#!/usr/bin/env python3 """Regenerate the README figures in assets/ from index.csv, using LaTeX. Each figure is emitted as a standalone TikZ / pgfplots document, compiled with pdflatex and rasterised to PNG with pdftocairo. One design system, one data source (index.csv) so the numbers can never drift from what ships. Requires: a TeX distribution with pgfplots (pdflatex) and poppler (pdftocairo). Run: python3 scripts/make_figures.py """ from __future__ import annotations import collections import csv import os import shutil import subprocess import sys import tempfile ROOT = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) ASSETS = os.path.join(ROOT, "assets") DPI = 200 # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # Ecosystem map: repository (last path component) -> family. Explicit and # # transparent; anything unmapped falls into "Other". Used only for the radar # # and the ecosystem rate-ranking; all counts still come from index.csv. # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # FAMILY = { "Hugging Face": {"transformers", "diffusers", "accelerate", "peft", "sentence-transformers", "safetensors", "adapters", "evaluate", "datasets", "optimum", "open_clip"}, "JAX": {"jax", "equinox", "jaxtyping", "flax"}, "Probabilistic / stats": {"numpyro", "pyro", "SDV", "gpytorch", "bayesflow", "optuna", "Ax", "POT"}, "PyTorch vision / graph": {"pytorch-image-models", "detectron2", "pytorch_geometric", "kornia", "vit-pytorch", "denoising-diffusion-pytorch", "MONAI", "anomalib", "Mask_RCNN", "torchio", "imagen-pytorch", "vector-quantize-pytorch"}, "Training / serving": {"vllm", "DeepSpeed", "pytorch-lightning", "torchtitan", "lmdeploy", "NeMo", "unsloth", "axolotl", "torchtune", "xformers", "triton", "Liger-Kernel", "whisperx"}, "TensorFlow / Keras": {"models", "keras", "keras-io", "keras-cv", "keras-nlp", "deepvariant"}, "Reinforcement learning": {"rl", "stable-baselines3", "tianshou", "PaLM-rlhf-pytorch"}, "Agent frameworks": {"langgraph", "langchain", "smolagents", "pydantic-ai", "camel", "crewAI", "autogen", "agno", "dspy", "openai-agents-python", "SWE-agent", "semantic-kernel", "langflow", "browser-use"}, "RAG / memory / tracing": {"llama_index", "mem0", "phoenix", "python-sdk"}, } FAMILY_ORDER = ["Hugging Face", "JAX", "Probabilistic / stats", "PyTorch vision / graph", "Training / serving", "TensorFlow / Keras", "Reinforcement learning", "Agent frameworks", "RAG / memory / tracing"] def fam_of(repo: str) -> str: for name, repos in FAMILY.items(): if repo in repos: return name return "Other" # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # LaTeX helpers # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def tex_escape(s: str) -> str: return s.replace("\\", r"\textbackslash{}").replace("_", r"\_").replace( "&", r"\&").replace("%", r"\%").replace("#", r"\#") PREAMBLE = r"""\documentclass[border=14pt,varwidth=%(vw)s]{standalone} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{helvet} \renewcommand{\familydefault}{\sfdefault} \usepackage{pgfplots} \usetikzlibrary{calc} \pgfplotsset{compat=1.18} \definecolor{good}{HTML}{0CA30C} \definecolor{crit}{HTML}{D03B3B} \definecolor{sone}{HTML}{2A78D6} \definecolor{sonedark}{HTML}{1C5CAB} \definecolor{sonesoft}{HTML}{9EC5F4} \definecolor{ink}{HTML}{111111} \definecolor{inktwo}{HTML}{52514E} \definecolor{muted}{HTML}{7D7B76} \definecolor{gridc}{HTML}{E1E0D9} \definecolor{basec}{HTML}{C3C2B7} \definecolor{surface}{HTML}{FCFCFB} \definecolor{orange}{HTML}{EB6834} \pagecolor{surface} \pgfplotsset{ barbase/.style={ axis background/.style={fill=surface}, axis line style={draw=none}, tick style={draw=none}, xmajorgrids, grid style={gridc, line width=0.5pt}, xtick pos=bottom, ymin=-0.7, label style={font=\small\color{inktwo}}, tick label style={font=\footnotesize\color{muted}}, yticklabel style={color=ink, font=\small}, clip=false, }, } \newcommand{\FigTitle}[1]{{\noindent\bfseries\fontsize{15}{18}\selectfont\color{ink}#1\par}} \newcommand{\FigSub}[1]{{\noindent\color{inktwo}\fontsize{10.5}{13.5}\selectfont#1\par\vspace{9pt}}} \newcommand{\FigFoot}[1]{{\par\vspace{7pt}\noindent\color{muted}\fontsize{9}{11}\selectfont#1\par}} \begin{document} """ def build(name: str, body: str, varwidth: str = "17cm") -> None: doc = (PREAMBLE % {"vw": varwidth}) + body + "\n\\end{document}\n" tmp = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="fig_") try: tex = os.path.join(tmp, name + ".tex") with open(tex, "w") as fh: fh.write(doc) r = subprocess.run( ["pdflatex", "-interaction=nonstopmode", "-halt-on-error", tex], cwd=tmp, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT) pdf = os.path.join(tmp, name + ".pdf") if r.returncode != 0 or not os.path.exists(pdf): log = os.path.join(tmp, name + ".log") err = open(log).read()[-2500:] if os.path.exists(log) else \ r.stdout.decode("utf8", "replace")[-2500:] raise RuntimeError(f"pdflatex failed for {name}:\n{err}") out = os.path.join(ASSETS, name) subprocess.run(["pdftocairo", "-png", "-r", str(DPI), "-singlefile", pdf, out], check=True) print(" wrote", name + ".png") finally: shutil.rmtree(tmp, ignore_errors=True) # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # Data # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def load(): with open(os.path.join(ROOT, "index.csv")) as fh: rows = list(csv.DictReader(fh)) # index.csv serialises booleans Python-style ("True"/"False"); normalise so # the `== "true"` comparisons below cannot silently match nothing. for r in rows: r["reproducible"] = r["reproducible"].strip().lower() assert r["reproducible"] in ("true", "false"), r return rows def per_repo(rows): d = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0]) # repo -> [total, repro] for r in rows: repo = r["repository"].split("/")[-1] d[repo][0] += 1 d[repo][1] += r["reproducible"] == "true" return d # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 1. Reproduction status — one headline stacked bar (hand-drawn TikZ) # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_status(rows): total = len(rows) repro = sum(r["reproducible"] == "true" for r in rows) notr = total - repro W = 15.5 # cm wr = repro / total * W wn = notr / total * W gap = 0.06 body = r""" \FigTitle{Reproduction status of the benchmark} \FigSub{%(repro)d of %(total)d AI/ML bugs reproduce on the reference machine (%(pct)d\%%).} \begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm] \fill[good] (0,0) rectangle (%(wr).3f,1.5); \fill[crit] (%(xn).3f,0) rectangle (%(W).3f,1.5); \node[white] at (%(cr).3f,0.92) {\bfseries\large Reproducible}; \node[white] at (%(cr).3f,0.50) {\normalsize %(repro)d \;\textbullet\; %(pct)d\%%}; \node[white] at (%(cn).3f,0.92) {\bfseries Not repro.}; \node[white] at (%(cn).3f,0.50) {\footnotesize %(notr)d \;\textbullet\; %(pctn)d\%%}; \end{tikzpicture} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; n = %(total)d bugs} """ % dict(total=total, repro=repro, notr=notr, pct=round(repro / total * 100), pctn=round(notr / total * 100), W=W, wr=wr, xn=wr + gap, cr=wr / 2, cn=wr + gap + wn / 2) build("repro_status", body, varwidth="17cm") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 2. Bugs per repository (top 15), stacked repro / not-repro # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_bugs_per_repo(rows): d = per_repo(rows) items = sorted(d.items(), key=lambda x: x[1][0], reverse=True)[:15] items.reverse() # largest at top (barh) coords_r, coords_n, ylabels, totlabels = [], [], [], [] for i, (repo, (tot, rp)) in enumerate(items): coords_r.append(f"({rp},{i})") coords_n.append(f"({tot - rp},{i})") ylabels.append(tex_escape(repo)) totlabels.append(rf"\node[anchor=west,color=ink,font=\small\bfseries] " rf"at (axis cs:{tot},{i}) {{\;{tot}}};") n = len(items) body = r""" \FigTitle{Bugs per repository} \FigSub{Top 15 repositories by bug count, split by whether each bug reproduces.} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[barbase, xbar stacked, width=15.5cm, height=10.5cm, bar width=13pt, xmin=0, xmax=%(xmax)d, ymax=%(ymax).1f, ytick={0,...,%(last)d}, yticklabels={%(ylabels)s}, legend style={draw=none, fill=surface, font=\small, at={(0.98,0.04)}, anchor=south east, legend columns=1}, area legend, ] \addplot[fill=good,draw=none] coordinates {%(cr)s}; \addplot[fill=crit,draw=none] coordinates {%(cn)s}; \legend{Reproducible, Not reproducible} %(tot)s \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; number at bar end is the repo's total bug count} """ % dict(xmax=max(t for _, (t, _) in items) + 4, ymax=n - 0.3, last=n - 1, ylabels=",".join(ylabels), cr=" ".join(coords_r), cn=" ".join(coords_n), tot="\n".join(totlabels)) build("bugs_per_repo", body, varwidth="17cm") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 3. Reproduction rate by repository (>= 15 bugs), single hue + mean line # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_rate(rows): d = per_repo(rows) avg = sum(r["reproducible"] == "true" for r in rows) / len(rows) * 100 items = [(repo, rp / tot * 100) for repo, (tot, rp) in d.items() if tot >= 15] items.sort(key=lambda x: x[1]) # worst bottom, best top blue, red = [], [] ylabels, labels = [], [] for i, (repo, rate) in enumerate(items): (red if repo == "vllm" else blue).append(f"({rate:.2f},{i})") ylabels.append(tex_escape(repo)) col = "crit" if repo == "vllm" else "ink" # fill=surface masks the dashed mean line where a label crosses it. labels.append(rf"\node[anchor=west,color={col},font=\small\bfseries," rf"fill=surface,inner xsep=3pt,inner ysep=1pt] " rf"at (axis cs:{rate:.2f},{i}) {{{rate:.0f}\%}};") n = len(items) body = r""" \FigTitle{Reproduction rate by repository} \FigSub{Repositories with $\geq$ 15 bugs. GPU-serving / distributed libraries (vLLM) reproduce least; CPU-friendly ones (NumPyro, smolagents) most.} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[barbase, xbar, width=15cm, height=10.5cm, bar width=12pt, %% both series share one category slot: without this pgfplots groups them and %% every bar is drawn off its own row label. every axis plot/.append style={bar shift=0pt}, xmin=0, xmax=112, ymax=%(ymax).1f, xtick={0,20,40,60,80,100}, xticklabel={\pgfmathprintnumber{\tick}\%%}, ytick={0,...,%(last)d}, yticklabels={%(ylabels)s}, y=0.62cm, ] \addplot[fill=sone,draw=none] coordinates {%(blue)s}; \addplot[fill=crit,draw=none] coordinates {%(red)s}; \draw[muted, dashed, line width=1pt] (axis cs:%(avg).2f,-0.7) -- (axis cs:%(avg).2f,%(ymax).1f); \node[anchor=south west, color=muted, font=\footnotesize] at (axis cs:%(avg).2f,%(ymax).1f) {\;dataset avg %(avgr)d\%%}; %(labels)s \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; bars show the share of that repo's bugs that reproduce} """ % dict(ymax=n - 0.3, last=n - 1, ylabels=",".join(ylabels), blue=" ".join(blue), red=" ".join(red) or "(-1,-1)", avg=avg, avgr=round(avg), labels="\n".join(labels)) build("repro_rate", body, varwidth="17cm") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 4. Why the non-reproducible bugs don't reproduce (sequential blue) # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_blocking(rows): notr = sum(r["reproducible"] != "true" for r in rows) # Manual grouping of the free-text `blocking_reason` field. The first three # counts are the original hand grouping over the 107 pre-agentic blocked # cases (61/43/3); the agentic split added 8 / 2 / 1 respectively. cats = [ ("No longer reproduces on the pinned\\\\checkout (fixed / drift / flaky)", 69, "sonedark"), ("Hardware / OS / build not\\\\available on the reference machine", 45, "sone"), ("Not an executable bug\\\\(docs, meta, non-code)", 4, "sonesoft"), ] assert sum(c[1] for c in cats) == notr, ( f"manual blocking grouping sums to {sum(c[1] for c in cats)}, " f"but index.csv has {notr} non-reproducible bugs") # Leave room to the right of the longest bar for its value label, and put the # ticks on a round step -- otherwise the widest bar's label runs off the page. top = max(c[1] for c in cats) xmax = top * 1.34 step = 20 if xmax <= 110 else 25 xticks = ",".join(str(t) for t in range(0, int(top) + 1, step)) cats = cats[::-1] plots, labels, ylabels = [], [], [] for i, (lab, v, col) in enumerate(cats): plots.append(rf"\addplot[fill={col},draw=none,xbar,bar shift=0pt] " rf"coordinates {{({v},{i})}};") labels.append(rf"\node[anchor=west,color=ink,font=\small\bfseries] " rf"at (axis cs:{v},{i}) {{\;{v} \;\textbullet\; {round(v/notr*100)}\%}};") ylabels.append(r"{\footnotesize\begin{tabular}{@{}r@{}}" + lab.replace("\\\\", r"\\") + r"\end{tabular}}") body = r""" \FigTitle{Why %(notr)d bugs don't reproduce here} \FigSub{The reference machine is CPU-first; most blocked cases are upstream fixes or unavailable hardware.} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[barbase, width=15cm, height=5.2cm, bar width=15pt, xmin=0, xmax=%(xmax).1f, ymax=2.4, xtick={%(xticks)s}, ytick={0,1,2}, yticklabels={%(ylabels)s}, y=1.15cm, ] %(plots)s %(labels)s \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; n = %(notr)d non-reproducible bugs} """ % dict(notr=notr, ylabels=",".join(ylabels), plots="\n".join(plots), labels="\n".join(labels), xmax=xmax, xticks=xticks) build("blocking_breakdown", body, varwidth="17cm") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 5. Reliability ranking by ecosystem — lollipop dot plot with mean line # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_rate_ranking(rows): d = per_repo(rows) fam = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0]) for repo, (tot, rp) in d.items(): f = fam_of(repo) fam[f][0] += tot fam[f][1] += rp avg = sum(r["reproducible"] == "true" for r in rows) / len(rows) * 100 items = [(f, fam[f][1] / fam[f][0] * 100, fam[f][0]) for f in FAMILY_ORDER] items.sort(key=lambda x: x[1]) stems, dots, labels, ylabels = [], [], [], [] xmin = 55 for i, (f, rate, tot) in enumerate(items): col = "good" if rate >= avg else "crit" stems.append(rf"\draw[basec,line width=1.4pt] (axis cs:{xmin},{i}) -- (axis cs:{rate:.2f},{i});") dots.append(rf"\addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark size=3.6pt,color={col}] coordinates {{({rate:.2f},{i})}};") labels.append(rf"\node[anchor=west,color=ink,font=\small\bfseries] at (axis cs:{rate:.2f},{i}) {{\;\;{rate:.0f}\%}};") ylabels.append(tex_escape(f)) n = len(items) body = r""" \FigTitle{Reliability ranking by ecosystem} \FigSub{Reproducibility rate per ecosystem family (repos grouped by project). The dashed line is the %(avgr)d\%% dataset mean; \textcolor{crit}{red} dots under-perform it.} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[barbase, width=15cm, height=7.2cm, xmin=%(xmin)d, xmax=104, ymax=%(ymax).1f, xtick={60,70,80,90,100}, xticklabel={\pgfmathprintnumber{\tick}\%%}, ytick={0,...,%(last)d}, yticklabels={%(ylabels)s}, y=0.8cm, ] %(stems)s \draw[muted, dashed, line width=1pt] (axis cs:%(avg).2f,-0.7) -- (axis cs:%(avg).2f,%(ymax).1f); \node[anchor=south, color=muted, font=\footnotesize] at (axis cs:%(avg).2f,%(ymax).1f) {mean %(avgr)d\%%}; %(dots)s %(labels)s \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; ecosystem = explicit repo$\rightarrow$family grouping (see scripts/make\_figures.py)} """ % dict(avgr=round(avg), avg=avg, xmin=xmin, ymax=n - 0.3, last=n - 1, ylabels=",".join(ylabels), stems="\n".join(stems), dots="\n".join(dots), labels="\n".join(labels)) build("rate_ranking", body, varwidth="17cm") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 6. Does volume hurt reproducibility? — bubble scatter # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_volume_vs_rate(rows): d = per_repo(rows) avg = sum(r["reproducible"] == "true" for r in rows) / len(rows) * 100 pts = [(repo, tot, rp / tot * 100) for repo, (tot, rp) in d.items()] bubbles = [] for repo, tot, rate in pts: col = "crit" if repo == "vllm" else "sone" op = "0.9" if repo == "vllm" else "0.5" bubbles.append( rf"\addplot[only marks,mark=*,mark options={{fill={col},fill opacity={op}," rf"draw={col},draw opacity=0.9}},mark size={{{0.9 + tot**0.5*0.7:.2f}pt}}] " rf"coordinates {{({tot},{rate:.2f})}};") # label a few notable repos (avoid overlapping identical coordinates) ann = [] for repo, tot, rate in pts: if repo == "vllm": ann.append(rf"\node[color=crit,font=\footnotesize\bfseries,anchor=west,xshift=0.32cm] " rf"at (axis cs:{tot},{rate:.2f}) {{vLLM \textbullet\ 44\%}};") elif repo == "numpyro": ann.append(rf"\node[color=inktwo,font=\footnotesize,anchor=north,yshift=-0.42cm] " rf"at (axis cs:{tot},{rate:.2f}) {{numpyro}};") body = r""" \FigTitle{Does artifact volume hurt reproducibility?} \FigSub{Each bubble is a repository: x = bugs contributed, y = reproducibility rate, size $\propto$ bug count. Mostly flat --- big repos reproduce fine. vLLM is the clear outlier.} \begin{tikzpicture} \begin{axis}[ axis background/.style={fill=surface}, width=15cm, height=9cm, axis line style={basec}, tick style={draw=none}, xmajorgrids, ymajorgrids, grid style={gridc, line width=0.5pt}, xmin=0, xmax=42, ymin=38, ymax=102, xlabel={Bugs contributed}, ylabel={Reproducibility rate}, ytick={40,60,80,100}, yticklabel={\pgfmathprintnumber{\tick}\%%}, label style={font=\small\color{inktwo}}, tick label style={font=\footnotesize\color{muted}}, clip=true, ] \draw[muted, dashed, line width=1pt] (axis cs:0,%(avg).2f) -- (axis cs:42,%(avg).2f); \node[anchor=south, color=muted, font=\footnotesize] at (axis cs:17.5,%(avg).2f) {mean %(avgr)d\%%}; %(bub)s %(ann)s \end{axis} \end{tikzpicture} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; one bubble per repository (%(nrepo)d total)} """ % dict(avg=avg, avgr=round(avg), bub="\n".join(bubbles), ann="\n".join(ann), nrepo=len(pts)) build("volume_vs_rate", body, varwidth="17cm") # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # # 7. Ecosystem reproducibility radar (hand-drawn TikZ) # # --------------------------------------------------------------------------- # def fig_radar(rows): import math d = per_repo(rows) fam = collections.defaultdict(lambda: [0, 0]) for repo, (tot, rp) in d.items(): f = fam_of(repo) fam[f][0] += tot fam[f][1] += rp avg = sum(r["reproducible"] == "true" for r in rows) / len(rows) * 100 vals = [(f, fam[f][1] / fam[f][0] * 100, fam[f][0]) for f in FAMILY_ORDER] N = len(vals) Rmax = 4.2 # cm at 100% floor = 40.0 # inner value of the radar (0% would waste space) def rad(v): return (v - floor) / (100 - floor) * Rmax def ang(i): return 90 - i * 360.0 / N parts = [r"\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm]"] # rings + ring labels for gv in (40, 60, 80, 100): r = rad(gv) parts.append(rf"\draw[gridc,line width=0.6pt] (0,0) circle ({r:.3f});") parts.append(rf"\node[muted,font=\tiny,fill=surface,inner sep=0.5pt] at (0,{r:.3f}) {{{gv}\%}};") # mean ring (dashed) parts.append(rf"\draw[muted,dashed,line width=0.9pt] (0,0) circle ({rad(avg):.3f});") # spokes + axis labels label_r = Rmax + 0.35 for i, (f, v, tot) in enumerate(vals): a = ang(i) x = math.cos(math.radians(a)) * Rmax y = math.sin(math.radians(a)) * Rmax parts.append(rf"\draw[basec,line width=0.6pt] (0,0) -- ({x:.3f},{y:.3f});") lx = math.cos(math.radians(a)) * label_r ly = math.sin(math.radians(a)) * label_r anchor = "west" if -90 < a < 90 else ("east" if abs(a) > 90 else "center") if abs(abs(a) - 90) < 1: anchor = "south" if a > 0 else "north" # wrap long labels fl = tex_escape(f).replace(" / ", r" /\\ ") parts.append(rf"\node[anchor={anchor},align=center,color=ink,font=\footnotesize] " rf"at ({lx:.3f},{ly:.3f}) {{\begin{{tabular}}{{@{{}}c@{{}}}}{fl}\\[-1pt]" rf"{{\color{{inktwo}}\scriptsize {v:.0f}\%}}\end{{tabular}}}};") # value polygon poly = [] for i, (f, v, tot) in enumerate(vals): a = ang(i) r = rad(v) poly.append(f"({math.cos(math.radians(a))*r:.3f},{math.sin(math.radians(a))*r:.3f})") parts.append(r"\fill[sone,opacity=0.16] " + " -- ".join(poly) + " -- cycle;") parts.append(r"\draw[sone,line width=1.6pt] " + " -- ".join(poly) + " -- cycle;") for p in poly: parts.append(rf"\fill[sone] {p} circle (2.4pt);") parts.append(rf"\draw[surface,line width=0.8pt] {p} circle (2.4pt);") parts.append(r"\end{tikzpicture}") body = r""" \FigTitle{Reproducibility across ecosystems} \FigSub{Reproducibility rate for each ecosystem family. The dashed ring is the %(avgr)d\%% dataset mean; families outside it beat the average.} \begin{center} %(pic)s \end{center} \FigFoot{Source: index.csv \;\textbullet\; radial axis 40--100\%% \;\textbullet\; ecosystem = explicit repo$\rightarrow$family grouping} """ % dict(avgr=round(avg), pic="\n".join(parts)) build("ecosystem_radar", body, varwidth="13cm") def main(): rows = load() print("Generating LaTeX figures ->", ASSETS) fig_status(rows) fig_bugs_per_repo(rows) fig_rate(rows) fig_blocking(rows) fig_rate_ranking(rows) fig_volume_vs_rate(rows) fig_radar(rows) print("Done.") if __name__ == "__main__": try: main() except RuntimeError as e: print(e, file=sys.stderr) sys.exit(1)