussed here.
1.4 CHOICE OF MICROBATTERIES
Microbatteries of various chemistries and structures have been developed or are under investigation. Table 1.1 lists some microbatteries and their performance. It can be seen that most of them are solid-state lithium systems (e.g. Neudecker et al. 2000, West et al. 2002). With a working voltage up to 4 V per cell, this type of battery utilizes an intercalation compound as the cathode, a metallic lithium anode, and a solid-state electrolyte. The best reported performance of thin-film lithium microbatteries was a power capability\(^1\) of 30 mW/cm\(^2\), with a low rate energy density of 2.16 J/cm\(^2\) (Neudecker et al. 2000). It is also noted that a thick-film lithium-ion microbattery demonstrated the highest area specific capacity (3.6 C or 1.0 mAh per cm\(^2\), Wathena et al. 2004), corresponding to an energy density greater than 10 J/cm\(^2\).
The highest power density was demonstrated by a rechargeable Ni/Zn microbattery developed at BYU (Humble et al., 2001, Humble and Harb 2003). The microbattery consists of microfabricated NiOOH and Zn electrodes on a Si wafer with an aqueous KOH electrolyte saturated with ZnO. With an area of 3.6 mm\(^2\)/cell and a working voltage of about 1.5 V, these rechargeable batteries have an energy density of 1.63 J/cm\(^2\) and a power capability of ~140 mW/cm\(^2\) (based on total cell area).
\(^1\) Since area is of more concern than thickness, most comparisons are made on area basis.
The comparisons between these two types of battery chemistries indicate that lithium batteries have a higher cell voltage (up to 4 V) than the Ni/Zn batteries (~1.5 V). This will be an advantage for lithium batteries in cases where a voltage higher than 1.5 V is required, since fewer lithium cells than Ni/Zn batteries are needed to connect in series to provide a particular voltage. More importantly, the practical energy density achieved with commercial lithium type cells (400 Wh/L or 1440 J/cm$^3$) is more than 3 times higher than that of Ni/Zn cells (80-120 Wh/L or 288-432 J/cm$^3$, Linden and Reddy 2001). Assuming the ratio remains about the same for microfabricated cells, the energy of a lithium microbattery will be more than 3 times than a Ni/Zn microbattery of the same size. When the battery size is limited by its reserve capacity, the size can be more than 3 times smaller for a lithium microbattery than a Ni/Zn microbattery.
Lithium batteries have other advantages over Ni/Zn batteries. For example, lithium batteries have an higher charge efficiency (99% vs. 85% on capacity basis), a better capacity retention than Ni/Zn batteries (2% vs. 20% loss per month at ambient temperature) and a longer
cycle life (1000 cycles vs. 500 cycles, Linden and Reddy 2001). Therefore, a micropower system using lithium batteries can store energy more efficiently and have a potential longer cycle life than a system using Ni/Zn batteries.
Based on these comparisons, a lithium battery was selected as the subject of this study. More specifically, a lithium-ion battery, which is a type of lithium battery that uses an intercalation anode, was the subject of this study. It is noted that solid-state lithium batteries have rather poor power performance, which does not meet the target 50 mW/cm². Several factors account for the poor power performance, which include poor conductivity of the solid electrolyte, high resistivity of the electrode material and limited electrode film thickness. On the other hand, lithium-ion cells that use a porous electrode structure with a liquid-state organic electrolyte do not have the above limitations. Therefore, this study adopted a porous electrode structure combined with a liquid-state organic electrolyte to improve the power capability of the microbattery, as will be illustrated in the following chapters. It was believed that such a lithium-ion microbattery could be implemented with microfabrication techniques.
1.5 SUMMARY
Suitable micropower systems are needed to make the autonomous microsensors a reality. A hybrid micropower system, which consists of an energy conversion device and a microbattery, appears to be a promising solution to meet the power and energy requirements with a minimal size. A microbattery will be used to provide the peak power and reserve energy for operation of microsensors.
The purpose of this study was to develop and demonstrate a Li-ion microbattery with performance suitable for use in a hybrid micropower system. Li-ion was the battery chemistry of
choice because of its high working voltage, higher energy density and potentially long cycle life. An increased fundamental understanding of the factors that limit microbattery performance was critical to the success of this study. Finally, the development of a fabrication procedure for the desired batteries represented a key part of the present work.
CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND
It is desirable to develop a high power lithium-ion microbattery to enable the microscopic autonomous sensing devices. While solid-state thin-film lithium batteries have received a lot of attention, their poor power performance makes them unsuitable for hybrid micro power systems. Therefore, it is important to examine the limiting factors in the power performance of batteries, compare the existing lithium battery structures in that context, and develop a strategy to implement a microbattery that can meet the requirements of a range of microsensing systems.
2.1 LIMITING FACTORS IN POWER PERFORMANCE
Batteries\(^2\) are electrochemical devices which convert chemical energy into electrical energy by electrochemical reduction and oxidation reactions. The reduction and oxidation reactions take place on the cathode and anode, respectively, during discharge.
The maximum capacity of a battery, also noted as theoretical capacity, is the amount of charge that can be transferred between the two electrodes at a very low current. At this current level, the potential loss inside the battery is negligible and voltage of the battery is virtually the open circuit potential (OCP). The capacity is denoted in coulombs or Ampere-hours (1 mol equivalent electrons is 96487 coulombs, 1 Ampere-hour = 3600 C or 1 mAh = 3.6 C).
It is desirable to access all the charge that a battery stores; however, losses occur when a current of a significant level runs through the battery and the battery voltage is reduced, due to
\(^2\) Battery and cell are used interchangeably in this dissertation, unless stated otherwise.
potential drops inside the battery. These losses include: (1) activation polarization, which drives the electrochemical reactions at the electrode surface; (2) concentration polarization, which arises from differences in the concentration of the reactants and products at the electrodes’ surface and in the bulk as a result of mass transfer and (3) ohmic polarization, which is a voltage drop due to the internal resistance of the cell (therefore it is also referred to as “IR drop”). These polarization effects consume part of the energy, which is given off as waste heat, and reduce the useful capacity of the cell (Chapter 2, Linden and Reddy 2001).
Figure 2.1 Effects of polarization on the battery voltage (redrawn from Linden and Reddy 2001)
It can be clearly seen from Fig. 2.1 that at a certain current level, the contributions of various polarizations to the overall potential loss are different. It can also be seen that the polarization effects become more severe as the current increases; therefore, the cell operating voltage decreases. As a result, at a higher current level (which usually corresponds to a higher power level), more energy is consumed by polarizations and less energy is delivered to the load. In
other words, less capacity of the cell can be accessed at a higher power level, if the cut-off voltage remains the same.
To improve the power performance of the cells, one or more of the polarization effects needs to be reduced. The approach should be specific for each polarization since the polarizations arise from different mechanisms. Activation polarization is determined by the electrochemical reactions of the electrode materials. For a certain electrode material, the activation polarization can be reduced by increasing the surface area accessible to the reactions. The concentration polarization is determined by ionic transport in the battery and can be reduced by improving mass transfer. The ohmic drop is caused by the internal resistance, or internal impedance, which consists of the ionic resistance of the electrolyte in the separator and electrodes, the electronic resistances of the electrode layers and the current collectors, and the contact resistance between the electrodes and the current collectors (Chapter 2, Linden and Reddy 2001). These resistances usually do not change with current, leading to a linearly increasing ohmic overpotential with increasing current. Improving ionic transport and electronic conductance in the electrodes can effectively reduce the internal resistance and hence decrease the ohmic polarization.
For a specific battery, the dominating resistance limiting its power performance should first be identified, and should then be reduced with a corresponding approach. It should be noted that it may be impractical to minimize all polarizations in some cases. It should also be noted that in practice, a specific approach may simultaneously affect more than one type of resistance.
2.2 AN OVERVIEW OF LI-ION BATTERIES
2.2.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES
Most lithium (-ion) batteries operate via intercalation, which is an incorporation process of Li\(^+\) ions into the crystal lattice of electrode materials. Generally the rocking chair concept is used to describe the intercalation and de-intercalation processes of Li\(^+\) ions in the batteries. Figure 2.2 illustrates the charge and discharge processes of a lithium-ion battery using the electrode materials adopted in this study. During the discharge process, lithium ions de-intercalate from the crystal structure of the negative electrode, diffuse to and intercalate into the crystal structure of the positive electrode. The electrons are released from the negative electrode and move to the positive electrode through the external circuit. The reverse occurs during the charge process.
Figure 2.2 Operation of a lithium ion battery (Adapted from Chap. 35, Linden and Reddy 2001)
The electrode and overall reactions are shown in Eqs. (2.1) - (2.3), using the active materials adopted in this study \((0 < x < 1)\). Note that the reactions show the stoichiometric balance of charge, and actual electrode material compositions will be determined by the state of charge (SOC).
\[
\text{Positive electrode: } Li_{1-x}Al_{0.14}Mn_{1.86}O_4 + xLi^{+} + xe^- \xrightarrow{\text{Discharge}} LiAl_{0.14}Mn_{1.86}O_4 \\
\text{Negative electrode: } LiC_6 \xleftarrow{\text{Charge}} Li_{1-x}C_6 + xLi^+ + xe^- \\
\text{Overall reaction: } Li_{1-x}Al_{0.14}Mn_{1.86}O_4 + LiC_6 \xrightarrow{\text{Discharge}} LiAl_{0.14}Mn_{1.86}O_4 + Li_{1-x}C
\]
A lithium-ion battery is a dynamic system whose performance depends on its construction, the materials, the rates of charge and discharge, the state of charge (SOC), and the operation temperature (Wright et al. 2002). The electrode reactions are complex processes that can be divided into many elementary steps, including transportation of Li\(^+\) through the bulk electrolyte solution, migration of Li\(^+\) through the surface film (solid electrolyte interface, SEI) of the electrode, charge transfer at the film/electrode interface, solid diffusion of lithium in the bulk of the electrode material, and accumulation of lithium within crystallographic sites in the bulk electrode material (Markovsky et al. 1998). At the same time, electrons overcome the resistance between the current collector and electrode films, the resistance among the electrode particles, the resistance of the SEI layer, and reach the SEI/electrode interface where charge transfer occurs (Aurbach et al. 1999, Wright et al. 2002).
It should be noted that the battery reaction rate depends not only on the chemistry of the electrode materials, but also depends on the battery and electrode designs. As outlined in Section 2.1, the rate-determining step is associated with the largest polarization drop in the battery. Later
in Section 2.2.4 the performance of two electrode structures will be compared. Battery performance is improved by determination and mitigation of the factors that limit performance.
2.2.2 ELECTRODE MATERIALS
Rechargeable lithium-type batteries (discussions in this dissertation are limited to rechargeable batteries) generally use intercalation compounds for the positive electrodes (which are cathodes during discharge). Lithium (metal) batteries use lithium as the negative electrode material, while lithium-ion batteries use intercalation compounds. The active materials for the cathode are principally transition metal oxides such as LiCoO$_2$, LiNiO$_2$, or LiMn$_2$O$_4$. The active material for the anode is typically a form of carbon (such as coke, graphite, or synthetic mesocarbon microbeads, MCMB). The characteristics of several important electrode materials are summarized in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Some electrode materials and their characteristics
| | Active material | Voltage vs. Li (V, midpoint or range, at 0.05 C) | Theor. capacity (mAh/g) | Electrical conductivity (S/cm) | Li$^+$ diffusion coefficients (cm$^2$/s) |
|-------|-------------------|--------------------------------------------------|-------------------------|---------------------------------|------------------------------------------|
| Cathode | LiCoO$_2$ | 3.88 | 155 | $10^{-3}$ Note *1 | $5 \times 10^{-9}$ |
| | LiNiO$_2$ | 3.55 | 200 | | $2 \times 10^{-7}$ |
| | LiMn$_2$O$_4$ | 4.00 | 120 | $4.8 \times 10^{-5}$ | $10^{-12-9}$ |
| Anode | LiC$_6$ (MCMB) | 0-0.1 | 300 | $1.37 \times 10^{-3}$ Note *2 | |
| | Li$_{0.5}$C$_6$ (coke) | 0-1.3 | 180 | | |
| | Graphite | 0-0.5 | 360 | $10^{1-5}$ Note *3 | $10^{-10-8}$ Note *4 |
Note: Data cited from Linden and Reddy (2001) unless otherwise stated.
*1: Me’ne’trier et al. (1999)
*2: Deab (1979)
*3: Shirahige and Deyama (2004)
*4: Aurbach et al. (1998)
LiCoO$_2$, LiNiO$_2$, and related materials have layered lattice structures. LiCoO$_2$ is the first commercialized (Nagaura and Tozawa 1990) and most commonly used positive electrode
material, with a good capacity (155 mAh/g) and a high working voltage (3.9 V vs. Li). However, the toxicity of cobalt is a drawback of this material. Furthermore, the elevated price of cobalt increases the cost of this material and precludes any practical use of this material in large batteries (e.g. electrical vehicles, Broussely et al. 1999).
Although with a much higher capacity (200 mAh/g), $\text{LiNiO}_2$ has very limited commercial use due to its instability and safety issues, which relate to the formation of NiO and oxygen (Linden and Reddy 2001). The synthesis of this material is more difficult than that of $\text{LiCoO}_2$, due to the formation of a nickel over-stoichiometric phase which leads to a lower extractable lithium and poorer electrochemical performance (Broussely et al. 1999).
$\text{LiMn}_2\text{O}_4$ offers the highest voltage (4.0 V vs. Li) with a low capacity (120 mAh/g), and is of increasing commercial interest because of its better rate capability, lower cost, less toxicity and excellent safety properties, as compared to $\text{LiCoO}_2$. However, pristine lithium manganese oxide suffers from higher rate of capacity fading during cycling or storing, especially at higher temperatures. The capacity fading has been attributed to the Jahn-Teller effect, structure instability at high potentials or manganese dissolution (Broussely et al. 1999). Substitution for manganese by other elements such as aluminum (Noddapaneni and Ingersoll 1996, Pistoia et al. 1997) and cobalt (Guohua et al. 1996) improves the fading at the cost of reducing capacity to 100-110 mAh/g.
Coke-based materials were used in the first commercial lithium-ion batteries by Sony in 1990, offering capacity of about 180 mAh/g (Linden and Reddy 2001). Since the mid-1990s most Li-ion cells have utilized graphitic spheres, e.g. MCMB, in anodes based on the higher specific capacity (about 300 mAh/g), lower irreversible capacity and good safety properties. More recently, natural graphite (lower cost and capacity of 350 mAh/g) and some hard carbons (over 1000 mAh/g) have been used in some cells (Linden and Reddy 2001).
It should be noted that most commercial Li-ion cells emphasize energy density instead of power density. The choice of an electrode material against other materials usually results from compromises among performance, electrode processing and cost. The physical properties of the particulate electrode materials are usually low surface area (on the order of a few m$^2$/g), diameter of 5-30 µm, and a high material loading (Broussely et al. 1999).
It is important to identify the limiting electrode in order to efficiently improve the power performance of the battery. From Table 2.1, it can be seen the diffusion coefficients of Li$^+$ in these positive and negative electrode materials fall in the same range; however, the intrinsic electrical conductivities of the positive electrode materials are significantly lower than those of the negative electrode materials. Since these two parameters determine the Li$^+$ solid diffusion and intrinsic electron conductance, it is expected that the positive electrode would be of inferior electronic conductance, and that the power performance of lithium-ion batteries would be limited by the positive electrode. This is supported by comparison data of AC impedances among graphite, LiCoO$_2$, LiNiO$_2$ and LiMn$_2$O$_4$ electrodes, which shows that the graphite material has a much smaller impedance than the other three materials (Aurbach et al. 1998). Therefore, it was determined that the positive electrode would be the focus of investigation of improving battery power performance in this study.
Many new electrode materials have been proposed and investigated in recent years, aiming at higher capacity or better electrode performance. Positive electrode materials include vanadium oxide, lithium iron phosphate and other compounds; the negative electrode materials include hard carbon, tin compounds, silicon compounds and others. This study focuses on improving the power performance by identifying and reducing dominating resistances and developing a microfabrication process, it is not designed to be an extensive electrode materials study. The approach to improve power performance should be general and applicable to other
electrode materials that have similarly limited power performance. Hence a review of these new electrode materials is not included here. Reviews of these materials can be found in Broussely et al. (1999) and Scrosati (2000), Linden and Reddy (2001), Tirado (2003) and Julien (2003).
2.2.3 ELECTROLYTES
Choice of an appropriate electrolyte is important to the proposed Li-ion battery in order to minimize concentration polarization and the ohmic drop due to ionic transport in order to achieve high power performance. Of course the electrolyte of choice should be compatible with the battery microfabrication process. The three categories of electrolytes used in lithium-type batteries (liquid electrolyte, polymer electrolyte and solid-state electrolyte) will be discussed in this section.
Liquid electrolyte has the highest ionic conductivity ($10^{-3} - 10^{-1}$ S/cm, Linden and Reddy 2001) of the three electrolytes. Liquid electrolytes are solutions of a lithium salt in organic solvents. The most commonly used salt is LiPF$_6$, based on its high ionic conductivity in solution (> $10^{-3}$ S/cm), high Li$^+$ transference number (~0.35) and acceptable safety properties. Many other salts, including LiBF$_4$, LiAsF$_6$, LiClO$_4$, LiN(SO$_2$C$_2$F$_5$)$_2$ and LiBOB (Li bis (oxalato)borate), have also attracted R&D and industrial interests (Linden & Reddy 2001, Aurbach et al. 2004). The solvents are mostly carbonates, including ethylene carbonate (EC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). These carbonates offer excellent stability, compatibility with electrode materials and good safety properties. Generally a formulation of two to four solvents is used, in order to achieve higher ionic conductivity, and a broader operating temperature. For example, the 1.0 M LiPF$_6$ / (EC:DEC 1:1 wt) electrolyte has a conductivity of $7.0 \times 10^{-3}$ S/cm at 20 °C and can operate in the range of -40 °C to 80 °C (Linden and Reddy 2001).
High ionic conductivity and an easily maintained interface between liquid electrolytes and electrodes are very attractive to the proposed microbattery. Using such an electrolyte will effectively minimize the concentration polarization in the electrolyte phase and improve the ionic transport, improving high power performance of the battery. It should be noted that one drawback of liquid electrolytes is safety concerns due to the leakage of solvents when packages of batteries are broken. It should also be noted that the performance of this type of electrolyte is very sensitive to moisture (Aurbach et al., 1999); hence it is usually handled in a controlled dry environment. With respect to microbattery fabrication, a controlled environment is required to use a liquid electrolyte; in addition, a special handling technique is required since generally only solid-state thin-film components exist in standard microelectronics. Both requirements may present some fabrication challenges.
The second type of electrolyte, polymer electrolyte, refers to a solid solution formed by dissolving a salt in a high molecular weight polymer (Linden and Reddy 2001). Strictly speaking, solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) contains no liquid components, such as volatile and flammable solvents; therefore, the safety properties are improved over the liquid electrolytes by eliminating leakage hazards. However, the ionic conductivity is usually lower than $10^{-4}$ S/cm due to the high viscosity.
Modifications to the dry SPE led to two polymer electrolytes that are more commonly used: gelled SPE and porous SPE. The former includes some physical or chemical cross-linking PAN, PMMA, P(VDF-HFP) and PEO polymer electrolytes; the latter includes some porous P(VDF-HFP) systems (Murata et al., 2000). Disregarding the difference, the gelled or porous SPEs are both hybrid electrolytes containing liquid electrolyte in the polymer phase; therefore they have the high ionic conductivities of the liquid electrolyte and the safety properties of the dry polymer electrolyte. Ionic conductivities as high as $10^{-3}$ S/cm at room temperature were reported in the
literature (Kim et al., 1999; Murata et al., 2000; Linden and Reddy 2001; Cheng et al. 2004; Sannier et al. 2005). It should be noted that a controlled dry environment is required for processing a gel-type or porous SPE, due to the involvement of liquid electrolytes.
The third type of electrolyte, solid-state electrolyte, is generally used in lithium thin-film batteries. One representative material is lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON), developed by the Oak Ridge national laboratories (Bates et al. 1993). This material has long-term stability in contact with metallic lithium and can operate over a wide temperature range. Its ionic conductivity is very low (about $10^{-6}$ S/cm), hence the internal resistance of an electrolyte thicker than a few micrometers will be too large for practical uses; moreover, the stiffness of the glass-like electrolyte makes it difficult to maintain a satisfactory electrode/electrolyte interface (Julien and Nazri, 1994). Both of these factors limit the power capability of the solid state thin-film batteries to generally less than 1 mW/cm$^2$ (Bates and Lubben et al., 1995; Dudney et al., 1999; Baba et al., 1999). The highest power density demonstrated by a battery with LIPON electrolyte was 30 mW/cm$^2$ (Neudecker et al. 2000), which is still insufficient to meet the 50 mW/cm$^2$ goal of this study. As the batteries using this type of solid state electrolytes have other constraints limiting their power performance (as will be demonstrated later in this chapter), it seems unlikely that the solid state electrolyte will be a good choice for the proposed microbattery.
The solid electrolyte interface (SEI) is an important phenomenon related to the electrolytes and warrants some discussion here. The SEI is a passivation film on the electrode surface to stabilize the intercalation system (Linden and Reddy 2001). SEI forms on both electrodes; however, generally the anode shows the dominant SEI phenomenon. Generally the SEI film is formed during the first cycle, by reactions between lithium and solvents in the electrolyte; once a stable film is formed, it can prevent further consumption of lithium in this irreversible process and ensure the long operation of the cells (Aurbach et al. 1999).
It was shown that electrolytes containing alkyl carbonates, in particular EC, form the passivation film with a minimum amount of lithium. Esters such as EMC also form stable SEI films. Most other solvents do not form stable SEI films (Linden and Reddy 2001) and additives are required for the electrolytes that do not contain alkyl carbonates or ethers to obtain good cycling performance of the cells.
It should be noted that SEI is a phenomenon not only related to long-term stability, but also to the power performance. An unstable SEI film will continuously consume available lithium source and grow in thickness, leading to increased surface film resistance (Kim and Yoon 2004) and deteriorating the power performance of the cells. Therefore, the choice of proper solvents in liquid and polymer electrolytes is important to ensure long term cyclability and power capability of the cells.
In summary, based on power performance considerations, liquid electrolytes and gelled SPE are better candidates than solid state electrolytes for the proposed high power microbattery. Proper solvents should be chosen for these two types of electrolytes to attain stable SEI and achieve long term cyclability and high power performance of the cells.
2.2.4 ELECTRODE STRUCTURES
Lithium-ion cells can be divided into two groups according to the electrode structure: thin-film and composite cells. Figure 2.3 shows a schematic comparison of these two groups. Distinct differences exist in the morphology, composition, electrolytes, and the thickness of the electrodes between these two types of cells.
A thin-film battery consists of solid state thin films of electrodes and electrolyte. Each layer is a dense film of a few micrometers in thickness, generally deposited by sputtering or other IC techniques. TiS$_2$, LiMn$_2$O$_4$ and LiCoO$_2$ had been used in the thin-film batteries as cathode
materials, and lithium had been the general choice for anode material. Examples of electrolytes include lithium-ion conducting glass $xB_2O_3-yLi_2O-Li_2SO_4$ (Jones and Akridge 1995) and solid-state lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LIPON) (Bates et al. 1993, Neudecker et al. 1998).
This type of all-solid–state thin-film battery has been adopted by most microbatteries studies (e.g. Brousse et al., 1997, Baba et al., 1999, Neudecker et al., 1999). It should be noted that, although its solid state morphology seemed to be compatible with the standard IC process techniques, significant technical challenges exist including the controlled environment needed for the fabrication of lithium anodes. After more than 15 years of development the limited applications of thin-film lithium batteries have not included remote microsensors.
The power performance of the thin-film batteries is limited by several factors. Generally the poor intrinsic ionic transport properties and electronic conductivities of the electrolyte and cathode materials are among those factors, as they are used in the pure forms (i.e. without additives). For example, LiPON electrolyte has an ionic conductivity of $\sim 10^{-6}$ S/cm, LiMn$_2$O$_4$ has a solid lithium diffusion coefficient of $\sim 10^{-9}$ cm$^2$/s) and an electronic conductivity of $\sim 10^{-5}$ S/cm. Therefore, thin-film solid state batteries generally are only capable of low to medium discharge rates. For example, a cell using TiS$_2$ cathode was able to deliver continuous current at 0.30 mA/cm$^2$ and a pulse current at 2.0 mA/cm$^2$ (Jones and Akridge 1995).
Furthermore, the large resistance due to the poor transport properties and electrical conductivities, with the mechanical stability and the adhesion of the thin-films, limit the electrode film thickness to less than about 1-5 µm (Neudecker et al. 2000). Therefore, although these batteries are often credited with high volumetric energy densities, their area specific capacity is quite limited due to the small electrode film thickness. Typical values are in the range of 0.035-0.20 mAh/cm² (0.126-0.72 C/cm²) with a total cell thickness of 8-12 µm (Neudecker et al. 2000, Sukumar et al. 2004).
The best power performance of any thin-film cell in the literature was demonstrated by a “lithium-free” thin-film battery developed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratories (Neudecker et al., 2000). It is worthy to mention that this cell was fabricated in the discharged state, without any metallic lithium. It also allowed the cell to withstand normal solder processes during which the temperature was higher than the melting point of lithium metal. During the charge step of the first cycle, the metallic lithium was plated on a copper current collector and the cell functioned as a lithium battery thereafter. These “lithium-free” cells operated between 4.2 and 3.0 volts and had capacities up to 0.20 mAh/cm² (0.72 C/cm²) at a current density less than 0.1 mA/cm². A current density of 10 mA/cm² was demonstrated with about 30% of the theoretical capacity. The power density at such a current level was about 30 mW/cm² and may be useful for some microsystems, although it is still insufficient for the targeted power density of 50 mW/cm². Note it was demonstrated with only one good cell and others had higher resistances (Bates 2000). It should be noted that the volume change of the in-situ plated lithium anode caused stress and damage to the sealing layer and limited the cell life (Neudecker et al. 2000). The “lithium free” strategy is not currently used.
Composite electrodes have been generally used in large-sized batteries. The electrode films are particulate mixtures of active material, conductive additives, and a polymer binder, which are
mixed into a paste (slurry) with a solvent agent (e.g. *n*-methyl pyrrolidone solvent, NMP) and laminated onto metallic current collectors. One example of a cathode recipe is (11wt%) binder (polyvinylidenefluoride, PVDF): (72 wt%) LiMn$_2$O$_4$: (17 wt%) conductive additive (carbon black, CB), with corresponding volume ratios of (10.4%) PVDF: (28.4%) LiMn$_2$O$_4$: (14.5%) CB: (46.7%) pore volume (Lazarraga et al. 2003). Generally an organic liquid electrolyte or gel-polymer electrolyte is used with composite batteries, which fills the porous structures in the electrode films.
Several factors contribute to performance of the composite batteries, including the conductive additives, small active material particle size, porous structure and the electrolyte. Generally a form of carbon, with the most common choice being carbon black (electronic conductivity of ca. 1 S/cm at room temperature, Lazarraga et al. 2003), is used in the composite cathodes to improve the electron conduction among the active material particles. The active materials are usually fine particles with diameters in the micrometer ranges, in order to minimize the effect of poor ionic transport in the solid phase. The liquid or polymer electrolyte in the pores of the electrode films greatly facilitates the ionic transport outside the active material particles, as compared to that in the solid state thin-film batteries.
The enhanced electron and ion transport in the composite electrodes, as compared to those of the pure active materials, reduces the resistances and allows the materials to be accessed at a greater film depth than the thin-film electrodes. Therefore, the composite electrodes are generally built much thicker (on the order of 100 µm) than the thin-film electrodes and have a much higher area-specific material loading. For example, a LiMn$_2$O$_4$ composite cathode had a capacity of 1.9 mAh/cm$^2$ (6.8 C/cm$^2$) (see the experimental data in Doyle and Newman et al. 1996), and a batch of LiCoO$_2$ cathodes had capacities of about 3.0 mAh/cm$^2$ (10.8 C/cm$^2$) (Ahn 1998).
These capacities were at least 10 times higher than those of thin-film batteries (e.g. Neudecker et al., 2000).
Since the area-specific active material loadings in composite electrodes are much higher than that of thin-film electrodes, and since the ionic and electronic conductivities are superior to those in the thin-film batteries, it was expected that the high-power performance of composite batteries should be superior to that of the thin-film batteries. However, since most commercial batteries have been built emphasizing energy densities, the power data were seldom reported. The experimental data reported in Doyle and Newman et al. (1996) showed that a composite battery consisting of 128 μm thick Li\textsubscript{x}C\textsubscript{6} anode and 190 μm thick LiMn\textsubscript{2}O\textsubscript{4} cathode delivered ~2.3 mAh/cm\textsuperscript{2} (8.3 C/cm\textsuperscript{2}) at 0.42 mA/cm\textsuperscript{2}, ~1.7 mAh/cm\textsuperscript{2} (6.1 C/cm\textsuperscript{2}) at 4.2 mA/cm\textsuperscript{2}, 0.55 mAh/cm\textsuperscript{2} (2.0 C/cm\textsuperscript{2}) at 14.6 mA/cm\textsuperscript{2}.
From the above comparative illustration of thin-film and composite batteries, it can be seen that composite electrodes (batteries) exceed the capabilities of thin-film electrodes (batteries) in aspects of area-specific capacity and power densities. The experimental data in Doyle and Newman et al. (1996) indicated that a slightly higher current (about 17 mA/cm\textsuperscript{2}) should be achievable with the reported composite battery configuration; if the cut-off voltage is set at 3.0 V, a power level of 50 mW/cm\textsuperscript{2} can be achieved (which meets the power requirement of the autonomous microsensors). Therefore, it seems that using porous composite electrode structures in the proposed microbattery has the promise to meet the performances (especially the power) requirements. The questions remaining are how to maintain the performance of large cells at a 0.1 cm\textsuperscript{2} scale, and how to build this micro-sized composite battery using IC-compatible techniques.
2.3 PERFORMANCE ISSUES OF MICRO COMPOSITE BATTERIES
As battery size decreases, performance does not necessarily scale down. This is an issue in the case of our targeted microbattery as the thickness is in the sub-millimeter range and the area is in the sub cm$^2$ range. This issue can be discussed in two parts. The first part limits the choices of electrode structure and affects the volume efficiency, and is related to the fabrication method of the micro-sized cells and will be discussed in Section 2.4. The second part of the issue, which is related to some factors that are present in the large cells but not in the micro cells, will be discussed in this section.
2.3.1 CARBON BLACK AND COMPRESSION
As illustrated previously, a composite LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathode generally consists of LiMn$_2$O$_4$ particles, carbon black (CB) additives and PVDF binders. It is understood that generally the CB content determines the electronic conductivity of the composite film and is critical to the electrode performance. For example, Mandal et al. (2001) showed that both the electronic conductivity and the discharge capacity of cold-pressed composite LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathodes depended on the carbon black content in the same manner. Later they showed a similar result for laminated composite LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathodes (Lazarraga et al. 2003). In these studies, it was demonstrated that below a certain fraction of CB (about 3 vol%), the electronic conductivity of the composite is dominated by the active material, and the composite electrode doesn’t show significant electrochemical capacity. The electronic conductivity and capacity of composite electrodes increase sharply for a CB fraction close to 3 vol%. After the CB fraction is greater than 10-15 vol%, the conductivity and low-rate discharge capacity become almost constant regard to the change of the CB volume content.
The above studies identified that for low discharge rates, a CB volume fraction of >10-15% is required to ensure high accessibility of the active materials in the composite cathodes. At higher discharge rates (which will be the operating mode of the proposed microbattery to provide high power), a higher CB volume fraction may be needed. This will produce a lower theoretical capacity since less electrode volume is available to active material. Therefore, there seems to be a CB volume fraction at which the accessible electrode capacity at high discharge rates will reach a maximum. In other words, the conductive filler content needs to be studied to balance the cell for optimal high power performance.
It should be noted that composite electrodes need to be compressed to attain good performance, as indicated in Ahn (1998), Gustafson et al. (2002), Hamano et al. (2002), Striebel et al. (2003), and Cheng et al. (2005), etc. Without compression the electrode performance is compromised. Holladay (2000) showed that the capacity fade rate of uncompressed LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ composite cathodes (about 0.18 %/cycle) was significantly higher than that of the compressed ones (about 0.1 %/cycle). It should also be noted that the effect of compression on the MCMB composite anodes is less significant (Holladay 2000), possibly due to the higher intrinsic electronic conductivity of the MCMB materials relative to that of lithium manganese oxide.
The influence of compression on the performance of these CB containing composite cathodes is not fully understood, but is believed to relate, at least in part, to the integrity of a conductive network formed by CB particles (Jarman 2001). In the composite electrodes, CB powders (or other graphite particles) form particulate conducting paths by point-to-point contacts among the particles, facilitated by compression (Lin and Harb 2004). Obviously, the compression tends to decrease the gap and increase contact areas among the CB particles, leading to reduced contact resistances along the conducting paths. It is also easy to understand that the
effect of compression on the quality of the conduction network will depend on the morphology and the volume fraction of the conductive particles.
A number of different mechanisms are used to provide compression to composite electrodes. In commercial cells, the composite electrodes are compressed during a calendering (compressing) step, and the pressure is maintained by winding the electrode films and separators into rolls and inserting them into a tightly fitting container. In the laboratory, flat cells are usually tested under pressure.
In these large commercial batteries, compression does not increase fabrication complexity, as it is achieved simultaneously as the electrode films are calendered to increase the material loading (Linden and Reddy 2001). However, as large batteries are energy oriented while the proposed microbattery is power oriented, it was expected that calendering or similar techniques would not apply to the microbattery. Furthermore, compressing and maintaining pressure on micro-sized electrodes/batteries is considerably more challenging and might constrain both battery configuration and fabrication. Therefore, a microbattery that does not require compression to attain and maintain its optimal performance is highly desirable.
2.3.2 FIBROUS CONDUCTIVE NETWORK
Therefore, it became an important issue in microbatteries to build an improved conductive network in the composite cathodes that is less dependent on compression. Clearly, the ability of CB particles to form a continuous conductive network across the electrode thickness increases with the volume fraction of CB. Alternatively, replacing CB particles with some conductive materials of higher aspect ratios (length to diameter) may significantly improve the conduction network without increasing the volume fraction of the conductive additives (Wang et al. 2003).
Such an improvement in the composite film conductivity may reduce or even eliminate the battery performance dependence on the compression.
High-aspect-ratio conductive materials, particularly fibers, are very attractive candidates to improve the composite film conductivity even with a much lower volume fraction than the particulates (e.g. Cheng et al. 2001, Wang et al. 2003). Stochastic simulation studies showed that a small increase in the aspect ratio of the conductive filler significantly reduces the percolation threshold (the lowest volume fraction of conductive fillers above which at least one spanning cluster or path exists) and improves the conductivity of the network; for fibers with aspect ratio > 100, percolation (a state in which at least one spanning path exists) can be achieved with a fiber content less than 5 vol% (Wang et al. 2003). They also pointed out that alignment of fibers in a particular direction generally enhances the conductivity in that direction.
The above conclusions have been experimentally verified. Ahn (1998) showed that use of 4 wt% stainless steel fibers (2 μm in diameter, ca. 0.1 - 2 mm in length) in composite LiCoO$_2$ cathodes maximized the active material utilization at a C/40 rate, which was generally achieved with ~15 vol% of carbon black. The volume fraction of these steel fibers in the above cathodes was estimated to be ~2 vol% based on the densities of materials. Electrode performance at higher discharge rates was not reported in the above study.
Fibrous conductive materials appear to be a promising solution to improve the electronic conductivity of composite electrodes. It should be noted that the fibrous materials need to be chemically and electrochemically stable in the battery system; otherwise, long-term stability of the battery cannot be achieved. The stainless steel fibers used in the above study had some corrosion problems in the cathodes (Ahn 1998) and will not be adopted in this study.
In this context, carbon nanotubes (CNT’s) seem to be an excellent choice as conductive fillers in microbatteries. Similarly to CB, CNTs are a form of carbon and are expected to be stable in
these composite electrodes. The diameter and length of the nanotubes are generally a few nanometers and a few micrometers, respectively, corresponding to aspect ratios over 1000. The electronic conductivity of metallic single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT or SWNT) was reported to be about $\sim 10^4$ S/cm (Thess et al. 1996), which is 4 orders of magnitudes higher than that of CB ($\sim 1$ S/cm, Lazarraga et al. 2003). Although the current growth methods always produce a mixture of semiconducting and metallic nanotubes, it is expected the SWNTs are much better electron conductors than CB since the semiconducting SWNTs exhibit ballistic electron transport (Fuhrer et al. 2001).
Sakamoto and Dunn (2002) demonstrated that the use of SWNTs in a V$_2$O$_5$ cathode improved its power performance. The electrodes with CNT as conductive fillers exhibited at least 4 times higher electrical conductivity than those with same weight fraction of carbon black. The effective resistance of V$_2$O$_5$ aerogel sample is 600 k$\Omega$/cm; with 9 wt% CNT it drops to 4.2 k$\Omega$/cm, which is equivalent to that with 17 wt% carbon black. More interestingly, it seems that using CNT as conductive fillers brings beneficial effects besides improving the electrical conductivity. Their data show that cathodes containing 5 wt% CNT (effective electrical resistance of 15.5 k$\Omega$/cm) delivered 210 mAh/(g V$_2$O$_5$) at a current level of 2800 mA/(g V$_2$O$_5$), while cathodes containing 17 wt% carbon black (effective electrical resistance of 3.4 k$\Omega$/cm) only delivered 155 mAh/(g V$_2$O$_5$) at the same current level. They interpreted this phenomenon as the result of the excellent electrical contact established by nanotubes without impeding electrolyte access to the mesoporous aerogel architecture (Sakamoto and Dunn 2002).
Note that in the above study a very high normalized current density was tested (2800 mA/(g V$_2$O$_5$)). However, the material loading was only 1 to 2 mg V$_2$O$_5$/cm$^2$ (Sakamoto and Dunn 2002), which resulted in a power density of about 8.4 mW/cm$^2$ (cut off voltage at 1.5 V). Such a power density is far from sufficient for the proposed microbattery in this study.
In summary, the electronic conductivity of the composite LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathodes is critical to its power performance. CB particles have been used to improve the electrode electronic conductivity, and compression is needed to achieve optimal performance of these CB containing electrodes. Such a compression was expected to be difficult to implement in micro-scale batteries; hence it was desired to reduce or eliminate the need of compression. Fibrous conductive additives, especially SWNTs, have been demonstrated to improve the conductive network and the power performance of composite electrodes. It is expected that such an improved conductive network could reduce the need of electrode compression, which would facilitate the fabrication of the proposed microbattery.
2.4 FABRICATION ISSUES OF MICRO-COMPOSITE BATTERIES
As discussed in the *Introduction* chapter, conventional battery fabrication techniques cannot be applied in the fabrication of the proposed microbattery, since such techniques do not scale down to the desired microbattery size with sufficient efficiency relative to cell volume. Therefore, microfabrication techniques similar to those being used in the microelectronics processes need to be used. This section reviews some high-volume fabrication techniques that could be applied potentially to the proposed high-power composite microbattery. The listing is not meant to be complete, but rather a collection of the techniques that may be possibly applied to the proposed microbattery.
2.4.1 THIN-FILM DEPOSITION TECHNIQUES
Thin-film electrodes have been fabricated by sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, spin-coating and other microfabrication techniques. Most of these techniques are generally used in the integrated circuits industry to form thin films in the processes of producing microelectronics.
126.96.36.199 Sputtering
Sputtering is a physical coating technique to deposit very thin films on substrates for a wide variety of commercial and scientific purposes. It is performed by applying a high voltage across a low-pressure gas to create a "plasma," which consists of electrons and gas ions in a high-energy state; the energized plasma ions strike a "target," composed of the desired coating material, and cause atoms from that target to be ejected with enough energy to travel to, and bond with, the substrate (Wolf and Tauber 2000).
Sputtering has been used to build solid-state electrodes and electrolytes, including those shown in “lithium-free” batteries (Neudecker et al. 2000 and West et al. 2002). The components in a battery developed by West et al. (2002) were prepared in a RF magnetron sputter at a pressure of less than $2 \times 10^{-6}$ Torr. The LiCoO$_2$ sputter target was prepared by uniaxially pressing LiCoO$_2$ powder mixed with 5 wt% ethylene–propylene–diene monomer binder and sintering at 800 °C for 1 h. The Li$_3$PO$_4$ target was prepared by uniaxially pressing calcined Li$_3$PO$_4$ powder without binder and sintering at 850 °C for 1 h. The sputtered films had a thickness of 500-2000 nm.
188.8.131.52 Pulsed Laser Deposition
Pulsed laser deposition uses a pulsed laser beam to carry out a process of ablation in order to deposit materials as thin films. Generally, a high vacuum is necessary for operation. Pulses of focused laser light transform the target material directly from solid to plasma; the resulting plume of plasma is thrown perpendicularly away from the surface by thermal expansion. As expansion cools the plume, it will revert to a gas, but sufficiently high vacuum will allow momentum to carry this gas to the substrate, where it condenses to a solid state (Cheung 1994).
This technique has been adopted to make microscopic electrodes for lithium batteries (e.g. Striebel et al. 1996, Perkins et al. 2001, Song et al. 2004). Striebel et al. (1996) documented the preparation of thin films of LiMn$_2$O$_4$ and LiCoO$_2$ with pulsed laser deposition onto stainless steel substrates. Film deposition was carried out in the presence of 100 mTorr O$_2$ with 400 mJ pulses at 5 Hz for 15 to 60 min. These films have thicknesses from 0.2 to 1.5 µm and are crystalline without postdeposition annealing. Film capacity densities as high as 56 and 62 µAh/cm$^2$-µm were measured for LiMn$_2$O$_4$ and LiCoO$_2$, respectively. Some of the films were cycled electrochemically for up to 300 cycles against lithium metal in 1 M LiClO$_4$/ PC electrolyte, with the highest demonstrated power being 330 µW/cm$^2$ (Striebel et al. 1996).
184.108.40.206 Spin Coating
In a spin coating process, the materials to be coated are in the forms of a viscous solution. In the coating process, a small amount of the solution is dispensed onto the center of the substrate; then the substrate spins at a desired speed, at the same time the solution spreads over and uniformly coats the surface of the substrate.
Spin coating has been adopted to prepare thin-film electrodes (e.g. Fonseca and Neves 2004, Lei et al. 2005). Fonseca and Neves (2004) showed a spin coating process to prepare a composite
thin-film cathode. The solution they used was 95 wt% LiMn$_2$O$_4$ powder with 5 wt% PVDF in $N,N$-dimethyl acetamide. The solution was spin coated at 5000 rpm for 5 seconds on glass plates coated with a thin film indium-tin oxide. The obtained capacity of 10 $\mu$A/cm$^2$ and a cut-off voltage of 2.8 V was 138 mAh/g (Fonseca and Neves 2004). The corresponding power was 28 $\mu$W/cm$^2$.
### 2.4.2 COMPOSITE FILM COATINGS
The coating methods adopted in battery industries for composite electrode are generally film lamination using roll coating techniques; in laboratory studies, usually doctor-blade casting is used to produce composite films. Several other techniques, including screen printing and electrophoretic deposition, have been shown in published studies to produce composite electrodes of smaller areas.
#### 220.127.116.11 Lamination
Industrial fabrication emphasizes continuous production; therefore, roll coating lamination is well suited for this purpose. This process features a continuous process of dispensing composite pastes onto moving current collector foil (driven by rollers), and a blade is used to control the film thickness (e.g. Xing and Smith 2002). Generally, double roller calenders located downstream of the blade compresses the electrode film after it has dried.
Doctor blade casting has been used in laboratories to make composite electrodes for research (e.g. Zaghib et al. 2004, Holladay 2000, Jarman 2000, Lin and Harb 2004). In this process, composite slurries are applied and spread onto a substrate, then a doctor blade is manually moved over the slurries multiple times to produce a uniform film of desired thickness. This
process is well suited for electrode productions where small quantities are typical. Composite electrodes of various chemistries and compositions were built using this technique (e.g. Zaghib et al. 2004, Holladay 2000, Jarman 2000).
The lamination processes appears to be suitable for producing unpatterned large composite electrodes (above 1 cm$^2$). The doctor blade casting will be suitable to studies of investigating electrode chemistries and compositions using cm$^2$ scale batteries; however, since the electrode area of the proposed microbattery will be about 0.1 cm$^2$ and will most likely require patterning, this technique is not suitable for micro-sized electrode fabrication.
### 18.104.22.168 Screen Printing
Screen printing, also called silk screening, is a technique that coats and patterns simultaneously and is used to create thick-films of non-photo definable slurry materials. In this process, a mask with openings is used, which contacts the substrate during printing. One way of silk screening is to use a squeegee to push the slurry materials into the openings. When the mask leaves the substrate, patterned slurry is left on the substrate, which is then hardened by a drying or sintering process.
The minimum feature size in screen printing is about 100 µm (Madou 1997), which is adequate for the proposed microbattery (electrode size is on the order of millimeters). Furthermore, the composite slurries in composite electrode preparations appear to be of similar viscosity of those used in screen printing, making them potentially suitable for screen printing.
This printing technology greatly facilitates changes in shape, size, and thickness of the electrodes and has been extensively used in hybrid electronics (Ghiurcan et al. 2003). Although its use has not been reported in preparations for composite electrodes for lithium batteries, it has been explored in fabrication of thick-film Zinc-alkaline microbatteries (Ghiurcan et al. 2003). In
that study, screen printed silver ink (dry thickness of 11-15 µm) on alumina substrates served as current collectors. Both electrodes were printed using a 50 µm thick stainless steel stencil in a pattern of 1 x 1 cm². The thickness of the printed electrode layers varied between 100 and 200 µm depending on ink preparation and number of repeated printings. The thick-film inks consisted of the required active material, binder and solvent, forming a homogeneous mixture with printable properties. Zinc-manganese dioxide cells were prepared with this process and demonstrated cycle life of about 50 cycles at 1 mA/cm² (Ghiurcan et al. 2003). This study pointed out that the preparation of printable inks was a key issue in this silk printing process. A deficiency of these batteries was that a proper package was lacking, which led to problems of electrolyte leakage.
22.214.171.124 Laser Direct Writing
It was recently reported that the Naval Research Laboratory developed a unique process for thick-film Li-ion microbattery fabrication (Stux et al. 2004, Wartena et al. 2004). It was called “laser direct writing”, which uses a laser source to accomplish the tasks of patterning and depositing electrode materials. The key features of this technique are coating a ribbon from an ink comprising active materials, carbon additives, binder and an organic liquid onto a UV-transparent plate and then laser-forward transferring the electrode materials from the ribbon to the current collector in a succession of droplets (Wartena et al. 2004).
Electrodes of 40–60 µm thick with 4 mm x 4 mm footprints were fabricated using laser direct writing and the battery containing a liquid electrolyte was packaged in a glass material (Wathena et al. 2004). Both half cells and packaged microbatteries demonstrated capacities of approximately 155 µAh (1.67 J) or 100 mAh/(g LiCoO₂). The study represents a viable microfabrication method for lithium-ion batteries, with the electrodes of similar footprints to our proposed microbattery; however, the demonstrated power density of batteries fabricated by this
method was only 2.4 mW/cm² (corresponding to 0.8 mA/cm² with a cut-off voltage of 3.0 V, see Wathena et al. 2004), which was too low to meet the power requirements of this study.
126.96.36.199 Electrophoretic Deposition
Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is a technique to deposit particles onto a substrate. The EPD proceeds via three processes, which are particle charging, particle transport in an electric field, and deposition of particles with neutralization (Kanamura et al. 2000).
EPD processes can be used to deposit particulate mixtures (Kanamura et al. 2000, Lee et al. 2005). Kanamura et al. (2000) described an EPD process to deposit LiCoO₂ or LiMn₂O₄ composite electrodes. The solution was a suspension of active material particles, ketjen black and polytetrafluoroethylene in acetone. A small amount of iodine was used as a charge producer. A high DC voltage was applied to the suspension solution to create an electric field (100 V/cm for LiCoO₂ and 400 V/cm for LiMn₂O₄), which caused the charged particles to move and deposit onto substrates. The active material loadings were controlled at 10 mg/cm². The published data showed 0.5 C-rate discharge capacities of the LiCoO₂ and LiMn₂O₄ as 140 and 110 mAh/g (Kanamura et al. 2000), respectively, which were comparable to the electrodes fabricated in laminated processes. The power capabilities of these electrodes were unclear from the above paper.
2.4.3 SEALING
Sealing liquid on silicon-based micro devices is problematic (Humble 2002). However, liquid electrolytes may be desired in the proposed microbattery to achieve high power
performance. Therefore, it is essential to implement liquid sealing with some techniques that will be compatible to the microbattery fabrication.
Polymer substrate seems to be a promising solution. In recent years polymer-based electronics have attracted much attention (Fix et al. 2002, Drury et al. 1998, Gelinck et al. 2000, Chen 2002). Based on their low cost, physical flexibility, solubility, sufficiently high dielectric constant, polymer materials have been investigated as the substrate and functional materials for low-cost and low-end IC devices.
These polymer-based electronics generally used standard IC techniques, with necessary modifications to address the properties of polymer materials. For example, in the all polymer ICs developed by Drury et al. 1998, the conducting pattern was created by deep ultraviolet radiation of doped polyaniline (PAN) conducting films. Upon exposure, the conducting polyaniline is reduced to the nonconducting leucoemeraldine form, with corresponding sheet resistance increases from $1 \text{ k}\Omega/\text{square}$ to more than $10^{14} \text{ }\Omega/\text{square}$. As a result, conducting tracks are embedded in an otherwise insulating matrix. No chemical etching was involved and no planarization steps were required; hence the cost was greatly reduced. The conducting PAN Transistors with channel lengths down to $1 \mu\text{m}$ have been fabricated.
One unique process used in the polymer IC fabrication is ultrasonic bonding (welding) (Devine 2001). This process uses ultrasonic vibrational energy to cause the plastic at the joining interface of the plastic parts to soften and create a bond. It can be used to bond metal and thermoplastic materials, to join plastic parts, to degate plastic parts and to cut and seal films. Heating is confined to the interface area so the other parts of the plastic are not exposed to extensive heating. This feature makes ultrasonic bonding an attractive sealing technique for a microbattery containing liquid electrolyte and using thermoplastic as substrates.
In a summary, various techniques have been applied to fabricate thin-film and composite electrodes. Sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, spin coating and similar techniques are unlikely to produce films to the thickness desired in this study (~100 μm), and will not be adopted as electrode film fabrication method. In contrast, composite film coating techniques, especially screen printing, can produce the electrode film of the desired thickness. Furthermore, screen printing produces patterned films with composite slurry similar to those used in composite electrode laminations. These features of screen printing make it an attractive method to prepare the electrode films for the proposed microbattery. Polymer substrate and ultrasonic bonding seem to provide a feasible method to seal liquid electrolyte in microbatteries.
2.5 SUMMARY
Based on performance comparisons between the two types of electrode structures, the composite electrode is preferred as the electrode structure for the proposed high power microbattery. However, performance and fabrication issues remain as obstacles to the implementation of the composite microbattery.
Large size composite batteries use CB or similar graphite materials as conductive additives, and require compression to achieve optimal performance; composite electrodes using fibrous conductive additives show better performance than those using CB particles. It is thought that fibrous conductive materials will construct a better conductive network, which can reduce or eliminate the pressure dependence of the electrode performance.
A fabrication route is needed to build composite microbatteries. Screen printing appears to be a relatively simple technique that is capable of producing thick composite films for the
proposed microbattery. Polymer IC techniques seem to be a good candidate for sealing liquid electrolyte in the microbattery.
The primary objective of this study was to develop a high power lithium-ion microbattery suitable for use in a hybrid power system for remote sensor applications. Such a task should be achieved based on an understanding of factors that limit power in composite batteries, and the development of strategies to overcome those limitations and improve power performance. The development of this understanding and the corresponding strategies was the second objective of this study. The third objective was to develop a feasible fabrication route, using microfabrication techniques, to produce microbatteries with the desired performance characteristics. Achieving these objectives would create a high power lithium-ion composite microbattery needed for practical applications, contribute to the fundamental understanding of electrode processes, and develop a new method of microbattery fabrication.
CHAPTER 3: EXPERIMENTAL APPARATUS AND PROCEDURE
The electrodes and batteries in this study can be divided into two groups according to their size. The “large” or “macro” electrodes refer to those with an effective area of c.a. 2 cm x 2 cm, and “micro” electrodes refer to those with sub-cm$^2$ area (the target area of micro electrodes being no greater than 0.1 cm$^2$). The latter was the immediate subject of this study, and the former was used to seek an optimal composition and structure of electrodes to achieve the power performance desired in micro-sized batteries.
Therefore, the first part of this chapter describes the experimental equipment and procedures used to fabricate large composite electrodes and batteries. The second part describes applicable integrated circuit (IC) microfabrication equipment and procedures; microbattery fabrication will be detailed in the Results chapter as it represents a part of the experimental results of this study. The last part of this chapter describes the electrochemical and other testing equipment used in this study.
3.1 LARGE ELECTRODE AND BATTERY FABRICATION
Large electrodes were fabricated at room temperature and pressure (22 °C and 640 mmHg, respectively), unless otherwise specified. Most large composite electrodes in this study contain active material, polymer binder, and conductive fillers. The cathodes were named after the amount and the type of conductive fillers in the electrodes, as these were two important variables of interest. For example, the cathodes containing 12 wt% CB were labeled as 12 wt% CB-cathodes.
and the cathodes containing 7 wt% single-walled carbon nanotubes were labeled as 7 wt% CNT-cathodes. Both the type and the amount of electrode materials used in this study are listed in Table 3.1:
Table 3.1 Electrode materials and contents
| Component | Cathode Material | Cathode wt% | Anode Material | Anode wt% |
|--------------------|------------------|-------------|----------------|-----------|
| Active Material | LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ | 70-97.4 | MCMB | 90 |
| Polymer Binder | PVDF | 2.6-15 | PVDF | 5 |
| Conductive filler | CB | 0-15 | Super P | 5 |
| | SWNT | 0-15 | | |
Sources:
LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$: Noddapaneni and Ingersoll (1996)
PVDF: poly (vinylidene fluoride) 741 Kynar Corp.
CB: XC-72R carbon black, Cabot Corp
SWNT: single-walled carbon nanotubes, Carbolex AP-grade.
MCMB: synthetic graphite, grade 628, Osaka Gas Chemical Co., Japan
Super P carbon black: MMM N. V., Belgium
3.1.1 COMPOSITE ELECTRODE FABRICATION
Active material for composite cathodes, Al-doped lithium manganese oxide (LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$), was dried at 300 °C under vacuum for 8 hours and then manually sieved using a 400 mesh sieve (38 µm opening) to remove the particles larger than 38 µm in diameter that might promote shorting. Other materials were used as received.
A coulter counter particle size analyzer (Beckman Coulter, California) was used to determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of the cathode active materials. Two different batches of active materials were received and used before and since January 2002, and a significant difference existed between the two PSD’s as shown in Fig 3.1. The first batch had two prominent peaks in the PSD curve at about 2.22 µm and 12.4 µm, respectively; the second batch had only one prominent peak in its PSD curve at about 3.07 µm.
The electrode fabrication began by first dissolving PVDF powder in $n$-methyl pyrrolidone solvent (NMP, 99+ % ACS, Aldrich) at 60 °C to make a polymer binder solution. The conductive filler and active material were mixed by a spatula manually, and then poured into the binder solution. This mixture was stirred vigorously with a spatula and then by an ultrasonic probe (4710 series, Ultrasonics Homogenizer, Cole Palmer Instrument Co., Chicago, IL) to form a uniform composite slurry. The composite slurry was then spread onto a smooth current collector (aluminum foil for cathodes and Cu foil for anodes; both from Alfa Aesar, 25 µm thick, 99.45 % and 99.8 %, metal basis, respectively). A casting blade (BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, MD) was used to control thickness of the composite film. It was drawn multiple times across the slurry until a uniform film had formed at a designated film thickness (Fig. 3.2). The composite film was dried overnight in a vacuum oven (Napco 5851) at 100 °C to remove the solvent.
After drying, individual cathodes were cut from the dried film using a template. The template for composite electrodes is shown in Fig. 3.3, which is a c.a. 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm square (the effective electrode area) with a stem of 0.5 cm x 3.0 cm (for electrical connections). The individual electrodes cut from the composite film were completely covered with composite material on the square area; in this process, the stems were partially covered with the composite, which was
carefully removed with a razor blade. Photographs of a composite cathode and a composite anode are shown in Fig. 3.4.
**Figure 3.2** Composite film making with a casting blade
**Figure 3.3** Electrode template and individual electrodes cut from the dried composite film
After drying, individual cathodes were cut from the dried film using a template. The template for composite electrodes is shown in Fig. 3.3, which is a c.a. $2.0 \text{ cm} \times 2.0 \text{ cm}$ square (the effective electrode area) with a stem of $0.5 \text{ cm} \times 3.0 \text{ cm}$ (for electrical connections). The individual
electrodes cut from the composite film were completely covered with composite material on the square area; in this process, the stems were partially covered with the composite, which was carefully removed with a razor blade. Photographs of a composite cathode and a composite anode are shown in Fig. 3.4.
**Figure 3.4** Individual large composite electrodes (cathode: left; anode: right)
### 3.1.2 LITHIUM METAL ELECTRODES
Lithium metal electrodes were used as counter electrodes in half-cell tests of composite electrodes to investigate the performance of the composite electrodes. The lithium was stored and used in an argon filled glovebox (H$_2$O < 1 ppm, O$_2$ < 1 ppm; He-243-2 or OMNI-LAB, Vacuum Atmospheres Corp., CA) to prevent degradation due to exposure to moisture and oxygen.
The current collector for the lithium electrode was Cu foil, cut into shapes similar to the composite electrodes, except that the size of the squares was c.a. 2.2 cm x 2.2 cm (slightly larger than that of composite electrodes). These current collectors were cut outside the glovebox for convenience. Lithium ribbon (99.8% metal basis, 0.38 mm thick x 2.5 cm wide, Johnson Matthey
Co.) was cut into squares of 2.2 cm x 2.2 cm. A piece of lithium square was stacked on top of a piece of current collector, and the stack was then placed between two steel plates and pressed with a hydraulic jack (B008NC, Prolift). Note that polypropylene films were used to separate the lithium electrode stack from the steel plates to prevent metallic contamination of the electrodes (Fig. 3.5).
### 3.1.3 CELL ASSEMBLY
All the cells in this study were assembled in the glovebox. The composite electrodes were prepared following the procedure outlined in Section 3.1.1 and measurements were taken on their thickness and mass. Porous polypropylene separator films (Celgard® 2400 or 2325, Celgard LLC., North Carolina) were cut into c.a. 2.5 cm x 2.5 cm squares. Heat sealable polymer films (Class PPD Shield Pack Inc., CA) were cut into 10 cm x 6 cm rectangular shapes. All of these preparations took place outside the glovebox and the materials were transferred into the glovebox for assembly.
A template was used in the assembly procedure to align the electrodes and separator paper (Fig. 3.6). The first electrode was placed in the template, with the composite film facing up; pre-cut separator films were placed in the template, covering the first electrode; then the second electrode was placed on the separator, with the electrode side facing toward the first electrode (Fig. 3.6). The cell sandwich was placed into a rectangular pouch (Fig. 3.7), which consisted of...
two pieces of heat sealable polymer films with two adjacent sides were already sealed with an electric heat sealer (Impulse Sealer Tish 200, Electronic Heating Equipment Co.). Both electrode stems extended from the same side of the package, which was then sealed with the heat sealer. About 1.0 ml of 1.0 M LiPF$_6$ / (EC:DEC) electrolyte (LithDyne Elyte, LithChem International, California) was added into the pouch, and then the last side of the pouch was sealed. By this point the cell was completely sealed and was taken out of the glovebox for electrochemical tests.
3.2 MICROFABRICATION EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
Microfabrication was selected for fabrication of thick-film microbatteries, based on its potential advantage over traditional techniques to improve cell volume usage and energy density, and allow better integration with micropower systems. High volume and low unit cost of microfabrication were among other considerations as well. A variety of equipment and processes are available at the Integrated Microfabrication Lab (IML) at BYU. The equipment used and established procedures are described in this section; the procedures developed in this study will be described in the Results chapter.
3.2.1 EVAPORATION FILM COATING
An Electron-Beam evaporator and a thermal evaporator (Fig. 3.8) were used in this study to coat Al or Cu thin films on substrates as electrode current collectors for the microbattery. In both evaporators the materials to be coated are heated with E-beam or thermal energy in order to evaporate and coat on the target substrates.
Before coating, the chambers of these evaporators are evacuated to a pressure in a range of $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-8}$ Torr to ensure the mean free paths of the evaporated atoms are greater than the
distance between the source material and the target substrates. In both evaporators the source materials can be switched without opening the chamber; therefore, one to three layers of different materials can be deposited sequentially on the substrates in a single run. Both evaporators are equipped with a quartz crystal monitor for the measurement of the film thickness and deposition rate. The typical deposition rate was $\sim 1$ nm/s, and the thickness of the Al and Cu films was about 500 nm. Detailed operating procedures can be found on the IML website (http://www.ece.byu.edu/cleanroom).
 
Figure 3.8 The E-beam evaporator (left) and thermal evaporator (right)
### 3.2.2 SPIN COATING
A Solitec spinner was used in this study to coat a layer of photoresist (PR) onto substrates; then the PR layer will be processed in photolithography to create desired patterns. This spin coater supports substrates of up to 9" in diameter, with rotation speed up to 6000 rpm. The following procedure was used to perform the spin coating process:
a) Mount the substrate on the chuck of the spinner;
b) Apply a puddle (~5 mm in diameter) of resist to the center of the substrate;
c) Turn the speed knob quickly to a desired speed and let the substrate spin for about 1 minute, or until a uniform film is formed;
d) Turn down the speed knob to stop the spinning;
e) Unload the substrate.
3.2.3 PHOTOLITHOGRAPHY
Photolithography was used in this study to transfer the desired patterns from a mask to the substrates. A complete photolithography process included spin-coating PR, exposure, developing and etching. The spin-coating process was described in the previous section, and the other three processes are described in this section.
The positive photoresists used in this study included Shipley 1.8M (Shipley L.L.C., MA), AZ 3312 and AZ 3330 (Clariant Corporation, NJ). These photoresists were used as temporary layers for transferring patterns and did not remain in the electrodes or batteries. Both photoresists were spun as 1-2 μm thick layers on the substrate, and were capable of a line width at least as small as 1 μm.
The negative PR used in this study was the SU-8 25 photosensitive epoxy (MicroChem Inc., Newton, MA). The SU-8 PR was generally spin-coated with a thickness of 25-50 μm. Since it has good chemical resistance after being cured, the SU-8 PR layer was generally used as a permanent structure in microelectronics.
A parallel light mask aligner (PLA-501F, Canon. See Fig. 3.9) was used to expose the PR in this study. This machine allows for the use of 4-5 inch photomasks and can handle 2-5 inch wafers. It is equipped with an auto feeder, allowing hands-off loading and unloading of the
wafer. Both automatic loading and manual loading were used, and the operating procedure can be found on the IML website (http://www.ee.byu.edu/cleanroom). Note that the Canon aligner is equipped with a time counter, which can automatically control the exposure time in the range of 0.1 – 59 seconds. When a longer exposure time was needed (for example, some SU-8 PR films needed an exposure time of 2 mins), a manual exposure mode was used and the exposure duration was monitored with a watch.
Following the exposure, the substrates went through necessary treatments (for example, post-bake for SU-8 PR) and the PR films were developed in proper solutions. The Shipley resist and AZ resists use Shipley MF-26A and AZ300MIF developer solutions, respectively. The developer for the SU-8 PR was MicroChem’s SU-8 developer solution.
After being developed, the positive PR coated substrates were etched to transfer the patterns from the PR to the underneath film, and then the PR layers were removed from the
substrates. The developed SU-8 film, on the other hand, was baked and cured as a structure on the substrate. Detailed information on developing and etching can be found on the IML website.
3.2.4 REACTIVE ION ETCHER
The reactive ion etcher in the IML, Anelva RIE (DEM-451Anelva Corporation), is a parallel plate, 13.56 MHz system used for etching with tetrafluoromethane (CF$_4$) (Fig. 3.10). The system was used in this study primarily for etching of Si$_3$N$_4$ and polymer films. The system generally produces anisotropic etch profiles (straight sidewalls). The specifications and operating procedures can be found on the IML website (http://www.ee.byu.edu/cleanroom).
Figure 3.10 Reactive ion etcher
3.2.5 SCREEN PRINTING
Screen printing was used in this study to coat composite films for micro-sized electrodes. In this process, a mask was first placed on the substrate and a composite paste (made following the procedure outlined in Section 3.1.1) was dispensed on the surface of a mask, close to the
openings. A blade was then drawn across the mask, forcing the paste into the opening (Figure 3.11). Finally, the blade and the mask were removed, leaving the patterned paste on the substrate. The paste was then allowed to settle for about one hour before being dried in a vacuum oven.
**Figure 3.11** A blade drawn across the mask during screen printing (redrawn from Madou 1997)
**Figure 3.12** A screen printing mask (the dimension of the openings is c.a. $2 \times 2$ mm$^2$)
The thickness of the mask was an important factor to the thickness of the dry composite film. Masks of various thicknesses were used in this study. For example, a 200 $\mu$m thick mask
was used to create a composite film of about 80 μm thick. A mask with 2 x 2 mm² openings is shown in Fig. 3.12.
3.3 TESTING EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
The thickness of dried composite films on the current collectors was measured using an electronic digital micrometer (Chicago Brand Industrial Inc., Fremont, CA). The mass of each composite electrode was measured by an electronic balance (Sartorius GMBH Gottingen, Germany), and the mass of the composite material was obtained by subtracting the mass of the current collector. The theoretical capacity of the electrode was then estimated based on the amount of active material and its capacity.
The large cells were generally tested outside the glovebox since packaging polymer films can provide adequate protection against moisture and oxygen. Cells not sealed or not sufficiently sealed, including most microbatteries, were tested inside the glovebox. For the large cells tested with compression, aluminum holders were used to provide uniform pressure, with bolts torqued to 20 inch-lb (Fig. 3.13).
Figure 3.13 A large cell compressed in an aluminum holder
All cells were tested using an Arbin BT2043 battery cycler controlled with Mits’97 software (Arbin, College Station, Texas). The battery tester has an input impedance of 10 GΩ for -12 to 12 V, an accuracy of 0.1 % of full range, a repeatability of 0.02 % of full range, a resolution of 0.0015 % of full range, and a maximum pulse frequency of 400 Hz. The tester has eight independent channels, grouped into odd number channels and even number channels. The odd number channels (channel 1, 3, 5 and 7) are dedicated high current channels, with low current range of (-5 mA, 5 mA), mid current range of (-500 mA, 500 mA) and high current range of (-5 A, 5 A). The even number channels (channel 2, 4, 6 and 8) are dedicated low current channels, with low current range of (-20 μA, 20 μA), mid current range of (-200 μA, 200 μA) and high current range of (-10 mA, 10 mA). The primary testing voltage range of all channels is (-5 V, 10 V).
This study uses “C rate” or “C-rate” to define the amount of current. This is a commonly adopted way to normalize currents among cells of different capacities. 1 C rate corresponds to a current at which a fully charged cell will be completely discharged in 1 hour. An example of Mits’97 test schedule file is included in Appendix A. The general testing procedure for cells is listed as follows, with the voltage limits listed in Table 3.2:
1) Charge at a 0.5 C rate to a preset voltage limit $V_1$;
2) Taper-charge at $V_1$ until current reduces to a 0.2 C rate;
3) Let the cell rest for 5 seconds;
4) Discharge at 0.1 C rate for 20 seconds, then perform 5 pulse discharge cycles to determine the overall internal resistance;
5) Discharge at a designated C rate until the voltage reaches a preset limit of $V_2$;
6) Repeat from step 1 to step 5 for additional cycles.
Note that in the above procedure a taper charging technique was used to charge a cell to its maximum capacity at a designated constant voltage. In the taper charging process, the tester
applies a current to the cell, and measures its voltage response; the magnitude of the current is then adjusted to maintain the cell voltage at the designated value; this adjusting process is continued until the current reduces to a preset lower limit.
Table 3.2 Voltage limits of different cell testing
| | V₁ (Vol) | V₂ (Vol) |
|----------------|----------|----------|
| Cathode | 4.3 | 3.3 |
| Anode | 0.05 | 1.5 |
| Composite | 4.1 | 2.8 |
Step 4 in the above procedure used a pulse discharge technique to determine the internal resistance of the cell. For the macro-sized cells the current was set at 10 µA for 100 ms and then at 20 µA for 10 ms; the cell voltages were measured at both current densities and the internal resistance was estimated as ΔV/ΔI. For cells with smaller electrodes lower current densities were used.
CHAPTER 4: DEVELOPMENT OF A HIGH POWER THICK-FILM CATHODE
As discussed in Chapter 2, this study focused on improving the performance of composite cathodes to achieve a high power lithium-ion microbattery. Large size electrodes were used to develop a high power composite cathode, and the results are presented in this chapter. First, the power performance of CB-cathodes was examined, which did not meet the requirements for the proposed microbattery. Then SWNT was investigated as the conductive additive in uncompressed cathodes. The SWNT-cathodes showed significant improvement in the desired performance aspects, and the optimized cathodes showed a power capability exceeding the microbatteries requirement.
4.1 CB-CATHODES
Mandal et al. (2001) and Lazarraga et al. (2003) showed that the low-rate discharge capacity of LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathodes depended strongly on the carbon black content, and a CB volume fraction greater than 10-15% was required to ensure the delivery of a high percentage of theoretical capacity. Note that those tests were carried out on compressed cathodes, and the results reflected the effect of compression. It should be also noted that high rate discharge tests were not performed in these studies.
In this study, the composite cathodes were fabricated following the procedures listed in Chapter 3, and contained 90 wt% LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$, 2.5 wt% PVdF, and 7.5 wt% CB. The electrodes
had an area of c.a. 4 cm$^2$, a film thickness of 40-50 µm (before being compressed) and theoretical capacity of 0.4-0.5 mAh/cm$^2$. These CB-cathodes were tested against Li metal anodes.
The compressed CB-cathodes showed good cycling performance. As shown in Fig. 4.1, a compressed 7 wt% CB-cathode had a capacity fade rate of only 0.07 %/cycle, which was higher but still comparable to the fade rate of 0.04 %/cycle reported in Linden and Reddy (2001) (cycled at 23 °C at the C/2 rate between 4.3 and 3.5 V). The symbols and line in the plot represent charge and discharge capacities, respectively. Similar legend usage is followed in cycling plots in this dissertation, unless otherwise stated.
**Figure 4.1** 0.5 C rate cycling performance of a compressed 7 wt% CB-cathode
(symbols: charge capacity; line: discharge capacity)
The power performance of a compressed CB-cathode is shown in Fig. 4.2. This cathode delivered significant fractions of its theoretical capacity (which was about 0.50 mAh/cm$^2$ as indicated by the 0.1 C discharge capacity) at 0.5 C and 3.0 C rates; the fraction dropped to about 13 % at a 10 C rate. As the data indicated, these compressed CB-cathodes could not provide sufficient power to the proposed microbattery. For example, the 10 C rate in Fig. 4.2
corresponded to a power density of $\sim 16.5$ mW/cm$^2$ (with capacity of only 0.065 mAh/cm$^2$ delivered), which was only about 30% of that required by the proposed microbattery.
Figure 4.2 Discharge capacities of a compressed 7 wt% CB-cathode at different rates
Figure 4.3 0.5 C rate cycling performance of an uncompressed 7 wt% CB-cathode (symbols: charge capacity; line: discharge capacity)
As discussed previously, it was desired to avoid compression for the proposed high power microbattery in this study. Therefore, the cycling and power performance of the uncompressed CB-cathodes was investigated. The cycling performance of an uncompressed CB-cathode at a 0.5 C-rate is shown in Fig. 4.3. It can be clearly seen that the uncompressed CB-cathode had a high capacity fade rate, with less than 50% of the starting capacity delivered at cycle 35. Obviously such a cycling performance would not be acceptable for the proposed microbattery.
Higher rate discharge tests were also performed on these uncompressed CB-cathodes, as shown in Fig. 4.4. It was found that this cathode delivered about 0.50 mAh/cm² at a 0.1 C rate, and only ~0.02 mAh/cm² at a 1.5 C rate (which corresponded to a power density less than 2.5 mW/cm²). Such a poor power performance was obviously far from sufficient for the proposed microbattery.
**Figure 4.4** Discharge capacities of an uncompressed 7 wt% CB-cathode at different rates
Internal resistance is a sum of resistances in a cell that inhibits the electron and ion transport and causes potential drop. In this study, the internal resistance was measured with a pulse discharge technique as described in Chapter 3. The result in Fig. 4.5 shows a strong impact of
compression to the internal resistance of the CB-cathodes. The internal resistance of the compressed cathodes was significantly lower than that of the uncompressed counterparts, with the difference frequently being an order of magnitude or higher. From the differences in performance due to compression, it was concluded that compression reduced the internal resistance and improved the cycling and power performance of the CB-cathodes. Figure 4.5 also shows the impact of CB content on the internal resistance. It can be seen that without the CB additive, the cathodes had a very high internal resistance; with additional carbon black, the internal resistance of the composite cathodes decreased 1-3 orders of magnitude depending on CB content.
**Figure 4.5** The internal resistances of CB-cathodes (~40 μm thick) for various CB loadings
The electrical resistance was measured between the current collector and Al foil attached on the composite films (which was applied before the films were dried). The film resistivities were calculated by normalizing the measured resistance with contact area and film thickness. Fig. 4.6 shows that the film electrical resistivity decreased with increasing CB content, which is consistent...
with the observation of electrical resistivities made by Lazarraga et al. (2003). Without the CB additive the electrical resistance of cathodes is dominated by the highly resistive active material. As the electrical conductivity of carbon black is about 5 orders of magnitude higher than that of the active material, the electrical resistance of the cathodes with carbon black would be generally determined by the conductivity and content of carbon black. Fig. 4.6 shows that the change in the film electrical resistivity relative to CB content was very similar to that of the internal resistance shown in Fig. 4.5. This observation indicated that the resistance of these CB-cathodes was dominated by electrical resistance. As a similar impact of compression is seen on both film electrical resistivity and internal resistance, it was concluded that compression reduced the internal resistance by decreasing the electrical resistance in the CB-cathode.
Figure 4.6 The film electrical resistivity of CB-cathodes
The above experiments verified that the compression plays a significant role in the CB-cathodes, without which the performance of these cathodes is highly compromised. Since applying compression to the microbattery significantly complicates the fabrication, CB-cathodes are not the ideal choice for the proposed microbattery, particularly because the uncompressed CB-cathodes would not meet the cycling and power requirements of the proposed microbattery. Therefore, a cathode with better cycling and power performance was sought.
4.2 CNT-CATHODES
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered in 1991 by S. Iijima (1991). There are two types of CNTs, single walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs or SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), which can be viewed as a carbon sheet of a hexagonal lattice rolled into a hollow cylinder and concentric graphite cylinders, respectively. The unique morphology and electrical conductivity of SWNTs are of special interest to this study. SWNTs have average diameter of 1.2-1.4 nm (Spires and Brown 1996), with typical length of a few μms. As grown SWNTs are mixtures of metallic and semiconductive tubes, and the conductivity of a naturally grouped bundle of SWNTs was measured to be ~$10^4$ S/cm (Thess et al. 1996).
The ultra-high aspect ratio and the outstanding electrical conductivity of SWNTs should make the electron conduction along a carbon nanotube superior to that along an equivalent path of CB particles, which consists of numerous contacts between different particles. The improved electron conduction of SWNTs should not depend on electrode compression as much as CB particles, and should have a significant impact on the power performance of the composite cathode. The latter point was supported by Sakamoto and Dunn (2002), who showed that using SWNTs instead of CB particles increased the active material accessibility at high rates. Therefore,
SWNTs appeared to be a good candidate for a conductive additive to obtain a high-power cathode that would be suitable for the proposed microbattery.
In this chapter CNT-cathode performance, including cycling tests and power tests, are reported. Fabrication parameters, including the CNT mass fraction and the electrode thickness, were optimized to maximize the power performance of the CNT-cathodes. The performance of the CNT-cathodes was evaluated for the proposed microbattery and found to exceed the requirements.
4.2.1 MORPHOLOGY AND MICROSTRUCTURE
The SWNTs tested in the composite cathodes were “as prepared” grade SWNTs from Carbox Inc. (Broomall, PA). According to the manufacturer’s data, these SWNTs have an average diameter of 1.4 nm and length of 2-3 μm, are generally found in “ropes” of about 50 tubes which are typically ~20 nm in diameter and 2-5 microns in length. The volume fraction of SWNTs was about 50-70 %. Impurities include approximately 35 wt% residual catalyst (Ni, Y) which is usually encapsulated in carbon shells. Some amorphous carbon may be present on the outer surfaces of the ropes.
The composite LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ cathodes using SWNTs as the conductive additive were fabricated following the procedure listed in Chapter 3. They were then assembled with Li counter electrodes and tested. These CNT-cathodes visually appeared the same as CB-cathodes to the naked eye. However, surface SEM (scanning electron microscope) images revealed a distinct difference between the microstructures of these two types of composite cathodes. As shown in Fig. 4.7, the image of the CNT cathode showed needle-like structures associated with the SWNTs, which are the “ropes” of SWNT bundles that were not present in the CB cathode.
These structures are believed to contribute to the establishment of electrical contact through the electrode.
Figure 4.7 SEM images of a CNT-cathode (top) and a CB-cathode (bottom)
An experiment was performed to examine the contribution of CNTs and any impurities associated with the nanotubes to the electrochemical capacity of the CNT-cathodes. The electrodes were fabricated with SWNT, polymer binder, and no active material, and tested against Li electrode in the same voltage range as the CNT-cathodes containing active materials.
The capacity was found to be less than 1.5% of the capacity of a CNT-cathode containing active materials. For comparison, the CB contributed to about 1.1% of the capacity of a CB-cathode. Therefore, it was concluded that the involvement of CNTs in the electrochemical reaction was negligible. The primary function CNTs in the cathodes was most likely increasing electronic access to the active material.
The internal resistances of CNT- and CB-cathodes are shown in Fig. 4.8, which is a summary of data from cathodes with 7 wt% conductive additive. It is once again evident that compression dramatically reduced the internal resistance in CB-cathodes, which was expected as the compression enhanced the contacts between CB particles. It is also evident that uncompressed CNT-cathodes had a significantly lower internal resistance than the compressed CB-cathodes. CNT-cathodes containing the same weight fraction of conductive filler had an internal resistance that was approximately one-sixth of that of the compressed CB-cathodes with the same carbon weight fraction. The lower resistance of the CNT-cathodes is expected to improve the cathode performance, especially at high discharge rates.
Figure 4.8 Comparison of the measured internal resistances of CB-cathodes and CNT-cathodes
In order to understand the source of the large difference between the measured resistances of the CNT and CB cathodes, it is useful to examine the differences in the conduction paths formed by CB particles and SWNTs additives. To be useful, a conductive additive must provide a conduction path from the current collector to the active material through the thickness of the electrode. For illustration purposes, let us assume an electrode thickness of 25 μm. Carbon black CB particles are nearly spherical and have an average diameter of ~30 nm. Many hundreds of CB particles would be required to create a conductive path that would span the electrode thickness. The principal resistance in such a system is likely to be the many particle-to-particle contacts. In contrast, the carbon nanotubes used in the present study had an average length of ~3 μm. The number of nanotubes required to span the electrode would be one to two orders of magnitude fewer than CB particles, with correspondingly fewer particle-to-particle contacts. Thus, the electronic resistance of electrodes containing CNTs is expected to be much lower.
4.2.2 PERFORMANCE OF CNT-CATHODES
188.8.131.52 Long-Term Cycling Performance
Figure 4.9 compares the cycling performance of CNT-cathodes and CB-cathodes at 0.5 C rates. The ordinate represents the fraction of theoretical capacity that was observed. As explained in Section 4.1, electrode compression had a significant impact on the performance of CB cathodes. In particular, uncompressed CB cathodes performed very poorly, dropping to ~35% of the expected capacity after only 40 cycles. The capacity of compressed CB cathodes remained relatively constant with cycling at ~85% of the expected capacity. In contrast, the observed cycling behavior of the uncompressed CNT-cathode was very similar to that of the
compressed CB-cathode, indicating the capacity retaining capability of uncompressed CNT-cathodes was comparable to that of the compressed CB-cathodes.
Figure 4.9 0.5 C-rate cycling performance of cathodes containing 7 wt% carbon (~40 μm thick, symbols: charge capacity; line: discharge capacity)
Charge/discharge curves for the above cathodes are shown in Fig. 4.10. The dramatic difference due to compression in CB cathodes is evident from these curves. The voltage profile curves of the uncompressed CNT cathode were similar to those of the compressed CB-cathode, except the observed capacity (normalized) was slightly lower.
The most significant result shown in Fig. 4.9 and 4.10 is that the cycling behavior of an uncompressed CNT cathode was similar to that of a compressed CB cathode. In other words, compression does not seem to be required to improve the performance of CNT-cathodes. In fact, it was experimentally verified that compression did not improve the power performance of CNT-cathodes (see Fig. 4.11). Consequently, use of carbon nanotubes eliminates the need to compress thick-film microelectrodes, greatly simplifying the fabrication procedure.
Figure 4.10 Charge/discharge voltage profiles (0.5 C rate, Cycle 6) for electrodes shown in Fig. 4.8
Figure 4.11 Power performance comparison of a CNT-cathode (15 wt% SWNT, 85 μm thick) tested under pressure or without pressure
Figure 4.12 shows cycling data for CNT cathodes without compression. The 12 wt% CNT cathode shown Fig. 4.12(a) demonstrated over 350 cycles at accelerated cycling (2 C charge/ 5 C discharge). The fluctuations observed in Fig. 4.12 were associated with a combination of abbreviated cell conditioning and high rate cycling. Cells with standard conditioning cycles did
not show such fluctuations. Unfortunately, the cells that were more properly conditioned were not cycled for as long as the cell shown in Fig. 4.12. The cathode shown retained over 80% of its starting capacity at cycle 350 with this 5 C rate cycling.
Figure 4.12 Cycling performance of CNT-cathodes (a: 12 wt% SWNT, 95 μm thick, 2 C charge/5 C discharge; b: 15 wt% SWNT, 66 μm thick, 0.5 C charge/0.5 C discharge; symbols: charge capacity; line: discharge capacity)
The 15 wt% CNT cathode in shown in Fig. 4.12(b) demonstrated a stable 0.5 C rate cycling performance and retained about 84% of its theoretical capacity after about 200 cycles; the average
capacity fade rate was about 0.084 %/cycle. These observations indicated that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes would have sufficient cycle life expectance for the proposed microbattery.
184.108.40.206 Power Performance
Figure 4.13 shows the power performance of an uncompressed 7 wt% CNT-cathode at various C-rates. Compared with that of an uncompressed CB-cathode (similar electrode thickness and active material loading) shown in Fig. 4.4, the power performance of uncompressed CNT-cathode was substantially better. The uncompressed CB-cathodes performed poorly at the 1.5 C rate; even the compressed CB-cathode (shown in Fig. 4.2) only delivered about 13 % of its theoretical capacity at the 10 C rate. However, the uncompressed CNT-cathode delivered over 50 % of its theoretical capacity at a 10 C rate, and delivered ~18 % of its theoretical capacity at a 20 C rate. Note that the 20 C rate corresponded to a current density of 9.5 mA/cm² (31.3 mW/cm²), which was over 60 % of the required power capability and demonstrated the potential of meeting the requirement with CNT-cathodes.
From these comparisons between CNT and CB-cathodes, it was concluded that the power performance of the uncompressed CNT-cathodes was superior to that of CB-cathodes (compressed or uncompressed). Therefore, compression is not needed in CNT-cathodes to achieve the same or better levels of power performance than the compressed CB-cathodes. In other words, the need for compression has been eliminated in composite cathodes by using CNTs to replace CB as the conductive additive. This will greatly facilitate the fabrication of the proposed microbattery.
Based on the above observations on the cycling and power performance of the uncompressed CNT-cathodes, it was expected that CNT-cathodes could potentially meet the requirements of the proposed microbattery. Therefore, efforts were made to optimize the performance of the CNT-cathodes; results are reported in the next section.
4.2.3 OPTIMIZATION OF CNT-CATHODES
It is necessary to maximize both power and capacity per area in order to decrease the battery area needed to meet a given duty cycle. The power and capacity are influenced by both the amount of active material present and the relative accessibility of that material. Important experimental variables that affect the amount and accessibility of the material include the electrode thickness, the weight fraction of conductive filler in the electrode and the weight fraction of polymer binder. The influence of these variables is examined in the sections that follow.
220.127.116.11 Cathode Thickness
Tests on the cathodes of different thicknesses were carried out at various discharge rates. Figure 4.14 shows the comparison of discharge capacity of two cathodes, 46 µm and 85 µm in thickness, at a low and a high discharge rate (0.15 and 10 mA/cm², respectively). In Fig. 4.14(a) the results are compared on the basis of the mass of active material. It can be seen that at the low rates nearly all active material in both cathodes was accessed. However, at the higher discharge rate, a significantly smaller fraction of active material in both cathodes was utilized, especially for the thicker cathode. This observation is consistent with the expectation that it would be more difficult to access the active material when the electrode thickness is increased due to increased ionic transport and electronic resistance. Figure 4.14 (b) compares the results on the basis of electrode area, which is more meaningful from a practical point of view. The thicker cathode (85 µm) delivered much more capacity per electrode area at both the low and high discharge rates, although the incremental improvement of capacity per electrode area decreased with increasing current density.
Note that the capacity improvement observed at the low rate (0.15 mA/cm²) in Fig. 4.14(b) for the thicker electrode was greater than that expected from just the change in thickness. This effect (Table 4.2) is believed to be the result of the casting procedure which tends to decrease the concentration of active particles near the top of the composite electrode. The depleted region represents a smaller fraction of the total electrode thickness as the electrode thickness is increased, resulting in a higher average active particle concentration per volume for the thicker electrodes.
The results in Fig. 4.14 (b) indicate that electrodes should be built thicker to provide improved capacity and power performance. Efforts were made to increase the thickness of cathodes of different compositions beyond the values reported in Fig. 4.14. It was found that electrode films thicker than 100 μm had a tendency to crack. Therefore, 100 μm was set as the maximum electrode thickness for structural stability in this study. There may be techniques to increase the composite film thickness beyond 100 μm; however, these techniques were not pursued in this study as the desired power level for the proposed microbattery was achieved with electrode thickness of about 100 μm.
### 18.104.22.168 CNT Content
Conductive material content is critical to the performance of CNT-cathodes. The addition of CNT facilitates electron conduction, improving the active material accessibility and benefiting high power performance. However, increasing the CNT content also reduces the volume fraction
of active material. If the enhancement of performance due to increased accessibility does not exceed the negative impact of the decreased amount of active material, an increase in the CNT content will result in the degradation of both capacity and power.
Experiments were carried out to assess the effect of changing CNT content on the internal resistance and power performance of the CNT electrodes. During these experiments, the total mass of the composite slurries and the weight fraction of the PVDF binder were kept constant. The weight fraction of the active material was decreased to compensate for increases in that of the CNT in order to keep the mass constant. Cathode thickness was controlled in the range of 85-100 μm.
Figure 4.15 shows the influence of CNT content on the internal resistance. When the CNT content was below 7 wt%, the internal resistance was sensitive to the change in CNT content. A small increase in CNT content resulted in a significant decrease in the internal resistance. Relatively little change in the internal resistance was observed for electrodes with a CNT content greater than ~10 wt%. No tests were carried out on cathodes containing more than 15 wt% CNT since an acceptable composite film could not be fabricated due to structural problems (film quality became unacceptable as the CNT content went beyond 15 wt%). As a result, it is recommended that the CNT content should be maintained in the range of 10-15 wt% for high power applications. Lower CNT levels may be acceptable for low rate applications.
Figure 4.16 shows the power performance of cathodes containing different amounts of CNT. In general, the discharge capacity at low rates decreased and that at high rates increased as the CNT content increased. The decrease in capacity at low current densities (left side of figure) was due to the lower weight fraction of active material present in the electrode as the weight fraction of CNT was increased. Note that the low rate capacity of the 7 wt% CNT-cathode was slightly lower than expected from the change of CNT content as its thickness (85 μm) was smaller than
others (90-95 µm). In contrast, additional CNTs increased the capacity at high current densities due to increased accessibility of the active material. Also, the results show that increasing the CNT content from 12 to 15 wt% did not produce a significant change in performance. Therefore, 12 wt% was considered to be the optimal CNT content in this study.
**Figure 4.15** Internal resistance of CNT-cathodes (~85-100 µm thick)
Fig. 4.16 also shows that the 85 µm thick cathode containing 12 wt% CNT delivered ~0.17 mAh/cm² (energy density ~1.8 J/cm²) at a current density of 17 mA/cm² (56 mW/cm²). This power density exceeded the power density targeted for the proposed microbattery (50 mW/cm²). A somewhat lower capacity of ~0.1 mAh/cm² (energy density ~1.0 J/cm²) was observed at a current density of ~26 mA/cm² (~85 mW/cm²). Finally, a 40 mA/cm² pulse lasting 0.5 s was achieved with a cutoff voltage of ~2.7 V. The power performance of these electrodes was considerably better than the best values reported for thin-film batteries (~30-35 mW/cm² with a capacity of ~0.037 mAh/cm²) (Neudecker et al. 2000).
Figure 4.16 Influence of CNT content on the power performance of cathodes ~90 µm thick
Figure 4.17 Comparison of power performance of 12 wt% composite cathodes (CNT-cathode: 85 µm thick; CB-cathode: 60 µm thick)
Figure 4.17 shows the comparison of the power performance of an uncompressed CNT-cathode and a compressed CB-cathode, each containing 12 wt% conductive additives. Both cathodes had approximately the same theoretical capacity, and showed about the same low rate discharge capacity (CNT cathode: 0.85 mAh/cm²; CB cathode: 0.83 mAh/cm²); however, as the current densities increased, the uncompressed CNT-cathode delivered significantly more
capacity than the compressed CB-cathode. It is very clear from this comparison that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes have superior power performance relative to the compressed CB-cathodes.
22.214.171.124 Other Types Of Nanotubes
In the previous sections it was shown that using SWNTs in composite cathodes significantly improved the performance of composite cathodes. As multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) were readily available in the lab, an experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of using different types of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on the performance of composite cathodes. The most obvious difference between the MWNTs and SWNTs was the size of the tubes. There may also have been differences in the electrical conductivity and level of impurities, but these differences were not addressed in this study.
The MWNTs are 10-40 nm in diameter, and can be thought of as Russian nesting dolls or as multiple SWNTs that fit one inside the other. The electrical properties of MWNTs are not yet fully understood because of the complexity of their structure. The current flows mainly on the outermost shell (probably because of the contact); the conduction showed both quantum (ballistic) and normal (diffusive) characteristics (Forró and Schönenberger 2001). The same article suggested that MWNTs might have lower contact resistances than the SWNTs because of their larger diameter leading to a larger contact area. If this were true in our composite cathodes, it may contribute to a lower internal resistance for the cathodes.
The MWNTs were obtained from two sources, NASA and FLOTU lab (Tsinghua University, Beijing, China). No physical property data for the NASA MWNT were available. The MWNTs from FLOTU lab had an average internal diameter of 7.3 nm, outside diameter of 8-10 nm, and a length >30 μm. The FLOTU MWNTs were fabricated by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of
acetylene on Fe/MgO catalysts at 950 °C (Wang et al. 2003). Both types of MWNTs were used as received.
Composite cathodes containing 12 wt% MWNTs from each source, with dry thicknesses ranging from 40-60 μm, were made and tested against Li electrodes. The performance of the MWNT-cathodes at different current densities was compared to that of SWNT-cathodes as shown in Fig. 4.18. It is evident that these uncompressed MWNT-cathodes performed poorly at high current levels; they delivered virtually no capacity at current levels greater than 5 mA/cm². In contrast, SWNT-cathodes were capable of being discharged at current densities up to about 18 mA/cm². Clearly, the performance of the MWNTs was inferior to that of SWNTs in composite cathodes.
Figure 4.18 Comparison of power performance of cathodes containing 12 wt% different carbon nanotubes (SWNT cathode: 46 μm; Flotu MWNT cathode: 40 μm; NASA MWNT cathode: 61 μm), for comparison, the power performance of a compressed 12 wt% CB-cathode (50 μm) is shown
It was observed that these MWNT-cathodes had much larger internal resistances than the SWNT-cathodes, which explained the difference in their power performance. The internal resistances of MWNT-cathodes (FLOTU) and MWNT-cathodes (NASA) were in the range of 160-480 and 1200-2000 ohm-cm$^2$, respectively, whereas the SWNT-cathodes with similar nanotube content and thickness had internal resistance of only $\sim$28 ohm-cm$^2$.
As revealed by Wang et al. (2003), the MWNTs existed in entangled agglomerates, which were 50-500 µm in length. Even the dispersed MWNTs were longer than 30 µm. The length of the MWNTs was at least 10 times larger than the average particle size of the active material used in cathodes in this study ($\sim$3.0 µm). The MWNTs were too long to mix intimately with the active material particles, leading to a high internal resistance and poor rate performance of MWNT-cathodes. In contrast, the SWNTs used in this study had an average length of $\sim$3 µm, much smaller than that of the MWNTs and similar to the diameter of the active material particles. Therefore, the SWNTs and the active material particles would mix much better than the MWNTs and the active material particles. The mixing was believed to lead to improved contacts and a smaller internal resistance.
Therefore, of the SWNTs and two types of MWNTs tested in this study, the SWNTs are the best choice based on power performance. The MWNT-cathodes did not have a power capability to meet the requirements of the proposed microbattery. Therefore, the SWNTs were selected as the choice of conductive additive for the composite cathodes.
### 126.96.36.199 PVDF Content
The impact of PVDF binder content on the performance of the composite cathodes was evaluated qualitatively. The primary function of PVDF is to bind the discrete particulates into a composite film. Since the electrical resistance of PVDF (volume resistivity of $\sim$1x10$^{15}$ Ω-cm was
assumed in Wang et al. 2004) is much greater than the carbon additive in the cathodes, it is desired to use a minimum amount of PVDF that can maintain the structure stability of the electrodes to minimize its negative effect on the electrode conductivity.
The impact of binder content in the SWNT-cathodes was examined by comparing the performance of two batches of cathodes, containing 2.6 wt% and 6 wt% PVDF respectively. The SWNT content was 12 wt% in both batches, and the active material content was 85.4 wt% and 82 wt%, respectively. The electrode thickness was ~100 μm.
**Figure 4.19** Comparison of power performance of 12 wt% SWNT-cathodes of different PVDF contents
It can be seen from Figure 4.19 that the cathode with 2.6 wt% PVDF showed much better power performance than the one with 6 wt% PVDF. The internal resistance of the cathode with 2.6 wt% PVDF was also smaller than the latter one (about 40 and 50 Ω·cm², respectively). It is most likely that increasing PVDF binder content increased electrical resistance of the composite films, leading to a higher internal resistance and poorer performance. Besides, the higher PVDF
content may also decrease the electrode porosity and decrease the ionic conductivity in the cathode. A calculation showed that increasing PVDF content from 2.6 wt% to 6 wt% would decrease the electrode porosity by about 2 vol%.
For 12 wt% CNT-cathodes about 100 μm thick, efforts were made to lower the PVDF content below 2.6 wt%. However, a good electrode film could not be obtained with less PVDF. Therefore, it was determined that 2.6 wt% was about the minimum practical PVDF content for these films.
4.3 SUMMARY
In this chapter the performance of uncompressed CB-cathodes was examined, and it was found that the power goal for microbatteries could not be met with such electrodes. It was confirmed that compression was critical to obtain good performance from these CB-cathodes. The composite cathodes using SWNTs as conductive additives were found to have acceptable cycling performance and superior power performance than even the compressed CB-cathodes. Hence the need for electrode compression was eliminated, which greatly facilitates the fabrication of the proposed microbattery.
The CNT-cathodes were optimized to achieve maximum power and capacity per area. The optimized cathodes contained 12 wt% SWNT and 2.6 wt% PVDF, with a thickness of about 100 μm. Continuous power and pulse power were demonstrated at ~85 mW/cm² and ~112 mW/cm², respectively, which greatly exceeded the power requirements of the proposed microbattery. Therefore, it is feasible to build a high-power cathode for the microbattery. The remaining tasks are to develop a high-power anode and a microbattery fabrication procedure. These tasks are reported in the following chapters.
CHAPTER 5: MECHANISM OF PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN COMPOSITE CATHODES WITH CARBON NANOTUBES
It was reported in Chapter 4 that the use of SWNTs instead of CB as the conductive filler in composite cathodes had a significant effect on the performance of the composite cathodes: of similar carbon content, the uncompressed SWNT-cathodes showed better discharge power capability than the compressed CB-cathodes of similar film thickness or material loading. The power capability of the optimized uncompressed SWNT-cathodes exceeded the target requirements of the proposed microbattery; therefore, the optimized uncompressed SWNT-cathodes have the potential for use in microbatteries.
As discussed in Chapter 2, the intention of using fibrous SWNTs in composite cathodes was to improve the electronic conductivity of the electrode, and consequently improve the power performance of the cathode. It was shown in Chapter 4 that the internal resistance of the uncompressed SWNT-cathodes was significantly lower, resulting in improved power performance. However, it remained unclear if the SWNTs improve the cathode performance by only improving the electrical conductivity across the composite films, or by also reducing other resistances in the electrodes, since the internal resistance is a sum of different resistances in the composite electrodes.
Therefore, it was necessary to determine the mechanism of how the addition of CNT improved the power performance of composite cathodes. The approach adopted in this study was to analyze the film electrical conductivity data and use a numerical model to determine the major contributions of SWNTs to the reduction of internal resistance. The insight gained from
this investigation will increase our understanding of the factors that limit the performance of composite cathodes, and provide a basis for improvement.
5.1 OVERVIEW
5.1.1 INTERCALATION PROCESS
For simplification, the charge/discharge process can be viewed as a process with two co-current fluxes in the electrodes (Markovsky et al. 1998): electron and lithium ion fluxes. The discharge process in a porous CNT-cathode is shown schematically in Fig. 5.1. The electrons flow from the current collector to the surface of the cathode material via the contacts between the current collector and the conductive network, the conductive network, and the contacts between the conductive network and the active material. The lithium ions transport through the electrolyte rather than the conductive network in order to reach the active material particles. Charge transfer occurs and lithium is inserted into the active cathodic material during discharge.
The rate performance of a lithium-ion battery/electrode depends on the factors that affect one or more steps in the above ionic and electronic processes. The ionic transport properties describe the mobility of lithium ions in composite electrodes. The electrical accessibility (resistance) of an active material particle should be defined as the sum of the conductive network resistance from the location of the particle to the current collector, and includes the electrical contact resistance between the particle and the network. The electrical conductivity of the composite film, directly measurable with various techniques, is determined by the network formed by the conductive filler percolating the film from the current collector to the surface. The significance of electrical contact resistance between the conductive network and the electrode material (also called interparticle contact) was pointed out by Thomas et al. (2002). However,
possibly due to the complex nature and the lack of proper characterization techniques, no values were reported and few models are available to predict the contact resistance.
Figure 5.1 A schematic description of discharge (intercalation) process in CNT-cathodes (not to scale)
The difference in the power performance between uncompressed CNT-cathodes and compressed CB-cathodes must originate from the difference in electrode properties due to the different conductive additives. The microstructure differences should lead to differences in one or more steps in the electronic or ionic transport. These differences were divided into 3 groups, which must include the most important factor(s) that leads to the better power performance of the CNT-cathodes:
1) the conductivity of the network formed by the conductive filler;
2) the nature of the electrical contact between the conductive network and active material particles;
3) the pore structure of the electrode (ionic transport).
The first two relate to electronic transport and the third is associated with ionic transport. The following discussion will address the roles of electronic conductivity, ionic transport, and electronic contact resistance on the rate performance of these two types of cathodes. The
discussion will be based on both experimental data and simulation results, which were carried out with a mathematical model developed by J. Newman and coworkers (Doyle et al. 1993, Fuller et al. 1994, Doyle and Newman et al. 1996). Some background information about the model will be given in the next section.
5.1.2 1-D NUMERICAL MODEL
A numerical porous electrode model, developed by Newman and coworkers (Doyle et al. 1993, Fuller et al. 1994, Doyle and Newman et al. 1996), was adopted in this study to seek insight into the discharge process for the composite cathodes, and to examine the impact of porosity, electrode conductivity, and contact resistance on the power performance of the composite cathodes. This model is a powerful tool to examine the voltage profiles and the transient transport processes in composite electrodes, in order to understand the processes that limit electrode performance.
This 1-D “dualfoil” model is a continuum-scale model that incorporates concentrated solution theory, porous electrode theory, Ohm’s law, Butler-Volmer kinetics, and the conservation of charge and mass (Doyle et al. 1993, Fuller et al. 1994) to simulate the charge and discharge behavior of lithium and lithium-ion cells consisting of various electrodes and electrolyte materials. Detailed theoretical development of the model can be found in the above literature. A few key points are mentioned here. In this model, the porous electrode is assumed to be a mixture of two superimposed continuous phases: the solid matrix and the electrolyte. The volume fraction of each component, including the active material, inert filler, and pore volume (filled with electrolyte), in each phase are accounted for. The transport properties are adjusted to account for tortuosity of the porous structure using the Bruggeman equation (Doyle et al. 1993).
For example, the diffusion coefficient ($D_{\text{eff}}$) and ionic conductivity ($\kappa_{\text{eff}}$) of the salt in the electrolyte are calculated by
$$D_{\text{eff}} = D \cdot \varepsilon^b$$ \hspace{1cm} (5.1)
$$\kappa_{\text{eff}} = \kappa \cdot \varepsilon^b$$ \hspace{1cm} (5.2)
where $D$ and $\kappa$ are the intrinsic diffusion coefficient and ionic conductivity of the salt in the electrolyte, $\varepsilon$ is the volume fraction of the electrolyte, and $b$ is the Bruggeman exponent.
The electrical conductivity ($\sigma$) of the solid phase is related to $\sigma_s$, a hypothesized electrical conductivity of the active material, using a similar relationship. Note that $\sigma_s$ is not a real property of the active material, but a calculated parameter used in the program:
$$\sigma_s = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_s^b}$$ \hspace{1cm} (5.3)
where $\varepsilon_s$ is the volume fraction of the active material.
An adjustable parameter, film resistance ($R_{\text{film}}$), is used in the model to better fit the voltage profiles to the experimental data (Doyle et al. 1996). The origin of this parameter was considered to be residual or contact resistance between the electrodes and current collectors, or the resistance on the electrode surface. When considered as the film resistance on the electrode surface, the kinetics of charge-transfer reaction is governed by a modified Butler-Volmer equation:
$$j_n = k \cdot c^{a_s} \cdot (c_t - c_s)^{a_s} \cdot c_s^{a_s} \cdot \left\{ \exp \left( \frac{\alpha_a F}{RT} (\eta - U - F \cdot j_n \cdot R_{\text{film}}) \right) - \exp \left( \frac{-\alpha_c F}{RT} (\eta - U - F \cdot j_n \cdot R_{\text{film}}) \right) \right\}$$ \hspace{1cm} (5.4)
where $j_n$ is the pore wall flux of Li$^+$, $k$ is reaction rate constant, $c$ is concentration of the salt (subscription $t$ refer to maximum concentration, $s$ refer to solid phase), $F$ is the Faraday’s constant, $R$ is the gas constant, $T$ is the temperature, $\alpha_a$ and $\alpha_c$ are transfer coefficients, $\eta$ is surface overpotential, $U$ is open circuit potential, $R_{\text{film}}$ is film resistance.
Several system-specific parameters needed to be supplied to the “dualfoil” model, including the open circuit potential (OCP) profile of the electrode material. The OCP profile of LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ was approximated by a C/40 discharge profile (Fig. 5.2), and the relationship between OCP ($U$) and state of charge ($y$, ratio of concentration of intercalated Li$^+$ to the equilibrium Li$^+$ concentration in solid phase) was fit with an equation similar to that used in Doyle and Newman et al. (1996):
$$U(y) = 4.90058 + 0.09609 \tanh(-4.4639y + 2.57597) - 0.06014(1.91654 - y)^{-0.57751} - 0.78132e^{0.80506y^{32.44422}} + 0.05767e^{-50.74297y + 10.056242}$$
(5.5)
**Figure 5.2** OCP profile of LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ (circles) and fitting with Eq. (5.5) (line)
Other non-adjustable system specific parameters used in the model are listed in Table 5.1. The Bruggeman exponents were 3.3 in the composite cathode (Doyle et al. 1996), 2.8 in the Celgard 2400 separator (Patel et al. 2003). Other variables of interest, including the electrode thickness, volume fractions, and conductivity, will be listed with the discussion of individual electrodes. An example of a full list of input parameters for the model is included in Appendix B.
Table 5.1 System specific parameters used in the model
| Parameter | Lithium | LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ |
|------------------------------------------------|------------------|-------------------------------|
| Diffusion coeff. in solid, $D_s$ (cm$^2$/s) | NA | 3.5 x10$^{-16}$ |
| Electrode reaction rate constant, rka(mol/m$^2$s) | 1.14 x10$^{-5}$ Note*1 | 1 x10$^{-11}$ |
| Initial SOC, $y_0$ | NA | 0.180 |
| Particle diameter ($\mu$m) | NA | 3.07 |
| Coulombic capacity of electrode material (mAh/g)| 3862 | 120 |
Note *1: from Doyle et al. (1993)
5.2 ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVITY
As shown in Chapter 4, the use of CNTs formed a conductive network that enabled good electrode performance without compression. This ability to create functioning electrodes without compression greatly facilitates microbattery fabrication. It was also observed in Chapter 4 that the high power performance of CNT cathodes was significantly better than that of compressed CB electrodes. The question addressed in this section is whether or not the improved power performance was due to increased electronic conductivity in the CNT electrodes.
The electrical resistance of the composite cathodes was measured to determine the impact of replacing CB with SWNTs on the film electrical conductivity. The resistance was measured between the current collector and Al foil attached on the composite films (which was applied before the films were dried), which represented the resistance along the thickness (Fig. 5.3). The film thickness was measured as described in Section 3.3. The film conductivities were calculated by normalizing the measured resistance with contact area and film thickness. Based on the estimated active material volume fraction ($\phi$), the solid phase conductivity ($\sigma$) can be back-calculated from Eq. 5.3.
Note that a distinction should be made between the resistance mentioned here and the film resistance adopted in the dualfoil model. The measured resistance of composite film represents the electrical resistance of the conductive network of the dry film, which includes the contact
resistance between current collector and composite film, but does not include resistance due to the SEI. The film resistance adopted in the model has two possible meanings: the first is the resistance across the SEI, the second is the contact resistance between current collector and composite film, or between conductive network and the active material particles.
The values of $\varepsilon$ and $\sigma$ for CB- and CNT-cathodes are listed in Table 5.2 and 5.3, respectively. The detailed calculation of $\varepsilon$ can be found in Appendix C. The comparison of film conductivities between these two types of cathodes, uncompressed or compressed, is shown in Fig. 5.4. From the comparison between Table 5.2(a) and 5.2(b), it can be seen that compression improved the film conductivity of the CB-cathodes by ~5-50 times. This provided a good explanation for the observed improvement in the performance of compressed CB-cathodes as shown in Chapter 4.
Table 5.2(a) Measured electrical conductivity of uncompressed CB-cathodes
| Vol. Fra. | CB wt% | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 12 |
|-----------|--------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| | Conductive | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.026 | 0.038 | 0.055 | 0.058 |
| | PVDF | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.014 |
| | Active material | 0.440 | 0.412 | 0.375 | 0.328 | 0.307 | 0.190 |
| | Porosity | 0.532 | 0.553 | 0.575 | 0.612 | 0.616 | 0.738 |
| | Film σ (S/cm) | 3.97E-10 | 3.69E-07 | 8.22E-06 | 8.56E-05 | 4.40E-04 | 8.19E-04 |
| | Estimated σ (S/cm) | 1.36E-09 | 1.40E-06 | 3.58E-05 | 4.56E-04 | 2.58E-03 | 9.88E-03 |
Table 5.2(b) Measured electrical conductivity of compressed CB-cathodes
| Vol. Fra. | CB wt% | 0 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 12 |
|-----------|--------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| | Conductive | 0.000 | 0.010 | 0.030 | 0.045 | 0.067 | 0.070 |
| | PVDF | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.025 | 0.017 |
| | Active material | 0.484 | 0.457 | 0.431 | 0.389 | 0.370 | 0.231 |
| | Porosity | 0.485 | 0.503 | 0.511 | 0.540 | 0.537 | 0.682 |
| | Film σ (S/cm) | 1.50E-07 | 3.00E-06 | 3.92E-05 | 1.73E-04 | 2.08E-03 | 4.15E-02 |
| | Estimated σ (S/cm) | 4.45E-07 | 9.71E-06 | 1.38E-04 | 7.13E-04 | 9.23E-03 | 3.73E-01 |
Table 5.3 Measured electrical conductivity of uncompressed CNT-cathodes
| Vol. Fra. | CNT wt% | 0 | 1 | 3 | 7 | 12 |
|-----------|---------|-----|-----|-----|-----|-----|
| | Conductive | 0.000 | 0.011 | 0.027 | 0.064 | 0.067 |
| | PVDF | 0.028 | 0.023 | 0.018 | 0.017 | 0.011 |
| | Active material | 0.440 | 0.355 | 0.282 | 0.251 | 0.157 |
| | Porosity | 0.532 | 0.611 | 0.672 | 0.667 | 0.765 |
| | Film σ (S/cm) | 3.97E-10 | 2.87E-06 | 1.58E-05 | 1.48E-04 | 2.14E-04 |
| | Estimated σ (S/cm) | 1.36E-09 | 1.35E-05 | 1.05E-04 | 1.18E-03 | 3.45E-03 |
However, Fig. 5.4 and the comparison between Table 5.2 and 5.3 show that the uncompressed SWNT-cathodes had lower measured film electrical conductivities than the compressed CB-cathodes. In other words, even though use of CNTs improved the conductivity relative to the uncompressed CB for carbon contents less than 7%, the conductivity achieved was still less than that measured for the compressed CB electrodes. When the conductive additive contents were in the range of 7 to 12 wt%, the film conductivities of the uncompressed CNT-cathodes were even lower than those of the uncompressed CB-cathodes. However, it was shown in Chapter 4 that the power performance of uncompressed SWNT-cathodes was significantly better than that of CB-cathodes (both uncompressed and compressed), and that the uncompressed SWNT-cathodes had much lower internal resistance than the compressed CBTherefore, it seems that the film electrical conductivity of uncompressed CNT-cathodes was not the limiting factor for the internal resistance and the electrode rate performance.
Figure 5.4 Comparison of measured film conductivity between CNT and CB-cathodes
A conclusion can be drawn based on the electrical conductivity data and rate performance data (Fig. 4.17): uncompressed SWNT-cathodes were less electronically conductive but had better rate capability than compressed CB-cathodes. The film electrical conductivity of uncompressed CNT-cathode films was not a limiting factor for the electrode rate performance.
The above conclusion was also supported by the simulations. The discharge voltage profiles of the cathodes (containing 12 wt% conductive additive) in Fig. 4.17 were fit with the dualfoil model. Figure 5.5 shows the simulation results for the uncompressed CNT-cathode. The best fit was achieved with a film resistance of 400 ohm-cm$^2$. It can be seen that at low discharge rates (0.43 and 1.26 mA/cm$^2$), the simulated results fit the experimental data quite well; however, at higher current densities, the discrepancies between simulations and measurements became
more pronounced. The discrepancies are mainly seen towards the end of discharge, at current densities of 4.33 and 8.65 mA/cm$^2$.
**Figure 5.5** Simulation of discharge voltage profiles of an uncompressed CNT-cathode. Symbols: experimental data; thicker (darker) lines: $R_{film} = 400$ ohm-cm$^2$, thin (blue) lines: no $R_{film}$.
The simulated results of the compressed CB-cathode are shown in Fig. 5.6. The best fit was achieved with a film resistance of 1200 ohm-cm$^2$. This value was comparable to those used in Doyle et al. (1996). The simulations fit the experimental data very closely at 0.36 and 2.2 mA/cm$^2$; however, the simulations overestimated the discharge capacity at 3.6 and 7.2 mA/cm$^2$.
Note that a significantly smaller value of “film resistance” was used to best fit the discharge curves of the uncompressed CNT-cathode than that for the compressed CB-cathode. Therefore, a substantial portion of this “film resistance” must be associated with resistances in the electrode that are a function of the type of conductive additive used.
The impact of the solid phase conductivity of the uncompressed CNT-cathode on its performance was examined by arbitrarily doubling its value from 0.345 to 0.69 S/m. Slightly higher cell voltages were observed with the higher $\sigma_s$ (Fig. 5.7). The capacity was literally not
changed at current densities of 4.33 and 8.65 mA/cm$^2$, and increased from 0.12 mAh/cm$^2$ to 0.14 mAh/cm$^2$ at 17.3 mA/cm$^2$. This demonstrated that the film electrical conductivity of the uncompressed CNT-cathode only had a small impact on the discharge behavior and was not a limiting factor for the rate performance.
Figure 5.6 Simulation of discharge voltage profiles of a compressed CB-cathode. Symbols: experimental data; thicker (darker) lines: $R_{film} = 1200$ ohm-cm$^2$, thin lines: no $R_{film}$.
Figure 5.7 Impact of $\sigma$ to the performance of the uncompressed CNT-cathode, with $R_{film} = 400$ ohm-cm$^2$. Dark blue lines (thicker): $\sigma = 0.345$ S/m; pink (thin) lines: $\sigma = 0.69$ S/m.
It is interesting to note that Sakamoto and Dunn (2002) recently observed a similar phenomenon: CNT-cathodes with an electrical resistance of 15.5 kΩ/cm delivered about 30% more capacity than CB-cathodes with an electrical resistance of 3.4 kΩ/cm at the same current level. Clearly, CNTs must have an impact on electrode performance that extends beyond enhancement of the electronic conductivity.
5.3 IONIC TRANSPORT—POROSITY AND PORE STRUCTURE
At very high discharge rates, lithium ion transport in the electrolyte is one of the limiting processes in the electrode (Patel et al. 2003). Doyle and Newman et al. (1996) demonstrated that at high rates, the solution-phase potential drop is a major contributor to the total overpotential, and that most of the potential drop in the cells occurs in the composite electrode instead of in the separator. They also stated that increasing the volume fraction of the liquid phase (porosity) in the porous electrode led to a substantial decrease in ohmic drop. It was expected that electrode tortuosity may also affect ionic transport similar to electrode porosity; if the electrode tortuosity was decreased while the electrode porosity was not changed, the ion movement through the electrode would be facilitated leading to improved ionic transport.
As both CB and CNT are carbon with different morphologies, the two types of cathodes differ in microstructure, as depicted in the SEM images in Fig. 4.5. The clusters formed by carbon black and the bundles formed by the SWNTs would most likely have different tortuosities and blocking effects of the transport of lithium ions. Such factors were expected to affect the value of effective diffusivity, $D_{eff}$. For example, $D_{eff}$ was correlated with electrode porosity $\varepsilon$ as shown in Eq. 5.1. The Bruggeman exponent $b$ has a value of 1.4-1.5 for a suspension containing monodispersed spherical particles. For the spinel particles used in LiMn$_2$O$_4$-electrodes contained CB
additives, $b$ had values of 3.3-4.5 to fit the experimental discharge curves (Doyle et al. 1993; Doyle and Newman et al., 1996). As the SWNT bundles would facilitate the ionic transport better than CB clusters, it was expected that a smaller value of $b$ should be used for SWNT-cathodes than the CB-cathodes. However, as no direct measurement was available, the effect of the conductive additive on the ionic transport was examined by a relaxation technique and by numerical simulation.
In a relaxation test, a cell is allowed to rest after charge or discharge to decrease the concentration gradient established when the current passed through the composite electrode. When a cell is relaxed after being discharged at some significant current level, the cell voltage will recover; the redistribution of Li ions in the composite electrode occurs under the impact of the concentration gradient (Fuller et al. 1994) and the relaxation time (the duration of cell voltage recovers) is an indication of the ionic transport rate in the composite electrode. Therefore, by examining the relaxation behavior of the CB- and SWNT-cathodes it is possible to compare the ionic transport in these two types of the composite cathodes.
However, the relaxation is a complex process. Besides the concentration gradient, the solid phase potential (state of charge, SOC) gradient also impacts relaxation (Fuller et al. 1994). For a better understanding, Figure 5.8 illustrates the build-up of Li$^+$ concentration gradients in the electrolyte ($C_{E,L^+}$) and in the solid phase($C_{S,L^+}$) in a composite cathode during the discharge process, in which the ohmic drop in the solid phase is assumed to be small. During this process, lithium ions move from the anode (negative electrode) into the cathode (positive electrode). Under the impact of concentration gradient, the solid phase lithium concentration is higher where the Li$^+$ concentration in the electrolyte is higher, which corresponds to a higher potential. Therefore, the profile of SOC gradient is similar to that of the concentration gradient. At the end
of discharge, both the established SOC profile and electrolyte concentration gradient will be higher in the separator region and lower in the region near the current collector.
Figure 5.8 Schematic description of changes in voltage (electrical potential in solid phase) profile and Li⁺ concentration profiles during discharge process (a) sketch of composite cathode and separator, only some conductive additives are shown (b) profiles before discharge (c) profiles at the end of discharge
When the (discharge) current stops, the Li⁺ redistribution is driven by solid phase potential (state of charge, SOC) and electrolyte concentration gradients (Fuller et al. 1994). The potential gradient will cause Li⁺ to de-intercalate from the near separator region (higher potential), transfer and intercalate into the near current collector region (lower potential). This lithium transfer process occurs in the same direction (from the separator to the current collector) as that driven by electrolyte concentration gradient in the same direction. Therefore, it is expected that the
relaxation would be a combined result of the SOC gradient and electrolyte phase transport. As the SOC gradient is affected by interparticle electrical connections, it is expected that the electrical connectivity would have an impact on the relaxation of the SOC gradient.
In this study, a pulse discharge and relaxation test was performed in different composite cathodes. Ong and Newman (1999) claimed that double layer capacitance relaxation should be insignificant in this type of pulse discharge and relaxation phenomenon, and the impact of capacitance to the voltage profile is negligible. After the composite cathodes were taper-charged at 4.30 V, they were discharged for 1 second at different current levels. The current was then stopped and the cells were allowed to stand for a prolonged period (in the range of 10 seconds to several minutes), in which the cell voltage was continuously monitored until it reached a steady state. The pulse duration was selected to be 1 second to insure the establishment of concentration gradient of Li⁺ without significantly changing the state of charge (SOC) of the electrode. For example, after the cell was pulsed at a current of a 40 C rate for 1 second, SOC changed only 1.1%. A digital oscilloscope (54620 series, Agilent Technologies) that is capable of sampling at 20 MHz was used to capture the rapid change during the transient stage.
Figure 5.9 1-sec pulse discharge (40 C-rate) and relaxation of a compressed CB-cathode
A typical voltage profile for these tests is shown in Fig. 5.9. Note that the digital oscilloscope gave a more accurate voltage measurement than the Arbin tester following the rapid change of the pulses, as the Arbin tester was only capable of a sample rate up to 100 Hz. Therefore, the voltage profiles recorded with the digital oscilloscope provided insights to study the cells’ immediate response to the pulse. As the oscilloscope only recorded $2 \times 10^6$ data points each run, corresponding to only 10 seconds of test time at sample rate of 200 kHz, the data recorded by the Arbin tester was used to study the longer-term response of the cells.
**Figure 5.10** Comparison of measured relaxation behaviors between CB-cathodes after pulse discharges
The voltage changes during relaxation for several CB-cathodes are shown in Fig. 5.10. It can be seen that for both compressed and uncompressed CB-cathodes, it took longer for the cell voltage to stabilize when the cell was pulse discharged at a higher C-rate. This was expected as a greater concentration gradient existed in the cathode when the cell was discharged at a higher rate. Comparing the relaxation behavior at the same C-rate, it can be seen that the difference in the relaxation time was marginal; however, the magnitude of cell voltage change was smaller for
the compressed cathodes. Since the compressed CB-cathodes had a lower porosity but a better electronic conductivity than the uncompressed ones, it seemed that the better electronic conductivity led to a more uniform SOC profile across the compressed CB-cathodes than that in the uncompressed ones, causing the major difference depicted by the voltage profiles.
Figure 5.11 compares the transient behavior of voltage relaxation between an uncompressed CNT-cathode and a compressed CB-cathode after pulse discharges. It can be seen that at the same C-rates (10 C or 40 C), the voltage relaxation behavior was very similar for these two cathodes, and the uncompressed CNT-cathode had a slightly smaller voltage change than the compressed CB-cathode. This indicated that the difference in the ionic transport between compressed CB-cathodes and uncompressed CNT-cathodes was minimal or unimportant, and the uncompressed CNT-cathode had a more uniform SOC distribution than the compressed CB-cathode.
Figure 5.11 Comparison of measured pulse-relaxations between an uncompressed CNT-cathode and a compressed CB-cathode
The above experiments examined the voltage relaxation behavior of cathodes after pulse discharges. The voltage relaxation behavior of cathodes after longer discharges was also investigated. In this test, a set of 12 wt% CNT-cathodes and CB-cathodes were first charged to 4.30 V and taper-charged to ensure a fully charged state; then they were discharged at 0.1 C, 0.5 C, or 10 C-rates to 4.05 V and allowed to rest for 1 hour. The cut-off voltage was selected to be about the center voltage of plateau region of the OCV curve for the cathode material (see Fig. 5.2) to minimize the effect of lithium redistribution caused by the local SOC gradient. These cathodes had theoretical capacity of about 2.8 mAh, with electrode thickness of about 60 μm.
(symbols: compressed CB-cathode; lines: uncompressed CNT-cathode)
It was found that after the cells stayed in the rest state for a few minutes, their voltages became stabilized. Therefore, the cell voltage changes in only the first 400 seconds in relaxation were shown in Figure 5.12. It can be seen that at C/10 rate, the uncompressed CNT-cathode and compressed CB-cathode had near identical voltage relaxation curves, indicating that the
difference in the ionic transport was not important for these two cathodes. This was explained by the fact that the discharge current is sufficiently low and the material accessibility thru the electrode film was quite uniform; when the discharge current stopped, the concentration gradients were small and comparable in both electrodes. At 0.5 C and 10 C rates, the magnitudes of voltage changes were smaller in the uncompressed CNT-cathode than in the compressed CB-cathode, indicating the SOC gradients were smaller in the uncompressed CNT-cathode than the compressed CB-cathode. The difference in voltage relaxation between these two cathodes was more substantial at the 10 C rate and the 0.5 C rate.
Two conclusions were drawn from the above observations on voltage relaxation after pulse and constant discharges. The first conclusion was that the difference in the ionic transport between the uncompressed CNT-cathodes and compressed CB-cathodes was insignificant; the second was that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes had a more uniform SOC profile thru the composite film than the compressed CB-cathodes. As the ionic transport in these two cathodes was similar, the more uniform SOC distribution in the uncompressed CNT-cathodes would most likely be caused by better interparticle electrical contacts in the solid phase.
The impact of the ionic conductivity on the cathode rate performance was also examined in simulation by changing electrode porosity. The porosity was arbitrarily decreased from 0.765 to 0.305 while the volume fraction of active material was kept constant by adding inert volume to the simulation. From Fig. 5.13 it can be seen that the porosity change had virtually no effects to the delivered capacities, although the voltage profiles were slightly decreased. The more significant difference between the cell voltage profiles of different porosities at 8.65 mA/cm² than that at 17.3 mA/cm² was due to the fact that the cell voltage was cut off earlier at 17.3 mA/cm².
Figure 5.13 Predicted effect of change of porosity of the uncompressed CNT-cathode shown in Fig. 5.5 (Dark blue thick lines: simulation with porosity of 0.765; pink thin lines: simulation with porosity of 0.305)
Figure 5.14 Salt concentration profiles in the CNT-cathode ($I = 17.3 \text{ mA/cm}^2$, $R_{film} = 400 \Omega\cdot\text{cm}^2$)
The profiles of Li⁺ concentration in electrolyte can be obtained in the simulations. The profiles shown in Fig. 5.14 are the results corresponding to $I = 17.3 \text{ mA/cm}^2$ and $R_{film} = 400 \Omega\cdot\text{cm}^2$.
It can be clearly seen that the most concentration gradients existed in the separator and the concentration profiles in the cathode were nearly flat. This indicated the ionic transport in the composite cathode was adequately fast and should not be a limiting factor for the rate performance.
In summary, no significant difference between the ionic transport behaviors in uncompressed CNT-cathodes and compressed CB-cathodes was observed, although the electrode structures constructed by the CNTs and CBs would be different in the composite cathodes. It was also theoretically verified that ionic conductivity did not play a significant role in the cathode’s rate performance. Therefore, the possibility of the contribution of ionic transport difference to the high-power performance between uncompressed CNT-cathodes and compressed CB-cathodes was ruled out. Since in Section 5.2 the film electrical conductivity proved to not be the cause for the superior power performance of the uncompressed CNT-cathodes, the most probable explanation was that the electrical contacts among the active material particles in the uncompressed CNT-cathodes were better than those of the compressed CB-cathodes.
5.4 CONTACT RESISTANCE AND OTHER ISSUES IN COMPOSITE CATHODES
As discussed in the previous two sections, it is clear that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes do not have better film electrical conductivity or ionic transport than the compressed CB-cathodes. However, the uncompressed CNT-cathodes showed significantly better power performance than the CB-cathodes. The most likely cause was identified to be that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes have better electrical contacts among active material particles than those in the CB-cathodes.
The electron conduction in a composite film is determined not only by the film conductivity, but also by the electrical contacts between the conductive network and the particles. Therefore, low resistances in both the conductive network and the electrical contacts between the network and electrode particles are essential to electrode performance, especially rate capability. Although the electrical film conductivity of the uncompressed CNT-cathodes was lower than that of the compressed CB-cathodes, if the electrical contacts in the uncompressed CNT-cathodes were of lower resistance than those in the compressed CB-cathodes, the total resistance to electron conduction in the CNT-cathodes could be lower than that in the CB-cathodes. As the power performance of the CNT-cathodes is significantly better than that of the CB-cathodes, and the improvement is not due to ionic transport, it is certain that there is significant improvement in electron conductance, which is most likely due to the improvement in electrical contacts.
From the data and analysis in the previous sections, it can be concluded that the CB-cathodes had good film electrical conductivities but the electrical contacts among the particles were highly resistive; as the result, the overall resistance to electron conductance in CB-cathodes was high and the rate performance was poor. The compression enhanced the film electrical conductivity and probably improved electrical contact with active particles to yield significantly better performance. For the CNT-cathodes, the situation appeared to be different: the film conductivity was lower than that of the CB-cathodes but sufficiently high, and the electrical contacts were much better than those in the CB-cathodes; therefore, the overall resistance to electron conductance in CNT-cathodes was significantly lower than that of the CB-cathodes even when the latter were compressed, and the rate performance was much better than that of the CB-cathodes.
Although the interparticle contact is important to the electrode performance (Thomas et al. 2002), no experimental data are available to quantify the contact resistance. Numerical work
offers some insight for this parameter. The “film resistance” defined in the dualfoil model is a parameter to compensate the inadequacy of using film conductivity alone to fit experimental data (Doyle et al. 1996). It was treated as the resistance of the electrode surface, but its possible origin could also be residual or contact resistance between the electrodes and current collectors (Doyle et al. 1996). A value in the range of 1000 to 1700 Ω-cm² for $R_{film}$ was found to best fit the discharge voltage curves of the composite LiMn$_2$O$_4$ cathodes with CB conductive additive (Doyle et al. 1996). Note that the surface area in the film resistance is the particle surface area; therefore, the above $R_{film}$ values correspond to 400-680 Ω-cm² per electrode surface area, which is more than 2 orders of magnitudes larger than the film electrical resistance (2.9 Ω-cm² per electrode surface, calculation based on film electrical conductivity of 6×10⁻³ S/cm and the cathode thickness of 174 μm, Doyle et al. 1996). This comparison qualitatively demonstrated that relative importance of film electrical conductivity and interparticle contact in the performance of these composite electrodes.
In the simulation, $R_{film}$ of 1200 Ω-cm² for the compressed CB-cathodes was comparable to the values used in Doyle et al. (1996). The simulation also indicated that the CNT-cathodes had significantly lower “film resistance” than the CB-cathodes. As in this study, the active material and electrolyte were the same in both CNT- and CB-cathodes, the resistance due to the electrode film (SEI) should be about the same; therefore, the difference in “film resistance” between these two types of cathodes should come from the difference in the interparticle contacts. As the difference (400 Ω-cm²) is significant compared to the “film resistance” of the two types of cathodes (400 and 1200 Ω-cm²), it can be concluded that a substantial part of this “film resistance” comes from interparticle contact. Therefore, the simulation results support the proposed explanation that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes had a much smaller interparticle electrical contact resistance than the compressed CB-cathodes.
As briefly illustrated in Chapter 4, one advantage that SWNTs have over CB in electrical network in the composite cathodes is the morphology. The average length of SWNTs (2-3 μm) used in this study is comparable to the size of the active material particles (diameter of ~3 μm), which has an important impact on the degree of intermixing of these two materials. From the experimental data it could be deduced that the SWNTs were well dispersed in the composite cathodes, and established good interparticle contacts. The interparticle conductive paths of SWNTs should contain most likely an order of magnitude of fewer carbon-carbon contacts than those with CB particles (average diameter of ~30 nm). Reducing the number of carbon-carbon contacts in these paths would certainly reduce the resistance to electron conductance and hence improve the electrode rate performance.
Another benefit of using SWNTs as conductive additive is that the interparticle conductive paths would be much more stable than those with CB particles. In CB-cathodes carbon displacement has been observed (Kostecki 2004), which resulted in loss of surface electronic conductivity and deteriorated active material accessibilities. This may partially explain the capacity fade in long term cycling of the CB-cathodes, and may also explain the poorer high rate performance of the CB-cathodes if the integrity of the conductive paths degrades as CB particles dislocate especially under the impact of stress caused by passing high currents. In this context, the SWNTs seem to be a better candidate as they tend to be less mobile because of their length and tensile properties. Furthermore, the elasticity of SWNTs may allow them to maintain the electrical contacts to the active material particles without being dislocated when the particles expand or contract during Li ion intercalation and de-intercalation. These assumptions would prove more useful if in-situ observation of electrode microstructure changes could be made.
Therefore, this study proposes following mechanism for the difference in power performance between the uncompressed CNT-cathodes and compressed CB-cathodes: the use of
SWNT in the composite cathodes most likely significantly improved the electrical contacts between the conductive network and the active material particles, and amongst the active material particles. Such improvements in interparticle contacts were due to the morphology of the SWNTs, which reduced the number of contact points in the conducting paths and minimized the electrical resistance. Hence the electrical accessibility of the active material was significantly improved and consequently the rate capability of the composite cathodes was substantially improved.
It is noted that there may be other possible explanations that this study did not address. For example, active material particle clusters could have significant detrimental impacts on the high rate performance, as pointed out by García et al. (2005). The particle clustering may be less severe in the CNT-cathodes than in CB-cathodes, as the active material particles may intermix with SWNTs better than with CB particles. Such a difference in intermixing may be the result of that the size of active material particles is comparable to the length of the nanotubes, but is significantly larger than that of the CB particles. Particle clustering may have detrimental impacts on both ionic and electronic accessibility to the active material particles. Further experimental investigations are needed to verify such a theory.
5.5 SUMMARY
A mechanism was sought to account for the better power performance of uncompressed CNT-cathodes than the CB-cathodes. The film electrical conductivity and ionic transport in CNT- and CB-cathodes were experimentally investigated, and the results showed that the CNT-cathodes did not have better properties in these two parameters. A numerical model was also used to examine the impacts of these two parameters, and the simulation results indicated that
film electrical conductivity and porosity were not limiting CNT-cathodes’ performance. The simulation results also indicated that the CNT-cathodes had a significantly lower “film resistance” than the CB-cathodes. Based on these results, a mechanism was proposed: SWNTs in the composite cathodes did not improve the film electrical conductivity and ionic transport, but most likely significantly improved the interparticle electrical contacts that improved the electrical accessibility of the active material and consequently improved the rate capability of the composite cathodes. The morphology of the SWNTs, compared to the CB particles, contribute to electrical contact improvements by building more continuous and robust conductive paths among the active material particles.
Chapter 4 described the development and characterization of a thick-film composite cathode with a power capability greater than 50 mW/cm$^2$. As the objective of this study was to develop a high-power lithium-ion microbattery, a composite anode was needed with a power capability of equal to or greater than that of the cathode when cycled without compression. This chapter describes the development of such an anode and an efficient activation technique that facilitates the fabrication of a lithium-ion microbattery.
6.1 COMPOSITE ANODES
Similar to composite cathodes, composite anodes generally contain active material, conductive additives and a polymer binder. The active material for composite anodes in this study was MCMB, unless otherwise stated. PVDF was used as the polymer binder. The Super P carbon black was used as the conductive additive at the beginning of this study. The typical composition is listed in Table 3.1. Although compression would improve the performance of these composite anodes, it may not be practical in the proposed microbattery. Therefore, these anodes were tested against Li counter electrodes without being compressed.
It should be noted that in the early stages of this study, the composite anodes did not go through an activation procedure (i.e. a forming cycle); they were cycled following the regular testing procedure (listed in Chapter 3) from the beginning of the tests. Cycling data from these tests generally contained some fluctuations or showed a much higher capacity fading rate than
previously reported (Holladay 2000). Later it was found that these phenomena were due to the absence of a stable SEI film in these anodes (which will be discussed in greater detail in Section 6.2).
Figure 6.1 0.5 C rate Cycling behavior and voltage profile of a composite anode (90 %MCMB, 5 % super P, 62 µm thick, 5.3 mAh; refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
Figure 6.1 shows the 0.5 C rate cycling performance and voltage profile for a composite anode using Super P as the conductive additive, without being activated. From the graph it can be seen that there was a plateau in the voltage range of 0.05 to 0.5 V when the anode was being charged (delithiated) to 1.5 V (the cut-off voltage was selected in a range that the capacity is not sensitive to voltage change, see Hossain et al. 2003). It was identified that the small magnitude
fluctuations in the cycling curve was related to the unstable SEI in anode. The anode had an irreversible capacity loss of about 30 mAh/(g MCMB) in the first cycle, and the capacity at cycle 8 was about 260 mAh/(g MCMB), which is about 13% lower than the value reported by Linden and Reddy (2001) at similar conditions (about 290-305 mAh/g MCMB at cycle 8). The discrepancy was a result of the important role of compression in the performance of these anodes, which was experimentally verified in this study. The anode retained over 240 mAh/(g MCMB) after 100 cycles, which was greater than 90% of the starting capacity; the average capacity fade rate in the first 100 cycles was about 0.08%/cycle, which was comparable to that obtained by Holladay (2001). The internal resistance was about 130 ohm-cm$^2$ at 0.5 C rate.
Figure 6.2 0.5 C rate Cycling behavior and voltage profile of a MWNT anode (85% MWNTs and 15% PVDF, 63 μm, 0.70 mAh; refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) had been tested as the anode material in lithium batteries with promising performance (e.g. Mukhopadhyay et al. 2002). As a sample was readily available (c.a. 10 nm in diameter, length ~30 μm; FLOTU lab, Tsinghua Univ., Beijing, China), MWNTs were tested as the anode material in this study. These anodes contained 85 % MWNTs and 15 % PVDF, without any conductive additive. From Fig. 6.2 it can be seen that there was no obvious plateau in the voltage profile of the MWNT anode and its cycling performance was very stable. The reversible lithium ion intercalation capacity of this MWNT sample at a 0.5 C rate in the voltage range of 0.05-1.5 V was measured to be about 183 mAh/(g MWNT), which was comparable to the value reported in Mukhopadhyay et al. (2002). However, it should be noted that these anodes were very porous and one in Fig. 6.2 only had about 0.70 mAh; the active material loading was about 1/8 of that of the MCMB + super P anode shown in Fig. 6.1. The irreversible capacity in the first cycle was about 860 mAh/(g MWNT), which was significantly higher than its reversible capacity but in the range of reported values (e.g. ~130 mAh/g MWNT in Mukhopadhyay et al. 2002, ~1200 mAh/g SWNT in Claye et al. 2000). The internal resistance at 0.5 C rate was about 80 ohm-cm², only about 2/3 that of MCMB + Super P anodes.
From the above observations, especially the high irreversible capacity loss and the low material loading, it was concluded that MWNT was not a good choice for the anode material. However, noting the more stable cycling performance and the lower internal resistance of MWNT anodes relative to the MCMB anodes, a recipe was formulated to combine the advantages of both materials. This recipe used 90 wt% MCMB, 5 wt% MWNT and 5 wt% PVDF, without any Super P carbon black additive. Figure 6.3 shows the performance of a composite anode using this recipe. The voltage profile was similar to that of the first formula (MCMB with Super P carbon black additive, Fig. 6.1); the irreversible capacity loss was about 40 mAh/(g MCMB) in the first cycle, and the capacity at cycle 8 was about 265 mAh/(g MCMB). The
internal resistance was about 80 ohm-cm$^2$ at 0.5 C rate, which was similar to that of the MWNT anode although the electrode thickness was more than twice that of the MWNT anode. These observations indicated that the MCMB dominated the lithium intercalation processes. The MWNT enhanced the electrode conductivity and reduced the internal resistance, which resulted from a similar effect as using SWNT in the cathodes. As the MCMB particles used in this study are about 20-30 μm in diameter, which is comparable to the length of the MWNTs, it was expected that the MCMB particles would intermix well with the MWNTs. Such an intermixing effect was identified to be an important parameter in the performance of cathodes using SWNTs as additive, as reported earlier in Chapter 4.
Figure 6.3 0.5 C rate cycling behavior and voltage profile of a MCMB+MWNT anode (90 wt% MCMB, 5 wt% MWNT, 140 μm, 9.0 mAh; refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
The power performance of MCMB + Super P anodes and MCMB + MWNT anodes, without being compressed, are shown in Fig. 6.4. The power performance of the optimized cathode recipe is also shown in the plot for comparison. Note that the capacity of the anodes were matched to about 80% that of the cathode. It can be seen that the delivered capacities of all the anodes decreased with increasing current densities, similar to that of the CNT-cathodes. The power performance of MCMB + Super P anodes was poor and far less than that of the CNT-cathode; however, the MCMB + MWNT anode delivered significantly higher capacities than the CNT-cathodes at high current densities. This observation showed that the power performance of the MCMB+MWNT anode was superior to that of the CNT-cathodes.
Figure 6.4 Power performance of composite anodes (MCMB + MWNT anode: 90 wt% MCMB, 5 % MWNT, 5 % PVDF, 40 μm thick; MCMB + Super P anode: 90 wt% MCMB, 5 % Super P, 5 % PVDF, 35 μm thick); for comparison, the power performance of a 85 μm CNT-cathode is shown
Based on the comparison of cycling and power performances among different anode formulas, the recipe of 90 wt% MCMB and 5 wt% MWNT was selected as the choice for this study. It was expected that as the power capability of the anode exceeded that of the cathode, the
power performance of the proposed lithium-ion microbattery would be limited by the cathode instead of the anode.
6.2 BATTERY ACTIVATION
The above results show that the MCMB + MWNT composite anodes had adequate power capability for use in lithium-ion batteries for the micropower system. Note that the tests presented in the above section did not include a forming step; as a result, the cycling performance was not stable and fluctuations could be seen on the cycling curves; however, since there was excess amount of Li⁺ source from the lithium counter electrodes in these testing cells, even without proper activation, the cycling performance of testing cells for composite anodes was acceptable.
However, the situation is different in a lithium-ion battery, which consists of a composite cathode and a composite anode. As commonly accepted, an activation procedure is necessary to form a stable thin film (solid-electrolyte-interface, SEI) on the active material particles of carbonaceous anodes (Linden and Reddy 2001), which is electronically insulating but lithium-ion conducting. When the SEI is formed, lithium is incorporated into the passivation film causing irreversible capacity loss (ICL). If the activation is properly accomplished, the ICL should occur only in the forming cycle (which is also generally the first cycle); otherwise, the SEI layer will not be sufficiently stable and the ICL may continue with continued cycling (Wang et al. 2001). As the source of lithium in the lithium-ion batteries is generally the lithiated cathodes (in this study the LiAl₀.₁₄Mn₁.₈₆O₄ cathode), which is limited, a continuous lithium consumption will result in performance degradation. Therefore, activation is critical in lithium-ion batteries.
It should be mentioned that the composite anodes were made 20-30% lower in capacity than that of the cathodes to compensate for the ICL in the SEI forming cycles (Linden and Reddy 2001). This electrode capacity matching is common practice to achieve an optimal material usage and battery performance.
6.3.1 PERFORMANCE OF BATTERIES WITHOUT ACTIVATION
In the early stages of this study, the lithium-ion batteries were tested without activation. A typical result of cycling performance is shown in Fig. 6.5. The capacities of the cathode and anode of this battery were calculated by the mass of electrode material to be 1.6 and 1.3 mAh, respectively; therefore, considering the ICL to form SEI in the first cycle to be about 25% (the mid value of 20-30% as stated in Linden and Reddy 2001), the reversible capacity of the battery was estimated to be about 1.1 mAh. The 1st cycle discharge capacity of the battery closely matched this estimation.
Figure 6.5 0.5C cycling performance of a Li-ion battery without activation (refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
As shown in the figure, this unactivated battery faded quickly to virtually no capacity in 15 cycles. Similar results were observed in the cycling performance of other lithium-ion batteries without activation. Obviously such a cycling performance will not be acceptable in the proposed microbattery. Proper battery activation was necessary to reduce the capacity fade rate and prolong battery life.
6.3.2 ACTIVATION TECHNIQUE
A successful activation should form a stable SEI film on the surface of active material, which will sustain continuous cycling. Activation can be done either with a few forming cycles at a very low current density (e.g. 2 cycles at C/25 rate, see BATT testing protocol at http://isswprod.lbl.gov/battdatasite/), or with a special procedure (Hariharan 2002) to be described below. This study adopted the latter method based on its capability to achieve good anode performance in a shorter time.
The activation procedure described in Hariharan (2002) generally required 18~34 hours to form a stable SEI film. This procedure included:
1) Assembling the lithium-ion battery in the glovebox, filling it with liquid electrolyte, and letting it stand for 12-16 hours without sealing;
2) Charging at 1/4 to 1/3 mA/cm² for 1-6 hours, to form a passivation layer on the anode;
3) Letting the cell stand at open circuit for 1~8 hours to allow the electrolyte to distribute through the anode;
4) Charging to 4.1 volts at a current density ~2-100 times larger than the first charge current density;
5) Venting the gas generated;
6) Discharging the battery to about 2.5 V at a current density ~10-100 times larger than the first charge current density (This step is to reduce the energy in the cell but leave a sufficient density of Li ions in the anode to support the graphite structure);
7) Sealing the cell.
Modifications were made to the above activation procedure to make it more suitable for this study. It was unnecessary to vent the gas formed during activation in macro-sized flat cells since the pouches were oversized to the electrodes and the excess volume accommodated the gas without affecting cell performance. For microbatteries, it is desirable to avoid venting as it may increase the complexity of the fabrication procedure. Therefore, the modified activation procedure does not include a gas venting step and the gas generated during activation was minimized by using sufficiently small currents.
The above procedure used absolute current densities, which were suited for batteries with well defined capacities (e.g. commercial batteries); however, in this study, especially when different recipes were tested and the batteries’ capacity was not defined, a C-rate based procedure would be more suitable as variations in battery capacities were accommodated. After experimenting with different C rate values, the activation procedure was modified as follows:
1) The battery was filled with liquid electrolyte, sealed and allowed to sit for about 5 hours;
2) The first charge was performed at 0.05 C rate for 2 hours;
3) The battery was allowed to rest for 4 hours;
4) The second charge was performed at 0.1 C rate to 4.1 V;
5) The battery was allowed to sit for about 0.5 hours;
6) The battery was discharged at 0.1 or 0.2 C rates to 2.8 V (note: the lower voltage limit was changed to match the value used in this study).
The activation generally required 26-32 hours. An example of battery voltage and current profiles during activation using the modified procedure is shown in Fig. 6.6. Note that the capacities of the electrodes were properly matched, and the estimated battery capacity was used to determine the values of currents used in the activation.
Figure 6.6 Current and voltage profiles of a lithium-ion battery during activation
Figure 6.7 0.5 C-rate cycling performance of a Li-ion battery (refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
A lithium-ion battery, consisting of a 1.2 mAh SWNT-cathode and a balanced MCMB + MWNT anode, was activated and then cycled at 0.5 C-rate and full depth of discharge. Its cycling performance is shown in Fig. 6.7. It can be seen that after almost 1000 cycles, the battery retained over 57% of its first cycle capacity. Compared with the cycling performance of the unactivated battery shown in Fig. 6.5, it is obvious that this battery was successfully activated and cycled well.
The above activation technique provided sufficient cycle life for the microbatteries developed in this study, as the recipe of the microbatteries was similar to the macro batteries tested in this section. This procedure was also proven to work well for microbatteries without gas venting, which will be shown in Chapter 7.
6.3 SUMMARY
In this chapter, different materials for composite anodes were tested. Based on comparisons of the cycling and power performance, it was determined that a composition of 90 wt% MCMB and 5 wt% MWNT would be adequate for the anode of the proposed microbattery. This anode showed significantly better power performance than that of the optimized CNT-cathodes, indicating that the composite anodes would not be a limiting factor for the power performance of the proposed microbattery.
Without proper activation, the composite lithium-ion anodes showed poor cycling performance. A C-rate based activation procedure was developed and was proven to be suitable for the 4 cm$^2$ lithium-ion batteries of this study. This procedure, which does not include a gas venting step in order to facilitate the microbattery fabrication, should be suitable to the proposed microbatteries to obtain a desirable cycle life.
CHAPTER 7: MICROBATTERY DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION
In this chapter, the development and characterization of a high-power thick-film lithium-ion microbattery are described. Several different substrates were investigated, including a Si wafer, a polypropylene film and a Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) film. The COC film proved to be the most successful for the cells considered in this study. The performance of the microbattery, including cycle life and power capability, was characterized.
7.1 SI WAFER BASED METHOD
Currently, the vast majority of microsensors and other microelectronics are fabricated on Si substrates using well-established integrated circuit processes. It was believed that building microbatteries on the same substrate as the microsensor devices would facilitate their integration. The initial substrate used for microbattery fabrication was a silicon wafer.
A side-by-side Si-based microbattery design was adopted in a previous attempt to fabricate a lithium-ion microbattery (Holladay 2001), as shown in Fig. 7.1. Note that electrical connection to the electrodes was made by patterning the current collectors larger than the sealing material. The microbattery was made by first etching electrode receptacles in a Si wafer, coating metallic current collectors, depositing composite slurries into the receptacles with a syringe, injecting liquid electrolyte, and finally sealing with a glass slide.
Holladay (2001) showed that microbatteries fabricated according to the above design were only capable of very low power. He found a significant ohmic drop above the small separating
wall between the electrodes since all lithium ions had to transfer across the small space. Since this problem is inevitable with a side-by-side electrode layout, his design was not adopted in this study.
Figure 7.1 A side-by-side microbattery design used in Holladay (2001)
Alternatively, a layer-over-layer electrode design was adopted in order to reduce the transport resistance between the electrodes. The first design was to build the composite electrodes on separate Si wafers and then to bond the wafers to make microbatteries, as shown in Fig. 7.2. As the wafers were to be bonded using the front side surfaces, the electrical connections to the electrodes were made from the backside of substrates by thru-wafer vias. The electrolyte could be inserted into the cells before wafer bonding, or after bonding thru the vias. Efforts were made to implement this design; however, a number of technical challenges were encountered. The most significant problem was the presence of a liquid or gel-polymer electrolyte, which appeared to be incompatible with the wafer bonding process. Temperatures as low as 200-250 °C were reported in wafer bonding (Radu et al. 2005); however, the liquid or gel-polymer electrolyte will not be stable at those temperatures. It was also noticed that Kynar 741 PVDF polymer has a melting point of 168 °C (Kynar PVDF for lithium batteries, Elf Altchem technical brochure), which excluded the possibility of bonding wafers first and then filling with electrolyte as the
PVDF polymer in the composite electrode on the wafers will melt at the high temperature. Therefore, it was decided to not proceed with this design.
Since fabricating electrodes on separate wafers was not successful, it appeared that both electrodes had to be built on the same Si wafer. To build microbatteries on a single wafer, both electrodes would need to be fabricated in the same receptacle, separated by a layer of separator. Experiments were performed to test the feasibility of this approach.
The electrode receptacle was fabricated by coating and patterning a layer of photosensitive epoxy (SU-8 25, MicroChem Inc., Newton, MA). A schematic diagram of the fabrication procedure is shown in Fig. 7.3, showing the following steps to fabricate the cathode as the first electrode:
(a) Evaporative coating of Al onto an oxidized wafer;
(b) Spin-coating of the photosensitive epoxy onto the wafer;
(c) Patterning of the epoxy layer to create electrode receptacles;
(d) Screen-printing the composite cathode slurry into the receptacles to make thick-film cathodes, which were dried at elevated temperature under vacuum.
Figure 7.3 A schematic fabrication process of a composite cathode on a Si wafer
In these experiments, these “microcathodes” had an area of c.a. $4.0 \times 10.0$ mm$^2$. Following fabrication of the cathodes, they were tested using the following procedure:
i. Two pieces of Celgard 2400 separator film were placed on top of the cathode;
ii. A lithium electrode with Cu foil current collector was placed on the separator film;
iii. A piece of polypropylene (PP) film was used to cover both the lithium anode and separators;
iv. The edges of the PP film were sealed with hot glue, with the tab of Cu current collector uncovered;
v. Liquid electrolyte was injected into the cell with a syringe;
vi. The filling hole on the PP film was sealed with hot glue.
In initial tests it was found that the liquid electrolyte leaked slowly from the cell, and cell performance degraded in a manner strongly associated with the leakage. Therefore, liquid
electrolyte was periodically added into the cell to maintain a sufficient level and minimize the effect of leakage to the testing results.
The voltage profiles observed for these uncompressed CNT cathodes on Si wafer were similar to those of the 4 cm$^2$ CNT-cathode. Figure 7.4 shows the 0.5 C rate cycling performance of two cathodes with a composite film thickness of ~20 μm and ~50 μm, respectively. These cathodes cycled well at about 90% of theoretical capacities and a fade rate of 0.2%/cycle, slightly higher than that observed for these microcathodes. The higher fade rate was concluded to be the result of the continuous electrolyte leakage and solvent evaporation, which led to a higher salt concentration in the electrolyte and a poorer ionic conductivity. Precipitated salt was observed along the edges that the electrolyte leaked from the cell. The internal resistance of these cells was in the range of 30-80 ohm/cm$^2$, comparable to that of the macro cathodes. These results indicated that these microfabricated cathodes performed similar to the large cathodes.
These microcathodes had limited area specific capacities due to the small film thicknesses (20-50 μm), which was limited by the depth of the wells (about 100-150 μm). As shown in Chapter 4, the cathode should be built with a thickness of 85-100 μm with a capacity of 0.8-1.0 mAh/cm². However, attempts to increase cathode film thickness were not successful, since thicker composite films severely cracked and peeled-off from the substrate. The cause was identified to be the smoothness of the Si wafers, which resulted in poor adhesion between the Al layer and the composite film. Without improving the composite film thickness, it was expected that the microcathodes would not be able to provide the power needed by the proposed microbattery.
Nevertheless, it was found that a gel-polymer electrolyte solution could be applied on dried cathodes and gelled under vacuum to remove the solvent in the solution; the resulting cathode and gel-polymer electrolyte assemblies were tested without a separator film because the gel-polymer electrolyte was in place. The 0.5 C rate cycling performance of these cells was comparable to that shown in Fig. 7.4, indicating that the gel-polymer electrolyte performed at about the same level as liquid electrolyte at 0.5 C rate.
However, major technical challenges were encountered when the composite anode was made on the above assembly of cathode and gel-polymer electrolyte. The fabrication process is schematically shown in Fig. 7.5 (continued from Fig. 7.3):
(e) A layer of polymer electrolyte solution was applied on top of dried cathode and then gelled under vacuum;
(f) Composite anode slurry was screen-printed on top of the gel-polymer electrolyte and dried under vacuum;
(g) The anode current collector was applied onto the anode.
The technical difficulty was encountered in Step (g). At first a layer of Cu (about 1 μm thick) was evaporated onto the surface of the anodes as the current collector; however, the Cu film was found to be too thin to provide electrical connection for the porous composite film and the cells showed no capacity. Other conductive materials, e.g. conductive epoxy, were tried to overcome the above problem. However, the conductive epoxy was found to be chemically unstable in lithium-ion batteries and could not be used as a current collector. As a result, there was no success in getting a working lithium-ion cell.
Hence, the microbattery fabrication using silicon wafers was unsuccessful in this study. The side-by-side design was concluded in the previous study to be unable to provide the power required by this project and not investigated in this study; two layer-over-layer designs were investigated in this study, but were unsuccessful. The first layer-over-layer design was hindered by technical challenges with the wafer bonding process, and the second design was limited by the difficulty of coating a sufficiently thick composite cathode and making a current collector for
the composite anodes. The lesson learned from these experiments was that the substrates for the composite microbatteries should have the properties that would facilitate bonding or sealing, and that the current collectors should provide sufficient adhesion for thick composite electrodes to achieve the required cell performance.
7.2 POLYPROPYLENE FILM BASED METHOD
The second substrate investigated in this study was a polypropylene (PP) film. The PP film was considered since it is transparent, which may help in the alignment of electrodes fabricated on separate substrates; it is bondable at temperatures below 100 °C; its surface is rougher than that of Si wafers, which should be beneficial to improve the roughness of the current collector and enhance the adhesion to the composite electrodes. These properties appeared attractive for use of PP films as the substrate to implement a microbattery with a layer-over-layer electrode layout.
The PP films used in this study had a thickness of c.a. 50 μm, with sufficient stability in the liquid electrolyte, acidic and basic solutions. Initial experiments showed that the liquid electrolyte did not leak from pouches of heat bonded bare PP films; however, the evaporation coated thin metal layers on the PP films would lose continuity across the sealing line as the PP films deformed during heat sealing. Therefore, additional Cu foil slices (25 μm thick) were placed on thin-film current collector across the sealing line to ensure good electrical connections and 5-minute epoxy was used to seal the areas around the slices. The battery design is shown in Fig. 7.6.
The cells were fabricated by the following procedure:
a) Al or Cu was coated onto PP films by E-beam evaporation;
b) The metal films were patterned to make current collectors;
c) Composite slurries were screen-printed onto the current collectors;
d) The electrodes were dried under vacuum;
e) The electrodes were stacked with Celgard® 2325 separator;
f) Two slices of Cu foil were placed at the current collectors across the sealing line, liquid electrolyte was injected and the cell was sealed with the pulse heat sealer. In some cases, a heat sealable polymer film (same packaging film used in large cells) was used as a secondary package.
Figure 7.6 PP-film based microbattery design (not to scale)
A cut anode is shown in Figure 7.7. The effective electrode area was 0.4 cm$^2$, which was on the same order of magnitude as that intended for the next generation (0.1 cm$^2$, target area of microbattery). The thicknesses of dry cathode and anode films were about 60 and 20 $\mu$m, respectively, to balance the electrode capacities (as detailed in Chapter 6). Figure 7.8 shows the half C-rate cycling performance. It can be seen that after about 300 full depth discharge cycles, the microbattery retained above 70% of its starting capacity, demonstrating a good cycle life expectancy. The starting capacity was 0.63 mAh/cm$^2$, which was higher than that of the cathodes built on Si wafers (see Fig. 7.4); however, it was much lower than those of the macro cells (see Fig. 6.7) and the macro cathodes (see Fig. 4.16). Efforts to increase the electrode thickness to improve the cell capacity were unsuccessful, as composite cathode thicker than 60 $\mu$m would severely crack and peel off.
Figure 7.7 Image of a cut anode on PP-film
Figure 7.9 shows the cycling performance at various C-rates of up to 16 C. It can be seen that, for this particular battery, the 8 C discharge performance was acceptable (which delivered about 46% of the starting capacity); however, at the 16 C rate (which corresponded to 10 mA/cm$^2$
and 28 mW/cm$^2$), the cell only delivered 2-3% of the starting capacity, significantly smaller than the reported value (~30%) in Neudecker et al. (2000). It is also worth mentioning that in another test, the above cell successfully went through 2000 pulse discharge cycles, with each pulse lasting 0.5 sec at 4 mA (10 mA/cm$^2$).
**Figure 7.8** 0.5 C cycling performance of a microbattery built on PP-films
**Figure 7.9** Power performance of a PP-film based microbattery (refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
The inferior performance of the PP-film based cell at the 16 C rate was due to a large internal resistance (~1200 $\Omega$·cm$^2$, compared to about 40 $\Omega$·cm$^2$ of the testing cells of macro
The poor adhesion between the composite cathodes and the current collectors was a major cause of the large cell resistance, as the composite cathodes on PP films were very easily scraped off with a razor blade, while the macro cathodes on Al foils were not. Therefore, contrary to the original hope that the use of PP films would improve the adhesion of composite electrodes (as compared to Si wafers), the improvement was insufficient to achieve the desired electrode thickness and good contact between composite layer and current collector.
Efforts were made to roughen the PP film surface to improve the adhesion; however, no significant success was achieved. When the film was roughened slightly with reactive ion etching (RIE, DEM-451 Anelva Corporation), the roughness gained seemed to be negated by the current collector coating (about 1 μm thick, by E-beam evaporator); when the film was mechanically roughened (with 220-400 grit sand papers), it was not possible to coat a usable current collector on the resultant PP film. Therefore, improvements to the PP-film-based battery did not succeed and no effort was made to shrink the battery size to that of the proposed microbattery.
Although the PP-film-based batteries did not achieve the desired power level, they demonstrated the feasibility of using plastic substrate based methods to implement the proposed microbattery. In particular, electrode fabrication, cell assembly and sealing in presence of liquid electrolyte were greatly facilitated with PP film substrates, and the layer-over-layer design was implemented. The integration of Si-based microsensors and plastic-based microbatteries may require different assembly techniques than those currently adopted in semiconductor industry.
The investigation documented in this section also indicated that at least two aspects of the plastic film based battery needed improvement: the adhesion between the composite layer and current collector, and the heat stability of the plastic substrates. These issues need to be solved before microbatteries using plastic substrates can become a commercially feasible.
7.3 COC-FILM-BASED METHOD
The results in the previous two sections showed that obviously the PP film was more successful than the Si wafer as a microbattery substrate in this study. Therefore, further development focused on finding a plastic film with the proper properties to be used as a battery substrate. It was found that Topas® Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) film has following characteristics (from the Topas COC technical brochure at www.ticona.com), making itself a potentially better candidate than a PP-film for the substrate in this microbattery study:
- Improved film stiffness over polypropylene films;
- High barrier to water vapor and low water absorption;
- High melting point in the range of 240-300 °C;
- Heat bondable with a glass transition temperature in the range of 80-180 °C;
- Resistant to hydrolysis, polar organics acid and bases;
- Good adhesion for metallization without pretreatment;
- Electrically insulating with a dielectric constant of about 2.35.
COC film samples were obtained from Ticona (Florence, KY), and were highly transparent films with a thickness of c.a. 125 μm. It was experimentally verified that the COC films sealed well against the liquid electrolyte. A heat sealed COC film pouch (c.a. 4 cm²), which contained a Celgard film between two pieces of COC films, did not show any leakage of the liquid electrolyte it contained for a period of one week. It was also verified that the COC film was stable in the liquid electrolyte as a piece of COC film did not show any visual change and any mass change after one week soaking in the liquid electrolyte.
From the results of this study, it appeared that the composite electrodes built on metal foils had much better adhesion than those built on evaporated metal films; therefore, metal foils were
used in the microbattery design using COC film as a battery substrate. The design is illustrated in Fig. 7.10. The COC films were used both as electrode substrates and as the sealing material. The electrical connections to the current collectors were made by thru vias, so that no metal would extrude from the sealing lines and the possibility of liquid leakage along the sealing lines was minimized.
**Legends:**
- COC
- Al Foil
- Cu Foil
- Conductive Filling
- Celgard
- Composite
This design was implemented with the following procedure, which is shown schematically in Fig. 7.11:
(a) Thru holes were made on the COC films;
(b) Al or Cu foils were coated and patterned on the front side of the COC films, and conductive epoxy or solder was filled into the thru holes;
(c) Electrical connections on the backside of the films were coated and patterned, connecting to the conductive filling in the thru holes;
(d) Composite cathodes were screen printed onto the current collectors and dried;
(e) An anode film (made separately following step a-d), Celgard separator and a cathode film were aligned and stacked;
(f) The film stack was heat sealed along three lines, leaving the final edge unsealed;
(g) A proper amount of liquid electrolyte was injected into the above film stack;
(h) The film stack was allowed to stand for at least one hour, and then it was hand pressed to force the gas out of the stack and sealed along the final line and between the cells.
Most steps in the above procedure can be carried out with IC compatible processes. Step (a) can be done by anisotropic polymer etching (e.g. Reactive Ion Etcher), although in this study a cheaper and yet effective mechanical punching was adopted (such a technique has been used to make thru-film connections for polymer IC devices in DeJule 1998). In step (b), metal foil coating on COC films was attached by heat laminating (at 120-170 °C), and the patterning could be done by photolithography; it was actually done with a razor blade in this study. In step (c), the holes could be filled with electroplating, but were filled with soldering. In step (f), the sealing could be done with ultrasonic bonding (Devine, 2001), but was done by heat sealing. In step (g) the electrolyte filling could be done after the cell stack had been evacuated; however, evacuation was omitted because such an equipment was unavailable. The fact that manual techniques were used to implement this procedure does not imply that this procedure was limited to these techniques.
Two generations of microbatteries were fabricated in this study. The major difference between these two generations of batteries was the size of current collectors, which were c.a. 4 mm x 10 mm and 3 mm x 3 mm, respectively. The size of the composite electrodes was c.a. 2 mm x 2 mm for both generations. The first and second generations of microelectrodes and microbatteries are shown in the Figure 7.12 and 7.13. The thicknesses of screen masks for the cathodes and anodes were c.a. 200 and 90 μm, and the thicknesses of dried cathode and anode films were around 95 and 40 μm, respectively. Note that the cell volume was significantly larger
than the volume occupied by the current collectors, since the available heat sealer (Impulse Sealer Tish 200, Electronic Heating Equipment Co.) required a clearance of about 3 mm from the edge of the current collectors. Therefore, there was excess amount of liquid electrolyte in each microbattery, which may have been beneficial to the cell performance.
Figure 7.11 Fabrication procedure of the COC film based microbattery (Legends see Fig. 7.10)
The fabrication yield of microbatteries was about 50%, which would be improved as the process is automated. The probability was greater than 92% for discharge capacities of different cells to be smaller than 0.024 mAh/cm² at various rates (data to be shown in Fig. 7.16). Therefore, there was virtually no difference in the performance between these two generations of microbatteries. This was interpreted as the result of a minimal effect to the battery performance.
due to the different sizes of current collectors. Therefore, no distinction is made on the generation of the microbatteries when their performance is described in the following sections.
Figure 7.12 The first generation microelectrodes and sealed microbatteries
Figure 7.13 The second generation microelectrodes and sealed microbatteries
The microbatteries were successfully activated following the procedure listed in Chapter 6. The activation process did not produce any noticeable amount of gas. The microbattery capacities after activation were in the range of 0.025-0.04 mAh per cell (corresponding to 0.63-1.0 mAh/cm$^2$, close to that of the macro cathodes shown in Fig. 4.16). 100% DOD constant rate
cycling tests were performed at discharge rates from 0.5 C to 20 C (with a 0.5 C charge rate). Figure 7.14 shows typical voltage profiles for a microbattery discharged at 0.5 and 10 C rates, which were similar to those of 4 cm$^2$ batteries except that the voltage of the microbattery was slightly lower. Figure 7.15 shows the cycling performance of a microbattery at 0.5 C 100 % DOD cycling. After more than 160 cycles, the microbattery retained more than 75 % of its starting capacity. As it was expected that the microbatteries would be cycled in the proposed power supply at much shallower depths of discharge, the cycle life expectancy should be much longer.
**Figure 7.14** Comparison of voltage profiles between a microbattery and a large battery
The rate performance of these microbatteries, at 100 % DOD discharges, is shown in Fig. 7.16. It can be seen that these microbatteries delivered about 0.18 mAh/cm$^2$ at 10 mA/cm$^2$ (per electrode area, corresponding to 28 mW/cm$^2$ based on ending cell voltage), and about 0.04 mAh/cm$^2$ at 20 mA/cm$^2$ (56 mW/cm$^2$). This demonstrated that these microbatteries were capable to deliver the power needed by the autonomous microsensors (50 mW/cm$^2$, see chapter 1). This
graph also shows that the two generations of microbatteries had very similar power performance, indicating the size of current collectors imposed no effect on the cell performance.
Figure 7.15 0.5 C rate cycling performance of a microbattery (refer to Fig. 4.1 for legend use)
Figure 7.16 Power performance of COC-film based microbatteries at 100 % DOD discharge
A cycling test simulating a microsensor duty cycle was also performed. In this test, a microbattery was first charged to 4.10 V and then pulse discharged; between the pulse discharges, the microbattery was charged at 0.5 C-rate back to 4.10 V. Figure 7.17 shows the voltage and current profiles of duty cycles of 100 ms long 1.2 mA pulses. The depth of discharge
of such a duty cycle was about 0.13 %. Each microbattery provided about 3.5 mW (87 mW/cm$^2$) power during these pulses. When the battery voltage was allowed to drop to 2.84 V, a current of 1.6 mA (4.5 mW) could be drained from these microbatteries, corresponding to a current density of 40 mA/cm$^2$ and a power density >110 mW/cm$^2$. These tests demonstrated that the COC-film based microbatteries had the capability to deliver pulse power significantly higher than the requirement. Over 12,000 such duty cycles were demonstrated, and the change of the average cell voltage during pulses is shown in Figure 7.18. It can be seen that the voltage was stable in the first 6000 cycles and only decreased slightly afterwards, indicating the cell could be continually cycled.
A second type of pulse discharge test was also performed on COC-film based microbatteries. In this test, a microbattery was taper-charged to 4.10 V, and then discharged at a 0.5 C rate; during this discharge process, a 100 ms 0.8 mA pulse discharge (corresponding to
power density of 70 mW/cm$^2$ when the average voltage is 3.5 V) was drained out of the battery every 20 seconds. These pulses simulated the intermittently high power active operations of the autonomous microsensors that would be separated by longer periods of low power operations. In the test shown in Fig. 7.19, the microbattery delivered 297 pulses before reaching the cut-off voltage (2.85 V in this case), showing the capability of the microbattery to deliver a significant number of high power pulses before needing a recharge. The microbattery was then charged at 0.5 C rate to 4.10 V, as shown in Fig. 7.20. About 28% of the theoretical capacity was utilized during this pulse discharge process. The significant deeper depth of discharge than that of the constant rate discharge (see Fig. 7.16) was concluded to be the effect of the 20-second 0.5 C rate discharge between the pulses, which allowed redistribution of lithium in the cells.
The COC-film based microbatteries were successfully made and tested; however, due to the limited time and resources these microbatteries are still in early development stages, and some improvements are needed. As mentioned earlier in this section, the fabrication procedure was
largely manual, although the feasibility of the battery was demonstrated. Should an ultrasonic bonding machine or a heat sealer that requires much smaller clearance be available, the microbatteries could be sealed with space about the same size as the current collectors. In addition, the COC film is an excellent water vapor barrier; however, it is still permeable to O$_2$ and CO$_2$ (from the Topas COC technical brochure at www.ticona.com). Therefore, the COC films by themselves could not provide a hermetic seal and the microbatteries were tested in the glove box. It was expected that a layer of evaporative-coated aluminum film on the outer side of the COC films would provide a sufficiently hermetic seal for the microbatteries. Such aluminum coating was found in the heat sealable polymer film used in large cell packages, which effectively eliminated the penetration of H$_2$O, O$_2$, and CO$_2$ into the cells.
Figure 7.19 Voltage and current profiles of a COC-film based microbattery in a second pulse discharge test
7.4 SUMMARY
In this chapter, three types of substrates were tested in order to fabricate a high power microbattery. The composite cathode and gel-polymer electrolyte were successfully demonstrated with Si wafer substrates; however, no complete cell was successfully made. Microbatteries were demonstrated with the polypropylene film substrates; however, the power performance did not meet requirements due to poor adhesion between the current collector and the composite electrode limited the material loadings, and the thermal stability of the PP-films was not sufficient. Microbatteries built on COC-film substrates were proven to be the most successful ones in this study, demonstrating a good cycle life expectancy and a power capability which met requirements.
The COC-film based microbatteries had electrode area of c.a. 2.0 mm x 2.0 mm, nominal capacities of 0.025-0.04 mAh/cell (0.63-1.0 mAh/cm²). Constant rate discharge tests were performed at rates up to 20 mA/cm² (100% DOD), and pulse discharges were performed with pulses up to 1.6 mA (40 mA/cm², or 110 mW/cm²), demonstrating power capabilities surpassing that of the thin-film solid state microbatteries reported in Neudecker et al. (2000). Two types of
pulse discharge tests were carried out, in the first test the microbatteries were recharged after every pulse discharge and in the second test the microbatteries were pulse-discharge cycled until the cell voltage dropped to the cut-off voltage. The results showed that the microbatteries had a good pulse cycle life expectancy and could provide a significant number of pulse discharges before needing to be recharged.
CHAPTER 8: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The objective of this project was to build a high-power lithium-ion microbattery for use in power supplies for autonomous microsensors and similar applications. This was accomplished using a Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC)-film based method. The microbatteries used LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ and MCMB as active materials for the cathode and anode, respectively; liquid state LiPF$_6$/EC/DEC electrolyte was used with Celgard separator films. A layer-over-layer electrode layout was implemented. The COC-films were used as both the substrate and primary sealing materials, and patterned metal foils were used as the current collectors.
Composite thick-film cathodes used single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) as the conductive additive, which significantly reduced the internal resistance relative to that observed for cathodes which used a carbon black (CB) additive. Consequently the power performance of the cathodes was substantially improved even though no compression was applied to the electrodes. Therefore, the need for compression was eliminated, which facilitated microbattery fabrication. Optimized uncompressed macro CNT-cathodes (85-100 µm, 12 wt% SWNTs, and 2.6 wt% PVDF) were capable of delivering power at a level greater than 50 mW/cm$^2$, adequate to meet the peak power needs of the targeted microsystems. The energy density (based on electrode area) also met the desirable value of 8.5 J/cm$^2$ for a 0.1 cm$^2$ microbattery, which was estimated on the basis of reserve capacity for a hybrid micropower system (10 µW for 12 hours, Harb et al. 2002).
The composite anodes contained 90 wt% MCMB, 5 wt% multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and 5 wt% PVDF, and had significantly better power performance than the CNTcathodes. The MWNTs were used in the anode based their superior performance than super P carbon black that was previously used. The impact of activation on the performance of the composite anodes (and the lithium-ion batteries) was investigated, and a C-rate based activation procedure was developed and proven to be suitable for the 4 cm$^2$ lithium-ion batteries of this study.
The COC-film based microbatteries had electrode area of c.a. 2 mm x 2 mm, and nominal capacities of 0.025-0.04 mAh/cell (0.63-1.0 mAh/cm$^2$, corresponding to energy density of ~6.3-10.1 J/cm$^2$). The variation in cell capacities was a result of the variance in electrode thickness from cell to cell during fabrication. These batteries were able to deliver constant currents up to 20 mA/cm$^2$ (100 % depth of discharge, corresponding to power density of 56 mW/cm$^2$), substantially higher than that of the thin-film solid state microbatteries. These microbatteries also delivered pulse currents up to 40 mA/cm$^2$ (corresponding to power density of 110 mW/cm$^2$). Two types of pulse discharge tests were carried out. In the first type, the microbatteries were taper-charged to 4.1 V after every pulse discharge (at 1.2 mA for 100 ms) and the microbattery delivered over 12,000 pulses and the average cell voltage during a pulse only decreased slightly. The depth of discharge of each pulse was about 0.13 %. In the second test, the microbatteries were pulse-discharged (at a somewhat lower current level of 0.8 mA for 100 ms) once every 20 seconds superimposed on a constant rate discharge at 0.5 C (1.4 μA, corresponding to ~5.8 μW at 4.1 V) until the cell voltage dropped to the cut-off voltage. The cell delivered nearly 300 pulses, and the depth of discharge for this multi-pulsed discharge process was about 28 %. This depth of discharge was higher than that observed for a constant rate discharge at the same level (0.8 mA), which was due, at least in part, to the relaxation of concentration gradients during the lower rate discharge between pulses.
The mechanism by which the single-walled carbon nanotubes improved the rate performance of composite cathodes was studied both experimentally and theoretically. The measurements showed that the electronic conductivities of the uncompressed CNT-cathodes were lower than those of compressed CB-cathodes, and relaxation experiments indicated no significant difference in the ionic transport between these two types of cathodes. Numerical simulations using Newman’s dualfoil model (Doyle et al. 1993, Fuller et al. 1994, Doyle and Newman et al. 1996) also indicated that the electronic conductivity and porosity did not limit the performance of the CNT-cathodes. The simulation results also indicated that the uncompressed CNT-cathodes had a significantly lower “film resistance”. As the same active material and electrolyte were used in these two types of electrodes, the difference in the “film resistance” should reflect the difference in electronic contacts to the active material particles in the different cathodes. These better contacts facilitate electron conductance to these particles and improve their accessibility to the electrode reactions. Therefore, it was concluded that the use of SWNT in the composite cathodes improved battery performance by improving the electronic contacts to active material particles. Hence, the active material particles were more accessible to the electrode reactions, which consequently improved the rate capability of the composite cathodes.
This study contributed to lithium battery research in at least two ways. The first contribution was an understanding of the role of various types of resistances in the rate performance of the composite cathode, showing that composite film electronic conductivity and electrolyte ionic conductivity were not limiting, and most likely the electronic access to active material particles was limiting the rate performance of the composite cathode. The importance of electronic contacts to the electrode performance has been recognized (Thomas et al. 2002); however, no effective method has been implemented to characterize and reduce it. By using two types of carbon additives, SWNT and CB, this study offered some insights into the contact
resistance in the composite electrodes. Due to the difference in morphology, the fibrous SWNTs have better capability than the particulate CB to establish electronic accesses to the active material particles.
Although use of SWNTs as the conductive additive was effective in improving cathode performance, the improvement comes at a cost. The use of SWNT in microbatteries can be justified as the material cost is generally a small fraction of the cost of the microdevices. However, the use of SWNT in large cells is impractical due to its cost and it may be desirable to use materials that have similar characteristics in place of SWNT. Ideally, replacement materials should be compatible with lithium battery systems, have good conductivity and high aspect ratios. Results also indicated that it is preferable to use replacement materials with length comparable to the size of the active material.
The second contribution was the development of a plastic-substrate-based method to implement a thick-film composite microbattery that meets both the peak power and energy density requirements of the autonomous microsensors. A truly 0.1 cm$^2$ (based on electrode area) microbattery can be created for the hybrid power supply proposed in Harb et al. (2002) using the recipe and procedure developed in this study. By using a Cyclic Olefin Copolymer film as the battery substrate, a layer-over-layer electrode layout was implemented in a microbattery that uses a liquid electrolyte. Cu and Al foils were used as current collectors, and the electrode thickness was comparable to that in the 4 cm$^2$ cells (~100 μm), which is more than an order of magnitude greater than that of the thin-film electrodes, leading to higher material loadings. All these factors, combined with the high-power cathode and anode, contributed to the good performance of the microbattery. The successful implementation of the lithium-ion thick-film microbattery represents a step closer to the realization of a complete wireless microsensing system. Although the power density achieved in this study was somewhat lower than that in a
previous study (Humble et al. 2001, Humble and Harb 2003), the COC-based microbatteries developed in this study had several advantages over the Ni/Zn microbatteries, including a higher working voltage, a higher energy density, a better capacity retention and a longer cycle life. Use of a flexible plastic substrate is also likely to afford some unique integration possibilities for autonomous microsystems.
There are several opportunities for future work that are related to this project:
1. The fabrication procedure implemented in this study proved the feasibility of making COC-film based microbatteries. Demonstration of practical, high-volume assembly based on this work remains to be accomplished;
2. The cycle testing and pulse testing results are very promising. Different types of duty cycle testing remains to be done to investigate the capability of the microbatteries to handle various tasks;
3. The microbatteries need to be integrated with solar cells and controlling circuitry to make a micro power supply. Strategies for integrating plastic batteries with other system components need to be explored;
4. The microbatteries in this study were tested in a glove box because the COC film is oxygen permeable. A comparative test should be carried outside the glove box to verify the impact of oxygen on the cell performance. It was envisioned that coating an Al layer on the external sides of battery could effectively inhibit the oxygen penetration. Such a technique needs to be investigated and integrated into the microbattery fabrication;
5. Methods for fabricating microbatteries in a patternable way should be investigated, which allow connecting batteries into arrays (series or parallel) that may be more useful in some power supplies.
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## A.1 CATHODE TESTING SCHEDULE
| Step Label | Number Of Limits | Control Type | Control Value | Extra Control Value 1 | Extra Control Value 2 | Current Range | Extended Definition | Extended Definition 1 |
|----------------|------------------|--------------|------------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|---------------|---------------------|-----------------------|
| OCP | 2 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:01:00 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:00:10 | | | | |
| charge_half | 4 | C-Rate | 0.5 | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Voltage | >= | 4.3 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV Voltage | >= | 0.05 | | | | |
| 4 | | End Test | PV_CHAN_Current | >= | 0.5 | | | |
| taper | 5 | Voltage(V) | LL_CHAN_Voltage | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Current | <= | 2e-005 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 4.35 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV Voltage | >= | 00:10:00 | | | | |
| 4 | | DV_Current | >= | 5e-005 | | | | |
| 5 | | End Test | PV_CHAN_Current | >= | 0.5 | | | |
| Rest1 | 3 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:00:05 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:00:02 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV Voltage | >= | 0.001 | | | | |
| Discharge1 | 4 | C-Rate | -0.1 | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Voltage | <= | 8.3 | | | |
| 2 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:00:20 | | | |
| 3 | | DV Time | >= | 00:00:05 | | | | |
| 4 | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.05 | | | | |
| IR | 2 | Internal Resistance | Amp: 5e-005 ms:2.00 Offset:0 | Low | | | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | DischargeHalf | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:00:00 | PV_CHAN_Cycle_Inde | <= | 5 |
| 2 | | Discharge5C | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:00:15 | PV_CHAN_Cycle_Inde | <= | 15 |
| DischargeHalf | 3 | C-Rate | -0.5 | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | relax | PV_CHAN_Voltage | <= | 3.3 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:05:00 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.05 | | | | |
| Discharge5C | 3 | C-Rate | -5 | | | Medium | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | relax | PV_CHAN_Voltage | <= | 3.3 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:05:00 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.05 | | | | |
| relax | 3 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | Next Step | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:02:00 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.001 | | | | |
| Increment | 2 | Set Variable(s) | Reset | Increment | Decrement | | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | End Test | PV_CHAN_Cycle_Inde | >= | 16 | | | |
| 2 | | charge_half | PV_CHAN_Cycle_Inde | <= | 15 | | | |
| rest_end | 3 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | Step Limit | Goto Step | Type1 | Sign1 | Value1 | Type2 | Sign2 | Value2 |
| 1 | | End Test | PV_CHAN_Step_Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | |
| 2 | | DV Time | >= | 00:02:00 | | | | |
| 3 | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.05 | | | | |
| Step Label | Number Of Limits | Control Type | Control Value | Extra Control Value 1 | Extra Control Value 2 | Current Range | Extended Definition | Extended Definition 1 |
|---------------|------------------|--------------|---------------|-----------------------|-----------------------|---------------|---------------------|------------------------|
| OCP | 2 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Step Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Goto Step | | | | | | | | |
| Type1 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign1 | | | | | | | | |
| Value1 | | | | | | | | |
| Type2 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign2 | | | | | | | | |
| Value2 | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | Next Step | PV_CHAN.Step_Time | >= | 05:00:00 | | |
| 2 | | | DV_Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | |
| 1stCharge | 4 | C-Rate | 0.05 | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Step Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Goto Step | | | | | | | | |
| Type1 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign1 | | | | | | | | |
| Value1 | | | | | | | | |
| Type2 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign2 | | | | | | | | |
| Value2 | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | Next Step | PV_CHAN.Step_Time | >= | 02:00:00 | | |
| 2 | | | DV_Time | >= | 00:05:00 | | | |
| 3 | | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.005 | | | |
| rest1 | 3 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Step Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Goto Step | | | | | | | | |
| Type1 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign1 | | | | | | | | |
| Value1 | | | | | | | | |
| Type2 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign2 | | | | | | | | |
| Value2 | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | Next Step | PV_CHAN.Step_Time | >= | 04:00:00 | | |
| 2 | | | DV_Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | |
| 3 | | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.005 | | | |
| 2nd charge | 3 | C-Rate | 0.1 | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Step Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Goto Step | | | | | | | | |
| Type1 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign1 | | | | | | | | |
| Value1 | | | | | | | | |
| Type2 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign2 | | | | | | | | |
| Value2 | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | Next Step | PV_CHAN.Voltage | >= | 4.1 | | |
| 2 | | | DV_Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | |
| 3 | | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.05 | | | |
| Rest2 | 3 | Rest | | | | | | |
| Log Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Step Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Goto Step | | | | | | | | |
| Type1 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign1 | | | | | | | | |
| Value1 | | | | | | | | |
| Type2 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign2 | | | | | | | | |
| Value2 | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | Next Step | PV_CHAN.Step_Time | >= | 00:30:00 | | |
| 2 | | | DV_Time | >= | 00:05:00 | | | |
| 3 | | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.005 | | | |
| Discharge | 3 | C-Rate | -0.1 | | | Low | | |
| Log Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Step Limit | | | | | | | | |
| Goto Step | | | | | | | | |
| Type1 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign1 | | | | | | | | |
| Value1 | | | | | | | | |
| Type2 | | | | | | | | |
| Sign2 | | | | | | | | |
| Value2 | | | | | | | | |
| 1 | | | End Test! | PV_CHAN.Step_Time | >= | 02:00:00 | | |
| 2 | | | DV_Time | >= | 00:10:00 | | | |
| 3 | | | DV_Voltage | >= | 0.02 | | | |
APPENDIX B: INPUT DATA FILE FOR DUAL-FOIL MODEL
An example of the values for input data file for the dual-foil model is tabulated below (Table B.1). Please see the program code, available at J. Newman’s website, for further information of the parameters. Note that in this study, a MCMB anode was used in the model. This was due to the observation of an unrealistic voltage jump phenomenon observed in the model result when a lithium anode was used. It was thought that the model contained a numerical bug, which could not be eliminated by adjusting electrode parameters. The parameters of the MCMB anode were adjusted so that the overpotential of the anode was insignificant and the cell performance represented that of the composite cathodes.
| Value | Parameter | Meaning |
|-----------|-----------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 50 | lim | limit on number of iterations |
| 50.0d-06 | h1 | thickness of negative electrode (m) |
| 75.d-06 | h2 | thickness of separator (m) (3 pcs of celgard 2400) |
| 86.0d-06 | h3 | thickness of positive electrode (m) |
| 25.d-06 | hcn | thickness of negative current collector (m) |
| 25.d-06 | hcp | thickness of positive current collector (m) |
| 30 | n1 | number of nodes in negative electrode(set=0 if in foil mode) |
| 20 | n2 | number of nodes in separator |
| 150 | n3 | number of nodes in positive electrode |
| 298.0d0 | T | temperature (K) |
| 1000.d0 | xi(1,1) | initial salt concentration (mol/m3) |
| 0.99d0 | x | initial stoichiometric parameter for neg. electrode (ignored if n1=0) |
| 0.18d0 | y | initial stoichiometric parameter for positive electrode |
| 0.5d0 | tmmax | maximum time step size (s) |
| 0.0d0 | vcut | cutoff potential |
| 3.9d-6 | dfs1 | (ignored in Foil mode) diffusion coef. in negative solid (m²/s) |
| 0.35d-15 | dfs3 | diffusion coef. in positive solid (m²/s) |
| 1.50d-06 | Rad1 | radius of negative particles (m) (ignored in Foil mode) |
| 1.5d-06 | Rad3 | radius of positive particles (m) (measurement) |
| Value | Parameter | Description |
|---------|------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 3.3d0 | Brugg | Bruggeman exponent for cathode |
| 2.8d0 | BruggE | Bruggeman exponent for separator |
| 0.457d0 | ep1 | volume fraction of electrolyte in negative electrode |
| 0.00d0 | epp1 | volume fraction of polymer in negative electrode |
| 0.026d0 | epf1 | volume fraction of inert filler in negative electrode |
| 0.37d0 | ep2 | volume fraction of electrolyte in separator |
| 0.0d0 | epp2 | volume fraction of polymer in separator |
| 0.305d0 | ep3 | volume fraction of electrolyte in positive electrode |
| 0.20d0 | epp3 | volume fraction of polymer in positive electrode |
| 0.2d0 | epf3 | volume fraction of inert filler in positive electrode |
| 100.d0 | sig1 | conductivity of negative matrix (S/m) (ignored in Foil mode) |
| 0.345d0 | sig3 | conductivity of positive matrix (S/m) |
| 1.30d-4 | rka1 | rate constant for negative reaction ( mol/m²s) |
| 6.29d-11| rka3 | rate constant for positive |
| 0.00d0 | ranode | anode film resistance (ohm-m²) |
| 0.04d0 | rcathde | cathode film resistance (ohm-m²) |
| 3862.00d0 | cot1 | coulombic capacity of negative material (mAh/g) |
| 120.0d0 | cot3 | coulombic capacity of positive material (mAh/g) |
| 1324.0d0 | re | density of electrolyte (kg/m³) |
| 2260.0d0 | rs1 | density of negative insertion material (kg/m³) |
| 4140.0d0 | rs3 | density of positive insertion material (kg/m³) |
| 1400.d0 | rf | density of inert filler (kg/m³) |
| 1780.d0 | rpl | (not used here) density of polymer material (kg/m³) |
| 0.0d0 | rc | density of inert separator material (kg/m³) |
| 8954.0d0 | rcn | density of negative current collector (kg/m³) |
| 2707.0d0 | rcp | density of positive current collector (kg/m³) |
| 0.0d0 | htc | heat-transfer coefficient at ends of cell stack (W/m²K) |
| 0.0d0 | dUdT | temperature coefficient of open-circuit potential (V/K) |
| 2000.0d0 | Cp | heat capacity of system (J/kg·K) |
| 298.d0 | Tam | ambient air temperature (K) |
| 1 | ncell | number of cells in a cell stack |
| 2 | lht | 0 uses htc, 1 calcs htc, 2 isothermal |
| 1 | il1 | 1 for long print-out 0 for short print-out |
| 4 | il2 | prints every il2 th node in long print-out |
| 4 | il3 | prints every il3 th time step in long print-out |
| 1 | lflag | 0 for electrolyte in separator only, 1 for uniform |
| 0 | imp | 0 for no impedance, 1 for impedance |
| 1.0d-01 | capp1 | capacitance of negative material (F/m²) |
| 1.0d02 | capp3 | capacitance of positive material (F/m²) |
| 0 | lpow | 0 for no power peaks, 1 for power peaks |
| 0 | jsol | calculate solid profiles if 1 < jsol < nj |
| 3 | nneg | using MCMB to simulate lithium foil |
| 11 | nprop | LiPF₆ in EC:DMC liquid |
| 11 | npos | LiAl₀.₂Mn₁.₈O₄F₀.₂ with OCP fitted to our material LiAl₀.₁₄Mn₁.₈₆O₄ |
| 1 | lcurs | number of current changes |
| 86.5d0 | 3.3d0 | 2 |
Figure B.1 Unrealistic voltage jump in the dual foil model using a lithium metal anode
APPENDIX C: VOLUME FRACTION ESTIMATION OF CATHODES
In this study, a method similar to the one in Mandal et al. (2001) was used to estimate the volume fraction of the components in the composite cathodes. In short, volume of component $i$ is calculated by Eq. C.1, and then the volume fraction $V_i$ is calculated by Eq. C.2.
$$V_i = \frac{m_i}{\rho_i}$$ \hspace{1cm} (C.1)
$$\varepsilon_i = \frac{V_i}{\sum_i V_i}$$ \hspace{1cm} (C.2)
Where $V_i$ is volume of component $i$, $m$ is mass, $\rho$ is density, $\varepsilon$ is volume fraction.
The density data is listed Table C.1. The data is quoted from Mandal et al. (2001) unless otherwise stated.
Table C.1 Densities of electrode materials
| Material | Bulk Density (g/cm$^3$) *1 | True Density (g/cm$^3$) | Component vol% *3 | Pore Vol % *4 |
|--------------|----------------------------|-------------------------|-------------------|---------------|
| LiAl$_{0.14}$Mn$_{1.86}$O$_4$ | 1.03 | 4.28 | 24 | 76 |
| PVDF | 0.30 | 1.80 | 17 | 83 |
| CB | 0.096 | 1.4 | 7 | 93 |
| SWNT | 0.17 | 1.4 *2 | 12 | 88 |
Note:
*1: Measured values;
*2: Data from Carbolex Inc.;
*3: Component volume fraction is calculated by (bulk density)/(true density);
*4: Air volume fraction = 1.0 - component vol. fraction.
In this study, the volume of the composite electrode is calculated based on the measured data of film area and thickness. The volume of each component in an electrode can be easily
calculated using the mass and corresponding density data. Examples of calculation are listed in Table C.2.
A comparison of the volume fraction data with that in Lazarraga et al. (2003) is provided in Table C.3. Note that the estimated porosities in this study were significantly larger those in Lazarraga et al. (2003). This was explained as the result of the difference in the pressures: the cathode pellets in Lazarraga et al. (2003) were compressed at 170 MPa and the composite cathodes in this study were compressed at 20 inch-lb (which was estimated to be about 1 MPa). Therefore, it seems reasonable that the porosities in this study were about 50% larger than those in Lazarraga et al. (2003).
Table C.2 Examples of volume fraction calculation in uncompressed composite cathodes
| | Mass fraction (%) | total volume (cm³) | Estimated component volume (cm³) | volume fraction (%) |
|------------------|-------------------|--------------------|----------------------------------|---------------------|
| | PVDF | AM* | Carbon | PVDF | AM | Carbon | PVDF | AM | Carbon | pore |
| 12% CB | 2.6 | 85.4 | 12 | 105.0 | 1.44 | 19.9 | 6.06 | 1.4 | 19.0 | 5.8 | 73.8 |
| 12% CNT | 2.6 | 85.4 | 12 | 127.3 | 1.44 | 19.9 | 8.57 | 1.1 | 15.7 | 6.7 | 76.5 |
Note *: “AM” is short for active material.
Table C.3 Estimated volume fraction data compared with Lazarraga et al. (2003)
| Label | PVDF wt% | PVDF vol% | LiMn₂O₄ wt% | LiMn₂O₄ vol% | CB wt% | CB vol% | Pore vol% |
|------------------|----------|-----------|-------------|--------------|--------|---------|-----------|
| 1 wt% CB* | 9.5 | 13.3 | 89.4 | 53 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 32.8 |
| 7 wt% CB* | 10 | 12.7 | 82.7 | 44.4 | 7.3 | 8.6 | 34.3 |
| 11 wt% | 11 | 12.4 | 78.0 | 36.9 | 11 | 11.2 | 39.4 |
| 1wt%CB** | 2.6 | 2.9 | 96.4 | 45.7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 50.3 |
| 7wt%CB** | 2.6 | 2.5 | 89.9 | 37.0 | 7.5 | 6.7 | 53.7 |
| 12wt%CB** | 2.6 | 1.7 | 85.4 | 23.1 | 12 | 7.0 | 68.2 |
Note *: data for composite pellets compressed at 170 MPa in Lazarraga et al. (2003);
Note **: estimated data for CB-cathodes compressed at 20 in-lb in this study. | <urn:uuid:dabe25d6-516e-4ad3-a455-be0212b94ab7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 310,551 |
NEWS RELEASE
INPUT CAPITAL CORP. MONTHLY UPDATE - DECEMBER 2013
01/06/2014
REGINA, Jan. 6, 2014 /CNW/ - Input Capital Corp. ("Input") (TSX Venture Exchange: INP) is releasing its monthly update for December 2013 summarizing canola deliveries and the acquisition of new multi-year canola streams.
"The grain handling and transportation system in western Canada is working through a record crop," said President and CEO Doug Emsley. "The good news is that the grain companies and railroads are moving the crop to port positions at a record pace to keep up with export demand for our products. However, with so much product competing for railcars, we are seeing delivery delays into the elevator system. While Input is affected by these delays, our disciplined marketing plan has assured us delivery slots and our canola will be brought in when called for."
Canola Deliveries
For the current year to date:
New Canola Streams
Gord Nystuen, Vice-President Market Development, and Input's Business Development team continue to meet with farmers across the prairies as farmers begin plan for next year's growing season. As new streaming contracts are finalized, they will be summarized in these monthly updates. Input signed its first streaming contract in February of 2013.
Updated Corporate Website
Input has also updated its corporate website, which can be found at www.inputcapital.com. The new website features an updated Fact Sheet on the company.
NEITHER TSX VENTURE EXCHANGE NOR ITS REGULATION SERVICES PROVIDER (AS THAT TERM IS DEFINED IN POLICIES OF THE TSX VENTURE EXCHANGE) ACCEPTS RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE ADEQUACY OR ACCURACY OF THIS RELEASE.
About Input
Input is an agriculture commodity streaming company with a focus on canola, the largest and most profitable crop in Canadian agriculture. Input enters into multi-year canola streaming contracts with canola farmers in western Canada. Pursuant to the streaming contract, Input purchases a fixed portion of the canola produced, at a fixed price, for the duration of the term of the contract. Input is a non-operating farming company with a portfolio of ten canola streams, all of which produce canola and revenue for Input within a year of the agreement being signed. Input plans to grow and diversify its low cost canola production profile through entering into additional canola streaming contracts with farmers across western Canada.
Input is focused on farmers with quality production profiles, excellent upside yield potential, and strong management teams. Input has completed canola streaming contracts in Northern Alberta, Western Saskatchewan and throughout East Central Saskatchewan.
Forward Looking Statements
This release includes forward-looking statements regarding Input and its business. Such statements are based on the current expectations and views of future events of Input's management. In some cases the forward-looking statements can be identified by words or phrases such as "may", "will", "expect", "plan", "anticipate", "intend", "potential", "estimate", "believe" or the negative of these terms, or other similar expressions intended to identify forward-looking statements. The forward-looking events and circumstances discussed in this release may not occur and could differ materially as a result of known and unknown risk factors and uncertainties affecting Input, including risks regarding the agricultural industry, economic factors and the equity markets generally and many other factors beyond the control of Input. No forward-looking statement can be guaranteed. Forward-looking statements and information by their nature are based on assumptions and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors which may cause our actual results, performance or achievements, or industry results, to be materially different from any future results, performance or achievements expressed or implied by such forward-looking statement or information. Accordingly, readers should not place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements or information. Except as required by applicable securities laws, forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made and Input undertakes no obligation to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future events, or otherwise.
SOURCE Input Capital Corp.
Doug Emsley President & CEO (306) 347-1024 email@example.com
Brad Farquhar Executive Vice-President & CFO (306) 347-7202 firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:932f7a64-d704-4dbd-9050-8c32118cce35> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,536 |
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Posting Date: January 20, 2017
Filing Deadline Date: January 27, 2017
The following opening(s) are available for four-hour employees who seek additional hours and who have on file a Statement of Availability requesting additional hours. Substitute teachers who do not currently hold a contract are not eligible to apply for the positions list below. Interested applicants may submit an appropriate application (Application for Additional Hours, Form 84.06) to the Early Childhood Education Assignment Office within five working days of the posting in accordance with Article XXIII, Section 5.0 of the 2008 - 2011 LAUSD/UTLA Agreement.
| CENTER | ADDRESS | TELEPHONE | AM | PM | BASIS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 97TH STREET EEC | 430 West Colden Ave. Los Angeles, CA 90003 | (323) 777-1233 | X | | A |
| CABRILLO EEC | 741 West 8th Street San Pedro, CA 90731 | (310) 832-2809 | | X | A |
| CHRISTA McAULIFFE EEC | 8914 Hunt Street South Gate, CA 90280 | (323) 249-5760 | X | | A |
| DOLORES EEC | 22309 Catskill Ave Carson, CA 90745 | (310) 830-6987 | | X | A |
| GLASSELL PARK EEC | 3003 North Carlyle Street Los Angeles, CA 90065 | (323) 221-1008 | | X | A |
| HAWAIIAN EEC | 501 Hawaiian Avenue Wilmington, CA 90744 | (310) 834-7186 | | X | A |
| LOCKE EEC | 310 East 11th Street Los Angeles, CA 90061 | (323) 755-0721 | | X | A |
| MIRAMONTE EEC | 1341 East 70th Street Los Angeles, CA 90001 | (323) 581-6223 | | X | A |
| PACOIMA EEC | 11059 Herrick Ave Pacoima, CA 91331 | (818) 896-3722 | | X | A |
| WADSWORTH EEC | 1047 East 41st Street Los Angeles, CA 90011 | (323) 232-0581 | | X | A |
* CALIFORNIA STATE PRESCHOOL PROGRAM: This is a C basis assignment. A current employee in a contracted A basis assignment cannot simultaneously hold a C basis position. It will be necessary to reduce from A basis to C basis.
Felicia Torrence
Personnel Specialist
Human Resources-Early Childhood Education Unit | <urn:uuid:9d5b16cd-cb13-4fbb-abb0-16983560d4e3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,051 |
Kunnskapsdepartementet Postboks 8119 Dep.
0032 OSLO
Vurdering av situasjonen 10. desember 2021
Innledning
Det er en overordnet ambisjon å verne barn og unge mot tiltak som begrenser deres hverdag. Resten av samfunnet må derfor tåle strengere tiltak av hensyn til å gi mer rom for barn og unges livsutfoldelse og ivaretakelse av deres rett til læring, mestring og trivsel i barnehager og skoler. Vårt primære standpunkt er derfor at barn og unge bør skjermes for inngripende tiltak så langt det er mulig.
Regjeringen har besluttet gjeninnføring av trafikklysmodellen i barnehager og skoler med et nasjonalt bestemt grønt tiltaksnivå og varslet en mulig overgang til gult tiltaksnivå. Dette brevet er Utdanningsdirektoratets vurdering av en slik eventuell innstramming.
Vurdering
Innføring av utstrakt smittekarantene for barn og unge betyr i praksis at det vil være behov for ytterligere forsterkning av tiltak i skoler og barnehager av hensyn til å redusere antallet nærkontakter. De nye karantenereglene ved mistanke om omikron gjør at det blir behov for strengere kontaktreduserende tiltak rettet mot barn og unge, for eksempel i form av gult tiltaksnivå. Utdanningsdirektoratet er derfor opptatt av at smittekarantene for alminnelige nærkontakter ved mistanke om omikron oppheves for barn og unge så snart det er mulig.
Dersom det vurderes å være nødvendig med ytterligere tiltak rettet mot barnehage og skole, og barn og unge, er vår anbefaling å gjøre dette på en slik måte at det skaper mest mulig forutsigbarhet i sektorene:
- Trafikklysmodellens ulike nivåer er kjent og vil kunne oppfylle behovet for forutsigbarhet og trygghet.
- Jevnlig testing er et godt innarbeidet tiltak på mellomtrinnet, ungdomstrinnet og i videregående opplæring. Ifølge FHI er jevnlig testing det mest effektive og målrettete tiltaket for elevene.
Gult tiltaksnivå i trafikklysmodellen innebærer undervisning i vanlige klasser/grupper, og at man begrenser kontakt på tvers. Dette har mest effekt i barnehager og på de lavere trinnene i skolen der man i hovedsak har all undervisning i faste klasser.
Både ungdomstrinn og videregående opplæring har blanding av elever i ulike fag, og gult tiltaksnivå er derfor vanskelig forenelig med språkfag, valgfag/programfag og andre fag på tvers av klasser. Gult tiltaksnivå vil dessuten kunne innebære et stort sosialt tap, særlig for de elevene som ikke har sine venner i kohorten sin. Elever i videregående opplæring får nå tilbud om vaksinedose 2 og elever på ungdomstrinnet har fått tilbud om vaksinedose 1. Selv om vaksinenes effekt mot omikron er usikker, er det fortsatt godt dokumentert at vaksinene gir god beskyttelse mot Delta som fremdeles dominerer i Norge nå.
Telefon:
+47 23 30 12 00
Org.nr.:
NO 970 018 131
Vår dato:
10.12.2021
Vår referanse: 2021/134 Deres referanse:
Deres dato:
Utdanningsdirektoratets vurdering er at testing er et mindre inngripende tiltak, og vi vil anbefale dette fremfor å benytte gult tiltaksnivå i trafikklysmodellen for ungdomstrinn og videregående opplæring, dersom det er mulig. For barnetrinn og barnehage mener vi gult tiltaksnivå er forenelig med å gi barn og unge et forsvarlig barnehage- og opplæringstilbud dersom det er nødvendig med smitteverntiltak. Der det er mistanke om omikron og strengere karantenebestemmelser blir gjeldende, bør det benyttes gult tiltaksnivå i barnehager og barneskoler for å redusere antall barn og voksne som defineres som nærkontakter og begrense karantenesetting.
Tiltak rettet mot barn og unge og barnehage og skole, må være tidsbegrenset og ikke vare lenger enn tiltak i samfunnet for øvrig. Samtidig er det et stort behov for forutsigbarhet i disse sektorene, fordi endringer i form av innstramminger vil innebære omfattende og krevende replanlegging. Vår anbefaling er derfor at eventuelle tiltak i utgangspunktet har en varighet til og med uke 1 i 2022, men da under forutsetning av at resten av samfunnet for øvrig er underlagt strenge kontaktreduserende tiltak. Eventuelle tiltak må dessuten ta høyde for tid til innføring, slik at ikke skoler og barnehager stenger tilbudet for å forberede nytt tiltaksnivå eller smitteverntiltak.
Særlige hensyn
Barn og elever med spesielle behov må uansett få et tilbud på skolen eller i barnehagen, uavhengig av tiltaksnivå. Tilbudet til mange av disse elevene har over tid vært mangelfullt, og det svært viktig at disse elevene får et tilrettelagt tilbud og anledning til å være på skole og i barnehage. Det er også viktig at elever i yrkesfaglig opplæring får opplæring på skolen uavhengig av tiltaksnivå.
Anbefaling
Dersom det er behov for strengere tiltak i barnehager og skoler anbefales gult tiltaksnivå i barnehager og barneskoler da dette samsvarer med strenge karantenebestemmelser ved mistanke om omikron. For ungdomsskole og videregående skole anbefales fremdeles jevnlig testing som tiltak fremfor gult tiltaksnivå da dette er svært inngripende på disse trinnene.
Dersom det likevel innføres gult tiltaksnivå i ungdomsskoler og videregående opplæring, er det særlig viktig at det gjøres grundige forholdsmessighetsvurderinger og at tiltakene tydelig avgrenses i tid.
Vennlig hilsen
Hege Nilssen direktør
Bente Barton Dahlberg divisjonsdirektør | <urn:uuid:767d20ee-d16e-45a0-8dfe-504272ccd4e5> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nob_Latn/train | finepdfs | nob_Latn | 5,236 |
SÚHRN CHARAKTERISTICKÝCH VLASTNOSTÍ LIEKU
1. NÁZOV LIEKU
Glucophage XR
Glucophage XR 750 mg
Glucophage XR 1000 mg tablety s predĺženým uvoľňovaním
2. KVALITATÍVNE A KVANTITATÍVNE ZLOŽENIE
Glucophage XR
Každá tableta s predĺženým uvoľňovaním obsahuje 500 mg metformínium-chloridu, čo zodpovedá 390 mg metformínu.
Glucophage XR 750 mg
Každá tableta s predĺženým uvoľňovaním obsahuje 750 mg metformínium-chloridu, čo zodpovedá 585 mg metformínu.
Glucophage XR 1000 mg
Každá tableta s predĺženým uvoľňovaním obsahuje 1000 mg metformínium-chloridu, čo zodpovedá 780 mg metformínu.
Úplný zoznam pomocných látok, pozri časť 6.1.
3. LIEKOVÁ FORMA
Tableta s predĺženým uvoľňovaním.
Glucophage XR tablety s predĺženým uvoľňovaním sú biele až sivobiele bikonvexné okrúhle tablety, na jednej strane tablety je vyrazené ,,500".
Glucophage XR 750 mg tablety s predĺženým uvoľňovaním sú biele až sivobiele bikonvexné tablety v tvare kapsuly, na jednej strane tablety je vyrazené ,,750" a na druhej strane ,,Merck".
Glucophage XR 1000 mg tablety s predĺženým uvoľňovaním sú biele až sivobiele bikonvexné tablety v tvare kapsuly, na jednej strane tablety je vyrazené ,,1000" a na druhej strane ,,Merck".
4. KLINICKÉ ÚDAJE
4.1 Terapeutické indikácie
Liečba diabetes mellitus 2. typu u dospelých, hlavne u obéznych pacientov, ak diétnymi opatreniami a telesným cvičením nebola dosiahnutá adekvátna kontrola glykémie.
Glucophage XR môže byť indikovaný ako monoterapia alebo v kombinácii s inými perorálnymi antidiabetikami alebo s inzulínom.
Použitie metformínu ako lieku prvej voľby u obéznych dospelých pacientov s diabetom 2. typu po zlyhaní diéty znižuje výskyt diabetických komplikácií (pozri časť 5.1).
4.2 Dávkovanie a spôsob podávania
Dávkovanie
Dospelí s normálnou funkciou obličiek (GFR ≥ 90 ml/min)
Monoterapia a kombinácia s inými perorálnymi antidiabetikami
- Zvyčajná počiatočná dávka je 1 tableta Glucophage XR 500 mg alebo 1 tableta Glucophage XR 750 mg jedenkrát denne. Po 10 až 15 dňoch môže byť dávka upravená na základe hodnôt glykémie. Postupné zvyšovanie dávky môže zlepšiť gastrointestinálnu toleranciu. Maximálna odporúčaná dávka je 2000 mg denne.
- Dávka sa má zvyšovať po častiach o 500 mg každý 10. až 15. deň, maximálne na 2000 mg jedenkrát denne večer s jedlom.
- Ak sa nedosiahne kontrola glykémie pri dávke 4 tablety Glucophage XR 500 mg alebo 2 tablety Glucophage XR 750 mg alebo 2 tablety Glucophage XR 1000 mg jedenkrát denne, môže sa liečba nahradiť metformínom s okamžitým uvoľňovaním v dávke 3000 mg denne.
- U pacientov už liečených metformínom, počiatočná dávka Glucophage XR musí byť ekvivalentná dennej dávke tabliet metformínu s nepredĺženým účinkom.
- V prípade náhrady iného perorálneho antidiabetika metformínom sa predchádzajúca terapia ukončí a nahradí sa Glucophage XR vo vyššie uvedených dávkach.
Kombinácia s inzulínom
Metformín a inzulín použitý v kombinácii, umožnia dosiahnuť lepšiu kontrolu glykémie.
Obvyklá počiatočná dávka je 1 tableta Glucophage XR 500 mg alebo Glucophage XR 750 mg jedenkrát denne.
Súčasne sa dávkovanie inzulínu upraví na základe výsledkov kontroly glykémie.
Starší pacienti
Vzhľadom na možnosť zníženia renálnej funkcie u dospelých, dávkovanie metformínu sa upravuje na základe výsledkov renálnych funkcií. Pravidelné sledovanie renálnych funkcií je nevyhnutné (pozri časť 4.4).
Porucha funkcie obličiek
Pred začatím liečby metformínom a minimálne jedenkrát ročne po jej začatí je potrebné vyhodnotiť GFR. U pacientov so zvýšeným rizikom ďalšej progresie poruchy funkcie obličiek a u starších osôb je potrebné funkciu obličiek hodnotiť častejšie, napr. každé 3-6 mesiacov.
Pediatrická populácia
Pre nedostatok údajov sa Glucophage XR nemá podávať deťom.
4.3 Kontraindikácie
- Precitlivenosť na liečivo alebo na ktorúkoľvek z pomocných látok uvedených v časti 6.1.
- Akýkoľvek typ akútnej metabolickej acidózy (ako napríklad laktátová acidóza, diabetická ketoacidóza).
- Diabetická pre-kóma.
- Akútne ochorenia, ktoré môžu potenciálne ovplyvniť renálne funkcie ako: dehydratácia, závažná infekcia, šok.
- Závažné zlyhanie obličiek (GFR < 30 ml/min).
- Ochorenie, ktoré môže spôsobiť tkanivovú hypoxiu (predovšetkým akútne alebo zhoršujúce sa chronické ochorenie), napr. dekompenzované srdcové zlyhanie, respiračné zlyhanie, nedávny infarkt myokardu, šok.
- Hepatálna insuficiencia, akútna intoxikácia alkoholom, alkoholizmus.
4.4 Osobitné upozornenia a opatrenia pri používaní
Laktátová acidóza
Laktátová acidóza, veľmi zriedkavá, ale závažná metabolická komplikácia, ktorá sa najčastejšie vyskytuje pri akútnom zhoršení funkcie obličiek alebo pri kardiorespiračnom ochorení či sepse. Akumulácia metformínu sa objavuje pri akútnom zhoršení funkcie obličiek a zvyšuje riziko laktátovej acidózy.
V prípade dehydratácie (závažná hnačka alebo vracanie, horúčka alebo znížený príjem tekutín) je potrebné dočasne prerušiť podávanie metformínu a odporúča sa kontaktovať zdravotníckeho pracovníka. Lieky, ktoré môžu akútne narušiť funkciu obličiek (ako napríklad antihypertenzíva, diuretiká a NSAID) sa majú u pacientov liečených metformínom začať podávať s opatrnosťou. Ďalšie rizikové faktory laktátovej acidózy sú nadmerné požívanie alkoholu, hepatálna insuficiencia, nedostatočne kontrolovaný diabetes mellitus, ketóza, dlhotrvajúce hladovanie a akékoľvek stavy spojené s hypoxiou, ako aj súbežné používanie liekov, ktoré môžu spôsobiť laktátovú acidózu (pozri časti 4.3 a 4.5).
Pacienti a/alebo ošetrovatelia musia byť informovaní o riziku laktátovej acidózy. Laktátová acidóza je charakterizovaná acidotickým dyspnoe, bolesťou brucha, svalovými kŕčmi, asténiou a hypotermiou, po ktorých nasleduje kóma. V prípade podozrenia na výskyt príznakov musí pacient prestať užívať metformín a vyhľadať okamžité lekárske ošetrenie. Diagnostickými laboratórnymi nálezmi sú znížená hodnota pH krvi (< 7,35), zvýšené plazmatické hladiny laktátu (>5 mmol/l) a zvýšená aniónová medzera a pomer laktátu/pyruvátu.
Funkcia obličiek
GFR je potrebné vyhodnotiť pred začiatkom liečby a pravidelne po ňom, pozri časť 4.2. Metformín je kontraindikovaný u pacientov s GFR < 30 ml/min a v prípade výskytu stavov, pri ktorých dochádza k zmene funkcie obličiek, je potrebné ho dočasne prestať podávať, pozri časť 4.3.
Srdcové funkcie
U pacientov so srdcovým zlyhaním je väčšie riziko hypoxie a renálnej insuficiencie. Pacienti so stabilným chronickým srdcovým zlyhaním môžu užívať metformín iba vtedy, ak sa pravidelne monitorujú ich srdcové a renálne funkcie.
U pacientov s akútnym a nestabilným srdcovým zlyhaním je metformím kontraindikovaný (pozri časť 4.3).
Podanie jódovej kontrastnej látky
Intravaskulárne podávanie jódových kontrastných látok môže viesť k nefropatii vyvolanej kontrastnou látkou, čo spôsobuje akumuláciu metformínu a zvýšené riziko laktátovej acidózy. Pred alebo v čase postupu zobrazovania je potrebné prerušiť podávanie metformínu a v podávaní pokračujte nie skôr ako po uplynutí minimálne 48 hodín, za predpokladu, že funkcia obličiek bola opätovne posúdená a považovaná za stabilnú, pozrite časti 4.2 a 4.5.
Chirurgický zákrok
Metformín sa musí vysadiť v čase chirurgického zákroku s celkovou, spinálnou alebo epidurálnou anestéziou. Liečba sa nesmie opätovne nasadiť skôr ako 48 hodín po chirurgickom zákroku alebo po obnovení perorálnej výživy a za predpokladu, že došlo k opätovnému vyhodnoteniu funkcie obličiek a pri zistení, že je stabilná.
Ďalšie upozornenia
Všetci pacienti majú dodržiavať diétu s pravidelne rozdeleným denným príjmom cukrov počas dňa.
Pacienti s nadváhou majú pokračovať v redukčnej diéte.
Zvyčajné laboratórne vyšetrenia na sledovanie diabetu je potrebné vykonávať pravidelne.
Metformín môže znižovať sérové hladiny vitamínu B12.
Riziko nízkych hladín vitamínu B12 sa zvyšuje so zvyšujúcou sa dávkou metformínu, dobou liečby a/alebo u pacientov s rizikovými faktormi, kde je známe, že spôsobujú nedostatok vitamínu B12.
V prípade podozrenia na nedostatok vitamínu B12 (ako je anémia alebo neuropatia) je potrebné sledovať sérové hladiny vitamínu B12. U pacientov s rizikovými faktormi spôsobujúcimi nedostatok vitamínu B12 je nutné pravidelné sledovanie vitamínu B12. Liečba metformínom má pokračovať tak dlho, kým je tolerovaná a nie je kontraindikovaná, a má byť poskytnutá vhodná korekčná liečba nedostatku vitamínu B12 v súlade s aktuálnymi klinickými odporúčaniami.
Metformín samotný nevyvoláva hypoglykémiu, je však potrebné zvýšiť opatrnosť, ak je podávaný spolu s inzulínom alebo s inými perorálnymi antidiabetikami (napr. deriváty sulfonylurey alebo meglitinidy).
V stolici môžu byť prítomné zvyšky tabliet. Pacienti majú byť upozornení, že je to normálne, je to zvyšok matrice tablety, z ktorej sa uvoľňuje liečivo.
Pomocné látky so známym účinkom
Tento liek obsahuje menej ako 1 mmol (23 mg) sodíka v jednej dávke, t. j. v podstate zanedbateľné množstvo sodíka.
4.5 Liekové a iné interakcie
Súbežné používanie, ktoré sa neodporúča
Alkohol
Intoxikácia alkoholom je spojená so zvýšeným rizikom laktátovej acidózy najmä v prípadoch hladovania, nedostatočnej výživy alebo poškodenia funkcie pečene.
Jódové kontrastné látky
Pred zobrazovacím vyšetrením alebo v čase zobrazovacieho vyšetrenia sa metformín musí vysadiť a nesmie sa opätovne nasadiť, kým neuplynie minimálne 48 hodín potom, za predpokladu, že došlo k opätovnému vyhodnoteniu funkcie obličiek a zistilo sa, že je stabilná, pozri časti 4.2 a 4.4.
Kombinácia, pri ktorej sa vyžaduje opatrnosť pri používaní
Niektoré lieky môžu nežiaduco ovplyvňovať funkciu obličiek, čo môže zvýšiť riziko laktátovej acidózy, napr. NSAID vrátane selektívnych inhibítorov cyklooxygenázy II (COX), inhibítorov ACE, antagonistov receptora angiotenzínu II a diuretík, obzvlášť kľučkových diuretík. Ak sa začína používať alebo používa takýto liek v kombinácii s metformínom, je potrebné dôkladné monitorovanie funkcie obličiek.
Lieky s vnútornou hyperglykemickou aktivitou (napr. glukokortikoidy podávané systémovo a lokálne a sympatomimetiká).
Môže byť potrebné vykonávať častejšie glykemické kontroly, najmä na začiatku liečby. Ak je to potrebné, upravte dávkovanie metformínu počas liečby a po jej skončení.
Transportéry pre organické katióny (OCT, organic cation transporters)
Metformín je substrátom pre oba transportéry OCT1 a OCT2.
Súbežné podávanie metformínu s:
- inhibítormi OCT1 (ako je verapamil) môže znížiť účinnosť metformínu.
- induktormi OCT1 (ako je rifampicín) môže zvýšiť gastrointestinálnu absorpciu a účinnosť metformínu.
- inhibítormi oboch OCT1 a OCT2 (ako krizotinib, olaparib) môže ovplyvniť účinnosť a renálnu elimináciu metformínu.
- inhibítormi OCT2 (ako je cimetidín, dolutegravir, ranolazín, trimetoprim, vandetanib, isavukonazol) môže znížiť renálne vylučovanie metformínu, čo vedie k zvýšenej koncentrácii metformínu v plazme.
Opatrnosť sa preto odporúča, a to najmä u pacientov s poruchou funkcie obličiek, keď sa tieto lieky podávajú súbežne s metformínom, pretože koncentrácia metformínu v plazme sa môže zvýšiť. Ak je to potrebné, môže sa zvážiť úprava dávky metformínu, nakoľko inhibítory/induktory OCT môžu mať vplyv na účinnosť metformínu.
4.6 Fertilita, gravidita a laktácia
Gravidita
Nekontrolovaná hyperglykémia v perikoncepčnej fáze a počas gravidity je spojená so zvýšeným rizikom kongenitálnych abnormalít, potratom, hypertenziou navodenou graviditou, preeklampsiou a perinatálnou mortalitou. Počas tehotenstva je dôležité udržiavať hladiny glukózy v krvi čo najbližšie k normálnej hladine, aby sa znížilo riziko nežiaducich následkov súvisiacich s hyperglykémiou pre matku a jej dieťa.
Metformín prechádza placentou a dosahuje hladiny, ktoré môžu byť také vysoké ako sú koncentrácie u matky.
Veľké množstvo údajov u tehotných žien (viac ako 1 000 výsledkov expozície) z kohortovej štúdie založenej na registri a z publikovaných údajov (metaanalýzy, klinické štúdie a registre) nenaznačuje žiadne zvýšené riziko vrodených abnormalít ani fetálnej/neonatálnej toxicity po expozícii metformínom v perikoncepčnej fáze a/alebo počas tehotenstva.
Existujú obmedzené a nepresvedčivé dôkazy o účinku metformínu počas gravidity na dlhodobý výsledok telesnej hmotnosti detí. Zdá sa, že metformín neovplyvňuje motorický a sociálny vývoj do 4 rokov u detí exponovaných počas tehotenstva, hoci údaje o dlhodobých výsledkoch sú obmedzené.
Ak je to klinicky potrebné, môže sa zvážiť použitie metformínu počas gravidity a v perikoncepčnej fáze ako pridanie alebo alternatíva k inzulínu.
Dojčenie
Metformín sa vylučuje do materského mlieka. Neboli pozorované žiadne nežiaduce účinky u dojčených novorodencov/detí. Keďže je dostupné limitované množstvo údajov, dojčenie počas liečby metformínom sa neodporúča. Pri rozhodovaní, či prerušiť dojčenie, je potrebné zohľadniť prínos dojčenia a možné riziko nežiaduceho účinku na dieťa.
Fertilita
Podávanie metformínu potkanom v dávkach vyšších ako 600 mg/kg/deň, ktoré sú približne trikrát vyššie ako je maximálna odporúčaná denná dávka pre ľudí na základe plochy povrchu tela, nemalo žiaden negatívny vplyv na fertilitu.
4.7 Ovplyvnenie schopnosti viesť vozidlá a obsluhovať stroje
Monoterapia metformínom nespôsobuje hypoglykémiu a teda nemá vplyv na schopnosť viesť vozidlá a obsluhovať stroje. Pacientov je však potrebné upozorniť na riziko hypoglykémie pri užívaní metformínu v kombinácii s inými antidiabetickými liekmi (napr. deriváty sulfonylurey, inzulín alebo meglitinidy).
4.8 Nežiaduce účinky
5
Na začiatku liečby sú najčastejšími nežiaducimi účinkami nauzea, vracanie, hnačka, bolesť brucha a strata chuti do jedla, ktoré vo väčšine prípadov spontánne ustúpia. Na zabránenie ich vzniku sa odporúča pomalé zvyšovanie dávok.
Pri liečbe metformínom sa môžu vyskytnúť nasledujúce nežiaduce účinky.
Frekvencia výskytu je definovaná nasledovne:
Veľmi časté (≥ 1/10), časté (≥ 1/100 až < 1/10), menej časté (≥ 1/1000 až < 1/100), zriedkavé
(≥1/10 000 až < 1/1000), veľmi zriedkavé (< 1/10 000 ).
V rámci jednotlivých skupín frekvencií sú nežiaduce účinky usporiadané v poradí klesajúcej závažnosti.
Poruchy metabolizmu a výživy
- Veľmi zriedkavé: laktátová acidóza (pozri časť 4.4).
- Časté: zníženie/nedostatok vitamínu B12 (pozri časť 4.4).
Poruchy nervového systému
- Časté: porucha chuti.
Poruchy gastrointestinálneho traktu
- Veľmi časté: gastrointestinálne ťažkosti ako nauzea, vracanie, hnačka, bolesť brucha a strata chuti do jedla. Tieto nežiaduce účinky sa vyskytujú najčastejšie na začiatku liečby a vo väčšine prípadov spontánne ustúpia. Pomalé zvyšovanie dávky môže zlepšiť gastrointestinálnu znášanlivosť lieku.
Poruchy pečene a žlčových ciest
- Veľmi zriedkavé: izolované hlásenia abnormálnych výsledkov pečeňových testov alebo hepatitídy, ktoré ustúpili po prerušení liečby metformínom.
Poruchy kože a podkožného tkaniva
- Veľmi zriedkavé: kožné reakcie ako erytém, pruritus, urtikária.
Hlásenie podozrení na nežiaduce reakcie
Hlásenie podozrení na nežiaduce reakcie po registrácii lieku je dôležité. Umožňuje priebežné monitorovanie pomeru prínosu a rizika lieku. Od zdravotníckych pracovníkov sa vyžaduje, aby hlásili akékoľvek podozrenia na nežiaduce reakcie na národné centrum hlásenia uvedené v Prílohe V.
4.9 Predávkovanie
Hypoglykémia sa nepozorovala ani pri dávkach do 85 g metformínium-chloridu, hoci laktátová acidóza sa za takýchto okolností vyskytla. Závažné predávkovanie metformínom alebo súbežné riziká môžu viesť k laktátovej acidóze. Laktátová acidóza je urgentný stav a pacient musí byť hospitalizovaný. Najúčinnejšou metódou odstránenia laktátu a metformínu je hemodialýza.
5. FARMAKOLOGICKÉ VLASTNOSTI
5.1 Farmakodynamické vlastnosti
Farmakoterapeutická skupina: liečivá znižujúce hladinu glukózy v krvi, biguanidy.
ATC kód: A10BA02
Mechanizmus účinku
Metformín je biguanid s antihyperglykemickými účinkami, znižujúci bazálnu aj postprandiálnu glykémiu.
Nestimuluje sekréciu inzulínu a preto nevyvoláva hypoglykémiu.
Metformín znižuje bazálnu hyperinzulinémiu a v kombinácii s inzulínom znižuje potrebu inzulínu.
Metformín uplatňuje svoj antihyperglykemický účinok viacerými mechanizmami:
Metformín znižuje produkciu glukózy v pečeni.
Metformín uľahčuje vychytávanie a utilizáciu glukózy v periférnych tkanivách, čiastočne zvýšením účinku inzulínu.
Metformín mení obrat glukózy v čreve: Vychytávanie z obehu sa zvyšuje a vstrebávanie z potravy sa znižuje. Ďalšie mechanizmy pripisované črevu zahŕňajú zvýšenie uvoľňovania glukagónu podobného peptidu 1 (GLP-1) a zníženie resorpcie žlčových kyselín. Metformín mení črevný mikrobióm.
Metformín môže zlepšiť lipidový profil u pacientov s hyperlipidémiou.
V klinických skúšaniach bolo užívanie metformínu spojené buď so stabilnou telesnou hmotnosťou, alebo s miernym úbytkom hmotnosti.
Metformín je aktivátorom adenozínmonofosfát-proteín-kinázy (AMPK) a zvyšuje transportnú kapacitu všetkých známych typov membránových glukózových transportérov (GLUTs).
Klinická účinnosť
Prospektívna randomizovaná štúdia (UKPDS) potvrdila dlhodobý priaznivý vplyv intenzívnej kontroly glykémie u dospelých pacientov s diabetom 2. typu.
Analýza výsledkov pacientov s nadváhou liečených metformínom po zlyhaní diéty dokázala:
- významný pokles absolútneho rizika diabetických komplikácií v skupine liečenej metformínom (29,8 prípadov/1000 pacientorokov) oproti skupine liečenej diétou (43,3 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov), p = 0,0023, a oproti skupinám liečených kombináciou sulfonylurey a inzulínom v monoterapii (40,1 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov), p = 0,0034;
- významný pokles absolútneho rizika s diabetom súvisiacej mortality: metformín 7,5 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov, diéta samotná 12,7 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov, p = 0,017;
- významný pokles absolútneho rizika celkovej mortality: metformín 13,5 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov, oproti diéte samotnej 20,6 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov (p=0,011) a oproti skupinám kombinovanej terapie sulfonylurea a inzulín v monoterapii 18,9 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov (p=0,021);
- významný pokles absolútneho rizika infarktu myokardu: metformín 11 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov, diéta samotná 18 prípadov na 1000 pacientorokov (p=0,01).
Prínos klinickej účinnosti metformínu používaného ako liek druhej voľby v kombinácii so sulfonylureou nie je dokázaný.
Kombinácia metformínu s inzulínom sa použila u vybraných pacientov s diabetom 1. typu, no klinický prínos tejto kombinácie sa formálne nepotvrdil.
5.2 Farmakokinetické vlastnosti
Absorpcia
Po perorálnej dávke tablety s predĺženým uvoľňovaním je absorpcia metformínu významne spomalená v porovnaní s tabletou s okamžitým uvoľňovaním, tmax sa dosiahne v priebehu 7. hodiny (tmax pre tabletu s okamžitým uvoľňovaním je 2,5 hod.).
Po perorálnom podaní jednorazovej dávky 1500 mg Glucophage XR 750 mg po jedle je maximálna plazmatická koncentrácia 1 193 ng/ml dosiahnutá priemerne do 5 hodín s rozpätím 4 až 12 hodín.
Bolo dokázané, že Glucophage XR 750 mg je bioekvivalentný s Glucophage XR 500 mg pri dávke 1500 mg s ohľadom na C
max a AUC podaný u zdravých dobrovoľníkov po jedle a nalačno.
Po jednorazovom perorálnom podaní 1 tablety Glucophage XR 1000 mg po jedle je maximálna plazmatická koncentrácia 1 214 ng/ml dosiahnutá priemerne do 5 hodín s rozpätím 4 až 10 hodín.
Bolo dokázané, že Glucophage XR 1000 mg je bioekvivalentný s Glucophage XR 500 mg pri dávke 1000 mg s ohľadom na Cmax a AUC, podaný u zdravých dobrovoľníkov po jedle a nalačno.
V ustálenom stave, rovnako ako u tabliet s okamžitým uvoľňovaním, Cmax a AUC nestúpajú proporcionálne s podanou dávkou. AUC po jednorazovom podaní 2000 mg tabliet metformínu s predĺženým uvoľňovaním je podobné AUC pozorovanému po podaní 1000 mg tabliet metformínu
7
s okamžitým uvoľňovaním.
Variabilita Cmax a AUC metformínu s predĺženým uvoľňovaním je porovnateľná s Cmax a AUC pozorovanými pri tabletách metformínu s okamžitým uvoľňovaním.
Pri podaní 2 tabliet 500 mg metformínu s predĺženým uvoľňovaním po jedle sa AUC zvýšila asi o 70 % ( Cmax sa zvýšila o 18% a tmax sa mierne predĺžila, asi o 1 hodinu) oproti podaniu nalačno. Pri podaní 1 tablety 1000 mg metformínu s predĺženým uvoľňovaním po jedle sa AUC zvýšila asi o 77 % ( Cmax sa zvýšila o 26% a tmax sa mierne predĺžila, asi o 1 hodinu) oproti podaniu nalačno. I keď AUC klesne asi o 30 % v prípade, že sa tablety s predĺženým uvoľňovaním podávajú nalačno, Cmax a tmax ostanú nezmenené.
Absorpcia metformínu s predĺženým uvoľňovaním nie je ovplyvnená zložením jedla. Nepozorovala sa akumulácia po opakovanom podaní až do 2000 mg metformínu v tabletách s predĺženým uvoľňovaním.
Distribúcia
Väzba na plazmatické bielkoviny je zanedbateľná. Metformín prechádza do erytrocytov. Maximálne hladiny v krvi sú nižšie ako maximálne hladiny v plazme a dosiahnu sa približne v rovnakom čase. Erytrocyty predstavujú s najväčšou pravdepodobnosťou sekundárny distribučný kompartment. Priemerný distribučný objem Vd sa pohybuje od 63 do 276 l.
Biotransformácia
Metformín sa vylučuje v nezmenenej forme močom. U človeka neboli identifikované žiadne metabolity.
Eliminácia
Renálny klírens metformínu je 400 ml/min, čo naznačuje, že metformín sa vylučuje glomerulárnou filtráciou a tubulárnou sekréciou. Ukazuje sa, že po perorálnom podaní je zdanlivý eliminačný polčas približne 6,5 hodiny.
Pri poruche funkcie obličiek je renálny klírens znížený v porovnaní s kreatinínom, a preto je eliminačný polčas predĺžený, čo vedie k zvýšeným hladinám metformínu v plazme.
Charakteristiky v špecifických skupinách pacientov
Poškodenie obličiek
Dostupné údaje týkajúce sa pacientov s miernou renálnou insuficienciou sú nedostatočné a v tejto podskupine sa nedá spoľahlivo určiť systémovú expozíciu metformínu na rozdiel od subjektov s normálnymi renálnymi funkciami. Preto je treba prispôsobiť dávkovanie s prihliadnutím na klinickú účinnosť/znášanlivosť (pozri časť 4.2).
5.3 Predklinické údaje o bezpečnosti
Predklinické údaje na základe obvyklých farmakologických štúdií bezpečnosti, toxicity po opakovanom podávaní, genotoxicity, karcinogénneho potenciálu a reprodukčnej toxicity neodhalili žiadne osobitné riziko pre ľudí
6. FARMACEUTICKÉ INFORMÁCIE
6.1 Zoznam pomocných látok
stearát horečnatý sodná soľ karboxymetylcelulózy hypromelóza
6.2 Inkompatibility
Neaplikovateľné.
6.3 Čas použiteľnosti
4 roky
6.4 Špeciálne upozornenia na uchovávanie
Tento liek nevyžaduje žiadne zvláštne podmienky na uchovávanie.
6.5 Druh obalu a obsah balenia
Glucophage XR je dostupný v PVC/PVDC/Al blistrových baleniach po 30, 60 tabliet s predĺženým uvoľňovaním.
Glucophage XR 750 mg je dostupný v PVC/PVDC/Al blistrových baleniach po 30, 60, 90, 120 a 180 tabliet s predĺženým uvoľňovaním.
Glucophage XR 1000 mg je dostupný v PVC/PVDC/Al blistrových baleniach po 14, 20, 28, 30, 50, 56, 60, 84, 90, 100, 112, 120 a 180 tabliet s predĺženým uvoľňovaním.
Na trh nemusia byť uvedené všetky veľkosti balenia.
7. DRŽITEĽ ROZHODNUTIA O REGISTRÁCII
Merck Santé s.a.s., 37 rue Saint Romain, Lyon, Francúzsko
8. REGISTRAČNÉ ČÍSLO
Glucophage XR: 18/0290/04-S
Glucophage XR 750 mg: 18/0515/06-S
Glucophage XR 1000 mg: 18/0150/10-S
9. DÁTUM PRVEJ REGISTRÁCIE/PREDĹŽENIE REGISTRÁCIE
Glucophage XR
Dátum prvej registrácie: 13. decembra 2004
Dátum posledného predĺženia registrácie: 05. mája 2010
Glucophage XR 750 mg
Dátum prvej registrácie: 20. decembra 2006
Dátum posledného predĺženia registrácie: 05. mája 2010
Glucophage XR 1000 mg
Dátum prvej registrácie: 19. marca 2010
Dátum posledného predĺženia registrácie: 28. mája 2015
10. DÁTUM REVÍZIE TEXTU
03/2023
9 | <urn:uuid:0c50cbbb-4982-4973-8ac2-d3c3df541404> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/slk_Latn/train | finepdfs | slk_Latn | 23,618 |
VOM HAS AN DER NAS HERUMGEFÜHRT
Wenn sich ein Hase und ein Fuchs begegnen, geht das selten gut aus. Anders beim neuen Stück des Theaters «Gustavs Schwestern» mit Sibylle Grüter. In ihrem Solo «Wenn Fuchs und Hase sich Gute Nacht sagen» lässt sich ein Hase nicht fressen und schläft ein Fuchs hungrig ein. VON KAA LINDER*
Genau genommen ist er ein regelrechter «Schisshaa», dieser kleine Kerl mit den langen, braun und weiss gestreiften Ohren, die er hingebungsvoll putzt und schleckt. Von der Welt hat er nicht viel gesehen, dagegen hat er reichlich Schätze in seinem Bau angehäuft. Dessen Eingang befindet sich gut versteckt hinter einer grossen Tanne, und bisher hat ihn noch kein Eindringling gefunden. Eines Abends getraut sich der kleine Hase, über seine geliebte Wiese hinauszuhoppeln, doch verliert er prompt die Orientierung. Da ist es auch schon dunkel. Begeistert von der neuen Umgebung legt der Hase sich ins Gras, um die Sterne am Himmel zu bewundern. Natürlich ist das die Stelle in der Geschichte, wo der Fuchs plötzlich da steht, das Maul weit aufgesperrt, und die Zähne flechtscht. Anstatt sich fressen zu lassen, springt der Hase auf und schreit ein herzhaftes «Halt! Nicht fressen!» Von diesem Augenblick an ist der verdutzte Fuchs ganz in der Gewalt des schlauen Langohrs. Der Hase verwickelt seinen dienstbaren Feind in ein umständliches und zeitintensives Gutenachtritual; weil es ja nicht angehen kann, dass an dem Ort, wo Fuchs und Hase sich Gute Nacht sagen, ein Massaker stattfindet. Eine Ablenkung nach der anderen denkt sich der Hase aus, bis der Fuchs schliesslich vor lauter Erschöpfung einschläft, unverrichteter Dinge und ausgerechnet im Hasenbau.
Stoffpuppen mit Eigenleben
Soweit die Geschichte, wie sie Kathrin Schärer in ihrem Bilderbuch «Wenn Fuchs und Hase sich Gute Nacht sagen» (Atlantis 2004) erzählt. Sibylle Grüter vom Theater «Gustavs Schwestern» hat für ihre Umsetzung – nahe an der Vorlage – eine liebevolle Pappwaldwelt geschaffen. Die Spielfläche besteht aus einem einfachen Kartonrondell, das an den Querschnitt eines Baumstamms erinnert. Auf ihm lassen sich nach Bedarf Hügel und Bäume aufklappen oder man kann in die Tiefen des Hasenbaus abtauchen. Die Spielerin erzählt die Geschichte mit Stoffpuppen, die ihr immer mal wieder ins Wort fallen und sehr viel Eigenleben besitzen. So beklagt sich der Hase auf seinem Ausflug über die plötzliche Dunkelheit; im Handumdrehen hat die Spielerin einen kleinen Lichterhimmel angezündet, auf dass ihr Protagonist die Magie fallender Sternschnuppen kennen lerne. Flankiert ist die Miniaturbühne von einem Musikdosenbaum, der aussieht wie ein Vogelhäuschen. Zieht die Spielerin an einer der drei Schnüre, ertönt passende Musik. Doch ans Schlafen ist nicht zu denken! Zu viel passiert zwischen Hase und Fuchs, die zwar auch hier nicht Freunde werden, einander aber doch ein wenig ins Herz schliessen. So gibt sich der Fuchs grösste Mühe, das Gutenachtritual korrekt auszuführen, auch wenn ihm bei den einschlägigen Schlafliedern der Text durcheinander gerät.
Was Sibylle Grüter (Ausstattung und Spiel) und Christin Glauer (Regie) mit einfachen Mitteln und viel Liebe zum Detail auf die winzige Bühne zaubern, ist ein fantasiepraller Miniaturkosmos, in dem die kleinen Dinge gross werden und grosse Helden auch mal klein sein dürfen. Und für alle Menschen, die abends nicht gerne ins Bett gehen, ist diese Geschichte eine ideale Anregung, eigene Gutenachtrituale lustvoll zu erweitern.
LITERATUR
www.gustavsschwestern.ch
* KAA LINDER ist freie Journalistin und Theaterkritikerin bei Schweizer Radio DRS2. | <urn:uuid:1d8645e3-6c34-461d-83e5-cc7ba36a2b2c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 3,599 |
Policy Brief
No. 67, April 27 2011
South Korea's Nuclear Option
Sangsoo Lee & Gustaf Åhman
Tensions on the Korean Peninsula have been on the rise since North Korea's nuclear tests in 2006 and 2009. Efforts to improve the security environment on the Korean Peninsula have become more difficult after the sinking of the corvette Cheonan in March, and North Korea's artillery strike on Yeonpyeong Island in November 2010. There are indications that Pyongyang plans a third nuclear test. In a recent opinion poll a majority of South Koreans supported the idea of South Korea acquiring nuclear weapons. Fears of an increased nuclear threat from Pyongyang have also caused several southern politicians to demand the return of U.S. nuclear weapons to South Korea.
South Korea's Nuclear Past
The first steps in the direction of acquiring nuclear weapons were taken by South Korea in the 1970s. However, after the United States put a stop to South Korea's attempts to buy the necessary technology from France, the government signed the UN non-proliferation treaty (NPT) in 1975. Back then nuclear weapons appeared to be the only way for the, then much weaker, South to hold the conventionally superior North Korean forces at bay.
level just below the requirement for weapons production. A diplomat described IAEA's discovery to the Washington Post: "In 2001, the IAEA asked to conduct a regular inspection and was denied. That happened at least twice before the South Koreans, under some protest, allowed the inspectors in two years later." In the end, an embarrassed South Korean government dismantled the facility, blaming overambitious researchers.
One of the first decisions President Jimmy Carter took upon his election in 1977 was to announce the withdrawal of a majority of U.S. forces stationed in Korea. This included the removal of all U.S. nuclear weapons from the country. In the end both the troops and the nukes remained due to U.S. domestic criticism. The debate left South Korean President Park Chung-hee and his government fearful that they could be left without the military backing of the United States. The nuclear weapons program was thus restarted, in violation of the NPT, but was halted after President Park's assassination in 1979.
In the post-Park Chung-hee era, South Korea publicly renounced the idea of developing an atomic bomb. In January 1992, the two Koreas and the U.S. signed the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. As a result, all 200 U.S. nuclear weapons were withdrawn and Kim Il-Sung agreed to refrain from developing his own nuclear bomb.
In 2004, it was revealed that a government-funded research institute in South Korea had enriched uranium to a
A Well-Armed "Threshold Nuclear State"
Despite the destruction of the test and enrichment facility, a U.S. government report from 2008 described South Korea as a "threshold nuclear state," defined as a state that has the capacity to develop and field nuclear weapons in just a couple of years.
Seoul is also in the process of renegotiating the 300 km range limit set on its ballistic missiles. This limit was set in 1979 in a bilateral agreement between South Korea and the U.S. The future limit could be extended to 800 km, covering all of North Korea as well as parts of both China and Japan. In the absence of ballistic missiles with the capacity to reach all of North Korea, the South has developed long-range cruise missiles with a range of 1500 km that can be launched from land, navy destroyers and, in the future, from submarines.
In its "Defense Reform Plan 307", issued in March 2011, the South Korean Ministry of National Defense outlined a range of steps to strengthen its defense. South Korea has also stated that nuclear propulsion is an option
for its next generation of submarines, a sign that another taboo is losing its force. This would make South Korea the only non-nuclear weapon state apart from Brazil considering fielding nuclear propelled submarines.
Calls for a Tougher Stand Against the North
A third North Korean nuclear test would heighten tensions on the Korean Peninsula. Even if many South Koreans continue to demand dialogue, public pressure for a tougher stance against Pyongyang is mounting.
In March, an opinion poll by the Asian Institute for Policy Studies asked South Koreans if they (1) supported the return of U.S. nuclear weapons to Korea; and (2) what they thought about South Korea developing its own nuclear arsenal. An overwhelming majority supported both options.
Some conservative politicians have suggested that South Korea should again consider the nuclear option. The influential former chairman of the conservative Grand National Party Chung Mong-joon has stated: "The threat of a counter nuclear force may be the only thing that will discourage North Korea from developing its nuclear arsenal."
Meager Benefits, High Costs
A South Korean withdrawal from the NPT would be a serious setback for the Obama administration and its stated goal of a nuclear free world. If the South decided to develop a nuclear bomb in secret, without withdrawing from the NPT, it would face the risk of discovery by the same IAEA inspectors that uncovered the nuclear enrichment facility in 2004.
The commander of the U.S. Forces Korea has stressed that he sees no practical use of stationing nuclear weapons in South Korea and that the U.S/ROK alliance provides all the deterrent the close U.S. ally needs.
Any signs of Seoul going nuclear will be met by strong opposition from China. Such a move would increase the risk of Japan or Taiwan going nuclear. Both are concerned about the rise of China and a nuclear armed North Korea.
South Korea is a member of IAEA and an exporter of civilian nuclear technology. Leaving the NPT would not only be politically costly but would also rule out deals such as the one recently struck with the United Arab Emirates, for four nuclear reactors worth US$20 billion, and make imports of nuclear fuel for its own civilian reactors difficult.
Any steps in the nuclear direction would most likely also spur unrest at home. South Korea is a country with a vibrant, and often violent, protest culture. The recent nuclear accident in Japan has reinvigorated the Korean anti-nuclear lobby.
It is unlikely that Seoul would opt for either its own nuclear bomb or push for the return of U.S. nuclear weapons any time soon. A more likely response to a third North Korean nuclear test would be that Seoul strengthens its conventional defenses and continues its resistance to a new round of the Six-Party Talks. Even without the Six-Party talks, diplomatic options still exist. Former U.S. President Jimmy Carter has recently announced that he will travel to Pyongyang, although exactly what message he will bring, if any, has not been disclosed. Nonetheless, the increasing number of South Koreans supporting the nuclear option might be used as a bargaining chip against Pyongyang in future negotiations. Whether that would be a wise course of action is another matter.
Sangsoo Lee is a Research Fellow and Gustaf Åhman an Intern at the Institute for Security and Development Policy.
The opinions expressed in this Policy Brief are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Institute for Security and Development Policy or its sponsors.
About ISDP
The Institute for Security and Development Policy is a Stockholm-based independent and non-profit research and policy institute. The Institute is dedicated to expanding understanding of international affairs, particularly the interrelationship between the issue areas of conflict, security and development. The Institute's primary areas of geographic focus are Asia and Europe's neighborhood.
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Gene by stress genome-wide interaction analysis and path analysis identify *EBF1* as a cardiovascular and metabolic risk gene
Abanish Singh\(^{*,1,2,3}\), Michael A Babyak\(^{1,3}\), Daniel K Nolan\(^2\), Beverly H Brummett\(^{1,3}\), Rong Jiang\(^{1,3}\), Ilene C Siegler\(^{1,3}\), William E Kraus\(^{4,5}\), Svati H Shah\(^{2,4}\), Redford B Williams\(^{1,3}\) and Elizabeth R Hauser\(^{2,4,6}\)
We performed gene–environment interaction genome-wide association analysis (G×E GWAS) to identify SNPs whose effects on metabolic traits are modified by chronic psychosocial stress in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). In Whites, the G×E GWAS for hip circumference identified five SNPs within the *Early B-cell Factor 1* (*EBF1*) gene, all of which were in strong linkage disequilibrium. The gene-by-stress interaction (SNP×STRESS) term \(P\)-values were genome-wide significant (\(P_S = 7.14E-09\) to \(2.33E-08\), uncorrected; \(P_S = 1.99E-07\) to \(5.18E-07\), corrected for genomic control). The SNP-only (without interaction) model \(P\)-values (\(P_S = 0.011–0.022\)) were not significant at the conventional genome-wide significance level. Further analysis of related phenotypes identified gene-by-stress interaction effects for waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), fasting glucose, type II diabetes status, and common carotid intimal–medial thickness (CCIMT), supporting a proposed model of gene-by-stress interaction that connects cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor endophenotypes such as central obesity and increased blood glucose or diabetes to CVD itself. Structural equation path analysis suggested that the path from chronic psychosocial stress to CCIMT via hip circumference and fasting glucose was larger (estimate = 0.26, \(P = 0.033\), 95% CI = 0.02–0.49) in the *EBF1* rs4704963 CT/CC genotypes group than the same path in the TT group (estimate = 0.004, \(P = 0.34\), 95% CI = −0.004–0.012). We replicated the association of the *EBF1* SNPs and hip circumference in the Framingham Offspring Cohort (gene-by-stress term \(P\)-values = 0.007–0.012) as well as identified similar path relationships. This observed and replicated interaction between psychosocial stress and variation in the *EBF1* gene may provide a biological hypothesis for the complex relationship between psychosocial stress, central obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.
*European Journal of Human Genetics* (2015) **23**, 854–862; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.189; published online 1 October 2014
INTRODUCTION
Although mortality attributable to cardiovascular disease (CVD) has declined in the United States, the burden of disease remains high.\(^1\) It remains the leading cause of illness and death worldwide. Hypertension, obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance and type II diabetes mellitus, and physical inactivity are among the eight risk factors that account for 61% of cardiovascular deaths.\(^1\) These same risk factors account for over three quarters of ischemic heart disease.\(^2\) These risk factors are influenced by both environmental exposures and genetic background and the heritability of these risk factors can be as high as 77%,\(^3\) making it difficult to clearly separate CVD risk factors into genetic and nongenetic categories. The INTERHEART study has evaluated the effect of both physical and psychosocial factors on the risk of myocardial infarction and has shown that a higher prevalence of psychological stress and other psychosocial factors like depression account for 34% of the population attributable risk for myocardial infarction, independently of physical risk factors.\(^1\) The co-occurrence of psychosocial risk factors suggests that these factors do not work in isolation, but tend to cluster in the same individuals and risk groups.\(^5\) For example, female individuals who had high stress at work also reported high levels of hostility, anger, depression, anxiety, and social isolation.\(^6\) Although the psychosocial risk factors by themselves may not have a direct effect on the development of CVD, they can contribute to the disease via intermediate mechanisms and biological pathways.\(^5\) Previous research has shown that psychosocial factors are associated with other factors that can influence these biological pathways.\(^7,8\) The repeated exposure to psychosocial stress has been linked to the development of visceral obesity.\(^9\) Methylation studies have also demonstrated that distressing life events can alter the expression of variants through effects on promoter DNA methylation.\(^10\) These findings support the need to understand the relationship between genetic susceptibility, psychosocial stress, and metabolic factors acting in combination to increase the risk of CVD. We hypothesize that using a convergence of gene–environment interaction genome-wide association study (G×E GWAS) and exploration of phenotypic correlation structure will lead us to the identification of novel cardiovascular disease genes and variants. Although the principle of gene–environment interactions in human disease is well established,\(^11–13\) examples of G×E GWASs with...
replication of the most significant variants in cardiovascular disease are still rare.
**MATERIALS AND METHODS**
**Discovery data set and analysis**
*Study population.* We chose the publicly available Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) Cohort\textsuperscript{14} data set for testing the $G \times E$ interaction hypothesis. The data set can be obtained from the NIH dbGaP data repository through an authorized access (URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000209.v12.p3). The selection of this data set was based on the availability of a well-characterized psychosocial stress chronic burden (ie, chronic psychosocial stress) variable, quantified on an ordinal scale of 0 to 5 (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5) based on questionnaires in five domains including questions about ongoing serious health problems, serious health problems with someone close, work-related problems, financial strains, and difficulties in relationships. A total of 5805 individuals – 2460 Whites, 548 Chinese Americans, 1547 Blacks, and 1250 Hispanics – had quality-controlled genotype and phenotype data available. Additional methodological details are shown in the Supplementary Material.
*Phenotypes.* We used hip circumference (HIPCM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WAISTCM), glucose (GLUC), triglycerides (TRIG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SYSTBP), diastolic blood pressure (DIASTBP), type II diabetes status (DIABSTAT), common carotid intimal–media thickness (CCIMT), a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis that is a strong predictor of future vascular events,\textsuperscript{15} and chronic psychosocial stress (STRESS). Table 1 provides the summary of these traits in the MESA exam 1 data. For all the selected traits we checked for departures from normality using STATA SE 11.1 (StataCorp LP., College Station, TX, USA) and performed a transformation to achieve approximate normality within each ancestry (Supplementary Table S7).
*Genotypes.* The Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 (Affymetrix Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) MESA SNPs were subjected to standard quality control procedures as implemented in PLINK\textsuperscript{16} v1.07 – that is, minimum minor allele frequency (MAF) of 1%, maximum missing genotypes of 5% per individual, maximum missing individuals per SNP of 5%, and significant departure from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE; $P < 0.00001$) – resulting in 528 298 SNPs for the $G \times E$ GWAS. We estimated principal components (PCs) based on 162 072 LD-pruned SNPs in each ethnic group using EIGENSTRAT\textsuperscript{17} and used five PCs in Whites, five PCs in Chinese Americans, three PCs in Blacks, and three PCs in Hispanics based on eigenvalue scree plots.
*Phenotype selection and $G \times E$ GWAS.* We selected the metabolic phenotype that showed the strongest correlation with the chronic psychosocial stress variable and performed ancestry-stratified $G \times E$ GWAS for the selected pair using a linear regression model (logistic regression for binary phenotypes) under the default additive genetic model with population ancestry correction, age, and sex adjustment as implemented in PLINK\textsuperscript{16} v1.07. The ordinal stress variable was assumed to have a linear relationship with the other variables. We selected significant SNPs applying a conservative Bonferroni correction ($P = 9.46E - 08$) on the gene-by-stress interaction term to identify the SNPs whose effect on metabolic traits may be modified most by stress, and explored $G \times E$ association for these SNPs in related metabolic phenotypes in the same data set using a postulated pathway model leading to increased risk of CVD.\textsuperscript{3} The distribution of $P$-values for the interaction term was corrected using genomic control.\textsuperscript{18} We also performed association analysis using a conventional SNP-only additive model (ie, without STRESS and SNP $\times$ STRESS terms) for the SNPs identified in the $G \times E$ GWAS.
*Structural equation path analysis.* We compared genotypes on the magnitude of zero-order correlations among the untransformed variables under study and used a structural equation path analysis as implemented in *Mplus*\textsuperscript{19} version 6.11 to evaluate possible mediated causal paths\textsuperscript{20} from stress through risk factors to CCIMT. Path analysis uses a series of simultaneous equations to estimate possible mediating paths. The magnitude of a mediating effect is then calculated by taking the product of all path coefficients along a given proposed path. Further technical details of the structural equation modeling are shown in the Supplementary Material.
**Replication data set and analysis**
We used the publicly available Framingham Cohort\textsuperscript{21} Generation 2 (or Offspring) data set for our replication analysis. The data set can be obtained from the NIH dbGaP data repository through an authorized access (URL https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/gap/cgi-bin/study.cgi?study_id=phs000007.v23.p8). The cohort is primarily white. A total of 3157 individuals had both phenotype and quality-controlled genotype data available. We selected replication phenotypes hip girth (HIPGIRTH), waist girth (WAISTGIRTH), BMI, GLUC, DIABSTAT, and CCIMT (Supplementary Table S1). We used a computed ordinal measure of chronic psychosocial stress (STRESS, ranged 0–3) as the sum of dichotomized indicators of financial strain (total family income;
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**Table 1 Summary of phenotypic traits in the four ethnic groups in MESA data set for the samples having QC genotypes: AGE, SEX, hip circumference (HIPCM), waist circumference (WAISTCM), body mass index (BMI), triglycerides (TRIG), glucose (GLUC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), systolic blood pressure (SYSTBP), diastolic blood pressure (DIASTBP), type II diabetes status (DIABSTAT), common carotid intimal–media thickness (CCIMT), and chronic psychosocial stress measure (STRESS)**
| Ancestry → | WHITES (N = 2460) | CHINESE AMERICAN (N = 548) | BLACKS (N = 1547) | HISPANICS (N = 1250) |
|------------|------------------|-----------------------------|-------------------|----------------------|
| **Trait** | **Mean (SD)** | **Min–max** | **Mean (SD)** | **Min–max** | **Mean (SD)** | **Min–max** |
| AGE (Years)| 62.65 (10.21) | 44–84 | 62.53 (10.13) | 44–84 | 62.29 (10.07) | 45–84 |
| SEX (M/F) | 47.7%/52.3% | Binary (1/2) | 65.5%/34.5% | Binary (1/2) | 46.6%/53.4% | Binary (1/2) |
| HIPCM (CM) | 106.08 (10.47) | 40.5–160.2 | 94.84 (6.29) | 77–118.7 | 109.78 (12.20) | 83–159 |
| WAISTCM (CM)| 97.94 (14.47) | 33.5–193.5 | 87.30 (9.44) | 62–116.1 | 101.45 (14.75) | 63–167 |
| BMI (kg/m$^{-2}$) | 27.73 (5.05) | 16.9–48.9 | 24.07 (3.28) | 15.36–35.35 | 30.16 (5.91) | 15.87–61.86 |
| TRIG (mg/dl)| 133.21 (90.33) | 23–2256 | 142.72 (85.74) | 30–831 | 104.85 (70.87) | 21–1540 |
| GLUC (mg/dl)| 91.30 (21.77) | 38–447 | 99.75 (29.87) | 71–341 | 100.50 (33.09) | 39–377 |
| LDL (mg/dl)| 117.09 (30.30) | 28–252 | 115.09 (28.79) | 41–244 | 116.32 (32.97) | 12–284 |
| HDL (mg/dl)| 52.39 (15.78) | 21–142 | 48.21 (12.20) | 23–138 | 52.32 (15.16) | 15–127 |
| SYSTBP (mm Hg)| 123.48 (20.49) | 75–218 | 124.46 (20.54) | 77.5–204 | 131.59 (21.80) | 67–230.5 |
| DIASTBP (mm Hg)| 70.16 (9.94) | 37–108 | 72.92 (10.13) | 43.5–109 | 74.52 (10.31) | 46.5–118.5 |
| DIABSTAT (ND$^a$) | 93.3%/6.7% | Binary (0/1) | 83.2%/16.8% | Binary (0/1) | 79.3%/20.7% | Binary (0/1) |
| CCIMT (mm) | 0.87 (0.20) | 0.46–2.45 | 0.82 (0.17) | 0.46–2.08 | 0.90 (0.19) | 0.4–2.38 |
| STRESS (Score)| 1.23 (1.18) | 0–5 | 0.73 (1.03) | 0–5 | 1.35 (1.24) | 0–5 |
$^a$Normal/diabetes (treated and nontreated).
low income indicated high financial strain), marital problems (marital disagreements scale), work-related difficulties (job insecurity and psychological job demands scales), and health problems of someone close (if spouse ever had heart attack, stroke, or heart disease) from the available psychosocial data. The Framingham Cohort did not include an indicator of self-rated health, and therefore this indicator was not included in the psychosocial stress measure. We checked for departure from normality using STATA SE 11.1 and performed a transformation to achieve approximate normality in each study phenotype (Supplementary Table S8). We performed replication for three of the five most significant MESA *Early B-Cell Factor 1* (*EBF1*) SNPs (rs17056278:C>G, rs17056298:C>G, and rs17056318:T>C) directly genotyped on the Framingham genotyping array, were in high LD ($R^2 = 0.84–1.0$) with the lead MESA SNP (rs4704963:T>C) and met our quality control filters described above. We performed linear regression (logistic regression for binary phenotypes) under the additive model, including a SNP $\times$ STRESS term for G$\times$E interaction, and family ID using the Huber–White adjustment for familial clustering as implemented in STATA SE 11.1. We used Fisher’s exact test to obtain the discovery and replication combined $P$-values. Structural equation pathway analysis was performed as described above.
**RESULTS**
**Phenotype selection for discovery GWAS**
We calculated correlation coefficients between the chronic psychosocial stress measure and metabolic and body weight-related traits for all four ethnic groups in the MESA data set – Whites, Chinese Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics. The strongest correlation between chronic stress and the metabolic traits in MESA was with hip circumference in three of the racial subsets (Table 2), and thus hip circumference was used as the primary metabolic ‘outcome’ of interest for the gene by stress G$\times$E GWAS.
**Discovery GWAS and CVD-related phenotypes association**
Table 3 shows the five SNPs (rs4704963:T>C, rs17056278:C>G, rs17056298:C>G, rs10077799:T>C, and rs17056318:T>C) resulting from the MESA Whites hip circumference G$\times$E GWAS for which gene-by-stress interactions were genome-wide significant ($P$-values = 7.14E−09 to 2.33E−08 uncorrected, 1.99E−07 to 5.18E−07 GC corrected, Figure 1a, Table 3, and Supplementary Figures S1 and S2). All five SNPs were in strong LD ($R^2 = 0.84–1.0$) and are located in intronic regions of *EBF1* gene on chromosome 5; that is, rs4704963:T>C between exons 8 and 9, rs17056278:C>G between exons 7 and 8, and the other three between exons 6 and 7 (numbering with 1 for the first exon) of the longest protein coding transcript NM_001290360.1 (RefSeq) that has 16 exons. The SNP-only model (ie, without interaction) $P$-values for the SNPs ($P$s = 0.011–0.22) were not significant at the conventional genome-wide significance level (Table 3). No other SNPs achieved genome-wide significance. The SNPs with the next 5 lowest $P$-values did not achieve genome-wide significance but contained three genes with potential biological significance: *GPRC6A*, *ATP6V1D*, and *SASH1* (Supplementary Table S2). The remaining two SNPs are intergenic with no obvious functional significance. When G$\times$E GWAS was done in other ancestries, there were no genome-wide significant results for Chinese Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics for the gene-by-stress interaction term (Supplementary Figures S3–S5 and Supplementary Tables S3–S5). Although there were several SNPs with $P$-values <10E−05, there was no replication of any SNP (or gene) across the four ethnic groups.
Given the strong statistical evidence for the G$\times$E GWAS associations for the SNPs in *EBF1* (Figure 1a, Table 3, and Supplementary Figure S6), we chose rs4704693 as the lead SNP to explore other CVD-related phenotypes. We observed a similar pattern
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**Table 2 Pair-wise correlation coefficients of chronic psychosocial stress with central obesity and metabolic traits in the MESA data sets for the samples having quality-controlled genotype and phenotype data**
| ANCESTRY | H/PCM | WAISTCM | BMI | GLUC | LDL | HDL | METABOLIC TRAITS | TRIG | SystBP | DiastBP |
|--------------|-------|---------|--------|--------|--------|--------|------------------|--------|--------|---------|
| WHITES | **0.1053**<sup>a</sup> (<0.0001) | 0.0457* (0.0023) | 0.0996* (<0.0001) | 0.0096 (0.63) | −0.0101 (0.62) | 0.0356 (0.079) | 0.0561* (0.0088) | −0.0682* (0.0029) | −0.0442* (0.029) |
| CHINESE AMERICANS | −0.0545 (0.21) | −0.0488 (0.27) | −0.0392 (0.36) | 0.0188 (0.66) | −0.0412 (0.34) | 0.0249 (0.56) | −0.0439 (0.31) | −0.0530 (0.022) | −0.0073 (0.77) |
| BLACKS | **0.1377**<sup>a</sup> (<0.0001) | 0.0888* (0.0005) | 0.1384* (<0.0001) | 0.0754* (0.0032) | 0.0271 (0.79) | 0.0343 (0.18) | 0.0066 (0.79) | −0.0065 (0.77) | −0.0073 (0.77) |
| HISPANIACS | **0.1084**<sup>a</sup> (0.0001) | 0.0493 (0.059) | 0.0591* (0.0016) | −0.0351 (0.22) | 0.0618* (0.031) | −0.0105 (0.71) | −0.0826* (0.0019) | −0.0358 (0.211) | |
The significance levels of correlations are shown in parentheses. The bold entries represent the strongest correlations that were the basis of phenotype selection.
*aIt denotes whether a pair-wise correlation was significant at 5% level.*
Table 3 Genome-wide significant SNPs in the MESA Whites discovery set, Framingham Offspring replication set and combined $P$-values
| SNP | CHR | POS AND ALLELE CHANGE | Type | Gene | Discovery MESA Whites SNP $P$-val | Replication Framingham Offspring SNP $P$-val | Combined P-val |
|--------------|-----|-----------------------------|--------|------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------|---------------|
| rs4704963 | 5 | g.158247378T>C | Intronic | EBF1 | 0.022 | NA | NA |
| rs17056278 | 5 | g.158252438C>G | Intronic | EBF1 | 0.022 | 0.308 | 0.007 |
| rs17056298 | 5 | g.158268679C>G | Intronic | EBF1 | 0.018 | 0.230 | 0.012 |
| rs10077799 | 5 | g.158272083T>C | Intronic | EBF1 | 0.016 | NA | NA |
| rs17056318 | 5 | g.158285931>T>C | Intronic | EBF1 | 0.011 | 0.152 | 0.008 |
Abbreviation: NA, not available/not applicable.
(Discovery) The table includes $P$-values for the SNP-only model (SNP $P$-val), that is, the additive genetic model with no interaction term, G×E $P$-values ($P$-val), genomic control G×E $P$-values (GC $P$-val), and MAF of the five SNPs with genome-wide significant $P$-values from the MESA Whites G×E GWAS on Hip Circumference (HIPCM). The environment (E) component in this GWAS was chronic psychosocial stress (STRESS).
(Replication) The table includes $P$-values of SNP-only Model (SNP $P$-val), G×E $P$-values ($P$-val), and MAF of three out of the five SNPs available in Framingham Offspring Cohort.
(Combined) The combined $P$-values were obtained using Fisher’s exact test on MESA G×E GC-controlled $P$-values (GC $P$-val) and Framingham G×E $P$-values ($P$-val). All genomic locations were numbered based on Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 37 patch release 10 (GRCh37; p10).
Figure 1 (a) Manhattan plot of G×E GWAS on hip circumference (HIPCM) in MESA Whites where the environmental factor (E) was chronic psychosocial stress (STRESS). (b) G×E model: a schematic diagram showing the effect of *EBF1* SNP rs4704963:T>C on central obesity, glucose, diabetes status, and common carotid IMT, and modified by chronic psychosocial stress in MESA Whites. ‘Pheno G×E $P$-val’ denotes the $P$-values for the gene-by-stress interaction term for a given phenotype.
(Supplementary Tables S6 and S7) with evidence for G×E association with waist circumference, BMI, fasting glucose, and diabetes status; modest evidence of association with CCIMT, diastolic and systolic blood pressures, and HDL; and no evidence of association with triglycerides and LDL. As hip circumference, BMI, and waist circumference were strongly correlated, they show the same relative order of the significance of association with the top *EBF1* SNPs.
We focused our further analysis on the central obesity traits (hip circumference, waist circumference, and BMI), fasting glucose, and diabetes status along with CCIMT that we used as a proxy measure of atherosclerosis,\textsuperscript{15} given the low prevalence of clinically significant cardiovascular disease in the MESA data set. We observed that the effect of \textit{EBF1} SNP rs4704963:T>C on central obesity, glucose, diabetes status, and CCIMT was modified by chronic stress in Whites, and also that the magnitude of evidence for modification became smaller from central obesity to glucose to diabetes status to CCIMT (Supplementary Table S7). However, as might be expected given the correlations among the phenotypes, the pattern of modification in the effect of SNP on the phenotypes remained consistent. In order to frame these association results and the magnitude of interaction in multiple CVD-related phenotypes as a system, we hypothesized a pathway model starting with the gene-by-stress interaction through central obesity, high glucose, diabetes, and CCIMT (Figure 1b).\textsuperscript{5} In this model, chronic psychosocial stress modifies the effect of gene variants on CVD risk phenotypes; however, the $P$-value of modification was attenuated as we moved from left to right in the pathway.
Figure 2 shows the direction of effect of major and minor alleles of rs4704963:T>C on central obesity, glucose, diabetes status, and CCIMT phenotypes that we included in the model (Figure 1b). We found that mean hip circumference was similar (mean = 106.61 cm, SD = 1.16) across various stress levels for those homozygous for the major allele (TT), but increased linearly (from 104 to 124 cm, mean = 112.71, SD = 8.26) with increasing chronic stress for the carriers of minor allele (CT/CC, Figure 2). Similarly, in the high-stress group, individuals carrying the minor allele (CT/CC) had high risk factor levels compared with individuals homozygous for the major allele (TT, Figure 2). We also confirmed this direction of effect in all six traits (from Figure 1b) by the sign of the regression coefficient ($\beta$) for gene-by-stress interaction term (Supplementary Table S7) that represents the effect of each additional copy of the minor allele; that is, a positive (negative in case of inverse transformation) regression coefficient means that the minor allele increases risk/phenotype.
**Replication of discovery GWAS**
We identified three SNPs (rs17056278:C>G, rs17056298:C>G, and rs17056318:T>C) genotyped in the Framingham data set out of the five genome-wide significant SNPs in \textit{EBF1} from the MESA GWAS. The minor allele frequencies of these SNPs in Framingham were similar to the MESA data set (Table 3). The SNP-only model and gene-by-stress interaction term $P$-values for hip girth are shown in Table 3, and the $P$-values for additional replication phenotypes, waist girth, BMI, glucose, diabetes status, and CCIMT, equivalent to MESA phenotypes included in Figure 1b, are shown in Supplementary Table S8. The gene-by-stress interaction term $P$-values for the central obesity traits were significant at the threshold 0.05 ($P$s = 0.001–0.012). The direction of effect, as shown in Figure 3, was similar to the discovery results in the MESA data set (Figure 2), although the magnitude of the effect was smaller. In both data sets, obesity-related
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**Figure 2** The direction of G $\times$ E interaction effect in MESA Whites. These plots show the mean and SE bars of the raw values of the phenotypes from the Figure 1b pathway model (hip circumference (a), waist circumference (b), BMI (c), glucose (d), diabetes status (e), common carotid intimal–media thickness (f)) vs chronic stress for the two genotype groups of the most significant SNP rs4704963:T>C for the major allele homozygotes (TT) and the minor allele carriers (CC/CT). The plot for diabetes status (DIABSTAT) shows the percent of individuals having type II diabetes mellitus. Panel (g) shows the number of individuals for each genotype-by-stress level.
Figure 3 The direction of G × E interaction effect in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. These plots show the mean and SE bars of the raw values of the phenotypes from the Figure 1b pathway model (hip girth (a), waist girth (b), BMI (c), glucose (d), diabetes status (e), common carotid intimal–media thickness (f)) vs chronic stress for the two genotype groups for major allele homozygotes (CC) and the minor allele heterozygotes (GC/GG) for EBF1 SNP rs17056278:C>G. The plot for diabetes status (DIABSTAT) shows the percent of individuals having type II diabetes mellitus. Panel (g) shows the number of individuals for each genotype-by-stress level.
risk factors increased with the psychosocial chronic stress for the minor allele groups.
**Structural equation path analysis**
We examined the pathway model shown in Figure 1b more closely by comparing the raw (zero-order) correlation between each pair of study variables included in the model in the two genotype groups – homozygote major allele (TT) and minor allele heterozygotes and homozygotes (CT/CC) – of the SNP rs4704963:T>C in MESA Whites. We observed significant differences in the zero-order correlations between the genotype groups in stress-central obesity traits (Supplementary Table S9). The P-value for the test of differences in correlations between chronic stress and hip circumference in the TT and CT/CC genotype groups was <0.0001, with their correlations in the two genotype groups of 0.06 and 0.27 respectively. Figure 4 displays the results of the path analysis for the continuous phenotypes only, with unstandardized path coefficients. Path coefficients can be interpreted in a manner analogous to regression slope coefficients, where the coefficient represents the expected change in the dependent variable (the variable to which an arrow is directed) for each one unit change in the predictor (the variable that is pointing an arrow to the dependent variable). In MESA Whites (Figure 4a), consistent with the observed correlations (Supplementary Table S9), the direct path from chronic stress to hip circumference was statistically significant in both groups, but substantially larger in the CT/CC group compared with the same path in the TT group. In the TT group, a one point increase on the stress scale was associated with an expected increase of 0.42 cm in hip circumference. In contrast, a one point increase in stress in the CT/CC group was associated with a 3.57 cm increase in hip circumference. In the CT/CC group, the path from chronic stress to CCIMT via hip circumference and glucose (STRESS ⇒ HIPCM ⇒ GLUCOSE ⇒ CCIMT) was larger (estimate = 0.26, P = 0.033, 95% CI = 0.02–0.49) than the same path that was not significant in the TT group (estimate = 0.004, P = 0.340, 95% CI = −0.004–0.012). The paths from chronic stress to glucose and from glucose to CCIMT were also considerably larger in the CT/CC group compared with the TT group.
**Replication of structural equation path analysis**
Testing the same path model in the Framingham Offspring Cohort data set, we observed a similar genotype difference in the path from the chronic stress score to hip circumference (Figure 4b), relatively small and nonsignificant in the major allele (C/C) group (estimate = −0.23, P = 0.382, 95% CI = −0.75–0.29), but larger and significant in the minor allele carrier group (G/C, G/G) (estimate = 1.65, P = 0.007, 95% CI = 0.45–2.84). However, unlike the MESA result, the indirect path from stress to CCIMT via hip circumference and glucose was extremely small and not statistically significant in either group. The estimate of this mediated effect was virtually zero in each group: 0.00008 (P = 0.395, 95% CI = −0.0003–0.0001) in the CC group and 0.0003 (P = 0.346, 95% CI = −0.0003–0.0008) in the GC/CC group.
Functional annotation of EBF1 SNPs
Given that all genome-wide significant EBF1 SNPs were intronic and in strong LD, we examined these SNPs further for any putative functional role. We observed that one of the two most significant SNPs rs17056278:C>G was located on a highly conserved site in the genome across multiple vertebrate species. This site includes the motif sequence CCAT that has been identified as a high-affinity binding motif at other places in the genome. Thus, this site is a candidate for conserved transcription factor binding site (tfscons). Additional evidence indicated similar annotation (ie, tfscons) for the SNP (Supplementary Figure S6).
DISCUSSION
We performed a genome-wide study to discover gene-by-stress interactions associated with cardiometabolic risk factors in the MESA data set. We observed five SNPs with significant interaction terms (uncorrected $P < 2.33E-08$ and GC corrected $P < 5.18E-07$) in the White ethnic group. The GC corrected $P$-values were not genome-wide significant. These SNPs are all in the gene EBF1, which is a transcription factor with a known hematopoietic function. We have demonstrated independent replication of this association ($P < 0.012$, combined $P < 8.41E-08$) in the Framingham Cohort data set for the three SNPs present in the Framingham genotype data set.
The role of EBF1 in the development of the immune system has been well described.\textsuperscript{22} It has been implicated in other studies of cardiovascular disease.\textsuperscript{23} The most significant EBF1 SNP from our analysis (rs4704963:T>C) was also associated with early-onset coronary artery disease (CAD) in a genetic linkage and family-based association study\textsuperscript{23–25} with the same direction of effect, that is, the minor allele carriers have higher BMI and CAD severity.\textsuperscript{23} This result increases confidence in validity of the finding in MESA that EBF1 plays a significant role in cardiovascular disease risk. Two large GWASs of European Whites identified genome-wide significant variants in EBF1 associated with hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure.\textsuperscript{26,27} The EBF1 gene was also identified as a putative key regulatory gene for the coronary heart disease causal differential modules based on the global tissue-specific Bayesian and protein–protein interaction networks,\textsuperscript{28} confirming the complex relationship between CVD and EBF1. However, the large consortia of GWASs – GIANT, MAGIC, DIAGRAM, and CARDIoGRAM – did not identify SNPs in EBF1. The genetic main effect $P$-values of the five EBF1 SNPs for similar traits (ie, BMI, $P > 0.38$; fasting glycemic traits, $P > 0.08$; insulin resistance, $P > 0.38$; type II diabetes, $P > 0.63$; and CAD, $P > 0.54$) were not significant.\textsuperscript{29–32}
More directly documenting the moderation by EBF1 rs4704963:T>C of stress effects on intermediate phenotypes that stimulate atherogenesis in the present study, path analysis revealed a stronger effect of chronic stress on hip circumference in C allele carriers compared with TT homozygotes. The indirect path from increased stress to hip circumference to glucose to CCIMT was significant in C carriers but not TT homozygotes. The replication of parts of the path model – that is, stress to hip circumference – in the Framingham Offspring data set further supports these relationships. However, the difference in the indirect path from stress to CCIMT in the MESA Whites and Framingham Offspring results could be because of age differences between the two cohorts (Table 1 and Supplementary Table S1). The Framingham Offspring cohort was younger (mean age = 47.76 years) compared with the MESA Whites (mean age = 62.65 years). In both cohorts, the mean CCIMT was greater with increasing age (Supplementary Figure S7) but there was a systematic difference – that is, Framingham had lower mean CCIMT compared with MESA in all age groups – that could result from cohort
differences or differences in protocols or equipment used for CCIMT measurements. The younger age and relatively lower CCIMT in the Framingham study would result in lower power to detect relationships with CCIMT.
Studies in model systems support the association of *EBF1* and the cardiometabolic risk factors observed in human studies. The *EBF1* knockout mouse has a striking metabolic phenotype characterized by lipodystrophy, hypotryglyceridemia, and hypoglycemia, while having an increased metabolic rate and decreased leptin levels.\textsuperscript{35} *EBF1* has a critical role in the adipogenic transcriptional cascade in multiple cellular models. It binds to and activates the *C/EBPα* promoter that exerts positive feedback on *C/EBPα* expression, and in turn induces the expression of *PPARγ* that joins with *EBF1* and *C/EBPα* to induce adipocyte gene expression.\textsuperscript{34} The mouse lipodystrophy is characterized by an increase in yellow adipose tissue in bone marrow and a marked decrease in white adipose tissue, relative to wild-type controls.
We did not observe significant associations ($P > 0.5$, Supplementary Table S2) with the five *EBF1* SNPs in any ethnic group other than in Whites, which was the largest ethnic group within the MESA data set. In addition, we observed that in all other ancestries in the MESA data set (ie, Chinese Americans, Blacks, and Hispanics), mean hip circumference was similar across various stress levels for both the major allele homozygote (TT) and minor allele (CT/CC) carriers for the lead *EBF1* SNP rs4704963:T>C (Supplementary Figure S8). Furthermore, there were no observations of high stress in Blacks for the individuals carrying a minor allele (CT/CC). The inability to replicate the gene-by-stress interaction in other ethnic groups could be because of a number of factors including type I error or winner’s curse in the Whites, low power owing to smaller sample sizes in the other ethnicities, differential effects of stress in the different ethnic groups, or allelic heterogeneity across the *EBF1* gene. Ethnic-specific genetic interactions with physiological measures in other settings have also been observed\textsuperscript{35,36} and additional studies will be required to understand these differences.
The functional role of *EBF1* might be anticipated given its role as a transcription factor; however, the mechanism by which stress would modify the *EBF1* genetic risk is unknown. The results of this study suggest that evaluation of the impact of stress in the mouse model system may elucidate the function of *EBF1*, especially in view of a SNP from our findings being part of a putative conserved transcription factor binding site (tfbscons). Specifically, gene regulation and methylation would be a worthwhile topic for further research. The pattern of expression of *EBF1* and its networked genes strongly suggest that, if the association of *EBF1* variants with CAD holds after additional validation, the developmental mechanism\textsuperscript{28} may be through the association of obesity and diabetes as risk factors for CAD. These observations further suggest that a stress-reduction intervention aimed at reducing risk of CAD may be most effective in individuals with the rs4704963 CC/CT genotypes. We would also postulate that CAD risk reduction would include reductions in central adiposity and related modification of metabolic risk factors.
In conclusion, in addition to the known functional role of *EBF1* in the development of adipose tissue, we have shown that in the presence of chronic psychological stress, the common variation in this gene contributes to interindividual differences in human obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in two population-based cohorts. Although more functional work is needed to characterize the exact role of *EBF1* in development of type II diabetes and CVD risk, the multiple lines of evidence suggest that the *EBF1* gene plays an important role in the pathways leading to type II diabetes and CVD. Thus, in this study, we identified *EBF1* as a gene that plays a role in connecting chronic psychosocial stress, central obesity as a risk factor for CVD, and ultimately CVD disease development.
**CONFLICT OF INTEREST**
Redford B Williams is a founder of and stockholder in Williams LifeSkills, Inc. The other authors declare no conflict of interest.
**ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS**
This work was supported by NIH/NHLBI grants HL095987 (to Shah), HL073389-01 (to Hauser), and HL036587 (to Williams). The MESA and Framingham data sets were obtained from NIH dbGaP.
---
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2. World Health Organization: Global health risk: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. \textit{Tech. Rep. ISBN 978 92 4 156387 1}. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press, 2009.
3. Elder SJ, Lichtenstein AH, Pittas AG \textit{et al}. Genetic and environmental influences on factors associated with cardiovascular disease and the metabolic syndrome. \textit{J Lipid Res} 2009; \textbf{50}: 1917–1926.
4. Rosengren A, Hawken S, Ounpuu S \textit{et al}. Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11,119 cases and 13,648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. \textit{Lancet} 2004; \textbf{364}: 953–962.
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6. Williams RB, Barefoot JC, Blumenthal JA \textit{et al}. Psychosocial correlates of job strain in a sample of working men. \textit{Arch Gen Psychiatry} 1997; \textbf{54}: 543–548.
7. Scherwitz LW, Perkins LL, Chesney MA, Hughes GH, Sidney S, Manolio TA: Hostility and health behaviors in young adults: the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. \textit{Am J Epidemiol} 1992; \textbf{136}: 136–145.
8. Siegler IC, Peterson BL, Barfoot JC, Williams RB: Hostility during late adolescence predicts coronary risk factors at midlife. \textit{Am J Epidemiol} 1992; \textbf{136}: 146–154.
9. Speaker KJ, Fleischman M: Leptin–insulin–leptin: a potential link between stress and the development of visceral obesity. \textit{BMC Physiol} 2012; \textbf{12}: 1–15.
10. Labonte B, Yerko V, Gross J \textit{et al}. Differential glucocorticoid receptor exon 1 (1B), 1(C), and 1(H) expression and methylation in suicide completers with a history of childhood abuse. \textit{Biol Psychiatry} 2012; \textbf{72}: 41–48.
11. Hunter DJ: Gene-environment interactions in human diseases. \textit{Nat Rev Genet} 2005; \textbf{6}: 287–298.
12. Thomas D: Gene-environment-wide association studies: emerging approaches. \textit{Nat Rev Genet} 2010; \textbf{11}: 259–272.
13. Bornstein SR, Schuppeneck A, Wong ML, Licinio J: Approaching the shared biology of obesity and depression: the stress axis as the locus of gene-environment interactions. \textit{Mol Psychiatry} 2006; \textbf{10}: 892–902.
14. Bild DE, Blumeke DA, Burke GL \textit{et al}. Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design. \textit{Am J Epidemiol} 2002; \textbf{156}: 871–881.
15. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M: Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. \textit{Circulation} 2007; \textbf{115}: 459–467.
16. Purcell S, Neale B, Todd-Brown K \textit{et al}. PLINK: a toolset for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analysis. \textit{Am J Hum Genet} 2007; \textbf{81}: 559–575.
17. Price AL, Patterson NJ, Plenge RM \textit{et al}. Principal components analysis corrects for stratification in genome-wide association studies. \textit{Nat Genet} 2006; \textbf{38}: 904–909.
18. Devlin B, Bacanu SA, Roeder K: Genomic control to the extreme. \textit{Nat Genet} 2004; \textbf{36}: 1129–1130.
19. Muthen LK, Muthen BO: \textit{Mplus User’s GuideSixth Edition} Muthen & Muthen: Los Angeles, CA, 1998–2010.
20. Streiner DL: Finding our way: an introduction to path analysis. \textit{Can J Psychiatry} 2005; \textbf{50}: 115–122.
21. Feinleib M, Kannel WB, Garrison RJ, McNamara PM, Castelli WP: The Framingham Offspring Study. Design and preliminary data. \textit{Prev Med} 1975; \textbf{4}: 518–525.
22. Lukin K, Fields S, Hartley J, Hagman J: Early B cell factor: regulator of B lineage specification and commitment. \textit{Semin Immunol} 2008; \textbf{20}: 221–227.
23. Nolan DK, Saxon B, Haynes C \textit{et al}. Fine mapping of a linkage peak with integration of lipid traits identifies novel coronary artery disease genes on chromosome 5. \textit{BMC Genet} 2012; \textbf{13}: 12.
24. Hauser ER, Crossman DC, Granger CB \textit{et al}. A genomewide scan for early-onset coronary artery disease in 438 families: the GENECARD study. \textit{Am J Hum Genet} 2004; \textbf{75}: 436–447.
25. Shah SH, Kraus WE, Crossman DC \textit{et al}. Serum lipids in the GENECARD study of coronary artery disease identify quantitative trait loci and phenotypic subsets on chromosomes 3q and 5q. \textit{Ann Hum Genet} 2006; \textbf{70}: 738–748.
26. International Consortium for Blood Pressure Genome-Wide Association Studies: Genetic variants in novel pathways influence blood pressure and cardiovascular disease risk. \textit{Nature} 2011; \textbf{478}: 103–109.
27 Wain LV, Verwoert GC, O’Reilly PF et al. Genome-wide association study identifies six new loci influencing pulse pressure and mean arterial pressure. *Nat Genet* 2011; **43**: 1005–1011.
28 Huan T, Zhang B, Wang Z et al. A systems biology framework identifies molecular underpinnings of coronary heart disease. *Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol* 2013; **33**: 1427–1434.
29 Spieliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI et al. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. *Nat Genet* 2010; **42**: 937–948.
30 Manning AK, Hivert MF, Scott RA et al. A genome-wide approach accounting for body mass index identifies genetic variants influencing fasting glycemic traits and insulin resistance. *Nat Genet* 2012; **44**: 659–669.
31 Morris AP, Voight BF, Teslovich TM et al. Large-scale association analysis provides insights into the genetic architecture and pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. *Nat Genet* 2012; **44**: 981–990.
32 Schunkert H, König IR, Kathiresan S et al. Large-scale association analysis identifies 13 new susceptibility loci for coronary artery disease. *Nat Genet* 2011; **43**: 333–338.
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34 Jimenez MA, Akerblad P, Sigvardsson M, Rosen ED: Critical role for Ebf1 and Ebf2 in the adipogenic transcriptional cascade. *Mol Cell Biol* 2007; **27**: 743–757.
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36 Gong M, Hubner N: Molecular genetics of human hypertension. *Clin Sci* 2006; **110**: 315–326.
Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on European Journal of Human Genetics website (http://www.nature.com/ejhg) | b5117480-47f5-4dd2-93a4-9c1f35b33bc0 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 45,637 |
LV
LL
Evier
Emplacement Cuisson
Emplacement Frigo
Emplacement Lave-vaisselle
Emplacement Lave-linge
Tableau électrique
Retombée en poutre
Faux plafond/soffite
Chaudière
LEGENDE
Echelle
0
1m
2m
LES IRIS
St Etienne de Montluc
Le présent plan est établi sur la base du dossier de permis de construire et pourra subir des adaptations dimensionnelles, techniques et d'organisation afin de répondre aux contraintes induites par les études détaillées d'éxécution. Les poutres, poteaux, soffites, canalisations et faux plafond n'apparaissent pas systèmatiquement sur le présent plan. Les éléments de mobilier (meubles et plan de travail) ne sont placés qu'a titre indicatif. La surface des placards est incluse dans celle de la pièce attenante.
seuil: 15
NIVEAU
R+1
PIECES
Entrée + Pl.
WC
Séjour - Cuisine
Chambre + Pl.
Sde
Total surfaces habitables
Terrasse
Indice seuil: 15
TYPE
T2
SCCV LES IRIS
LES IRIS
seuil: 15
APPT
B102
SURFACES
5,95 m²
1,39 m²
21,92 m²
9,66 m²
4,23 m²
43,15 m²
39,84 m²
26/09/2022 | <urn:uuid:c3ea5809-a0bc-460c-8ac3-02880ee95444> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 1,032 |
Exp. 130/2021
Decret de Batlia aprovació plec de clàusules administratives
Atesa la convocatòria de subvencions 2020 per a la reactivació econòmica per la crisi derivda de la COVID19 en matèria de sostenibiltat i eficiència urbana, aprovada pel Consell Executiu del Consell de Mallorca en data 11 de novembre de 2020 i publicada al BOIB núm. 194 de data 12 de novembre de 2020.
Atès que l'Ajuntament de Santa Eugènia s'ha acollit a aquesta convocatòria, sol·licitant una subvenció econòmica total de 330.221,62 € per dur a terme diferents actuacions, entre les quals es troba el projecte de millora de les condicions d'accessibilitat de la pavimentació actual de la Plaça d'es Puget de Santa Eugènia.
Atès l'acord de resolució de concessió de subvenció de data 5 de març de 2021 i publicat al BOIB núm. 32 de data 6 de març de 2021, on es concedeix a l'Ajuntament de Santa Eugènia l'import sol·licitat per dur a terme les actuacions previstes.
Atès el projecte redactat pels arquitectes Federico Delgado Llegó i Erik Jorgersen Roca.
Aquesta Batllia, d'acord amb les atribucions que li confereixen les disposicions vigents,
RESOLC:
Primer.- Aprovar l'expedient de contractació de l'obra "Projecte de millora de les condicions d'accessibilitat de la pavimentació actual de la Plaça d'es Puget de Santa Eugènia"
Segon.- Aprovar el plec de clàusules administratives particular per a contracte per procediment obert simplificat de l'obra "Projecte de millora de les condicions d'accessibilitat de la pavimentació actual de la Plaça d'es Puget de Santa Eugènia".
Tercer.- Insertar l'anunci a la plataforma de contractació de l'Estat perquè els interessats presentin les seves ofertes en el termini de vint dies naturals a partir de l'endemà de la publicació de l'anunci en l'esmentada plataforma, i si l'últim dia fos inhàbil s'entendrà que el termini acaba el primer dia hàbil següent.
Santa Eugènia a la data de la signatura electrònica.
Vist i Plau, Davant meu,
El Batle, El secretari – interventor acctal, Joan Riutort Crespí Bartolomé Coll Isern | <urn:uuid:45b7df95-29f9-4f3b-9ac5-85b4ac7a55c9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 2,220 |
23 DE MAIG
En Josep va néixer a Swierczyn (Polònia) el 6 de gener de 1910. Ordenat de prevere als 26 anys és destinat com a coadjutor a la parròquia d'Osiecyni i prefecte de les escoles locals. En la Polònia ja ocupada, tant ell com el seu rector Vicenç foren avisats que en la processó del Corpus [...]
02 maig, 2018 - DGAMEZ
En Josep va néixer a Swierczyn (Polònia) el 6 de gener de 1910. Ordenat de prevere als 26 anys és destinat com a coadjutor a la parròquia d'Osiecyni i prefecte de les escoles locals. En la Polònia ja ocupada, tant ell com el seu rector Vicenç foren avisats que en la processó del Corpus corrien perill, però ambdós es negaren a abandonar el seu lloc. La policia nazi els arresta la matinada del 23 de maig de 1942 i els afusella a la mateixa carretera. Són beatificats el 13 de juny de 1999.
S'havia d'acomplir la profecia del Führer: «El cristianisme és la pitjor calamitat que ha caigut sobre la humanitat. El bolxevisme no és sinó el fill bastard del cristianisme: ambdós són monstres engendrats pels jueus […] La guerra arribarà al seu final i aleshores faré front a la meva última tasca, acabant amb l'Església. Només aleshores la nació alemanya estarà salvada» (Adolf Hitler, desembre 1941). Però no es va acomplir…
- "Abril plujós i maig ventós fan l'any ric i profitós". | <urn:uuid:41fe8c43-a944-45e9-adaa-8435034f41d9> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/cat_Latn/train | finepdfs | cat_Latn | 1,307 |
Recuperar conocimientos
1-Poner en forma negativa:
Elle mange .
Elle se repose.
Elle va au cinéma.
Il va au lycée .
Il s´appelle Henri.
Je m´appelle Marie.
J´habite à Betanzos.
Ma mère a 39 ans.
J´ai 12 ans.
2- Poner en forma interrogativa al menos de dos maneras y a ser posible de tres maneras:
Tu aimes le cinéma.
Tu habites à Betanzos.
Tu t´appelles Jean.
Vous aimez les gâteaux.
Tu viens au collège à pied.
Ta mère a 38 ans.
Vous habitez à Betanzos.
Elle va au cinéma.
Ta mère s´appelle Marie.
3- Pasa a francés :
Hace frío.
Hace buen tiempo.
Luc va a la escuela en bici.
Yo voy a la escuela en coche.
Vivo cerca de la estación..
Hace calor.
Tengo 12 años y el sábado es mi cumpleaños.
Vivo lejos de la iglesia.
Nieva.
4- Completa :
Je vais à ………………………pour acheter du pain.
Je vais à………………………..pour acheter un gâteau.
Je vais à ……………………pour acheter de la viande.
Je vais à ………………………pour nager.
Je vais à ……………………..pour acheter un livre.
On achète le lait à…………………., le poulet à……………….., le poisson à
……………., les gâteaux à ………………., un cahier à………………une poupée au………………………….et des biscuits à…………………On prend le train
à……………….et on regarde un film au………………….
5- Traduce:
Pour aller à la gare tu prends la première rue à gauche et tu continues tout droit jusqu´au Carrefour. Une fois là, tu prends la rue d`à droite, où se trouve le marché et continues tout droit jusqu´au bout de la rue. En face de la boulangerie se trouve la gare.
6- Escríbele una carta a un amigo contándole cómo eres y vistes, tus aficiones, deportes y loisirs
.
7- Pon en forma interrogativa empleando tres formas de preguntar:
2- Il est intelligent.
1- Tu es français.
3- Vous êtes français.
5- Je suis Marie.
4- Tu t´appellles Jean.
6- Mon cousin s´appelle Henri.
8- Mon père aime les poissons.
7- Ma mère a trente ans.
9- Tu aimes le cinéma .
10- Elle aime le cinéma aussi.
8- Pon en forma negativa:
2- Je suis français.
1- J´aime le cinéma beaucoup.
3- Je m´appelle Paul.
5- Mon père s´appelle Henri.
4- Il aime les oiseaux.
6- Ma tante a trente ans .
8- Ma soeur s´appelle Marie.
7- Mon cousin s´appelle Henri aussi.
9- J`habite à Betanzos.
10- Tu aimes le poisson.
9- Pon en francés:
2- Vivo cerca del instituto.
1- Tengo un pájaro que se llama Rey.
3- Me llamo María y mi madre se llama María también.
5- ¿ Cómo te llamas?¿ cuál es tu dirección?
4- Me gusta el pescado.
6- ¿Vives en Betanzos ?
8- ¿Cómo se llama tu abuelo?
7- ¿Cuántos hermanos tienes?
9- Qué edad tiene tu hermana?
10- ¿Te gustan las mascotas?
10- Escribe una invitación de cumpleaños. | <urn:uuid:6771a6ca-18a2-4b45-8d85-6b6941fe7b68> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 2,588 |
Αγρυπνία του Αγίου Μηνά στον Κοτσιάτη (ΦΩΤΟ)
Εκκλησία της Κύπρου / Ι.Μ. Ταμασού και Ορεινής
ΚΥΠΡΟΣ – Τελέστηκε η Ιερά αγρυπνία με την ευκαιρία της εορτής του Αγίου Μεγαλομάρτυρος Μηνά στο Καθολικό της Ιεράς Μονής Παναγίας Παντανάσσης στον Κοτσιάτη.
Να αναφερθεί ότι στην Ιερά Μονή υπάρχει Παρεκκλήσιο αφιερωμένο στον Άγιο Μηνά.
Της Ιεράς Αγρυπνίας προέστη ο Πανοσιολογιώτατος Αρχιμανδρίτης Ηρακλείδιος Κλεάνθους.
Στην Αγρυπνία παρέστησαν πλήθος κόσμου. | <urn:uuid:884804bf-b1fb-416d-968a-e79214ba6fef> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ell_Grek/train | finepdfs | ell_Grek | 457 |
Most Christians would be better pleased, if the Lord did not inquire into their personal affairs too closely. They want Him to save them, keep them happy and take them to Heaven at last--but not to be too inquisitive about their desires or daily conduct. --A. W. Tozer
"The sole means of retaining as well as restoring pure doctrine is to set Christ before our eyes" - John Calvin
THE NEW HAMPSHIRE CONFESSION OF FAITH
(Presented here as originally published – this does not constitute a full endorsement of the Riverside Baptist Church)
VII. Of Grace in Regeneration
We believe that in order to be saved, sinners must be regenerated, or born again; that regeneration consists in giving a holy disposition to the mind; that it is effected in a manner above our comprehension by the power of the Holy Spirit, in connection with divine truth, so as to secure our voluntary obedience to the gospel; and that its proper evidence appears in the holy fruits of repentance and faith and newness of life John 3:3, John 3:6-7, I Cor.3:14, Rev.14:3, Rev. 21:27, II Cor. 5;17, Ezek. 36:26, Deu. 30-6, Rom. 2:28-29, Rom.5:5, I John 4:7, John 3:8, John 1:13, James 1:16-18, I Cor. 1:30, Phil. 2:13, I Peter 1:22-25, I John 5:1, Eph. 4:20-24, Col. 3:9-11, Eph. 5:9, Rom. 8:90, Gal. 5:16-23, Eph. 3:14-21, Matt. 3:8-10, Matt.7:20, I John 5:4, 18
THE RIVERSIDE BAPTIST CHURCH
55 Avenue A P. O. Box 628 Richwood, WV 26261 B. H. Seacrist, Jr., Pastor
Phone 304 846 6406
Email:
firstname.lastname@example.org
Website: www.riversidebaptistchurchwv.com WXTH-LP 101.7 FM– In Richwood
Services:
Sunday Morning Bible Study -- 10:00 AM
Sunday Morning Worship -- 11:00 AM
Prayer and Bible Study Wednesday Evening 6:30 PM WCWV 92.9 FM – 8:00 AM Sunday Morning
THE RIVERSIDE BAPTIST REPORT
THE RIVERSIDE BAPTIST CHURCH
"The Pillar and ground of the Truth" -- 1 Timothy 3:15
Volume 12, No. 12
March 24, 2019
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TO WHOM THE LORD LOOKS
Thus saith the LORD, The heaven is my throne, and the earth is my footstool: where is the house that ye build unto me? and where is the place of my rest? For all those things hath mine hand made, and all those things have been, saith the LORD: but to this man will I look, even to him that is poor and of a contrite spirit, and trembleth at my word. Isaiah 66:1-2
In bringing the pride of man down the Lord can point no higher than Himself. The Word of God often directs our thoughts to Him, His person and His work. Yet, the pride of man persists in making claim to things that only God can do and presumes to offer them to Him in their own name. Such was the case of the Jews of Isaiah's day and the issue is addressed here most effectively.
picture of the means He would use to finalize salvation. A proper response would be that shown by men of faith in all ages. Those men looked to the High and Lofty One in whom salvation resided and not to something made by their hands. Cain's offering was unacceptable and so was theirs and any that focuses attention upon any but our Worthy Lord.
The Temple had become a point of pride with them and the service to it had taken on the appearance of idolatry. In reading of the questions presented to them by the Lord it is apparent that they were taking credit for the building of the Temple and thinking themselves as being worthy of acceptance based on their works. Most had left the thought of serving the true and Living God and simply sought to comply with Temple ordinances and even that in a corrupt manner. The several verses following this text reveal the contempt that the Lord had for their offerings.
The Lord moved the point of comparison to an unreachable level. While He had symbolically manifested His presence with them, it was a grave error to think of Him, as men do their idols, as being contained in the Temple. The Lord directs attention to His own work in creation. Could they fit creation, His throne, and the earth, His footstool into a house they built. The Temple was designed to set before them a
The trappings of much of religion today indicates vast effort and expenditures to call attention to the accomplishments of men and many do not hesitate to receive glory from those things. At best they give symbolic reference to name of the Lord while they go busily about the complex business of promoting their organizations under the guise of honoring God.
The Scripture takes the ways and means of men to task. Men are called to comparison and find themselves speechless at such questions as "To whom then will ye liken God? Or what likeness will ye compare Him? (Isa. 40:18). Of need, He has none: If I were hungry, I would not tell thee: for the world is mine, and the fulness thereof. Psalms 50:12. The error is exposed later in that same Psalm in declaring, These things hast thou done, and I kept silence; thou thoughtest that I was altogether such an one as thyself: but I will reprove thee, and set them in order before thine eyes. Psalms 50:21. Such is the wisdom of God that man should never aspire to think himself on a plane with God: For after that in the wisdom of God the world by wisdom knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. 1 Corinthians 1:21.
Two questions are asked here by the Lord. The first is "where is the house that ye build unto me?" The simple answer was given by Solomon at the dedication of the Temple: But will God indeed dwell on the earth? behold, the heaven and heaven of heavens cannot contain thee; how much less this house that I have builded? 1 Kings 8:27. Such a house would, of necessity, be infinite in its every dimension and aspect. What folly in man to think that the Lord needs anything from him.
The second question is "where is the place of my rest." The concept of divine rest is perhaps best seen in creation and its completion. The rest of God indicates nothing left to do. The Temple spoke of an ongoing work with its oft repeated sacrifices and rituals. So, in Christ, we are pointed to the place of rest and warned: Let us therefore fear, lest, a promise being left us of entering into his rest, any of you should seem to come short of it. Hebrews 4:1.
thou visitest him? Psalms 8:4. Yet, we are made abundantly aware of the eternal love of God and the fact that He has made choice. Like Samuel, we would look on the outward appearance in searching for those that might be qualified. But then, His ways are not our ways.
The term "poor" may seem relative in the sense of varying degrees of poverty. Here the thought is of having nothing and needing all things. There is no thought here of recommending one's self to the favor of God and so we come in destitution. The Lord looks to the contrite of spirit. These are literally maimed (from whatever cause) and figuratively in despair of hope. In similar contexts (Psalm 34:18; Isa. 57:15) the word translated contrite means literally crushed. In either case brokenness over sin is the condition. And, these reverentially tremble at the Word of God and fall in worship before Him. The Lord looks contemptuously past the pomp and ceremony of men and "dwells in the high and holy place" with the likes of these.
In view of such lofty concepts of the Lord that are given us in places like Isaiah 6 and this passage as well, it is easy to understand why He did not look with consideration to the claims of the proud Jews. It is amazing that He looks to any in the human race. What is man, that thou art mindful of him? and the son of man, that
Dr. Gill suggests that the words of verse 2 are descriptive of Christ. While we clearly see the experience of those coming to Christ here, it is certain that it is He that has trod the way before us and so took our place in all that was required of us. It requires the mercy and grace of God to bring any to know of their spiritual poverty, to experience true contrition, and to tremble at His Word. bhs
Humans do not simply need moral improvement or behavior modification, but a new heart (Ezek 36:26, John 3:7). If the frame and foundation of a house is rotten through and through ... we don't merely need a few new beams, but an entirely new house, and a new foundation. That is the human condition. To think that we just need to be more moral is to have a false and wholly inadequate understanding of the human condition. And if our view of our condition is wrong then the antidote will also be wrong. People generally don't want to believe this though. It is too depressing to face up to. But we need to because it is the truth.
In accordance with the Father's good pleasure, the eternal Son, who is equal with the Father and is the exact representation of His nature, willingly left the glory of heaven, was conceived by the Holy Spirit in the womb of a virgin, and was born the God-man: Jesus of Nazareth. As a man, He walked on this earth in perfect obedience to the law of God. In the fullness of time, men rejected and crucified Him. On the cross, He bore man's sin, suffered God's wrath, and died in man's place. On the third day, God raised Him from the dead. This resurrection is the divine declaration that the Father has accepted His Son's death as a sacrifice for sin. Jesus paid the penalty for man's disobedience, satisfied the demands of justice, and appeased the wrath of God. Forty days after the resurrection, the Son of God ascended into the heavens, sat down at the right hand of the Father, and was given glory, honor, and dominion over all. There, in the presence of God, He represents His people and makes requests to God on their behalf. All who acknowledge their sinful, helpless state and throw themselves upon Christ, God will fully pardon, declare righteous, and reconcile unto Himself. This is the gospel of God and of Jesus Christ, His Son.
–Paul Washer The Gospel Call & True Conversion
'It is good to praise the LORD and make music to your name, O Most High' (Ps. 92:1) – such words reflect the tenor of Old Testament praise. The Lord Himself is the believer's song (Isa. 12:2). Just as the preoccupation of praise is with God, so too psalms, hymns and spiritual songs are preoccupied with God Himself. The best praise in song centres upon God's self-revelation, and in particular the revelation He has given in the Person and work of His Son. So the more the words of the hymns and songs we sing reflect the words and teaching of Scripture about God and His Son, the more pleasing will our singing be to God, and the more edifying for us. -Derek Prime Created to Praise
You do not glorify God only when you talk about him, or share his gospel with other people, or stand with hands raised in public worship. Those are all good actions, but they are not the only means through which you can bring glory to God. Far from it. You glorify God when you do good works. The apostle Peter wrote, "Keep your conduct among the Gentiles honorable, so that when they speak against you as evildoers, they may see your good deeds and glorify God on the day of visitation" (1 Peter 2:12). Your good works make God look great before a watching world. –Tim Challies Do More Better
Sometimes religion can be the greatest roadblock to true spirituality. –Ravi Zacharias
The phrase "in Christ Jesus" is used twenty-seven times in this [Ephesians] letter! It describes the spiritual position of the believer: He is identified with Christ. He is in Christ, and therefore is able to draw on the wealth of Christ for his own daily living.
--Warren Wiersbe
Be Rich | <urn:uuid:8a5d83c0-b2ae-439e-83b4-8f9c5c140258> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 11,630 |
Infoblox Network Infrastructure Device Support List
for Infoblox Networking Products NetMRI 7.2.2 and Network Insight 8.3
Copyright Statements
© 2018, Infoblox Inc.— All rights reserved.
The contents of this document may not be copied or duplicated in any form, in whole or in part, without the prior written permission of Infoblox, Inc.
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Infoblox, Inc. shall not be liable for any damages resulting from technical errors or omissions which may be present in this document, or from use of this document.
This document is an unpublished work protected by the United States copyright laws and is proprietary to Infoblox, Inc. Disclosure, copying, reproduction, merger, translation, modification, enhancement, or use of this document by anyone other than authorized employees, authorized users, or licensees of Infoblox, Inc. without the prior written consent of Infoblox, Inc. is prohibited.
For Open Source Copyright information, refer to the Open Source Components and Acknowledgments links in the online help.
Trademark Statements
Infoblox, the Infoblox logo, Network Insight, and NetMRI are trademarks or registered trademarks of Infoblox Inc. All other trademarked names used herein are the properties of their respective owners and are used for identification purposes only.
Company Information
Web: http://www.infoblox.com/company/overview/contact
Document Updated: June 15, 2018
Warranty Information
Your purchase includes a 90-day software warranty and a one year limited warranty on the Infoblox appliance, plus an Infoblox Warranty Support Plan and Technical Support. For more information about Infoblox Warranty information, refer to the Infoblox Web site, or contact Infoblox Technical Support.
Product Information
Document Number: 400-0711-000 Rev. A
Device Support List Introduction
This document provides the Infoblox Network Infrastructure Complete Device Support List on page 5 to describe device support for Infoblox Network Insight and NetMRI, including platforms licensed with a feature subset (e.g. Automation Change Manager).
Device Model and Version Support
The Device Support table lists the specifically verified hardware model and OS/Firmware versions. Infoblox confirms support for these versions by testing against the make and model of a device that is listed in this document. In some cases, a device running in an alternative mode or configuration may create a limitation or deviation in device support. In such cases, a support ticket should be submitted to Infoblox to troubleshoot the problem. As part of the verification process, simulations are created based on the data gathered from the device when it was verified. This data is used in automated testing from release to release. As the Infoblox feature set changes, some devices are verified prior to Infoblox collecting data and testing for later features (e.g. a device that was verified against NetMRI 6.2 may never have been verified for Port Control). In some cases, a device running in an alternative mode or configuration may create a limitation or deviation in device support. For example, a device may have been verified while running as a switch, but may also run in a switch-router mode that is not verified. In such cases, a support ticket should be submitted to Infoblox to troubleshoot the issue. If you observe limitations in device support for a specific instance, configuration, or version of the device model or family; we recommend submitting a device support request RFE to have the different version supported and verified. If you have a device that is on this list that is working, but has not been verified, Infoblox welcomes your input to allow data collection from the device, to verify it, and to add it to the Infoblox testing environment.
Infoblox Feature Support
Infoblox NetMRI and Network Insight products support many discovery and management features, some of which are not supported on all devices. In some cases this is due to limitations in the managed device. In some cases, Infoblox added device support prior to the feature being developed.
The Device Support Table lists the fundamental feature support levels; in each case some detailed sub-features may not be supported for a specific device. In such cases, we indicate "Not Supported" status with an N in a category under the Capabilities column in the Device Support table. As an example, the Configuration Collection capability may not have been implemented due to the requesting customer not requiring support beyond SNMP identification of the device; the record for a specific device will list an N in that field. Infoblox software will also indicate specific data collection support for each managed infrastructure device. For example, certain SNMP data types may not be collected from a given device. In some additional cases, the specific feature may not be supportable due to limitations in vendor implementation or support of standard data collection or device interaction methods; the record for those sub-features is indicated with a "Not Supportable" label.
Device Support Table Field Descriptions
The table comprising most of this document provides a number of data columns of support information for each listed device. Explanations for values are the following:
Table 1 Device Support List Data Fields
Global items include:
* An "N" in any column indicates that NetMRI/Network Insight does not yet directly support a given feature, conferring the status of "Not Supported." In some cases, the feature may not be supportable due to limitations in device capabilities or device-reported data.
* An "N/A" in any column indicates a particular feature does not apply to the device type (for example, L3 data collection is not applicable to devices of type "Switch," and port control functions apply only to switches and switch-routers.)
* A "Not Supportable" entry in the Capabilities column indicates a particular feature cannot be executed with the device due to adherence to non-standard methods or models that do not enable NetMRI to operate with that device feature, and is hence 'not supportable.' This value differs from "Not Supported" (N) described above.
If a product family or model you are interested in is not listed in this document, please contact Infoblox Technical Support for further information.
Page 2
Device Support Bundles
NetMRI and Network Insight products also support a feature called Device Support Bundles (DSBs), that allows technically advanced users to support a device that is not in this list through utilization of SNMP and CLI techniques. The device itself must meet certain criteria for supportability; Infoblox recommends that customers work with Infoblox field representatives and Infoblox Professional Services to enable full support of a device using these techniques. More information on Device Support Bundles is available in the Device Support Guide feature documentation that accompanies the NetMRI and Network Insight products.
Notes on VRF Support
NetMRI 6.9.x and 7.0.x provide virtual routing and forwarding (VRF) support for select releases of the following operating systems:
* Cisco IOS 12.x, 13.x, 14.x, and 15.x
* Cisco Nexus 5K NX-OS 5.x and 6.x
* Cisco Nexus 7K NX-OS 5.x and 6.x
* Juniper JunOS: all applicable releases Infoblox NetMRI also supports virtual contexts in the following:
* Cisco IOS 12.x, 13.x, 14.x, and 15.x
* Cisco ASA: all applicable releases
* Cisco FWSM: all applicable releases
* Cisco Nexus 5K NX-OS 5.x and 6.x
* Cisco Nexus 7K NX-OS 5.x and 6.x
* Juniper JunOS: all applicable releases
About Known Issues
Vendor SNMP (and SSH/Telnet) support is commonly affected by, or limited by, vendor implementation of the protocol. Upgrading network infrastructure incurs costs, as does upgrading to a version that is newer than the version directly supported by Infoblox. Conversely, certain vendor firmware versions may be affected by known issues or defects that are addressed in more recent vendor releases, potentially allowing more complete support by Infoblox products. In some cases, upgrading to versions newer than those listed as supported in this document may also lead to problems with device support. Infoblox recommends consulting with Support prior to firmware upgrades to ensure continued device support, and consult your device vendor for recommendations on the latest available OS/Firmware version and their SNMP MIB and/or SSH and Telnet support.
Infoblox continuously identifies many different Vendor OS/Firmware versions that present significant issues with SNMP. That list is not presented as part of this document, owing to these issues being tied to other vendors' products. If you have questions about particular Vendor OS/Firmware versions that are not addressed in the subsections above, contact Infoblox Support and/or device vendor support for assistance.
Specific Known Issues
Some devices impose policy restrictions or licensing restrictions, preventing verification of config collection and/or port control support:
* HP VCEthernetModule (unable to verify config collection and port control)
* Nortel VSP9012 Switch-Router (unable to verify port control)
* Nortel ERS-8606 Switch-Router (unable to verify port control)
* H3C hpA512048GEI Switch (unable to verify port control)
* Force10 m-IOA Switch (unable to verify port control)
* Ruggedcom RS900 Switch (port control is not supported due to the device's CLI being menu-driven)
Beginning with NetMRI 6.9.4, NetMRI supports ARP data collection through the CLI for all Juniper devices.
Infoblox Network Infrastructure Complete Device Support List
All devices are listed as of NetMRI Release 7.2.2 and Network Insight 8.3.
Infoblox Device Support List
Page 5
Product (NetMRI,
Page 6
Product (NetMRI,
Infoblox Device Support List
Page 7
Page 8
Product (NetMRI,
Vendor
Model
Type
OS/Firmware
Network Insight, or
Data
Infoblox Device Support List
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Product (NetMRI,
Page 10
Product (NetMRI,
Infoblox Device Support List
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Product (NetMRI,
Infoblox Device Support List
Page 13
Product (NetMRI,
Vendor
Model
Type
OS/Firmware
Network Insight, or
Data
Page 14
Product (NetMRI,
Vendor
Model
Type
OS/Firmware
Network Insight, or
Data
Infoblox Device Support List
Page 15
Product (NetMRI,
Page 16
Product (NetMRI,
Page 17
Product (NetMRI,
Page 18
Product (NetMRI,
Page 19
Product (NetMRI,
Page 20
Product (NetMRI,
Vendor
Model
Type
OS/Firmware
Network Insight, or
Data
Page 21
Page 22
Product (NetMRI,
Page 23
Page 24
Product (NetMRI,
Page 25
Product (NetMRI,
Vendor
Model
Type
OS/Firmware
Network Insight, or
Data
Page 26
Product (NetMRI,
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Product (NetMRI,
Page 28
Product (NetMRI,
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Product (NetMRI,
Vendor
Model
Type
OS/Firmware
Network Insight, or
Data
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Product (NetMRI,
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Product (NetMRI,
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Product (NetMRI,
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Visum zum Freiwilligenaufenthalt
Es wird dringend empfohlen, die folgenden Dokumente gemäß der nachstehenden Anforderungsliste einzureichen, um Verzögerungen bei der Visumverarbeitung zu vermeiden.
Die Entscheidung über die Ausstellung eines Visums liegt in der Verantwortung der (zuständigen) deutschen diplomatischen oder konsularischen Vertretung in Russland. Bitte beachten Sie: Die Botschaft / das Konsulat hat das Recht, zusätzliche oder fehlende Dokumente anzufordern, wodurch sich die Bearbeitungszeit Ihrer Bewerbung erhöhen kann.
Während dem Antrag müssen die Originaldokumente samt Fotokopien eingereicht werden.
Für Minderjährige überprüfen Sie bitte den gleichnamigen Abschnitt auf der VisaMetric Webseite.
- 2 Gedrucktes Visumantragsformular (Originale)
2 in deutscher Sprache ausgefüllte und eigenhändig unterschriebene Anträge auf Erteilung eines nationalen Visums einschließlich der Erklärung gemäß §§ 53, 54 Aufenthaltsgesetz.
Für Antragsteller, die noch nicht das 18. Lebensjahr erreicht haben: Ausgefülltes Antragsformular, unterschrieben von beiden Elternteilen/bzw. Pfleger in zwei dafür geeigneten Stellen des Antragsformulars.
- Kontaktformular für das Konsulat (siehe die Rubrik "Formulare").
- 3 aktuelle, biometrische Passfotos, nicht älter als 6 Monate, vor weißem Hintergrund, in der Größe 45x35 Millimeter Bitte kleben Sie auf die Antragsformulare je ein Foto (ungeachtet des Hinweises auf dem Formular „nicht aufkleben") und bringen Sie das dritte mit.
- Auslandspass mit 2 Kopien der Datenseite.
Der Auslandspass muss unterschrieben sein, noch mindestens 3 freie Seiten haben und noch mindestens neun Monate gültig sein.
Inlandspass mit 2 Kopien der Datenseite und 2 Kopien aller Seiten mit Eintragungen.
-
Bei nicht- russischen Staatsangehörigen: Aufenthaltstitel für Russland mit 2Kopien.
- Vollständiger und von allen Seiten unterzeichneter Vertrag/Vereinbarung über Ihren Freiwilligenaufenthalt in Deutschland mit 2 Kopien. Die Vorlage eines Ausdrucks einer PDF-Datei ist ausreichend, wenn diese mit allen Unterschriften und ggf. Stempel der Einsatzstelle versehen ist. Im Laufe des Verfahrens kann ggf. das Original des Vertrags angefordert werden.
- Enthält der Vertrag oder die Bestätigung der Einsatzstelle keine Angaben zu Ihrer Unterkunft und Verpflegung, legen Sie bitte ergänzende Nachweise zur Lebensunterhaltssicherung mit 2 Kopien vor.
- Lückenloser tabellarischer Lebenslauf mit Angabe der vollständigen Adressen und Erreichbarkeiten - mit 2 Kopien. Sofern Sie diesen nicht auf Deutsch verfassen, ist mit einer notariell beglaubigten Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache beizufügen.
- Selbstverfasstes und unterschriebenes Motivationsschreiben, mit 2 Kopien, zu Ihren Beweggründen, u.a.:
o Warum möchten Sie in Deutschland den Freiwilligendienst ableisten?
o Haben Sie bereits Deutschkenntnisse oder wie werden Sie diese erwerben?
o Was möchten Sie nach dem Freiwilligendienst machen und wo?
o Welchen Nutzen erhoffen Sie sich von dem Freiwilligendienst?
o Wie passt dieser Aufenthalt in Ihre konkrete Lebensplanung und zu Ihrer beruflichen Perspektive?
Sofern Sie dieses nicht auf Deutsch verfassen, ist mit einer notariell beglaubigten Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache beizufügen.
- Nachweis über Grundkenntnisse der deutschen Sprache mit 2 Kopien.
Sofern Sie nicht über Grundkenntnisse der deutschen Sprache verfügen, ist durch eine Bestätigung der Einsatzstelle / des Trägers zu belegen, dass auf Sprachkenntnisse zunächst verzichtet wird und Sie diese durch Sprachkurse nach Einreise erwerben können bzw. dass Ihre Sprachkenntnisse von dort geprüft und für ausreichend eingestuft wurden.
- Nachweis zu Ihrer beruflichen/schulischen Qualifikation mit einer notariell beglaubigten Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache mit 2 Kopien, zum Beispiel Studienbescheinigung, Universitätsabschluss, Abitur.
- Eine in der EU ausgestellte Krankenversicherung mit 2 Kopien. Die Krankenversicherung kann auch erst zur Erteilung des Visums vorgelegt werden. Die gesetzliche Krankenversicherung gilt bei Aufnahme einer Beschäftigung im Rahmen eines Freiwilligendienstes erst mit Wohnsitznahme in Deutschland und Beginn des Freiwilligendienstes. Erfolgt die Einreise bereits zuvor, ist eine private Krankenversicherung abzuschließen bis das Arbeitsverhältnis beginnt und die Aufnahme in die gesetzliche Krankenversicherung möglich ist. Dabei sollte vorzugsweise eine sog. „IncomingVersicherung" abgeschlossen werden. Reisekrankenversicherungen können den Versicherungsschutz in ihren Versicherungsbedingungen ausschließen, wenn ein langfristiger Aufenthalt geplant ist. Es werden ausschließlich innerhalb der EU abgeschlossene Krankenversicherungen akzeptiert.
- Für Antragsteller, die noch nicht das 18. Lebensjahr erreicht haben:
* Notarielle Einverständniserklärung der Sorgeberechtigten zur alleinigen Ausreise und zum dauerhaften Aufenthalt des Kindes im Bundesgebiet mit einer notariell beglaubigten Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache mit 2 Kopien sowie,
* Geburtsurkunde des Antragstellers mit der Apostill und der notariell beglaubigten Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache mit 2 Kopien.
* ein notariell beglaubigter Nachweis darüber, wer im Bundesgebiet mit der Wahrnehmung der Personensorge beauftragt wird, seitens der Eltern und der Referenzperson in Deutschland mit der notariell beglaubigten Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache und mit Pass-/Personalausweiskopie, mit 2 Kopien sowie
Wichtige Hinweise:
- Zum Bundesfreiwilligendienst: Ihr Vertrag muss sowohl von Ihnen als auch vom Bundesamt für Familie und zivilgesellschaftliche Aufgaben (BAFzA) sowie der Einsatzstelle, der Zentralstelle und ggf. von der Stelle, die den Freiwilligendienst durchführt (Träger), unterzeichnet sein.
- Für eine Teilnahme an einem Bundesfreiwilligendienst besteht keine Altersbegrenzung.
- Teilnehmer an einem Programm von „Weltwärts Süd-Nord" sind zwischen 18 und 29 Jahren alt. Das Programm wird in Kooperation mit dem Bundesfreiwilligendienst durchgeführt. Der Vertrag muss sowohl von Ihnen als auch vom Bundesamt für Familie und zivilgesellschaftliche Aufgaben (BAFzA) sowie der Einsatzstelle, der Zentralstelle und ggf. von der Stelle, die den Freiwilligendienst durchführt (Träger), unterzeichnet sein.
- Zur Teilnahme an einem Jugendfreiwilligendienst (Freiwilliges Soziales Jahr (FSJ) oder Freiwilliges Ökologisches Jahr (FÖJ)): Ihr Vertrag muss sowohl von Ihnen als auch dem jeweiligen Träger und ggf. der Einsatzstelle unterschrieben sein.
- Teilnehmer an einem Jugendfreiwilligendienst (FSJ/FÖJ) dürfen das 27. Lebensjahr noch nicht vollendet haben.
- Teilnehmer am Europäischen Freiwilligendienst (EFD) sind zwischen 17 und 30 Jahren alt.
- Die Antragstellung eines Visums zum Freiwilligenaufenthalt ist gebührenfrei.
- Weiterführende Informationen finden sich auf folgenden Webseiten:
ht p://www.bmfsf .de/BMFSFJ/freiwilliges-engagement.html
t
ht p://www.bafza.de/
t
http://www.bundesfreiwilligendienst.de/
http://www.pro-fsj.de/
http://www.foej.de/
ht p://www.weltwaerts.de/
t
- Zusätzliche, hier nicht genannte Unterlagen können im Einzelfall bei Antragstellung oder im Laufe des Visumverfahrens nachgefordert werden.
- Alle nicht deutschsprachigen Unterlagen sind mit einer Übersetzung in die deutsche Sprache einzureichen. Durch einen Übersetzer in der Russischen Föderation angefertigte Übersetzungen bedürfen einer notariellen Beglaubigung. Für Übersetzungen, die durch einen vereidigten Übersetzer in Deutschland gefertigt wurden, ist eine notarielle Beglaubigung nicht erforderlich.
- Inlands- und Reisepass sowie die Krankenversicherung müssen nicht übersetzt werden.
- Standesamtliche und gerichtliche Urkunden müssen grundsätzlich mit einer Apostille versehen werden. Das gilt nicht für deutsche Urkunden und in der Regel auch nicht für Urkunden anderer EU-Staaten. Bitte achten Sie darauf, dass die Apostille auf der Originalurkunde (und nicht auf den Kopien) angebracht wird. Ist eine Apostille vorhanden, so muss auch diese übersetzt werden.
- Alle Originale und Übersetzungen sind mit jeweils 2 Kopien vorzulegen. Für die im Merkblatt genannten Kopien ist eine notarielle Beglaubigung nicht erforderlich.
- Achten Sie auf die Abgabe vollständiger Antragsunterlagen! Unvollständige Anträge können zur Ablehnung des Visumantrags führen.
Checkliste
Diese Checkliste dient ausschließlich der Kontrolle und Vorbereitung der Dokumente für die Antragsabgabe.
Bitte sortieren Sie alle Ihre Antragsunterlagen in der unten angegebenen Reihenfolge in 2 vollständigen Sätzen.
Der dritte Satz sollte alle Originale (Personenstandsurkunden, Diplome, Pässe, etc.) in der angegebenen Reihenfolge beinhalten. Sie erhalten diese Originale unmittelbar nach Prüfung bei der Einreichung der Unterlagen.
o
1 Passfoto (nur 3.Dokumentensatz);
o Antragsformular mit aufgeklebtem Passbild (nur 1. und 2.Dokumentensatz);
o Eine in der EU ausgestellte Krankenversicherung;
o Vereinbarung zum Freiwilligendienst;
o Lebenslauf;
o Motivationsschreiben;
o Nachweis zu beruflichen/schulischen Qualifikation;
o ggf. Sprachnachweis;
o Für Antragsteller unter 18 Jahren:
[x] notarielle Einverständniserklärung der Eltern;
[x] notariell beglaubigter Nachweis zur Wahrnehmung der Personensorge;
[x] Geburtsurkunde.
o ggf. weitere Nachweise;
o Inlandspass + Kopie der Datenseite + Kopien der Seiten mit Eintragungen;
o Reisepass + Kopie der Datenseite + ggf. Kopie Aufenthaltstitel für Russland.
Dieses Merkblatt wird ständig aktualisiert, erhebt aber keinen Anspruch auf Vollständigkeit. | <urn:uuid:56c587db-cd20-4995-87be-5f7f7959d506> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 9,645 |
CHILDREN'S SERVICES PLANNING LARNE LOCALITY PARTNERSHIP
MINUTES OF THE MEETING HELD ON WEDNESDAY 24 TH JANUARY, 2018 AT 10.30AM IN MID AND EAST ANTRIM COUNCIL OFFICES
PRESENT: David McAllister
Mid & East Antrim Council
Karen Sykes
The Princes Trust
Linda Purvis
AEL
Andrew Millar
Start 360
Denise McVeigh
Mid & East Antrim Council
Selena Ramsey
CYPSP
Joy McNally
Rebecca Anderson
Larne YMCA
YMCA
WELCOME AND INTRODUCTIONS
David welcomed the group to the meeting. A round of introductions took place from all members present.
MINUTES OF PREVIOUS MEETING
The minutes were agreed as being a true and accurate recording of the previous meeting held on Wednesday 22 nd November 2017.
1
MATTERS ARISING
Body Image Sub group
Selena updated that the Body Image conference discussed at the last meeting is scheduled for Friday 26 th January in Tullyglass. Members have been invited via email, and if they would still like to attend Selena asked that they advise Gemma.
Learning Together Partnership
After a meeting in June 2017 with the learning coordinator, Selena has subsequently met with the principal of Larne High School, Dr Stephen Ried. Stephen is really positive and keen for the schools cluster to work more closely with the group.
LARNE YOUTH FAIR
The locality group have discussed in the past how to reach young people locally to promote their service. Selena advised that there is an opportunity to work with the post primary schools in the area and host a Youth Fair to showcase services to year 11 pupils. In order to move this forward as their has been a staffing issue within CYPSP a sub group would need to be developed to organise this in partnership. Sub group to include: David McAllister, Rebecca Anderson, Denise McVeigh and Selena Ramsey. Selena agreed to circulate a date to meet.
LPG MEMBER STAKEHOLDER EVENT
Selena advised there will be a regional event to showcase best practice for CYPSP Locality Planning Groups. Selena agreed to forward the invitation and Save the Date ASAP.
ACTION PLAN REVIEW
The group discussed the Outcomes and Actions agreed at the last meeting.
LARNE/CARRICKFERGUS HUB
No update provided.
UPDATE FROM MEMBERS
Andrew Millar (Start 360)
- Dry January being promoted out at the moment.
- Two groups received the dry January grant with the group in Oasis, Antrim inviting the connections service along to also deliver an awareness raising session at their event.
- Connectors and responders training has now taken place and we are working our way through getting people assessed now. It has been very positive feedback from participants on how well the training went and how useful they found it.
Linda Purvis - AEL
- We have been recommended for 2 nd strang of ESF funding for our HOT programme to continue jobs will be advertised over the coming weeks for this programme.
- AEL social club now running on a fortnightly basis (Thursdays) at Linn Road Community Centre. It is open to everyone 15+ with learning disabilities/difficulties, Autism and Asbergers. They do not need to come to AEL in order to become of a member of the social club.
Rebecca Anderson - YMCA
- First group will be starting in Carrick YMCA on 12 th February, 2018 for 18-24 year olds.
- Second group will be starting in April in Larne YMCA for 16+ young people.
Shelley McCord - Carrickfergus and Larne Child Contact Centres
- Larne Centre starting weekly opening on Saturdays from 10am-12 from Saturday 17 th February.
- Providing safe guarding training on Saturday 10 th February in Greenland Community Centre. There are 25 places. To book, email email@example.com
Denise McVeigh - Play Development Officer
- Promoting smoke-free play parks across MEA Ballymena, Larne and Carrick. All play parks have new signage. Launch day Friday 2 nd February - photo call with mayor. More work to follow.
- Events and activities - pop up play session. The next one will be in the Ahoghill area. Whale watch - Portmuck on 25 th March.
- Play strategy for MEA ongoing.
Joy McNally - Larne YMCA
- Autism support project enters year 2 with average attendance c18/session.
- Delivering Peace 4 project Diversity through sport with peace players involves 50 young people in 6 week good relations/basketball project with 12 junior leaders working towards OCN level 2 Diversity through sport.
- In conjunction with other YMCAs, will be delivering m-power good relations/personal development programme over the next 4 years.
YMCA
After schools project preparing for inspection (February). All projects facing financial challenges.
Karen Sykes - Princes Trust
- Get information and get started programmes in February and March including bars and hospitality, security, barbering and hairdressing, retail (LIDL) and film.
- Fairbridge programme has come to an end and will be replaced by 'futures' which will be delivered in partnership with Belfast Met and Housing Executive. Target group will still be 16-24 year olds NEET young people.
ANY OTHER BUSINESS
Nothing noted.
DATE OF NEXT MEETING
It was agreed that the next meeting will be held on Wednesday 21 st March 2018 at 10.30am in Mid & East Antrim Borough Council, Smiley Buildings, Victoria Road, Larne., BT40 1RU. | <urn:uuid:377ac6fd-7902-4158-80ec-1871eac15846> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 5,240 |
Verein der Ehemaligen des Gymnasiums Lechenich Karolingerstr. 44, 50374 Erftstadt Erftstadt, den 24.12.2020
Weihnachtsgrü ße
Liebes Mitglied,
Mit lieben Grüßen
1. Vorsitzender
Der Vorstand des Vereins der Ehemaligen des Gymnasiums Lechenich e.V. Karolingerstr. 44 50374 Erftstadt | <urn:uuid:ed694b87-0cc6-4e68-a363-6df5eb5fcdaf> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/deu_Latn/train | finepdfs | deu_Latn | 284 |
Комбинирана смяна от КК на гр. Пловдив, одобrena със Заповед № РД-18-48/03.06.2009г. и регулиционния план на част от терена на лицето ВЛ-Жил. строителство, кв. 103 по плана на кв. "Христо Ботев - Юг", гр. Пловдив, одобрен със Заповед №1043/15.11.1984г. | <urn:uuid:6fba969e-8628-4872-ae1d-54d6b1684d4c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/bul_Cyrl/train | finepdfs | bul_Cyrl | 252 |
Modeling Pilot Situation Awareness
Becky L. Hooey * , Brian F. Gore * , Christopher D. Wickens † , Shelly Scott-Nash † , Connie Socash † , Ellen Salud * , and David C. Foyle ††
* San Jose State University at NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, USA 94035 email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com
†Alion Science and Technology, 4949 Pearl E. Circle, Suite 200 Boulder, CO, USA 80301 firstname.lastname@example.org email@example.com firstname.lastname@example.org
†† NASA Ames Research Center Moffett Field, CA, USA 94035 email@example.com
Abstract
The Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis (MIDAS) human performance model was augmented to improve predictions of multi-operator situation awareness (SA). In MIDAS, the environment is defined by situation elements (SE) that are processed by the modeled operator via a series of sub-models including visual attention, perception, and memory. Collectively, these sub-models represent the situation assessment process and determine which SEs are attended to and comprehended by the modeled operator. SA is computed as a ratio of the Actual SA (the number of SEs that are detected or comprehended) relative to the Optimal SA (those deemed required or desired for the operator to complete his/her task).
A high-fidelity application model of a two-pilot commercial crew during the approach phase of flight was generated to demonstrate and verify the SA model. Two flight deck display configurations, hypothesized to support pilot SA at differing levels, were modeled. The results presented include the ratio of actual to optimal SA for three high-level tasks: Aviate, Separate, and Navigate. The model results verified that the SA model operates as expected and is sensitive to scenario characteristics including display configuration and pilot responsibilities.
1 Introduction
In the Next Generation (NextGen; JPDO, 2009) of aviation operations it is anticipated that there will be substantially more information available to pilots on the flight deck (e.g., weather, wake, terrain, traffic trajectory projections) to support more precise and closely coordinated operations. Safe and efficient task performance within complex sociotechnical systems depends on operators acquiring and maintaining appropriate levels of situation awareness (SA; Salmon, Stanton, Walker & Jenkins, 2009), and as such, a critical issue is how well the flight deck will support the pilots' ability to acquire and maintain SA of relevant information in the NextGen environment.
Evaluating pilot SA using human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulations requires sufficient understanding of the operating environment, technologies, and automation to enable the development of functional prototypes. However, many NextGen concepts have not yet reached this level of maturity. Human performance models (HPMs) on the other hand, allow researchers to evaluate new aviation displays, automation, operations, and procedures in order to identify candidate concepts that are likely to increase safety and efficiency and to weed out those that have the potential for problems, before significant development costs have been incurred (Hooey & Foyle, 2008). As such, HPMs present an excellent test bed to evaluate the impact of NextGen concepts and technologies on pilot SA.
Many definitions of SA can be found in the literature, however, the most commonly accepted definition is that offered by Endsley (1995) who defined SA as the perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status
in the near future. SA is dynamic, in that it can be updated or diminished as a situation evolves, as a result of ongoing bottom-up/top-down information processing (or situation assessment).
To date, efforts to computationally model and predict SA have been few (for examples, see Zacharias, Miao, Illgen, Yara, & Siouris, 1995; Wickens et al., 2008; Jones et al., 2010). Furthermore, for the design of flight deck displays and procedures for two-pilot crews, it is necessary to consider not only individual SA, but also how SA is distributed across the crew members (Salmon, Stanton, Walker & Jenkins, 2009). Distributed SA (DSA) is differentiated from models of Team SA that focus on a shared understanding of the same situation (Bolstad, Cuevas, Costello, & Rousey, 2005; Bolstad & Endsley, 2000; Nofi, 2000), and from models of Shared SA that focus on the degree of overlap in common SA elements between team members (Endsley & Jones, 1997). In contrast, distributed SA (sometimes referred to as systemic SA or compatible SA) is applied to joint cognitive systems in which each operator holds a different view of the situation that is compatible, but not redundant, with other operators within the system (Salmon, Stanton, Walker & Jenkins, 2009). In this manner, each operator's SA forms a part of the distributed SA of the entire system and is required collectively for the entire system to work. The concept of DSA is applicable to commercial aviation operations. Especially in light of the increased availability of information and multiple data sources anticipated in the NextGen flight deck, it is likely that the flight deck will shift from an environment in which both pilots share equal responsibilities for all facets of flight, to one in which the two pilots each specialize in different aspects of data management and system monitoring. The question then becomes how to design displays and procedures to support optimal distribution of SA.
This paper describes recent enhancements to the Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS) that enable improved predictions of pilot SA. First, a brief description of the MIDAS human performance modeling tool will be provided, followed by a description of the specific MIDAS augmentations made to model both the situation assessment process and the situation awareness product. Next, results of an application model that predicts SA of a two-pilot flight crew will be presented to verify that the model is sensitive to changes in display configurations and pilot responsibilities.
1.1 Man-machine Integration Design and Analysis System (MIDAS)
MIDAS is a 3-D rapid prototyping human performance modeling and simulation environment that facilitates the design, visualization, and computational evaluation of complex man-machine system concepts in simulated operational environments (see Gore, 2010, this volume; Gore & Smith, 2006; Gore, Hooey, Wickens, & Scott-Nash, 2008). MIDAS links a virtual human, comprised of a physical anthropometric character, to a computational cognitive structure that represents human capabilities and limitations. The cognitive component includes perceptual (visual and auditory), visual attention, and memory mechanisms. Information flows from the environment to the perceptual and cognitive submodels, then to a task network representation of the procedures, that then feeds back into the environment. Actions carried out by the modeled operator impact the performance of the model in a closed-loop fashion. The complex interplay among bottom-up and top-down processes enables the emergence of unforeseen and non-programmed behaviors.
2 Modeling Situation Assessment and Situation Awareness
The MIDAS SA model was first developed by Shively, Brickner, and Silbiger (1997) and has recently been augmented to enable improved predictions of multi-operator SA in NextGen aviation concepts. In MIDAS, the situation context defines what information is important to the modeled operator in the situation (Shively, Brickner, & Silbiger, 1997). The model adopts Pew's (1995) definition that "a situation is a set of environmental conditions and system states with which the participant is interacting that can be characterized uniquely by a set of information, knowledge, and response options". At a minimum, in modeling NextGen applications, the context is defined by the phase of flight (taxi,
departure, en route, approach, or land), but may be broken down to finer levels of granularity, or along other dimensions such as nominal and off-nominal (Hooey et al., 2009) operations. For each context, the operators' high-level tasks are defined. For NextGen aviation models, the default high-level tasks adhere to the following hierarchy of task importance 1 : Aviate, Separate, Navigate, Communicate, and Systems Management (see Schutte & Trujillo, 1996). For SA, these can be subdivided; for example, the task of Separate can be divided into "Separate from traffic" and "Separate from terrain". The importance of each task is defined (as high, medium, or low) for each operator and each context.
Within each context, the environment is broken down into 'Situational Elements' (SEs), which are pieces of information that are necessary to support the operator's high-level tasks (Shively, Brickner & Silbiger, 1997). Subject matter experts define the SEs that are required or desired to complete each high-level task. For example, for the task of 'Aviate', the SE 'altitude' is required, but the SE 'angle of attack' (which is a display that presents the angle of the wing relative to the wind and warns of stall conditions) is desired. Although angle of attack supports pilot performance and makes the task easier, it is not strictly necessary, or required. The accessibility of each SE is defined by the analyst using a set of design heuristics including: display modality (visual, auditory), legibility (size, contrast), permanence (always visible, automatically presented, requires key strokes), and format (text, graphical). For example, spatial information that is conveyed by a text display would be classified as less accessible than information that is conveyed graphically. Similarly, information that is buried within a menu structure would be classified as being less accessible than information that does not require a button press to access.
1Schutte &
Trujillo
(1996)
define
a
four‐level
workload
management
hierarchy:
Aviate,
Navigate,
Communicate,
and
Systems management.
Separate
is
added
here
to
accommodate
new
flight‐deck
responsibilities
anticipated
in
the
NextGen
environment
Information from the environment flows to the modeled operator and is processed by several sub-models within MIDAS including visual attention, perception, and memory. Together, these sub-models comprise the situation assessment process within MIDAS.
The visual attention sub-model is a previously validated model (Wickens, Goh, Helleberg, Horrey, & Talleur, 2003; Wickens et al., 2008) that dictates how the pilot's visual scan is driven around the cockpit based on four parameters: Salience, Expectancy, Effort, and Value (SEEV) (See Gore, 2010, this volume, for a discussion of the integration of SEEV into MIDAS). In a top-down fashion, the situation context determines the expectancy and value of any given SE. For example, the expectancy and value of altitude is higher during descent and approach than en-route. The display format and layout determine salience and effort in a bottom-up fashion. Visual attention is drawn to SEs that are salient (e.g., high contrast or flashing alerts) and inhibited by the effort required to visually sample the information (a function of the physical separation of information within the flight deck).
The perception sub-model (see Gore, Hooey, Wickens, & Scott-Nash, 2009) processes both visual and auditory information, and represents perception as a series of stages that information must pass through in order to be processed. Visual perception in MIDAS depends on three factors – the amount of time the observer dwells on an object, the perceptibility of the observed object, and the accessibility of the information. In the current implementation of MIDAS, perception is a three-stage (undetected, detected, comprehended), time-based perception model for objects inside the workstation (e.g., an aircraft cockpit). The model computes the upper level of detection that can be achieved by the average unaided eye if the observer dwells on it for a requisite amount of time. Once an SE is comprehended, the operator is assumed to have acquired SA of the SE. The perceptibility of each object that falls into the operator's field of view is based on properties of the observed object, the visual angle of the object and environmental factors. One factor that determines perceptibility is the accessibility of the information. An SE with low accessibility requires longer to comprehend, and thus has a corresponding decrement in SA.
Finally, after an SE is comprehended, it is subject to the constraints of the memory sub-model, which degrades SA as a function of time since last accessed. The memory model in MIDAS causes the perception level of a 'comprehended' display to drop to 'detected' after the retrievability threshold of working memory (5 sec) has been surpassed, and perception drops fully to 'undetected' after the retrievability threshold of long-term working memory (300 sec) has been surpassed 2 . As the maximum perception level for an SE drops, there is a corresponding drop in SA.
The information in the environment flows through the situation assessment process and yields a metric of SA for each operator's high-level task (Aviate, Separate, Navigate, Communicate, and Separate). The SA metric in MIDAS computes the ratio of SEs that are detected or comprehended (Actual SA) to the SEs that define the ideal state (Optimal SA).
2MIDAS
memory
capacity
limits
are
based
on
Miller,
1956;
Ericsson&
Kintsch,
1995
Actual SA. For each high-level task (i), at time (t), Actual SA (See Equation 1) is calculated as the weighted sum of m Required SEs and n Desired SEs multiplied by the perception level (p). Note that if an SE is available on more than one display simultaneously, the highest perception level attained is applied. For SEs within the cockpit, p has values of 0 if the SE is undetected, .5 if detected, and 1.0 if comprehended. Required SEs have a weight of 2 and desired SEs have a weight of 1.
Optimal SA. Optimal SA (see Equation 2) reflects awareness the operator would have if he/she comprehended all the information that is required and desired for the task at any given moment. Therefore for each high-level task (i), at time (t), Optimal SA is the weighted sum of m Required SEs and n Desired SEs multiplied by p at any given moment; where p is always equal to 1.0. Required SEs have a weight of 2 and Desired SEs have a weight of 1.
SA Ratio (See Equation 3) is the ratio of Actual SA to Optimal SA. It yields a value from 0 (no SA) to 1(maximal SA) that reflects the proportion of SEs that the operator has awareness.
3 Application Scenario
A high-fidelity model of a two-pilot crew flying an approach into an airport was developed. The model included pilot tasks such as manipulating flight controls, monitoring flight instruments, scanning out the window to maintain separation from traffic and to obtain a visual sighting of the runway, monitoring aircraft system status, and communicating within the cockpit and with ATC. For the purposes of this model, the Captain was assumed to be the pilot flying (left seat) and the First Officer was the pilot-notflying (right seat).
The scenario started with the aircraft at 2200 ft altitude on a normal descent into Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The scenario was run with two configurations (Current-day and Augmented) that varied both the flight deck display configuration and pilot responsibilities in a manner expected to impact the time to comprehend information, and, in turn, SA. Each configuration is described next.
Current-day Configuration: The flight deck was equipped with a minimal set of current-day glasscockpit displays including a Primary Flight Display (PFD) that depicted altitude, speed, pitch, bank, and heading and a Navigation Display (ND) that graphically depicted the current flight path via a magenta line. During the approach phase, each pilot's ND was set at a 20 nmi scale. The Captain's ND depicted traffic and terrain whereas the first officer's depicted traffic and weather. Consistent with current day operations, both pilots shared the same hierarchy of importance for the tasks of Aviate, Separate,
Navigate, Communicate and Systems.
Augmented Configuration: The Captain (left seat) was equipped with a head-up display (HUD) that depicted the primary flight instruments and a highway-in-the-sky (HITS) that was superimposed over the out-the-window view (Fadden, Ververs & Wickens, 2001) and a ND with settings consistent with the current-day configuration (20 nmi range, showing traffic and terrain). The First Officer was equipped with a current-day PFD and a ND with an advanced 3-D cockpit display of traffic information (CDTI; Granada, Dao, Wong, Johnson & Battiste, 2005). The First Officer's ND showed predictive information about traffic and weather trajectories allowing for improved visualization of the route relative to the environment. The pilots' responsibilities were set such that each had unique task hierarchies. The Captain's emphasis was placed on the tactical task of Aviate and Separate (from immediate hazards). The First Officer's main responsibility was the strategic planning tasks of Navigate and Separate (from global hazards).
3.1 Results
Figure 2 presents SA for both pilots for the Current-day (left panel) and Augmented (right panel) configurations. The figure shows the pilots' awareness of the SEs for the tasks of Aviate, Separate (from hazards), and Navigate (to waypoints). As can be seen, in the Current-day configuration, there were only negligible differences between the Captain and First Officer's SA for each of the three high-level tasks (Aviate, Separate, and Navigate). This was expected, since both pilots shared a similar display configuration and shared equal responsibility for maintaining awareness of all SEs in the environment.
The Augmented configuration demonstrates a different pattern of results, again consistent with expectations. Recall that in the Augmented scenario, it was assumed that the Captain would place highest priority on the tactical tasks of Aviate and Separate from immediate hazards as supported by a HUD with a HITS display. This is clearly reflected in the Captain's SA for the Aviate task, which was higher in the Augmented condition than the Current Day condition. Likewise, in the Augmented condition, the Captain's SA of the Aviate task was higher than that of the First Officer. Further, recall that in the Augmented scenario, the First Officer had an advanced 3-D CDTI that supported strategic Navigate and Separate tasks. This is reflected in the First Officer's increased SA for the tasks of Separate and Navigate, relative to the Captain, in the Augmented configuration.
Comparing the Current-day to Augmented configurations, it is clear that the distribution of SA has changed in a manner consistent with expectations as a function of the procedural and display manipulations in the Augmented conditions. System-wide, the Augmented configuration enabled a higher level of SA for the task of Aviate (by the Captain) and Separate (by the First Officer) than was attained in the Current-day scenario.
4 Discussion
The MIDAS model was augmented yielding improved predictions of multi-operator SA in NextGen aviation operations. Augmentations to the situation assessment processes within MIDAS included the addition of the SEEV model to direct attention within the cockpit as a function of four parameters: Salience, Effort, Expectancy and Value. The SA metric was augmented to allow for the prediction of SA as a function of the operator's high-level tasks (such as shown above, Aviate, Separate, and Navigate). The model also allows for SEs to be characterized according to their level of importance for task completion (required or desired) and for SA to be degraded as a function of information accessibility. It is acknowledged that this model is limited in that it mostly addresses the first of Endsley's (1995) three stages of SA – specifically, the perception of elements in the environment. Future research efforts will be aimed at addressing the subsequent two stages of SA: Comprehension and projection.
The SA model was verified using a high-fidelity simulation model of a two-pilot crew conducting an approach into an airport. Two display configurations were compared: 1) a Current-day display configuration in which pilots were equipped with displays consistent with today's commercial operations and shared a common task hierarchy; and, 2) an Augmented configuration in which the Captain was equipped with a HITS / HUD to support the tactical tasks of Aviate and Separate from local hazards, and the First Officer was equipped with an advanced navigation display to support strategic planning and the task of Navigate. The model output revealed that the SA model was sensitive to differences in display configurations and pilot responsibilities. While future efforts will undertake a formal validation of this model by comparing the model output to human-in-the-loop data, this work represents preliminary steps toward the development of a model-based tool that can be used to predict system-wide, or distributed, SA as a function of procedures and display configurations.
The concept of DSA has only recently emerged in the literature, and empirical research is still required to better understand the construct. The determination of "roles and responsibilities" among all of the human operators (including air traffic controllers and pilots) and emerging automation and technologies, has been identified as one of the primary human factors challenges within the NextGen research community (JPDO, 2009). It is important to better understand environments and situations for which it is better to distribute SA across multiple operators and when it is better that all operators maintain a shared awareness of the same information. With the model described above, it is next possible to evaluate the pilots' ability to detect off-nominal (Hooey et al., 2009) or unexpected events within the cockpit or in the external environment to better determine if the distribution of SA achieved in the Augmented configuration indeed yields improved performance and safety benefits.
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Wickens, C. D., Goh, J., Helleberg, J., Horrey, W. J., & Talleur, D. A. (2003). Attentional models of multitask pilot performance using advanced display technology. Human Factors, 45(3), 360-80.
Wickens, C. D. & McCarley, J., Alexander, A., Thomas, L. C., Ambinder, M., & Zheng, S. (2008). In D. C. Foyle, & B. L. Hooey (Eds.), Human Performance Modeling in Aviation. Boca Raton: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis.
Zacharias, G. L., Miao, A. X., Illgen, C., Yara, J. M., & Siouris, G. M. (1995). SAMPLE: Situation awareness model for pilot in-the-loop evaluation. First Annual Conference on Situation Awareness in the Tactical Air Environment. Patuxent River, MD: Naval Air Warfare Center
Acknowledgment
This research was funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Aviation
Safety (AvSAFE)Program (Integrated Intelligent Flight Deck Technologies (IIFTD) / System Design & Analysis (SDA) project). | <urn:uuid:5308d02d-92cf-4451-b879-15b082a5c088> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 27,439 |
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Urban Spaces in Residential Areas as an Environment for Continuous Prevention and Rehabilitation – Design and Benefits
Barbara Skalna, Patrycja Haupt
Abstract: Facing the demographic changes is our common responsibility as researchers of all scientific disciplines. The forecasts based on statistical data show that in many countries in the nearest future the highest growth in population will be in the segment of 65-year-olds and older people. With age, mobility, intellectual ability and spatial orientation are reduced. Creating a proper living environment and public spaces to conduct prevention and rehabilitation training would have a positive impact on shaping and maintaining the quality of life of residents. The purpose of this multidisciplinary research was to create a model training for people with motor dysfunctions together with an optimal design of environment to conduct it on daily basis. Currently, a great emphasis in the design of urban areas is placed on the physical and social activity of children and youth (playgrounds, skate parks, sports equipment), as well as people with a high degree of physical fitness (sports fields and equipment, outdoor gyms, running paths, nordic walking, cross-country skiing). The aim of the work was to explore the possibilities and prove effectiveness of basic functional training with sensory elements in non-standard activity spaces intended for people with reduced low physical activity and motor disorders, not requiring additional devices, using elements of nature, such as terrain, water, greenery - as well as elements of small architecture.
Keywords : Demographic changes, forecasts, population, emphasis, urban spaces.
I. INTRODUCTION
Facing the demographic changes should be common responsibility of the researchers of all scientific disciplines. The complexity of the problem needs to be addressed by multidisciplinary teams to come up with innovative complex solutions addressing current issues. The available forecasts based on statistical data show that in many countries the nearest future will be demographically characterized by the highest population growth in the segment of 65-year-olds and older people. At the end of 2014, the population of Poland was 38.5 million, of which over 8.5 million were people aged 60 and over (over 22%) which proves the necessity of searching for solutions that would help to maintain fitness level and prevent dependency.
With age, mobility and intellectual ability as well as spatial orientation are reduced (over 70% of people with disabilities are those who have reached the age of 50). The main diseases occurring in the group of biologically disabled people are
Revised Manuscript Received on July 22, 2019.
, Academy of Physical Education in Cracow, Cracow
Barbara Skalna University of Technology
Patrycja Haupt, Academy of Physical Education in Cracow, Cracow University of Technology
Retrieval Number:
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DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E1070.0785S319
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& Sciences Publication injuries and diseases of the musculoskeletal system (in 54%), the circulatory system (in 44%), eye diseases (in 32%) and neurological diseases (in 30%). Creating a proper living environment with public urban spaces that would serve as everyday preventive training areas would have a positive impact on shaping and maintaining the efficiency and quality of life of residents.
II. GENESIS
According to the World Health Organization, the definition of quality of life determined by the state of health refers the areas of physical, mental, social performance included in the subjective self-assessment. The concept of quality of life is complex and can be addressed from many different perspectives. Physical activity, which is one of the determinants of lifestyle, is important in the physical and mental area. As a result of technological progress, man reduced his physical activity, resulting in lowering the body's efficiency. Therefore, it is particularly important for older people to maintain a good psychophysical condition by using appropriate physical activity, which is permanently included in the lifestyle of a person. Systematic training is an essential part of a lifestyle that determines health.
One of the possible training facilities that has a potential of implementation in the residential environment is the moto-sensory path. It was designed as a compact urban space - dedicated for permanent training - that is intended to serve people in the seniors' age and people who suffer from mobility restrictions as a result of illness or injury. It consists of various training and sensory posts is to help maintain or increase the mobility of beneficiaries. In addition to motor aspects, elements referring to nature - vegetation, presence of water, diverse surface, etc., are to affect the senses through smell, eyesight, sound and tactile sensations, introducing the user into a state of relaxation. The motosensory path is designed to familiarize people who, due to the reasons of reduced efficiency, experience fears and cease to use public spaces of the city - with the urban space and encourage them to fully benefit from living in the city. The home location is supposed to encourage users to endure external conditions in the immediate neighborhood, in protected well-known environment, in order to transfer positive experiences to more distant regions, taking full advantage of the cultural, educational and recreational offer of the city.
III. OBJECTIVE OF RESEARCH
Physical activity, which is one of the determinants of lifestyle, is important in the physical and mental health. Statistics show that the level of physical activity decreases with age and reduces efficiency of the musculoskeletal system. Older people become weaker and slower, which in turn increases the risk of falls and may lead to the development of motor disability. That is why it is so important to maintain good psychophysical condition by keeping an active lifestyle [1,2]. The systematic functional and preventive training seems to be a great idea of that. Motosensory functional training in urban space is dedicated mainly to seniors and people suffering from physical limitations as a result of a disease such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis. The proposal of training solutions is intended to help maintain or increase the mobility of beneficiaries. This solution reduces the costs of the public health sector and ensures the continuity of the rehabilitation process. The training is designed to familiarize with the urban space people who, due to the reasons of reduced mobility, experience fears do not use public spaces of the city. The home location is supposed to encourage users with open space in the immediate environment, in order to transfer positive experiences to taking full advantage of the cultural, educational and recreational offer of the city.
The purpose of the research is to specify methods of preventive functional training and the possibilities for designing the recreational space in residential areas and public spaces to serve these activities. Such activity can be progressed supervised by physiotherapist or alone with help of Android application or using graphic manuals. Currently the process of rehabilitation is mostly restricted to hospital areas and there are no facilities where the individual training can be conducted. A great emphasis in the design of urban areas is placed on the physical and social activity of children and youth (playgrounds, skate parks, sports equipment), as well as people with a high degree of fitness (sports fields and equipment, outdoor gyms, running paths, nordic walking, cross-country skiing). The aim of the research is to present an individual training in a non-standard activity spaces intended for people with reduced efficiency. The design of such areas would not require additional devices, nonetheless it would involve elements of nature, such as terrain, water, greenery as well as elements of small architecture.
The therapeutic purpose is optimal functioning in order to achieve the goal determined by the task, in selected environmental conditions. This will improve everyday activities, improves movement strategies dependent on musculoskeletal and nervous systems and in effect increase independence of beneficiaries. Creation of therapeutic space also has an impact on senso-motor integration - a process in which the human nervous system receives information from receptors by means of all the senses (touch, vestibular system receiving movement, body sensation i.e. proprioception, smell, sight, hearing, taste), then organizes and interprets them [3]. One of the main goals of the training is also to obtain/improve posture control. It is a dynamic ability to maintain and regain balance on a stable and unstable base. It improves the ability to maintain static and dynamic balance.
The planned activities improve the body's position in space, which is particularly disturbed in people after stroke [4]. The proper functioning of the nervous system depends on physical activity. Scientific research indicates that exercise leads to an increase in the number of neuronal connections in the brain by increasing and improving the transport of oxygen to the cells [3]. The training should improve cognitive functions and improve well-being. The purpose of the moto-sensory training is not only to maintain physical fitness at an appropriate level, but also to delay the need to depend on the help of other people. Aging is one of the risk factors for disability. In the social aspect, seniors undertaking physical activity are more independent and feel the improvement of the quality of life. Residing in a given space that stimulates the senses in a controlled manner, combined with appropriate motor training, can beneficially impact the motivation of users, as well as the obtained results [5].
IV. BENEFICIARIES
Motosensory functional training in urban space is dedicated mainly to seniors and people suffering from physical limitations as a result of a disease such as stroke, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis. People with physical disabilities may experience fear of situations that require moving in urban space - using public transport, pedestrian crossing. Movement disorders also cause the loss of independence in everyday activities, such as shopping. These people limit their activity to their place of residence and often give up their participation in social and cultural life. Space like this is suitable for people who need a continuous rehabilitation process and also do not have money for rehabilitation in special centers with a physiotherapist. A separate problem is a long term waiting for rehabilitation services in public hospitals and outpatient clinics. This often results in the loss of previously developed motor skills. Sensory elements have a therapeutic effect on people after stroke and other neurological diseases. In many cases, there is a problem with body sensation. Additionally sensory stimulation causes the brain plasticity process and influences the functional improvement of the motor system of these people [3,6]. Seniors are also beneficiaries. Their physical and functional fitness decreases with age. Their quality of life is reduced. Older people often have diseases that also require therapeutic movement - diabetes, degeneration of the joint [7]. In the same time therapeutic urban space can be the site of attractive walks for able persons and children. Through communal care for its aesthetics and condition, it can become a site that improves family relations, and can also be conducive to social contact. It can become an area for the exchange of experiences between dependent persons and their caretakers.
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Retrieval Number:
E10700785S319/2019©BEIESP
DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E1070.0785S319
V. KINESIOTHERAPY AND SENSORY STIMULATION COMBINED
The combination of kinesiotherapy (motion therapy) and sensory stimulation can be called moto-sensory therapy. Various activities are performed that stimulate the nervous system and help to integrate stimuli reaching the body. Numerous materials are used due to their sensory value e.g. rough, smooth, cold, warm. Training in urban space, which will be properly managed, can have a therapeutic effect on the movement system - balance exercises on an unstable, changing ground, exercise the gait function on a designated path, sitting on a bench, reaching for an object, going up the stairs. Aromatic plants or water elements will stimulate sensory and relaxing effects on the user of such space. The location in the backyard is therapeutic for people with hypersensitivity to noise. This is especially important for stroke patients who have great difficulty in focusing on the task being performed.
Under such conditions, postural control training is possible - important for balance. In addition, it allows to perform a movement task in a coordinated and economical way. Postural control is weakened by disorders related to the processing of sensory information. The combination of kinesiotherapy and sensory stimulation positively affects eccentric muscle control. It is needed to control the speed of movement (sitting on a chair, going down stairs) which is especially important for neurological patients [10].
Spasticity is known as a serious problem in people with central nervous system damage like stroke. It is defined as excessive resistance to muscle stretching. Repetition of strength and functional training may lead to a reduction in spasticity through improved neuromuscular coordination [5]. Less spasticity means greater freedom of movement, precision and speed. Sensory stimulation can be part of such therapy.
Physical fitness decreases with age. Aging is a physiological process associated with structural changes and activities: reduction of lean body mass, decrease in strength, flexibility of muscles, tendons and ligaments. In addition, aerobic efficiency is significantly reduced in the elderly. This results in balance disorders and increased risk of falls. It may lead to disability and dependence on others. Recent research shows that it is possible to increase muscle mass and strength under the influence of strength training in older people - even at a very advanced age. The combination of kinesiotherapy and sensory stimulation in the elderly influences such motor features as flexibility, balance and motor coordination. The use of such training affects the improvement of the quality of walking. Equivalent exercises are important in the prevention of falls. Stretching exercises, which are also provided in such training, allow for greater mobility [11,12].
ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-8, Issue-5S3 July 2019
VI. TRAINING METHOD
The suggested training plan consists of 6 randomly selected exercises, drawn from 7 specific groups, after 5 minutes every. Qualifying tests are suggested - a simple equivalent exercise and gait training strips to determine the user level of the 3 available difficulty variants. Created training plan, for each level of difficulty, has one exercise from the group: gait training, stretching, stabilization, postural control, eye-hand coordination, balance. The whole training lasts about 60 minutes. Time contains short breaks between exercises. Walking training is often the main therapeutic goal. Its function is, as far as possible, to preserve or restore the optimal walking pattern, which will be ergonomic and allow you to move on short and long distances. Stretching - it is the "hygiene" of the muscular system, allows to maintain the range of mobility in the joints and increase the mobility of tissues. In the case of neurological patients and the elderly, stretching and mobilization with movement are effective. Stabilization - it determines mobility. It is directly related to postural control and balance It allows one to get the freedom of movement of distal parts of the body. It allows you to control your posture while your body is moving in space and maintaining balance. Postural control - is associated with stabilization. It performs similar functions, it also allows you to maintain, achieve or regain balance while changing the position of the body or performing physical activity. Eye-hand coordination - is important for everyday activities such as writing, reaching for small things, basic activities like dressing, washing. In the proposed exercises, verbal games were used that divert attention from physical exercise and increase the difficulty of the task. They also have a therapeutic effect on the coordination process. Balance - is associated with stabilization and postural control. It performs similar functions. We have a static balance (when we are standing or sitting) and a dynamic balance (the ability to recover and maintain the balance during activity). Sensory training (relaxation) - it allows you to relax the whole body, regulate the breath and work of the heart. Different sensory stimuli reach the senses. On the surface of the hands and feet we have a lot of nerve endings. They receive the most sensory impressions. Intense sensory experiences strengthen the transmission of impulses to the brain, integration of stimuli and improvement of neuronal processes [8,9,10].
The combination of moto-sensory training affects central stabilization, activates deep muscles. When performing the activity, deep stabilizing muscles are activated first. A stable center allows the movement of distal parts of the body - the movement is smooth, in full range, and the movement pattern is correct. This is important for seniors and neurological patients [3,13].
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DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E1070.0785S319
One of the training methods is training under the supervision of an instructor who presents the selected exercise in a correct way and presents its purpose. The coach may be a physiotherapist from a nearby rehabilitation center or a person employed by the local senior club i.e. When the user performs the exercise, the trainer (verbally or manually) corrects the motion being performed. His role is also motivating and appreciate the effort of the participants as well as preparing the users before undertaking independent training. Later on the trainer only supervises the participants and helps if necessary. Users should acquire skills that will enable self-training and self-confidence.
Another method of training is independent training based on multimedia instruction. A special application containing audiovisual materials has been created for this purpose. There is
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a short movie for each exercise (with a voice of the teacher and subtitles to choose from). There are 3 levels of difficulty. The first step in using the application is to perform 2 exercises - tests. Their result is the basis for qualifications to the appropriate level of difficulty. On this basis, a set of exercises is randomly selected. Training based on the application can replace the meeting with the instructor and allows you to take independent training in the created space.
There is also a possibility of training based on graphic instruction. Professional pictograms have been created for this purpose. Do each exercise assigned to one figure, which represents the starting position and the set movement. In addition, clear instruction (separate for each level of difficulty) below the picture. In this way, they will have a full graphical instruction, which will be placed on the board at each exercise stand. The same instruction is also available in the application. This type of training is recommended for more advanced participants who have learned the correct way of conducting exercises before.
VII. TESTING METHOD AND EVALUATION
Methods of testing the effectiveness of training in urban space can be functional tests used in physiotherapeutic practice. They are objective research tools. In case they are done before and after a series of trainings, they can also be used as a tool to evaluate the training.
The following research tools are recommended: Index Barthel (Modified Scale Barthel) - evaluates the degree of independence can be used as a preliminary assessment of people starting workouts. If a person scores too few points on the scale, he or she will have difficulty performing exercises and the therapy will not be suitable for such person.
Test "get up and go" (TUG test - the timed "up and go" test) evaluates the possibility of transition from sitting to standing position, walking on short distance (equal to the average length of pedestrian crossing), turning back by 180 degrees and transition from position standing up to sitting. The task of the tested person is to complete the task as soon as possible. The test will be repeated twice, the time is measured with a stopwatch. Given the results of a better sample. The test contains a point scale and assesses the risk of falls.
POMA (Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment) / Tinetti Test - evaluates the balance when sitting, standing up, standing up, turning. It also evaluates gait: initiation, step length and height, step symmetry, gait continuity, gait path and body positions. Assessment of the balance and quality of walking gives information about the possible risk of falling of the tested person.
Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction In Balance (CTSIB) assessment of balance in various sensory conditions. Test for static balance assessment in six situations using vestibular and proprioceptive information. The test contains a point scale and assesses the risk of falls.
Functional Reach Test (FR) - the test gives information about the dynamic ability to maintain the balance in a standing position. Depending on the result, the interpretation indicates a double risk of falls or a fourfold increased risk of falls.
6-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) - a 6-minute walk test determines the distance a person can walk on a flat surface in
long. People who use orthopedic help on a daily basis can also perform this test.
Most tests assess the balance because training in the open space has the greatest impact on it. This is due to unstable and changing ground. Balance is a very important factor in the prevention of falls [11].
VIII. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The result of the research was inventing a training method as well as designing urban space for conducting everyday training. Through appropriate shaping of publicly accessible urban spaces, also those in the immediate vicinity of the place of residence, the comfort of people with reduced mobility can be influenced. It is also possible to improve mobility and spatial orientation training by properly designing these spaces, in particular using natural elements. Terrain alternative communication routes and walking areas as a form of physical fitness training, especially in different atmospheric conditions, natural elements - greenery and water - as landmarks, by their multi-sensory perception, gardens urban farms, as a form of aromatherapy and a place of social integration at relatively low costs, positively influence the physical fitness of the population.
The factors that most liked and supported physical activity on the outside turned out to be visual stimuli, such as nature, the possibility of observing it and communing with it. In turn, natural auditory stimuli, such as birdsong, accompanying physical activity in the surroundings of the "fresh air" turned out to be important. The open space, which gives freedom of movement, was also important. The element of support is also air quality, because the beneficiaries valued the possibility of breathing fresh air.
The result of the research showed how carefully designed urban space can become a therapeutic space. The therapeutic purpose is optimal functioning in order to achieve the goal determined by the task, in selected environmental conditions. This will improve everyday activities, improves movement strategies dependent on musculoskeletal and nervous systems and in effect increase independence of beneficiaries. Creation of therapeutic space also has an impact on senso-motor integration.
In pilot studies increase in functional efficiency was observed in the field of basic everyday activities such as: balance in the seat, standing up, standing up, while turning and sitting. Inception, step length and height, step symmetry, gait continuity, gait path and body positions (Tinetti Test), which directly affects the improvement of the static and dynamic balance of the patients.
Based on a comparison of the results from before and after a series of pilot training sessions in all study groups, one can talk about the effectiveness of actions undertaken on the local rehabilitation path. It is advisable, however, to broaden the scope of research by increasing the study group and establishing a control group. The developed results of all the functional tests used in the assessment of the effectiveness of the moto-sensory path will be presented soon.
In conclusion – the research proved:
6 minutes. The walking path, according to standards, is 30 m
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DOI:10.35940/ijeat.E1070.0785S319
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- the legitimacy of implementation of non-standard spaces and forms of preventive training,
- the necessity of further multidisciplinary research on possible benefits,
- the need of searching for optimal methods of implementation and training in the residential neighborhood..
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18. Ergonomia wobec procesu starzenia się społeczeństwa i kadry pracowniczej / ed.. Maciej Złowodzki, Tadeusz Juliszewski, Halszka
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ISSN: 2249 – 8958, Volume-8, Issue-5S3 July 2019
Ogińska, Anna Taczalska, Karolina Trzyniec ; Politechnika Krakowska im. Tadeusza Kościuszki. – Kraków : Wydaw. PK, 2018. – 329
19. Trojanowska, Monika. Parki i ogrody terapeutyczne. Red. . : Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN, 2017, 232 s. ISBN 978-83-01-19249-5 | <urn:uuid:2c508f00-b444-41fb-a858-4af70934ddf7> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 30,174 |
LA BIBLIOTECA POPULAR
CONSTANCIO C. VIGIL
RAUL FRUTOS
EDICIONES AMSAFE
colección NUESTRA HISTORIA 6
Ediciones AMSAFE
Libros editados
El adolescente en la Ley Federal de Educación
Emilio H. Luna
La Escuela Cossettini
Augusto Bianco
La vida social de los tobas
Elena L. Achilli
Silvana Sánchez
El video, las ciencias sociales y la enseñanza
Lidia Acuña
Clelia González
Fascículos editados
Esperanza, Madre de Colonias
Gaston Gori
El Instituto de Cinematografía de la Universidad Nacional del Litoral
Iberia Ester Gutiérrez
Luis Alberto Benito
Las escuelas bilingües Toba y Mocoví
Liliana A. de Pino
Flavio Nelir Dalostto
La Forestal
Daniel Silber
Alcorta: primera huelga agraria de América latina
María Elena Teresita Albaizeta
La Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil
Raúl Frutos
RAUL FRUTOS
LA BIBLIOTECA POPULAR
CONSTANCIO C. VIGIL
EDICIONES
AMSAFE
La Biblioteca Popular “Constancio C. Vigil” de Rosario fue intervenida por el gobierno militar de facto de la provincia de Santa Fe el 25 de febrero de 1977. Se cerró así un fructífero período de más de 20 años de realizaciones y experiencias culturales, educativas y sociales. Aspectos económicos derivados de la organización de sus rifas anuales determinaron aparentemente la acción del gobierno militar, aclarando en los considerandos de ésta que “la intervención dispuesta en modo alguno significará un impedimento para la actividad del establecimiento que continuará normalmente” (Diario “La Tribuna”, 26-2-77). La realidad actual es que la Biblioteca Vigil, liquidada y mal vendida desde 1977 a la fecha, ya no existe como fue, quedando sólo el testimonio de alguna escuela funcionando en forma descentralizada, una biblioteca disminuida en su acervo y sus servicios, un enorme edificio descuidado y dedicado a otras variadas actividades y un sello legal de la institución todavía existente como entidad en liquidación y con bienes aún importantes. Si bien en febrero de 1977 la coyuntura de la intervención estuvo indicada en la superficie por la situación económica de la entidad, en sus motivaciones reales cabe la certeza que obedeció a los planes del gobierno militar del proceso finalizado el 10 de diciembre de 1983 respecto a la aniquilación de obras populares. Realizaremos entonces un análisis descriptivo de los hechos no sólo como se presentaban ya en 1977, sino también del desarrollo y culminación de ese proceso sociocultural de más de 20 años.
Introducción histórica.
Los inicios.
El antiguo barrio de la zona sur de Rosario, denominado hasta no hace mucho tiempo Tablada y Villa Manue-lita, circundaba el estadio del club Central Córdoba, se recostaba por un lado sobre las vías del ferrocarril del mismo nombre y por otro llegaba casi
Local de la sociedad vecinal barrio General San Martín y Villa Manuelita, Alem 3033, donde se iniciaron las actividades que dieron origen a la Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil. La foto fue registrada en el año 1944.
hasta el río Paraná. Estaba calificado como un “barrio bravo” y Villa Manuelita era sinónimo de villas miserias, que por ese entonces existían fundamentalmente en la “bajada” de Ayolas y Convención y sus alrededores. Sin embargo, al margen de una supuesta vida irregular que se atribuía a ese sector de la ciudad, lo real era que ese barrio constituía fundamentalmente un conglomerado de trabajadores, muchos de ellos dedicados al rudó trabajo del puerto, o a las tareas en distintas fábricas y corrales de materiales, hierros, maderas, chapas y otros elementos, o eran empleados del cercano Ministerio de Obras Públicas.
En ese barrio es donde el 9 de julio de 1944 se inauguran oficialmente las actividades de la Sociedad Vecinal de Tablada y Villa Manuelita. Integraban las primeras comisiones directivas el caudillo político del barrio, el peluquero, el farmacéutico, el ferroviario, el médico, figuras visibles de esa comunidad. Existió también otro hombre importante en la marcha de la vecinal, don Salvador Castro, un humilde carbonero de origen portugués. Entre ellos surge la idea de crear una biblioteca en la sociedad vecinal y unas pocas sillas de paja, una mesa y dos muebles vidriados con estantes compusieron sus instalaciones que albergaban unos 200 libros. El primer encargado fue un español ya mayor, Nicasio Gómez, cuya misión era abrir el local, controlar y anotar los libros facilitados en préstamo.
Trasladada la sociedad vecinal al local de Alem 3033, edificación que anteriormente había sido despacho de bebidas y cancha de bochas, continúan las actividades: reclamos por veredas flojas, por pavimento para calles de tierra, barrido, limpieza, la extensión de recorridos de tranvías y ómnibus, la celebración de fechas patrias y alguna que otra charla instructiva.
Todo esto, poco y mucho a la vez, no bastaba; en el barrio, en su gente, comenzaban a despertar otras inquietudes. Y los hombres mayores de la vecinal hicieron un llamado a la juventud para que ofrecieran el cambio a la simple monotonia de viejos libros, el diario del día anterior y las revistas atrapadas. Llega así la invitación a los jóvenes del barrio y ellos ocupan el lugar que se les asigna como Subcomisión de Biblioteca, a partir del 26 de septiembre de 1953, comenzando una nueva etapa.
Esa Subcomisión de Biblioteca, al igual que las posteriores, estaba integrada por adolescentes y jóvenes de ambos sexos, hijos de trabajadores del barrio, estudiantes, empleados o aprendices de algún oficio. Se organizan entonces concursos de dibujo y pintura infantiles, funciones de cine, exhibiciones de patín, festivales o reuniones danzantes, junto a pequeños bonos de colaboración que llevan el objeto de acercar fondos para la compra de nuevos libros. Comienza una incipiente organización técnica, se promueve la visita a la biblioteca permitiendo la consulta a estantería abierta y se establecen contactos con las escuelas de la zona, recibiendo inquietudes y acercando colaboración.
Segunda etapa de desarrollo
Ante las ingentes necesidades económicas que las nuevas actividades y proyectos van creando, ya los bonos y rifas comunes, las pequeñas cuotas de socios resultan insuficientes. Se lanza entonces, en 1959, la primera rifa pagadera en cuotas, recurso inédito hasta
Una vista del primer edificio construido para el servicio bibliotecario y los jardines de infantes (foto de 1964). Poco después comenzó la obra que actualmente está ubicada en Alem esquina Gaboto.
Proyección social
En un trabajo de encuesta realizado en diciembre de 1969, tratando de averiguar la opinión de los socios acerca de una serie de proyectos para 1970, se llega a la siguiente conclusión, en el análisis de las necesidades que los socios proponen que se satisfagan:
"Las que se mencionan sugieren una curiosa imagen de la Biblioteca Vigil sustentada por sus asociados. Esta institución sería una especie de alma mater que no solamente prologa cultura, sino también proporciona abrigo, bienestar, salud y hasta ayuda a bien morir."
Habichayn de Bonaparte, Hilda y Héctor Bonaparte. Encuesta de la Caja Mutual de la Biblioteca Vigil: Informe. Rosario, 1969. 11 páginas.
ese momento, que tiene un gran éxito. Se prosigue con esa modalidad en los años posteriores, hasta 1977, llegando a una extensión de 24 cuotas mensuales y numerosos e importantísimos premios. Los ingresos producidos por las rifas anuales permiten ir realizando en forma acelerada sueños y proyectos. Se compra primeramente un terreno en Alem 3078, donde se comienza la construcción en 1960 del edificio social; antes de su inauguración, en noviembre de 1963, se adquiere una casa aledaña donde ya con mayor amplitud funciona la institución.
Desde 1963 en adelante se suceden y mantienen actividades culturales y educacionales, sociales, cursos, charlas, conferencias, una organización administrativo-financiera cada vez más eficiente, ampliaciones edilicias de gran magnitud y emprendimientos mutuos. Todo esto muestra a la entidad como un gran receptáculo donde las más diversas inquietudes y necesidades del barrio que la sustentaba, podían verse cubiertas.
Se hace muy difícil comprender la efervescencia que bullía en una institución con 3.000 alumnos, 20.000 socios y 650 empleados, abierta a todas las inquietudes y posibilidades, sin burocracias paralizantes. Era la década de los sesenta y principios de los setenta, cuando se creía que muchas cosas eran posibles y estaban al alcance de la mano, que la transformación de la sociedad desde sus bases era factible. Unos optaron por el hippismo y su revoluLa foto de arriba es una de las pocas que se conservan de la actividad de jardines, que comenzaron hacia 1960.
En el centro, un momento de la construcción de la sala de teatro.
Registro fotográfico de la guardería de la institución.
ción ingenua de las flores, otros por el uso de la violencia; quienes hicieron la Vigil optaron por la acción de la educación y la cultura, la no violencia y el desarrollo del pensamiento y el conocimiento. A pesar de lo que se argumente hoy, no todo se perdió, ni el accionar ni la validez de algunas ideas centrales.
En momentos de su mayor evolución, haciendo un recuento somero, podemos mencionar las siguientes actividades, obras, instalaciones:
1. **Instituto secundario.** Mixto. Se creó en 1970. 600 alumnos. Bachillerato con distintas especialidades. Local de 8.000 m², 25 aulas, laboratorios, etc. Gimnasios cubierto y semi-cubierto.
2. **Escuela primaria.** Se creó en 1972. Mixta, con doble escolaridad. Local de 1.800 m² cubiertos, con parque de recreación aledaño y áreas destinadas a huerta y cría de animales por los alumnos. Total: 600 alumnos.
3. **Cursos de capacitación popular (Universidad Popular).** Enseñanza parasistématica destinada a niños, jóvenes y adultos para acrecentar su cultura o formación. Integrados por: Escuela de Artes Visuales, Escuela de Cerámica, Escuela de Música (piano, guitarra, flauta traversa), Iniciación Musical (guitarra, armónica, flauta dulce), Ajedrez, Educación Física, Expresión Creadora Infantil, Idiomas. Mecanografía, Artesanías. Txlal: 1.450 alumnos.
4. **Jardín de infantes.** Creado en 1960. Local de 1.200 m². Inclusión también de grados preescolares. 250 alumnos.
5. **Jardín de infantes y biblioteca infantil en Villa Manueleta.** 40 alumnos.
6. **Departamento de Educación.** Organismo centralizador y coordinador de todas las actividades educativas.
7. **Guardería infantil.** Destinada a hijos de empleados y docentes de la entidad. En su mayor actividad: 90 chicos. Funcionamiento de avanzada en la ciudad, modelo de organizaciones similares.
8. **Biblioteca pública.** 55.000 volúmenes en circulación y 15.000 en depósitos. Mantenimiento de las bibliotecas seccionales de las distintas escuelas de la entidad. Servicio de materiales especiales: revistas, mapas, diapositivas, discos. Sala infantil. Promedio de préstamos diarios en Biblioteca Central: 1.000 a 1.200.
9. **Departamento de Publicaciones, Editorial Biblioteca.** Departamento
creado para promover la difusión del libro argentino en ediciones de bajo costo, promoviendo autores del interior y reflejando tradiciones, vida y costumbres de nuestro pueblo, contribuyendo también con la educación argentina a través de la edición de temas y problemas específicos. Se editaron más de 90 títulos con un total aproximado de 2 millones de ejemplares.
10. Teatro. En construcción, con capacidad para 450 espectadores.
11. Caja de Ayuda Mutua entre asociados. Funcionamiento de créditos para viviendas y personales, depósitos en cajas de ahorro, conexión con la programación del barrio de 400 viviendas en Villa Diego, etc., dependiendo también de ella el Centro Materno Infantil que brindaba atención a asociadas y esposas de asociados, en forma gratuita y con avanzadas técnicas, durante el embarazo, parto y puerperio.
12. Observatorio astronómico. Dedicado a la enseñanza, difusión y apoyo a la investigación astronómica. Trabajos de patrullaje e investigación en conexión y supervisión de la Comisión Nacional de Estudios Geo-heliofísicos, con moderno instrumental técnico. Planes de enseñanza a nivel de cursillos, charlas, etc.
13. Departamento de Ciencias Naturales. Importantes funciones didáctica, educativa y de investigación científica. Preparación de material disecado, embalsamado, piezas anatómicas, herbario, material histológico, etc. Elementos que conformaron un museo de más de 3.000 piezas dedicado a tareas de apoyo para la actividad educativa propia y de otros ámbitos de la ciudad y de la provincia.
14. Centro recreativo y deportivo. En Villa Diego. 23 Has. Playa frente al río Paraná, instalaciones deportivas (fútbol, voleibol, bochas, etc.) y para camping.
15. Barrio. En Villa Diego, frente al Centro Recreativo, los inicios de la construcción de un complejo de 400 viviendas.
16. Edificio para los premios. Propiedad horizontal, en construcción, 10 pisos destinados a premios de los bonos anuales. En Salta 1850 de Rosario.
17. Secciones internas. Funcionamiento para necesidades propias y trabajos a terceros como fuente de ingresos: carpintería, herrería, Departamento de Construcciones, automotores, imprenta, encuadernación, Centro de Cómputos, unidad administrativa.
18. Isla. 2.700 Has. frente a Rosario. Para explotación agrícola, ganadera y forestal.
19. Filiales. Posesión de cuatro inmuebles para la construcción de filiales del servicio bibliotecario, situados en zonas de la ciudad carentes de bibliotecas.
20. Delegaciones. Con funciones administrativas y culturales en las ciudades de Santa Fe, San Juan, Mendoza y Córdoba.
Cada uno de los ítems mencionados anteriormente requeriría para su explicación completa un detallado análisis, posibilidad que escapa a este trabajo. Sin embargo interesa destacar algún aspecto que merece un tratamiento más amplio. Por ejemplo, el canje de publicaciones en el sector de la biblioteca pública.
En el año 1960 la biblioteca disponía de 3.000 volúmenes. Si comparamos esta cifra con las de 1977, comprobamos que en poco más de 15 años se aumentó casi en 20 veces ese número inicial, sin contar publicaciones periódicas y materiales especiales. De ello se desprende que la mayoría del material estaba compuesto por bibliografía reciente, completamente actualizada. El caudal bibliográfico y especial se fue acrecentando mediante distintas vías: la compra directa a distribuidores, editores y libreros, las donaciones de personas e instituciones, la compra de bibliotecas particulares y el canje nacional e internacional.
Esta actividad, auspiciada e impulsada por la UNESCO, se constituyó en una fuente de ingresos de gran importancia. El objeto fundamental del canje es permitir intercambiar obras que, generalmente, no se consiguen a través del comercio normal por ser ediciones funcionando como una dirección general ordenó, relacionó, capacitó y cuidó que se plantearan y alcanzasen objetivos comunes en todas las áreas educacionales. Vemos que en el desarrollo cronológico de escuelas y cursos no hubo un orden lógico:
- 1960: jardín de infantes.
- 1963: universidad popular.
- 1970: instituto secundario.
- 1971: guardería infantil.
- 1972: escuela primaria.
Las escuelas de "la Vigil"
El proyecto educativo de la Vigil no fue un plan organizado que se cumplió por etapas. Fue surgiendo con las necesidades y requerimientos de la gente del barrio, con las posibilidades de docentes que pudieran llevarlo a cabo, en la práctica diaria. Es así como se fue estructurando el sistema educativo de la Vigil, culminando hacia 1970 en la creación del departamento de Educación que,
En el edificio de Alem 3078 se construyeron aulas especiales que estuvieron unidas por una rampa. La foto documenta la finalización de una jornada escolar. (1964).
no comerciales, de centros académicos, universitarios, científicos y culturales, muchas de ellas entrando en lo que técnicamente se denomina "literatura gris".
La Biblioteca Vigil mantuvo relaciones de canje con más de 400 instituciones nacionales y extranjeras; con la mayoría de las universidades y bibliotecas de América latina, con entidades de Europa, Asia, África y Oceanía. Podemos mencionar entre las más importantes: Biblioteca del Congreso de Washington, Biblioteca Nacional de Francia, Biblioteca Nacional Lenin de Moscú, Iberoamerikanisches Institut de Berlín, Unión Panamericana, Instituto de Cultura Hispánica de Madrid, Universidad de Abidjan en Costa de Marfil, Universidad de California. Esto permitió un enriquecimiento inusitado del fondo bibliográfico, por cantidad y calidad, a la vez que como se desprende de lo dicho, el canje hizo conocer a la biblioteca en el mundo. Los centros de investigación y estudio, pertenecientes a los más disímiles y lejanos países como así también a otros más cercanos, supieron a través de la recepción por canje de las publicaciones de la Editorial Biblioteca, qué era la Biblioteca Vigil, qué hacía, pregona-ba y difundía, dándole una ubicación cierta, precisa y perdurable.
Una idea sobre la importancia de lo recibido en concepto de canje la dará, por ejemplo, la estadística del año 1972:
- Volúmenes de libros: 1.788
- Ejemplares de publicaciones periódicas: 1.808
Las fotos registran trabajos en la sala de jardín de infantes y de los cursos de cerámica.
LA INTERVENCIÓN MILITAR
Los antecedentes previos
El agudo proceso inflacionario nacional desatado, fundamentalmente, a partir de mediados del año 1975, produjo graves desfasajes y problemas económico-financieros a la Biblioteca Vigil. El año 1976 fue un período de dura lucha para subsistir y mantener el grueso de las actividades institucionales. Ante esta situación crítica se adoptaron diversas medidas tendientes a superar esas circunstancias. Las más importantes fueron las siguientes:
a) Venta de bienes muebles e inmuebles prescindibles.
b) Reducción no conflictiva del personal.
c) Solicitud de créditos a entes oficiales y privados (las entidades cooperativas fueron las únicas que respondieron favorablemente).
d) Pedidos de subsidios, a los cuales se tenía derecho, para las escuelas primaria y secundaria. Se obtuvieron parcialmente.
e) Establecimiento de un sistema de socios honorarios y diversas actividades de los centros de padres de las distintas escuelas, destinadas a reunir fondos para su mantenimiento.
f) Requerimiento, durante todo 1976 y principios de 1977, ante el carácter crítico que asumía la problemática interna de la entidad, a los órganos de contralor municipales, provinciales y nacionales y a todas las instancias de gobierno, desde el propio presidente de facto de la República hasta el Instituto Nacional de Acción Mutual. Existe la documentación probatoria de la falta de respuesta e interés de todos ellos en ayudar a encontrar formas para resolver las ingentes dificultades de la institución.
De esta forma, condicionado por las circunstancias económicas imperantes en el país, producido el bloqueo y la asfixia económica por los distintos estamentos del gobierno de facto, quedaba el camino expedito para lo que sobrevendría después.
La intervención
El día viernes 25 de febrero de 1977, alrededor de las 10 de la mañana, personal de la policía provincial, con armas largas en la mano y haciendo exhibición ostentosa de las mismas, sin aviso previo, acompañó a funcionarios provinciales en la toma de posesión de
Una clase en la Escuela de Artes Visuales a cargo del profesor Osvaldo Boglione.
Nota publicada en el diario "La Capital" el día 26 de febrero de 1977.
El gobierno intervino a la biblioteca "C.C. Vigil"
El gobierno de la provincia de Santa Fe resolvió los expedientes del Ministerio de Gobierno relacionados con riñas realizadas por la Asociación Mutual "Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil" de nuestra ciudad, disponiendo la intervención de dicha entidad.
En articulado de la disposición establecida:
"Artículo 1º) Intervenir la Asociación "Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil, Cultural, Social y Mutual", autorizada para funcionar como persona jurídica por decreto 1149/60 del Poder Ejecutivo y como asociación mutual por resolución número 78/68 de la ex Intendencia de Mburucuyá y, en consecuencia, declarar caducas a las actuales autoridades.
"Artículo 2) Designar interventor normalmente capitán mayor Eduardo César Molina (I.E. 6.838.742) quien tendrá las facultades que el estatuto de la entidad asigna a la asamblea de socios y a la comisión directiva.
"Artículo 3) Autorizar al interventor a designar colaboradores y a disponer su sustitución provisoria por alguno de ellos, por un periodo no mayor de treinta días y previo consentimiento del Ministerio de Gobierno.
"Artículo 4) Los gastos que demande el cumplimiento del presente decreto serán a cargo de la asociación intervenida.
"Artículo 5) Comuníquese este decreto al Instituto Nacional de Acción Mutual a los efectos previstos por resolución 331/76.
Comunicado oficial
Anoche, se dio a conocer un comunicado referido a la intervención en la biblioteca Constancio C. Vigil. El mismo expresa textualmente: "Ante falsos rumores, sobre la clausura de las actividades escolares en la biblioteca Constancio C. Vigil, el interventor en la misma hace saber a la población en general que la actividad del establecimiento y, en especial la escolar, funcionará normalmente. Por otra parte, invita a los padres de los alumnos a inscribirlos en el ciclo educacional 1977, que "no" frirá modificación alguna".
Libro sobre las bibliotecas populares
Hace poco tiempo ha aparecido un hermoso libro sobre las bibliotecas populares, su historia, su desarrollo, actividades actuales, distribución geográfica, ilustrado magníficamente en colores. Es una edición de Manrique Zago con la colaboración directa de la CONABIP (Comisión Nacional de Bibliotecas Populares). En este libro no se hace una sola mención de la Biblioteca Vigil, la que fue, a su vez, la más importante biblioteca popular desde que las creara Sarmiento en 1870.
Es que, parafraseando a J. W. Cooke en su expresión sobre el peronismo, podemos decir que "la Vigil es la biblioteca maldita de las bibliotecas populares" para ciertos estratos de la cultura oficial, "rectora" de lo que estima debe ser la cultura. Evidentemente la Vigil representó todo lo opuesto a esa cultura oficial pacata, elitista y subestimadora de las poderosas corrientes culturales que circulan entre la gente común, que no es sinónimo de inculta ni iletrada. La Vigil fue una posibilidad concreta de expresión de esas corrientes y de participación de esas gentes.
Zago, Manrique. Bibliotecas populares argentinas. Buenos Aires, 1995. 222 páginas.
Una de las salas de lectura de la biblioteca.
las instalaciones de la Biblioteca Vigil, cumpliendo con el decreto Nº 0942/77 de la intervención, dictado entre gallos y medianoche por el gobierno de facto de la provincia de Santa Fe.
Las motivaciones esgrimidas por el decreto establecían que la intervención se dictaminaba por graves falencias económicas y que, en modo alguno, "significará un impedimento para la actividad del establecimiento que continuará normalmente" (Diario La Capital, 26-2-77). El objetivo real fue, sin embargo, como veremos, la aniquilación del complejo Biblioteca Vigil.
El capitán de Corbeta Esteban César Molina es designado interventor normalizador. A él lo acompañan distintos asesores y colaboradores, entre ellos, el oficial de la policía provincial Ramón Alcides Ibarra que se hace cargo del departamento de Educación. Este oficial es denunciado años más tarde como uno de los más "destacados" transgresores a los derechos humanos en la zona de Rosario, bajo el nombre de guerra "Rommel". Nos detenemos en este caso que es altamente demostrativo del pensamiento de los interventores. El cargo en el departamento de Educación ocupado hasta el 25-2-77 por una personalidad de la educación nacional como el profesor Mario López Dabat, es ejercido de ahí en más por un sicario del proceso militar (sicario: asesino asalariado. Diccionario Real Academia Española).
Esta Intervención Normalizadora produce un primer informe en el que ya se determinaba el cierre de algunas actividades educacionales de la institución en contraposición a lo planteado el 26 de febrero (La Capital, 15-3-77).
En fecha 15 de abril de 1977 se sustituye al capitán Molina por el coronel (R) Sócrates Alvarado, con facultades de interventor liquidador, ya que el 19 de abril se decreta la liquidación judicial de la entidad. Se cambian de esta manera, radicalmente, los enunciados primeros de continuidad de la obra. Con nuevas personas designadas en distintos cargos ejecutivos se profundiza la persecución ideológica y se realizan investigaciones sobre todo el personal docente y no docente y asociados en general, produciendo graves irregularidades en nombramientos y procedimientos educativos.
En este proceso se produce la operación más relevante, con la venta a la provincia de los locales y bienes más importantes de la biblioteca. Las condiciones de venta y los montos establecidos son muy discutibles. Quizás alguna vez, si se permite el acceso a los cerrados archivos provinciales, pueda hacerse una exhaustiva investigación sobre estos procedimientos que enajenaron parte fundamental del activo físico institucional. Posiblemente no existió pago efectivo alguno en una sola operación, sino una especie de resarcimiento por sumas adelantadas o a proveer por la provincia, para el mantenimiento de algunas actividades y obligaciones imprescindibles. Lo cierto es que al 31 de diciembre de 1976, de acuerdo a balance certificado, aplicando la conversión monetaria correspondiente a los cambios de moneda que hubieron en el país y la tabla de coeficientes elaborada en base a la información del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos, el patrimonio de la institución ascendía, en un cálculo moderado, a unos 10 millones de pesos o dólares de hoy. Patrimonio que permitía, con creces, afrontar su pasivo.
Esa compra y venta que la provincia se hace a sí misma, ya que es compradora y vendedora a la vez a través de la intervención puesta por ella, se realiza mediante decreto 1170/80.
Los desmanes cometidos
Inmediatamente de producida la Intervención, bajo la coerción resultante, la comisión directiva destituida hizo entrega de todas las instalaciones y bienes de la entidad. Esta entrega se efectuó adjuntando todos los inventarios correspondientes que una prolija contabilidad mantenía al día. La Intervención recibió estos inventarios sin proceder a constatarlos legalmente, actitud que pretendía la ex comisión directiva.
Esta actitud de la Intervención sería coherente, sin duda, con lo ocurrido luego. Los participantes de la fuerza de ocupación, porque así necesariamente debe ser llamada, entraron en la institución a "saco roto". Embozada y desembozadamente se sustrajeron y desaparecieron innumerables elementos con los cuales se desarrollaba la actividad diaria: máquinas de escribir, calculadoras, grabadores, proyectores, libros, ventiladores, estufas, discos, diapositivas, muebles, instrumentos musicales y todos los correspondientes al observatorio astronómico, incluyéndose la lente del telescopio y también las máquinas de los distintos talleres de producción.
Cuando unos años después se establece en los locales del Servicio Bibliotecario el funcionamiento de la Biblioteca Pedagógica provincial "Eudoro Díaz", se reciben en inventario, provenientes de la Biblioteca Vigil, unos 35.000 volúmenes, otros 35.000 (20.000 según inventarios más 15.000 en depósitos de un cuarto piso, debiendo agregar a ellos unos 40,000 ejemplares de los diversos títulos en existencia de la Editorial Biblioteca) se esfumaron en el aire. Esta última expresión no es una forma literaria, porque a una buena cantidad de ellos la caza de brujas los destinó al fuego.
En una pequeña digresión, debemos decir que el sistema conocido como de Newark para el control de préstamos bibliográficos, utilizado en la Vigil, resultó útil a la Intervención para investigar a los socios y sus lecturas. Este tipo de sistemas, con fichas en cada libro donde quedan registrados los datos de sus lectores, constituyendo un elemento delator, no son recomendables para utilizar en regímenes censurores y dictatoriales.
Lo más “peligroso” verificado en esos procedimientos fue que la entidad mantenía relaciones de canje con la Biblioteca Nacional de Cuba y se recibía la revista “Casa de las Américas”. Claro que también se mantenía canje con 400 instituciones de todo el mundo, como ya hemos visto, la gran mayoría de ellas tan insopechables como la Biblioteca del Congreso de Washington, por ejemplo, amén de que la hemeroteca contaba con casi 1,000 títulos de publicaciones periódicas no observadas. Otro cuestionamiento importante resultó ser la edición del libro de María Teresa Nidelcoff “Maestro pueblo, maestro gendarme”, una conmovedora y comprometida respuesta de trabajo docente en escuelas de zonas marginales, aún hoy y antes también, bibliografía frecuentemente citada en distintas carreras de nivel terciario.
Todo este cúmulo de “pruebas” concluyó con la detención ilegal de ocho miembros de la ex comisión directiva el 10 de mayo de 1977. Rechazados los “hábeas corpus” presentados y puestos a disposición del P.E.N., luego de tres meses de detención ilegal, legalizados luego, se les concede la libertad el 24 de diciembre de 1977. Todas las acusaciones extraoficial y oficialmente vertidas de malversaciones económicas y relaciones subversivas no pudieron ser comprobadas por inexistentes. A los directivos jamás se les inició un proceso ni estuvieron ante un juez. Reproducimos un certificado dado a uno de los ex directivos por el Comando del II Cuerpo de Ejército, firmado por el Tte. Coronel Enrique Hernán González Roulet, también reclamado por sus transgresiones a los derechos humanos.
Certificados similares fueron entregados a todos los integrantes de la comisión directiva, que fueron detenidos y puestos a disposición del Poder Ejecutivo Nacional (PEN).
EJERCITO ARGENTINO
CERTIFICADO
Por la presente, CERTIFICO Que el ciudadano RAÚL ALBERTO FRUTOS (LE Nro 6.049.926), estuvo detenido a disposición del PODER EJECUTIVO NACIONAL, desde el 10 May hasta// el 24 Dic 77, fecha en que recuperó su libertad por no existir motivos para que continúe detenido.
Se extiende el presente CERTIFICADO, al sólo efecto de ser presentado ante las Autoridades de la UNIDAD/REGIONAL II - POLICIA DE LA PROVINCIA DE SANTA FE, para tramitar el Certificado de Buena Conducta, en la ciudad de Rosario/a los treinta días del mes de enero de mil novecientos setenta y ocho.
Motivación y justificación de la intervención
Desde que la Biblioteca Vigil empezó a exceder con su funcionamiento las simples actividades de una pequeña biblioteca popular de barrio, ciertos grupos interesados la atacaron siempre apuntando a una identificación ideológica. El macartismo imperante en muchos momentos de la sociedad argentina da un carácter descalificador al adjetivo de izquierdista aplicado a personas e instituciones. En un primer momento la intervención a la Vigil se declara asépticamente por motivos estrictamente económicos. Al poco tiempo se vio que bajo ese aséptico manto se ocultaban las verdaderas motivaciones de quienes sustentaban la ideología de la "seguridad nacional". El coronel Sócrates O. Alvarado, con el macarrónico estilo que caracteriza a los militares, expresaba el 10 de mayo de 1977 (Diario La Capital):
"Bien sabe la opinión pública que la inspiración incuestionable de los distintos canales de acción de esta entidad, ha venido siendo desde hace años, apátrida y marxista. Este aserto puede ser compulsado por quien lo desee, frente a pruebas que no son materia opinable, sino evidencia concluyente. La responsabilidad patriótica y cívica no puede ignorar, sin caer en abyecta complicidad, esta por demás clara afirmación, lo cultural, educativo, mutualista y aun la asistencia social sirvió a esos fines, la que se somete desde ya al juzgamiento de la opinión responsable del pueblo todo de la Nación Argentina..."
Fueron entonces dos motivaciones las esgrimidas como causales que justificaban la intervención: la económica y la ideológica. La económica quedó desvirtuada por dos razones fundamentales:
a) "El destino de los fondos que hubieran ingresado y que no hallen contrapartida lógica, en la existencia con la que se ha de responder, serán motivo del tratamiento jurídico correspondiente". (Coronel Alvarado, La Capital, 10-5-77). Estas palabras hallaron su "contrapartida lógica", luego de exhaustivas investigaciones, en que no se efectuó ninguna acción judicial, ni siquiera indagatoria, por algún juez, contra la comisión directiva destituida.
b) El activo de la institución era tan cuantioso que todavía hoy, a pesar de los turbios manejos, continúa el proceso liquidatorio y se poseen importantes propiedades no liquidadas.
En cuanto a la justificación ideológica se desvirtúa por los siguientes motivos:
a) Por una razón principista de defensa de derechos y garantías fundamentales, expresada en el artículo 14 de la Constitución Nacional y de acuerdo con el artículo 19 de la Declaración Universal de Derechos Humanos: "Todo individuo tiene derecho a la libertad de opinión y de expresión; este derecho incluye el de no ser molestado a causa de sus opiniones, el de
Reiniciado el período constitucional en el país, se reclamó al gobierno provincial la restitución de la Biblioteca Vigil. Tanto los ex directivos como los vecinos, socios, estudiantes, padres y empleados, presentaron sus demandas al gobernador José María Vernet. Nunca se obtuvo respuesta.
En relación al conocimiento público existente sobre el estado actual de la Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil de la ciudad de Rosario y creyendo interpretar el sentir de miles de rosarinos consustanciados con lo que fue su accionar, los abajo firmantes, ex directivos de la entidad, peticionamos a Ud. y por su intermedio al Superior Gobierno de la provincia de Santa Fe, se establezcan las acciones pertinentes que permitan el cumplimiento de lo que a continuación se detalla:
1º Dictar las normas legales que correspondan a los fines de interrumpir el proceso de liquidación y disponer:
a) Restitución de la personería jurídica de la institución "Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil", social, cultural y mutual.
b) Restitución de los bienes de la entidad.
c) Restitución de la entidad a sus legítimos dueños, los socios existentes a la fecha de intervención, 25 de febrero de 1977.
d) Restitución de la conducción institucional a la comisión directiva vigente en el momento de la intervención, estableciendo un plazo perentorio para la regularización correspondiente, en asamblea general extraordinaria, con el padrón de asociados existente en aquella fecha.
2º Ordenar la investigación detallada y exhaustiva de las actividades de la intervención iniciada el 25 de febrero de 1977, incluyendo cierre de actividades culturales y educativas, costos, venta de bienes, etc., dando difusión pública a los resultados de la misma. La Biblioteca Constancio C. Vigil fue sinónimo de convivencia, de vocación constructiva y de amor al país, que todo ello implica educar con exclusión de sectarismos. Ella representó la realidad concreta de cuanto puede hacerse con el apoyo y participación de la población y fue un punto mira en la cultura, educación y mutualismo rosarinos que se irradió al país.
Por todo esto sustentamos y pregonamos que la Biblioteca Vigil no puede perderse, en tanto que como esfuerzo consciente de muchos y anónimo de muchos más, debe significar una meta a superar, nunca una experiencia fatalmente concluida. El Estado debe proveer los medios para que la totalidad de la acción cultural y educativa como estaba planteada vuelva a funcionar por y en beneficio de esa comunidad.
Marzo de 1984.
investigar y recibir informaciones y opiniones, y el de difundirlas, sin limitación de fronteras, por cualquier medio de expresión".
b) Porque la Biblioteca Vigil nunca fue el coto cerrado de una expresión ideológica o política determinada, sino una institución donde todos aquellos que tenían ganas y capacidades, sin banderías políticas partidarias para desarrollar una acción educativa, cultural, mutual en aras de la comunidad, encontraban las formas y el ambiente adecuado para cumplirla. Cabe recordar aquí dos párrafos de los "Principios educativos de la Biblioteca Popular C. C. Vigil", los puntos 4 y 5 que establecen la política educativa y cultural fundamental de la institución.
c) No se llevó a cabo ninguna acción judicial, ni siquiera indagatoria por algún juez, sobre supuestas actividades ideológicas y/o subversivas de los ex miembros directivos.
El objetivo fue sólo uno: de acuerdo con los postulados de la teoría de la "seguridad nacional" la Biblioteca Vigil debía ser eliminada. Así se hizo.
Del decálogo de los principios educativos de la biblioteca
4. Toda acción educativa y cultural desarrollada por la Biblioteca Popular C. C. Vigil, sus escuelas y demás dependencias, estará al servicio del desarrollo económico, social y cultural de la República, para que cada día sean más en la Argentina los hombres y mujeres que participan en plenitud de los bienes de la civilización y de los frutos de la cultura.
5. El afianzamiento y la consolidación de la nacionalidad argentina, abierta a todos los logros de la cultura universal, pero celosa de su independencia irrenunciable, será finalidad esencial de toda educación que se imparta en la biblioteca. El estudio de los grandes problemas nacionales y la divulgación de sus mejores soluciones, tendrán, por lo tanto, prioridad primera en los planes y programas de sus escuelas e institutos.
Recuperación o repetición
¿Cómo responder a la pregunta habitual sobre si ahora sería posible volver a hacer algo similar, o si se podría recuperar lo que queda de la Vigil para sobre esa base reiniciar su acción?
Son preguntas muy difíciles de resSi supieran que no nos olvidamos
A la memoria de la Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil.
Libro sobre libro.
Dos libros.
Mil libros.
Libros.
Monstruo del techo,
espía del universo
te cegaron.
Aún sangran las rampas.
La tarde es opaca.
El barrio es frío.
¿Qué sobrevivió al genocidio?
Un niño cruza el empedrado,
él, tampoco olvida las tardes infantiles.
Porque nadie olvida un brazo amputado.
Un sueño robado.
Alejandro Pérez Leiva
ponder. La Biblioteca Vigil no fue un proyecto elaborado que se fue cumpliendo por etapas. La entidad se fue haciendo a sí misma, se fue proyectando día a día, sus dirigentes se fueron formando y progresando también día a día.
A medida que la obra crecía se fue arrimando gente con ideas, conocimientos y especialidades diversas, proponiendo actividades, de las cuales algunas se cumplieron estupendamente y se trató de que fueran armonizando con las que ya se desarrollaban, conformando un entramado sistemático con logicidad, objetivos generales comunes y llenando una necesidad educativa, cultural o social de la comunidad que sustentaba a la entidad.
Además no debemos olvidar algo de inusitada importancia. Junto con la etapa histórico-social, fines de los años cincuenta hasta poco más de mediados los setenta, plena de efervescencias, de realizaciones solidarias, de participación y de euforia política, también la situación económica general era distinta, a pesar de la inflación y la falta de "estabilidad"; la palabra desempleo prácticamente no existía en el lenguaje común, las pequeñas y medianas empresas tenían todavía una participación importante en la economía del país, todo ello posibilitó que la sustentación económica de la Vigil, junto con la eficacia de su organización, pudiera funcionar.
Por todo esto, ante la pregunta inicial de este párrafo sólo se puede contestar: intéténtelo quienes lo deseen, júntense, trabajen de común acuerdo, teniendo la seguridad de que la experiencia Biblioteca Vigil es válida y aprovechable, pero seguramente irrepetible tal cual; cada época se da sus mecanismos, sus formas, sus objetivos y posibilidades. Quienes hicieron la Vigil, la comunidad toda, podrán reunirse para hacer algo mejor, menor, más amplio, distinto, lo único que nos atreveríamos a señalar como estrictamente necesario con toda seguridad, mientras el ordenamiento social y estátal no dé otras salidas, es la organización comunitaria para hacerlo, sin discriminaciones de ningún tipo.
Bibliografía
CÓRDOBA, Elbio, dir. La Vigil, video.
Diario Democracia. Rosario. Diversos artículos.
FRUTOS, Raúl. Relato de las experiencias en una biblioteca popular. (En: Boletín de la Asociación de Bibliotecarios profesionales de Rosario, vol. extraord., 1979, p. 59-78).
NARANJO, Rubén. La Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil. Rosario, Edic. De Aquí a la Vuelta, 1991. 24 p. (Historias de aquí a la vuelta, Nº 16).
SUGERENCIAS PARA LA UTILIZACION DE ESTE FASCICULO POR PARTE DEL DOCENTE
1) Investigar sobre el origen de las bibliotecas populares, su legislación, historia y realidad actual.
2) Ubicar en un plano de la ciudad de Rosario, a la Biblioteca Vigil.
3) Profundizar sobre el origen de la Biblioteca Vigil y su relación con el medio social que la sustenta, la crea y la mantiene.
4) Describir la acción educativa y cultural llevada a cabo.
5) Buscar información sobre el accionar del proceso militar 1976-83 ante las obras de iniciativa popular.
6) Establecer las relaciones existentes entre el contexto represivo y la labor de la biblioteca.
7) Investigar los procesos sociales y políticos de las décadas del 60 y 70 y la relación con la Biblioteca Vigil.
8) Investigar acerca de la situación de la biblioteca después del proceso militar, es decir, en los períodos constitucionales.
9) Vincular las décadas indicadas con la actual y las posibilidades de la existencia de emprendimientos populares como el tratado en este fascículo.
10) A partir de la experiencia de la Biblioteca Vigil desarrollar una respuesta a la pregunta: la biblioteca, como la define el diccionario, ¿es sólo un lugar donde existen libros ordenados para su consulta, préstamo y lectura?
NUESTROS ARTISTAS
Carlos Enrique Uriarte
Carlos Uriarte (Rosario 1910-1995) fue uno de los pintores más importantes de la región, y uno de los primeros artistas rosarinos en obtener un reconocimiento nacional que fue coronado en 1965 cuando ganó el Premio Palanza, el más prestigioso que se otorgaba por entonces en el país.
Si bien Uriarte empezó a pintar desde muy joven, esta distinción coincidió con el momento de maduración de un proceso iniciado a principios de los 50 cuando formó juntamente con Juan Grela, Hugo Ottmann, Oscar Herreño Miranda y Leónidas Gambartes, entre otros, el Grupo Litoral, que desde sus inicios –pese a las diferencias ideológicas de los integrantes– se propuso trabajar con libertad las temáticas referidas a las vivencias del lugar utilizando los nuevos lenguajes internacionales.
De franca oposición a los cánones estéticos tradicionales y los discursos hegemónicos, la acción de los artistas sirvió para transformar el gusto de una ciudad que hasta entonces se había mostrado poco proclive a aceptar los movimientos modernos.
Aunque Uriarte a lo largo de su vida pintó desde paisajes urbanos hasta obras de una abstracción casi pura, uno de sus motivos más difundidos es la tierra prácticamente desolada de la ribera del Paraná. El artista la muestra a través de su gente y de sus accidentes, de sus signos y sus colores típicos.
Por años se dedicó a la docencia en el Profesorado Nacional, la Escuela Provincial de Artes Visuales y la Escuela Universitaria de Bellas Artes, donde fue designado profesor emérito en 1973. En 1985 fue declarado Ciudadano Ilustre de Rosario.
Fernando Farina
Raúl Alberto Frutos
Bibliotecario profesional. Bibliotecario Mayor de la Biblioteca Popular Constancio C. Vigil, 1960-1977. Ex docente de la Escuela de Bibliotecarios dependiente del ISET 18. Actual Encargado del Centro de Prestaciones Pedagógicas de la Federación de Cooperadoras Escolares del Departamento Rosario. Autor de diversos artículos y ponencias de temas bibliotecarios. | e9b557d7-931e-4a3e-b392-6721600f7cd0 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/spa_Latn/train | finepdfs | spa_Latn | 44,111 |
Survol du Costa Rica : le Nord-Ouest en Quelques Jours
VOYAGE AUTOTOUR & EN-LIBERTÉ, 8 JOURS / 7 NUITÉES
Un circuit idéal pour les voyageurs arrivant et repartant de l'aéroport international de Liberia souhaitant découvrir, à leur rythme et en toute liberté, certaines des plus belles régions du nordouest du Costa Rica. Ce voyage termine avec un séjour balnéaire tout inclus sur l'une des plus belles plages du Guanacaste, pour recharger les batteries avant le retour à la maison...
Cet autotour combine 5 journées de découverte des secteurs nord-ouest du pays avec un séjour balnéaire en formule tout inclus de 3 nuitées. Le séjour balnéaire peut être changé, sur-demande, pour un autre
séjour balnéaire dans le Guanacaste (une modification tarifaire peut en découler). Aucune activité ou visite n'est réservée ou incluse d'avance lors de ce circuit, afin d'offrir aux voyageurs la liberté de choisir leur programme selon leurs rythme et envies du moment dans chaque région.
Points forts de ce voyage autotour :
Itinéraire 100% personnalisable*
Véhicule 4x4 incluant kilométrage illimité, assurances et deuxième conducteur
Prêt d'un point d'accès Internet mobile avec données illimitées
Séjours en auberges et hôtels de charme sélectionnés avec soin
Roadbook soigné et détaillé pour un voyage sans souci
Liste complète et à jour de toutes les activités et visites optionnelles proposées dans chaque région visitée, avec descriptif, horaires, tarifs, contacts locaux et infos pratiques.
*Pour modifier ou prolonger ce voyage, veuillez formuler une demande écrite en précisant les changements souhaités. Pour augmenter le niveau des hébergements, veuillez décrire le type d'hébergement ou nommer les établissements souhaités.
Cet autotour peut être programmé à toute date, sur-demande (sujet à la disponibilité des services au moment de la demande).
Sur la route :
Milieux :
Itinéraire :
400 km / 8 hrs (50 km / 1 hrs par jour en moyenne)
Cascades & lagons, Côtes & plages, Forêts & boisés, Lacs & rivières, Monts & vallées, Plaines & prairies, Zones volcaniques
Rincon de la Vieja > Rio Celeste > Samara
Le voyage en détail :
Légende des repas inclus jour par jour :
P= Petit déjeuner | M= Repas de midi |S= Repas du soir | 0= Aucun repas
| JOUR | PROGRAMME, ACTIVITÉS & SERVICES INCLUS | PRESTATIONS / ACTIVITÉS OPTIONNELLES PROPOSÉES (NON-INCLUSES) | RÉGION & ÉTABLISSEMENT D'HÉBERGEMENT | REPAS INCLUS |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Route vers Rincon de la Vieja Accueil et livraison de la voiture à l'arrivée à l'aéroport de Liberia. Route vers la région du volcan Rincon de la Vieja, au nord du Guanacaste. | Détente dans les bains et piscines de sources thermales de la région | Région du Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Hotel Hacienda Guachipelin | 0 |
| 2 | Région du volcan Rincon de la Vieja Exploration libre de la région. | Exploration libre ou guidée du Parc National du Volcan Rincon de la Vieja Randonnée à cheval Visite des bains thermaux et des bains de boues thermales | Région du Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Hotel Hacienda Guachipelin | P |
| 3 | Vers Rio Celeste Route vers la région de Rio Celeste, installation en lodge à proximité du parc national. | Réalisation de l'une des nombreuses activités optionnelles locales présentées au carnet de voyage | Région de Rio Celeste / Volcan Tenorio, Celeste Mountain Lodge | P |
| 4 | Rio Celeste et Volcan Tenorio Exploration libre de la région. | Visite libre ou guidée du Parc National du Volcan Tenorio & de Rio Celeste Randonnée à cheval Randonnée pédestre, guidée ou en autonomie Excursion d'observation de la faune nocturne avec guide naturaliste Tubing sur la rivière Celeste Kayak sur la rivière Rio Frio | Région de Rio Celeste / Volcan Tenorio, Celeste Mountain Lodge | P |
| 5 | Vers Samara Route vers la plage de Samara, en passant par le pont de La Amistad et les routes paysagées de la Péninsule de Nicoya. Installation en hôtel de charme, séjour libre en formule tout inclus à Playa Samara. | Visite du Parc National de Palo Verde Visite du Parc National de Barra Onda | Playa Samara & Puerto Carillo, Villas Playa Samara | PMS |
| 6 | Région de Playa Samara Séjour libre en formule tout inclus à Playa Samara. | Détente à la plage ou réalisation de l'une des nombreuses activités optionnelles locales. | Playa Samara & Puerto Carillo, Villas Playa Samara | PMS |
| 7 | Région de Playa Samara Séjour libre en formule tout inclus à Playa Samara. | Détente à la plage ou réalisation de l'une des nombreuses activités optionnelles locales. | Playa Samara & Puerto Carillo, Villas Playa Samara | PMS |
| 8 | Vers Liberia Séjour libre à Playa Samara avant le départ. Route vers Liberia, abandon (retour) de la voiture de location à proximité de l'aéroport international de Liberia. Nota : Le véhicule de location doit être retourné aujourd'hui à l'heure de prise de possession le premier jour de location (ou avant). Dans le cas d'un retour plus tardif, des frais sont applicables et payables sur place au moment du retour du véhicule. | | | P |
Les valeurs données sous "portion routière" et "sur la route" sont approximatives et indicatives. La durée d'un trajet peut varier considérablement selon les conditions routières et météorologiques, la densité de la circulation et, bien entendu, le nombre et la durée des arrêts effectués lors du trajet.
Ce voyage inclut :
La livraison de la voiture de location à l'aéroport le jour d'arrivée
Un véhicule de location (catégorie selon le nombre de participants) pour toute la durée du voyage se déroulant avec voiture de location (7 JOURS), incluant :
Le kilométrage illimité
Les assurances de base (obligatoires)
L'ajout d'un conducteur additionnel
Le prêt d'un routeur / point d'accès Internet mobile haute vitesse pour toute la portion du voyage se déroulant avec voiture de location incluant données Internet illimitées
Tous les hébergements en hôtels et auberges de charme en chambres standards. Nota : voir plus loin dans cette page la liste des lieux d'hébergement types employés lors de ce voyage.
Les repas tels qu'indiqués jour par jour, soit :
7 petits déjeuners
3 repas de midi
3 repas de soir
Boissons alcoolisées (marques présélectionnées), boissons non-alcoolisées et jus à volonté lors du séjour balnéaire en formule tout-inclus
Un carnet de voyage / roadbook (dossier du voyageur) complet et détaillé en version électronique (PDF) incluant :
Une présentation du voyage entier et tout voucher / coupon de service requis au programme
Une liste complète et mise à jour des activités et visites optionnelles proposées dans chacune des régions lors du voyage, incluant les horaires, contacts, adresses utiles et tarifs
Nos recommandations pour la préparation du voyage
Un service professionnel et une organisation impeccable du voyage, notre assistance pour réserver, sans frais additionnels, tous les services optionnels choisis suite à la lecture du Carnet de voyage avant l'arrivée à destination
Toutes les taxes applicables sur les prestations et les services inclus au voyage.
Ce voyage n'inclut pas :
Les vols internationaux et taxes d'aéroport
L'assurance-voyage
Le carburant de la voiture de location
Les protections / assurances optionnelles & complémentaires lors de la location de véhicule
Les repas qui ne sont pas mentionnés en inclusion au descriptif jour par jour sous "Repas inclus"
Les frais des activités optionnelles proposées
Les dépenses personnelles (pourboires, souvenirs, boissons, communications, etc.)
Toute prestation qui n'est pas spécifiée sous "Ce voyage inclut"
NOTES CONCERNANT LES SERVICES :
La location de voiture incluse au programme est assujettie aux conditions stipulées sur la page Conditions de location de véhicule au Costa Rica.
Consultez les sections "Ce voyage inclut" et "Ce voyage n'inclut pas" pour des précisions concernant les prestations comprises dans ce voyage.
VOITURE DE LOCATION INCLUSE LORS DE CE VOYAGE ET CONDITIONS LIÉES :
TYPE ET MODÈLE
Le véhicule sera identique, similaire ou, à la discrétion de l'agence, supérieur au véhicule ci-décrit :
Groupe de 2 voyageurs : Voiture SUV Économique 2WD AT (type Hyundai Venue)
Groupe de 3 à 4 voyageurs : Voiture SUV Intermédiaire 4WD AT (type Mitsubishi ASX)
Groupe de 5 à 9 voyageurs : Voiture Minivan AT (type Hyundai H1)
CONDITIONS, ASSURANCES ET PROTECTIONS
Ce voyage inclut les assurances automobiles obligatoires (de base), pour toute la durée de la location de voiture incluse au programme. Les assurances et protections additionnelles (optionnelles) ne sont pas obligatoires, ne sont pas incluses et sont payables sur place au moment de laisser le dépôt de sécurité. La prestation "Location de voiture" incluse dans ce voyage est assujettie aux termes et conditions de location de voiture. La personne effectuant la réservation de ce voyage pour elle-même et/ou d'autres personnes, doit prendre connaissance du contenu de ce document AVANT d'effectuer la réservation du voyage.
INCAPACITÉ / REFUS DE PRENDRE LIVRAISON DE LA VOITURE INCLUSE AU VOYAGE
Si, pour quelque motif que ce soit, le voyageur ne peut / ne veut prendre livraison de la voiture de location incluse dans son forfait (perte du permis de conduire, refus d'accepter les conditions, refus / incapacité de laisser le dépôt de garanti exigé, incapacité de conduire pour cause de maladie, handicap ou autre limitation / inconfort, etc.), la prestation "voiture de location" sera REMPLACÉE par une prestation "transferts réguliers semi-privatifs et/ou groupés en minibus / navettes", permettant au voyageur de profiter des autres services inclus dans son voyage et de suivre l'essentiel de l'itinéraire, tel que présenté au descriptif jour par jour du voyage. Le service "transferts réguliers semi-privatifs et/ou groupé en minibus / navettes" alors offert en remplacement de la voiture de location est opéré à horaires fixes entre les régions et il n'inclut aucune prise en charge locale lors d'un séjour. Les déplacements locaux doivent dans un tel cas être contractés indépendamment auprès de taxis et/ou au moyen de services de transferts / de transport complémentaires pour lesquels des frais additionnels seront applicables. Le remplacement de la prestation "location de voiture" par la prestation "service de transferts" est assujetti à la disponibilité des services au moment de la demande.
LIEUX D'HÉBERGEMENT TYPES EMPLOYÉS LORS DE CE VOYAGE :
Les établissements d'hébergement employés lors de ce voyage sont identiques, similaires ou supérieurs à ceux ci-dessous listés. Sauf en cas d'indication contraire dans le descriptif du voyage (ou dans la confirmation du dossier), le type d'unité employé dans ces établissements est de catégorie standard.
Région du Volcan Rincon de la Vieja, Hotel Hacienda Guachipelin
Région de Rio Celeste / Volcan Tenorio, Celeste Mountain Lodge
Playa Samara & Puerto Carillo, Villas Playa Samara
La sélection des lieux d'hébergement employés dans nos voyages n'est jamais laissée au hasard et elle n'est pas dictée par de simples impératifs économiques ou commerciaux. Chacun des lieux de séjour inclus dans nos circuits et voyages répond à de stricts critères de sélection, notamment en ce qui a trait à l'emplacement, aux services, à l'hygiène, à l'esthétique, au charme et aux installations & commodités.
Ces établissements font l'objet d'une constante surveillance, par le biais de nos guides et directeurs de programmes et via nos sondages de satisfaction effectués auprès des voyageurs. Notre équipe maintient un contact étroit avec chacun de nos hôteliers, pour assurer le développement d'une relation de confiance mutuelle, faciliter l'échange et le partage d'idées et assurer des communications efficaces et fluides en toute circonstance. Nous considérons fondamentale l'importance du rôle que jouent dans notre production les hôteliers et les autres fournisseurs
d'hébergement, partenaires essentiels de la réussite de nos voyages, et nous prêtons une attention toute particulière à la qualité des rapports que nous développons et maintenons avec chacun.
PRÉ-ACHEMINEMENT INTERNATIONAL (PORTION AÉRIENNE DU VOYAGE) :
Le pré-acheminement n'est pas inclus dans nos circuits et voyages. Nos services débutent généralement à l'accueil du voyageur à l'aéroport de destination et terminent le plus souvent avec son raccompagnement à l'aéroport à la fin du circuit.
Par le biais de nos partenaires et agences représentantes en Europe et au Canada, nous pouvons proposer des vols pour la portion aérienne du voyage. Contactez-nous pour recevoir une proposition.
Notre service d'accueil et notre prise en charge à destination sont indépendants du préacheminement. Il suffit de nous envoyer copie de la confirmation de vols pour que nos services à destination soient coordonnés en fonction des horaires d'arrivée et de départ des voyageurs.
NOTES CONCERNANT LE DÉBUT ET LA FIN DU VOYAGE :
Ce voyage débute le jour no.1 à la sortie de l'aéroport de Liberia (LIR), à toute heure. Notre accueil est coordonné en fonction des horaires d'arrivée des voyageurs.
Ce voyage termine le dernier jour du voyage au terminal des embarquements de l'aéroport de Liberia (LIR), à toute heure. Notre transfert est coordonné en fonction des horaires de départ des voyageurs.
PRIX PUBLIÉ TTC PAR VOYAGEUR :
Le prix de ce voyage varie en fonction du nombre de voyageurs s'inscrivant ensemble (groupe familial, amis, collègues, club, etc.). Pour un tarif fixe (invariable) par voyageur dès 1 personne, voyez nos voyages guidés offerts en départs réguliers garantis.
Les prix sont affichés en $US | Changer
| SAISON RÉGULIÈRE | | | | | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nombre de voyageurs dans le groupe | 2 à 3 voyageurs | 4 à 5 voyageurs | 6 à 7 voyageurs | 8 à 9 voyageurs | 10 et+ voyageurs |
| Prix par adulte en occupation double | 1580 $US | 1270 $US | 1160 $US | 1090 $US | Nous contacter |
| Prix par enfant partageant chambre parent(s)* | 1185 $US | 950 $US | 870 $US | 815 $US | Nous contacter |
| Supplément par voyageur en occupation simple | +785 $US | +785 $US | +785 $US | +785 $US | Nous contacter |
| Réduction par voyageur en occupation triple | -120 $US | -120 $US | -120 $US | -120 $US | Nous contacter |
| Réduction par voyageur en occupation quadruple | -180 $US | -180 $US | -180 $US | -180 $US | Nous contacter |
| Nombre de voyageurs dans le groupe | 2 à 3 voyageurs | 4 à 5 voyageurs | 6 à 7 voyageurs | 8 à 9 voyageurs | 10 et+ voyageurs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prix par adulte en occupation double | 1564 $US | 1257 $US | 1148 $US | 1079 $US | Nous contacter |
| Nombre de voyageurs dans le groupe | 2 à 3 voyageurs | 4 à 5 voyageurs | 6 à 7 voyageurs | 8 à 9 voyageurs | 10 et+ voyageurs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prix par adulte en occupation double | 1659 $US | 1334 $US | 1218 $US | 1145 $US | Nous contacter |
| Prix par enfant partageant chambre parent(s)* | 1244 $US | 998 $US | 914 $US | 856 $US | Nous contacter |
| Supplément par voyageur en occupation simple | +824 $US | +824 $US | +824 $US | +824 $US | Nous contacter |
| Réduction par voyageur en occupation triple | -126 $US | -126 $US | -126 $US | -126 $US | Nous contacter |
| Réduction par voyageur en occupation quadruple | -189 $US | -189 $US | -189 $US | -189 $US | Nous contacter |
* Le prix enfant s'applique à l'inscription de tout voyageur âgé de 11 ans ou moins (au moment du voyage) et partageant la chambre du parent. Les réductions occupation triple, quadruple ou familiale ne s'appliquent pas lorsque le tarif enfant est appliqué. Les enfants de moins de 2 ans voyagent gratuitement.
NOTES CONCERNANT LES TARIFS :
Le prix applicable à la réservation (à l'achat) d'un voyage est celui affiché au moment de la demande.
Le prix affiché pour un voyage peut changer à tout moment avant réservation / confirmation du dossier.
Une fois un voyage réservé, confirmé et facturé, son prix est fixé et n'est plus sujet à modification.
NOTES CONCERNANT LA CARTOGRAPHIE :
La présentation cartographique du voyage peut inclure des régions offertes en option.
Les numéros sur le plan indiquent l'ordre des régions et des sites visités, ils ne correspondent pas aux numéros des journées (ex.: un voyage de 15 jours peut comporter moins de 15 sites et régions ou plus de 15 sites et régions).
Pour la présentation détaillée et contractuelle du voyage, consultez les sections "Détails du voyage" et "Inclus / non-inclus" de la présente page ou consultez la fiche PDF complète de ce
Survol du Costa Rica : le Nord-Ouest en Quelques Jours
VOYAGE AUTOTOUR & EN-LIBERTÉ | 8 JOURS / 7 NUITÉES | VOYAGE AGCR21
Fiche PDF :
https://www.amerikaventure.com/voyages/AGCR21.pdf
Page web :
https://www.amerikaventure.com/voyage-autotour/agcr21/survol-du-costa-rica-le-nord-ouest-en-quelquesjours
Cartographie :
https://www.tripline.net/map?tripId=3123045537731021963AD256C8E44FEF
Album-photos :
https://visuels.amerikaventure.com/index.php?/category/agcr21 | <urn:uuid:5d287a76-70b3-4909-bead-ead831e7402a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 16,920 |
Grading Criteria - Thesis at advanced level
Course content
The course consists of an independently conducted research task or investigation/inventory, formulated in collaboration with a supervisor. The work shall be presented in the form of a scientific paper and an oral presentation.
Learning outcomes
After taking this course the student must be able to (numbers refer to the grading criteria on the next page):
* Set the project in its scientific context (or in the case of an investigation or inventory in the perspective of a current application) and relate it to the area's current state of knowledge (4) (2)
* collect, process, analyze, present, and critically interpret a data set (1) (3)
* from an initial idea develop, concretize, design and plan a research task or investigation (inventory) with the application of relevant methodologies (1)
* present and discuss the results and conclusions in the perspective of a larger context or application (2) (1) (3)
* carry out a project within the assigned time frame (6)
* write a scientific, structured essay or report in accordance with accepted standards (4)
* present the project orally in a seminar (5)
Examinations
The course is examined with regard to the written report and the oral presentation. The quality of the written essay is weighed higher than the oral presentation.
In addition:
* Belated submission will automatically render one step lower grade (but not lower than E) than the thesis otherwise would have received.
| Score | 1. Problem definition and methodology | 2. Analytical skills | 3. Information and references | 4. Written communication | 5. Oral communication |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Very good problem identification and development of problem- solving strategies / planning of experiments. Excellent ability to apply theories, analyze information, and to link empirical evidence and theories | Good presentation of arguments, theory and implications of the thesis and key points. Logically coherent. Clear feedback to the research questions. | Ample literature and information. Distinctive and correct use of references and bibliographies. Examines, interprets and compares the literature in an excellent and scientific way. | Thesis where descriptions are clear and relevant, the theories clearly defended, the results are well separated from the analysis, comparison, synthesis and interpretation, and where language usage and grammar are distinct and proper | Well thought-out structure (“red thread”), appealing language and layout, dedicated presentation. |
| B | | | | Thesis where descriptions are clear and relevant, the theories are defended, the results are well separated from the analysis, comparison, synthesis and interpretation, and where language usage and grammar are correct. | |
| C | Good problem identification and development of strategies for problem solving / planning of experiments. Ability to apply theories, analyze information, and to link empirical evidence and theories | Good presentation of arguments, theory and implications of the thesis and key points. Lacks logical jumps. Satisfactory feedback to the research questions. | Relevant literature and information. Proper use of references and bibliographies. Examines, interprets and compares the literature in a good and scientific manner. | Thesis where descriptions are relevant, the theories are defended, the results are generally separated from the analysis, comparison, synthesis and interpretation, and where language usage and grammar are correct | Comprehensible structure (“red thread”), acceptable language and layout. |
| D | Satisfactory problem identification and development of strategies for problem solving / planning of experiments. Satisfactory ability to apply | | Relevant literature and information. Proper use of references and bibliographies. Examines, interprets and compares the literature in a satisfactory and scientific manner | | | | <urn:uuid:75d59a76-7e8b-47ab-bef4-79b45a201812> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,959 |
Prof. Dr. Timo Schmid - Institut für Statistik und Ökonometrie, Freie Universität Berlin, Garystr. 21, 14195 Berlin
To whom it may concern
Inst. f. Statistik u. Ökonometrie FB Wirtschaftswissenschaft
Prof. Dr. Timo Schmid Garystraße 21 14195 Berlin
Telefon+49 30 838-51084
Fax+49 30 838-456629
firstname.lastname@example.org
Bearb.-Zeichen Bearbeiter/in
10.01.2014
Seminar: Rechnerintensive Statistik mit R und JMP
Das Seminar „Monte-Carlo Simulationsmethoden in R" wird von Prof. Dr. Rendtel und Prof. Dr. Schmid angeboten. Im Rahmen des Seminars erhalten Studierende aus dem Masterstudiengang „Statistik" oder dem „Master of Science in Economics" die Möglichkeit, ihr Wissen auf dem Gebiet rechnerintensiver Methoden zu erweitern. Ein Teil der Vorträge steht auch für Teilnehmer aus dem Master Wirtschaftsinformatik offen. Das Seminar ist als semesterbegleitende Einheit ausgelegt und beinhaltet eine Posterpräsentation sowie die Anfertigung einer schriftlichen Ausarbeitung.
In diesem Semester beschäftigt sich das Seminar für Angewandte Statistik mit rechnerintensiven Methoden. Im ersten Teil wird anhand dreier Lehrbücher und unter Verwendung von R mit der Erzeugung von Zufallszahlen und Ihrer Anwendung bei der Integration, der Optimierung und bei der Schätzung von posteriori Verteilungen. Hierzu werden der Metropolis-Hastings Algorithmus, der Gibbs-Sampler und der Markov-Chain-Monte-Carlo Algorithmus verwendet.
Seit Jahreswechsel steht Studierenden und Mitarbeitern der FU das neue Softwarepaket JMP zur Verfügung, das einige neuere Verfahren aus dem Bereich des Data Mining anbietet. Dieser Teil des Seminars steht auch Teilnehmern aus dem Masterprogramm Wirtschaftsinformatik offen. Das klassische Verfahren der Entscheidungsbäume wird auf ganze Wälder ausgedehnt. Die Konstruktion der Wälder folgt dabei unterschiedlichen Heuristiken. Bei Regressionsanalysen mit großen Datensätzen ist manchmal die Anzahl der erklärenden Merkmale sehr groß. Es kommt dabei vor, dass die Anzahl der Beobachtungen übertroffen wird, so dass klassische Schätzer nicht existieren. Oder die erklärenden Merkmale sind so stark miteinander korreliert, dass massive Schätzprobleme auftreten. Beim Lasso-Ansatz wird neben dem üblichen kleinste Quadrate Kriterium ein Strafterm aus dem Absolutbetrag (l_1 Norm) des geschätzten Parametervektors minimiert. Netze fügen einen weiteren Strafterm auf Basis der Euklidischen Länge des Parametervektors (l_2 Norm) hinzu.
Veranstalter:
Die Professur „Statistik" von Ulrich Rendtel gehört dem Institut für Statistik und Ökonometrie am Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft an. Die Forschungsschwerpunkte der Professur liegen in den Bereichen Panel-Erhebungen, Nonresponse, Panel-Attrition, Messfehler, Imputation, Gewichtung und Kalibration.
Die Professur „Angewandte Statistik" von Timo Schmid gehört ebenfalls dem Institut für Statistik und Ökonometrie am Fachbereich Wirtschaftswissenschaft an. Die Schwerpunkte in der Forschung liegen in den Bereichen Small Area Estimation, Robuste und räumliche Verfahren, Varianzschätzmethoden und Untersuchung von Unternehmensdaten.
Termine:
03.02.2014, 16.00 – 18.00 Uhr Unverbindliche Informationsveranstaltung zum Seminar (Raum 315)
Themenliste:
1. Erzeugung von Zufallszahlen
2. Monte-Carlo Integration
3. Konvergenzgeschwindigkeit und -kontrolle
4. Monte-Carlo Optimierung
5. Metropolis-Hastings Algorithmen
6. Gibbs-Sampler
7. Anwendung von Gibbs-Samplern zur Berechnung der Posterior-Verteilung
8. Diagnostik bei MCMC Algorithmen
9. Ein Ausflug in die Bootstrap Wälder: Entscheidungsbäume, Random Forests, Bagging und Boosting.
10. Mit Lasso und Netzen: Regressionsanalyse mit hochdimensionalen Daten.
Als Grundlage für die meisten Themen werden folgende Bücher verwendet:
- C. Robert and G. Casella (2009), Introducing Monte Carlo Methods with R, Springer, New York.
- E. Suess and B. Trumbo (2010), Introduction to Probability Simulation and Gibbs Sampling with R, Springer, New York.
- G. Fishman (2006), A First Course in Monte Carlo, Duxbury, London.
- T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani and J. Friedman (2009): The Elements of Statistical Learning, Second Edition. Springer, Berlin.
- P. Bühlmann and S. v.d. Geer (2011): Statistics for High-Dimensional Data, Springer Berlin
- L. Breiman (1996): Bagging Predictors, Maschine Learning, 24,123-140.
-
L. Breiman (2001): Random Forests, Maschine Learning, 45, 5-32.
Teilnehmerkreis:
An dem Seminar können Studierende, die im „Master of Science in Statistics" , dem „Master of
Science in Economics" oder dem Master Wirtschaftsinformatik eingeschrieben sind, teilnehmen. Die Teilnehmerzahl ist auf 10 Studierende begrenzt.
Teilnahmevoraussetzungen:
Studierende, die an dem Seminar teilnehmen, sollten im SoSe 2014 mindestens im 2.
Fachsemester (Master) sein und Erfahrungen in den Bereichen deskriptive Statistik und multiple lineare Regression mitbringen. Darüber hinaus ist der sichere Umgang mit R für die
Themen 1 bis 8 von Vorteil. Des Weiteren ist die Bereitschaft sich vertiefend mit einem über die
Grundlagen hinausgehenden Bereich der Statistik zu beschäftigen eine entscheidende
Voraussetzung.
Ablauf des Seminars:
Für Interessenten wird am 03.02.2014 eine Informationsveranstaltung angeboten, in deren
Rahmen das Thema des Seminars vorgestellt wird und die Gelegenheit geboten wird, Fragen zum Seminar zu stellen. Der Besuch der Veranstaltung ist freiwillig und unverbindlich.
Interessenten schicken bis zum 17.02.2014 einen Informationsbogen mit möglichem Thema per
E-Mail an email@example.com (für die Anmeldung wird ein PDF-Formular zur Verfügung gestellt). Nach einer Prüfung der Unterlagen werden die zugelassenen Teilnehmer bis zum
25.02.2014 über ihr Thema und Betreuer informiert. Sollten sich mehr als 10 Personen bewerben, erfolgt die Auswahl anhand der Noten sowie der nachgewiesenen Kenntnisse.
Am 10.07.2014 stellt jeder Teilnehmer sein Thema in Form eines Posters in einer 20-minütigen
Präsentation vor, der jeweils eine ca. 10-minütige Diskussion folgt. Bis zum 27.08.2014 reichen die Teilnehmer eine schriftliche Ausarbeitung (ca. 20 Seiten) zu dem betreuten Thema ein.
Benotung:
Die Abschlussnote bestimmt sich zu 80% aus der Bewertung des Posters und dessen schriftlicher Ausarbeitung und zu 20% aus der Bewertung der Präsentation/Diskussion. Für die
Teilnahme am Seminar werden 5 ECTS vergeben.
Kontakt für Fragen im Vorfeld:
Ansprechpartner:
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Wendy John Graham County Recorder
Office of The PO Box 747 Safford, AZ 85548
Graham County Recorder 921 Thatcher Blvd Safford, AZ 85546
Phone: 928 428-3560
Fax: 928 428-8828
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If this application is approved, I understand $300 is the minimum amount accepted to open the account and a $50 credit balance must be maintained at all times. Accounts inactive for one year or longer will be terminated. “Digital Recording Accounts will be paid within 36 hrs, from the time the transaction is accepted.”
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SENTENÇA
PROC Nº. 770/2021
CICAP
PORTO
Requerente: Ana, devidamente identificada nos autos.
Requerida:
SA, devidamente identificada nos autos
Vem a requerente, solicitar a condenação da requerida a efetuar-lhe o pagamento do valor global debitado e cobrado a título de comissões de manutenção na conta de depósitos à ordem nº. e ainda abster-se de debitar o pagamento dessas comissões enquanto vigorar o contrato de utilização do cofre nº.
Para tanto,
Em 18/3/2010 a requerente dirigiu-se a um balcão da requerida na cidade de Matosinhos, com a finalidade de proceder ao aluguer de um cofre.
A requerida impôs à requerente a necessidade de abertura de uma conta de depósitos à ordem à qual foi atribuído o nº. e ao contrato de utilização do cofre o nº.
Para além disto foi ainda solicitada a prestação de uma caução e um valor de anuidade.
Requerente e requerida acordaram que o único encargo com a manutenção do cofre seria o pagamento da anuidade.
À requerida não foi entregue qualquer documentação relativa ao cofre e à conta.
Em 15/4/2020, a requerente rececionou um telefonema efetuado pela requerida para que procedesse ao pagamento do aluguer do referido cofre. A requerente já tinha procedido ao pagamento em 24/3/2020, dessa anuidade (doc 1, junto aos autos).
A requerida informou a requerente que tal pagamento foi alocado para o pagamento de comissões de manutenção pela existência da conta de depósitos à ordem, associada à abertura do cofre.
Conta que não possui qualquer movimento e sempre foi gratuita.
Por sua vez,
A requerida apresentou contestação na qual refere que:
em 4/3/2010, foi aberta a conta de depósitos à ordem com o n°. na agência da requerida em Matosinhos (doc 1 junto aos autos).
Em 18/3/2010, foi celebrado o contrato de utilização do cofre, junto ao balcão da requerida, nos Aliados, com o n°. Neste foi convencionado o pagamento da quantia de 66,00 €. (cfr doc 2 junto aos autos).
As partes não acordaram quanto à gratuitidade da manutenção da conta à ordem, que estaria sempre sujeita ao pagamento das comissões que fossem devidas e de acordo com o preçário da requerida.
Ainda que a qualquer altura a requerida poderá alterar qualquer rubrica do preçário, devendo tal facto ser comunicado com antecedência. (cfr ponto 6º., als d) e f) do contrato de abertura de conta)
Assim, em 31/7/2017 e 31/7/2019, foi a requerente notificada das alterações ao preçário quanto a comissões e despesas (docs 3 e 4 que se juntam).
Tais cartas foram enviadas para a morada da requerente, aliás a mesma morada indicada pela requerente na reclamação, sendo que a requerente não levantou qualquer questão aquando do recebimento destas.
A cobrança de comissões está dependente da existência de saldo disponível na conta, momento em que é efetuada a cobrança dos valores devidos.
A requerente depositou a quantia de 75,03 €,
e desta feita, a requerida cobrou as comissões de manutenção desde Março de 2019 a Fevereiro de 2020 (doc 5).
Nestes termos entende a requerida nada dever à requerente, porque sempre atuou no estrito cumprimento da lei e contratualmente estipulado.
A requerente por ter solicitado a sua audição através de declarações de parte que, sem a oposição da requerida, foi deferida. Reitera o disposto na reclamação e refere que efetuou o depósito para a anuidade do cofre e que tal quantia foi utilizada pela requerida para a manutenção da conta, o que a levou a que tivesse de efetuar novo depósito.
Tomou conhecimento de tal, através do telefonema que recebeu efetuado pela requerida, e que do contrato apenas possui a primeira folha.
Diz ainda que reside na morada constante da reclamação e quanto às cartas enviadas pela requerida, refere que não as recebeu.
Seguidamente, foi ouvida a testemunha indicada pela requerida Fernando, bancário, funcionário da requerida, colocado no balcão dos Aliados. Este depoimento foi significativo e profundamente conhecedor da atuação da requerida.
Refere que as cartas que a requerida envia aos seus clientes seguem através de correio normal, para a morada que o cliente indica, que também existe comunicação "on line" e ainda qualquer informação pode ser obtida nos balcões da requerida.
Existem dois tipos de contratos, os de conta à ordem e os de cofre.
Pelos factos constantes da reclamação não existe evidência da existência de qualquer acordo entre as partes e de qualquer isenção de comissão.
Refere que trabalha há 32 anos na requerida e desde 2014, no balcão dos Aliados.
Não tem conhecimento desta prática de isenções.
A requerida cumpriu com as suas obrigações de acordo com o que a entidade reguladora estipula e exige, que são as de informação do cliente, ora requerente.
A conta não tinha movimento e a requerida cobrou as comissões no momento em que esta apresentou saldo.
Mais refere, que o contrato é um todo, apesar de apenas estar assinada a folha de assinaturas. E que não é necessário a existência de uma conta para o cofre, a não ser que a cliente, ora requerida o pretendesse.
Cumpre decidir,
A requerente não logrou fazer prova dos factos que refere. Não juntou prova documental, nem indicou prova testemunhal que corroborasse o alegado na reclamação, ou seja, tudo o que respeita à obrigatoriedade de abertura de conta bancária, à gratuitidade
invocada e consequentemente, à isenção das comissões de manutenção, à não comunicação e ao não recebimento das cartas enviadas pela requerida, não ficou provado.
Aliás,
a documentação junta aos autos pela requerida, tais como, o contrato de depósito à ordem, com ficha de assinaturas e condições contratuais, o contrato de utilização de cofre, as cartas enviadas à requerente, para a morada desta e que consta da reclamação, o extrato de movimentos de conta, traduzem à evidência exatamente o contrário do que a requerente alega.
A testemunha indicada pela requerida depôs com objetividade, tendo demonstrado profundo conhecimento da matéria em causa e do modo de proceder da requerida.
Neste sentido,
A legislação relativa ao direito do consumo foi cumprida, pelo que inexiste qualquer reparo a efetuar à atuação da requerida.
O mesmo dir-se-á no que concerne à responsabilidade civil da requerida. Para tanto cfr os arts 342, 487, 562 a 564, 762, 763, todos do CC
Inexiste qualquer responsabilidade da requerida ou qualquer facto praticado por esta que a obrigue a indemnizar a requerente ou mesmo a devolver as comissões de manutenção cobradas.
Face ao exposto,
julga-se a presente reclamação totalmente improcedente, por não provada e, consequentemente, absolve-se a requerida do pedido efetuado.
Sem custas por não serem devidas
Registe e notifique
Porto, 22 de Junho de 2022
Rui Moreira Chaves
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Novel metaphors and Learner English Metaphor Festival 2009
I here present some of the preliminary results from my doctoral investigation into the "foreign-soundingness" of Norwegian-produced English. The particular focus of my project involves a comparative study of the production of linguistic metaphors in argumentative essays written by advanced Norwegian learners of English with those written by A-level British pupils. I have employed the newly-developed Metaphor Identification Procedure (Pragglejaz Group 2007) to identify all metaphorical expressions in 40,000 words of text. Half of these words are collected in the Norwegian Corpus of Learner English, whereas the other half are found in the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays.
My discussion concentrates on the instantiations of novel metaphors found in my data, those linguistic metaphors whose contextual meanings are not lexicalized as entries in standard dictionaries. I present a typology of novel metaphor with examples from my data. Cases range from the occurrence of deliberate metaphor (Steen 2008) to L1 transference (Philip 2005) to problems relating to general lexis, homophones, syntax, attribution, and spelling.
Particular points of discussion concern the following:
1) issues of categorization of linguistic metaphors according to degree of conventionality
2) the overall frequency of novel metaphor in general
3) issues in identifying the potential motivation of novel metaphorical expressions
4) the potential advantages of explaining learner language anomalies in terms of metaphor.
Moreover, this study adds a fresh angle to an ongoing debate about the state of English in the Norwegian school system (see e.g. Hellekjær 2007, Language Education Policy Profile: Norway 2003-2004, Lehmann 1999, Simensen 2008).
References
Hellekjær, Glenn Ole (2007): "Fremmedspråk i norsk næringsliv - engelsk er ikke nok!" In Fokus på Språk (September) (3), Retrieved March 24, 2009 from,
http://www.hiof.no/neted/upload/attachment/site/group55/Fokusnr3.pdf.
Language Education Policy Profile: Norway (2003-2004): Ministry of Education and Research and the Council of Europe. Retrieved March 24, 2009 from http://www.coe.int/T/DG4/Linguistic/Source/Profile_Norway_EN.pdf.
Lehmann, Torunn Moksheim (1999): Literacy and the tertiary student: why has the communicative approach failed? PhD thesis, Bergen: University of Bergen.
Philip, Gill (2005):
From Concept to Wording and Back Again: Features of learners' production of figurative language
. Retrieved May 10, 2007 from http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~amw/figLangWorkshop/Philip.pdf.
Pragglejaz Group (2007): "MIP: A Method for Identifying Metaphorically Used Words in Discourse." In Metaphor and Symbol, vol. 22 (1), 1-39.
Simensen, Aud Marit (2008): "Engelsk i verden." In Fokus på Språk, (January) (9), Retrieved March 24, 2009 from http://www.hiof.no/neted/upload/attachment/site/group55/Engelsk_i_verden.pdf.
Steen, Gerard (2008): "The Paradox of Metaphor: Why We Need a Three-Dimensional Model of Metaphor." In Metaphor & Symbol, vol. 23 (4), 213-241. | <urn:uuid:be8a1e41-b63b-435e-a4e5-914be2317f9e> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 3,094 |
Part 1 Multiwavelength Photometry and Spectroscopy of Interacting Binaries
Advances in Telescope and Detector Technologies – Impacts on the Study and Understanding of Binary Star and Exoplanet Systems
Edward F. Guinan, Scott Engle, and Edward J. Devinney
Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, Villanova University, Villanova, PA 19085, USA email: email@example.com
Abstract. Current and planned telescope systems (both on the ground and in space) as well as new technologies will be discussed with emphasis on their impact on the studies of binary star and exoplanet systems. Although no telescopes or space missions are primarily designed to study binary stars (what a pity!), several are available (or will be shortly) to study exoplanet systems. Nonetheless those telescopes and instruments can also be powerful tools for studying binary and variable stars. For example, early microlensing missions (mid-1990s) such as EROS, MACHO and OGLE were initially designed for probing dark matter in the halos of galaxies but, serendipitously, these programs turned out to be a bonanza for the studies of eclipsing binaries and variable stars in the Magellanic Clouds and in the Galactic Bulge. A more recent example of this kind of serendipity is the Kepler Mission. Although Kepler was designed to discover exoplanet transits (and so far has been very successful, returning many planetary candidates), Kepler is turning out to be a "stealth" stellar astrophysics mission returning fundamentally important and new information on eclipsing binaries, variable stars and, in particular, providing a treasure trove of data of all types of pulsating stars suitable for detailed Asteroseismology studies. With this in mind, current and planned telescopes and networks, new instruments and techniques (including interferometers) are discussed that can play important roles in our understanding of both binary star and exoplanet systems. Recent advances in detectors (e.g. laser frequency comb spectrographs), telescope networks (both small and large – e.g. Super-WASP, HAT-net, RoboNet, Las Combres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT) Network), wide field (panoramic) telescope systems (e.g. Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) and Pan-Starrs), huge telescopes (e.g. the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), the Overwhelming Large Telescope (OWL) and the Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)), and space missions, such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the possible NASA Explorer Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS – recently approved for further study) and Gaia (due for launch during 2013) will all be discussed. Also highlighted are advances in interferometers (both on the ground and from space) and imaging now possible at sub-millimeter wavelengths from the Extremely Long Array (ELVA) and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA). High precision Doppler spectroscopy, for example with HARPS, HIRES and more recently the Carnegie Planet Finder Spectrograph, are currently returning RVs typically better than ∼2-m/s for some brighter exoplanet systems. But soon it should be possible to measure Doppler shifts as small as ∼10-cm/s – sufficiently sensitive for detecting Earth-size planets. Also briefly discussed is the impact these instruments will have on the study of eclipsing binaries, along with future possibilities of utilizing methods from the emerging field of Astroinformatics, including: the Virtual Observatory (VO) and the possibilities of analyzing these huge datasets using Neural Network (NN) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies.
Keywords. instrumentation: detectors, spectrographs; (stars:) binaries: eclipsing, planetary systems
1. Introduction
The advances in telescopes and detectors, and their impacts on the study of exoplanets and (eclipsing) binary star systems are briefly discussed. Because of page and time limits, we will give a broad overview, with more detailed discussions of several topics closely related to the theme of this symposium. We are lucky to live during wonderful time of discovery – at least for Astronomy and Astrophysics. Nearly 20 years ago at the "New Frontiers in Binary Star Research" conference held in Korea in 1990, I was asked to write a review paper on "New Directions in Eclipsing Binary Research" (Guinan 1993). And now, reviewing the interesting and exciting papers presented at this conference (and appearing in this volume) many of which are based on greater than expected advances in technology, discovery and theory since that time, we wonder what new and exciting (and unanticipated) discoveries await us during the next decade. And what awaits us in binary star and exoplanet research during the next decade (as anticipated from the pace and breath of discovery indicated by papers at this conference) could truly be breathtaking!
2. Evolution of Telescopes and Detectors
In 1609, Galileo's first telescope (Optic Tube) was basically a tube containing two lenses. His first attempt was a 3-power instrument, followed by one that magnified objects ∼9×, but the quality of the lenses was poor, with many bubbles in the glass. Later refracting telescopes evolved and improved to larger achromatic refractors in the 18 th and 19 th centuries. This development culminated with the completion, in 1897, of the largest refracting telescope in the world – the Yerkes 40-inch telescope, which remained the largest in the world until 1907. However, since that time (and even before), reflectors (beginning around the time of Isaac Newton) also evolved in size and quality. Classical reflector designs culminated with the Mt. Wilson 100-inch telescope (1917) and the Hale 200-inch (5-m) telescope, operational since 1948. These were followed by lightweight, multi-segmented mirrors, and later adaptive optics innovations, culminating with the very large, powerful telescopes of today (e.g. the 10.3-m Gran Telescopio Canarias (GTC), the twin 10-m Keck telescopes, the twin 10-m Hobby-Eberle/SALT, the twin 8-m Gemini Telescopes, the four 8-m telescopes of the VLTI, and most recently the Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) with its 11.2-m effective aperture, and several other telescopes apertures of 4-m or greater). Also it is important to mention telescopes in space such the UV–Optical Hubble Space Telescope (HST) and the infrared Spitzer Space Telescope (SST). There are now over 100 telescopes with apertures of 1-m or larger; and there are over a dozen with apertures of >4-m. In addition to these ground-based telescopes that cover the visible and near-infrared, there are observatories in space and on the ground that cover nearly the entire electromagnetic spectrum, from gamma-rays/hard X-rays (COMPTON & RXTE), soft X-rays (e.g. XMM-Newton and Chandra), Far-UV– Ultraviolet (e.g. Hubble Space Telescope), Infrared (e.g. the Spitzer Space Telescope, as well as several ground-based telescopes), microwave–mm (e.g. ALMA, GMT), radio–cm (VLA, VLBI, ELVA etc.) and pushing out to the very long wavelength frontier with gravity wave instruments like LIGO (Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory) and, in the future, LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). These and other instruments are having profound impacts on almost all aspects of Astronomy, including the studies of binary stars and exoplanet systems.
2.1. Detector Development
Although "developed" for other immediate survival purposes, the human eye (in a sense) is the first astronomical detector. The maximum quantum efficiency of the dark-adapted human eye (in the green-yellow spectral region) is typically ∼5-6% (e.g. see Hallett 1987). However, our eyes are not well suited for accurate astronomical photometry due to a small, variable aperture: the pupil. Moreover, the eye has a very limited exposure time (time-constant < 0.05 sec) making long exposures (as carried out in photography and CCD photometry) impossible. The eye also has a non-linear response to light and, when processed by the brain, shows a well-known logarithmic response to stimuli (the WeberFechner Law). Nonetheless, visual photometry carried out before (and even after) photography (by F.W. Argelander and others), and currently being done by hundreds of amateur astronomers (e.g. the AASVO members) – has been very important for our understanding of variable and eclipsing binary stars. Typical photometric precisions of ∼0.1 mag are returned by experienced amateurs. The historic visual photometry is of great value in many cases, providing otherwise unavailable long baselines (over 100 years in some cases) in monitoring long-period variable stars, searching for nova outbursts, and determining eclipse timings of eclipsing binary stars.
Photographic photometry (with quantum efficiencies usually < 2%) has the advantage of panoramic fields of view for imaging and photometry. Moreover, long exposure times permit faint magnitude limits to be reached using large telescopes. Quantum efficiencies – starting with photo-diodes in the 1920-30s and photoelectric photo-multipliers in the 1940s and onward – improved up to ∼10-30%. But the major revolution in astronomical detector technology took place during the 1980s with the introduction of charge-coupled devices (CCDs). CCD photometers have now evolved into high quantum efficiency (up to 95%), and low noise (and fast read-out) panoramic detectors that have changed the whole face of modern astronomy. Today, for example, a < 1.0-m telescope equipped with a CCD can achieve 1% photometric precision for stars as faint as 19 th magnitude. This is superior to the earlier photographic photometry accomplished using the largest telescope of its time – the 5-m Hale Telescope at Palomar – during the 1950s and 60s. Now, with arrays of CCDs, wide fields can be covered. Also possible are "giant arrays," such as the 3.2-gigapixel CCD camera for the LSST. Such arrays are becoming much more common.
2.2. Wide-Field Telescopes
While increases in telescope size and detector efficiency allowed us to peer much deeper into the Universe (and observe fainter variables and eclipsing binary stars), astronomers began using innovative combinations of telescope sizes and detectors to achieve widefield surveys where many (1000s) stars can be measured in a single exposure. Some of the pioneers in this field were EROS, MACHO and OGLE. Although primarily microlensing missions to search for dark matter, they resulted in a cumulative wealth of information on all classes of variable stars, both inside and external to the Galaxy. In fact, even though these missions failed to solve the dark matter problem, they proved so useful to the field of observational astrophysics that the OGLE program continues to this day (OGLE-IV). The modern wide-field surveys of today (and tomorrow) seem to come in two flavors: those using small telescopes or camera lenses, and those using medium- and large-aperture telescopes. Notable small scope / lens surveys include ASAS, APASS and KELT. Notable medium-/large-aperture surveys include Pan-STARRS and LSST. Although Pan-STARRS and LSST are not designed for high-cadence observations of variable stars, the scientific community is already preparing itself for the rich,
long-term datasets these surveys will be providing for variable stars (including extragalactic eclipsing binaries) down to 24 th magnitude.
2.3. Telescope Networks
Over the last twenty years, networks (some global) of telescopes have developed, many of which utilize commercially available, small telescopes (typically 20–50-cm), while others are wide angle camera lenses mounted on telescope drives (e.g. WASP, HATNet, RoboNet I & II). Several are in operation today and more are planned for the future. These networks carry out wide field (almost all sky) photometry for stars as faint as 11–12 th mag. Even though the science focus is mainly on planet hunting via transit eclipses, an important side-product is the synoptic photometry of all types of variable and eclipsing binary stars. These networks include HatNet, SuperWasp, TrES and others. The photometric precision is not very high (on the order of a several millimag), but is still quite sufficient to discover exoplanets with diameters equal to or greater than the size of Neptune, and in fact these networks have discovered several hot Jupiter-size exoplanets. For smaller red dwarf stars, it is even feasible to detect superEarth size planets with such telescopes, as is the main goal of the MEarth program (https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/∼zberta/mearth/).
Also, a global network of small- to medium-aperture telescopes (10–15 × 0.4-m, 12 × 1-m and 2 × 2-m) is planned by the Los Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope (LCOGT) Network. The major focus of this network is global, uninterrupted time-series photometry of planetary transits, along with variable and eclipsing binary stars.
2.4. Ultra-High Precision Photometry from Space
Of course, some of the most exciting research being carried out recently has been coming from space-borne missions. HST and Spitzer have been involved in high-precision followup photometry of known planetary transits, returning excellent transit curves for several systems. The CoRoT satellite (http://smsc.cnes.fr/COROT/), launched in December 2006, was the first satellite dedicated to the detection of transiting exoplanets. As of June 2011, CoRoT has officially discovered 24 exoplanets, but over 100 more candidates are awaiting confirmation. The Kepler Mission was launched in March 2009, to provide near-constant monitoring of ∼150,000 stars within a ∼100-deg 2 field of view. Since that time, Kepler has become by far the primary contributor to the current database of planetary candidates. In fact, as of December 2011, 2326 planetary candidates have been identified. Of these, 207 are approximately Earth-size, 680 are super Earth-size, 1181 are Neptune-size, 203 are Jupiter-size and 55 are larger than Jupiter. Included are 48 planet candidates orbiting within their host star's habitable zone. Most recently, just before this paper went to press, the Kepler Mission confirmed that one of these candidates, Kepler 22b, is the smallest yet found to orbit within the habitable zone of a star similar to our Sun (Borucki et al. 2011). The planet is about 2.4× the radius of Earth. From the available data, it is not yet known if Kepler 22b has a predominantly rocky, gaseous or liquid composition. But more discoveries will surely follow.
Also, ultra-high precision photometry promises valuable binary star scientific returns, such as:
* Tidally Excited Pulsating Binary Stars ("Heartbeat Stars"): Tidally induced pulsations occur in a binary system when, during a period of time around periastron passage, the proximity of the stars and the gravitational forces at play excite pulsations in either (or both) of the stars. The precise characterization of these events can serve almost as a form of asteroseismology, returning a wealth of new information about the stars involved.
Recently, tidally induced activity has been observed in Kepler photometry of the system KOI-54 (Welsh et al. (2011) and papers cited within – see Fig. 1). Burkart et al. (2011) develop a general framework for interpreting and analyzing high precision light curves from eccentric stellar binaries, such as KOI-54, that display this effect. They refer to the studies of these tidally induced pulsations as "Tidal Asteroseismology." Also in this volume, Kelly Hambleton discusses a case study of an interesting tidally-excited star in the paper "KIC 4544587: An Eccentric, Short Period Binary with δ Scuti Pulsations and Tidally Excited Modes." The topic of tidally excited stars is also discussed by Carla Maceroni in her review paper on the impact of CoRoT and Kepler on eclipsing binary science (in this volume).
* Doppler and Relativistic Beaming (also called light amplification) – motion of stars produces small (<0.2% light variations) from the Doppler Effect, Aberration and Special Relativistic beaming (time dilation effects). Beaming in binary stars is a new and interesting effect recently observed with ultra-high precision photometry. The light variations arising from beaming effects in binary systems are very small (a few millimag) and can only really be studied with CoRot and Kepler. Doppler beaming in stellar binary systems and star-planet systems has been theoretically discussed by Loeb & Gaudi (2003) and Zucker et al. (2007). Additional discussions about beaming in binary stars are provided in this volume in the paper by Carla Maceroni and in Andrej Prsa's paper on "Advances in Modeling Eclipsing Binary Stars in the Era of Large All-Sky Surveys with EBAI and PHOEBE."
* Light variations from Orbital Doppler Beaming behave in a similar way to spectroscopic radial velocities, and their analysis can give the mass ratio, eccentricity, omega and asini values for a system. For example see the recent study of the beaming binary KPD 1946+4340 given by Bloemen et al. (2011) – see Fig. 2.
* Rotation Beaming: This is analogous to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect and occurs as a transiting planet covers the advancing/receding hemispheres of the star. The potential
of studying rotational Doppler Beaming in eclipsing binaries has been recently discussed by Groot (2011).
* Eclipse Mapping: The analysis of high precision photometry during the eclipses of a spotted star in well-suited eclipsing binaries can permit the unambiguous determination of starspot sizes, distributions and motions. See, as an example, Huber et al. (2010) for planetary eclipse mapping of CoRoT-2a.
2.5. Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) – What Can Be Learned
The study of exoplanet Transit Timing Variations (TTVs) is now a very active field of research since CoRoT and Kepler. For eclipsing binary stars, the study of variations in eclipse timings is over a hundred years old. The detection of third bodies in eclipsing binary systems, from small periodic variations in the system's distance from us that arise from the gravitational pull of the tertiary companion, is made possible by the Light Travel Time Effect (LTTE). For transiting exoplanet systems, TTV studies can reveal the following:
* the presence of addition unseen (low mass) planets (TTVs of several seconds to minutes).
* the presence of hosted moons (Exomoons) – this is a very small effect, best detected in the presence of larger moons (>0.2 M⊕) in short periods (see Kipping 2009).
* changes in the exoplanet's orbital period arising from tidal (and/or magnetic) coupling. The bright transiting exoplanet system HD 189733 could be a good candidate for studying this effect since it's of hot Jupiter-size and short period (P=2.2 days), and appears to be losing its orbital angular momentum to its K-type host star (see Santapaga et al. 2011).
3. State of the Art Spectrographs – Impacts on Exoplanets and Eclipsing Binary Stars
Modern spectrographs have throughputs of >50% (the amount of incoming photons that reach the detector), where older ones had only ∼10%, but spectrographs have benefitted greatly from more advances than throughput alone. When spectrographs are fiber-coupled to the telescopes, and thermally stabilized, amazing things can be accomplished. Most modern spectrographs used to measure the small radial velocities (RVs) of stars arising from hosted planets are very carefully constructed, thermally stabilized, bench mounted and fiber-fed. Some examples include HIRES, HARPS, HERMES and the Carnegie Planet Finder Spectrograph (PFS) which can currently achieve RV measures of 1–2-m/s precision (perhaps even 50-cm/s – Paul Butler, private comm.). The ultimate goal is to develop spectrographs with sufficiently high precision to allow the detection of terrestrial-mass planets.
3.1. Toward Ultra-high precision (<10-cm/s) radial velocity determinations
Laser Frequency Combs (see Fig. 3) can produce a spectrum of evenly spaced narrow lines spanning the optical into the IR. Combining a fiber-fed frequency comb with a stable spectrograph can result in RV measures of ∼6-cm/s precision, allowing the possibility of discovering Earth-mass exoplanets – e.g. the Earth causes the Sun's RV to shift by ± 10-cm/s (for comparison Jupiter produces a reflex motion of ± 13-m/s). Steinmetz et al. (2008) and Murphy et al. (2007) give excellent reviews, and the first stellar RV measures using a laser comb are presented in Osterman et al. (2011).
ESPRESSO (Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet Stable Spectroscopic Observations) is a new generation, very stable, fiber-fed Echelle spectrograph (R=140,000) designed to operate at visible wavelengths. ESPRESSO is being developed by ESO for use with the 8-m Very Large Telescope. It is designed to secure RV measures of ∼6–10-cm/s (you can walk faster than that speed). Installation and commissioning of ESPRESSO at
the VLT is expected during 2016. The instrument is designed to operate with a single telescope or using the combined light gathering power of all four 8-m telescopes configured to form a 16-m equivalent telescope. This arrangement will permit ESPRESSO to reach faint stars or achieve very high signal-to-noise measures for brighter targets.
4. Some Impacts of Large Telescopes
It is obvious that large, next generation telescopes will be excellent tools for studying eclipsing binaries and exoplanets. For example, very faint (distant) stars can be effectively observed. Or brighter stars can be observed with very high signal-to-noise (100,000×) as well as with very high dispersion. Most notable among the many large telescopes now available for this work are the Large Binocular Telescope, with the largest lightgathering power of a single instrument (11.3-m effective aperture when the light of the two mirrors are combined), exceeded however by the four 8-m telescopes of the VLTI, with the combined light gathering power of a 16-m telescope. The enhanced light gathering power of these great telescopes will allow us to study in detail the atmospheres of transiting exoplanets, and enable us to determine the physical properties of faint eclipsing binary stars in other members of the Local Group, and further, to secure direct distances to them, as reported in this volume and described briefly below.
4.1. Exoplanet Systems:
Today's great telescopes (and even larger ones in the future) will be invaluable in spectral studies of the atmospheres of exoplanets using both spectrum subtraction (spectrum of [planet + star] minus the spectrum of star alone) techniques as well as in planet atmosphere transmission techniques discussed at this Symposium in Adam Burrow's comprehensive paper "Towards a Theory for the Atmospheres, Structure, and Evolution of Giant Exoplanets." In addition, there is a recent book on this topic, "Exoplanet Atmospheres: Physical Processes" by Seager (2010). We can expect such investigations as follows:
* Reflection and Transmission Spectra: providing the chemical compositions of Exoplanet atmospheres, cloud cover etc. (See Burrows in this volume, and Seager (2010) for reviews).
* Exoplanet Dynamics: Rossiter-McLaughlin (R-M) Effect (Simon Albrecht/Amaury Triaud in this volume). As discussed in these papers and references therein, the application of the R-M effect to transiting exoplanets is truly amazing. These studies indicate that many exoplanet star systems (unlike our solar system) have highly inclined orbits (even retrograde orbits in some cases) relative to the rotational planes of their host stars. This result was totally unexpected.
* More precise RV orbits for exoplanet systems leading, ultimately, to Earth-mass exoplanets.
* Direct imaging of planetary accretion disks and protoplanets.
* Imaging and spectra of exoplanets (with sufficiently large ground- and space-based telescopes).
4.2. Eclipsing Binaries
Large telescopes are needed to study faint eclipsing binary stars in other galaxies such as M33 and M31. This is discussed by a paper in this volume by Alceste Bonanos. With large telescopes, faint eclipsing binaries in distant galaxies can be studied photometrically and spectroscopically. Moreover, excellent distances to M31 and M33 are being returned using eclipsing binaries (Vilardell et al. (2010) and references therein).
* Radial velocity curves of selected extragalactic eclipsing binaries in Local Group galaxies to determine accurate masses, and unbiased distances.
* Observations of faint, astrophysically selected eclipsing systems: e.g. SN Ia progenitors, rare binaries in fast stages of evolution or with black hole and neutron star components, pre- and post-common envelop binaries, and many other interesting or extreme binary systems would be great targets.
Just as the large observatories have negotiated the learning curve on adaptive-optics (AO) technology, interferometry now stands to follow. Interferometry is becoming a powerful tool to "image" stars and proto-planetary disks. There are some interesting papers on imaging techniques in this volume. For example, with the VLTI and/or with Adaptive Optics (AO), protoplanetary disks are being imaged, showing what appear to be planetforming regions contained within the disks. Recently, Kloppenborg et al. (2010) used the CHARA Interferometer to "image" the large dark disk transiting the F-supergiant component during the recent ∼2-yr long eclipse of the ∼27.2-yr eclipsing binary ϵ Aur. Many more additional binary stars (including β Lyrae), proto-planetary disks and even proto-planets are likely interferometry targets, with improved AO methods using larger telescopes.
5. Great Expectations: Looking into the Future, From Very Large to Tiny
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) will be a large infrared telescope with a 6.5m primary mirror. In spite of its financial and technical problems, JWST is working to a 2018 launch date, after which it will be the premier observatory of the next decade, serving thousands of astronomers worldwide. JWST will study every phase in the history of our Universe, ranging from the first luminous glows after the Big Bang, to the formation of solar systems capable of supporting life on planets like Earth. It will also be useful for faint binary stars in other galaxies. Several innovative technologies have been developed for the JWST, including: a folding, segmented primary mirror, adjusted to shape after launch; ultra-lightweight beryllium optics; detectors able to record extremely weak signals; microshutters that enable programmable object selection for the spectrograph; and a cryrocooler for cooling the mid-IR detectors to ∼7K. The long-lead items, such as the beryllium mirror segments and science instruments, are presently made or under construction.
During 2012, the BRITE Constellation satellites, which are 20-cm 3 nano-satellite systems (Schwarzenberg-Czerny et al.2010), are expected to be launched. The individual BRITE satellites are essentially orbiting filtered CCD cameras, each having a wide ∼20 ◦ field of view. They are designed to carry out continuous millimag photometry of bright stars (brighter than 4 th mag) in selected regions for several months at a time. Each of these nano-satellites is equipped with a different filters (the first two will have blue and red wide-band filters). And within the next few years, the ambitious ESA Gaia mission is expected to launch. Gaia will be amazing! Gaia will be carrying out parallax measures, photometry of millions of stars (as well as low dispersion spectroscopy of a subset of these stars). In the process, hundreds of thousands of new eclipsing binaries will be found each with measured parallaxes, colors and spectra. While on the ground, huge telescopes such as the OverWhelmingly Large (OWL) Telescope, the Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT), and maybe others, will be built within the next decade or two. As for exoplanet research, DARWIN and/or the Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) may eventually merge and get approved to image and secure spectra of nearby exoplanets (using nulling interferometers or other methods) to search for life-supporting atmospheres or even spectroscopic
bio-signatures. Also, to save money, an innovative way of doing this could be to deploy a star occulting shroud several km in front of JWST to use as a coronagraph to block out the star hosting planet. But the logistics of such an arrangement would be very challenging.
Finally we desperately need to address the expected overwhelming amount of data (petabytes) to be pouring in from astronomical missions in the near future. The emerging new field of Astroinformatics (see Borne et al. 2009) is being developed to cope with and take advantage of these splendid datasets. Astroinformatics focuses on data organization, taxonomies, data mining, machine learning / artificial intelligence (AI), visualization and cyber infrastructure (e.g. Virtual Observatory). These methods are necessary to scientifically exploit the ever expanding "deluge" of astronomical data. In this volume, the example of the Virtual Observatory (VO) is discussed by Gerrie Peters. In closing, the telescopes, equipment, innovative technologies and supercomputers (available today and in the near-future) offer thrilling opportunities for research in our fields of study. Moreover, with the internet and VO, these important datasets are accessible for use to many more people not directly involved with building the missions; for use not only by professional astronomers, but as exciting resources for "citizen" astronomy projects and in the education and training of high school students with internet access.
Acknowledgements
This research is supported by NSF/RUI Grant AST 05-07542 and grants from NASA which we gratefully acknowledge. We wish to thank Mercedes Richards and the SOC and LOC of the symposium for doing an outstanding job in organizing and successfully conducting such a superb and scientifically memorable meeting.
References
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Borne, K., Accomazzi, A., Bloom, J., et al. 2009, astro2010 : The Astronomy and Astrophysics Decadal Survey, 2010, 6P
Borucki, W. J., et al. 2011, arXiv:1112.1640
Burkart, J., Quataert, E., Arras, P., & Weinberg, N. N. 2011, arXiv:1108.3822
Groot, P. J. 2011, arXiv:1104.3428
Guinan, E. F. 1993, New Frontiers in Binary Star Research, 38, 1
Hallett, P. E. 1987, J. Optical Soc. America A, 4, 2330
Huber, K. F., Czesla, S., Wolter, U., & Schmitt, J. H. M. M. 2010, A&A, 514, A39
Kipping, D. M. 2009, MNRAS, 392, 181
Kloppenborg, B., Stencel, R., Monnier, J. D., et al. 2010, Nature, 464, 870
Loeb, A. & Gaudi, B. S. 2003, ApJL, 588, L117
Murphy, M. T., Udem, T., Holzwarth, R., et al. 2007, MNRAS, 380, 839
Osterman, S., Diddams, S., Quinlan, F., et al. 2011, BAAS, 43, #401.02
Santapaga, T., Guinan, E. F., Ballouz, R., Engle, S. G., & Dewarf, L. 2011, BAAS, 43, #343.12
Schwarzenberg-Czerny, A., Weiss, W., et al.
2010, 38th COSPAR Scientific Assembly, 38, 2904
Seager, S. 2010, Exoplanet Atmospheres: Physical Processes. By Sara Seager. Princeton University Press, 2010. ISBN: 978-1-4008-3530-0,
Steinmetz, T., Wilken, T., Araujo-Hauck, C., et al. 2008, Science, 321, 1335
Vilardell, F., Ribas, I., Jordi, C., Fitzpatrick, E. L., & Guinan, E. F. 2010, A&A, 509, A70
Welsh, W. F., Orosz, J. A., Aerts, C., et al. 2011, ApJS, 197, 4
Zucker, S., Mazeh, T., & Alexander, T. 2007, ApJ, 670, 1326 | <urn:uuid:aa175ea3-8b0c-4fca-826a-f3c74a4d47cb> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 31,326 |
Nuove modalità di pubblicazione di “Concorsi pubblici”
Per semplificare il processo di pubblicazione di concorsi pubblici della PA nella Gazzetta Ufficiale – 4ª Serie speciale – “Concorsi ed esami” è stato istituito un nuovo canale di invio delle richieste di pubblicazione esclusivamente a MEZZO PEC.
Occorre trasmettere dalla pec istituzionale a firstname.lastname@example.org lettera di richiesta di pubblicazione in formato pdf FIRMATA DIGITALMENTE – non scannerizzata – inserendo la dicitura NON SEGUIRÀ DOCUMENTAZIONE CARTACEA e bando/avviso in formato pdf FIRMATO DIGITALMENTE – non scannerizzato. (Tale procedura non è valida per richieste già inviate a mezzo raccomandata).
I tempi di lavorazione, puramente indicativi, decorrono dalla ricezione della PEC, e variano tra i 10 e i 15 giorni lavorativi (sabato e domenica esclusi), compatibilmente con il carico di lavoro della Redazione.
È facoltà dell’Ente contattare l’Ufficio preposto (tel. 06/68852787 dal lunedì al venerdì dalle 9 alle 12) per conoscere la data di pubblicazione dell’atto, comunicando come riferimento, il numero di protocollo della lettera di trasmissione/PEC.
Di particolare evidenza in questo numero:
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DELLA VALTELLINA E DELL’ALTO LARIO DI SONDrio
20 posti di infermiere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari ................................................................. Pag. 28
Il sommario completo è a pagina II
## SOMMARIO
### AMMINISTRAZIONI CENTRALI
**Ministero della giustizia:**
Graduatoria di merito del concorso, per esami, a cinquecento posti di magistrato ordinario, indetto con decreto ministeriale 1° dicembre 2021. *(24E07929)*
**Ministero dell'interno:**
Graduatoria e dichiarazione dei vincitori del concorso pubblico, per esami, per la copertura di mille allievi vice ispettori della Polizia di Stato, successivamente aumentati da mille a millequattrocentocinquanta unità. *(24E08164)*
**Ministero dell'università e della ricerca:**
Avviso relativo al decreto ministeriale n. 1671 del 29 ottobre 2024, recante: «Rideterminazione dei posti disponibili per il corso di laurea magistrale a ciclo unico in Medicina e chirurgia, anno accademico 2024/2025, presso l'Università di Pisa nonché dei posti disponibili per l'Università di Bari “Aldo Moro” per il corso di laurea magistrale in Scienze infermieristiche, per il contingente delle Forze armate». *(24E07922)*
Avviso relativo al decreto ministeriale n. 1421 del 4 settembre 2024, recante: «Integrazione dei posti relativamente all'anno accademico 2024/2025, corso di laurea in Medicina e chirurgia (Classe LM - 41), per l'Università “Unicamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health sciences”, sede di Venezia». *(24E07924)*
---
### CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE
**Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche – ISTITUTO DI GENETICA E BIOFISICA ADRIANO BUZZATI TRAVERSO DI NAPOLI:**
Conferimento di una borsa di ricerca della durata di undici mesi *(24E07952)*
**Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche – ISTITUTO DI INFORMATICA E TELEMATICA DI PISA:**
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, di una borsa di ricerca. *(24E07926)*
**Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche – ISTITUTO DI RICERCA PER LA PROTEZIONE IDROGEOLOGICA DI PERUGIA:**
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, di una borsa di ricerca da usufruirsi presso la sede secondaria di Torino. *(24E07984)*
---
### UNIVERSITÀ E ALTRI ISTITUTI DI ISTRUZIONE
**Humanitas University di Pieve Emanuele:**
Procedure di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 06/MEDS-15 - Neurochirurgia e chirurgia maxillofaciale e per la chiamata di un professore associato, GSD 05/BIOS-11 - Farmacologia, per il Dipartimento di scienze biomediche. *(24E07962)*
**Libera università di Bolzano Freie Universität Bozen:**
Avviso di indizione di una procedura di valutazione comparativa per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore/ricercatrice a tempo determinato *junior*. Hinweis auf die Ausschreibung von 1 vergleichenden Bewertungsverfahren für die Besetzung von 1 Stelle als Forscher/Forscherin mit befristetem Arbeitsvertrag [Art. 24 Gesetz 240/2010, RTDa)]. *(24E07958)*
**Libera università Maria Santissima Assunta di Roma:**
Conferimento di quattro assegni di ricerca, vari settori scientifici-disciplinari. *(24E08062)*
**Politecnico di Milano:**
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 02/PHYS-03 - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni, per il Dipartimento di fisica. *(24E07970)*
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 09/IINF-01 - Elettronica, per il Dipartimento di elettronica, informazione e bioingegneria. *(24E07971)*
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 09/IIND-03 - Progettazione industriale, costruzioni meccaniche e metallurgia, per il Dipartimento di meccanica. *(24E07972)*
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD08/CEAR-10 - Disegni, per il Dipartimento di architettura e studi urbani. *(24E07973)*
Agenzia di tutela della salute Val Padana di Mantova:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, area medica e delle specialità mediche e area di sanità pubblica, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato. (24E07959) ........................................... Pag. 22
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico, disciplina di medicina legale, per l’UOC di medicina legale. (24E08007) .................................................. Pag. 24
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico, disciplina di psichiatria, per l’UOC di psichiatria del P.O. di Pescara. (24E08008) .................................. Pag. 24
Azienda ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano di Torino:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di tecnico sanitario radiologia medica. (24E07956) ................................................................. Pag. 22
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente delle professioni sanitarie infermieristiche, tecniche della riabilitazione, della prevenzione e della professione di ostetrica, per la S.C. Direzione delle professioni sanitarie. (24E07987) .................. Pag. 22
Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Città della salute e della scienza di Torino:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di otto posti di tecnico sanitario di laboratorio biomedico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, con talune riserve. (24E07993) ................................................................. Pag. 23
Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Consorziale Policlinico di Bari:
Revoca del conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa Neurologia dell’Ospedale pediatrico «Giovanni XXIII», disciplina di neurologia. (24E07930) .................................................. Pag. 23
Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Ferrara:
Concorso pubblico per la copertura di un posto di dirigente ingegnere elettronico, per la U.O.C. I.C.T. - Area dell’innovazione e sviluppo - Dipartimento in staff della direzione generale. (24E07920) .......................... Pag. 23
Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di dirigente farmacista, disciplina di farmacia ospedaliera o territoriale, di cui un posto per l’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma e un posto per l’Azienda unità sanitaria locale di Parma. (24E07994) ................................................................. Pag. 24
Azienda sanitaria locale di Pescara:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di assistente amministrativo, area degli assistenti, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, riservato alle categorie protette di cui all’art. 18, comma 2, della legge n. 68/1999 nonché alle categorie di riservatari ad esso collegate e/o equiparate. (24E07992) .......................... Pag. 24
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico, disciplina di medicina legale, per l’UOC di medicina legale. (24E08007) .................................................. Pag. 24
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico, disciplina di psichiatria, per l’UOC di psichiatria del P.O. di Pescara. (24E08008) .................................. Pag. 24
Azienda socio-sanitaria ligure 2 di Savona:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato e con rapporto esclusivo, disciplina di anestesia e rianimazione. (24E07967) .................................................. Pag. 25
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di specialista nei rapporti con i media - giornalista pubblico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno. (24E07968) ................................................................. Pag. 25
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di collaboratore tecnico professionale - ingegnere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, di cui un posto riservato ai volontari delle Forze armate. (24E07969). ............. Pag. 25
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale Bergamo Est di Seriate:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di venti posti di infermiere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato. (24E07990) ................................................................. Pag. 25
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale della Brianza di Vimercate:
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore della S.C. Oncologia medica Desio, disciplina di oncologia, area medica e delle specialità mediche. (24E07934) .................................................. Pag. 25
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Cremona:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, disciplina di medicina interna, area medica e delle specialità mediche, per la SC Medicina generale POOP. (24E07935) .................................................. Pag. 26
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, disciplina di neurologia, area medica e delle specialità mediche. (24E07936) .................................................. Pag. 26
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, disciplina di ortopedia e traumatologia, area chirurgica e delle specialità chirurgiche. (24E07998) .. Pag. 26
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di assistente sanitario, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato. (24E07999) .................................................. Pag. 27
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale del Garda di Desenzano del Garda:
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore della struttura complessa Otorinolaringoiatria Mannerbio (24E07988) ........................................... Pag. 27
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Lodi:
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direzione di struttura complessa della SC Riabilitazione specialistica e generale geriatrica Basso Lodigiano. (24E07932) .................................................. Pag. 27
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direzione di struttura complessa della SC Riabilitazione specialistica e generale geriatrica Alto Lodigiano. (24E07933) .................................................. Pag. 27
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Mantova:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di allergologia ed immunologia clinica, a tempo indeterminato e pieno. (24E08003) ........................................... Pag. 27
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale Nord Milano di Sesto San Giovanni:
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico, direttore responsabile di struttura complessa, per la direzione della S.C. Processi igienico sanitari del Polo Territoriale. (24E07921) .......................... Pag. 28
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale Papa Giovanni XXIII di Bergamo:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di neuroradiologia, a tempo indeterminato. (24E07961) ......... Pag. 28
Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale della Valtellina e dell’Alto Lario di Sondrio:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di venti posti di infermiere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, di cui cinque posti riservati ai volontari delle Forze armate. (24E07939) .................................................. Pag. 28
Azienda unità locale socio-sanitaria n. 2 Marca Trevigiana di Treviso:
Riapertura dei termini del conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direzione della U.O. Accettazione e pronto soccorso - Oderzo, disciplina di medicina d’emergenza-urgenza, area medica e delle specialità mediche. (24E07931) ........................................... Pag. 28
Azienda unità locale socio-sanitaria n. 6 Euganea di Padova:
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, dell’incarico di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa Cure primarie - Distretto Padova Piave. (24E07976) .................... Pag. 29
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, dell’incarico di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa Cure primarie - Distretto Padova Sud. (24E07977) ...................... Pag. 29
Azienda unità sanitaria locale di Parma:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina interna, a tempo indeterminato. (24E07951) ........ Pag. 29
Azienda unità sanitaria locale di Piacenza:
Concorsi pubblici, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di dirigente medico, varie discipline, a tempo indeterminato e riapertura dei termini del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina trasfusionale, a tempo indeterminato. (24E08005) .... Pag. 29
Concorso pubblico per la copertura di quattro posti di assistente sociale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, gestito in forma aggregata, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08006). Pag. 30
Azienda unità sanitaria locale della Romagna:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico di medicina dello sport (24E07995) ................................................. Pag. 30
Azienda unità sanitaria locale Umbria 2 di Terni:
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, dell’incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico, direzione della struttura complessa Servizio prevenzione e sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro, disciplina di medicina del lavoro e sicurezza degli ambienti di lavoro, area di sanità pubblica. (24E07978) ............................................. Pag. 30
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, dell’incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico, direzione della struttura complessa Sanità animale, disciplina di sanità animale, area di sanità animale. (24E07986) ............... Pag. 31
Azienda unità sanitaria locale della Valle D’Aosta - Vallée D’Aoste:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, varie discipline ed aree, per la S.C. Ser.D. (24E07989) ................................................. Pag. 31
Azienda Zero di Padova:
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di sei posti di terapista della neuro e psicomotricità dell’età evolutiva, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08037) .................................. Pag. 31
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di sette posti di collaboratore tecnico professionale - architetto, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08058) .......................... Pag. 32
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di tredici posti di collaboratore amministrativo professionale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08059) .......................... Pag. 32
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di venti posti di assistente sociale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08060) .......................... Pag. 32
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di sei posti di dirigente medico veterinario a tempo indeterminato e con rapporto esclusivo, disciplina di igiene degli allevamenti e delle produzioni zootecniche, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08061) ............... Pag. 32
**Estar:**
Concorso pubblico unificato, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di assistente amministrativo, area degli assistenti, a tempo indeterminato, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08001) ......................... Pag. 33
Concorso pubblico unificato, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di collaboratore amministrativo professionale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08002) .......................... Pag. 33
---
**ALTRI ENTI**
---
**IPAB Andrea Danielato di Cavarzere:**
Concorso pubblico, per soli esami, per la copertura di un posto di addetto alla compliance aziendale, area dei funzionari e dell'elevata qualificazione, a tempo indeterminato e pieno. (24E07960) .......................... Pag. 34
---
**DIARI**
---
**Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma:**
Diario delle prove d'esame del concorso pubblico per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina legale. (24E07955) .......................... Pag. 34
**Azienda sanitaria locale di Latina:**
Diario delle prove d'esame del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di dodici posti di dirigente medico a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, disciplina di medicina interna. (24E07985) .......................... Pag. 34
**Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale Lariana di Como:**
Diario delle prove d'esame del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di quattro posti di tecnico sanitario di radiologia medica, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, per il Distretto del Medio Lario. (24E08165) .......................... Pag. 35
**Azienda unità sanitaria locale di Imola:**
Diario delle prove scritta, pratica e orale del concorso pubblico congiunto, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di quattro posti di collaboratore tecnico professionale, settore tecnico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, per varie aziende sanitarie. (24E08064) .......................... Pag. 35
**Azienda unità sanitaria locale della Romagna:**
Rinvio del diario delle prove d'esame del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di assistente sociale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari. (24E08004) .......................... Pag. 36
**Corte dei conti:**
Diario delle prove scritte del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, a quattro posti di referendario nel ruolo della carriera di magistratura della Corte dei conti, di cui tre posti riservati al gruppo linguistico tedesco ed un posto riservato al gruppo linguistico ladino, da destinare agli uffici della Corte dei conti aventi sede in Bolzano. (24E07980) .......................... Pag. 36
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
| 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 |
| 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 |
AMMINISTRAZIONI CENTRALI
MINISTERO DELLA GIUSTIZIA
Graduatoria di merito del concorso, per esami, a cinquecento posti di magistrato ordinario, indetto con decreto ministeriale 1° dicembre 2021.
Ai sensi degli articoli 11 del decreto ministeriale 1° dicembre 2021, di indizione del bando di concorso, e 12, comma 2, della legge 24 marzo 1958, n. 195, si avvisano i candidati che la graduatoria di merito del concorso, per esami, a cinquecento posti di magistrato ordinario, pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - n. 98 del 10 dicembre 2021, è pubblicata nel Bollettino Ufficiale del Ministero della giustizia n. 21 del 15 novembre 2024.
24E07929
MINISTERO DELL’INTERNO
Graduatoria e dichiarazione dei vincitori del concorso pubblico, per esami, per la copertura di mille allievi vice ispettori della Polizia di Stato, successivamente aumentati da mille a millequattrocentocinquanta unità.
Sul sito istituzionale della Polizia di Stato, è pubblicato il decreto del Capo della Polizia - Direttore generale della pubblica sicurezza di approvazione della graduatoria e della dichiarazione dei vincitori del concorso pubblico, per esami, per l’assunzione di 1000 allievi vice ispettori della Polizia di Stato, indetto con decreto del Capo della Polizia - Direttore generale della pubblica sicurezza, del 16 marzo 2022, successivamente aumentati da 1000 a 1450 unità, e pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» n. 23 del 22 marzo 2022.
Tale comunicazione ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti nei confronti degli interessati.
24E08164
MINISTERO DELL’UNIVERSITÀ E DELLA RICERCA
Avviso relativo al decreto ministeriale n. 1671 del 29 ottobre 2024, recante: «Rideterminazione dei posti disponibili per il corso di laurea magistrale a ciclo unico in Medicina e chirurgia, anno accademico 2024/2025, presso l’Università di Pisa nonché dei posti disponibili per l’Università di Bari “Aldo Moro” per il corso di laurea magistrale in Scienze infermieristiche, per il contingente delle Forze armate».
Si comunica che in data 29 ottobre 2024 è stato pubblicato, sul sito istituzionale del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca, il decreto ministeriale prot. n. 1671 del 29 ottobre 2024, recante: «Rideterminazione dei posti disponibili - a.a. 2024/2025- per il corso di laurea magistrale a ciclo unico in “Medicina e chirurgia” presso l’Università di Pisa nonché dei posti disponibili per l’Università degli studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” per il corso di laurea magistrale in “Scienze infermieristiche” per il contingente delle Forze armate».
Copia integrale del decreto prot. n. 1671/2024 è reperibile sul sito istituzionale del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca, al predetto link: https://www.mur.gov.it/it/atti-e-normativa/decreto-ministeriale-n-1671-del-29-10-2024
24E07922
Avviso relativo al decreto ministeriale n. 1421 del 4 settembre 2024, recante: «Integrazione dei posti relativamente all’anno accademico 2024/2025, corso di laurea in Medicina e chirurgia (Classe LM - 41), per l’Università “Unicamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health sciences”, sede di Venezia».
Si comunica che in data 5 settembre 2024 è stato pubblicato, all’indirizzo internet https://www.mur.gov.it/sezione Home/Atti e normativa, il decreto ministeriale prot. n. 1421 del 4 settembre 2024, recante: «Integrazione dei posti relativamente all’a.a. 2024/2025, corso di laurea in “Medicina e chirurgia” (classe LM - 41), per l’Università “Unicamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health sciences”, sede di Venezia».
Copia integrale del decreto prot. n. 1421/2024 è reperibile sul sito istituzionale del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca, al predetto link: https://www.mur.gov.it/it/atti-e-normativa/decreto-ministeriale-n-1421-del-04-09-2024
24E07924
ENTI DI RICERCA
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE
ISTITUTO DI GENETICA E BIOFISICA ADRIANO BUZZATI TRAVERSO DI NAPOLI
Conferimento di una borsa di ricerca della durata di undici mesi
Si avvisa che l’Istituto di genetica e biofisica «Adriano Buzzati-Traverso» (IGB) del CNR ha indetto una pubblica selezione per il conferimento di una borsa di ricerca per laureati in «d.laurea in biologia» od equivalenti, da usufruirsi presso la propria sede di Napoli - sita in via Pietro Castellino, 111 - per la tematica «Studio dei meccanismi molecolari alla base delle patologie dell’invecchiamento». Avviso di selezione n. IGB-B3-8-2024.
La borsa di studio avrà durata di undici mesi.
La domanda di ammissione alla selezione pubblica per il conferimento della borsa di ricerca dovrà essere trasmessa con modalità telematica attraverso la piattaforma Selezioni on-line CNR (https://seleziononline.cnr.it), entro il termine perentorio di quindici giorni, decorrente dalla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Copia integrale del bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito internet del CNR www.urp.cnr.it (Sezione lavoro e formazione) e nel Sistema di selezioni online CNR https://seleziononline.cnr.it
24E07952
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE
ISTITUTO DI INFORMATICA E TELEMATICA DI PISA
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, di una borsa di ricerca.
Si avvisa che l'Istituto di informatica e telematica di Pisa (IIT) ha indetto selezione pubblica, per titoli e colloquio, per il conferimento di una borsa di ricerca per l'area scientifica/tecnologica informatica da usufruirsi presso la sede di Pisa dell'Istituto di informatica e telematica del CNR, nell'ambito del progetto: «NQSTI: National Quantum Science And Technology Institute». (Bando BR n. 002 IIT 2024 PISA).
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione della domanda è di venti giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il bando è affisso all'albo ufficiale dell'Istituto di informatica e telematica (IIT) ed è altresì disponibile sul sito internet all'indirizzo www. urp.cnr.it
24E07926
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE
ISTITUTO DI RICERCA PER LA PROTEZIONE IDROGEOLOGICA DI PERUGIA
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, di una borsa di ricerca
da usufruirsi presso la sede secondaria di Torino.
L'Istituto di ricerca per la protezione idrogeologica (IRPI) del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche (CNR) ha indetto selezione pubblica, per titoli e colloquio, per il conferimento di una borsa di ricerca, per laureati per ricerche nel campo dell'area scientifica «Scienze della Terra» da usufruirsi presso l'Istituto di ricerca per la protezione idrogeologica (IRPI) sede secondaria di Torino (TO). (Bando n. IRPI 003 2024 TO dell'11 novembre 2024).
La domanda di partecipazione, con i relativi allegati, dovrà essere trasmessa con modalità telematica attraverso la piattaforma selezioni on-line CNR (https://selezionionline.cnr.it) come indicato all'art. 4 del bando.
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione della domanda è di quindici giorni decorrenti dalla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Qualora il termine di presentazione delle domande venga a cadere in un giorno festivo, detto termine si intende protratto al primo giorno non festivo immediatamente seguente.
I bandi sono disponibili sul sito dell'Istituto di ricerca per la protezione idrogeologica www.irpi.cnr.it e sul sito ufficiale dell'ente https://www. urp.cnr.it borse di ricerca e sul portale selezioni on-line CNR https://selezionionline.cnr.it
24E07984
CONSIGLIO NAZIONALE DELLE RICERCHE
ISTITUTO PER LA MICROELETTRONICA E MICROSISTEMI DI CATANIA
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, di una borsa di ricerca,
da usufruirsi presso la sede secondaria di Bologna
Si comunica che è pubblicato sul sito istituzionale del Consiglio nazionale delle ricerche http://www.urp.cnr.it/ (Sezione Lavoro e formazione) e nel Sistema di selezioni online CNR https://selezionionline.cnr.it il seguente bando:
«Selezione pubblica per titoli e colloquio per il conferimento di un borsa di ricerca per laureati, per ricerche nel campo dell'area "Scienze fisiche" nell'ambito del Progetto PR-FESR Emilia Romagna “Solar Hydrogen Via Integration Of Energy Conversion Technologies - Shine"», per lo svolgimento della seguente attività di ricerca scientifica: «L'attività della borsa di ricerca riguarda la preparazione di catodi carboniosi nanostrutturati, destinati all'integrazione in un sistema avanzato per la produzione simultanea di elettricità rinnovabile e idrogeno verde. Il/la candidato/a selezionato/a si occuperà di sintetizzare e ottimizzare catodi a base di carbonio, e/o di caratterizzare le loro proprietà strutturali e morfologiche mediante tecniche avanzate di scattering di raggi X. Questo lavoro contribuirà allo sviluppo di un prototipo outdoor per l'integrazione efficiente delle tecnologie solari nel progetto SHINE», da usufruirsi presso la sede secondaria di Bologna dell'Istituto microelettronica e microsistemi del CNR.
Avviso bando n. BR IMM04/2024/BO.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere compilate e presentate esclusivamente via Internet, utilizzando un'applicazione informatica disponibile nell'area concorsi del sito CNR all'indirizzo https://selezionionline.cnr.it
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è di quindici giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Si considera prodotta nei termini la domanda pervenuta entro le ore 18:00 dell'ultimo giorno utile.
Tale termine, qualora venga a scadere in un giorno festivo, è prorogato al primo giorno non festivo immediatamente seguente.
24E07957
UNIVERSITÀ E ALTRI ISTITUTI DI ISTRUZIONE
HUMANITAS UNIVERSITY DI PIEVE EMANUELE
Procedure di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 06/MEDS-15 - Neurochirurgia e chirurgia maxillofacciale e per la chiamata di un professore associato, GSD 05/BIOS-11 - Farmacologia, per il Dipartimento di scienze biomediche.
Si comunica che sono state attivate le seguenti procedure selettive per la copertura di posizioni accademiche presso il Dipartimento di scienze biomediche di Humanitas University:
| N. posti | Fascia | Gruppo scientifico disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Riferimento |
|----------|---------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------|----------------------|
| 1 | Ricercatore a tempo determinato di tipo A) Catania | 06/MEDS-15 - Neurochirurgia e chirurgia maxillofacciale | MEDS-15/A - Neurochirurgia | d.r. n. 245 del 30 ottobre 2024 |
| 1 | Professore associato | 05/BIOS-11 - Farmacologia | BIOS-11/A - Farmacologia | d.r. n. 246 del 30 ottobre 2024 |
I bandi sono disponibili sul sito dell’Ateneo (https://www.hunimed.eu/it/lavora-con-noi/) e ne è data pubblicità su quelli del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca (http://bandi.miur.it) e dell’Unione europea (http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess).
Le domande devono essere presentate tramite il sistema PICA (https://pica.cineca.it/login) entro trenta giorni dalla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - qualora il termine di scadenza cada in giorno festivo, la scadenza è prorogata al primo giorno feriale utile.
24E07962
LIBERA UNIVERSITÀ DI BOLZANO
FREIE UNIVERSITÄT BOZEN
Avviso di indizione di una procedura di valutazione comparativa
per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore/ricercatrice a tempo determinato junior.
Hinweis auf die Ausschreibung von 1 vergleichenden Bewerbungsverfahren für die Besetzung von 1 Stelle als Forscher/Forscherin mit befristetem Arbeitsvertrag [Art. 24 Gesetz 240/2010, RTDa)].
Ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 2, lettera a) della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, si comunica che la Libera Università di Bolzano ha bandito una procedura di valutazione comparativa per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore/ricercatrice a tempo determinato junior (di seguito indicato «RTD»), pubblicata con decreto del rettor del 31 ottobre 2024, n. 1871 per la facoltà ed il settore scientifico-disciplinare di seguito indicato:
centro di competenza per il management delle cooperative;
settore scientifico-disciplinare: ECON-07/A (Economia e gestione delle imprese);
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare: 13/ECON-07 (Economia e gestione delle imprese);
campo della ricerca o titolo del progetto di ricerca: La ricerca si collocherà all’interno del Centro di competenza (CC) di management delle cooperative che studia le varie forme di impresa cooperative come agenti di trasformazione della società e dello sviluppo regionale;
numero posti: uno;
data di scadenza: entro e non oltre trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione dell’avviso del presente bando nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Gli interessati devono presentare domanda di ammissione avvalendosi esclusivamente della modalità di compilazione e presentazione per via telematica a tal fine predisposta.
Nel giorno di scadenza la domanda di partecipazione alla valutazione comparativa deve essere completata entro mezzogiorno.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno prendere visione del bando disponibile sul sito web dell’Università https://www.unibz.it/it/home/position-calls/positions-for-academic-staff/?group=16 oppure potranno rivolgersi all’Ufficio personale accademico (tel. +39 0471 011310; e-mail: email@example.com).
Il responsabile del procedimento è il dott. Marco Carreri.
Tel. +39 0471 011300.
E-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Ai sensi dell’art. 5, commi 2 e 3 del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica del 15 luglio 1988, n. 574, si comunica che nel Bollettino ufficiale della Regione Trentino-Alto Adige n. 46 del 13 novembre 2024 il presente avviso è pubblicato nelle lingue italiana e tedesca.
Gemäß Artikel 5 Absätze 2 und 3, des Dekretes des Präsidenten der Republik Nr. 574 vom 15. Juli 1988, wird bekannt gemacht, dass im Amtsblatt der Region Trentino-Südtirol Nr. 46 vom 13. November 2024 der oben angeführte Hinweis in zweisprachiger Fassung veröffentlicht ist.
24E07958
LIBERA UNIVERSITÀ MARIA SANTISSIMA ASSUNTA DI ROMA
Conferimento di quattro assegni di ricerca, vari settori scientifici-disciplinari.
Con decreto rettorale n. 3158 dell’11 novembre 2024 è emanato il bando di concorso pubblico, per il conferimento di quattro assegni di ricerca per i settori scientifico disciplinari GIUR-01/A, ECON-01/A, PAED-01/A, PAED-02/A, presso la Libera Università Maria Santissima Assunta - LUMSA.
Le domande di partecipazione alla selezione dovranno essere inviate, secondo le modalità previste dall’art. 3 del bando di concorso, entro e non oltre venti giorni, decorrenti dal giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso è disponibile sul sito web http://www.lumsa.it e sarà pubblicizzato nel sito internet bandi.muiur.it e sul sito europeo EURAXESS.
24E08062
POLITECNICO DI MILANO
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 02/PHYS-03 – Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni, per il Dipartimento di fisica.
Si comunica che con d.d. 30 ottobre 2024, n. 15843 - codice procedura: 2024_RTT_DFIS_4 presso questo Ateneo è indetta procedura di selezione a un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato (RTT), ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare e il Dipartimento di seguito specificato:
Dipartimento di fisica
G.S.D. 02/PHYS-03 – Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni;
Settore scientifico-disciplinare PHYS-03/A – Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni.
Il bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito del Politecnico di Milano:
https://www.polimi.it/bandi-per-i-ricercatori
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è fissato in trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Qualora la data di scadenza cada in giorno festivo il termine è prorogato al giorno seguente non festivo.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere presentate esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di selezione.
24E07970
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 09/INF-01 – Elettronica, per il Dipartimento di elettronica, informazione e bioingegneria.
Si comunica che con d.d. 30 ottobre 2024, n. 15848 - codice procedura: 2024_RTT_DEIB_8 presso questo Ateneo è indetta la procedura di selezione a un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato (RTT), ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare e il Dipartimento di seguito specificato:
Dipartimento di elettronica, informazione e bioingegneria
GSD: 09/INF-01 - Elettronica;
settore scientifico-disciplinare: IINF-01/A - Elettronica.
Il bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito del Politecnico di Milano: https://www.polimi.it/bandi-per-i-ricercatori
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è fissato in trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Qualora la data di scadenza cada in giorno festivo il termine è prorogato al giorno seguente non festivo.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere presentate esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di selezione.
24E07971
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 09/IIND-03 – Progettazione industriale, costruzioni meccaniche e metallurgia, per il Dipartimento di meccanica.
Si comunica che con d.d. 30 ottobre 2024, n. 15845 - codice procedura: 2024_RTDA_DMEC_7, presso questo Ateneo è indetta procedura di selezione ad un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato (Junior), ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera a), legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, in vigore al 29 giugno 2022, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare e il Dipartimento di seguito specificato:
Dipartimento di meccanica - gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 09/IIND-03 - Progettazione industriale, costruzioni meccaniche e metallurgia, settore scientifico-disciplinare IIND-03/C - Metallurgia.
Il bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito del Politecnico di Milano: https://www.polimi.it/bandi-per-i-ricercatori
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è fissato in trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo alla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Qualora la data di scadenza cada in giorno festivo il termine è prorogato al giorno seguente non festivo.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere presentate esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di selezione.
24E07972
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 08/CEAR-10 – Disegno, per il Dipartimento di architettura e studi urbani.
Si comunica che con d.d. 30 ottobre 2024, n. 15846 - codice procedura: 2024_RTDA_DASTU_7, presso questo Ateneo è indetta procedura di selezione ad un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato (Junior), ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera a), legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, in vigore al 29 giugno 2022, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare e il Dipartimento di seguito specificato:
Dipartimento di architettura e studi urbani - gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 08/CEAR-10 - Disegno, settore scientifico-disciplinare CEAR-10/A - Disegno.
Il bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito del Politecnico di Milano: https://www.polimi.it/bandi-per-i-ricercatori
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è fissato in trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo alla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Qualora la data di scadenza cada in giorno festivo il termine è prorogato al giorno seguente non festivo.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere presentate esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di selezione.
24E07973
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 08/CEAR-12 - Pianificazione e progettazione urbanistica e territoriale, per il Dipartimento di architettura e studi urbani.
Si comunica che con d.d. 30 ottobre 2024, n. 15847 - codice procedura: 2024_RTDA_DASTU_8 presso questo Ateneo è indetta la procedura di selezione a un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato (junior), ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera a), legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, in vigore al 29 giugno 2022, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare e il Dipartimento di seguito specificati:
Dipartimento di architettura e studi urbani
GSD: 08/CEAR-12 - Pianificazione e progettazione urbanistica e territoriale;
settore scientifico-disciplinare: CEAR-12/A - Tecnica e pianificazione urbanistica.
Il bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito del Politecnico di Milano: https://www.polimi.it/bandi-per-i-ricercatori
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è fissato in trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Qualora la data di scadenza cada in giorno festivo il termine è prorogato al giorno seguente non festivo.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere presentate esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di selezione.
24E07974
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 02/PHYS-03 - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni, per il Dipartimento di energia.
Si comunica che con d.d. 31 ottobre 2024, n. 15984 – codice procedura: 2024_RTT_DENG_5 presso questo Ateneo è indetta procedura di selezione a un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato (RTT), ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare e il Dipartimento di seguito specificato:
Dipartimento di energia:
GSD 02/PHYS-03 - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni - settore scientifico-disciplinare PHYS-03/A - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni.
Il bando di selezione è disponibile sul sito del Politecnico di Milano: https://www.polimi.it/bandi-per-i-ricercatori
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande è fissato in trenta giorni decorrenti dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Qualora la data di scadenza cada in giorno festivo il termine è prorogato al giorno seguente non festivo.
Le domande di partecipazione devono essere presentate esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di selezione.
24E07975
POLITECNICO DI TORINO
Procedure di selezione per la chiamata di due professori di prima fascia, vari GSD, per il Dipartimento di energia.
Con decreto rettorale n. 1230 del 4 novembre 2024 sono indette procedure di selezione per la copertura di due posizioni per Professore Universitario di ruolo di 1 fascia ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 1, della legge 240/2010.
| Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | numero posizioni |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------|-----------------|
| 09/IIND-07 | IIND-07/A | Energia | 1 |
| Fisica tecnica e ingegneria nucleare | Fisica tecnica industriale | | |
| codice interno 15/24/P/O | | | |
| 09/IIND-08 | IIND-08/A | Energia | 1 |
| Ingegneria dell’energia elettrica | Convertitori, macchine e azionamenti elettrici | | |
| codice interno 16/24/P/O | | | |
Il relativo bando è pubblicato in data martedì 19 novembre 2024 all’albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo e sarà consultabile da tale data sul sito internet del politecnico all’indirizzo https://careers.polito.it/
Stralcio del bando di concorso sarà consultabile:
sul sito del MUR https://bandi.mur.gov.it/
sul sito web dell’Unione europea: http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione è fissato a giovedì 19 dicembre 2024.
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 03/CHEM-06 - Fondamenti chimici delle tecnologie, per il Dipartimento di scienza applicata e tecnologia.
Con decreto rettorale n. 1231 del 4 novembre 2024 è indetta procedura di selezione per la copertura una posizione di ricercatore Universitario a tempo determinato di cui all’art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010 (RTT).
| Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | numero posizioni |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------|------------------|
| 03/CHEM-06 Fondamenti chimici delle tecnologie codice interno 04/24/P/RTT | CHEM-06/A Fondamenti chimici delle tecnologie | Scienza applicata e tecnologia | 1 |
Il relativo bando è pubblicato in data martedì 19 novembre 2024 all’albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo e sarà consultabile da tale data sul sito internet del politecnico all’indirizzo https://careers.polito.it/
Stralcio del bando di concorso sarà consultabile:
- sul sito del MUR https://bandi.mur.gov.it/
- sul sito web dell’Unione europea: http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione è fissato a giovedì 19 dicembre 2024.
24E07941
Procedure di selezione per la copertura di sette posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.
Con decreto rettorale n. 1232 del 4 novembre 2024 sono indette le procedure di selezione per la copertura di sette posizioni di ricercatore universitario a tempo determinato di cui al comma 3, lettera b) art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010.
| Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | numero posizioni |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------|------------------|
| 08/CEAR-10 Disegno codice interno 29/24/P/RB | CEAR-10/A Disegno | Architettura e design | 1 |
| 09/IIND-07 Fisica tecnica e ingegneria nucleare codice interno 30/24/P/RB | IIND-07/A Fisica tecnica industriale | Energia | 1 |
| 09/IINF-03 Telecomunicazioni codice interno 31/24/P/RB | IINF-03/A Telecomunicazioni | Elettronica e telecomunicazioni | 1 |
| 09/IINF-04 Automatica codice interno 32/24/P/RB | IINF-04/A Automatica | Elettronica e telecomunicazioni | 1 |
| 08/CEAR-02 Ingegneria sanitaria- ambientale, ingegneria e sicurezza degli scavi, delle materie prime, degli idrocarburi e fluidi nel sottosuolo codice interno 33/24/P/RB | CEAR-02/A Ingegneria sanitaria-ambientale | Ingegneria dell’ambiente, del territorio e delle infrastrutture | 2 |
| 08/CEAR-02 Ingegneria sanitaria- ambientale, ingegneria e sicurezza degli scavi, delle materie prime, degli idrocarburi e fluidi nel sottosuolo codice interno 34/24/P/RB | CEAR-02/B Ingegneria e sicurezza degli scavi | Ingegneria dell’ambiente, del territorio e delle infrastrutture | 1 |
Il relativo bando è pubblicato in data martedì 19 novembre 2024 all’albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo e sarà consultabile da tale data sul sito internet del politecnico all’indirizzo https://careers.polito.it/
Stralcio del bando di concorso sarà consultabile:
- sul sito del MUR https://bandi.mur.gov.it/
- sul sito web dell’Unione europea: http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione è fissato a giovedì 19 dicembre 2024.
Procedure di selezione per la copertura di sei posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.
Con decreto rettorale n. 1233 del 4 novembre 2024 sono indette le procedure di selezione per la copertura di sei posizioni di ricercatore universitario a tempo determinato di cui al comma 3, lettera a) art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010.
| Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | numero posizioni |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------|-----------------|
| 09/IINF-03 Telecomunicazioni codice interno 42/24/F/a | IINF-03/A Telecomunicazioni | Elettronica e telecomunicazioni | 1 |
| 09/IIND-02 Meccanica applicata alle macchine codice interno 43/24/F/a | IIND-02/A Meccanica applicata alle macchine | Ingegneria meccanica e aerospaziale | 1 |
| 09/ICHI-01 Sistemi, metodi e tecnologie dell’ingegneria chimica e di processo codice interno 44/24/F/a | ICHI-01/B Principi di ingegneria chimica | Scienza applicata e tecnologia | 1 |
| 01/MATH-03 Analisi matematica, probabilità e statistica matematica codice interno 45/24/F/a | MATH-03/A Analisi matematica | Scienze matematiche «G.L. Lagrange» | 2 |
| 09/IINF-04 Automatica codice interno 46/24/F/a | IINF-04/A Automatica | Scienze Matematiche «G.L. Lagrange» | 1 |
Il relativo bando è pubblicato in data martedì 19 novembre 2024 all’albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo e sarà consultabile da tale data sul sito internet del politecnico all’indirizzo https://careers.polito.it/
Stralcio del bando di concorso sarà consultabile:
sul sito del MUR https://bandi.mur.gov.it/
sul sito web dell’Unione europea: http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess/
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione è fissato a mercoledì 4 dicembre 2024.
24E07943
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 08/CEAR-04 - Geomatica, per il Dipartimento interateneo di scienze, progetto e politiche del territorio.
Con decreto rettorale n. 1234 del 4 novembre 2024 è indetta procedura di selezione per la copertura di una posizione di ricercatore universitario a tempo determinato di cui al comma 3, lettera a), art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010.
| Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | Numero posizioni |
|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|--------------|-----------------|
| 08/CEAR-04 Geomatica codice interno 47/24/F/A | CEAR-04/A Geomatica | Interateneo di scienze, progetto e politiche del territorio | 1 |
Il relativo bando è pubblicato in data martedì 19 novembre 2024 all’Albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo e sarà consultabile da tale data sul sito internet del Politecnico all’indirizzo https://careers.polito.it
Stralcio del bando di concorso sarà consultabile:
sul sito del MUR https://bandi.mur.gov.it/
sul sito web dell’Unione europea: http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess
Il termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione è fissato a mercoledì 4 dicembre 2024.
UNIVERSITÀ ALDO MORO DI BARI
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato,
GSD 12/GIUR-12 - Diritto processuale civile, per il Dipartimento di giurisprudenza.
È indetta procedura selettiva per il reclutamento di un ricercatore a tempo determinato ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3 lettera b) della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, come di seguito indicato:
| Numero posti | Dipartimento | Denominazione della selezione |
|--------------|--------------|------------------------------|
| 1 | Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza | GSD 12/GIUR-12 - Diritto processuale civile e SSD GIUR-12/A - Diritto processuale civile |
Dal giorno successivo alla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» decorre il termine perentorio di trenta giorni per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione, dei titoli e delle pubblicazioni, secondo le modalità indicate nel bando.
Il testo integrale del bando è disponibile e consultabile telematicamente sul sito *web* della sezione procedure concorsuali dell’Università degli studi di Bari Aldo Moro all’indirizzo: https://reclutamento.ict.uniba.it/reclutamento-ricercatori/scadenza-ricercatori
Della pubblicazione del bando in argomento sarà data comunicazione anche nei siti web del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca e dell’Unione europea.
24E07908
Procedure di selezione per la chiamata di due professori di prima e seconda fascia, vari GSD,
per il Dipartimento di medicina di precisione e rigenerativa e Area Jonica.
Sono indette le seguenti procedure selettive per la chiamata di un professore di prima fascia, ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 1, della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, come di seguito indicato:
| Numero posti | Dipartimento | Denominazione della selezione |
|--------------|--------------|------------------------------|
| 1 | Dipartimento di medicina di precisione e rigenerativa e area Jonica (DiMePRe-J) | GSD 06/MEDS-10 - Gastroenterologia, malattie infettive e malattie cutanee e SSD MEDS-10/A - Gastroenterologia |
Procedura selettiva per la chiamata di un professore di seconda fascia, ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 4, della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, come di seguito indicato:
| Numero posti | Dipartimento | Denominazione della selezione |
|--------------|--------------|------------------------------|
| 1 | Dipartimento di medicina di precisione e rigenerativa e area Jonica (DiMePRe-J) | GSD 06/MEDS-08 - Endocrinologia, nefrologia e scienze dell'alimentazione e del benessere e SSD MEDS-08/B - Nefrologia |
Dal giorno successivo alla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine perentorio di trenta giorni per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione, dei titoli e delle pubblicazioni, secondo le modalità indicate nei bandi.
I testi integrali dei bandi sono disponibili e consultabili telematicamente sul sito *web* della sezione Procedure concorsuali dell’Università degli studi di Bari «Aldo Moro» all’indirizzo https://reclutamento.ict.uniba.it/chiamata-prof
Della pubblicazione dei predetti bandi sarà data comunicazione anche nei siti *web* del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca e dell’Unione europea.
24E07919
UNIVERSITÀ DI BRESCIA
Procedura di selezione per la chiamata di un professore di prima fascia,
GSD 12/GIUR-11 - Diritto comparato, per il Dipartimento di giurisprudenza.
Si comunica che è indetta la seguente procedura di selezione per la chiamata di un professore di prima fascia, ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 1, della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240:
- Dipartimento di giurisprudenza;
- gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 12/GIUR-11 - Diritto comparato (settore concorsuale 12/E2 ex decreto ministeriale n. 855/2015);
- settore scientifico-disciplinare GIUR-11/B - Diritto pubblico comparato (settore scientifico-disciplinare IUS/21 ex decreto ministeriale n. 855/2015);
- numero posti uno.
Le domande debitamente firmate, indirizzate al magnifico Rettore di questo Ateneo, dovranno pervenire, a pena di esclusione, entro il termine perentorio delle ore 14,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Tale termine, qualora venga a scadere in un giorno festivo, è prorogato al primo giorno non festivo immediatamente seguente.
Le domande di partecipazione alla selezione pubblica, nonché i titoli posseduti, le pubblicazioni e ogni altro documento ritenuto utile per la procedura devono essere presentati a pena di esclusione, unicamente per via telematica, utilizzando l’applicazione informatica dedicata sul sito https://pica.cineca.it al link specificato nel bando.
Non sono ammesse altre forme di invio della domanda.
L’applicazione informatica richiede necessariamente il possesso di un indirizzo di posta elettronica per effettuare la registrazione al sistema.
Il candidato dovrà inserire tutti i dati richiesti per la produzione della domanda e allegare, in formato elettronico, i documenti richiesti dal presente bando.
La ricevuta di ritorno viene inviata automaticamente dal gestore di PEC.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno prendere visione del bando sul portale d’Ateneo www.unibs.it e su quelli del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca e dell’Unione europea, oppure potranno rivolgersi direttamente all’UOC Reclutamento personale docente di questa università e-mail: email@example.com
24E07966
**Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato e pieno, GSD 09/IINF-02 - Campi elettromagnetici, per il Dipartimento di ingegneria dell’informazione.**
Si comunica che è indetta la seguente procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera *a)*, della legge n. 240/2010, in regime di impegno a tempo pieno:
| Dipartimento | Gruppo scientifico disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | N. posti |
|-------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------|
| Ingegneria dell’informazione | 09/IINF-02 «Campi elettromagnetici» | IINF-02/A «Campi elettromagnetici» | 1 |
La domanda, debitamente firmata e indirizzata al magnifico Rettore di questo Ateneo, dovrà pervenire, a pena di esclusione, entro il termine perentorio delle ore 14,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Tale termine, qualora venga a scadere in un giorno festivo, è prorogato al primo giorno non festivo immediatamente seguente.
La domanda di partecipazione alla selezione pubblica, nonché i titoli posseduti, le pubblicazioni e ogni altro documento ritenuto utile per la procedura devono essere presentati a pena di esclusione, unicamente per via telematica, utilizzando l’applicazione informatica dedicata sul sito https://pica.cineca.it al link specificato nel bando.
Non sono ammesse altre forme di invio della domanda.
L’applicazione informatica richiede necessariamente il possesso di un indirizzo di posta elettronica per effettuare la registrazione al sistema.
Il candidato dovrà inserire tutti i dati richiesti per la produzione della domanda e allegare, in formato elettronico, i documenti richiesti dal presente bando.
La ricevuta di ritorno viene inviata automaticamente dal gestore di PEC.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno prendere visione del bando sul portale d’Ateneo: www.unibs.it e su quelli del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca e dell’unione europea, oppure potranno rivolgersi direttamente all’U.O.C. Reclutamento personale docente di questa Università e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
24E07991
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**UNIVERSITÀ CA’ FOSCARI DI VENEZIA**
**Concorso pubblico, per esami, per la copertura di un posto di research manager, area dei funzionari, settore amministrativo gestionale, a tempo indeterminato, per il Dipartimento di filosofia e beni culturali.**
L’Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia indice un concorso pubblico, per esami, per l’assunzione di una persona a tempo indeterminato, area dei funzionari, settore amministrativo gestionale, profilo di research manager, per le esigenze del Dipartimento di filosofia e beni culturali, presso l’Università Ca’ Foscari Venezia.
Per quanto riguarda i requisiti di ammissione, la modalità di presentazione della domanda di partecipazione e degli eventuali documenti prescritti e qualsiasi altra informazione relativa alla procedura concorsuale si rimanda al bando di concorso disponibile nel sito internet all’indirizzo: http://www.unive.it/concorsi - Concorsi Personale tecnico amministrativo (PTA).
La domanda di partecipazione al concorso dovrà essere presentata unicamente tramite procedura telematica entro e non oltre il trentesimo giorno decorrente dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami», pena esclusione.
Per informazioni: settore concorsi pta email email@example.com tel.041 234 8208
24E07963
UNIVERSITÀ DI CASSINO E DEL LAZIO
MERIDIONALE DI CASSINO
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track, GSD 12/GIUR-13 - Diritto processuale penale, per il Dipartimento di economia e giurisprudenza.
In ottemperanza a quanto disposto dall’art. 24 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni, si avvisa che presso questa Università, con il decreto rettorale n. 998 del 5 novembre 2024, è indetta procedura di selezione come di seguito specificato:
Dipartimento di economia e giurisprudenza:
- Gruppo scientifico disciplinare 12/GIUR-13 - Diritto processuale penale - settore scientifico-disciplinare GIUR-13/A - Diritto processuale penale (ex decreto ministeriale n. 855/2015: settore scientifico-disciplinare IUS/16 - Diritto processuale penale, SC 12/G2): procedura riservata ai sensi dell’art. 14, comma 6-septiesdecies del decreto-legge del 30 aprile 2022, n. 36 convertito con modificazioni dalla legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione, da presentare secondo le modalità indicate dal bando, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il relativo bando è pubblicato per intero sulla pagina web dell’Università degli studi di Cassino e del Lazio Meridionale al seguente indirizzo: https://www.unicas.it/ateneo/bandi-di-concorso/ e sul sito web del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca e sul portale dell’Unione europea.
Per informazioni è possibile scrivere al seguente indirizzo: firstname.lastname@example.org
UNIVERSITÀ DI FIRENZE
Procedura di selezione per la chiamata di quattro professori ordinari, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.
Presso l’Università degli studi di Firenze è indetta la procedura selettiva per la copertura di quattro posti di professore ordinario, di cui all’art. 18, comma 1, della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, secondo le modalità previste dal regolamento per la disciplina della chiamata dei professori ordinari e associati, presso i Dipartimenti e per i gruppi scientifico-disciplinari e i settori scientifico-disciplinari sottoindicati:
- Dipartimento di lettere e filosofia: un posto
- gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 10/FICP-01 Filologia greca e latina, letteratura cristiana antica, papirologia;
- settore scientifico-disciplinare FICP-01/C Papirologia;
- Dipartimento di matematica e informatica: un posto
- gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 01/MATH-02 Algebra e geometria;
- settore scientifico-disciplinare MATH-02/B Geometria;
- Dipartimento di medicina sperimentale e clinica: un posto
- gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 06/MEDS-13 Chirurgia cardio-toraco-vascolare;
- settore scientifico-disciplinare MEDS-13/C Chirurgia cardiaca;
- Dipartimento di formazione, lingue, intercultura, letterature e psicologia: un posto
- gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 11/PAED-01 Pedagogia e storia della pedagogia e dell’educazione;
- settore scientifico-disciplinare PAED-01/A Pedagogia generale e sociale.
La domanda di partecipazione dovrà essere presentata esclusivamente con procedura telematica, entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13,00 (ora italiana) del trentesimo giorno decorrente dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato sull’Albo Ufficiale di Ateneo http://www.unifi.it/alboufficiale.html e sul sito internet di Ateneo https://www.unifi.it/ateneo/lavora-con-noi/reclutamento-bandi-diconcorso/professori il giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Dell’avvenuta pubblicazione del bando è data informazione sui siti internet del Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’università e della ricerca e dell’Unione europea.
UNIVERSITÀ DI CATANIA
Approvazione atti, graduatoria di merito e dichiarazione del vincitore della selezione pubblica, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di tecnologo secondo livello, a tempo determinato della durata di diciotto mesi e pieno.
Si avvisa che in data 24 ottobre 2024 è pubblicato all’albo on-line dell’Ateneo (link: http://albo.unict.it/), il d.d. rep. n. 4521 del 24 ottobre 2024, relativo all’approvazione degli atti e della graduatoria di merito e alla dichiarazione del vincitore della selezione pubblica, per titoli ed esami, indetta con d.d. rep. n. 2480 del 13 giugno 2024 - pubblicato con le modalità previste dall’art. 24-bis, comma 2, della legge n. 240/2010 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni e della cui pubblicazione all’albo on-line dell’Ateneo è stato dato avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - n. 53 del 2 luglio 2024 - per il reclutamento di un/a tecnologo/a di secondo livello, con rapporto di lavoro subordinato a tempo determinato (durata diciotto mesi), e orario di lavoro a tempo pieno, per un impegno pari a trentasei ore medie settimanali nel trimestre, per attività di supporto tecnico e amministrativo nell’ambito del progetto SAMOTHRACE - Sicilian Micro and Nano Technology Research and Innovation Center - finanziato nell’ambito del PNRR, Piano nazionale di ripresa e resilienza, Missione 4 «Istruzione e ricerca» - Componente 2 «Dalla ricerca all’impresa» - Investimento 1.5. finanziato dall’Unione europea - Next Generation EU, all’interno dello SPOKE 1: «ITM3: Innovation through microelectronics, microsystems and materials», e in particolare del «WP1: Energy» - Dipartimento di fisica e astronomia «Ettore Majorana» dell’Università degli studi di Catania.
Dalla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso decorre il termine per eventuali impugnative.
Procedura di selezione per la chiamata di otto professori ordinari, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.
Presso l’Università degli studi di Firenze è indetta la procedura selettiva per la copertura di otto posti di professore ordinario, di cui all’art. 18, comma 4-ter, della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, secondo le modalità previste dal regolamento per la disciplina della chiamata dei professori ordinari e associati, presso i Dipartimenti e per i gruppi scientifico-disciplinari e i scientifico-disciplinari sottoindicati:
Dipartimento di fisica e astronomia: un posto
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 02/PHYS-05 Astrofisica e cosmologia, fisica dello spazio, della terra e del clima;
settore scientifico-disciplinare PHYS-05/A Astrofisica, cosmologia e scienza dello spazio;
Dipartimento di ingegneria industriale: un posto
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 09/IIND-07 Fisica tecnica e ingegneria nucleare settore scientifico-disciplinare IIND-07/A Fisica tecnica e industriale;
Dipartimento di neuroscienze, psicologia, area del farmaco e salute del bambino: un posto
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 06/MEDS-12 Neurologia settore scientifico-disciplinare MEDS-12/A Neurologia;
Dipartimento di scienze giuridiche: due posti
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 12/GIUR-16 Storia del diritto medievale e moderno settore scientifico-disciplinare GIUR-16/A Storia del diritto medievale e moderno;
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 12/GIUR-17 Filosofia del diritto settore scientifico-disciplinare GIUR-17/A Filosofia del diritto;
Dipartimento di scienze per l’economia e l’impresa: due posti
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 13/ECON-02 Politica economia settore scientifico-disciplinare ECON-02/A Politica economica;
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 13/ECON-03 Scienzi delle finanze settore scientifico-disciplinare ECON-03/A Scienza delle finanze;
Dipartimento di scienze e tecnologie agrarie, alimentari, ambientali e forestali: un posto
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 07/AGRI-03 Scienze e tecnologie dei sistemi arborei e forestali;
settore scientifico-disciplinare AGRI-03/C Tecnologia del legno e utilizzazioni forestali.
La domanda di partecipazione dovrà essere presentata esclusivamente con procedura telematica, entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13.00 (ora italiana) del trentesimo giorno decorrente dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato sull’Albo ufficiale di Ateneo http://www.unifi.it/albo-ufficiale.html e sul sito internet di Ateneo https://www.unifi.it/it/ateneo/lavora-con-noi/recrutamento-bandi-di-concorso/professori il giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Dell’avvenuta pubblicazione del bando è data informazione sui siti internet del Ministero dell’istruzione, dell’università e della ricerca e dell’Unione europea.
24E07913
UNIVERSITÀ DI MILANO
Procedura di selezione per la chiamata di un professore di prima fascia, GSD 02/PHYS-03 - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni, per il Dipartimento di fisica «Aldo Pontremoli».
L’Università degli studi di Milano ha bandito, con decreto rettorale n. 6839/2024 del 12 novembre 2024, procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di professore universitario di prima fascia, da coprire mediante chiamata ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 1, della legge n. 240/2010, secondo la tabella sotto riportata.
| Posti | Presso il Dipartimento di | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Codice concorso |
|-------|---------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------|
| 1 | Fisica «Aldo Pontremoli» | 02/PHYS-03 - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni | PHYS-03/A - Fisica sperimentale della materia e applicazioni | 5639 |
Dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine per la presentazione delle domande, che scadrà alle ore 12.00 (ora italiana) del trentunesimo giorno dalla data di pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - del presente avviso.
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione alla sopraindicata procedura di selezione, è consultabile alla pagina web https://www.unimi.it/it/node/580 - nonché sul sito web del Ministero dell’istruzione dell’università e della ricerca e sul portale europeo per la mobilità dei ricercatori.
Nel rispetto del principio di trasparenza, tutti gli atti della presente procedura, ivi compresi i curricula dei candidati, saranno resi pubblici sul sito dell’Ateneo, all’indirizzo specificato nel bando di concorso.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi personale docente e ricercatore (tel. 025031/3102-3103-3122-3123 - e-mail: email@example.com).
24E08065
Procedure di selezione, per titoli e discussione pubblica, per la copertura di cinque posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track della durata di sei anni, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.
L’Università degli studi di Milano ha bandito, con decreto rettorale n. 6840/2024 del 12 novembre 2024, selezioni pubbliche, per titoli e discussione pubblica, per la copertura di cinque posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track (RTT), mediante stipula di contratto di lavoro subordinato della durata di sei anni, ai sensi dell’art. 24 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 come modificato dall’art. 14, comma 6-decies, del decreto-legge 30 aprile 2022, n. 36 convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79, per lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca e di didattica, di didattica integrativa e di servizio agli studenti, secondo la tabella sotto riportata.
| Posti | Presso il Dipartimento di | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Codice concorso |
|-------|---------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | Biotecnologie mediche e medicina traslazionale | 05/BIOS-11 - Farmacologia | BIOS-11/A - Farmacologia | 5646 |
| 1 | Matematica «Federigo Enriques» | 01/MATH-04 - Fisica matematica | MATH-04/A - Fisica matematica | 5647 |
| 1 | Scienze della salute | 06/MEDS-23 - Anestesiologia | MEDS-23/A - Anestesiologia | 5648 |
| 1 | Scienze giuridiche «Cesare Beccaria» | 12/GIUR-14 - Diritto penale | GIUR-14/A - Diritto penale | 5649 |
| 1 | Scienze sociali e politiche | 11/PSIC-03 - Psicologia sociale, del lavoro e delle organizzazioni | PSIC-03/B - Psicologia del lavoro e delle organizzazioni | 5650 |
Dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine per la presentazione delle domande, che scadrà alle ore 12,00 (ora italiana) del trentunesimo giorno dalla data di pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - del presente avviso.
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione alle sopraindicate procedure di selezione, è consultabile alla pagina web https://www.unimi.it/it/node/581 - nonché sul sito web del Ministero dell’istruzione dell’università e della ricerca e sul portale europeo per la mobilità dei ricercatori.
Nel rispetto del principio di trasparenza, tutti gli atti delle presenti procedure, ivi compresi i curricula dei candidati, saranno resi pubblici sul sito dell’Ateneo, all’indirizzo specificato nel bando di concorso.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi personale docente e ricercatore (tel. 025031/3102-3103-3122-3123 - e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org).
24E08066
Procedura di selezione, per titoli e discussione pubblica, per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track della durata di sei anni, GSD 11/PHIL-01 - Filosofia teoretica, per il Dipartimento di filosofia «Piero Martinetti».
L’Università degli studi di Milano ha bandito, con decreto rettorale n. 6841/2024 del 12 novembre 2024, selezione pubblica, per titoli e discussione pubblica, per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track (RTT), mediante stipula di contratto di lavoro subordinato della durata di sei anni, riservata ai sensi dell’art. 14, comma 6-septiesdecies, del decreto-legge 30 aprile 2022, n. 36 convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79, per lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca e di didattica, di didattica integrativa e di servizio agli studenti, secondo la tabella sotto riportata.
| Posti | Presso il Dipartimento di | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Codice concorso |
|-------|---------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|-----------------|
| 1 | Filosofia «Piero Martinetti» | 11/PHIL-01 - Filosofia teoretica | PHIL-01/A - Filosofia teoretica | 5651 |
Dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine per la presentazione delle domande, che scadrà alle ore 12,00 (ora italiana) del trentunesimo giorno dalla data di pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - del presente avviso.
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione alla sopraindicata procedura di selezione, è consultabile alla pagina web https://www.unimi.it/it/node/581 - nonché sul sito web del Ministero dell’istruzione dell’università e della ricerca e sul portale europeo per la mobilità dei ricercatori.
Nel rispetto del principio di trasparenza, tutti gli atti della presente procedura, ivi compresi i curricula dei candidati, saranno resi pubblici sul sito dell’Ateneo, all’indirizzo specificato nel bando di concorso.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi personale docente e ricercatore (tel. 025031/3102-3103-3122-3123 - e-mail: email@example.com).
Procedura di selezione, per titoli e discussione pubblica, per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track della durata di sei anni, GSD 01/INFO-01 - Informatica, per il Dipartimento di scienze sociali e politiche.
L’Università degli studi di Milano ha bandito, con decreto rettorale n. 6842/2024 del 12 novembre 2024, una selezione pubblica, per titoli e discussione pubblica, per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track (RTT), mediante stipula di contratto di lavoro subordinato della durata di sei anni, ai sensi dell’art. 24 della legge 30 dicembre 2010 n. 240 come modificato dall’art. 14 comma 6-decies del decreto-legge 30 aprile 2022, n. 36 convertito con modificazioni, dalla legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79, per lo svolgimento di attività di ricerca e di didattica, di didattica integrativa e di servizio agli studenti, a valere sulle risorse di cui al decreto ministeriale n. 795/23 «Piano straordinario reclutamento personale universitario 2024», secondo la tabella sotto riportata:
| Posti | presso il Dipartimento di | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Codice concorso |
|-------|---------------------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|----------------|
| 1 | scienze sociali e politiche | 01/INFO-01 - Informatica | INFO-01/A - Informatica | 5652 |
Dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» decorre il termine per la presentazione delle domande, che scadrà alle ore 12,00 (ora italiana) del trentunesimo giorno dalla data di pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» del presente avviso.
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione alla sopraindicata procedura di selezione, è consultabile alla pagina web https://www.unimi.it/it/node/581 nonché sul sito web del Ministero dell’istruzione dell’università e della ricerca e sul portale europeo per la mobilità dei ricercatori.
Nel rispetto del principio di trasparenza, tutti gli atti della presente procedura, ivi compresi i curricula dei candidati, saranno resi pubblici sul sito dell’Ateneo, all’indirizzo specificato nel bando di concorso.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi personale docente e ricercatore - tel. 025031/3102-3103-3122-3123 - e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
24E08068
UNIVERSITÀ DI MILANO - BICOCCA
Procedura di selezione per la chiamata di un professore di seconda fascia, GSD 11/PSIC-04 - Psicologia clinica e psicologia dinamica, per il Dipartimento di scienze umane per la formazione «Riccardo Massa».
Si comunica che presso l’Università degli studi di Milano-Bicocca è indetta una selezione per la copertura di un posto di professore di seconda fascia, mediante chiamata ai sensi dell’art. 18, commi 1 e 4 della legge n. 240/2010, nell’ambito dei progetti ammessi al finanziamento «Dipartimenti di eccellenza», come di seguito specificato:
| Codice | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | Posti |
|--------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|-------|
| 2024-PA18c4-076 | 11/PSIC-04 – Psicologia clinica e Psicologia Dinamica | PSIC-04/B – Psicologia clinica | Scienze umane per la formazione «Riccardo Massa» | 1 |
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione, è consultabile sul sito web dell’Ateneo alla pagina: https://www.unimib.it/concorsi/docenti-di-seconda-fascia/docenti-di-seconda-fascia-posizioni-aperte
L’avviso di pubblicazione sarà altresì disponibile sul sito del MUR all’indirizzo: http://bandi.mur.it e sul sito dell’Unione europea all’indirizzo: https://euraexss.ec.europa.eu
Il termine previsto per la presentazione delle domande, esclusivamente per via telematica, è di trenta giorni a decorrere dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio valutazioni Comparative - e-mail: email@example.com
24E07916
Procedure di selezione per la copertura di quattro posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.
Si comunica che presso l’Università degli studi di Milano - Bicocca sono indette selezioni pubbliche per il reclutamento di ricercatori a tempo determinato, ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, della legge n. 240/2010, anche nell’ambito dei progetti ammessi al finanziamento «Dipartimenti di Eccellenza», come di seguito specificato:
| Codice | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | Posti |
|--------------|---------------------------------|----------------------------------|---------------------------------------------------|-------|
| 2024-RTT-077 | 12/GIUR-09 - Diritto internazionale | GIUR-09/A - Diritto internazionale | Giurisprudenza «School of Law» | 1 |
| 2024-RTT-078 | 12/GIUR-05 - Diritto costituzionale e pubblico | GIUR-05/A- Diritto costituzionale e pubblico | Giurisprudenza «School of Law» | 1 |
| 2024-RTT-079 | 01/INFO-01- Informatica | INFO-01/A- Informatica | Informatica sistemistica e comunicazione | 1 |
È altresì indetta selezione pubblica per il reclutamento di un ricercatore a tempo determinato, ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera *a)*, della legge n. 240/2010, nel testo vigente prima della entrata in vigore della legge di conversione del decreto-legge n. 36/2022 (legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79), in attuazione delle misure previste dal Piano nazionale di ripresa e resilienza (PNRR), come di seguito specificato:
| Codice | Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Dipartimento | Posti |
|-----------------|--------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|-------|
| 2024-RTDAPNRR-080 | 13/STAT-03 - Demografia e statistica sociale | STAT-03/B - Statistica sociale | Statistica e metodi quantitativi | 1 |
Il testo integrale dei bandi, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione, è consultabile sul sito web dell’Ateneo alla pagina: https://www.unimib.it/concorsi/ricercatori/ricercatori-posizioni-aperte
L’avviso di pubblicazione sarà altresì disponibile sul sito del Ministero dell’università e della ricerca all’indirizzo http://bandi.mur.it/ e sul sito dell’Unione europea all’indirizzo https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/
Il termine previsto per la presentazione delle domande, esclusivamente per via telematica, è di trenta giorni a decorrere dal giorno successivo a quello della pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’Ufficio valutazioni comparative (*e-mail*: firstname.lastname@example.org).
---
**UNIVERSITÀ DI PADOVA**
**Procedure di selezione per la copertura di posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track, e per la chiamata di professori di seconda fascia, vari GSD e Dipartimenti.**
Sono indette le procedure selettive per la chiamata di quindici ricercatori a tempo determinato in *tenure-track* (RTT) ai sensi dell’art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010, come modificato dalla legge n. 79/2022 - 2024RTT08.
| GSD - Descrizione | SSD - Descrizione | Dipartimento |
|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 07/AGRI-01 - Economia agraria, alimentare ed estimo rurale | AGRI-01/A - Economia agraria, alimentare ed estimo rurale | Dipartimento di territorio e sistemi agroforestali - TESAF |
| 07/AGRI-07 - Scienze e tecnologie alimentari | AGRI-07/A - Scienze e tecnologie alimentari | Dipartimento di agronomia animali alimenti risorse naturali e ambiente - DAFNAE |
| 07/AGRI-09 - Scienze e tecnologie animali | AGRI-09/B - Nutrizione e alimentazione animale | Dipartimento di biomedicina comparata e alimentazione - BCA |
| 05/BIOS-14 - Genetica | BIOS-14/A - Genetica | Dipartimento di biologia - DiBio |
| 12/GIUR-10 - Diritto dell’Unione europea | GIUR-10/A - Diritto dell’Unione europea | Dipartimento di diritto pubblico, internazionale e comunitario - DiPIC |
| 09/IBIO-01 - Bioingegneria | IBIO-01/A - Bioingegneria | Dipartimento di scienze chirurgiche oncologiche e gastroenterologiche - DISCOG |
| 01/MATH-02 - Algebra e geometria | MATH-02/B - Geometria | Dipartimento di matematica «Tullio Levi-Civita» - DM |
| 01/MATH-03 - Analisi matematica, probabilità e statistica matematica | MATH-03/A - Analisi matematica | Dipartimento di matematica «Tullio Levi-Civita» - DM |
| 06/MEDS-23 - Anestesiologia | MEDS-23/A - Anestesiologia | Dipartimento di medicina - DIMED |
| 11/PAED-02 - Ricerca educativa, didattica, pedagogia speciale e pedagogia sperimentale | PAED-02/A - Didattica e pedagogia speciale | Dipartimento di filosofia, sociologia, pedagogia e psicologia applicata - FISPPA |
| 11/PHIL-05 - Storia della filosofia | PHIL-05/A - Storia della filosofia | Dipartimento di filosofia, sociologia, pedagogia e psicologia applicata - FISPPA |
| 02/PHYS-01 - Fisica sperimentale delle interazioni fondamentali e applicazioni | PHYS-01/A - Fisica sperimentale delle interazioni fondamentali e applicazioni | Dipartimento di fisica e astronomia «Galileo Galilei» - DFA |
| 02/PHYS-05 - Astrofisica e cosmologia, fisica dello spazio, della terra e del clima | PHYS-05/A - Astrofisica, cosmologia e scienza dello spazio | Dipartimento di fisica e astronomia «Galileo Galilei» - DFA |
| 13/ECON-07 - Economia e gestione delle imprese | ECON-07/A - Economia e gestione delle imprese | Dipartimento di scienze economiche e aziendali «Marco Fanno» - DSEA |
Sono indette le procedure selettive per la chiamata di sedici ricercatori a tempo determinato in *tenure-track* (RTT) ai sensi dell’art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010 come modificato dalla legge n. 79/2022 - 2024RTT07_RISERVATO.
| GSD - Descrizione | SSD - Descrizione | Dipartimento |
|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 07/AGRI-02 - Agronomia e sistemi colturali erbacei e ortofloricoli | AGRI-02/A - Agronomia e coltivazioni erbacee | Dipartimento di agronomia animali alimenti risorse naturali e ambiente - DAFNAE |
| 07/AGRI-08 - Microbiologia agraria, alimentare e ambientale | AGRI-08/A - Microbiologia agraria, alimentare e ambientale | Dipartimento di agronomia animali alimenti risorse naturali e ambiente - DAFNAE |
| 10/ARCH-01 - Archeologia | ARCH-01/E - Archeologia cristiana, tardoantica e medievale | Dipartimento di beni culturali: archeologia, storia dell’arte, del cinema e della musica - DBC |
| 05/BIOS-07 - Biochimica | BIOS-07/A - Biochimica | Dipartimento di biologia - DiBio |
| 03/CHEM-05 - Chimica organica | CHEM-05/A - Chimica organica | Dipartimento di scienze chimiche - DISC |
| 09/IIND-03 - Progettazione industriale, costruzioni meccaniche e metallurgia | IIND-03/A - Progettazione meccanica e costruzione di macchine | Dipartimento di ingegneria industriale - DII |
| 06/MEDS-16 - Malattie odontostomatologiche | MEDS-16/A - Malattie odontostomatologiche | Dipartimento di neuroscienze - DNS |
| 06/MEDS-24 - Statistica medica, igiene generale e applicata e scienze infermieristiche generali, cliniche, pediatriche e ostetrico-ginecologiche e neonatali | MEDS-24/A - Statistica medica | Dipartimento di scienze cardio-toraco-vascolari e sanità pubblica |
| 07/MVET-03 - Malattie infettive e parassitarie degli animali | MVET-03/B - Parassitologia e malattie parassitarie degli animali e dell’uomo | Dipartimento di medicina animale, produzioni e salute - MAPS |
| 10/PEMM-01 - Arti performative, musicali, cinematografiche e mediali | PEMM-01/B - Cinema, fotografia, radio, televisione e media digitali | Dipartimento di beni culturali: archeologia, storia dell’arte, del cinema e della musica - DBC |
| 11/PSIC-01 - Psicologia generale, neuropsicologia e neuroscienze cognitive, psicometria | PSIC-01/A - Psicologia generale | Dipartimento di psicologia generale - DPG |
| 11/PSIC-01 - Psicologia generale, neuropsicologia e neuroscienze cognitive, psicometria | PSIC-01/B - Neuropsicologia e neuroscienze cognitive | Dipartimento di psicologia generale - DPG |
| 11/PSIC-01 - Psicologia generale, neuropsicologia e neuroscienze cognitive, psicometria | PSIC-01/C - Psicometria | Dipartimento di psicologia dello sviluppo e della socializzazione - DPSS |
| 11/PSIC-02 - Psicologia dello sviluppo e dell’educazione | PSIC-02/A - Psicologia dello sviluppo e dell’educazione | Dipartimento di psicologia dello sviluppo e della socializzazione - DPSS |
| 11/PSIC-03 - Psicologia sociale, del lavoro e delle organizzazioni | PSIC-03/A - Psicologia sociale | Dipartimento di psicologia dello sviluppo e della socializzazione - DPSS |
| 01/INFO-01 - Informatica | INFO-01/A - Informatica | Dipartimento di matematica «Tullio Levi-Civita» - DM |
Sono indette le procedure selettive per la chiamata di due professori di seconda fascia ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 1, legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 - 2024PA184
| GSD - Descrizione | SSD - Descrizione | Dipartimento |
|--------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| 06/MEDS-18 - Otorinolaringoiatria e audiologia e foniatría | MEDS-18/B - Audiologia e foniatría | Dipartimento di neuroscienze - DNS |
| 06/MEDS-23 - Anestesiologia | MEDS-23/A - Anestesiolegia | Dipartimento di medicina - DIMED |
La domanda di partecipazione, ai sensi dell’art. 3 del bando, dovrà essere presentata, esclusivamente con procedura telematica, entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13,00 (ora italiana) del trentesimo giorno decorrente dal giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione dei presenti avvisi nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando sarà disponibile al seguente [link](https://www.unipd.it/bandi_list)
UNIVERSITÀ DI PALERMO
Procedure di selezione per la chiamata di due professori di seconda fascia, GSD 07/MEVT-01 - Anatomia e fisiologia veterinaria, per il Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali.
Presso l’Università degli studi di Palermo sono indette procedure selettive per la copertura di due posti di professore di seconda fascia ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 4, della legge n. 240/2010, riservate ai candidati che nell’ultimo triennio non abbiano prestato servizio quale professore ordinario di ruolo, professore associato di ruolo, ricercatore a tempo indeterminato, ricercatore a tempo determinato RTT, RTDA o RTDB presso l’Università degli studi di Palermo e che non siano stati titolari di assegni di ricerca, né vero iscritti a corsi universitari dello stesso Ateneo o chiamati ai sensi dell’art. 7, comma 5-bis della legge n. 240/2010, presso il Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari e forestali:
- un posto - G.S.D. 07/MEVT-01 - Anatomia e fisiologia veterinaria - settore scientifico-disciplinare MVET-01/A - Anatomia veterinaria;
- un posto - G.S.D. 07/MEVT-01 - Anatomia e fisiologia veterinaria - settore scientifico-disciplinare MVET-01/B - Fisiologia veterinaria.
La domanda di partecipazione alla procedura selettiva, nonché i titoli posseduti, i documenti e le pubblicazioni ritenute utili per la procedura, devono essere presentati, a pena di esclusione, per via telematica, utilizzando l’applicazione informatica dedicata reperibile alla pagina: https://pica.cineca.it/unipa/
Termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande: ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il bando di indizione della procedura selettiva, emanato con decreto del rettore, sarà pubblicizzato, dopo la pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami»:
- all’albo ufficiale di Ateneo http://www.unipa.it/albo.html
- sul sito di Ateneo: https://bit.ly/chiamata-art18
- sul sito del MIUR http://bandi.mur.it/index.php
- su sito dell’Unione europea: http://www.euraxess.it/
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’area organizzazione e sviluppo delle risorse umane, settore reclutamento e selezioni personale docente e-mail: email@example.com
24E07927
UNIVERSITÀ POLITECNICA DELLE MARCHE DI ANCONA
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, settore concorsuale 07/AGRI-09 - Scienze e tecnologie animali, per il Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari ed ambientali.
È indetta presso l’Ateneo procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera a), della legge n. 240 del 30 dicembre 2010 come di seguito specificato:
| Posti | Settore concorsuale | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Struttura |
|-------|---------------------|----------------------------------|-----------|
| 1 | 07/AGRI-09 - Scienze e tecnologie animali | AGRI-09/D - Zoocolture | Dipartimento di scienze agrarie, alimentari ed ambientali |
Gli interessati potranno prendere visione del bando consultando il sito internet dell’Ateneo all’indirizzo: http://www.univpm.it sotto la voce «Ateneo - Bandi, Concorsi e Gare - concorsi e selezioni – personale docente - concorsi ricercatori a tempo determinato».
Coloro che intendono partecipare alla selezione sono tenuti a farne domanda al Rettore dell’Università politecnica delle Marche entro il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07923
UNIVERSITÀ ROMA TRE DI ROMA
Procedura di selezione per la chiamata di un professore di seconda fascia, GSD 11/HIST-01, per il Dipartimento di studi umanistici.
Si comunica che è indetta la procedura di chiamata per un posto di professore universitario di seconda fascia, ai sensi dell’art. 18 comma 4 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240, presso il sottolocencto Dipartimento di questo Ateneo, per il seguente gruppo scientifico-disciplinare:
Dipartimento di studi umanistici
Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 11/HIST-01, settore scientifico-disciplinare HIST-01/A, un posto.
Il bando integrale è pubblicato, mediante affissione all’albo pretorio dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tre e reso disponibile anche per via telematica sul sito pubblico http://www.albopretorionline.it/uniroma/alboente.aspx
Dal giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine di trenta giorni per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione.
24E07909
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 12/GIUR-05, per il Dipartimento di giurisprudenza.
In ottemperanza a quanto disposto dall’art. 24, comma 2, della legge n. 240 del 30 dicembre 2010, si comunica che è indetta la procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera \(a\) della legge n. 240/2010, ante decreto-legge n. 36 del 30 aprile 2022, convertito dalla legge n. 79 del 29 giugno 2022, presso il sottoelencato Dipartimento di questo Ateneo, per il seguente:
Dipartimento di giurisprudenza:
gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 12/GIUR-05, settore scientifico-disciplinare GIUR-05/A - un posto
Il bando integrale è pubblicato, mediante affissione all’Albo pretorio dell’Università degli studi Roma Tre e reso disponibile anche per via telematica sul sito pubblico http://www.albopretorionline.it/uniroma/alboente.aspx
Dal giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4\(^{a}\) serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine di quindici giorni per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione.
24E07910
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, GSD 12/GIUR-04, per il Dipartimento di scienze della formazione.
In ottemperanza a quanto disposto dall’art. 24, comma 2, della legge n. 240 del 30 dicembre 2010, si comunica che è indetta procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera \(b\), della legge n. 240/2010, ante decreto-legge n. 36 del 30 aprile 2022, convertito dalla legge n. 79 del 29 giugno 2022, presso il sottoelencato Dipartimento di questo Ateneo, per il seguente gruppo scientifico-disciplinare:
Dipartimento di scienze della formazione - gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 12/GIUR-04, settore scientifico-disciplinare GIUR-04/A - un posto.
Il bando integrale è pubblicato, mediante affissione all’albo pretorio dell’Università degli studi Roma Tre e reso disponibile anche per via telematica sul sito pubblico http://www.albopretorionline.it/uniroma/alboente.aspx
Dal giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4\(^{a}\) Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - decorre il termine di trenta giorni per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione.
24E07925
UNIVERSITÀ DI SALERNO
Procedure di selezione per la copertura di due posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track e pieno, GSD 02/PHYS-04 - Fisica teorica della materia, modelli, metodi matematici e applicazioni, per il Dipartimento di fisica «E.R. Caianiello».
Ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lett \(a\) della legge n. 240/2010 - nel testo previgente alla legge n. 79/2022, per l’attuazione di progetti finanziati dai bandi a cascata del Programma di ricerca e innovazione dal titolo «National Quantum Science and Technology Institute NQSTI» - PNRR MUR Missione 4 (SPOKE 2 e SPOKE 9), denominati TOPQIN «TOPological Qubit In driveN and reconfigurable heterostructures» - CUP J13C22000680006 e SPUNTO «Superconducting nanostructures for topological quantum computing» - CUP E63C22002180006 e del Regolamento relativo al reclutamento dei ricercatori a tempo determinato e dei tenure track emanato con d.r. n. 838 del 25 marzo 2024, si comunica che presso l’Università degli studi di Salerno sono indette procedure di selezione per la copertura di due posti di ricercatore a tempo determinato, con regime di impegno a tempo pieno, presso il Dipartimento e per il gruppo scientifico disciplinare e il settore scientifico-disciplinare di seguito indicati:
| Gruppo scientifico disciplinare | Profilo SSD | Dipartimento | n. posti | Codice concorso |
|----------------------------------|-------------|--------------|----------|----------------|
| 02/PHYS-04 (Fisica teorica della materia, modelli, metodi matematici e applicazioni) già S.C. 02/B2 | PHYS-04/A (Fisica teorica della materia, modelli, metodi matematici e applicazioni) già FIS/03 | Fisica «E.R. Caianiello» | 1 | PNRR/02 |
| 02/PHYS-04 (Fisica teorica della materia, modelli, metodi matematici e applicazioni) già S.C. 02/B2 | PHYS-04/A (Fisica teorica della materia, modelli, metodi matematici e applicazioni) già FIS/03 | Fisica «E.R. Caianiello» | 1 | PNRR/03 |
Le domande di partecipazione alle procedure di selezione devono essere prodotte, a pena di esclusione, entro il termine perentorio di quindici giorni che decorre dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4\(^{a}\) Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato all’albo ufficiale di Ateneo e via web, all’indirizzo https://web.unisa.it/home/bandi/concorsi-selezioni/docenti/ricercatori unitamente al link per la compilazione della domanda.
Il responsabile amministrativo nominato ai sensi degli articoli 4, 5 e 6 della legge 7 agosto 1990, n. 241 e dell’art. 2, comma 11, del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 23 marzo 2000, n. 117, è la dott.ssa Tiziana Bisogno.
Ogni informazione circa la suddetta procedura può essere richiesta all’Ufficio reclutamento personale docente tramite e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org
24E07953
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track e pieno, GSD 08/CEAR-07 - Tecnica delle costruzioni, per il Dipartimento di ingegneria civile.
Ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lett. a) della legge n. 240/2010 - nel testo previgente alla legge n. 79/2022, per l’attuazione del progetto di ricerca denominato ISTINTO - «dIspiatori ad attrito e Taglio laser per INfrastrutture a basso danneggiamenTO» rientrante nel programma di investimento Misura M1C2 «Investimenti 5.2 Competitività e resilienza delle filiere produttive» nell’ambito del Piano nazionale di ripresa e resilienza (PNRR) - CUP C451D23000330004 e del Regolamento relativo al reclutamento dei ricercatori a tempo determinato e dei tenure track emanato con d.r. n. 838 del 25 marzo 2024, si comunica che presso l’Università degli studi di Salerno è stata indetta una procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato, con regime di impiego a tempo pieno, presso il Dipartimento e per il gruppo scientifico disciplinare e il settore scientifico-disciplinare di seguito indicati:
| Gruppo scientifico disciplinare | Profilo SSD | Dipartimento | n. posti | Codice concorso |
|---------------------------------|-------------|--------------|----------|----------------|
| 08/CEAR-07 (Tecnica delle costruzioni) già S.C. 08/B3 | CEAR-07/A (Tecnica delle costruzioni) già ICAR/09 | Ingegneria civile | 1 | PNRR/01 |
Le domande di partecipazione alla procedura di selezione devono essere prodotte, a pena di esclusione, entro il termine perentorio di quindici giorni che decorre dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato all’albo ufficiale di Ateneo e via web, all’indirizzo https://web.unisa.it/home/bandi/concorsi-selezioni/docenti/ricercatori unitamente al link per la compilazione della domanda.
Il responsabile amministrativo nominato ai sensi degli articoli 4, 5 e 6 della legge 7 agosto 1990, n. 241 e dell’art. 2, comma 11, del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 23 marzo 2000 n. 117, è la dott.ssa Tiziana Bisogno.
Ogni informazione circa la suddetta procedura può essere richiesta all’Ufficio reclutamento personale docente tramite e-mail email@example.com
24E07954
UNIVERSITÀ TOR VERGATA DI ROMA
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato e pieno, GSD 09/HINF-01 - Elettronica, per il Dipartimento di ingegneria elettronica.
Con decreto rettorale n. 3480 del 30 ottobre 2024 è indetta procedura pubblica selettiva per il reclutamento di un ricercatore con contratto di lavoro subordinato a tempo determinato ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3, lettera a) della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 (nel testo vigente prima dell’entrata in vigore della legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79 di «Conversione in legge, con modificazioni, del decreto-legge 30 aprile 2022, n. 36»), in regime di impiego a tempo pieno, presso il Dipartimento di ingegneria elettronica dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, per il gruppo scientifico disciplinare 09/HINF-01 - Elettronica e settore scientifico-disciplinare HINF-01/A - Elettronica. (Riferimento 2387).
Il bando, nella versione integrale, è pubblicato sul sito istituzionale dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, alla pagina dedicata alla procedura, raggiungibile mediante il link: https://web.uniroma2.it/il/percorso/ufficio_concorsi/sezione/bandi_ricercatori_lett_a_
Il bando è pubblicizzato, inoltre, per estratto sui seguenti siti:
http://bandi.miur.it/ e http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess
La domanda di ammissione alla procedura, redatta secondo il modello allegato al bando citato e debitamente firmata, nonché le pubblicazioni, l’elenco delle pubblicazioni, i titoli e i documenti ritenuti utili ai fini della procedura dovranno essere prodotti nel rispetto delle indicazioni e delle modalità di cui agli articoli 3 e 4 del predetto bando entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13.00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07938
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track e pieno, per il Dipartimento di economia e finanza.
Con decreto rettorale n. 3470 del 30 ottobre 2024 è indetta procedura pubblica selettiva per il reclutamento di un ricercatore con contratto a tempo determinato ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni (ricercatore in tenure track), in regime di impiego a tempo pieno, presso il Dipartimento di economia e finanza dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, per il settore scientifico-disciplinare ECON-03/A - Scienza delle finanze (Riferimento 2385).
Il bando, nella versione integrale, è pubblicato sul sito istituzionale dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, alla pagina dedicata alla procedura, raggiungibile mediante il link:
https://web.uniroma2.it/il/percorso/ufficio_concorsi/sezione/bandi-ricercatori-in-tenure-track-rtt
Il bando è pubblicizzato, inoltre, per estratto sui seguenti siti:
http://bandi.miur.it/ e http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess
La domanda di ammissione alla procedura, redatta secondo il modello allegato al bando citato e debitamente firmata, nonché le pubblicazioni, l’elenco delle pubblicazioni, i titoli e i documenti ritenuti utili ai fini della procedura dovranno essere prodotti nel rispetto delle indicazioni e delle modalità di cui agli articoli 3 e 4 del predetto bando entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13.00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track e pieno, per il Dipartimento di medicina dei sistemi.
Con decreto rettorale n. 3559 del 6 novembre 2024 è indetta procedura pubblica selettiva per il reclutamento di un ricercatore con contratto a tempo determinato ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni (ricercatore in tenure track), in regime di impegno a tempo pieno, presso il Dipartimento di medicina dei sistemi dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, per il settore scientifico-disciplinare MEDS-09/A - Oncologia medica (Riferimento 2377).
Il bando, nella versione integrale, è pubblicato sul sito istituzionale dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, alla pagina dedicata alla procedura, raggiungibile mediante il link:
https://web.uniroma2.it/it/percorso/ufficio_concorsi/sezione/bandi-ricercatori-in-tenure-track-rtt
Il bando è pubblicizzato, inoltre, per estratto sui seguenti siti:
http://bandi.miur.it e http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess
La domanda di ammissione alla procedura, redatta secondo il modello allegato al bando citato e debitamente firmata, nonché le pubblicazioni, l’elenco delle pubblicazioni, i titoli e i documenti ritenuti utili ai fini della procedura dovranno essere prodotti nel rispetto delle indicazioni e delle modalità di cui agli articoli 3 e 4 del predetto bando entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07981
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track e pieno, per il Dipartimento di biomedicina e prevenzione.
Con decreto rettorale n. 3542 del 5 novembre 2024 è indetta procedura pubblica selettiva, riservata ai sensi dell’art. 14, comma 6-septiesdecies del decreto-legge 30 aprile 2022, n. 36, convertito con modificazioni dalla legge 29 giugno 2022, n. 79 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni, finalizzata al reclutamento di un ricercatore con contratto a tempo determinato ai sensi dell’art. 24, comma 3 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni (ricercatore in tenure track), in regime di impegno a tempo pieno, presso il Dipartimento di biomedicina e prevenzione dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, per il settore scientifico-disciplinare BIOS-12/A - Anatomia umana (Riferimento 2390).
Il bando, nella versione integrale, è pubblicato sul sito istituzionale dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, alla pagina dedicata alla procedura, raggiungibile mediante il link:
https://web.uniroma2.it/it/percorso/ufficio_concorsi/sezione/bandi-ricercatori-in-tenure-track-rtt
Il bando è pubblicizzato, inoltre, per estratto sui seguenti siti:
http://bandi.miur.it e http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess
La domanda di ammissione alla procedura, redatta secondo il modello allegato al bando citato e debitamente firmata, nonché le pubblicazioni, l’elenco delle pubblicazioni, i titoli e i documenti ritenuti utili ai fini della procedura dovranno essere prodotti nel rispetto delle indicazioni e delle modalità di cui agli articoli 3 e 4 del predetto bando entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07982
Procedura comparativa per la chiamata di un professore di prima fascia, GSD 09/IIND-08 - Ingegneria dell’energia elettrica, per il Dipartimento di ingegneria industriale.
Con decreto rettorale n. 3534 del 5 novembre 2024 è indetta procedura comparativa ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 1 della legge 30 dicembre 2010, n. 240 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni per la chiamata di un professore universitario di ruolo di prima fascia presso il Dipartimento di ingegneria industriale dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, per il gruppo scientifico-disciplinare 09/IIND-08 - Ingegneria dell’energia elettrica e settore scientifico disciplinare IIND-08/A - Convertitori, macchine e azionamenti elettrici (Riferimento 2393).
Il bando, nella versione integrale, è pubblicato sul sito istituzionale dell’Università degli studi di Roma Tor Vergata, alla pagina dedicata alla procedura, raggiungibile mediante il link:
https://web.uniroma2.it/it/percorso/ufficio_concorsi/sezione/procedure_art__18__comma_1
Il bando è pubblicizzato, inoltre, per estratto sui seguenti siti:
http://bandi.miur.it e http://ec.europa.eu/euraxess
La domanda di ammissione alla procedura, redatta secondo il modello allegato al bando citato e debitamente firmata, nonché le pubblicazioni, l’elenco delle pubblicazioni, i titoli e i documenti ritenuti utili ai fini della procedura dovranno essere prodotti nel rispetto delle indicazioni e delle modalità di cui agli articoli 3 e 4 del predetto bando entro il termine perentorio delle ore 13,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
UNIVERSITÀ DI TRENTO
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di collaboratore esperto linguistico per la lingua francese, a tempo indeterminato, per il Centro linguistico di Ateneo.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione di un posto di collaboratore esperto linguistico (CEL) per la lingua francese con contratto di lavoro subordinato a tempo indeterminato presso il Centro linguistico di Ateneo dell’Università degli studi di Trento.
Il testo integrale del bando, con allegato il modello della domanda, è pubblicato in data 19 novembre 2024 sul sito web dell’Università di Trento (www.unitn.it) alle voci: «Lavora con noi», «Bandi e selezione personale», «Bandi Personale Tecnico Amministrativo e Collaboratore Esperto Linguistico», «Concorsi», «Nuovi» e all’albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo.
Le domande di ammissione dovranno essere presentate avvalendosi esclusivamente della modalità di compilazione e presentazione online a tal fine predisposta.
Le domande dovranno essere inviate entro il giorno di scadenza dei termini del bando, il 19 dicembre 2024 alle ore 12,00.
Il bando di concorso riporta anche il diario delle prove o l’indicazione della pubblicazione delle stesse. Tale indicazione ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti. L’assenza del candidato alle prove sarà considerata come rinuncia al concorso quale ne sia la causa.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi e selezioni, via Verdi n. 6 - 38122 Trento (tel. 0461 28 35 50 - 0461 28 28 08 – 0461 28 31 09; e-mail firstname.lastname@example.org).
Ai sensi di quanto disposto dall’art. 5 della legge 7 agosto 1990, n. 241, il responsabile del procedimento concorsuale di cui al presente bando è il dott. Leonardo Facchini, Direzione risorse umane e organizzazione, Università degli studi di Trento, via Verdi, 6 – 38122 Trento, telefono: 0461 28 35 50; fax: 0461 28 70 09; e-mail: email@example.com
24E07996
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di collaboratore esperto linguistico per la lingua spagnola, a tempo indeterminato, per il Centro linguistico di Ateneo.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione di un posto di collaboratore esperto linguistico (CEL) per la lingua spagnola con contratto di lavoro subordinato a tempo indeterminato presso il Centro linguistico di Ateneo dell’Università degli studi di Trento.
Il testo integrale del bando, con allegato il modello della domanda, è pubblicato in data 19 novembre 2024 sul sito web dell’Università di Trento (www.unitn.it) alle voci: «Lavora con noi», «Bandi e selezione personale», «Bandi Personale Tecnico Amministrativo e Collaboratore Esperto Linguistico», «Concorsi», «Nuovi» e all’Albo ufficiale dell’Ateneo.
Le domande di ammissione dovranno essere presentate avvalendosi esclusivamente della modalità di compilazione e presentazione online a tal fine predisposta.
Le domande dovranno essere inviate entro il giorno di scadenza dei termini del bando, il 19 dicembre 2024 alle ore 12,00.
Il bando di concorso riporta anche il diario delle prove o l’indicazione della pubblicazione delle stesse. Tale indicazione ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti. L’assenza del candidato alle prove sarà considerata come rinuncia al concorso quale ne sia la causa.
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi e selezioni, via Verdi n. 6 - 38122 Trento (tel. 0461 28 35 50 - 0461 28 28 08 – 0461 28 31 09; e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org).
Ai sensi di quanto disposto dall’art. 5 della legge 7 agosto 1990, n. 241, il responsabile del procedimento concorsuale di cui al presente bando è il dott. Leonardo Facchini, Direzione risorse umane e organizzazione, Università degli studi di Trento, via Verdi n. 6 - 38122 Trento, telefono: 0461 28 35 50; fax: 0461 28 70 09; e-mail: email@example.com.
24E07997
UNIVERSITÀ DI VERONA
Procedura di selezione per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore a tempo determinato in tenure track, GSD 13/ECON-08, per il Dipartimento di management.
Si comunica che l’Università di Verona ha indetto la seguente procedura selettiva per la copertura di un posto di ricercatore/rice a tempo determinato in tenure track (RTT) ai sensi dell’art. 24 della legge n. 240/2010, modificata dalla legge n. 79/2022:
| Codice bando | Unità | GSD Gruppo scientifico-disciplinare Settore concorsuale | Settore scientifico-disciplinare | Riserve |
|--------------|-------|--------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------|---------|
| | | Dipartimento di management | | |
| 2024rtt046 | 1 | 13/ECON-08 (13/B3) Organizzazione aziendale | ECON-08/A (ex SECSP/10) Organizzazione aziendale | |
Le domande di ammissione alla procedura selettiva dovranno essere presentate esclusivamente con procedura telematica, secondo la modalità prevista nel bando, entro il termine perentorio delle ore 20,00 del trentesimo giorno che decorre dal giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando della procedura sopra indicata è pubblicato all’Albo ufficiale dell’Università di Verona, sul sito web di Ateneo all’indirizzo: https://www.univr.it/concorsi sul sito web del M.U.R. e sul sito web dell’Unione europea.
24E07914
ENTI LOCALI
COMUNE DI MONFALCONE
Concorso pubblico, per esami, per la copertura di due posti di agente di polizia locale, categoria PLA, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato.
Il comune di Monfalcone indice un concorso pubblico per esami per l’assunzione di due agenti di polizia locale a tempo pieno ed indeterminato (categoria PLA).
Scadenza presentazione domande: 19 dicembre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando è disponibile sul sito internet del comune di Monfalcone all’indirizzo: www.comune.monfalcone.go.it/ alla sezione amministrazione trasparente -> bandi di concorso -> concorsi e selezioni
24E07964
COMUNE DI SAN VITO AL TAGLIAMENTO
Concorso pubblico, per soli esami, per la copertura di un posto di operario muratore, categoria B, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato.
È indetto un concorso pubblico, per soli esami, per la copertura di un posto a tempo pieno ed indeterminato di operario muratore categoria B posizione economica B1 presso il Comune di San Vito al Tagliamento (PN).
La domanda di partecipazione deve pervenire esclusivamente con le modalità indicate nel bando di concorso entro e non oltre le ore 13,00 del 18 dicembre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso, con indicazione dei requisiti e modalità di partecipazione, è disponibile sul sito internet del Comune di San Vito al Tagliamento all’indirizzo:
https://www.comune.san-vito-al-tagliamento.pn.it/it/servizi-online-21467/concorsi-5042 sezione concorsi.
24E07915
AZIENDE SANITARIE LOCALI ED ALTRE ISTITUZIONI SANITARIE
AGENZIA DI TUTELA DELLA SALUTE DELLA CITTA' METROPOLITANA DI MILANO
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di ventitré posti di tecnico della prevenzione nell’ambiente e nei luoghi di lavoro, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato.
È indetto «concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di ventitre posti, con rapporto di lavoro a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, nel profilo professionale del ruolo sanitario - tecnico della prevenzione nell’ambiente e nei luoghi di lavoro - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, da assegnare ai servizi dell’ATS della città metropolitana di Milano.»
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, da trasmettere esclusivamente tramite procedura on-line, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 46 - Serie Avvisi e concorsi - del 13 novembre 2024, nonché sul sito web aziendale dell’ATS della Città metropolitana di Milano, sezione Concorsi e Avvisi: www.ats-milano.it
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’ATS della Città metropolitana di Milano, S.C. Gestione risorse umane - S.S. Trattamento giuridico, c.so Italia n. 52 - Milano - tel. 02/8578-2151-2318 -2818-2310-2332.
24E07918
AGENZIA DI TUTELA DELLA SALUTE DELL'INSUBRIA DI VARESE
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di sedici posti di dirigente veterinario, disciplina di igiene della produzione, trasformazione, commercializzazione, conservazione e trasporto degli alimenti di origine animale e loro derivati, area B, a tempo indeterminato, indetto in forma aggregata tra le Agenzie di tutela della salute di Regione Lombardia.
E’ indetto presso l’ATS dell’Insubria (Agenzia capofila) della Regione Lombardia il seguente concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, indetto in forma aggregata tra le Agenzie di tutela della salute (ATS) di Regione Lombardia per l’assunzione a tempo indeterminato di sedici dirigenti veterinari nella disciplina di igiene della produzione, trasformazione, commercializzazione, conservazione e trasporto degli alimenti di origine animale e loro derivati (Area «B»).
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione è stato pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 44 - Serie avvisi e concorsi - del 30 ottobre 2024.
Il presente bando sarà altresì pubblicato sul portale unico del reclutamento «InPa» www.inpa.gov.it e sul sito internet dell’Agenzia, sezione «Bandi di Concorso».
Per ulteriori informazioni gli interessati potranno rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi di ATS dell’Insubria come segue:
sede territoriale di Como - via E. Pessina n. 6 - Como (031/370378-335);
sede territoriale di Varese - via O. Rossi n. 9 - Varese (tel. 0332/277331).
In entrambi i casi dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 8,30 alle ore 12,30 e dalle ore 14,00 alle ore 16,00.
24E08000
AGENZIA DI TUTELA DELLA SALUTE
VAL PADANA DI MANTOVA
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, area medica e delle specialità mediche e area di sanità pubblica, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato.
È indetto con deliberazione n. 452 dell’11 ottobre 2024, concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo pieno e a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico, area medica e delle specialità mediche e area di sanità pubblica.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, corredate dai documenti prescritti, scade alle ore 12:00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Il testo del relativo bando con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso pubblico è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 44 del 30 ottobre 2024.
Per ogni informazione gli interessati possono rivolgersi alla S.C. Gestione e sviluppo delle risorse umane dell’ATS Val Padana - sede territoriale di Mantova, via dei Toscani n. 1, Mantova (tel. 0376/334.715/712) - orario dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 9:00 alle ore 11:00 e/o visitare il sito internet www.ats-valpadana.it sezione Amministrazione trasparente > Bandi di concorso.
24E07959
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERA ORDINE MAURIZIANO DI TORINO
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di tecnico sanitario radiologia medica.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di tecnico sanitario radiologia medica presso l’Azienda ospedaliera Ordine Mauriziano di Torino. Requisiti richiesti:
- laurea triennale in tecniche di radiologia medica per immagini e radioterapia, abilitante alla professione sanitaria di tecnico sanitario di radiologia medica (SNT3) del DM 270/04 e SNT/03 del DM 509/90), ovvero diploma universitario di tecnico sanitario di radiologia medica, acquisito ai sensi dell’art. 6, comma 1, del decreto legislativo 30 dicembre 1992, n. 502, e successive modificazioni e integrazioni, ovvero diplomi e attestati conseguiti in base al precedente ordinamento, riconosciuti equipollenti/equiparati, ai sensi delle vigenti disposizioni, al diploma universitario di tecnico sanitario di radiologia medica ai fini dell’esercizio dell’attività professionale e dell’accesso ai pubblici uffici;
- iscrizione all’albo dei tecnici sanitari radiologia medica.
Modalità di presentazione della domanda mediante procedura online entro le ore 23.59.59 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami», mediante accesso al sito https://mauriziano.iscrizioneconcorsi.it accedendo alla pagina di registrazione.
Per partecipare alla presente selezione, il candidato dovrà necessariamente, pena esclusione, provvedere al versamento di euro 10,00 quale contributo spese per i costi organizzativi.
Il diario delle prove e la sede di svolgimento delle stesse (nonché qualsiasi altra modalità relativa alle modalità di svolgimento delle prove concorsuali) saranno pubblicate, senza invio di comunicazione al domicilio, sul sito internet dell’A.O. Ordine Mauriziano (http://www.mauriziano.it) nella sezione Amministrazione Trasparente/Bandi di Concorso/Concorsi, alla voce «Concorso pubblico a n. 2 posti Dirigente delle Professioni Sanitarie Infermieristiche, Tecniche della Riabilitazione, della Prevenzione e della Professione di Ostetrica».
Sia l’indirizzo PEC, che l’indirizzo e-mail (per i candidati non in possesso della PEC) devono essere obbligatoriamente riconducibili, univocamente, al candidato.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi dell’A.O. Ordine Mauriziano, via Magellano n. 1 - 10128 Torino (tel. 011/50.82.616-2213), tutti i giorni dal lunedì al venerdì dalle 9,30 alle 12,00 oppure sul sito internet www.mauriziano.it alla voce concorsi, nel quale viene pubblicato integralmente il presente avviso.
24E07987
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERO-UNIVERSITARIA
CITTÀ DELLA SALUTE E DELLA SCIENZA
DI TORINO
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di otto posti di tecnico sanitario di laboratorio biomedico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, con talune riserve.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione a tempo indeterminato di otto tecnici sanitari di laboratorio biomedico - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari presso l’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Città della salute e della scienza di Torino di cui:
tre posti sono riservati a favore dei militari volontari delle tre forze armate congedati senza demerito, ai sensi dell’art. 1014, comma 3 e dell’art. 678, comma 9, del decreto legislativo 15 marzo 2010, n. 66 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni;
un posto è riservato a favore degli operatori volontari che hanno concluso il servizio civile universale senza demerito ai sensi dell’art. 18, comma 4 del decreto legislativo 6 marzo 2017, n. 40, così come modificato dall’art. 9-bis del decreto-legge 22 aprile 2023, n. 44, come convertito dalla legge 21 giugno 2023, n. 74.
Nel caso non vi fossero candidati idonei appartenenti alle anzidette categorie, i suddetti posti saranno assegnati ad altri candidati utilmente collocati in graduatoria.
Il termine utile per l’invio delle domande, esclusivamente on-line, secondo le modalità indicate nel bando, è fissato improrogabilmente entro le ore 23,59,59 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Qualora detto giorno sia festivo, il termine è prorogato al primo giorno successivo non festivo.
Le istruzioni e le modalità per lo svolgimento delle prove saranno comunicate esclusivamente mediante pubblicazione sul sito internet aziendale www.cittadellasalute.to.it alla voce «Bandi di gara e avvisi» sezione «Concorsi e Mobilità» - «Dati delle prove d’esame (convocazioni)».
Il diario delle prove d’esame: scritta, pratica ed orale, sarà pubblicato sul sito internet dell’A.O.U. Città della salute e della scienza di Torino www.cittadellasalute.to.it alla voce «Bandi di gara e avvisi», sezione «Concorsi e Mobilità» - «Diari delle prove d’esame (convocazioni) non meno di venti giorni prima dell’inizio delle prove medesime. L’avviso ha valore di notifica nei confronti di tutti i candidati ammessi e la mancata presentazione nel giorno e nell’ora stabiliti sarà considerata come rinuncia alla partecipazione alla procedura, quale sia la causa dell’assenza, anche se non dipendente dalla volontà dei singoli concorrenti.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso sarà pubblicato nel B.U.R.P. n. 45 del 7 novembre 2024 e sarà altresì disponibile sul sito aziendale www.cittadellasalute.to.it alla voce «Bandi di gara e avviso» sezione «Concorsi e Mobilità» - «Bandi in corso», entro cinque giorni lavorativi dalla data di pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Per chiarimenti rivolgersi alla Struttura complessa pianificazione, sviluppo e attuazione delle politiche del personale - Presidio ospedaliero Molinette, settore «Gestione assunzioni concorsi», dell’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria città della salute e della scienza di Torino, corso Bramante n. 88/90 - 10126 Torino (tel. 011/6335231 - 6336416).
24E07987
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERO-UNIVERSITARIA
CONSORZIALE POLICLINICO DI BARI
Revoca del conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa “Neurologia dell’Ospedale pediatrico «Giovanni XXIII», disciplina di neurologia.
Si rende noto che con deliberazione n. 1279 del 29 ottobre 2024 questa Azienda ospedaliero - universitaria consorziale Policlinico di Bari ha revocato la delibera n. 1944 del 12 dicembre 2018 con cui è stato indetto avviso pubblico per il conferimento di un incarico quinquennale di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa di Neurologia dell’Ospedale pediatrico «Giovanni XXIII» disciplina di neurologia e ogni atto conseguenziale. Il bando della predetta selezione pubblica, ora revocato, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Puglia n. 1 del 3 gennaio 2019 e per estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - n. 14 del 19 febbraio 2019.
Il presente avviso vale come notifica ai candidati che hanno prodotto domanda di partecipazione alla suddetta selezione pubblica.
24E07930
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERO-UNIVERSITARIA
DI FERRARA
Concorso pubblico per la copertura di un posto di dirigente ingegnere elettronico, per la U.O.C. I.C.T. - Area dell’innovazione e sviluppo - Dipartimento in staff della direzione generale.
È indetto concorso pubblico per la copertura di un posto di dirigente ingegnere elettronico da assegnare alla U.O.C. I.C.T. - area dell’innovazione e sviluppo - Dipartimento in staff della direzione generale - dell’Azienda ospedaliero universitaria di Ferrara.
Ruolo: professionale.
Profilo professionale: dirigente ingegnere.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere presentate esclusivamente in forma telematica corredate dei documenti prescritti scade alle ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno non festivo successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando di avviso relativo al posto di cui sopra è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia Romagna n. 335 del 30 ottobre 2024.
Per le informazioni necessarie sul bando, gli interessati potranno rivolgersi alla U.O.C. Gestione giuridica risorse umane - Dipartimento delle risorse umane ed economiche dell’Azienda ospedaliero universitaria di Ferrara co: c.so della Gioveca n. 203 - 44121 - Ferrara tel. 0532-236965/238087/238608.
Il bando può altresì essere consultato su internet all’indirizzo https://www.ospfe.it/amministrazione/bandi-di-concorsi
24E07920
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERO-UNIVERSITARIA DI PARMA
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di dirigente farmacista, disciplina di farmacia ospedaliera o territoriale, di cui un posto per l’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma e un posto per l’Azienda unità sanitaria locale di Parma.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, congiunto fra l’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria e l’Azienda USL di Parma, per la copertura di due posti di dirigente farmacista disciplina farmacia ospedaliera o territoriale, così suddivisi:
- un posto per le esigenze dell’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma;
- un posto per le esigenze dell’Azienda Usl di Parma.
L’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma è stata individuata come «azienda capofila» deputata alla gestione della procedura in argomento.
Il testo del bando di concorso sopra indicato è pubblicato integralmente nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna del 13 novembre 2024.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande scade alle ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Le domande di partecipazione dovranno essere presentate esclusivamente in forma telematica connettendosi al sito internet dell’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma www.ao.pr.it accedendo alla sezione «Lavoro/formatione/Lavoro/Selezionieconcorsi», selezionando il concorso desiderato e compilando lo specifico modulo on-line.
Per ulteriori informazioni sarà possibile rivolgersi alternativamente:
- all’ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma (tel. 0521/702469 - 702566) - via Gramsci n. 14 - 43126 Parma o consultare il sito internet: www.ao.pr.it
- all’ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda USL di Parma (tel. 0521/971215-708992) - via Gramsci n. 14 - 43126 Parma o consultare il sito internet: www.ausl.pr.it
24E07992
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico, disciplina di medicina legale, per l’UOC di medicina legale.
L’Azienda Unità sanitaria locale di Pescara con deliberazione numero 1295 del 7 agosto 2024 ha indetto il pubblico avviso per l’attribuzione dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico della disciplina di medicina legale per le esigenze dell’Unità operativa complessa di medicina legale della ASL di Pescara.
Per la procedura in parola, il termine per la presentazione delle domande, redatte su carta semplice e corredate dei documenti prescritti, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Se detto termine scade in giorno festivo esso è prorogato al primo giorno successivo non festivo.
Il testo integrale dell’avviso con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Abruzzo speciale concorsi n. 168 del 20 settembre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato e consultabile nel sito dell’Azienda USL di Pescara: www.ausl.pe.it nella sezione Concorsi nonché su InPa.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’UOC dinamiche del personale dell’Azienda USL di Pescara, via Renato Paolini, n. 47, 65124 Pescara, telefono 0854253049.
24E08007
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico, disciplina di psichiatria, per l’UOC di psichiatria del P.O. di Pescara.
L’Azienda unità sanitaria locale di Pescara con deliberazione numero 1296 del 7 agosto 2024 ha indetto il pubblico avviso per l’attribuzione dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore medico della disciplina di psichiatria per le esigenze dell’Unità operativa complessa di psichiatria del P.O. di Pescara.
Per la procedura in parola, il termine per la presentazione delle domande, redatte su carta semplice e corredate dei documenti prescritti, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Se detto termine scade in giorno festivo esso è prorogato al primo giorno successivo non festivo.
Il testo integrale dell’avviso con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Abruzzo speciale concorsi n. 168 del 20 settembre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato e consultabile nel sito dell’Azienda USL di Pescara: www.usl.pe.it nella sezione Concorsi nonché su InPa.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’UOC dinamiche del personale dell’Azienda USL di Pescara, via Renato Paolini, n. 47, 65124 Pescara, telefono 0854253049.
24E08008
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA LIGURE 2 DI SAVONA
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato e con rapporto esclusivo, disciplina di anestesia e rianimazione.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di anestesia e rianimazione, a tempo indeterminato e a rapporto di lavoro esclusivo indetto con deliberazione n. 710 del 10 ottobre 2024.
Il termine per la presentazione della domanda, che dovrà essere prodotta esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Liguria n. 44 del 30 ottobre 2024 e sul sito internet dell’azienda all’indirizzo www.asl2.liguria.it
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio selezione dell’ASL2 in Savona (tel. 019/840.4653- 4612 e 4915) dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00 di tutti i giorni feriali - sabato escluso.
24E07967
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di specialista nei rapporti con i media – giornalista pubblico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno.
È indetto concorso pubblico per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione di un posto a tempo indeterminato e a tempo pieno di specialista nei rapporti con i media - giornalista pubblico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - C.C.N.L. Comparto sanità indetto con deliberazione n. 708 del 10 ottobre 2024.
Il termine per la presentazione della domanda, che dovrà essere prodotta esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Liguria n. 44 del 30 ottobre 2024 e sul sito internet dell’azienda all’indirizzo www.asl2.liguria.it
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio selezione dell’ASL2 in Savona (tel. 019/840.4653- 4612 e 4915) dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00 di tutti i giorni feriali - sabato escluso.
24E07968
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di collaboratore tecnico professionale - ingegnere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, di cui un posto riservato ai volontari delle Forze armate.
È indetto concorso pubblico per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione di un posto a tempo indeterminato e a tempo pieno di collaboratore tecnico professionale - Ingegner, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - C.C.N.L. Comparto sanità di cui uno riservato ai volontari delle FF.AA., congedati senza demerito delle ferme contratte, ai sensi dell’art. 1014, comma 3, del decreto legislativo n. 66/2010, indetto con deliberazione n. 706 del 10 ottobre 2024.
Il termine per la presentazione della domanda, che dovrà essere prodotta esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Liguria n. 44 del 30 ottobre 2024 e sul sito internet dell’Azienda all’indirizzo: www.asl2.liguria.it
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio selezione dell’Asl2 in Savona (tel. 019/840.4653- 4612 e 4915) dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00 di tutti i giorni feriali - sabato escluso.
24E07969
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE BERGAMO EST DI SERIATE
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di venti posti di infermiere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato.
In esecuzione di apposita deliberazione è indetto il concorso pubblico - per titoli ed esami - per la copertura di venti posti di infermiere - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari;
Le domande di partecipazione al pubblico concorso dovranno essere prodotte, pena esclusione, esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, prevista nel sito https://asst-bergamoest.iscrizioneconcorsi.it e dovranno essere presentate entro e non oltre il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del concorso è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia (B.U.R.L.) n. 46 - Serie avvisi e concorsi - del 13 novembre 2024 ed è consultabile sul sito web dell’Azienda all’indirizzo www.asst-bergamoest.it e nel sito https://asst-bergamoest.iscrizioneconcorsi.it
24E07990
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DELLA BRIANZA DI VIMERCATE
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore della S.C. Oncologia medica Desio, disciplina di oncologia, area medica e delle specialità mediche.
In esecuzione della deliberazione n. 941 dell’8 ottobre 2024 è indetto avviso pubblico per il conferimento di incarico quinquennale, di cui all’art. 15-ter del decreto legislativo 30 dicembre 1992, n. 502/92, e successive modificazioni, per la copertura di un posto di direttore della S.C. Oncologia medica Desio - Disciplina oncologia - area medica e delle specialità mediche.
Il presente avviso è emanato in conformità al decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 484/97 con l’osservanza delle norme previste
dal decreto legislativo 502/92 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni, dalla deliberazione di giunta regionale n. X/553 del 2 agosto 2013 «Approvazione delle linee di indirizzo regionale recanti i criteri e le procedure per il conferimento degli incarichi di direzione di struttura complessa a dirigenti sanitari (area medica, veterinaria e del ruolo sanitario) in ottemperanza all’art. 15, comma 7-bis decreto legislativo n. 502/92.». Il termine per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione scade alle ore 23,59 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia serie Avvisi e Concorsi n. 43 del 23 ottobre 2024.
L’incarico ha durata quinquennale, dà titolo a specifico trattamento economico ed è rinnovabile. I requisiti di ammissione sono quelli previsti dal decreto del Presidente della Repubblica n. 484 del 10 dicembre 1997. I candidati dovranno allegare alla domanda di partecipazione la ricevuta comprovante l’avvenuto versamento di euro 30,00= non rimborsabili da effettuarsi a mezzo bonifico bancario intestato a ASST Brianza – IBAN: IT08 P 05696 34070 000011000X62 - o pagoPA seguendo il percorso dedicato all’interno del sito aziendale (pagoPA - unica piattaforma online dedicata - altre tipologie di pagamento - tasse concorsi) indicando come causale «Contributo spese partecipazione concorso pubblico». Per qualsiasi informazione rivolgersi all’Ufficio Concorsi (tel. 0362/984703 - 4) oppure visitare il sito internet http://www.asst-brianza.it/ su cui è pubblicato il bando integrale.
24E07934
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**AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DI CREMONA**
**Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, disciplina di medicina interna, area medica e delle specialità mediche, per la SC Medicina generale POOP.**
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: medicina interna per la SC medicina generale POOP (ruolo sanitario - profilo professionale: medici - area medica e delle specialità mediche - disciplina: medicina interna).
Il bando integrale relativo al concorso pubblico è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 46 del 13 novembre 2024 e sarà disponibile, dopo la pubblicazione nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami», sul sito: https://www.asst-cremona.it
Per eventuali chiarimenti o informazioni gli aspiranti potranno rivolgersi all’unità operativa risorse umane dell’Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Cremona presso l’Ospedale di Cremona - Viale Concordia, 1 - 26100 Cremona 0372405469-0372405430 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00;
oppure
presso l’Ospedale Oglio Po - Via Staffolo, 51- 26040 Vicomoscano di Casalmaggiore (CR) - telefono: 0375281495 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Scadenza del termine: trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07935
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**Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, disciplina di neurologia, area medica e delle specialità mediche.**
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico - Disciplina: neurologia (ruolo sanitario - profilo professionale: medici - area medica e delle specialità mediche - disciplina: neurologia).
Il bando integrale relativo al concorso pubblico è pubblicato sul Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 46 del 13 novembre 2024 e sarà disponibile, dopo la pubblicazione sulla *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami», sul sito: https://www.asst-cremona.it
Per eventuali chiarimenti o informazioni gli aspiranti potranno rivolgersi all’unità operativa risorse umane dell’Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Cremona presso l’Ospedale di Cremona - Viale Concordia, 1 - 26100 Cremona 0372405469-0372405430 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00;
oppure
presso l’Ospedale Oglio Po - Via Staffolo, 51- 26040 Vicomoscano di Casalmaggiore (CR) - telefono: 0375281495 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Scadenza del termine: trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07936
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**Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, disciplina di ortopedia e traumatologia, area chirurgica e delle specialità chirurgiche.**
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione a tempo indeterminato di un dirigente medico - disciplina: ortopedia e traumatologia (ruolo sanitario - profilo professionale: medici - area chirurgica e delle specialità chirurgiche - disciplina: ortopedia e traumatologia).
Il bando integrale relativo al concorso pubblico è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 45 del 6 novembre 2024 e sarà disponibile, dopo la pubblicazione nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami», sul sito: https://www.asst-cremona.it
Per eventuali chiarimenti o informazioni gli aspiranti potranno rivolgersi:
all’unità operativa risorse umane dell’Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Cremona presso l’Ospedale di Cremona - viale Concordia n. 1 - 26100 Cremona 0372405469-0372405430 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00;
oppure
presso l’Ospedale Oglio Po - via Staffolo n. 51 - 26040 Vicomoscano di Casalmaggiore (CR) - telefono: 0375281495 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Scadenza del termine: trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07998
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di assistente sanitario, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato.
È indetto pubblico concorso, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione a tempo indeterminato di due posti dell’area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, ruolo sanitario - profilo professionale: professioni sanitarie della prevenzione: assistente sanitario.
Il bando integrale relativo al concorso pubblico viene pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 45 del 6 novembre 2024 e sarà disponibile sul sito: https://www.asst-cremona.it
Per eventuali chiarimenti o informazioni gli aspiranti potranno rivolgersi alla S.C. gestione e sviluppo delle risorse umane dell’Azienda socio sanitaria territoriale di Cremona, viale Concordia, 1 – 26100 Cremona tel. 0372405430/0372405469 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Oppure presso l’Ospedale Olgio Po, via Staffolo, 51 – 26040 Vico-moscano di Casalmaggiore (CR) – telefono: 0375281495 - orario per il pubblico: dal lunedì al giovedì dalle ore 13,30 alle ore 15,30; il venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Scadenza del termine: trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
24E07999
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DEL GARDA DI DESENZANO DEL GARDA
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore della struttura complessa Otorinolaringoiatria Manerbio
È indetto avviso pubblico per il conferimento di incarico quinquennale di direttore della struttura complessa Otorinolaringoiatria Manerbio.
La procedura di selezione è disciplinata dagli articoli 15 e seguenti del decreto legislativo n. 502/1992 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni, tenuto conto delle modifiche disposte dall’art. 20 della legge 5 agosto 2022, n. 118, dal decreto del Presidente della Repubblica n. 484/1997 e dalla delibera di giunta regionale di Lombardia n. X/553 del 2 agosto 2013.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, corredate dai documenti prescritti, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo del relativo bando con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione all’avviso è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 44 del 30 ottobre 2024.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’S.C. Gestione risorse umane di Desenzano del Garda.
Il testo integrale del bando è disponibile sul sito internet aziendale: www.asst-garda.it
24E07988
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DI LODI
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direttore di struttura complessa della SC Riabilitazione specialistica e generale geriatrica Basso Lodigiano.
È indetto avviso pubblico per il conferimento di incarico quinquennale di direttore di struttura complessa per la SC Riabilitazione specialistica e generale geriatrica Basso Lodigiano.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, corredate dai documenti prescritti, scade alle ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Il testo del relativo bando con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione ai concorsi è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 46 del 13 novembre 2024.
Per ogni informazione gli interessati possono rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda socio sanitaria territoriale di Lodi - p.zza Ospitale 10 - Lodi, tel. 0371/376245 - 0371/376246 - 0371/374522 - 0371/376449 - orario al pubblico dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 11,00 e/o visitare il sito internet www.asst-lodi.it - pagina «Bandi/Concorsi» - «Bandi di concorso».
24E07932
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direzione di struttura complessa della SC Riabilitazione specialistica e generale geriatrica Alto Lodigiano.
È indetto avviso pubblico per il conferimento di incarico quinquennale di direzione di struttura complessa per la SC Riabilitazione specialistica e generale geriatrica Alto Lodigiano.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, corredate dai documenti prescritti, scade alle ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Il testo del relativo bando con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione ai concorsi è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 46 del 13 novembre 2024.
Per ogni informazione gli interessati possono rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda socio sanitaria territoriale di Lodi - p.zza Ospitale 10 - Lodi, tel. 0371/376245 - 0371/376246 - 0371/374522 - 0371/376449 - orario al pubblico dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 11,00 e/o visitare il sito internet www.asst-lodi.it - pagina «Bandi/Concorsi» - «Bandi di concorso».
24E07933
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DI MANTOVA
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di allergologia ed immunologia clinica, a tempo indeterminato e pieno.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato e pieno di un posto di dirigente medico disciplina di allergologia ed immunologia clinica.
Il termine utile per la presentazione della domanda di partecipazione al predetto concorso scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» (qualora detto giorno sia sabato o festivo, il termine di scadenza è prorogato al primo giorno lavorativo successivo escluso il sabato).
La domanda di partecipazione dovrà essere inoltrata dal candidato in modo telematico, avvalendosi della modalità di compilazione e presentazione on-line - collegandosi al portale gestione concorsi » https://asst-mantova.iscrizioneconcorsi.it/ rispettando le modalità procedurali descritte in dettaglio nella versione integrale del bando di concorso.
Si precisa sin d’ora che non verranno tenute in considerazione le domande che risulteranno inviate secondo modalità diverse da quelle indicate nel bando o dopo la data di scadenza dello stesso.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso risulta in pubblicazione nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia - Serie Avvisi e concorsi - n. 45 del 6 novembre 2024.
Il bando integrale risulta inoltre disponibile sul sito internet dell’Azienda socio sanitaria territoriale (ASST) di Mantova, al seguente indirizzo: https://www.asst-mantova.it/amministrazione-trasparente/bandi-di-concorso
Per eventuali informazioni rivolgersi alla struttura complessa gestione e sviluppo risorse umane - area amministrazione fabbisogni di personale dell’Azienda socio-sanitaria territoriale di Mantova (tel. 0376/464436-387-030-203-192) nel rispetto degli orari di apertura al pubblico di seguito indicati:
fascia oraria mattutina: dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 11,00 alle ore 13,00;
fascia oraria pomeridiana: lunedì e mercoledì dalle ore 14,30 alle ore 16,30.
24E08003
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE NORD MILANO DI SESTO SAN GIOVANNI
Conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico, direttore responsabile di struttura complessa, per la direzione della S.C. «Processi igienico-sanitari del Polo Territoriale».
In esecuzione della deliberazione del 15 ottobre 2024, n. 990, è bandito avviso pubblico di selezione per il conferimento di un incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico - direttore responsabile di struttura complessa per la direzione della S.C. «Processi igienico-sanitari del Polo territoriale».
Ruolo: sanitario - area: di sanità pubblica - disciplina: igiene epidemiologia e sanità pubblica.
Gli interessati, in possesso dei requisiti di legge, potranno presentare domanda entro e non oltre il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale dell’avviso pubblico di selezione in argomento, nel quale sono riprese le modalità di presentazione delle domande, cui gli interessati si dovranno attenersi, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia n. 44 del 30 ottobre 2024 e sul sito dell’Azienda: www.asst-nordmilano.it (consultabile entrando nel portale, sezione Lavora con noi > Concorsi Pubblici). Tale pubblicazione assolve gli obblighi di pubblicazione di atti e provvedimenti amministrativi aventi effetto di pubblicità legale, ai sensi del comma 1 dell’art.32 della legge 18 giugno 2009, n. 69, nonché ai sensi del decreto legislativo n. 33/2013.
24E07921
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE PAPA GIOVANNI XXIII DI BERGAMO
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di neuroradiologia, a tempo indeterminato.
In esecuzione della deliberazione n. 1483 del 28 ottobre 2024 l’ASST Papa Giovanni XXIII di Bergamo indice concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di neuroradiologia (area della medicina diagnostica e dei servizi).
Il termine della presentazione della domanda scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Nel caso in cui la scadenza di tale bando cada in giorno festivo, la stessa verrà posticipata al primo giorno feriale successivo. Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel BURL n. 45 del 6 novembre 2024 - Serie Avvisi e Concorsi; inoltre, sarà pubblicato sul sito internet aziendale www.asst-pg23.it nella sezione concorsi.
24E07961
AZIENDA SOCIO-SANITARIA TERRITORIALE DELLA VALTELLINA E DELL’ALTO LARIO DI SONDRIO
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di venti posti di infermiere, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, di cui cinque posti riservati ai volontari delle Forze armate.
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di venti posti di infermiere - Area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - di cui cinque posti riservati ad una delle categorie di volontari delle Forze armate congedati senza demerito nonché agli ufficiali in ferma biennale o prefissata ai sensi del decreto legislativo 15 marzo 2010 n. 66 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni in particolare ai sensi dell’art. 1014 comma 3 e 4, e dell’art. 678 comma 9 del medesimo decreto;
Il testo integrale del bando è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Lombardia, Serie Inserzioni Concorsi in data 13 novembre 2024.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, redatte su carta semplice e corredate dei documenti prescritti, indirizzate al direttore generale dell’ASST Valtellina e Alto Lario, Via Stelvio 25 - 23100 Sondrio, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Per informazioni rivolgersi ufficio concorsi - tel. 0342 521083 - 523. - www.asst-val.it - Albo on-line - concorsi e avvisi - concorsi tempo indeterminato.
24E07939
AZIENDA UNITÀ LOCALE SOCIO-SANITARIA N. 2 MARCA TREVIGIANA DI TREVISO
Riapertura dei termini del conferimento dell’incarico quinquennale di direzione della U.O. Accettazione e pronto soccorso - Oderzo, disciplina di medicina d’emergenza-urgenza, area medica e delle specialità mediche.
In esecuzione della deliberazione del direttore generale del 13 settembre 2024, n. 1919, sono riaperti i termini dell’avviso pubblico, già pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - del 6 febbraio 2024, n. 11, per l’attribuzione del seguente incarico di: Direzione di struttura complessa dell’unità operativa Accettazione e pronto soccorso - Oderzo, ruolo: sanitario - profilo professionale: medico, posizione funzionale: dirigente medico, area medica e delle specialità mediche, disciplina di medicina d’emergenza-urgenza.
L’incarico, che avrà durata quinquennale e potrà essere rinnovato, sarà conferito secondo le modalità e alle condizioni previste dalla deliberazione della Giunta regionale del Veneto del 6 settembre 2022, n. 1096.
Per le condizioni e le caratteristiche del rapporto di lavoro si rinvia alle disposizioni di legge aggiornate, in particolare al decreto legislativo 30 dicembre 1992, n. 502 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, redatte su carta semplice e indirizzate al direttore generale dell’A.U.L.S.S. n. 2 Marca Trevigiana - ufficio protocollo - via Sant’Ambrogio di Fiera n. 37 - 31100
Treviso, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del presente avviso pubblico è apparso nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Veneto n. 128 del 27 settembre 2024.
Per informazioni e per ricevere copia integrale del presente bando, reperibile anche sul sito internet www.au1ss6.veneto.it gli interessati potranno rivolgersi al U.O.C. Gestione risorse umane - gestione procedure di assunzione e incarichi - sede ex P.I.M.E. - via Ferragno n. 58 - 31022 Preganziol (TV), tel. 0422-323507-06-09 dalle ore 9,00 alle ore 12,00.
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**AZIENDA UNITÀ LOCALE SOCIO-SANITARIA N. 6 EUGANEA DI PADOVA**
**Conferimento, per titoli ed colloquio, dell’incarico di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa Cure primarie - Distretto Padova Piovese.**
In esecuzione di quanto stabilito dal direttore generale con deliberazione n. 569 del 17 ottobre 2024 è indetto avviso pubblico, per titoli e colloquio, per l’attribuzione dell’incarico di direttore dell’unità operativa complessa Cure primarie - Distretto Padova Piovese.
I requisiti per la partecipazione al suddetto avviso sono quelli previsti dal decreto del Presidente della Repubblica n. 484 del 10 dicembre 1997, nonché dal relativo bando, pubblicato integralmente sul B.U.R. del Veneto del 31 ottobre 2024.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, prodotte a seguito iscrizione nella procedura *on-line* presente nel sito aziendale, scade alle ore 24,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Tutte le comunicazioni inerenti l’avviso saranno pubblicate nel sito internet aziendale: www.au1ss6.veneto.it. La presente pubblicazione ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti di legge.
Il bando è disponibile sul sito internet: www.au1ss6.veneto.it
Per ulteriori informazioni, rivolgersi all’U.O.C. Risorse umane - sede di Camposampiero - dell’Azienda ULSS n. 6 Euganea - tel. 0499324272 - 4270 (dal lun. al ven. - ore 10,30-13,00).
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**AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE DI PARMA**
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina interna, a tempo indeterminato.
L’azienda USL di Parma ha indetto un concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico disciplina di medicina interna.
Il termine per la presentazione della domanda, compilata in forma telematica connettendosi al sito internet dell’Azienda Usl di Parma e corredata dai documenti prescritti, scade alle ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno non festivo successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con le indicazioni dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al suindicato avviso pubblico, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della regione Emilia-Romagna (parte terza) n. 335 del 30 ottobre 2024.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda USL di Parma - via Gramsci, 14 - 43126 Parma - tel. 0521-971215 - 0521/704392 (lunedì - giovedì dalle 09.00 alle 16.00, il venerdì dalle 09.00 alle 14.00).
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**AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE DI PIACENZA**
Concorsi pubblici, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di due posti di dirigente medico, varie discipline, a tempo indeterminato e riapertura dei termini del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina trasfusionale, a tempo indeterminato.
Si procede, con l’osservanza delle norme previste e richiamate dal decreto legislativo n. 502/1992 e dal decreto del Presidente della Repubblica n. 483/1997, all’indizione di:
- un concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: radioterapia;
- un concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: cure palliative;
- un concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: Medicina trasfusionale. Riapertura dei termini per la presentazione delle domande di partecipazione al concorso, pubblicato, per estratto, nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» n. 33 del 23 aprile 2024.
La domanda di ammissione al concorso deve essere presentata esclusivamente in forma telematica connettendosi ad apposito link presente sul sito internet dell’Azienda USL di Piacenza www.au1.pi.it sezione «Bandi, Concorsi e Avvisi - Assunzioni e collaborazioni - concorsi pubblici e selezioni interne in corso», e compilando lo specifico modulo on-line.
La domanda si considera presentata nel momento in cui il candidato, concludendo correttamente la procedura di cui al precedente capoverso, riceve dal sistema il messaggio di avvenuto inoltro della stessa.
Il candidato riceverà tramite e-mail la copia della domanda presentata sulla quale sono indicate la data di chiusura e un codice identificativo alfanumerico che contraddistingue in maniera univoca la domanda. Il candidato deve conservare e memorizzare tale codice in quanto serve per identificarlo in tutte le pubblicazioni relative al concorso, nel rispetto di quanto previsto dalla normativa in materia di protezione dei dati personali (Decreto legislativo n. 196/2003 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni).
La firma autografa a regolarizzazione della domanda e delle dichiarazioni nella stessa inserite verrà acquisita in sede di identificazione dei candidati alla prima prova.
La domanda deve pervenire al sistema, a pena di esclusione, entro le ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» e, pertanto, entro le ore 12,00 di giovedì 19 dicembre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: radioterapia è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna di mercoledì 30 ottobre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: cure palliative è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna di mercoledì 16 ottobre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso relativo alla riapertura dei termini per la presentazione delle domande di concorso per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico - disciplina: medicina trasfusionale è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna di mercoledì 18 settembre 2024.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda U.S.L. di Piacenza (Tel. 0523.398821 / 0523.398795) dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 11,00 alle ore 13,00 oppure consultare il sito www.ausl.pc.it
24E08005
Concorso pubblico per la copertura di quattro posti di assistente sociale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato, gestito in forma aggregata, per varie aziende sanitarie.
È indetto concorso pubblico per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di quattro posti per il profilo professionale di assistente sociale - Area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, gestito in forma aggregata tra l’Azienda USL di Piacenza, l’Azienda USL di Reggio Emilia, l’Azienda USL di Parma e l’Azienda USL di Modena, in cui l’AUSL di Piacenza riveste il ruolo di capofila.
La domanda di ammissione al concorso deve essere presentata esclusivamente in forma telematica connettendosi ad apposito link presente sul sito Internet dell’Azienda USL di Piacenza www.ausl.pc.it sezione «Bandi, Avvisi e Concorsi - Assunzioni e collaborazioni - Concorsi pubblici e selezioni interne in corso», e compilando lo specifico modulo on-line.
La domanda si considera presentata nel momento in cui il candidato, concludendo correttamente la procedura di cui al precedente capoverso, riceve dal sistema il messaggio di avvenuto inolto della stessa.
Il candidato riceve altresì e-mail con il file riepilogativo del contenuto della domanda presentata.
La firma autografa a regolarizzazione della domanda e delle dichiarazioni nella stessa inserite verrà acquisita in sede di identificazione dei candidati alla prima prova.
La domanda deve pervenire al sistema, a pena di esclusione, entro le ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» e, pertanto, entro le ore 12,00 di giovedì 19 dicembre 2024.
Il testo integrale del bando di concorso è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna n. 327 di mercoledì 16 ottobre 2024.
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda U.S.L. di Piacenza (Tel. 0523.398821-8795) dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 11,00 alle ore 13,00 oppure consultare il sito www.ausl.pc.it
24E08006
AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE DELLA ROMAGNA
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico di medicina dello sport
È indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, presso l’Azienda unità sanitaria locale della Romagna a un posto di dirigente medico di medicina dello sport.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere presentate esclusivamente in forma telematica e corredate dai documenti prescritti, il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna - Parte terza - del 30 ottobre 2024, n. 335.
Per eventuali informazioni relative alla presente procedura gli aspiranti potranno rivolgersi all’U.O. Gestione giuridica risorse umane - ufficio concorsi sede operativa di Cesena - nei giorni dal lunedì al venerdì dalle ore 9,30 alle ore 12,00 e il giovedì anche dalle ore 15,00 alle ore 16,30 - tel. 0547/394434 o collegarsi al sito internet: www.auslromagna.it > Bandi e Concorsi > Selezioni del personale > Concorsi e selezioni > Concorsi pubblici per assunzioni a tempo indeterminato, con riferimento al presente concorso, ove potranno reperire copia del bando, del curriculum e le istruzioni per la presentazione della domanda.
24E07995
AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE UMBRIA 2 DI TERNI
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, dell’incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico, direzione della struttura complessa Servizio prevenzione e sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro, disciplina di medicina del lavoro e sicurezza degli ambienti di lavoro, area di sanità pubblica.
L’A.U.S.L. Umbria 2 con delibera del direttore generale f.f. n. 2020 del 15 ottobre 2024 ha indetto il sotto indicato bando:
avviso pubblico, per titoli e colloquio, per il conferimento di un incarico quinquennale di direzione della struttura complessa di servizio prevenzione e sicurezza negli ambienti di lavoro (SPSAL) - profilo professionale dirigente medico della disciplina di medicina del lavoro e sicurezza degli ambienti di lavoro - area di sanità pubblica.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande di partecipazione al predetto avviso, corredate dei documenti prescritti da far pervenire al dirigente della Direzione amministrazione del personale dell’Azienda U.S.L. Umbria 2 – piazza Dante Perilli n. 1 - palazzina Michelì - 06049 Spoleto (PG), scade alle ore 14,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale dell’avviso pubblico con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Umbria n. 47 del 29 ottobre 2024 e sul sito web aziendale: www.uslumbria2.it - sezione «Concorsi».
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’ufficio concorsi della A.U.S.L. Umbria 2 (tel. 0743/210344 - 210450).
24E07978
Conferimento, per titoli e colloquio, dell’incarico quinquennale di dirigente medico, direzione della struttura complessa Sanità animale, disciplina di sanità animale, area di sanità animale.
L’A.U.S.L. Umbria 2 con delibera del direttore generale f.f.n. 2021 del 15 ottobre 2024 ha indetto l’avviso pubblico, per titoli e colloquio, per il conferimento di un incarico quinquennale di Direzione della struttura complessa di sanità animale, profilo professionale dirigente veterinario della disciplina di sanita animale, area di sanità animale.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande di partecipazione al predetto avviso, corredate dei documenti prescritti da far pervenire al dirigente della Direzione amministrazione del personale dell’Azienda U.S.L. Umbria 2, Piazza Dante Perilli n. 1 - Palazzina Micheli - 06049 Spoleto (PG), scade alle ore 14,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello di pubblicazione del presente estratto nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale dell’avviso pubblico con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione è pubblicato sul Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Umbria n. 47 del 29 ottobre 2024 e sul sito web aziendale www.uslumbria2.it - sezione «Concorsi».
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi della A.U.S.L. Umbria 2 - tel. 0743/210344 - 210450.
24E07986
AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE DELLA VALLE D’AOSTA - VALLÉE D’AOSTE
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico a tempo indeterminato, varie discipline ed aree, per la S.C. Ser.D.
È indetto bando di concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura dei sotto indicati posti:
concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per l’assunzione, a tempo indeterminato, di un dirigente medico, appartenente all’area medica e delle specialità mediche, o all’area della medicina diagnostica e dei servizi, o all’area di sanita pubblica - disciplina di psichiatria, o medicina interna, o farmacologia e tossicologia clinica, o organizzazione dei servizi sanitari di base da assegnare alla struttura complessa «Ser.D» presso l’Azienda USL della Valle d’Aosta.
Per i requisiti specifici di ammissione e le modalità di svolgimento del concorso di cui sopra, valgono le norme di cui al decreto legislativo 30 dicembre 1992, n. 502, come modificato dal decreto legislativo 7 dicembre 1993, n. 517.
Secondo quanto disposto dall’art. 76 del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica 10 dicembre 1997, n. 483, nonché dall’art. 42 della legge regionale 25 gennaio 2000, n. 5 e successive modificazioni ed integrazioni, l’ammissione ai concorsi pubblici di cui trattasi è subordinata al preventivo accertamento della conoscenza della lingua italiana o francese, a seconda della lingua nella quale il candidato dichiari di voler sostenere le prove concorsuali, consistenti in prove scritte e orali, co me meglio specificato nel relativo bando.
Secondo quanto introdotto dall’art. 2, commi 1 e 3, della legge regionale 17 gennaio 2023, n. 1, i candidati che non superano la prova di accertamento linguistico di cui all’art. 42 della legge regionale 25 gennaio 2000, n. 5 sono comunque ammessi alle prove successive e, qualora le superino, sono inclusi in apposita graduatoria separata da utilizzare, in caso di esaurimento o di assenza della graduatoria ordinaria, esclusivamente per assunzioni a tempo determinato, con contratto di lavoro subordinato di durata pari a trentasei mesi. L’indennità di bilinguismo, prevista dalla legge regionale 9 novembre 1988, n. 58 (Norme per l’attribuzione dell’indennità di bilinguismo al personale della regione), non può essere corrisposta al predetto personale fintanto che lo stesso non abbia sostenuto, con esito positivo, la prova di accertamento linguistico.
In caso di superamento dell’accertamento linguistico entro trentasei mesi dalla data di assunzione a tempo determinato, il personale assunto a tempo determinato è inquadратo a tempo indeterminato a decorrere dalla data di superamento dell’accertamento stesso.
Il termine per la presentazione delle domande, corredate dai documenti prescritti, scade il trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il bando del concorso di cui trattasi è pubblicato integralmente nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Autonoma Valle d’Aosta n. 56 del 19 novembre 2024 e sul sito internet Aziendale all’indirizzo: www.ausl.vda.it alla voce «Avvisi e Concorsi».
Per ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi dell’Azienda USL della Valle d’Aosta - via Saint Martin de Corleans n. 248 - Aosta, tel. 0165 - 546070 - 546071 - 546073 - 546084.
Sito internet: www.ausl.vda.it
24E07989
AZIENDA ZERO DI PADOVA
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di sei posti di terapista della neuro e psicomotricità dell’età evolutiva, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie.
Si rende noto che è indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, di sei posti di terapista della neuro e psicomotricità dell’età evolutiva - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - ruolo sanitario.
Il concorso viene svolto da Azienda Zero unitariamente, ai soli fini procedurali, ma con riferimento alle seguenti singole aziende del Servizio sanitario regionale della Regione del Veneto:
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 1 Dolomiti - due posti;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 3 Serenissima - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 6 Euganea - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 7 Pedemontana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 9 Scaligera - un posto.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere prodotte esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade alle ore 18,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto - Sezione concorsi - dell’8 novembre 2024.
È possibile avere copia del bando consultando il sito: www.azero.veneto.it - alla sezione «Concorsi e Avvisi».
Per ulteriori informazioni telefoniche rivolgersi alla U.O.C. Gestione risorse umane - ufficio programmazione delle risorse e procedure selettive di Azienda Zero - tel. 049.8778442 - 8444 - 8186 - 8175 - 8311 - 8407 - 8310 - 8222 il lunedì ed il giovedì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di sette posti di collaboratore tecnico professionale - architetto, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie.
Si rende noto che è indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, di sette posti di collaboratore tecnico professionale - architetto – area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - ruolo tecnico.
Il concorso viene svolto da Azienda Zero unitariamente, ai soli fini procedurali, ma con riferimento alle seguenti singole aziende ed enti del Servizio sanitario regionale della Regione del Veneto:
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 2 Marca Trevigiana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 6 Euganea - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 7 Pedemontana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 8 Berica - un posto;
- Azienda ospedale-università Padova - un posto;
- Istituto oncologico Veneto IRCCS - un posto.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere prodotte esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade alle ore 18,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto - Sezione concorsi - dell’8 novembre 2024.
È possibile avere copia del bando consultando il sito: www.azero.veneto.it - alla sezione «Concorsi e Avvisi».
Per ulteriori informazioni telefoniche rivolgersi alla U.O.C. Gestione risorse umane - ufficio programmazione delle risorse e procedure selettive di Azienda Zero - tel. 049.8778312 – 8231 – 8509 – 8444 – 8442 – 8175 – 8186 – 8105 – 8310 – 8324 il lunedì ed il giovedì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
24E08059
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di venti posti di assistente sociale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie.
Si rende noto che è indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, di venti posti di assistente sociale - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - ruolo socio-sanitario.
Il concorso viene svolto da Azienda Zero unitariamente, ai soli fini procedurali, ma con riferimento alle seguenti singole aziende del Servizio sanitario regionale della Regione del Veneto:
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 1 Dolomiti - sette posti;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 2 Marca Trevigiana - due posti;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 3 Serenissima - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 5 Polesana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 6 Euganea - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 7 Pedemontana - tre posti;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 8 Berica - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 9 Scaligera - quattro posti.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere prodotte esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade alle ore 18,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto - Sezione concorsi - dell’8 novembre 2024.
È possibile avere copia del bando consultando il sito: www.azero.veneto.it - alla sezione «Concorsi e Avvisi».
Per ulteriori informazioni telefoniche rivolgersi alla U.O.C. Gestione risorse umane - ufficio programmazione delle risorse e procedure selettive di Azienda Zero - tel. 049.8778311 – 8444 – 8312 – 8186 – 8442 – 8175 – 8407 – 8310 – 8222 il lunedì ed il giovedì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
24E08058
Concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di tredici posti di collaboratore amministrativo professionale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, a tempo indeterminato e pieno, per varie aziende sanitarie.
Si rende noto che è indetto concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura, a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, di tredici posti di collaboratore amministrativo professionale - settore giuridico - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari - ruolo amministrativo.
Il concorso viene svolto da Azienda Zero unitariamente, ai soli fini procedurali, ma con riferimento alle seguenti singole aziende ed enti del Servizio sanitario regionale della Regione del Veneto:
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 1 Dolomiti - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 2 Marca Trevigiana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 3 Serenissima - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 4 Veneto orientale - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 5 Polesana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 6 Euganea - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 7 Pedemontana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 8 Berica - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 9 Scaligera - un posto;
- Azienda ospedale-università Padova - un posto;
- Azienda ospedaliera universitaria integrata Verona - un posto;
- Istituto oncologico Veneto IRCCS - un posto;
- Azienda Zero - un posto.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere prodotte esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade alle ore 18,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto - Sezione concorsi - dell’8 novembre 2024.
È possibile avere copia del bando consultando il sito: www.azero.veneto.it - alla sezione «Concorsi e Avvisi».
Per ulteriori informazioni telefoniche rivolgersi alla U.O.C. Gestione risorse umane - ufficio programmazione delle risorse e procedure selettive di Azienda Zero - tel. 049.8778312 – 8231 – 8509 – 8444 – 8442 – 8175 – 8186 – 8105 – 8310 – 8324 il lunedì ed il giovedì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
Il concorso viene svolto da Azienda Zero unitariamente, ai soli fini procedurali, ma con riferimento alle seguenti singole aziende del Servizio sanitario regionale della Regione del Veneto:
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 2 Marca Trevigiana - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 3 Serenissima - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 6 Euganea - un posto;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 7 Pedemontana - due posti;
- Azienda U.L.S.S. n. 9 Scaligera - un posto.
Il termine di presentazione delle domande, che dovranno essere prodotte esclusivamente tramite procedura telematica, scade alle ore 18,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami».
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti e delle modalità di partecipazione al concorso, è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione del Veneto - Sezione concorsi - del 15 novembre 2024.
È possibile avere copia del bando consultando il sito: www.azero.veneto.it - alla sezione «Concorsi e Avvisi».
Per ulteriori informazioni telefoniche rivolgersi alla U.O.C. Gestione risorse umane - ufficio programmazione delle risorse e procedure selettive di Azienda Zero - tel. 049.8778314 – 8191 – 8312 – 8170 – 8324 – 8439 – 8126 – 8231 – 8437 il lunedì ed il giovedì dalle ore 10,00 alle ore 12,00.
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**ESTAR**
**Concorso pubblico unificato, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di assistente amministrativo, area degli assistenti, a tempo indeterminato, per varie aziende sanitarie.**
In esecuzione della deliberazione del direttore generale di Estar n. 462 del 28 ottobre 2024, è indetto concorso pubblico unificato, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura dei seguenti posti:
- numero posti: uno;
- rapporto di lavoro: tempo indeterminato;
- profilo professionale: assistente amministrativo;
- area: assistenti;
- ruolo: amministrativo;
- codice concorso: 195/2024/CON.
Al momento della presentazione della domanda *on-line*, i candidati avranno la possibilità di scegliere una sola Azienda per la quale concorrere fra le seguenti:
- Azienda Usl Toscana Centro;
- Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Careggi;
- Azienda Usl Toscana Nord Ovest;
- Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Pisana;
- Azienda Usl Toscana Sud Est;
- Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Senese;
- Estar.
Per ogni Azienda sarà redatta una graduatoria di merito, sulla base delle scelte espresse dai candidati e nel rispetto dell’ordine di merito.
Il candidato vincitore del concorso sarà il primo candidato utilmente collocato nella graduatoria dell’Azienda Usl Toscana Centro, che ha richiesto il posto a concorso.
Le domande di partecipazione al concorso dovranno essere presentate esclusivamente in forma telematica connettendosi al sito Estar: www.estar.toscana.it seguendo il percorso: concorsi e selezioni › bandi aperti › concorsi.
Il termine fissato per la presentazione delle domande è perentorio e deve avvenire entro e non oltre le ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Qualora detto giorno sia festivo, il termine si intende prorogato al primo giorno successivo non festivo.
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti, delle modalità di partecipazione alla selezione è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Toscana - Parte III - n. 45 del 6 novembre 2024 e potrà essere consultato sul sito internet di Estar all’apertura termini di presentazione domande.
Per chiarimenti ed informazioni i candidati potranno rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi di Estar tramite *e-mail* all’indirizzo firstname.lastname@example.org
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**24E08001**
**Concorso pubblico unificato, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di collaboratore amministrativo professionale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, per varie aziende sanitarie.**
In esecuzione della deliberazione del direttore generale di Estar n. 461 del 28 ottobre 2024, è indetto concorso pubblico unificato, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura dei seguenti posti:
- numero posti: uno;
- rapporto di lavoro: tempo indeterminato;
- profilo professionale: collaboratore amministrativo professionale;
- area: professionisti della salute e dei funzionari;
- ruolo: amministrativo;
- codice concorso: 196/2024/CON.
Al momento della presentazione della domanda *on-line*, i candidati avranno la possibilità di scegliere una sola Azienda per la quale concorrere fra le seguenti:
- Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Careggi;
- Azienda Usl Toscana Centro;
- Azienda Usl Toscana Nord Ovest;
- Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Pisana;
- Azienda Usl Toscana Sud Est;
- Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Senese;
- Estar.
Per ogni azienda sarà redatta una graduatoria di merito, sulla base delle scelte espresse dai candidati e nel rispetto dell’ordine di merito.
Il candidato vincitore del concorso sarà il primo candidato utilmente collocato nella graduatoria dell’Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria Careggi, che ha richiesto il posto a concorso.
Le domande di partecipazione al concorso dovranno essere presentate esclusivamente in forma telematica connettendosi al sito Estar: www.estar.toscana.it seguendo il percorso: concorsi e selezioni › bandi aperti › concorsi.
Il termine fissato per la presentazione delle domande è perentorio e deve avvenire entro e non oltre le ore 12,00 del trentesimo giorno successivo a quello della data di pubblicazione del presente avviso nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami». Qualora detto giorno sia festivo, il termine si intende prorogato al primo giorno successivo non festivo.
Il testo integrale del bando, con l’indicazione dei requisiti, delle modalità di partecipazione alla selezione è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Toscana - Parte III - n. 45 del 6 novembre 2024 e potrà essere consultato sul sito internet di Estar all’apertura termini di presentazione domande.
Per chiarimenti ed informazioni i candidati potranno rivolgersi all’Ufficio concorsi di Estar tramite *e-mail* all’indirizzo email@example.com
ALTRI ENTI
IPAB ANDREA DANIELATO DI CAVARZERE
Concorso pubblico, per soli esami, per la copertura di un posto di addetto alla compliance aziendale, area dei funzionari e dell'elevata qualificazione, a tempo indeterminato e pieno.
È indetto concorso pubblico per soli esami, per la copertura di un posto di suddetto alla compliance aziendale, presso l'IPAB «Andrea Danielato» con sede in Cavazzer (VE) da assumere con contratto di lavoro subordinato a tempo indeterminato e pieno, con inquadramento nell'area dei funzionari e dell'elevata qualificazione del CCNL comparto Funzioni locali.
Il testo integrale del bando è reperibile sul sito dell'ente www.ipab-danielato.it e nel portale unico di reclutamento www.inpa.gov.it.
Le domande di partecipazione dovranno pervenire all'IPAB «Andrea Danielato» secondo le modalità ed i termini indicati nel bando.
Scadenza del termine di presentazione delle domande: trentesimo giorno successivo alla data di pubblicazione nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» del presente avviso.
Per ulteriori informazioni e chiarimenti è possibile rivolgersi all'ufficio accoglienza dell'ente o all'ufficio personale telefonando al numero 0426.310982 dal lunedì al sabato dalle ore 9.00 alle ore 12.00.
24E07960
DIARI
AZIENDA OSPEDALIERO-UNIVERSITARIA DI PARMA
Diario delle prove d'esame del concorso pubblico per la copertura di un posto di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina legale.
Le prove di esame (previste dall'art. 26 del decreto del Presidente della Repubblica n. 483/1997) del concorso pubblico a un posto di dirigente medico disciplina medicina legale, pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» n. 59 del 23 luglio 2024, con termine di scadenza per la presentazione delle domande previsto per le ore 12,00 del giorno 22 agosto 2024, si terranno secondo il seguente calendario:
prova scritta, prova pratica e prova orale:
lunedì 16 dicembre 2024 alle ore 9 presso Sala Congressi - Padiglione Centrale Monoblocco Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Parma, via Abbaveratoia - 43126 Parma.
I candidati che non abbiano ricevuto comunicazione scritta di esclusione dal concorso da parte dell'azienda stessa, dovranno presentarsi, senza alcun ulteriore preavviso, il giorno e l'ora stabiliti muniti di un documento valido di riconoscimento. I candidati che non si presenteranno nel giorno, nell'ora e nel luogo indicati saranno considerati rinunciatori a tutti gli effetti.
Tale comunicazione ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti.
Si precisa che per essere ammessi alla prova orale occorre riportare sia nella prova scritta che nella successiva prova pratica una valutazione pari ad almeno 21/30. Per accedere alla graduatoria è necessario riportare nella prova orale una valutazione di almeno 14/20.
L'esito delle prove scritta e pratica sarà esposto all'esterno dell'aula sede d'esame, secondo le tempestiche comunicate in loco. L'esito della prova orale sarà pubblicato sul sito web aziendale www.ao.pr.it/lavoro e formazione/lavoro, nella sezione relativa al presente concorso. A tal fine si invitano i concorrenti a conservare la ricevuta di chiusura della domanda ottenuta, via mail, al momento dell'iscrizione al concorso.
Il presente avviso, unitamente all'elenco dei candidati ammessi e alla composizione della commissione giudicatrice, verrà anche pubblicizzato tramite sito internet aziendale (nella sezione sopra indicata).
24E07955
AZIENDA SANITARIA LOCALE DI LATINA
Diario delle prove d'esame del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di dodici posti di dirigente medico a tempo pieno ed indeterminato, disciplina di medicina interna.
Le prove d'esame del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo pieno ed indeterminato di dodici posti di dirigente medico, disciplina di medicina interna, da assegnare alle strutture della Asl di Latina, si terranno secondo il seguente calendario:
prova scritta: 16 dicembre 2024 a partire dalle ore 8,30 - La prova si svolgerà presso l'Aula Magna del Padiglione Porfiri, via Michelangelo Buonarroti, Latina, e le date della prova pratica e orale saranno pubblicate, successivamente, sul sito web www.ausl.latina.it sezione «Avvisi e Concorsi».
I candidati ammessi alla procedura dovranno presentarsi, per la registrazione ed identificazione, nel giorno indicato per la prova, all'orario di convocazione, presso la predetta sede.
L'orario indicato è da considerarsi perentorio.
I candidati, il giorno delle prove, in sede di identificazione, dovranno essere muniti di fotocopia del documento originale di riconoscimento (carta d'identità, patente di guida o passaporto) da consegnare obbligatoriamente al personale di vigilanza.
Per ogni altra disposizione procedurale si rinvia al bando del concorso, che è pubblicato su nel B.U.R.L. n. 46 del 6 giugno 2024 e in Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» n. 48 del 14 giugno 2024.
Si comunica inoltre che i candidati che parteciperanno alle prove, durante lo svolgimento delle stesse non potranno utilizzare telefoni cellulari, tablet, palmari, e altri dispositivi elettronici nonché carta da scrivere, appunti, manoscritti, libri.
Terminate le operazioni di correzione degli elaborati della prova scritta, i relativi esiti verranno resi noti tramite pec individuale, indicata dal candidato nella domanda di partecipazione.
Coloro che avranno superato la prova scritta potranno sostenere la prova pratica e successivamente la prova orale, il cui diario verrà pubblicato nella sezione «Avvisi e concorsi» del sito dell'ASL di Latina.
La mancata presentazione nei giorni e negli orari prestabiliti sarà considerata rinuncia al concorso qualunque sia la causa dell'assenza.
I candidati, pertanto, sono invitati a monitorare costantemente la sezione «Avvisi e Concorsi» del sito aziendale, sul quale verranno effettuate tutte le comunicazioni di competenza, con valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti.
L’ASL di Latina si riserva la facoltà di modificare il diario delle prove concorsuali.
Dell’avvenuta pubblicazione nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - del presente avviso e di ogni altra relativa successiva comunicazione, sarà data comunicazione esclusivamente sul sito internet aziendale dell’ASL di Latina nella sezione «Avvisi e Concorsi».
La presente comunicazione ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti di legge.
Per eventuali ulteriori informazioni rivolgersi alla Unità operativa complessa «UOC Recalamento del personale» - Azienda sanitaria locale di Latina - tramite telefono ai numeri: 0773/655-3407-3410-3937, ovvero tramite email all’indirizzo di posta elettronica: firstname.lastname@example.org.
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**AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE DI IMOLA**
Diario delle prove scritta, pratica e orale del concorso pubblico congiunto, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di quattro posti di collaboratore tecnico professionale, settore tecnico, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari, per varie aziende sanitarie.
Le prove scritta, pratica e orale del concorso pubblico congiunto, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura a tempo indeterminato di quattro posti nel profilo professionale di collaboratore tecnico professionale - settore tecnico, rivolto a laureati in ingegneria industriale-triennale - ovvero laureati in ingegneria elettrica - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari per le esigenze dell’Azienda USL di Imola, dell’IRCCS Azienda ospedaliero-universitaria di Bologna, Policlinico di Sant’Orsola, dell’Azienda Ospedaliera Rizzoli, dell’Azienda USL di Ferrara, il cui bando è pubblicato nel Bollettino Ufficiale della Regione Emilia-Romagna n. 202 del 26 giugno 2024 e nella *Gazzetta Ufficiale* della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - n. 52 del 28 giugno 2024, con scadenza alle ore 12.00 del giorno 29 luglio 2024, avranno luogo; il giorno venerdì 13 dicembre 2024 presso aula D - 2° piano - p.le Giovanni dalle Bande Nere n. 11 - padiglione 14 - Ospedale vecchio, Imola.
I candidati dovranno presentarsi per l’identificazione alle ore 10.00 e, al termine delle operazioni di riconoscimento, avranno luogo le prove d’esame.
L’elenco dei candidati ammessi al concorso è pubblicato sui siti internet delle amministrazioni interessate nelle sezioni dedicate al concorso:
www.ausl.imola.bo.it
www.aosp.bo.it
www.lor.it
www.ausl.fe.it
Come previsto dal bando di concorso, la prova pratica verrà effettuata da tutti i candidati contestualmente nella stessa giornata individuata per l’espletamento della prova scritta.
Il superamento della prova scritta è subordinato al raggiungimento di una valutazione di sufficienza espressa in termini numerici di almeno 21/30; pertanto il mancato raggiungimento da parte del candidato del predetto punteggio di sufficienza determinerà la nullità della prova pratica espletata e la conseguente esclusione dalla procedura concorsuale.
I candidati che supereranno la prova scritta e la prova pratica, ottenendo una valutazione di sufficienza espressa in termini numerici di almeno 21/30 nella prova scritta e di almeno 14/20 nella prova pratica, saranno ammessi alla prova orale.
L’ammissione o meno alla prova orale sarà resa nota secondo le modalità che saranno comunicate in sede di espletamento delle prove scritta e pratica.
L’elenco dei candidati ammessi alla prova orale, con l’indicazione del punteggio ottenuto nelle prove scritta e pratica sarà affisso alla porta dell’aula d’esame.
Il risultato della valutazione dei titoli sarà reso noto prima dell’effettuazione della prova orale.
Il superamento della prova orale è subordinato al raggiungimento di una valutazione di sufficienza espressa in termini numerici di almeno 14/20.
I candidati ammessi al concorso dovranno presentarsi a sostenere tutte le prove muniti di:
- idoneo documento di riconoscimento in corso di validità in originale e fotocopia dello stesso (che sarà trattenuta);
- una penna biro di colore nero (no pennarello)
La mancata presentazione nel giorno, nella sede ed orario soprindicato o la presentazione in ritardo, ancorché dovuta a cause di forza maggiore, comporteranno l’irrevocabile esclusione da tutte le prove.
Il presente avviso ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti nei confronti di tutti i candidati ammessi. L’amministrazione, pertanto, non procederà a notifiche individuali ai partecipanti.
AZIENDA UNITÀ SANITARIA LOCALE DELLA ROMAGNA
Rinvio del diario delle prove d’esame del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, per la copertura di un posto di assistente sociale, area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari.
Si comunica che il diario delle prove d’esame del pubblico concorso, per titoli ed esami, ad un posto di assistente sociale - area dei professionisti della salute e dei funzionari (pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - n. 83 del 15 ottobre 2024, con scadenza termini il 14 novembre 2024) sarà comunicato in data 20 novembre 2024 mediante pubblicazione di avviso esclusivamente nel sito web www.auslromagna.it Bandi e Concorsi > Selezioni del Personale > Concorsi e selezioni > Concorsi pubblici per assunzioni a tempo indeterminato, con riferimento al presente concorso, nel rispetto dei termini di preavviso previsti per legge (almeno quindici giorni prima della data della prova scritta ed almeno venti giorni prima della data delle prove pratica e orale).
La pubblicazione del presente avviso ha valore di notifica a tutti gli effetti.
24E08004
CORTE DEI CONTI
Diario delle prove scritte del concorso pubblico, per titoli ed esami, a quattro posti di referendario nel ruolo della carriera di magistratura della Corte dei conti, di cui tre posti riservati al gruppo linguistico tedesco ed un posto riservato al gruppo linguistico ladino, da destinare agli uffici della Corte dei conti aventi sede in Bolzano.
Si rende noto che le prove scritte del concorso, per titoli ed esami, a quattro posti di referendario nel ruolo della carriera di magistratura della Corte dei conti, di cui tre riservati al gruppo linguistico tedesco e uno riservato al gruppo linguistico ladino, da destinare agli uffici della Corte dei conti aventi sede in Bolzano, indetto con decreto presidenziale n. 77 dell’11 marzo 2024 e pubblicato nella Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica italiana - 4ª Serie speciale «Concorsi ed esami» - del 15 marzo 2024, si svolgeranno nei giorni 8, 9, 10 e 11 aprile 2025, presso i locali della sede di Bolzano della Corte dei conti, sita in Viale Druso 36/A.
Consegna codici.
I candidati che desiderano consultare testi di legge, come previsto dall’art. 10 – 5° e 6° comma – del bando di concorso, sono tenuti a consegnarli nella predetta sede il giorno 7 aprile 2025 dalle ore 15,30 alle ore 16,30.
Il candidato, munito di un documento di riconoscimento in corso di validità, dovrà recarsi al punto di identificazione seguendo le indicazioni presenti lungo il percorso.
Per l’operazione di consegna dei codici e di ogni altro testo ammesso, il candidato ha facoltà di delega; in tal caso il delegato dovrà esibire, all’atto della consegna, a pena di inammissibilità della stessa, specifica delega in originale, il proprio documento di riconoscimento in corso di validità e fotocopia del documento di identità del delegante.
Una volta identificati, i candidati deporranno i codici, i testi di legge e i dizionari che desiderano consultare durante le prove scritte, collocati in apposite borse o contenitori. Ogni testo deve recare ben visibile sulla copertina il nome, il cognome e la data di nascita del candidato. I testi devono essere obbligatoriamente riportati in un elenco, contenente i dati anagrafici del candidato. Non saranno ammessi i testi non contemplati nel suddetto elenco.
All’esito della verifica da parte della commissione esaminatrice saranno esclusi tutti i codici illustrati, annotati o commentati e i testi che rechino annotazioni anche a mano, raffronti o richiami dottrinali e giurisprudenziali di qualsiasi genere. Pertanto, ciascun candidato è tenuto ad effettuare un preventivo controllo dei testi, per evitare:
- lo scarso del materiale in sede di verifica da parte della commissione, con la conseguente impossibilità di disporne durante le prove scritte;
- l’esclusione dal concorso per il possesso, accertato in aula, di testi non consentiti o di appunti.
I testi non ammessi, conservati a cura dell’ufficio, saranno restituiti al termine delle prove.
I candidati che non provvedano al preventivo deposito dei codici e dei testi di legge utili per la consultazione, secondo le modalità sopra stabilite, non potranno, in sede di partecipazione alle prove, utilizzare qualsivoglia tipo di materiale di consultazione.
Prove scritte.
I candidati, muniti di documento di riconoscimento in corso di validità, dovranno presentarsi alle ore 8,00; l’ingresso in aula sarà consentito fino alle ore 9,00.
I candidati hanno a disposizione otto ore, dopo la dettatura della traccia, per la consegna degli elaborati, fatta salva l’applicazione dell’art. 20 della legge n. 104/1992.
I candidati dovranno munirsi di una o più penne di inchiostro nero o blu, non cancellabile, in quantità sufficiente alla redazione della singola prova, per la quale devono essere utilizzate penne dello stesso colore, atteso che l’utilizzo di penne di colore diverso sarà considerato segno di riconoscimento della prova, idoneo e sufficiente a comportare, in sede di correzione della stessa, la sua non valutabilità.
È fatto divieto ai candidati di introdurre nella sede di esame carta per scrivere, appunti, manoscritti, quotidiani, libri o pubblicazioni di qualunque genere non previamente consegnati con le modalità di cui sopra, nonché telefoni cellulari, agende elettroniche, tablet e simili, auricolari, cuffie, orologi abilitati alla ricezione e trasmissione, e comunque qualsiasi strumento a tecnologia meccanica, elettrica, elettronica od informatica idoneo alla memorizzazione di informazioni ovvero alla trasmissione di dati, anche se spento.
Si evidenzia che l’aula d’esame ed i locali accessori saranno sottoposti a schematurna completa della rete e che i concorrenti potranno essere sottoposti in qualsiasi momento a controlli di qualunque tipo, anche personali e mediante metal detector, da parte di agenti delle Forze dell’ordine.
Non è consentito introdurre in aula borse, borsetti, borsetlini, marsupi, portaoggetti, zaini o valigie di alcun tipo o dimensione.
I candidati, oltre agli indispensabili effetti personali – contenuti in appositi sacchetti di plastica trasparente da esibire al personale di vigilanza – potranno portare con sé, parimenti riposti in distinti sacchetti della stessa tipologia, alimenti e bevande, da consumarsi nel corso delle prove.
È escluso ogni servizio di prenotazione e consegna pasti in aula.
È proibito ai candidati, a partire dall’ingresso in aula e per tutto il tempo di effettuazione delle prove, di conferire tra loro verbalmente o per iscritto o di scambiare qualsiasi comunicazione con estranei.
Ogni contravvenzione alle disposizioni sopra descritte e a qualsivoglia altra prescrizione impartita dalla commissione esaminatrice e dal personale di vigilanza, così come ogni comportamento fraudolento o violento, potrà comportare, oltre alla immediata esclusione dal concorso, la denuncia all’Autorità giudiziaria e la segnalazione ai fini disciplinari all’Amministrazione o all’Ordine professionale di appartenenza.
Coloro che, a norma di legge, avessero necessità di ausili e/o tempi aggiuntivi, dovranno inviare entro il 28 febbraio 2025, esplicita e documentata richiesta all’indirizzo pec: email@example.com
Il presente avviso, che riveste, a tutti gli effetti, valore di notifica è disponibile anche sul sito istituzionale della Corte dei conti all’indirizzo: https://www.corteconti.it/Home/Organizzazione/Amministrazione Trasparente/BandiConcorso/ConcorsiMagistratura/Concorso15mar2024
24E07980
Margherita Cardona Albini, redattore
Delia Chiara, vice redattore
(WI-GU-2024-GUC-092) Roma, 2024 - Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato S.p.A.
MODALITÀ PER LA VENDITA
La «Gazzetta Ufficiale» e tutte le altre pubblicazioni dell'Istituto sono in vendita al pubblico:
— presso il punto vendita dell'Istituto in piazza G. Verdi, 1 - 00198 Roma ☎ 06-8549866
— presso le librerie concessionarie riportate nell'elenco consultabile sui siti www.ipzs.it e www.gazzettaufficiale.it
L'Istituto conserva per la vendita le Gazzette degli ultimi 4 anni fino ad esaurimento. Le richieste per corrispondenza potranno essere inviate a:
Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato S.p.A.
Vendita Gazzetta Ufficiale
Via Salaria, 691
00138 Roma
fax: 06-8508-3466
e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
avendo cura di specificare nell'ordine, oltre al fascicolo di GU richiesto, l'indirizzo di spedizione e di fatturazione (se diverso) ed indicando i dati fiscali (codice fiscale e partita IVA, se titolari) obbligatori secondo il DL 223/2007. L'importo della fornitura, maggiorato di un contributo per le spese di spedizione, sarà versato in contanti alla ricezione.
Il mio cuore è un libro aperto, ma non ho mai scritto una parola.
GAZZETTA UFFICIALE
DELLA REPUBBLICA ITALIANA
CANONI DI ABBONAMENTO (salvo conguaglio)
validi a partire dal 1° GENNAIO 2024
GAZZETTA UFFICIALE – PARTE I (legislativa)
CANONE DI ABBONAMENTO
Tipo A Abbonamento ai fascicoli della Serie Generale, inclusi tutti i supplementi ordinari:
(di cui spese di spedizione € 257,04)* - annuale € 438,00
(di cui spese di spedizione € 128,52)* - semestrale € 239,00
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IJBCP International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20183023
Original Research Article
A study on anxiolytic activity and locomotor behavior of Curcuma amada rhizomes using Wistar albino rats
Prajna V. Raj 1 , Megha Rani N. 1 *, Roopa P. Nayak 1 , S. N. Rao 2
1Department of Pharmacology, Yenepoya Medical College, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India 2Department of Pharmacology, Kannur Medical College, Kannur, Kerala, India
ABSTRACT
Received: 21 May 2018
Accepted: 26 June 2018
*Correspondence to:
Dr. Megha Rani N., Email: firstname.lastname@example.org
Copyright: © the author(s), publisher and licensee Medip Academy. This is an openaccess article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License, which permits unrestricted noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Background: Global burden of disease statistics indicate that 4 of 10 most important causes of disease worldwide are psychiatric in origin. Anxiety affects 1/8 th of total population of the world and is a very important area of research interest in psychopharmacology. Medicinal plants and plant products are the oldest tried health-care products. Their importance is growing not only in developing countries but in many developed countries. Curcuma amada Roxb. (CA) commonly known as Mango Ginger is a rhizomatous aromatic herb which is used in this country for culinary purposes and also to treat various diseases. The rhizomes of Curcuma amada was screened for anxiolytic activity and locomotor behavior in Wistar albino rats.
Methods: Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups as control (Distilled water with 0.1% CMC), standard (Diazepam - 1mg/kg) and test - Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma amada Rhizome (EECAR-250 mg/kg). They were administered drugs orally for a period of 10 days, and screened for anxiolytic activity using Light dark arena model and Actophotometer for assessing the locomotor behavior on the 10 th day. The number of crossings and time spent in light arena for anxiolytic activity, and the number of movements in Actophotometer was noted. Data was analyzed by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test using GraphPad InStat software.
Results: Curcuma amada (250mg/kg) showed increased time spent in light arena and decreased locomotor behavior which was statistically significant. Conclusions: Curcuma amada possesses significant anxiolytic with CNS depressant activity.
Keywords: Actophotometer, Anxiolytic, Curcuma amada, Light dark arena, Locomotor behavior, Wistar albino rats
INTRODUCTION
available for the treatment of various mental disorders but there is a need to explore efficacy of many of them. 1
Medicinal plants and plant products are the oldest tried health-care products. Their importance is growing not only in developing countries but in many developed countries. Increasing number of patients express a preference for the use of remedies they perceive to be natural.
It is becoming increasingly important for physicians to be familiar with the herbal remedies commonly encountered in their clinical practice. There are number of herbal drugs
Curcuma amada Roxb. (CA) commonly known as Mango Ginger is a rhizomatous aromatic herb which is used in this country for culinary purposes, and also to treat various diseases in Ayurvedic and Unani system of medicine. As the name, Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) is a unique spice having morphological resemblance to ginger but imparts raw mango flavor. 2 Previous studies on the rhizomes of CA have shown that it possesses cytotoxicity and antioxidant, platelet aggregation inhibitory role, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, analgesic activities and anthelminthic activities. 3-8
WHO defines health as "A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity". 9 More than 25% of people are affected by mental and behavioral disorders at some point during their lives. Anxiety affects one-eighth of total population of the world. 10 It is a normal emotion under circumstances of threat. There may be circumstances in which the presence of anxiety is maladaptive and constitutes a psychiatric disorder.
Anxiety disorders have core features of fear and worry that cut across the entire spectrum of anxiety disorder subtype, from generalized anxiety to panic disorder, social anxiety disorder and post traumatic stress disorder. The amygdala plays a central role in the fear response and cortico-striatothalamo-cortical circuits are thought to play a key role in mediating the symptom of worry. GABA (Gama amino butyric acid) is a key neurotransmitter in anxiety and the benzodiazepine anxiolytics act upon this neurotransmitter system. Serotonin, norepinephrine and voltage gated calcium channels are also considered as approaches to the treatment of anxiety disorders. 11 Primary treatments for anxiety-related disorders include the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI), Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRI), benzodiazepines(BZD), buspirone, and ß adrenergic antagonists. 12 Anxiety is very common among students these days and it has been reported to produce debilitating cognitive effects including difficulties with memory and recalling information especially during examination. 13 Therefore, it has become a very important area of research interest in psychopharmacology in this decade.
The psychopharmacological activities of Curcuma amada rhizome are seldom studied. The herb grows well in this region and available in abundance. So, it is worthwhile to screen the CA rhizome extract for its anxiolytic activity and effect on locomotor behavior for scientific validation.
METHODS
This study was conducted in the Experimental lab, Department of Pharmacology at Yenepoya Medical College. The experimental protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC).
Plant material
The rhizome of Curcuma amada grown in Dakshina Kannada district of Karnataka was used. The rhizomes were thoroughly washed, wiped and thinly sliced. The sliced rhizomes were shade dried, coarsely powdered and kept for extraction in Soxhlet apparatus using ethanol as solvent. The solvent was evaporated using Rota vapor and a dark brown aromatic semisolid extract was obtained. This Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma amada rhizome (EECAR) was dissolved with 0.1% CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) and was used as test drug. Based on previous toxicity studies, CA extract dose was fixed to 250mg/kg. 14
Drugs
Test drug - Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma amada (250mg/kg) was prepared using Soxhlet apparatus and solvent was evaporated using Rota vapor. Diazepam (1mg/kg) was used as standard drug which was obtained from Yenepoya Hospital Pharmacy. 15
Animals
Wistar albino Rats weighing150-300g was used for the study. Animals were kept under standard housing conditions maintained at a room temperature of 24±1ºC, 12:12 hour light/dark cycle. They had free access to standard pellet diet and water orally. The animals were kept in separate cages, with three animals in each cage. They were marked for the purpose of identification.
Appropriate animals were selected for the study. The animals were grouped as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Study groups for evaluation of anxiolytic effects and locomotor behavior of EECAR.
| Groups | | | No of | Drugs | | Dose, route |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | animals | | | |
| | I - | 6 | | | Distilled Water | 0.3ml, oral |
| | Control | | | | + 0.1% CMC | |
| II - 6 Diazepam 1mg/kg, oral Standard | | | | | | |
The animals were fed the respective drugs orally for 10 days. On the 10 th day, one hour after the oral administration of drugs the experiments were performed to evaluate the anxiolytic activity using Light Dark Arena and the Locomotor behavior using Actophotometer.
The animals were rehabilitated after the study. The animals were acclimatized to the experiment lab for 1 month prior to the conduct of experiment.
Light - Dark Arena 16
The original maze is divided into two parts, 1/3 rd with opaque walls and a cover (dark compartment) whereas the remaining 2/3 rd is open and illuminated (light compartment). The door between the two compartments permits the animals to move from one compartment to another. The Wistar albino rats were placed in the light compartment and observed for 5 minutes. During this period, the number of entries into the light compartment and the total time spent in light (open) compartment was measured and the observations were tabulated.
Actophotometer 17
An actophotometer has a square arena in which the animal moves. The locomotor activity (horizontal activity) can be easily measured using an actophotometer which operates on photoelectric cells which are connected in circuit with a counter. When the beam of light falling on the photo cell is cut off by the animal, a count is recorded. Each animal was placed in Actophotometer for 5 minutes and the activity score was recorded for all animals and tabulated. Decreased activity score was taken as index of CNS depression.
Statistical analysis
All the data were represented as Mean ± SEM (Standard Error of Mean). Comparison between groups were done by one way ANOVA followed by Tukey Kramer multiple comparison test and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical analysis was done using GraphPad InStat software.
RESULTS
Light dark arena
As seen from the Table 2, following results can be drawn. The diazepam treated group and EECAR group showed increase in the time spent in light area compared to the control group, which was statistically extremely significant.
Table 2: The results of light dark arena.
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM; (No. of entries and time spent in light arena) n=6; Significance levels when compared with Control: ** P≤0.01, *** P≤0.001
The number of entries into light arena (Figure 1) in the diazepam group was statistically extremely significant and in the EECAR group it was statistically very significant.
As seen from the Table 3, following results can be drawn. The diazepam treated group showed decreased movements in Actophotometer which was statistically extremely significant compared to control group. The EECAR group also showed decreased movements which were statistically very significant compared to control group.
Table 3: The results of Actophotometer.
| Groups | Drugs | | | No. of |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | movements |
| Control | | Normal (DW) + | 262.66±10.01 | |
| | | 0.1% CMC | | |
| Standard Diazepam (1mg/kg) 122.66±3.02 *** | | | | |
Values are expressed as Mean±SEM; (No. of cut-offs in the Actophotometer) n=6; Significance levels when compared with Normal Control: ** P≤0.01, *** P≤0.001
DISCUSSION
The present study was performed to evaluate the anxiolytic and locomotor activity of EECAR using Light Dark Arena and Actophotometer respectively. Light dark arena is ethological based approach avoidance conflict test and is sensitive to drugs that effect anxiety. 18 An anxiolytic agent increases the number of entries and the time spent in light arena. Actophotometer is the instrument used to study the locomotor activity of the animal, which is the index of wakefulness (alertness) of mental activity. 19 The locomotor activity is reduced by CNS depressant drugs.
Diazepam (BZD), used as standard drug has anxiolytic and CNS depressant property. It acts by enhancing the presynaptic / postsynaptic inhibition through a specific BZD receptor which is an integral part of GABAA receptor Cl - channel complex. 20 It is well established that BZDs exert their pharmacological effects through positive allosteric modulation of the GABAA receptors. Off late, the experiments on GABAA receptor subtype-gene knockout mouse lines have greatly facilitated the identification of GABAA receptor subtypes that mediate BZDs-induced sedation (α1 GABAA receptors), anxiolysis (α2 and α3 GABAA receptors), or memory impairment (α5 GABAA receptors). 21 Buspirone, selective partial agonists at 5HT1A receptors, mimics the antianxiety properties of BZDs but does not interact with GABAA receptors or display the sedative and anticonvulsant properties of BZDs. 12
In this study, there is an increase in the time spent in the light arena and transitions in the EECAR group when compared with the control group, which is not as much as with the diazepam treated group. This increase may be attributed to its anxiolytic property. In the actophotometer test the decrease in the locomotor activity in the EECAR group compared with the control group can be attributed
to its CNS depressant activity. The CNS depressant action is not as much as that seen by the diazepam treated group.
So, the possible mechanism of action for the anxiolytic and sedative property of EECAR may be due to agonistic effect on α2 and α3subtypes of GABAA receptors or the partial agonistic effect on 5HT1A receptor.
CONCLUSION
This study suggests that Ethanolic Extract of Curcuma amada Rhizome has anxiolytic activity that is comparable to diazepam but less sedative than diazepam. Further studies need to be done to elucidate the mechanism of action and active principle responsible for the same.
Funding: No funding sources
Conflict of interest: None declared
Ethical approval: The study was approved by the
Institutional Animal Ethics Committee
REFERENCES
1. Patil PJ, Raghunath PV, Deshmukh TA. CNS Activity of Argyreia Speciosa and Acorus Calamus: A Reveiw. Research and Reveiws: J of Pharmacog Phytochemis. Apr-Jun 2014;2(2):1-9.
2. Varier VPS. Indian Medicinal Plants volume 2: Chennai, Oreint Longman Private Limited; 2007;251.
3. Durairaj P, Malaiyandi K, Shanmugan A, Rajangam U. In vitro antioxidant and cytotoxicity studies of C.amada Roxb.(Mango ginger). Int J Sci Res Publicati. April 2014;4(4): 1-6.
4. Policegoudra RS, Chandrashekhar RH, Aradhya SM, Singh L. Cytotoxicity, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitory and Antioxidant Activity of Curcuma amada Roxb. Extracts. Food technol. Biotechnol. 2011;49(2):162-8.
5. Mujumdar AM, Naik DG, Dandge CN, Puntambekar HM. Antiinflammatory activity of Curcuma amada Roxb. in albino rats. Ind J of Pharmacol. 2000 Nov 1;32(6):375-7.
6. Policegoudra RS, Divakar S, Aradhya SM. Identification of difurocumenonol, a new antimicrobial compound from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome. J of Appli Microbiol. 2007 Jun 1;102(6):1594-602.
7. Mujumdar AM, Naik DG, Misar AV, Puntambekar HM, Dandge CN. CNS depressant and analgesic activity of a fraction isolated from an ethanol extract of Curcuma amada rhizomes. Pharmaceutical biology. 2004 Jan 1;42(7):542-6.
8. Randeep G, Vandna K, Amandeep S. Phytochemical investigation and evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Curcuma amada and Curcuma caesia-A comparative study. J Ethnopharmacol. 2011 Jul 15;2:1-4.
9. Ahuja N. Diagnosis and classification in Psychiatry. In: A Short Textbook of Psychiatry. 7 th Ed. New Delhi,
Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd; 2011:14.
10. Rout SK, Kar DM, Rout B. Study of CNS activity of leaf extracts of Nerium oleander in experimental animal models. Int J Pharm Sci. 2012;4(4):378-82.
11. Stahl SM. Anxiety disorders and anxiolytics. In: Stahl's essential psychopharmacology. 4 th Ed. New York, Cambridge university press; 2013:388-403.
12. O'Donnell JM, Bies RR, Shelton RC. Drug therapy of depression and anxiety disorders. In: L L Brunton, RH Dandan, B C. Knollmann. Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.13 th Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2018:267-277.
13. Kumari A, Jain J. Examination Stress and Anxiety: A Study of College Students. Glo J Multidiscipl Studi. 2014 Dec;4(01):31-40.
14. Kumari Bai C, Shanmukananda P. Analgesic Activity of Aqueous Extract of Curcuma Amada (MangoGinger) in Male Albino Wistar Rats. J Evi Bas Med Healthca. 2015;2(40):6662-9.
15. Chandrashekar R, Manohar VR, Rao SN. Acute Anxiolytic Activity of Aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula (AETC) fruit pulp in Rats. Int J Res in Ayur. Pharm. 2013;4(1):112-5.
16. Vogel HG. Psychotropic and neurotropic activity, antianxiety test. In: drug discovery and evaluation: pharmacological assays Vol 1.3 rd Ed. New York, Springer Verlag; 2008:622-623.
17. Gangopadhyay A. The central nervous system activity of Barleria prionitis Linn. on the locomotor activity of swiss albino mice using actophotometer. Int J Pharmaceu and Biolo Archi. 2012; 3(2):403-5.
18. Thippeswamy BS, Mishra B, Veerapur VP, Gupta G. Anxiolytic activity of Nymphaea alba Linn. in mice as experimental models of anxiety. Ind J Pharmacol. 2011 Feb; 43(1):50-5.
19. Kulkarni SK. Practical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, 1 st Ed. New Delhi, Vallabh Publications; 2009;131-33.
20. Tripathi KD. Drugs used in mental illness: Antidepressant and Antianxiety drugs. Essentials of pharmacology, 7 th Ed. New Delhi, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publication (P) Ltd; 2015:454-467.
21. Chen X, Broeyer F, Kam M, Baas J, Cohen A, Gerven J. Pharmacodynamic response profiles of anxiolytic and sedative drugs. Bri J Clin Pharmacol. 2017 May 1;83(5):1028-38.
Cite this article as: Prajna VR, Rani MN, Nayak RP, Rao SN. A study on anxiolytic activity and locomotor behavior of Curcuma amada rhizomes using Wistar albino rats. Int J Basic Clin Pharmacol 2018;7:1557-60. | <urn:uuid:a0df28d1-a9bc-41cb-8c9d-ad62f58e0247> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 17,489 |
Guideline for the Use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT)
The validity of this policy is only assured when viewed via the Worcestershire Acute Hospital NHS Trust website (worcsacute.nhs.uk.). If this document is printed into hard copy or saved to another location, its validity must be checked against the unique identifier number on the internet version. The internet version is the definitive version.
Version History
| Version | Circulation Date | Job Title of Person/Name of Group circulated to |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | 20.08.2013 | Specialist Practitioner Facilitator |
| 1 | 28.08.2013 | Community Hospital Matron |
| 1.3 | 05.12.2017 | |
| 1.5 | March 2018 | TLG |
|---|---|---|
| 1.6 | June 2018 | TLG |
| 1.8 | April 2019 | Lisa Hill |
| 1.9 | March 2020 | Lisa Hill |
Circulated to the following people for comments
| | Name | Designation |
|---|---|---|
| Michelle Allen | | |
| Dani Atkinson | | |
| Carrie Banks | | |
| Judy Belcher | | |
| Carol Bennett | | |
| Andrea Carroll | | |
| Amanda Cassell | | |
| Claire Clayton | | |
| Lynn Cox | | |
| Dee Davies | | |
| Sarah Degville | | |
| Nikki Farrell | | |
| Trisha Futers | | |
| Caroline Gaynor | | |
| Alison Glover | | |
| Linda Green | | |
| Kathryn Greenwood | | |
| Michelle Hill | | |
| Jane Hipwell | | |
| Pippa Humble | | |
| Jayne Humphries | | |
| Mary James | | |
| Sue Jones | | |
| Charlotte Jordon | | |
| Debbie Keelor | | |
| Mandy Lawrence | | |
Circulated to the following for comments
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|---|---|---|
| Vicky Preece | | |
| Carol Clive | | |
| Stephanie Court | | |
| Ruth Ward | | |
| Janet Austin | | |
| Kerry Beaumont | | |
| Karen Young | | |
| Linda Ingles | | |
| Phil Shakeshaft | | |
| Ginny Snape | | |
| Chris Freke | | |
| Della Lewis | | |
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Training and Development
Worcestershire Health and Care NHS Trust and Worcester Acute NHS Trust recognise the importance of ensuring that its workforce has every opportunity to access relevant training. The Trust is committed to the provision of training and development opportunities that are in support of service needs and meet responsibilities for the provision of mandatory and statutory training.
All staff employed by the Trusts are required to attend the mandatory and statutory training that is relevant to their role and to ensure they meet their own continuous professional development.
Contents
1. Introduction
2. Purpose
3. Definitions
4. Scope
5. Training /competencies
6. Responsibilities & duties
7. Indications for NPWT
8. Contra-indications for NPWT
9. Precautions
10. Treatment Objective
11. Assessment
12. NPWT application process
13. When to discontinue NPWT
14. NPWT dressing removal
15. Changing NPWT canisters
16. The procedure for obtaining returning the NPWT pump
17. Discharging into the Community on NPWT
18. Pressure, cycle and duration guide
19. Monitoring tool
20. References
Appendix 1 Competency assessment for the use of topical negative pressure
Appendix 2 Flowchart for the use of NPWT
Appendix 3 Referral and audit form for NPWT funding
Appendix 4 NPWT Care Plan
1. Introduction
a. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) also known as Topical Negative Pressure (TNP) or Vacuum Assisted Closure (V.A.C) is a medical device that is being increasingly used by Registered Healthcare Professionals in the management of acute and chronic wounds (Beldon, 2005).
b. Publication of NICE evidence (IPG322 - 2009), a FDA alert (Preliminary Public Health Notification: Serious Complications Associated with Negative Wound Therapy Systems, 2011) and the Health Technology Assessment Report 12: Topical Negative Pressure Therapy for wounds (Ritchie et al,2010) have raised issues which need to be considered by Healthcare Professionals when considering NPWT for patients.
c. A wealth of clinical experience suggests that NPWT is a clinically- and cost effective treatment that can be used to provide maximum therapeutic benefits to the patient with complex wounds (Wounds UK, 2008).
2. Purpose
a. This document has been produced to support Registered Healthcare Professionals working within Worcestershire Health & Care NHS Trust and Worcester Acute NHS Trust; it should be referred to for the recommended best practice for managing a patient with NPWT.
b. The guideline will reduce potential risk and harm to patients receiving NPWT.
c. The role of the Registered Healthcare Professional will be defined in this guideline, outlining their responsibility and accountability for the patient receiving NPWT.
3. Definitions
a. NPWT comprises of a sealed dressing over a wound, a suction pump and a drainage tube going from inside the dressing or its surface to a canister within the pump unit (Ritchie et al, 2010).
b. NPWT progresses a wound towards healing by maintaining a moist wound environment, improving micro-vascular blood flow, controlling exudate, stimulating tissue formation and reducing wound size by pulling the wound edges together (Abbots ,2010). Additionally NPWT can reduce bacterial load, eliminate wound odour and improve quality of life for patients (Stephen-Haynes et al, 2011a & EWMA, 2007).
c. The Acelity (K.C.I) V.A.C Therapy system is the Trust's chosen NPWT device. It is the most established NPWT system and uses a vacuum assisted method to create intermittent or continuous negative pressure at the wound bed (Stephen-Haynes et al, 2011a).
d. There are two types of foam dressings available to use with the V.A.C® Therapy. The Granufoam is a black, polyurethane (PU) foam dressing with reticulated (open) pores to help evenly distribute negative pressure across the wound bed, assisting in tissue granulation formation in wounds and aiding wound contraction. It is hydrophobic (or moisture repelling), which enhances exudate removal (Banwell, 2007). There is also an antimicrobial option, which includes 10% silver for the use of infected wounds.
The white polyvinyl alcohol foam is dense, open-pore foam with a higher tensile strength for use in tunnels and undermining. It is hydrophilic (or moisture retaining) and is packaged pre-moistened with sterile water. Its characteristics help to reduce the likelihood of adherence to the wound bed. V.A.C.® White Foam Dressing may be
used to assist in minimizing discomfort or in situations where over granulation responses are likely (Banwell, 2007).
e. There is a gauze antimicrobial roll dressing that can be used with the NPWT as an alternative to foam dressings.
4. Scope
a. This document is intended to support Registered Healthcare Professionals working within Worcestershire Acute NHS Trust who are trained and competent in applying NPWT to patients.
5. Training/Competencies
a. All Registered Healthcare Professionals caring for patients receiving NPWT must be deemed competent to apply, monitor and evaluate the therapy. It is essential that every Registered Healthcare Professional caring for patients receiving NPWT completes the competencies (see Appendix 1) to ensure that the therapy is delivered safely by knowledgeable and experienced professionals.
b. The Tissue Viability Service will provide training courses on delivering NPWT in the Acute. Additionally the K.C.I representatives provide training on applying the V.A.C therapy to the patient. Within the Acute trust the training will be undertaken on the wards with support from Tissue Viability Department and KCI as required. The ward manager should be responsible for ensuring all staff using TNP receive the training whether on the ward or at official study events.
6. Responsibilities and Duties
a. The Registered Healthcare Professional will ensure that the application form for NPWT funding is fully completed and sends to the community Tissue Viability Team ensures the patient fulfils the criteria for funding prior to discharge.
b. The Registered Healthcare Professional should ensure that the patient is suitable for NPWT prior to discharge from the Acute Hospital Trust and prior to application.
c. The Registered Healthcare Professional should ensure that further clinical investigations where appropriate are carried out (as indicated in the Worcestershire Acute NHS Trust Wound Management policy, 2015) before NPWT is commenced.
d. The Registered Healthcare Professional should decide the appropriate level of negative pressure needed for treatment (refer to Pressure, Cycle and Duration guide below).
e. The Registered Healthcare Professional is responsible and accountable for the patient receiving NPWT.
f. On discontinuation of VAC therapy the unit should be decontaminated accordingly to decontamination schedule and returned to SEVERN UNIT (WRH) or Ward 17 (Alex) If ADHOC rental call 08009808880 to cancel and arrange pickup of unit If being discharged on NPWT, community funding for therapy should be gained by completing NPWT community form. Form is available on intranet under Tissue Viability. Patient can be discharged on the same unit but please inform KCI (Customer Services 08009808880/Lisa Mace 07827278589) quoting ATV number on the unit.
g. The Registered Healthcare Professional following the first application of NPWT will be responsible for ensuring that there is sufficient stock available for future dressing and canister changes, that competent staff are present for each dressing change. NPWT
consumables can be ordered by each ward via the iProc system or contact Lisa Mace for assistance 07827278589.
7. Indications for NPWT
a. NPWT should be considered for the management of the following wounds (Wounds UK, 2008):
i. Dehisced surgical wounds
ii. Diabetic/neuropathic ulcers
iii. Chronic wounds
iv. Partial/full thickness pressure ulcers (EPUAP, 2009 & NICE, 2005)
8. Contra-indications for NPWT
a. Research has highlighted that NPWT is not suitable for all patients with wounds (EWMA, 2007, Benbow, 2008, Thompson , 2008, & Malahias, 2012) and to ensure the safe, effective and appropriate use of NPWT the following contra – indications and precautions need to be considered:
i. Patient non-concordance (Thompson, 2008)
ii.
Malignancy within the wound, known or suspected
iii. Osteomyelitis, untreated by appropriate antibiotic therapy
iv. Necrotic tissue, hard eschar
v. Exposed blood vessels, nerves, anastomotic sites or organs
vi. Wounds with fistulas opening into a body cavity
vii. Wounds where acute or chronic enteric fistulas are present
viii. Wounds with sharp edges or where bone fragments are present
ix. Non enteric and unexplored fistula
x. Impaired mental capacity (refer to Mental Capacity Act, 2005)
xi. Patients must be able to carry the NPWT device safely and not be considered a falls risk
xii. Unsuitable home environment and/or social circumstances
xiii. The gauze contains Polyhexamethylene Biguanide (PHMB) antiseptic, which may present a risk of an adverse reaction to patients who are allergic or have a known hypersensitivity to PHMB. If a patient has a known allergy or hypersensitivity to PHMB, do not use K.C.I's NPWT Gauze dressings.
9. Precautions
i. Difficult wound haemostasis/active bleeding, ensure that the patients International Normalised Ratio (INR) is within a safe range to consider NPWT (0.8-1.2)
ii. Patients who have been administered anticoagulants or platelet aggregation inhibitors
iii. Patients who do not have adequate tissue coverage over vascular structures
i. Any exposed bone or tendon needs to be protected with a LINER prior to application of the foam. LINER must be open mesh silicone non-adherent contact layer. If unsure of the need to protect underlying structures proceed with caution and use LINER.
10. Treatment objective
a. To achieve the optimum outcome from NPWT it is important that treatment objectives are determined between the Registered Healthcare Professional and the patient. These same treatment objectives should be reassessed weekly to ensure that NPWT continues to be the most appropriate treatment for the patient (Milne, 2013).
b. Examples of treatment objectives for patients suitable for NPWT are (Abbots, 2010):
i. To improve the patients quality of life
ii. To manage the amount of exudate
iii. To promote improvement in the wound bed by improving vascularity and the production of granulation tissue
iv. Reduce bacterial bio-burden
11. Assessment
a. To determine whether NPWT is suitable for a patient it is vital that a full holistic assessment is completed, considering nutritional risk, pressure ulcer risk, cognitive ability and mobility. Additionally it is important that the patient's home environment and social circumstances are assessed and considered to be safe for NPWT (Milne, 2013). Mental capacity needs to be considered when assessing a patient for NPWT to ensure safe and effective use of the treatment.
b. A wound assessment must be completed including size, depth, type of tissue, exudate, presence of infection, condition of surrounding skin and a photograph as per Worcestershire Acute NHS Trust Wound Management policy (2007). For a wound to be suitable for NPWT there should be at least 2cm of skin surrounding the wound to enable a seal to be maintained. Additional help may be needed if less than a 2 cm area of intact skin surrounds the wound and the use of Gel Strips should be considered.
c. The patient must have a pain assessment completed to ensure that the patient's pain is adequately managed and that they remain comfortable during NPWT, dressing changes and post dressing change.
d. Patients with a chronic wound should have a Full Blood Count test and any anaemia treated.
e. Where a wound is identified as being delayed in healing a blood glucose test should be taken to assess for diabetes. Additionally good glycaemic control should be attained for patients with diabetes.
f. Patients who require NPWT on the lower limbs must have an differential diagnosis including a Doppler ultrasound assessment if the wound is over 2 weeks old and classified as a leg ulcer
g. Tissue Viability specialist advice MUST be sought when considering NPWT for paediatric patients.
h. Patients need to be educated about how the NPWT system works and what to do if a technical problem occurs. Patients also need to be able to recognise any signs and symptoms of complications and technical problems. Registered Healthcare Professionals need to ensure that patients are aware of what to do and who to contact in the event of a problem occurring during NPWT. If there is any concern regarding a patient managing in the event of a problem occurring then the patient should be deemed as unsuitable for NPWT and alternative treatments should be sought. Acelity have a 24hr free helpline clinical helpline 08009808880.
i. The patient must be given information about NPWT to allow them to make informed consent. Patients must understand the rationale for treatment, the interventions required to apply and maintain the therapy. Registered Healthcare Professionals must obtain verbal consent from the patient and this must be documented in the patient's notes.
12. NPWT application process
a. NPWT will be administered in accordance with the manufacturer's application guidelines. NPWT will only be applied by a Registered Healthcare Professional who has gained experience of NPWT through completing relevant training and competencies.
b. Aseptic technique must be adhered to. All disposable components (including the foam dressing, canister, and tubing) are packaged sterile.
c. The following must be available for the application of NPWT:
i. Sterile and non-sterile gloves
ii. Sterile scissors
iii. Dressing pack
iv. Sterile Normal Saline 0.9% solution
v. Disposable bag
vi. Sterile forceps may be required if the wound undermines/tracks
vii. Gel strips if needed
viii. NPWT device
ix. Appropriate size NPWT foam or gauze dressing
x. Appropriate size NPWT canister
xi. NPWT connection tubing
xii. LINER if appropriate - must be open mesh silicone non-adherent contact layer.
d. Prior to commencement of procedure hands should be thoroughly washed and dried. Following cleansing a protective disposable apron should be worn.
e. The surrounding skin should be cleansed at each dressing change only irrigate/cleanse the wound bed if there is specific debris to remove prior to application of NPWT foam.
f. Open mesh silicone non-adherent wound contact layer (as per the Worcestershire NHS Wound Management Formulary, Stephen-Haynes 2015) may be placed between the wound bed and the foam to prevent the NPWT dressings adhering to the wound bed.
g. If the wound is to be dressed using a foam dressing a sterile open pore foam designed for use with NPWT therapy is placed in the wound. The foam needs to be cut slightly larger than the actual wound as the foam will compress down under NPWT. No foam should extend the wound margin as this can damage the edges of the wound. If necessary protect the wound margins by picture framing wound with occlusive VAC drape 1-2cm beyond wound margins. More than one piece of Foam may be placed in the wound. It is important to record and document clearly of the number of pieces used and the foam type (white or black) to ensure no foam is retained within the wound bed on wound assessment chart.
h. If the wound is to be dressed using a gauze dressing then a gauze dressing that can be used with the NPWT is placed in the wound. More than one piece of gauze may be placed in the wound and a record of the number of pieces used made.
i. The clear sterile occlusive drape is then applied to cover all of the foam and at least 2cm of intact skin around the foam. DO NOT APPLY STRETCHED OR TAUT AS THIS MAY CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE SURROUNDING SKIN AND WOUND MARGINS. Skin barrier protection as per Worcestershire NHS Wound Management Formulary (Stephen-Haynes et al, 2015) can be used at this point to protect fragile surrounding skin.
j. A minimum of 50 pence piece diameter hole is made in the occlusive drape covering the foam and the sterile suction tubing applied over the opening.
k. The sterile suction tubing is then applied to the negative pressure suction device, via a collection canister.
l. Pressure settings applied are dependent on the type of wound, see Pressure, Cycle and Duration guide below.
m. The foam and gauze can potentially adhere to the wound base. If this occurs it is advised to apply sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride into the tube and leave the foam or gauze to soak for 20 minutes prior to removal (the amount needed will depend on the size of the wound and the foam used).
n. An odour can occur with some wounds, the Healthcare Professional needs to consider the cause of the odour.
o. Canisters should be monitored daily for exudate quantity and type. It is recommended that canisters are replaced when full (an alarm will sound) and at least once a week to control odour.
p. It is recommended that dressings are changed every 48 – 72 hours but no less than 2 times per week, based on individual assessment. Infected wounds may need to be changed more frequently.
q. The patient should be advised to contact a Healthcare Professional if they experience severe pain or acute bleeding. It is important to inform the patient of any adverse
reactions so to ensure that they are prepared for such occurring. The patient must be aware of who to contact in the event of an adverse reaction occurring, buzzer should be near patient at all times.
r. Any pain or acute bleeding the pump must be turned off and contact the Tissue Viability Team, doctor on call or the Acelity helpline on 08009809808880
s. The therapy must not be switched off for longer than 30 minutes and a maximum of 4 times in each 24-hour period. If a seal cannot be achieved and maintained the dressing is to be removed and the therapy should be discontinued. The patient should then be re-assessed, an alternative treatment sought and the NPWT device returned to the supplier.
t. Full documentation of the therapy should be recorded in the patient's notes.
u. It is recognised that waste generated during canister changes should be disposed of through the Trust's yellow disposal bins.
13. When to discontinue NPWT
a. NPWT should be discontinued after a Registered Healthcare Professional has assessed the wound and concluded that the treatment objective has been achieved (Bondokji et al 2011 & Milne, 2013). Alternatively, NPWT should be stopped when a patient is assessed by a Registered Healthcare Professional as not being suitable to continue with the treatment. Considerations for stopping NPWT include:
i. At the patient's informed request
ii. When granulation tissue is level with the surrounding skin
iii. When exudate level is less than 20 ml per day
iv. There is no improvement/reduction in wound size over 2 week period or at two consecutive dressing changes
v. Patient is experiencing pain
vi. There is a change in the patient's health, home environment or social circumstance that affects the safe and effective use of NPWT.
vii. If any signs of systemic infection of localised cellulitis.
b. On discontinuing NPWT the patients wound should be re-assessed and a new treatment objective and care plan should be devised. Advice and support should be sought from the Tissue Viability Service to help the Registered Healthcare Professional with any wound management issues.
c. Where applicable the Registered Healthcare Professionals must inform the Hospital Consultant when NPWT is discontinued.
14. NPWT dressing removal
- All patients with any wound dressing including TNP/VAC therapy should, if possible have their wounds swabbed within 24 hours of admission as per MRSA admission screening protocol
- However, regarding TNP/VAC therapy, there may be an exceptional circumstance when this therapy may need to remain in situ for a longer period (no longer than 72 hours from application, not admission)–this should only be allowed in such cases following a clinical review including a member of the IPC and TV team
- Guidance on how to remove VAC/TNP therapy can also be found as a poster in the TV Pink Resource Folders and as an A4 poster that can be found in the VAC pump case
a. Gently remove an existing NPWT dressing according to the following procedure:
i. Raise the tubing connectors above the level of the therapy unit
ii. Close clamp on the dressing tubing
iii. Separate canister tubing and dressing tubing by disconnecting the connector
iv. Allow the therapy unit to pull the exudate in the canister tube into the canister, and then close the clamp on the canister tubing
v. Press THERAPY ON/OFF to deactivate the NPWT device
vi. Wait for 2-3 minutes to allow for foam or gauze to decompress. To remove the drape from the skin, gently stretch the drape horizontally to release adhesive from the skin
vii. Do not peel vertically. Gently remove foam or gauze from the wound
viii. If the foam or gauze has adhered to the wound base apply sterile 0.9% Sodium Chloride into the tube and leave to soak for 15-30 minutes prior to removal
ix. Discard disposables in to the Trust's yellow waste bins
15. Changing NPWT canisters
a. Change the NPWT canisters according to the following procedure:
i. Raise the tubing connectors above the level of the therapy unit
ii. Close clamp on the dressing tubing.
iii. Separate canister tubing and dressing tubing by disconnecting the connector.
iv. Allow the therapy unit to pull the exudate in the canister tube into the canister, then close the clamp on the canister tubing.
v. Release canister by either pushing the white arrow button to release or depressing lever on the side of the canister to pull it off.
vi. Record exudate levels, type and colour on assessment chart.
vii. Dispose of as clinical waste into the Trust yellow waste bins.
viii. Ensure the gel in the new canister is lying flat.
ix. Connect new canister to tubing.
x. Place canister into pump until it clicks.
16. The procedure for obtaining and returning the NPWT pumps
a) Pumps are kept on Severn unit (WRH) or ward 17 (ALEX). Please fill in the book on obtaining a pump, stating the pump number, ward, date and patients name.
b) Stock is also available on these wards. The removal of stock should also be documented in the book for cross charging purposes.
c) Patient should NOT be discharged on an ULTA unit
d) See flowchart detailing the process for obtaining VAC unit and for discharge process.
17. Discharging into the community on NPWT
a. As soon as the patient is medically fit for discharge the discharge process should begin, funding should be applied for. The patient must not be discharged until funding has been agreed and District nurses are aware.
b. All referrals for NPWT treatment funding need to be completed by a Registered Healthcare Professional and sent to Jayne Allchurch, Tissue Viability Secretary via email : firstname.lastname@example.org In the event of receiving an out of office reply from Jayne Allchurch, email the Tissue Viability Specialist Nurses directly email@example.com or firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com
c. Each referral for NPWT is assessed by a Community Tissue Viability Specialist Nurse who considers each individual's suitability for NPWT and decides if the patient meets the funding criteria for treatment.
d. Please ensure that all the required information of the wound is provided on the referral form so an informed decision on treatment can be provided promptly. If the form is incomplete it will be returned for further information and may lead to a delayed decision.
e. On confirmation of funding the Tissue Viability Service will contact the local K.C.I representative to arrange order of correct consumables for community.
f. The K.C.I representative will contact the Registered Healthcare Professionals whose patient requires NPWT to arrange the first application and provide any guidance on the application process if needed.
g. The responsibility for the patient remains with the Registered Healthcare Professional.
h. The Registered Healthcare Professional will be responsible for ensuring that there is sufficient stock available for 1 dressing and canister change. KCI will send out further dressing to patients home.
The Trust will be charged for the rental of a NPWT device from the supplier until the supplier is informed that the patient no longer requires it. Therefore it is important to return the NPWT device to the supplier promptly after use.
18. Pressure, cycle and duration guide
a. The table provides a guide and should not replace clinical assessment or judgement.
| Type Of Wound | Indication For Use | Target Pressure Using V.A.C Granu Foam Dressing | Target Pressure Using V.A.C White Foam Dressing | Cycle |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pressure Ulcer | Chronic- non responding or preparing site for surgical intervention | 125 mmHg | 150 mmHg | Continuous for first 48 hours, then consider intermittent |
| Diabetic Foot Ulcer | Non responding poor circulation | 50-125 mmHg | 75-150 mmHg | Continuous for first 48 hours and then consider intermittent |
| Dehisced Surgical Wound | To promote wound closure Non-responding | 125mmHg | 150 mmHg | Continuous |
| Chronic Wounds | To promote granulation tissue, wound closure, promote perfusion | 50-125mmHg | 75-150mmHg | Continuous for first 48 hours and then consider intermittent |
| Grafts and Flaps | To remove excess fluid and promote perfusion | 50-75 mmHg | 50-75 mmHg | Continuous |
19. Monitoring Tool
| | STANDARDS | | % | | Clinical |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| | | | | | Exceptions |
| All patients with a wound will have a differential diagnosis of the wound documented | | 100 | | Nil | |
| All patients with a wound will have a wound assessment completed initially and then reviewed at least weekly | | 100 | | Nil | |
| All patients with a wound will have a clear wound treatment objective documented | | 100 | | Nil | |
| All patients with a wound will have a care plan implemented for wound management | | 100 | | Nil | |
| All patients receiving NPWT will be given a NPWT patient information leaflet | | 100 | | Nil | |
| Informed consent for NPWT will be documented in the patients notes | | 100 | | Nil | |
| The arrangements for the collection of the NPWT pump will be arranged on the same day of NPWT stopping and documented in the patient’s notes. | | 100 | | Nil | |
Retrospective paper audit of patients undergoing NPWT will be performed to monitor compliance with the guideline and record outcomes.
The Tissue Viability Service will liaise with clinical areas to develop educational and audit plans.
20.References
Abbots, J. (2010) Patients Views On Topical Negative Pressure: 'Effective But Smelly'. British Journal of Nursing, 19 (20), 37-41.
Banwell, P. (2007) V.A.C. therapy clinical guidelines: a reference source for clinicians. London, KCI Medical Ltd.
Beldon, P. (2005) Topical negative pressure dressings and vacuum assisted closure. Wound Essentials,1, 110–14.
Benbow, M. (2008) Modern Wound Therapies. Journal Of Community Nursing, 22 (2).
Bondokji, S. et al. (2011) Clinical Efficacy Of A New Variant Of A Foam Based NWPT System. Journal Of Wound Care, 20 (2), 62-67.
Department of Health (2005) Mental Health Capacity Act. London, Department of Health.
European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (2009) Treatment of pressure ulcers: Quick Reference Guide. Washington DC, National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel.
European Wound Management Association (2007) Topical Negative pressure in wound management. [Online] Available from: www.ewma.org [Accessed 31 st May 2013].
FDA (2011) FDA Safety Communication: UPDATE on Serious Complications Associated with Negative Pressure Wound Therapy Systems. [Online] Available from:
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm244211.htm Accessed 13th May 2013].
Malahias, M. Hindocha, S. Saedi, F. McArthur, P. (2012) Topical Negative Pressure Therapy: Current Concepts And Practice. Journal Of Perioperative Practice, 22 (10), 328-332.
Milne, J. (2013) Effective Use Of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy. Practice Nursing, 24 (1), 14-19.
NICE (2005) Pressure Ulcers: The Management of Pressure Ulcers in Primary and Secondary Care. London, NICE.
National Institute for Clinical Excellence (2009) Negative Pressure Wound Therapy for the Open Abdomen. London, NICE.
Ritchie, K. Abbotts, J. Downie, S. Harbour, J. Kelly, J. Riches, E. Wilson, L. (2010) HTA Programme: Health Technology Assessment Report 12: Topical negative pressure therapy for wounds. Edinburgh, NHS Quality Improvement Scotland.
Stephen-Haynes, J. (2007) Guideline for Wound Management. [Online] Available from: http://www.hacw.nhs.uk/policies/whct-clinical-policies---new!/ [Accessed 2 nd July 2013].
Stephen-Haynes, J., Woodrow, T., Wharton, S. (2011a) V.A.C Therapy. Wounds UK, 7 (4), 1-4.
Stephen-Haynes, J. et al (2015) Worcestershire Health & Care NHS Trust Wound Management Formulary.
Thompson, G. (2008) An Overview Of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT). Wound Care, 23-30.
Worcestershire Health & Care NHS Trust (2011) Infection Prevention and Control: Safe Working Practices. [Online] Available from: nd http://www.hacw.nhs.uk/policies/whct-clinical-policies---new!/ [Accessed 2 July 2013]
Wounds UK (2008) Best Practice Statement: Gauze-based Negative Pressure Wound Therapy. Aberdeen, Wounds UK.
Appendix 1
Competency Assessment for the use Of Negative
Pressure Wound Therapy
All Registered Healthcare Professionals caring for patients receiving Negative Pressure Wound Therapy should be able to demonstrate competence in delivery of this therapy.
Assessment of Competence
Any Registered Healthcare Professional caring for patients receiving NPWT will be required to demonstrate competence in the relevant skills.
All nurses undertaking these roles are responsible for accessing a competent assessor. Registered Healthcare Professionals must accept accountability for maintaining competence through regular clinical experience and supporting theoretical knowledge.
Name of Healthcare Professional: ………………..............................................
Job title: ………………………………………………………………………………..
Clinical area: …………………………………………………………………………..
Name of Mentor: ……………………………………………………………………...
Job title: ………………………………………………………………………………..
Clinical area: …………………………………………………………………………..
Competencies required to perform Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
I declare that I have expanded my knowledge and skills and undertake to practice with accountability for my decisions and actions. I have read and understood the protocol for the use of Negative Pressure Wound Therapy
| | Competency | Date Achieved | Signature of assessor | Signature of practitioner |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | During discussion practitioner demonstrates knowledge of: Definition of NPWT How the NPWT system works Indications & contraindications of NPWT Rationale for the appropriate use of NPWT When NPWT should be withdrawn Infection control precautions The role of patient education | | | |
| 2 | Demonstrates how to acquire the appropriate equipment required to initiate NPWT | | | |
| 3 | Demonstrate how to return equipment in a timely manner, including notifying the NPWT provider and the Tissue Viability Service once NPWT is discontinued. | | | |
| 4 | Demonstrate the ability to undertake and record wound assessment according to Trust guidance. | | | |
| 5 | Demonstrate the ability to safely commence NPWT therapy. | | | |
| 6 | Demonstrate the ability to discontinue NPWT therapy. | | | |
| 7 | Understand the current process for discharge e.g. funding and informing district nurses | | | |
Signature of Practitioner: ……..……………………………………….. Date………………………………...
I declare that I have supervised this practitioner and found her/him to be competent as judged by the above criteria.
Signature of Supervisor: ………………………………………………… Date ………………………….........
Copies of this record should be placed in the practitioner’s personal file, retained by the individual for their Professional Portfolio and held centrally by the Tissue Viability Service
Appendix 2
Flowchart for the use of NPWT
Discharging a patient on VAC ensure:
1. The patient is discharged on a ACTIVAC unit (available on Severn Unit WRH or Ward 17)
2. Send patient home with black carry box and charger.
3. 24 helpline number 0800 980 8880 identified
4. Enough consumables for 1 dressing change.
On discontinuation of VAC in hospital:
1. Please decontaminate unit using normal procedures
2. Return to Severn unit (WRH) or Ward 17 at the Alex
Funding agreed? YES
Contact District Nurses and V.A.C. Specialist
07827278589
Appendix 3
REFERRAL AND AUDIT FORM FOR WORCESTERSHIRE PCT TNP FUNDING
Please complete and return to Jayne Allchurch/Jackie Stephen-Haynes at Email: firstname.lastname@example.org or email@example.com and firstname.lastname@example.org
Tel: 01905 681330
Name
Date of Birth
Address
Consultant
GP
Wound history
Date of Surgery (if applicable)
Type of wound
Size of wound (cm)
Depth of wound (cm)
T Tissue type in %
I Infection, signs of, swab taken, any antimicrobial used?
M Manage Exudate – volume and viscosity of exudate
E Edge of wound, intact, macerated, fragile
Reason for using TNP
How long has TNP been used and progression to date
Type of pump
Size of foam
Canister
Patient information supplied
Appendix 4
TNP Therapy Care Plan
Goal: Promote wound healing and safe, effective use of TNP therapy
| Once only actions (prior to commencement of TNP Therapy): | |
|---|---|
| Rationale & use of TNP therapy explained to patient & | Yes / No |
| consent gained | |
| TNP therapy information leaflet given to patient | Yes / No |
| TNP dressing to be changed every: | 2 / 3 days |
| Pressure setting required (usually 125mmHg): | |
| Therapy required (usually continuous): | Continuous / Intermittent |
| Type of pump to be used: | |
| State what wound liner is used i.e. Atrauman, if any | |
| Other dressing instructions: | | | <urn:uuid:be63c782-b470-40bc-99ec-c4b8c5dd374f> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 36,108 |
RENDŐRKAPITÁNYSÁG PÁSZTÓ
Szám: 12030-1673/6/2017.ált.
A PÁSZTÓI RENDŐRKAPITÁNYSÁG MÁSOLATKÉSZÍTÉSI SZABÁLYZATA
A Szabályzat verziószáma: 3.2
Kibocsátó szervezet: Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság
Alkalmazási terület: a Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság hatáskörébe tartozó eljárások
A kibocsátás dátuma: 2018. június 5.
Érvényessége: 2018. június 5-től visszavonásig
dr. Tari Szilvia r. alezredes kapitányságvezető elektronikus ügykezelést és iratkezelést felügyelő vezető
ő
Cím: 3060 Pásztó, F
út 93-95., Pf.: 13.
Telefon: 06-32/460-255 Fax: 06-32/460-015
email: firstname.lastname@example.org
| verzió: | a változás leírása: | kibocsátva: |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Első változat. | 2017. augusztus 8. |
| 2 | Másolatkészítési szabályok kiterjesztése az ügyintézés során keletkező papíralapú iratokra. | 2017. november 20. |
| 3.1 | 2018.01.01-jén hatályba lépett RISZ szerinti megnevezések pontosítása, hitelesítő személyek bővítése. | 2018. január 30. |
| 3.2 | Hitelesítő személyek bővítése. | 2018. június 5. |
I. PREAMBULUM, A SZABÁLYZAT CÉLJA, HATÁLYA
1., A Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság (a továbbiakban: kapitányság) Másolatkészítési Szabályzatának (a továbbiakban: szabályzat) célja a kapitánysághoz érkezett papíralapú küldemények hiteles elektronikus irattá történő átalakítására vonatkozó alapvető és egységes szabályok meghatározása az elektronikus ügyintézés és a bizalmi szolgáltatások általános szabályairól szóló 2015. évi CCXXII. törvény, az elektronikus ügyintézés részletszabályairól szóló 451/2016. (XII.19.) Kormányrendelet (a továbbiakban: Korm. rendelet), valamint a papíralapú küldemények elektronikus irattá történő átalakításáról szóló 3/2017. (I.24.) BM utasítás rendelkezéseinek figyelembe vételével.
2., A Szabályzat a vonatkozó jogszabályokkal összhangban tartalmazza a kapitányságra érkezett és a kapitányság ügyintézői által keletkezett papíralapú dokumentumról hiteles elektronikus másolat átalakításának eljárási rendjét és műszaki feltételeit.
3., A Szabályzat alapján a kapitánysághoz érkezett és a kapitányság ügyintézői által keletkezett papíralapú dokumentumok hiteles elektronikus irattá alakítására kerül sor.
II. FOGALMAK
4., A Szabályzat vonatkozásában:
a, papíralapú dokumentum: a papíron rögzített minden olyan szöveg, számadatsor, térkép, tervrajz, vázlat, kép vagy más adat, amely bármely eszköz felhasználásával és bármely eljárással keletkezett;
b, papíralapú közokirat: papíralapú dokumentumba foglalt, a Polgári Perrendtartásról szóló 1952. évi III. törvény (a továbbiakban Pp.) 195. § (1) bekezdése szerinti közokirat;
c, hitelesített elektronikus másolat: olyan elektronikus másolat, amelyen elektronikus bélyegzőt helyeztek el és amelynek időpontját minősített időbélyeg szolgáltatótól származó időbélyeg igazolja,
d, hitelesítési záradék („Az eredeti papíralapú dokumentummal egyező"): a Korm. rendelet szerinti adattartalommal elkészített állomány, amely az elektronikus másolat elválaszthatatlan részét képezi;
e, képi megfelelés: az elektronikus másolat azon tulajdonsága, amely biztosítja a papíralapú dokumentum - joghatás kiváltása szempontjából lényeges - tartalmi és fogalmi elemek megismerhetőségét;
f, tartalmi megfelelés: az elektronikus másolat azon tulajdonsága, amely szerint az - a hozzá kapcsolódó metaadatokkal együttesen – biztosítja a papíralapú dokumentum joghatás kiváltása szempontjából lényeges tartalmi elemeinek megismerhetőségét, de nem biztosítja a képi megfelelést;
g, másolatkészítő rendszer: a másolatkészítés során alkalmazott hardver, szoftver, humánerőforrás, jelen Szabályzat, valamint ezek együttese;
h, metaadat: a tárolt dokumentumot leíró ismertető adatok,
III. A MÁSOLATKÉSZÍTÉS FOLYAMATA
Általános szabályok
5., A papíralapú dokumentumról történő elektronikus másolatot a kapitányság bármely erre a feladatra kijelölt ügykezelési tevékenységet ellátó személye készíthet.
6., Az ügyintézési tevékenység során keletkezett papír alapú dokumentumról elektronikus másolatot a papíralapú dokumentumot létrehozó ügyintéző, vagy a szervezeti elemébe tartozó ügykezelési tevékenységet ellátó személy készíthet.
7., Az érkezett papíralapú dokumentumról készült elektronikus másolatot a kapitányság érkeztető pontjának kijelölt ügykezelői, illetve az érintett szervezeti elem ügykezelői hitelesítik.
8. A papír alapú dokumentumról készült elektronikus másolatot az ügyintéző szervezeti elem vezetője által erre munkaköri leírásban kijelölt ügykezelői feladatokat ellátó személy – így különösen előadó, titkárnő, több munkafolyamatot ellátó ügyviteli alkalmazott, valamint egyéb beosztott – hitelesíti.
9., A másolatkészítést úgy kell megszervezni, hogy a feldolgozási folyamat során az elektronikus másolat készítését, valamint annak hitelesítését csak eltérő személyek valósíthatják meg.
10., Az iratképző szervhez beérkező papíralapú küldemények közül el kell különíteni a BM utasítás 2. § (2-3) bekezdéseiben, valamint a Rendőrség Iratkezelési Szabályzatáról szóló 40/2017. (XII.29.) ORFK utasítás 91. pontjában és a 6. mellékletben meghatározott kivételi körbe tartozó iratokat.
Az elektronikus másolat elkészítése
11. A másolatkészítést végző erre a feladatra kijelölt ügykezelési tevékenységet ellátó személy a papíralapú dokumentumról a szkenner segítségével legalább 200 dpi, maximum 300 dpi felbontású, színes .pdf formátumú állományt készít.
12., A másolatkészítés során a dokumentumok oldalanként kerülnek szkennelésre.
13., Kizárólag olyan elektronikus másolat készíthető, amely a papíralapú dokumentum teljes tartalmát tartalmazza, részleges másolat vagy elektronikus kivonat nem készíthető.
14., Amennyiben a boríték több küldeményt tartalmaz, úgy a küldeményekről külön-külön kell az elektronikus másolatot elkészíteni.
15., A másolatkészítést végző az elektronikus másolatot a Robotzsaru integrált ügyviteli, ügyfeldolgozó és elektronikus iratkezelő rendszerben (a továbbiakban: Robotzsaru rendszer) a postabontási adatokhoz csatolja.
Az elektronikus másolat hitelesítése
16., Az elektronikus másolat hitelesítésére feljogosított személyeket az 1. melléklet tartalmazza.
17., Az elektronikus másolat hitelesítésére feljogosított személy megállapítja a papíralapú dokumentum és az elektronikus másolat képi és tartalmi megfelelését.
18., A képi és tartalmi megfelelőség egyedileg és oldalanként kerül ellenőrzésre.
19., A másolatkészítés sikeres, ha az eredeti dokumentum és az elektronikus másolat képi és tartalmi megfelelése megállapítható, azaz az eredeti papíralapú dokumentum tartalmi és formai elemeinek megismerhetősége biztosított.
20., Amennyiben a képi és tartalmi megfelelés nem állapítható meg, a másolatkészítést meg kell ismételni, valamint a képi és tartalmi megfelelés megállapítására nem alkalmas dokumentumot törölni kell.
21., A képi és tartalmi megfelelés megállapítását követően az elektronikus másolat hitelesítésére feljogosított személy:
a, érkezett papíralapú dokumentum esetén az elektronikus másolatot, mint bontási mellékletet hitelesíti és befejezi a postabontási műveletet,
b, saját keletkezésű papíralapú dokumentum esetén az elektronikus másolatot hitelesíti.
22., A Robotzsaru rendszer a postabontási művelet befejezésével egyidejűleg az elektronikus másolatot hitelesítési záradékkel látja el, és az elektronikus másolathoz az alábbi metaadatokat rendeli:
a, papíralapú dokumentum megnevezése;
b, papíralapú dokumentum fizikai méretei;
d, másolatkészítő neve;
c, másolatkészítő szervezet megnevezése;
e, másolat képi vagy tartalmi egyezéséért felelős személy neve;
f, másolatkészítő rendszer megnevezése;
g, másolatkészítési szabályzat megnevezése és verziószáma;
h, másolatkészítés időpontja;
j, irányadó másolatkészítési rend elérhetősége.
i, hitelesítés időpontja;
23., A hitelesítési záradékkal ellátott elektronikus másolaton a Robotzsaru rendszer elhelyezi a hitelesítést végző személy nevét tartalmazó elektronikus bélyegzőt és az időbélyeg szolgáltatótól származó időbélyeget.
24., Az elektronikus dokumentum megváltoztathatatlanságát az elektronikus bélyegző, valamint a Robotzsaru rendszer biztosítja a 2. mellékletben foglalt műszaki feltételek szerint.
IV. ZÁRÓ RENDELKEZÉSEK
25., a Szabályzat a kiadás napján lép hatályba.
26., A Szabályzatot a Rendőrség hivatalos webhelyén - bárki számára elérhető módon – közzé kell tenni, illetve amennyiben abban változás következik be, módosításáról és cseréjéről a kapitányság vezetője a szolgálati út betartásával az NMRFK Hivatal útján gondoskodik. Az előző állapotot a honlapon 10 évig kell megőrizni.
27., Amennyiben a hiteles másolatkészítésre feljogosított személyek körében változás következik be, az érkeztető pont vezetője soron kívül, írásban tájékoztatja a kapitányság vezetőjét, aki a szolgálati út betartásával az NMRFK Hivatal útján gondoskodik a melléklet módosításáról és a honlapon történő cseréjéről.
27., A másolatkészítő rendszer műszaki dokumentációjában történt változásról az ORFK-ról érkező tájékoztatást követően a kapitányság illetékes vezetője gondoskodik a műszaki dokumentáció cseréjéről.
Pásztó, 2018. június 5.
Hiteles elektronikus másolat készítésére feljogosított személyek
| Szs. | Személy neve: | Szolgálati helye: |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Tóth Tibor Péterné | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Segédhivatal |
| 2 | Ládeczki Anita | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Segédhivatal |
| 3 | Kaszás Beáta | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Segédhivatal |
| 4 | Markó Zsuzsanna | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság |
| 5 | Maksó Éva | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 6 | Csoór Veronika | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 7 | Illés Szilárdné | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály Igazgatásrendészeti Alosztály |
| 8 | Szécsényiné Alapi Ildikó c. r. ftzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Igazgatásrendészeti Alosztály |
| 9 | Sütő Andrea | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 10 | Tari Sándorné | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 11 | Vasas Nikoletta | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 12 | Koháriné Molnár Krisztina | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Kállói Rendőrőrs |
| 13 | Kiss Péter r. százados | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Kállói Rendőrőrs |
| 14 | Szűcs Béla r. alezredes | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 15 | Madjász István r. őrnagy | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 16 | Szabó Tímea r. százados | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 17 | Szabó Attila r. százados | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 18 | Gódi Ferenc c. r. ftzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály |
| 20. | Bakos Zsolt r. ftörm. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Kállói Rendőrőrs |
|---|---|---|
| 21 | Árminiczki József r. tzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 22 | Pál Mihály c. r. ftzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 23 | Illés Roland r. tzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 24 | Sáfár Miklós c. r. ftzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 25 | Nagy Gábor Miklós c. r. ftzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 26 | Magyar Attila c. r. ftzls. | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Rendészeti Osztály |
| 27 | Bóta Adrienn r. hadnagy | Pásztói Rendőrkapitányság Bűnügyi Osztály | | <urn:uuid:ce10ee95-1cc6-4d83-9716-1d63750661ee> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/hun_Latn/train | finepdfs | hun_Latn | 11,159 |
EXTRAIT DU COMPTE-RENDU DU CONSEIL MUNICIPAL DU 27 Janvier 2017
Nombre de Conseillers :
en exercice : 19 présents : 13 Votants : 18
Absents excusés : Madame MARGUERITE Valérie qui a donné pouvoir à Monsieur LEBLOND Patrick, Monsieur GUIGNARD Jean-Paul qui a donné pouvoir à Monsieur DESBAS Jean-Claude, Monsieur NAUDIN Frédéric qui a donné pouvoir à Madame JEAN Marlyse, Madame IZAMBART Dany qui a donné pouvoir à Madame SPRIET Catherine, Madame MENANTEAU Sabrina et Monsieur PEIGNE Bernard qui a donné pouvoir à Monsieur MARIE Olivier.
1. Demande d'admission en non-valeur
Mr DESGACHES, Trésorier municipal, sollicite l'admission en non-valeur de titres :
- d'un montant inférieur à 30 €,
- pour lesquels les poursuites ne sont pas autorisées (redressement et liquidation judiciaire),
- pour lesquels les poursuites ont été infructueuses (saisie-attribution révélant un compte débiteur et/ou débiteur poursuivi pour des dettes fiscales dont le recouvrement est compromis).
Le montant s'élève pour le budget principal à 127.25 €.
Mme le Maire précise que les crédits seront inscrits au budget 2017 compte 6541.
Après en avoir délibéré, à l'unanimité, le conseil municipal :
- adopte.
2. Incorporation de bien sans maître dans le domaine communal
Les biens sans maitre sont, en France, des biens meubles ou immeubles susceptibles d'appropriation, dont le propriétaire a disparu ou est inconnu.
La procédure de biens sans maître permet aux communes d'acquérir des immeubles qui remplissent certaines conditions. Par ailleurs, la mairie peut renoncer à l'incorporation de ce bien dans son patrimoine communal afin de l'intégrer dans le patrimoine de l'Etat.
La Direction des Finances Publiques a informé la commune que 2 parcelles cadastrées AR 125 et ZN 107 sont réputées sans maître sur son territoire.
Le Préfet, le 11 mai 2016, a arrêté la liste des immeubles susceptibles d'être présumés sans maître. Cet arrêté est le point de départ du délai de 6 mois permettant aux propriétaires éventuels de se faire connaître. Au bout des 6 mois sans nouvelles du ou des propriétaires, le bien est déclaré sans maître.
Ce délai étant aujourd'hui passé, Mme le Maire propose de renoncer à ces 2 terrains au profit de l'Etat.
- 1 -
Vu la Loi n° 2004-809 du 13 août 2004 relative aux « Libertés et responsabilité locales », et notamment son article 147 ;
Vu les articles L. 1123-1 et suivants du Code général de la propriété des personnes publiques ;
Vu l'article 713 du Code civil ;
Vu l'arrêté préfectoral en date du 11 mai 2016 constatant la situation du bien présumé sans maître ;
Considérant que les biens cadastrés AR 125 et ZN 107 n'ont pas de propriétaire connu et qu'ils ne se sont pas fait connaître dans un délai de six mois à compter de la dernière publicité de l'arrêté préfectoral susindiqué constatant la situation dudit bien ;
Le Conseil Municipal DÉCIDE, à l'unanimité, le refus d'incorporer les biens cadastrés AR 125 et ZN 107 et présumés sans maître dans le domaine communal.
3. Centre de formation des apprentis : subvention 2017
Madame Corinne LECONTE expose :
La Chambre des Métiers et de l'Artisanat des Deux-Sèvres renouvelle sa demande de subvention pour l'année 2017 pour le Centre de Formation des Apprentis. Elle rappelle la participation financière des deux dernières années:
```
2015 = 450 € pour 10 apprentis 2016 = 585 € pour 13 apprentis
```
La participation demandée pour 2017 s'élève à 540 € soit 45 € pour 12 apprentis domiciliés sur la commune.
Cette année nous avons également la demande de :
La Chambre des Métiers et de l'artisanat de Charente Maritime pour 1 apprenti domicilié sur la commune pour la somme de 40 €
Le Centre de Formation des apprentis de Saint Michel Mont Mercure pour 1 apprenti domicilié sur la commune pour la somme de 36 €
Madame le Maire propose d'accepter ces 3 demandes soit la somme totale de 616 € au titre de la participation 2017.
Après en avoir délibéré, à l'unanimité, le conseil municipal :
- accepte les 3 demandes pour la somme totale de 616 €.
- 2 -
4. Convention 2017 de mise à disposition de la salle des fêtes à l'association Justdance
Suite à la délibération de du 16 décembre 2016 reconduisant la convention de mise à disposition de la salle des fêtes à l'association Justdance pour l'année 2017 hors ZUMBA – FITNESS, une rencontre a été organisée avec la présidente. Celle-ci a régularisé la situation et a pu fournir le récépissé de déclaration à la DDCSPP manquant pour autoriser l'association a donné des cours de zumba. Les cours de Zumba seront donnés le mardi soir à la suite de ceux donnés actuellement.
C'est pourquoi Mme le Maire propose d'accepter de modifier la convention et d'ajouter le cours de Zumba, les autres clauses restant inchangées.
Après en avoir délibéré, le conseil municipal accepte de modifier la convention 2017 et autorise Madame le Maire à la signer.
5. Salle des fêtes : convention de location et tarifs 2017
Mr Alain DUBREUCQ présente le projet de convention de location et les propositions de tarifs pour l'année 2017 de la salle des fêtes.
Après en avoir délibéré, le conseil municipal :
- valide le projet de convention qui sera passé entre les demandeurs et la commune,
- décide de reporter le vote du forfait charges au prochain conseil municipal afin de revoir la proposition,
- Retient le tarif suivant qui sera applicable à compter du 1 er février 2017.
USAGERS DE LA COMMUNE
USAGERS HORS COMMUNE | <urn:uuid:ffb4789a-d811-438b-9d16-fd9cffa04a6c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/fra_Latn/train | finepdfs | fra_Latn | 5,462 |
1. These Terms and Conditions (hereinafter: Terms and Conditions) specify the terms of use of the playroom located in the Business Lounge of the passenger terminal at the John Paul II International Airport Kraków-Balice.
2. Those staying in the playroom are required to read and comply with these Terms and Conditions.
3. The playroom is intended exclusively for the children of Business Lounge guests aged 10 years or younger.
4. Children staying in the playroom must always be under the constant supervision of a parent, legal guardian or other person required by law or contract to care for the child, who shall be responsible for their safety.
5. The fact that Business Lounge staff are present in the playroom does not mean that they take over the care of the children. The parents, legal guardian or other persons referred to in Paragraph 4 of these Terms and Conditions are required to instruct the child on how to use the playroom.
6. The playroom is provided with toys and a TV set showing TV programmes as selected by the parent, legal guardian or other persons referred to in Paragraph 4 of the Terms and Conditions.
7. The toys and devices in the playroom can only be used for their intended purpose. Business Lounge staff shall not be liable for any injury or damage caused by misuse by children of the equipment in the playroom.
8. The parents, legal guardian or other persons referred to in Paragraph 4 of the Terms and Conditions are required to ensure that a child using the playroom behaves in a safe manner and does not threaten the safety of other people.
9. The parents, legal guardian or other persons referred to in Paragraph 4 of the Terms and Conditions shall be liable for any damage caused by the child to the property that is part of the playroom equipment, as well as any damage caused to third parties.
10. In the playroom, it is forbidden to:
10.1 bring in or consume any food or drinks;
10.2 consume alcohol;
10.3 leave behind any garbage;
10.4 make permanent changes to playroom equipment, disassemble such equipment or leave it in a condition that poses a threat to other children using the playroom;
10.5 take away toys or other equipment from the playroom.
11. Business Lounge staff have the right to ask anyone who fails to comply with these Terms and Conditions or whose behaviour causes discomfort to or threatens the safety of other people to leave the playroom.
12. Please report any irregularities in the operation of the playroom equipment to Business Lounge reception staff.
13. Emergency telephone numbers: +48 12 639 3328 Airport Security Service; +48 12 639 3101 Fire Department; +48 600 001 151 Doctor on duty;
Balice, 12 December 2022. | <urn:uuid:02df534a-3048-470f-abc3-f319bebbbb3c> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,708 |
DINAMICHE DEI COSTI OPERATIVI NELLE COOPERATIVE ADERENTI A CONFCOOPERATIVE PER FILIERA (2019-2022)
STUDI & RICERCHE N° 233 - Ottobre 2023
La dinamica dei costi operativi (2019-2022)
Nel 2022 i rincari registrati nella catena di distribuzione (supply chain), le accresciute difficoltà di approvvigionamento energetico e, più in generale, l’incremento dei prezzi all’origine trovano riflesso in un aumento molto consistente dei costi operativi delle cooperative (l’insieme dei costi per materie prime e consumo, dei costi per servizi, dei costi per godimento di beni di terzi e dei costi per il personale). Dalle verifiche empiriche sui bilanci delle aderenti a Confcooperative nel periodo 2019-2022 (serie storica omogenea - bilanci relativi agli esercizi sociali 2019-2020-2021-2022)* emerge, infatti, una crescita dei costi operativi pari al +13,7% nel 2022 rispetto all’anno precedente e pari al +22,8% rispetto al 2019 (prepandemia).
* L’analisi relativa alle dinamiche dei costi operativi, monitorate fra il 2019 e il 2022, fa riferimento a 4.173 cooperative aderenti a Confcooperative e dichiarate attive al 31/12/2022, di cui si dispone al 13/09/2023 della serie storica completa dei bilanci (singoli e non consolidati) relativi agli esercizi sociali 2019-2020-2021-2022. Sebbene l’analisi della serie storica sia, di fatto, ancora incompleta, si tratta comunque di un panel che rappresenta un aggregato significativo del sistema Confcooperative. In particolare, le risultanze si riferiscono ad un sottoinsieme di enti aderenti a Confcooperative di dimensione superiore alla media del sistema che hanno depositato in tempi brevi l’ultimo bilancio (2022) in Camera di Commercio (con successiva acquisizione attraverso le banche dati utilizzate da Fondosviluppo/Confcooperative). Generalmente sono cooperative finanziariamente e patrimonialmente meno vulnerabili e più solide rispetto al totale delle aderenti attive (elaborazioni archivi nazionali Confcooperative e banca dati Aida Bureau Van Dijk). Sono escluse dall’analisi le cooperative che operano nel settore del credito, della finanza e delle assicurazioni.
La composizione dei costi operativi (2019-2022)
Le evidenze oggettive che emergono dall’osservazione della dinamica dei costi operativi nelle aderenti attive nel periodo 2019-2022 segnalano anche l’aumento del peso dei costi per materie prime e consumo rispetto alle altre voci dei costi operativi. In particolare la quota dei costi per materie prime e consumo sul totale dei costi operativi aumenta dal 65% del 2019 al 65,5% del 2020, al 65,6% del 2021 e, infine, al 67% del 2022. Di contro, il peso dei costi del personale diminuisce, nello stesso periodo, dal 16,3% del 2019 al 16,1% del 2020 e 2021 fino al 14,9% del 2022. Anche il peso dei costi per servizi si riduce dal 17,3% del 2019 al 16,7% del 2022. Infine, il peso dei costi per godimento di beni di terzi, stabile tra il 2019 e il 2021 all’1,5%, scende nel 2022 all’1,4%. Di fatto, nel periodo oggetto d’indagine, l’incremento dei costi per materie prime e consumo è stato più consistente rispetto alle altre voci dei costi operativi.
LA COMPOSIZIONE DEI COSTI OPERATIVI TRA LE ADERENTI ATTIVE AL 31/12/2022 NEL PERIODO 2019-2022 - % - (COOPERATIVE ADERENTI ATTIVE 2019-2022, SERIE STORICA OMOGENEA BILANCI 2019-2020-2021-2022 - ESCLUSI SETTORI CREDITO/FINANZA/ASSICURAZIONI) - Fonte: elaborazione propria su dati Confcooperative e Aida Bvd, estrazione 13/09/2023
| Anno | Costi per godimento di beni di terzi | Costi del personale | Costi per servizi | Costi per materie prime e consumo |
|------|-----------------------------------|---------------------|------------------|----------------------------------|
| 2019 | 1,5% | 16,3% | 17,3% | 65,0% |
| 2020 | 1,5% | 16,1% | 16,9% | 65,5% |
| 2021 | 1,5% | 16,1% | 16,9% | 65,6% |
| 2022 | 1,4% | 14,9% | 16,7% | 67,0% |
FONDO SVILUPPO
Il peso dei costi operativi per filiera produttiva (2022)
Per quanto riguarda il peso dei costi operativi per filiera produttiva, nel 2022 si segnala che in otto filiere (sulle 15 in cui sono attive le cooperative aderenti censite in questa analisi)*, in particolare in quelle del sistema moda, sistema casa, sanità, metallurgia e siderurgia, meccanica, costruzioni, chimica e agrobusiness, i costi per materie prime e consumo rappresentano la quota più rilevante dei costi operativi. In cinque filiere, in particolare in quelle del turismo, dei trasporti, del packaging, dei mezzi di trasporto e del mediatico/audiovisivo si segnala il peso più consistente dei costi del personale. Nelle filiere dell’ICT e dell’energia la quota parte più elevata dei costi operativi è riconducibile, invece, ai costi per servizi. Infine, i costi per godimento di beni di terzi, rappresentano in tutte le filiere prese in esame la quota più bassa dei costi operativi, tranne nel packaging dove il peso non è del tutto marginale.
* Tassonomia delle filiere: - Filiere produttive e territori, prime analisi - 2012 MISE ora MIMIT. Confcooperative è presente con le proprie aderenti attive in sedici delle diciassette filiere produttive censite. Solo nella filiera difesa/aeronautica non si segnalano aderenti attive. In questa analisi sono escluse le aderenti attive nella filiera finanza.
Rispetto al 2019, nel 2022 si segnala, in tutte le filiere produttive censite, tranne nell’ICT, una crescita sostenuta dei costi operativi. Tuttavia, alcune filiere evidenziano un aumento molto più consistente rispetto alle altre. In particolare, a fronte di un incremento medio dei costi operativi pari al +22,8% nel 2022 rispetto al 2019, si rileva una crescita degli stessi che raggiunge il +76,6% nella filiera dell’energia, il +62,2% nella filiera della meccanica, il +58,8% nella filiera della chimica, il +49,4% nella filiera del sistema casa, il +30,7% nella filiera delle costruzioni, il +26,7% nella filiera dell’agrobusiness e il +25,7% nella filiera del sistema moda.
VARIAZIONE 2022-2019 DEI COSTI OPERATIVI PER FILIERA TRA LE ADERENTI ATTIVE AL 31/12/2022 -%
(COOPERATIVE ADERENTI ATTIVE 2019-2022, SERIE STORICA OMOGENEA BILANCI 2019-2020-2021-2022 - ESCLUSI SETTORI CREDITO/FINANZA/ASSICURAZIONI - Fonte: elaborazione propria su dati Confcooperative e Aida Bvd, estrazione 13/09/2023)
Con riferimento ai costi per materie prime, sussidiarie, di consumo e merci, si segnala nel 2022, rispetto al 2019, un significativo incremento, superiore al dato medio che si attesta al +26,6%, soprattutto nelle filiere del sistema casa con il +101,4%, dell’energia con il +91,4%, della meccanica con il +79,9%, della chimica con il +66,4% e del turismo-beni culturali con il +47,6%.
Per quanto riguarda i costi per servizi, si segnala nel 2022, rispetto al 2019, un significativo incremento, superiore rispetto al dato medio che si attesta al +18,7%, soprattutto nelle filiere dell’energia con il +86,4%, della metallurgia e siderurgia con il +83,2% e dell’ICT con il +81%.
Nel 2022, rispetto al 2019, si registra un incremento dei costi per il godimento di beni di terzi, superiore al dato medio che si attesta al +15,7%, nell’ambito delle filiere del sistema moda con il +44,8%, delle costruzioni con il +29,6% e della sanità con il +26,7%.
Per quanto concerne, infine, i costi per il personale, si segnala nel 2022, rispetto al 2019, un significativo incremento, superiore al dato medio che si attesta al +12,7%, soprattutto nelle filiere dell’ICT con il +65,5%, della meccanica con il +29,6%, delle costruzioni con il +27% e dei mezzi di trasporto con il +21,3%.
STUDI & RICERCHE è un prodotto di:
Fondosviluppo S.p.A.
Area Statistica Economica e Ricerche di Mercato
Responsabile: Pierpaolo Prandi - firstname.lastname@example.org
Ha collaborato: Fiorello Viteritti | dc98400a-e5a9-4a0c-8ab6-60f4d96c5c61 | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 8,055 |
Hospitals in rural South Africa
Homelands: poor conditions, poor health
Approximately 14 million people live in the ten areas called homelands. The majority of these people live in rural areas and their health is linked to the socioeconomic conditions in these areas. Diseases of poverty are reported to be the major reasons for the admission of children to rural hospitals. The attempt to make homelands independent, is an attempt on behalf of the government to get rid of its responsibility for providing a health service to meet the needs of all South Africans.
Homeland health budgets
In spite of the greater proportion of ill-health in rural areas, the homeland health budgets are very much less than for white and urban South Africans.
In 1984/5, only 12,7% of the R3.2 billion health budget was allocated to the 42,7% of South Africa's population living in the homelands.
Homeland health services
Health services and other social services that influence the health of this population, are underdeveloped. Each of the ten homelands has its own ministry of health so that South Africa has in total fourteen different departments of health. This results in a top heavy and expensive bureaucracy with duplication and inadequate co-ordination of services and costs.
Community health services come under the authority of a hospital of the same homeland. This is the reason why many clinics have no formal links with their nearest hospital, even though patients are still referred there. Sick people tend to ignore homeland boundaries, using whichever hospital is nearest. As the hospital in one homeland may not interfere in the domain of another homeland, there is often no follow up of patients who go into another homeland. A hospital is not allowed to see a sick child at a clinic, or do a home visit, if the child comes from another homeland or from non-homeland South Africa, resulting in a breakdown in patient care and cost inefficiencies.
Numbers of hospital beds in homeland hospitals
The ratio of hospital beds is 1,6 per 1000 in the homelands compared with 2,5 beds per 1000 blacks and 4,8 per 1000 whites in the rest of South Africa. In 1985, twenty-four homeland hospitals ran at greater than 100% occupancy with patients sharing beds or sleeping on the floor. Facilities are often very limited with serious equipment shortages. There are also severe staff shortages.
Health worker: population ratio in the homelands
The doctor : population ratio ranges from about 1:10 000 tol:40 000. Because most medical students come from urban middle class families and their medical education docs not encourage working in rural areas, most doctors opt for a more lucrative and high technology practice in urban areas. Similarly, there are 1,4 nurses per 1000 population in the six non- independent homelands compared with 6,8 in the major towns. | <urn:uuid:783a640a-3183-44c3-b582-81fe989306ac> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 2,862 |
Spelling stream
bean scream
mean clean
Grammar and punctuation
www.themumeducates.com
1. Underline all of the common nouns, and circle all of the proper nouns in each sentence.
* Henry plays games on his computer.
* Mr. Fan runs in the park every Sunday.
* Caroline lives in an apartment on Loxford Boulevard.
* Dr Flood is flying on a plane to Norway.
* Kinza's birthday is in April.
* Fluffy likes playing with ball in the Victoria Park.
2. Add commas where they belong in each sentence.
* The girl went to the mall and she bought lots of clothes.
* My dog likes to run swim and play.
* I like blue green and red colours
* Will you help me wash the dishes dust the furniture and vacuum the living room.
Arithmetic
÷ 2 =
46
706 - 10 =
Reasoning
1. An apple weighs 190g
An apple and pear weigh 400g.
How much does the pear weigh?
How much do two apples weigh?
2. There are 90 marbles in a bag.
Eight children each takes four marbles. How many marbles are left in the bag?
3. Tick the shapes which show fractions equivalent to ½ .
a. b. c.
Which shape doesn't have ½ shaded? Explain your answer.
57 + 39 - 14 = | <urn:uuid:b6a58c4d-38af-4a46-9c0a-bf3bbcd082c8> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 1,186 |
European Journal of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences European Journal of Biomedical AND Pharmaceutical sciences
ISSN 2349-8870
Volume: 5
Issue: 7
http://www.ejbps.com
41-48
Year: 2018
PANCYTOPENIA: A CLINICO-HEMATOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY IN ASMARA, ERITREA
Amin A. Alamin* 1 , Abiel Berhe 2 , Saud Mohammed Raja 3 and Ghirmay Embaye 4
Assistant Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Surgery, Taif University. Saudi
Arabia.
2 General Practioner, Orotta National Referral Teaching Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea. 3 Department of Internal Medicine, Orotta School of Medicine and Dentistry, Asmara, Eritrea. 4 Head of Hematology Lab, National Health Laboratory, Asmara, Eritrea.
*Corresponding Author: Dr. Amin A. Alamin
Assistant Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Surgery, Taif University. Saudi Arabia.
Article Received on 01/05/2018 Article Revised on 21/05/2018 Article Accepted on 11/06/2018
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Pancytopenia is a hematological phenomenon that is a challenge in clinical practice. This study aimed at describing the clinico-hematological features of pancytopenic patients in the Eritrean setting. Methodology: This was a cross- sectional study carried out in the National Health Laboratory and Orotta National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea, from December 2015 to November 2017. Seventy-five patients with pancytopenia were included in the study, for which complete blood count, bone marrow aspiration and trephine biopsies were performed. Clinical and hematologic evaluation was conducted. Data entry and analysis was done using Epi-Info 7, Microsoft Excel and SPSS. Results: Out of the 75 cases, there were 49 (65%) adults (age 15 and above) and 26 (35%) children. Males were 41(61%) and females 29 (39%) with male to female ratio of 1.6:1. The median age was 20. The maximum number of patients was in the ages between 15 to 35 years. More than half (56%) of the patients hailed from two zones (Southern and Western regions) of Eritrea. The most common presenting symptoms were fever (80%), generalized body weakness (79%), loss of appetite (55%) and the commonest signs were pallor (93%), splenomegaly (71%) and hepatomegaly (44%). The two most common causes of pancytopenia were found to be hypersplenism (42.7%) and visceral leishmaniasis (29.3%). Conclusion: The commonest causes of pancytopenia were hypersplenism and related tropical infections like visceral leishmaniasis followed by Megaloblastic anemia and Aplastic Anemia.
KEYWORDS: Pancytopenia, Hypersplenism, Visceral Leishmaniasis.
INTRODUCTION
Pancytopenia is a hematological phenomenon that is a challenge in clinical practice. It is defined as a decrease in the three lines of blood cells – anemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia. The criteria for definition of pancytopenia vary according to age and gender, reflecting the different normal values in each group. A commonly used cutoff in adults is hemoglobin level below 13.5 g/L for males and below 11.5 g/L for females; total leucocyte count below 4 × 10 9 /L; and platelet count below 150 × 10 9 /L. [1] In children the reference ranges that have been used in several studies are hemoglobin <10g/dL, total leucocyte count <4000/mm3 and platelets <100,000/mm3. [2]
underlying disease entity followed by appropriate treatment and follow up of patients. Pancytopenia is a feature of many serious and life threatening diseases. The causes of pancytopenia can be a decrease in hematopoietic cell production, ineffective hematopoiesis or peripheral destruction of cells. The hematopoietic cell production can be suppressed by infections, toxins, malignant cell infiltration, chemotherapies and radiation leading to hypocellular marrow. Dysplasia and peripheral sequestration of blood cells or peripheral destruction of all blood cell lineage can also lead to pancytopenia. [3]
Pancytopenia is a triad of hematologic abnormality and not a single disease. The preliminary classification of a patient as pancytopenic, however, facilitates clinical systematic workup of the patient. Pancytopenia evaluation should be systematic in unraveling the
The etiologies of pancytopenia vary widely between different age groups and geographical locations. These include infectious causes, nutritional deficiencies, malignancies and bone marrow failure syndromes. [4] The major causes of pancytopenia in pediatric age groups are classified as inherited and acquired pancytopenia. The causes of inherited pancytopenia include Fanconi anemia, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis
1
et al.
congenita, congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia, unclassified bone marrow failure syndrome and other genetic syndromes such as Down syndrome and Noonan syndrome. The acquired pancytopenia are similar to that of adults' etiologic agents including exposure to medications, chemicals, radiations and diseases that are infectious and immunemediated. [5]
The clinical manifestations of pancytopenia reflect the reduction in the underlying hematologic components as patients present with manifestations of anemia such as fatigue and shortness of breath; thrombocytopenia manifestations such as mucosal bleeding and bruising; and leucopenia manifestations such as recurrent infections and stomatitis. [6]
An exhaustive clinical history, detailed physical examination, complete blood count with reticulocyte count and peripheral blood smear are essential for diagnosis. Bone marrow examination is required to delineate the cause of pancytopenia as it plays a major role in identification of hematological malignancy, unexplained cytopenia and storage disorders. Trephine biopsy is mainly undertaken when hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow are suspected on aspiration. [7]
The etiology of pancytopenia varies in different populations studied with differences in age patterns, nutritional status, climate and the prevalence of infections. [8] To our knowledge, there has not been a published study conducted in the area of pancytopenia in the Eritrean population and this study sheds light on the burden of this conundrum in patients seen in Eritrea. To that end, our study elucidated the clinico-hematologic profile of pancytopenic patients in Orotta National Referral and Teaching Hospital and National Health Laboratory (NHL) - the only settings where bone marrow aspiration or biopsy services is done in the country.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling patients who fulfill the criteria for pancytopenia and sent for complete blood count and bone marrow examination to the National Health laboratory (NHL) from Orotta National Referral and Teaching Hospital, Asmara, Eritrea from December 2015 to November 2017. The research proposal was reviewed by the Ethical Committee of the research unit in the ministry of health and ethical clearance was approved. Patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were: (1) all patients whose complete blood counts (CBC) showed pancytopenia according to the operational definition stated above, (2) who underwent bone marrow examination, and (3) who gave informed consent or consent taken from their guardian (pediatric patients). Previously diagnosed pancytopenic cases, patients who received blood transfusions or patients on cytotoxic drugs were excluded. A detailed clinical history and physical examination was performed in the patients who met the inclusion criteria and blood samples were obtained by routine phlebotomy procedure 2.5 ml of EDTA (ethelendiamine tetra-acetic acid) anticoagulated and processed through automated hematology analyzer. All hematological parameters were conducted, which included hemoglobin, red blood cell count, total leukocyte count, differential count, platelet count, and red blood indices.
Bone marrow aspiration was performed from posterior superior iliac spine under aseptic condition. Slides were obtained with routine Leishman stain and examined. All hematologic examinations were done by the lead author a hematopathologist. Both clinical and hematologic findings were filled to a standardized questionnaire and data fed into Epi-Info software version 7. Data cleaning and analysis were done using Microsoft Excel, Epi-Info and SPSS version 23. Statistical significance was calculated for each parameter using a 95% confidence interval.
RESULTS
Study Population
A total of 75 patients who underwent bone marrow examination for hematologic evaluation of pancytopenia were studied over a period of 24 months. Out of the 75 cases, there were 49 (65%) adults(age 15 and above) and 26 (35%) children. Gender wise, 46 (61%) were males and 29 (39%) were females. The mean age in males was 27 (ranging 1 to 94) with standard deviation of 21 while in females the mean age was 20 (ranging 2 to 56) with standard deviation of 15. The median age was 20; 24.5 in males and 17 in females. The male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The maximum number of patients was in the age range of 15 to 25 (20%) and 25 - 35 (19%) as shown in table 1. The distribution of the patients' address in the six zones of Eritrea was as shown in table 2.
Table 1: Age distribution of the pancytopenia patients who underwent bone marrow.
Table 2: Distribution of the patients' address in the six regions (Zobas) of Eritrea.
Clinical Features
Fever was the most common presentation observed in 80% of the cases followed by generalized body weakness (79%) and loss of appetite (55%). The most common physical examination finding was pallor (93%), followed by splenomegaly (71%), and hepatomegaly (44%). Table 3 shows the clinical presentations of the patients. The frequency of the presenting symptoms and signs were slightly different among adults and children. In adults the commonest clinical findings were pallor (94%), generalized weakness (90%), fever (76%) and splenomegaly (65%). In children the commonest findings were fever (89%), generalized weakness (58%), loss of appetite (54%) and weight loss (39%). See figure 1 and 2.
Table 3: History and physical examination findings of the patients.
Hematologic Features
Complete blood count, peripheral blood smear and bone marrow aspiration were done in all patients. The mean hemoglobin level was 8.05 g/dL (ranging 3.6 to 12.7). The hemoglobin level was >10 g/dL in 7 (9.3%), 8 to 10 g/dL in 33 (44%), 6 to 8 g/dL in 26 (34.7%), and <6 g/dL in 9 (12%) of patients.
109 (ranging 1 to 131). Nine patients had absolute neutrophil count less than 0.5 (12%).
Peripheral morphology classification of the red blood cells is shown in table 4.
The mean WBC count was 2.67 (ranging 0.5 to 3.9 WBCs 10 9 /L) and the mean platelet level was 62.33 X
Table 4: Peripheral morphology classification of the red blood cells.
The bone marrow cellularity was hypercellular in 67 (89%), normocellular in 5 (7%), and hypocellular in 3 (4%).
Erythropoiesis was hyperplastic in 66 (88%) and hypoplastic in 9 (12%). Megakaryocytes were increased in 20 (27.4%), normal in 17 (23.3%) and decreased in 36 (49.3%). Excess blasts were seen in four cases, all of which were diagnosed as acute leukemia.
Causes of Pancytopenia
The causes of pancytopenia according to the bone marrow aspiration are shown in table 5. Hypersplenism due to causes other than visceral leishmaniasis topped the list (in 43%) followed by visceral leishmaniasis (29%) and megaloblastic anemia (13%).
Table 5: Distribution of causes of pancytopenia.
The bone marrow was evaluated for parasites. Twenty two cases showed Leishmania Donovani bodies and, thus, the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis was confirmed. Only one patient who showed hypersplenism was found to have malaria parasite in the bone marrow.
The diagnosis was stratified by age category (children or adult) as shown in table 6. In adults hypersplenism was the most common cause while in children visceral leishmaniasis was the top in the list.
Table 6: Causes of pancytopenia stratified by age category.
DISCUSSION
Pancytopenia is a relatively common hematological presentation in patients seen in general practice, pediatrics and internal medicine. Early recognition of the causes of pancytopenia, although myriad, is of paramount importance. In considering the different pathologies, the epidemiology of the disease is crucial to elucidate the causes of pancytopenia.
Our study sheds light on the demographics, clinical presentations and hematological profile of pancytopenic patients and diseases associated as etiology in the Eritrean setting, where there is paucity of data on the subject. Upon clinical and hematologic evaluation of 75 adult and pediatric pancytopenic patients who underwent bone marrow examination, the salient findings of our study were that males accounted for two third of the cases, hypersplenism and visceral leishmaniasis were the two most common causes both in adults and children, and young adults were most commonly affected.
females accounting for a third of the cases with a male to female ratio of 1.6 to 1. Patients who were in pediatric age group also accounted for a third of our study population and the highest number of cases were in the age group of 15 to 25. The mean age at presentation for pancytopenia patients in our study were 27 (median age of 24.5 years) and 20 years (median age of 17 years) in males and females respectively. This was found to be consistent with other studies which showed mean ages to be 20-40 years and males have been predominating with male to female ratio from 2.6 to 1 to 4:1 in most studies indicating male predominance. [7,9,13] In accordance with the studies in other countries, male predominance and younger age group of patients were the demographic characteristics of our pancytopenic patients.
The age range of our patients were between one year to 94 years with two third of the patients being males and
More than half of patients (56%) were from two regions of Eritrea, namely Zoba Debub (Southern region) and Zoba Gash Barka (Western region of Eritrea). These regions are characterized by higher prevalence of tropical diseases such as malaria and visceral leishmaniasis in the country. These regions were the residences for 62.6% of the cases of hypersplenism and 59% of visceral
leishmaniasis our study. These two Zobas also account for high population density and large geographic area compared to other zones in Eritrea, which probably have a role for the high patient burden (56%) out of the six zones.
Clinical Features
The commonest presenting complaints in the history in our patients were fever, generalized body weakness and loss of appetite and most common physical exam findings being pallor, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. The main presenting complaint of pancytopenia in other studies were anemia, generalized body weakness, shortness of breath, fever, splenomegaly, hepatomegally, bleeding tendencies and edema. [7,14,15] The predominance of fever as a the chief presenting complaint in most of our patients might be due to the higher prevalence of hypersplenism and visceral leishmaniasis in our study, both of which might present with fever. The most common presentations in children were fever and generalized weakness similar to other studies which showed fever and inadequate dietary intake to be the commonest presentations in pediatric age groups. [16]
Hematological Features
The mean hemoglobin level was 8.1 g/dL with almost half of patients (44%) in the range of 8 to 10 g/dL, which is mild anemia according to WHO classificationof anemias. [17] This is different from other studies which show half of their pancytopenic patients to have hemoglobin level below 6g/dl. [13] A study have also shown only three percent of patients having anemia in the mild range. Unlike some studies which showed majority of their pancytopenic population presenting on peripheral morphology with dimorphic anemia 60% and normochromic anemia cases at 15%, our study showed most cases to have normocytic normochromic anemia in peripheral morphology (62.6%). [11] Therefore, our pancytopenic patients, compared to other studies, seem to have mild anemia with normochromic peripheral morphology, which might be related to the commonest causes of pancytopenia in our study.
The findings of bone marrow cellularity were different in our patients in comparison with the bulk of the studies. Marrow cellularity in our study was hypercellurar in 89% of cases, hyperplastic erythropoiesis in 88%, which are explained by the majority of cases who are diagnosed with hypersplenism and visceral leishmaniasis. Most other studies elsewhere show the most common bone marrow presentation to be hypoplastic marrow followed by hyperplastic erythropoiesis in consistency with the common causes in their study which were aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia. [18] The most plausible explanation for this variation lies in the difference in the most common etiologies ofpancytopenia.
Causes of Pancytopenia
The study showed the most common cause of pancytopenia in adults to be hypersplenism (45%), visceral leishmaniasis (22%), megaloblastic anemia (20%) and aplastic anemia and acute myeloid leukemia (10%). Studies done in India showed the leading causes of pancytopenia to be megaloblastic anemia and aplastic anemia. [10,12] Pakistani studies, in turn, showed the three leading causes to be aplastic anemia followed by megaloblastic anemia and hypersplenism. [7,13] A study conducted in China also showed the major causes of pancytopenia to be megaloblastic anemia followed by aplastic anemia and myelodysplatic syndromes (MDS). [14] In contrast to the bulk of the literature, our study is consistent with the few studies that show hypersplenism or other infectious causes as the commonest etiologies. A summary presented below shows the major causes of pancytopenia by country and year of publication. (Table 7).
Table 7: Most common causes of pancytopenia in the literature.
The causes of pancytopenia in our pediatric population as diagnosed in bone marrow aspiration were visceral leishmaniasis (42%), hypersplenism (38%), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (12%) and aplastic anemia (8%).
Other studies show the major causes in children (<18 years of age) to be aplastic anemia and infections/septicemia. [13] A Pediatric age group (1 month to 16 years) study in Pakistan in 2011 also shows the
major causes of pancytopenia to be acute leukemia, aplastic anemia and megaloblastic anemia. [2] An additional cross sectional study enrolling pediatric patients between ages of 2 months to 12 years in Pakistan showed the leading causes of bicytopenia and pancytopenia to be megaloblastic anemia, followed by infective etiology, then aplastic anemia and acute leukemia. The study also showed greater than 70% of patients to be malnourished which explains megaloblastic anemia becoming the leading cause of bicytopenia and pancytopenia in their population. [16] The major causes of pancytopenia in our children were related to tropical infections unlike the other studies.
The major strengths of our study include being the first study on the subject to the best of our knowledge in the Eritrean setting, including all age groups and the fact that it is conducted in the only center in the country were bone marrow examination services can be offered. Despite the above-mentioned strengths, our study had several inherent limitations. The outcomes of patients were not studied as this was a crossectional study and because of lack of hematologic assay for vitamin B12 and folate these 2 entities were not differentiated as both present with megaloblastic anemia. The diagnosis of hypersplenism in our study was not narrowed down to specific causes other than visceral leishmaniasis, which is put as a separate cause. Hypersplenism, however, also includes other infectious causes such as tropical splenomegaly syndrome as sequala of malaria, hematological causes, congestive splenomegaly such as portal hypertension and shistosomiasis and infiltrative causes. [27,28] Therefore, further study is required to establish the specific diagnosis in cases of hypersplenism.
The entry point to the recruitment of subjects to our study was pancytopenic patients who underwent bone marrow examination. This can lead to missing several patients who had been started on treatment without bone marrow aspiration based on peripheral morphology and clinical manifestation alone.
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Our study shows the most common diagnoses in pancytopenic patients to be hypersplenism and visceral leishmaniasis. This can lead to the assumption that in the Eritrean context the most common causes tend to be related more to infectious etiologies rather than nutritional anemias unlike in South East Asian studies. Hence, a larger prospective study is highly recommended in the future to better delineate the etiologies of pancytopenia in our setting. Clinicians are advised to consider tropical infections as important causes for pancytopenia in tropical countries such as Eritrea. In addition, full work up of hypersplenism for specific diagnosis is recommended.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are grateful to all staff of Orotta National Referral and Teaching Hospital both the medical and pediatric departments as well as all staff of the National Health Laboratory. Our special thanks also go to Selam Berhe, a medical student who assisted in data entry.
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18. Kumar DB, Raghupathi AR. Clinicohematologic analysis of pancytopenia: Study in a tertiary care centre. Basic and Applied Pathology., 2012; 5(1): 19-21.
19. Hossain MA AA, Chaudhary MK. Pancytopenia-A study of 50 cases. J Pathol., 1992; 1: 9-12.
20. KumarRKS, Kumar H, Anand AC, Madan H.Pancytopenia – A six year study. J Assoc Physicians India., 2001; 49: 1078- 81.
21. Savage DG, Allen RH, Gangaidzo IT, Levy LM, Gwanzura C, Moyo A, et al. Pancytopenia in Zimbabwe. Am J Med Sci., 1999; 317(1): 22-32.
22. Khunger JM AS, Sharma U, Ranga S, Talib VH. Pancytopenia – a clinico haematological study of 200 cases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol., 2002; 45: 375-9.
23. Bajracharya SB PR, Bhandari PB, Sinha R, Guragain P. An approach to aplastic anemia. J R Nepal Army Med Corps., 2005; 7: 82-3.
24. Jha A SG, Adhikari RC, Panta AD, Jha R. Bone marrow examination in cases of pancytopenia. J Nepal Med Assoc., 2008; 47: 7-12.
25. Hamid GA, Shukry SA. Patterns of pancytopenia in Yemen. Turk J Hematol., 2008; 25(2): 71-4.
26. Jain A, Naniwadekar M. An etiological reappraisal of pancytopenia-largest series reported to date from a single tertiary care teaching hospital. BMC Blood Disorders., 2013; 13(1): 10.
27. ELMAKKI E. Hypersplenism: review article. Synthesis, 2012; 2(10).
28. Elmakki E. Causes and Clinical features of patients with Hypersplenism: a case study conducted in Ibn Sina and Soba Teaching Hospitals, Khartoum, Sudan. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 2012; 2(9): 559. | <urn:uuid:ee8eb2ad-fb05-4d1b-9b5b-9e6173f87ab3> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 25,735 |
Franz Liszt - Eine Faust-Symphonie R. 425
Il mito di Faust trovò nell'Ottocento la sua massima affermazione, affascinando schiere di letterati, pittori e musicisti. Tra quest'ultimi, dopo Schubert, Schumann, Berlioz e Gounod - per citarne solo alcuni - anche Franz Liszt fu contagiato dal morbo faustiano e nel 1854 compose la Faust-Symphonie in tre parti per tenore, coro maschile e orchestra. Opera ibrida tra sinfonia a programma e poema sinfonico, la Faust-Symphonie si articola in tre movimenti definiti da Liszt Charakterbilder, ovvero ritratti dei tre protagonisti del romanzo di Goethe (Faust, Margherita e Mefistofele), a cui l'autore aggiunse in una fase successiva il Chorus mysticus, che sigla il finale dell'opera. Nel movimento d'apertura (Faust) sono presenti ben cinque dei sette temi impiegati da Liszt nel corso della sinfonia; essi raffigurano la complessità psicologica del protagonista, passando attraverso un'ampia gamma di stati d'animo. Angoscia, tormento, slancio giovanile, passione amorosa e desiderio di conoscenza assoluta prendono forma nel susseguirsi dei temi affidati tanto a singoli strumenti quanto a intere sezioni d'orchestra. Alla poliedricità del movimento faustiano funge da contraltare il secondo movimento (Margherita). Alla donna angelicata spettano gli ultimi due temi: il primo è una melodia semplice e di sapore arcaico affidata inizialmente all'oboe accompagnato dalla viola, il secondo è invece un tema amoroso che si sviluppa tra le varie famiglie orchestrali. Mefistofele, in quanto spirito di negazione, non possiede nel terzo movimento nessun tema caratteristico, ma come alter ego del protagonista si appropria in modo beffardo dei temi appartenenti a Faust, dopo averli trasformati e distorti nel profilo melodico e ritmico. Nella corsa febbrile dello Scherzo l'influenza negativa di Mefistofele sembra travolgere tutto ad eccezione del tema di Margherita, che resta intatto e incontaminato. Per sottolineare la potenza dell'amore supremo della fanciulla, che alla fine del romanzo intercede per Faust salvandolo dalla perdizione eterna, Liszt decise di aggiungere come ultimo pannello sonoro il Coro mistico, chiamato a intonare i versi dedicati al potere salvifico dell'eterno femminino: un canto dolce e luminoso che chiude l'opera innalzandosi nelle sfere più alte dell'ispirazione lisztiana. | <urn:uuid:0051bd6d-646a-466c-bf36-d63a3f273927> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/ita_Latn/train | finepdfs | ita_Latn | 2,352 |
Relatie met God
Op onze Open dag zaterdag 3 juni stond het door Christa Rosier gemaakte schilderij over Psalm 91 centraal: ‘Wie in de schuilplaats van de Allerhoogste is gezeten’. Zoals de duif op het schilderij zich terugtrekt in de rotsspleet, zo mogen gasten zich al dertig jaar terugtrekken in de Herberg: een schuilplaats, om op krachten te komen en mogelijk genezing te ontvangen. De Enige die dat echt kan geven, is de HEERE. Bij Hem moeten en mogen we schuilen.
In dit nummer van ‘uit de Herberg’ werken we deze rode draad uit met het thema: de relatie met God. Aandacht geven aan Zijn Woord en Zijn genade. Herstel van die relatie geeft echte vrede en vreugde! Het kenmerkt het leven op de Herberg en de begeleiding van gasten. Wat merken gasten daarvan? Wat doet dat in hun leven? Werkt dit door als ze weer thuis zijn? Hoe ervaren vrijwilligers dat? We laten naast gastenbegeleider Arjen Grobbe ook oud-gast Ellenmee den Boer en vrijwilliger Hannie Elstak aan het woord. Luister mee naar hun verhaal!
We zijn dankbaar dat de Herberg al dertig jaar als huis van de kerk een schuilplaats mag zijn voor gasten uit het hele land. Deze dankbaarheid was ook voelbaar op de Open dag. Geniet nog even mee met de foto impressie van deze dag! Of kom in actie met je gemeente, zodat we ook in de toekomst gasten een verblijf kunnen bieden.
Wilt u met ons mee danken dat God het werk heeft gezegend en mee (blijven) bidden voor een zegen voor gasten?
Een vriendelijke groet uit de Herberg,
Henk Meuleman
Foto voorzijde: het schilderij over Psalm 91, gemaakt door Christa Rosier, dat centraal stond op de Open dag.
(foto: www.christarosier.nl)
Pastorale zorg – hoe krijgt dat vorm?
We vragen het aan Hannie Elstak uit Ede. Zij is op vrijdag gastvrouw bij de Herberg.
Hannie, hoe merk jij als vrijwilliger dat er aan de pastorale zorg handen en voeten wordt gegeven in de Herberg?
Vanuit de innerlijke bewogenheid zetten vrijwilligers en medewerkers zich in voor de gasten. We putten uit dezelfde Bron. Dat bindt ons om in navolging van onze Heiland dienend aanwezig zijn.
Ik probeer gasten ‘te zien’. Johannes 5 waar de zieke zegt: ‘Ik heb geen mens’, dat inspireert mij. Mijn missie is mens te zijn voor de mensen. Ook mijn leven kent moeite en verdriet. Dit maakt dat gasten hun eigen kwetsbaarheid soms makkelijker delen. Ik mag vooral luisteren.
Wat ik zo mooi vind is dat tijdens de dagopening wordt gebeden om Gods aanwezigheid. Vanuit de start van de dag, het gebed mogen we in vertrouwen op Zijn aanwezigheid optrekken. Zo brengt God zichzelf ter sprake in de omgang met elkaar.
Wil jij een ervaring delen waarin je de zorg van God hebt ervaren?
Op een zaterdag viel ik in als stafvervanger met een voor mij onbekende collega. Die dag werd een gast in de Herberg ernstig ziek. Op een bijzondere wijze vulden we elkaar aan. Wat zij niet kon, kon ik en andersom. Ik heb het als bijzondere zorg van God ervaren om deze gast uren van nabijheid te bieden.
Marja Korevaar
Uit het leven van... een gast in verbinding met God
Hoe ervaren gasten de verbinding met God in de Herberg? Werkt dit door in hun leven na hun verblijf in de Herberg? Gastenbegeleider Aline de Boer vraagt het aan Ellenmee den Boer (20 jaar) uit Nieuw-Beijerland, die in 2022 een aantal weken in de Herberg was.
Wat was de aanleiding voor je verblijf in de Herberg?
Eind 2021 kwam ik thuis te zitten door overmatig werken. Ik had nooit geleerd goed met mijn gevoelens om te gaan en ging die liever uit de weg door te werken. Na het verlies van mijn oma in 2022 namen depressieve gevoelens de overhand. Op aanraden van mijn psycholoog en mijn tante heb ik toen contact gezocht met de Herberg.
Wat heeft het verblijf in de Herberg je gebracht?
Allereerst een dagritme! Dit zorgde voor meer energie, waardoor ik meer ruimte kreeg in mijn hoofd om na te denken. Ook het feit dat ik mezelf mocht zijn en niet hoefde te verantwoorden waarom het me teveel werd, gaf enorm veel rust. Ik voelde me gezien in de Herberg, er was altijd wel iemand met een luisterend oor.
We vinden het belangrijk om in het leven op de Herberg en in de begeleiding van gasten aandacht te geven aan de relatie met God. Wat heb jij daarvan gemerkt? Wat heeft het gedaan met jouw relatie met God?
Door de diepte heen heb ik God mogen leren kennen. Het fundament voor mijn relatie met God is in dat jaar gelegd en de Herberg heeft hier zeker aan bijgedragen.
De gastvrouwen hadden altijd tijd voor een gesprekje en sloten dan af met gebed. Ook tijdens de gesprekken met mijn begeleider gingen de gesprekken regelmatig over het geloof. Tijdens het verblijf in de Herberg heb ik belijdenis mogen doen. Ik herinner me nog goed dat alle gasten ‘Dat ’s Heeren zegen op u daal’ voor me zongen toen ik ’s avonds terugkwam. Dat was zo bijzonder!
Hoe is het nu met je? Hoe ben je ermee verder gegaan?
Het gaat goed met me! Ik heb mijn Pabo-studie weer opgepakt en werk 3 dagen in het onderwijs. Er is meer balans in mijn leven en ik weet beter wat ik zelf nodig heb. Ik heb belangrijke levenslessen geleerd in de Herberg. Het belangrijkste is misschien wel dat ik God nu zie als een liefdevolle Vader. Hij is de grond van mijn bestaan. Mijn waarde hangt niet meer af van wat ik presteer of doe, maar van wat Hij over Zijn kinderen zegt!
Aline de Boer
Ontmoeting voor Gods aangezicht
Pastoraat is herderlijke zorg. Het woord pastoraat is afgeleid van het Latijnse woord pastor, dat herder betekent. In de Bijbel wordt vaak het beeld van een herder gebruikt om iets over God te vertellen. Jezus noemt zichzelf de Goede Herder. De herderlijke zorg die pastoraat is, is daarom zorg in het spoor van Jezus Christus. In de kern gaat het om de ontmoeting met God Zelf. Wanneer je Hem ontmoet, wordt alles anders – ook wanneer er niets veranderd is.
Een belangrijke inspiratiebron voor ons pastoraat is de geschiedenis van de Emmaüsgangers uit Lukas 24. Als een herder die dwalende schapen opzoekt, zoekt Jezus mensen op in de situatie waarin ze zich op dat moment bevinden. Hij legt contact, stelt vragen, luistert en gaat met ze in gesprek. Vanuit de Schriften ontsteekt Hij weer een vuur in hun hart. Juist de ontmoeting met de levende Heer zet voor hen alles in een ander licht.
"Vanuit de Schriften ontsteekt Hij weer een vuur in hun hart."
"Regelmatig zoeken we samen het aangezicht van God, door met elkaar in de Bijbel te lezen en in gebed te gaan."
Zoals Jezus met de Emmaüsgangers opliep, zo lopen we in de Herberg ook een tijdje op met onze gasten. We luisteren veel en proberen een relatie aan te gaan met de ander. Dat doen we overal waar we elkaar ontmoeten: in individuele gesprekken, bij Bijbelkringen en creatieve activiteiten, bij de koffie en thee en onder de maaltijden en soms heel spontaan in de wandelgangen. Regelmatig zoeken we samen het aangezicht van God, door met elkaar in de Bijbel te lezen en in gebed te gaan.
Arjen Grobbe
We kijken terug op een prachtige Open dag op zaterdag 3 juni, toen we stil stonden bij het 30-jarig jubileum van de Herberg! Het was een stralende dag, waar we velen van u ontmoet hebben, waar uzelf een kijkje kon nemen in de huiskamer van de Herberg, workshops kon volgen of een expositie van schilderijen over de Psalmen kon bekijken. Een foto-impressie van deze dag.
Vacatures
Wil je, net als Teun en Cora van Grootheest, deel uitmaken van ons vrijwilligersteam en van betekenis zijn voor onze gasten?! We zijn dringend op zoek naar:
Weet je iemand of lijkt het je wat? Neem contact op met Rein of Caroline via email@example.com.
Meer informatie?
Kijk op www.pdcdeherberg.nl
Stafvervangers
op zondag, dinsdag en woensdag
Eén keer in de maand ben je vanaf ca. 16.00 tot 22.30 uur op de Herberg. Gasten kunnen bij je terecht voor een luisterend oor. Je hebt de leiding tijdens de maaltijd en bij de dagsluiting. Een mooie en waardevolle manier om van betekenis te zijn voor de ander.
Brandwacht voor zondag op maandag
Eén keer in de maand ben je van zondagavond 21.00 uur tot maandagmorgen 10.00 uur op de Herberg. Je overnacht daar en verzorgt het ontbijt op maandagmorgen.
Vakantiewerkers voor een of twee weken in juli of augustus
Examen gedaan en lang vakantie? Lets zinvol doen voor een ander in je vakantie? Of gewoon nog een week vakantie ‘over’? Van 10-14 juli en van 21 augustus tot 1 september hebben we nog plek voor jou met drie vriend(inn)en.
Zet je in voor gasten op de Herberg!
Agenda
11 november
Koetshuisconcert door beiaardiers Boudewijn en Lydia Zwart, met vooraf een wandeling.
15-17 november
Kom-op-adem 'Leven met verlies'
20-22 november
Kom-op-adem 'Ik en mijn familie'
10 februari 2024
Kom-op-adem dag 'Opa's en oma's met verlies'
Jaarverslag
In de bestuursvergadering van 23 juni is het jaarverslag 2022 vastgesteld, welke te vinden is op onze website. We danken iedereen hartelijk voor alle steun en betrokkenheid bij ons werk.
Jubileumactie
Doe mee. Kom in actie voor de Herberg!
We zijn dankbaar dat we dankzij giften en acties uit vele gemeentes 30 jaar lang gasten een verblijf in de Herberg konden bieden om te kunnen werken aan herstel en nieuw perspectief. Wil jij ook bijdragen aan dit mooie werk?!
Organiseer een actie met jongeren of met de vrouwen- of mannenkring in je gemeente. Kijk voor projecten en inspiratie op de website.
Zwemmen/fietsen/steppen voor de Herberg
Doneer een jubileumgift
Scan de QR-code of bezoek de website www.pdcdeherberg.nl
Gun een gast herstel!
Per gast € 2.000
Streefbedrag € 50.000
Sponsor een diaconaal jaar
Per jongere € 5.000
Streefbedrag € 20.000
Nieuwe stoelen
€ 3.000
Renovatie en verduurzaming van de Herberg
Streefbedrag € 100.000
colofon
‘uit de Herberg’ verschijnt 2 x in druk en 2 x digitaal. Een abonnement is gratis! Geef uw naam door per e-mail of telefoon.
REDACTIE: Henk Meuleman, Marja Korevaar en Monique van der Werf
FOTO’S: Marja Korevaar, Monique van der Werf e.a.
VORMGEVING: Bredewold Communicatievormgevers, Wezep
© 2023
Pastoraal Diaconaal Centrum de Herberg
Pietersbergseweg 19, 6862 BT Oosterbeek
T 026-334 22 25
firstname.lastname@example.org
www.pdcdeherberg.nl
BANK: NL58 RABO 0302 2633 30
t.n.v. Stichting De Pietersberg
ANBI
Algemeen Nut Beogende Instelling | 42ed36e3-0a07-439f-beba-a39f085c6acb | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/nld_Latn/train | finepdfs | nld_Latn | 10,194 |
Redmine - Defect #996
CVS view ends up with "duplicate key violates unique constraint" after 0.7.0RC1 update
2008-04-04 09:58 - Stefan Kremer
| Status: | Closed |
|---------------|-----------------|
| Priority: | Normal |
| Assignee: | Toshi MARUYAMA |
| Category: | SCM |
| Target version: | |
| Resolution: | |
Start date: 2008-04-04
Due date:
% Done: 0%
Estimated time: 0.00 hour
Affected version:
Description
This error first time came up after 0.7.0RC1 migration. SVN repository works fine. Only CVS repositories are affected.
Processing RepositoriesController#show (for 172.22.150.25 at 2008-04-02 17:31:40) [GET]
Session ID: e6ad346ab116a5d1e4df25d930061c49
Parameters: {"action"=>"show", "id"=>"project", "controller"=>"repositories"}
ActiveRecord::StatementInvalid (PGError: ERROR: duplicate key violates unique constraint "changesets_repos_rev"
: UPDATE changesets SET "scmid" = NULL, "comments" = E'no message', "commit_date" = '2007-12-03', "committer" = E'USER',
"committed_on" = '2007-12-03 00:00:00.000000', "repository_id" = 5, "revision" = 1 WHERE "id" = 14):
Version: 0.7.0RC1
Database: Postgre
Related issues:
Related to Redmine - Defect # 3761: Most recent CVS revisions are missing in ... Closed 2009-08-19
Related to Redmine - Defect # 6706: Resolving issues with the commit message ... Closed 2010-10-20
Duplicated by Redmine - Defect # 1098: Upgrading from 0.6.3 to 0.7, get ... Closed 2008-04-24
Associated revisions
Revision 1355 - 2008-04-24 19:28 - Jean-Philippe Lang
CVS duplicate key violation fix (#996, #1098).
Revision 4794 - 2011-02-02 14:13 - Toshi MARUYAMA
scm: cvs: use localtime at cvs rlog -d option (#996, #3761).
Revision 4801 - 2011-02-07 11:25 - Toshi MARUYAMA
scm: cvs: change temporary revision number from "_N" to "tmpN" (#996, #3761, #6706).
'_' is SQL "like" special character.
History
#1 - 2008-04-04 13:45 - Jean-Philippe Lang
Is it a new CVS repository or is it a repository that was already loaded before the migration to 0.7RC1?
Hi Jean-Philippe,
THX for your fast answer. All repositories are created before migration.
I don't have a clue.
Could you post (as attached file) the result of this query:
select id, revision, committed_on from changesets where repository_id = 5
Thanks
BTW. We got three CVS all of them do not work since updated to 0.7.0 RC1.
Pardon!
See attached the result set.
I can't see what is happening. I've imported a CSV repository in a 0.6.4 install with a postgresql DB then migrated to 0.7.0RC1 and everything works as expected. New CVS commits are properly added to the database.
Could you post the error log so I can see exactly where this error comes from?
r1355 should fix this problem. Can you confirm please ?
Should be fixed in 0.7.0 release. Reopen if needed.
I've got the same error with redmine 0.7.3 and a CVS repository:
```
Changeset Update (0.000000)
Mysql::Error: #23000 Duplicate entry '2-423' for key 2:
UPDATE `changesets` SET `committer` = 'nicolas', `scmid` = NULL, `comments` = 'Nature : Modification fonctionnelle\nSofts Impact', `revision` = '423', `committed_on` = '2008-03-07 15:00:32', `repository_id` = 2, `commit_date` = '2008-03-07' WHERE `id` = 901
```
The repository was created with Redmine 0.6.3 before migration to 0.7.3
Config:
Redmine: 0.7.3
Rails: 2.0.2
DB: mySQL 5.0.27
OS: windows server 2003
Attached query result
```
Changeset Load (0.781000)
SELECT * FROM `changesets` WHERE (changesets.repository_id = 2 AND (revision LIKE '_%')) ORDER BY committed_on ASC, id ASC, changesets.committed_on DESC, changesets.id DESC
```
# Target version deleted (0.7)
Is there anybody working on this bug because it's very important for us? Some of our repositories doesn't work anymore and there is no workaround.
Assignee set to Toshi MARUYAMA
Status changed from Reopened to Closed
I commit some revisions to SVN trunk.
If you still have a problem in SVN trunk r4802, please reopen this issue.
Files
| File | Size | Date | Author |
|---------------|----------|------------|----------------|
| test.csv | 533 Bytes| 2008-04-08 | Stefan Kremer |
| repository2.csv | 6.03 KB | 2008-07-10 | Sandrine LEAL | | <urn:uuid:087aaf4c-209e-454d-a4a3-8728ce74815a> | HuggingFaceFW/finepdfs/tree/main/data/eng_Latn/train | finepdfs | eng_Latn | 4,270 |
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