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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iossif_Ostrovskii	Iossif Ostrovskii	Iossif Vladimirovich Ostrovskii (Ukrainian: Йосип Володимирович Островський, Russian: Иосиф Владимирович Островский, 6 April 1934 – 29 November 2020, in Ankara) was a Soviet and Ukrainian mathematician who made significant contributions to function theory and probability theory, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1978). == Biography == Iossif Vladimirovich Ostrovskii was born 6 April 1934 in Dnipropetrovsk (now Dnipro). He obtained a degree at National University of Kharkiv in 1956, and entered post-graduate studies, where his supervisor was Boris Yakovlevich Levin. In 1959 he defended his PhD thesis The connection between the growth of a meromorphic function and the distribution of its values by arguments. In 1965 he defended his doctoral thesis Asymptotic properties of entire and meromorphic functions and some of their applications. From 1958 to 1985 he worked at National University of Kharkiv, since 1969 as the head of the Department of Function Theory. From 1986 to 2001 he headed the Department of Function Theory at Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering. From 1993 to 2010, he was Professor of the University of Bilkent (Ankara, Turkey). In 1978 he became the Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of USR (now of the NAS of Ukraine). Ostrovskii was married to mathematician Larisa Semenovna Kudina. Their children Sofiya Ostrovska and Mikhail Ostrovskii also became mathematicians. == Awards == In 1992 he received the State Prize of the Ukrainian SSR for his work in the theory of functions (together with B. Ya. Levin and A. A. Goldberg). == References == == External links == History of the Department of Function Theory at B.Verkin ILTPE of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Iossif Vladimirovich Ostrovskii (on his eightieth anniversary). Archived 2018-04-02 at the Wayback Machine Iossif Vladimirovich Ostrovskii (on his seventieth anniversary). Iossif Vladimirovich Ostrovskii (on his sixtieth anniversary). Iossif Ostrovskii at the Mathematics Genealogy Project I. V. Ostrovskii at TURNBULL.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motaz_Azaiza#:~:text=Azaiza%20was%20raised%20in%20the,a%20degree%20in%20English%20studies.	Motaz Azaiza	Motaz Hilal Azaiza (Arabic: معتز هلال عزايزة; born (1999-01-30)30 January 1999) is a Palestinian photojournalist from Gaza. He is known for covering the Gaza war, drawing a large social media following. In 2023, he was named Man of the Year by GQ Middle East and one of his photos, showing a girl trapped in rubble from an Israeli air strike, was named one of Time's top 10 photos of 2023, and was featured on Time's list of the 100 most influential people of 2024. == Early life and education == Azaiza was raised in the Deir al-Balah Camp in the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip. He attended Al-Azhar University in Gaza, graduating in 2021 with a degree in English studies. As of 2023, he was employed by UNRWA. == Career == === Early career === Prior to the Gaza war, Azaiza's online posts mostly focused on photographing daily life in his native Gaza Strip. He told The Guardian he did not intend to become a war journalist and wished "people knew me for my art, I wanted to capture the beauty of my people". His dream was to become a travel photographer according to Grazia UK, but he could not yet afford the visa expenses. Although he covered the 2014 Gaza War and the 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis, his social media accounts did not gain much attention at the time. There are few foreign journalists in the Gaza Strip due to Israel and Egypt denying them access to the territory, which has led to Azaiza becoming a key reporter on the ground in Gaza. === 2023–present === Before the Hamas-led attack on Israel on 7 October 2023, Azaiza's profile on Instagram had approximately 25,000 followers. On 13 October, his Instagram account was restricted, but access was restored the following day. His follower count had increased to one million by 17 October, nine million by October 30, 12.5 million by November 3, and 13 million by November 7. As of 27 December, Azaiza's Instagram profile had 17.5 million followers, with the number reaching over 18 million by January 2024. In January 2024, Azaiza appeared on Mehdi Hasan's final show with MSNBC to discuss the dangers of reporting from Gaza under Israel's bombardment. Later that month, after 108 days of reporting, Azaiza and some of his family evacuated to Egypt and then Doha, Qatar via Al-Arish Airport, their first time on a plane. Azaiza subsequently began meeting with ministers, diplomats, and media figures to share his accounts, frustrated that his attempts to broadcast what was happening in Gaza had not changed things. On his first civilian flight, Azaiza flew to Istanbul on 26 February 2024, beginning his travels to "show, tell and speak more". He then went to Geneva, Switzerland on 8 March for the FIFDH, appearing on a panel with Farah Nabulsi and Mohamed Jabaly at the premiere of Jabaly's film Life is Beautiful. Azaiza visited American universities for talks in April, including a Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) panel, and went to London in May, where he joined protests and gave a speech on Nakba Day. In August, English band Massive Attack invited Azaiza to speak on stage at their Bristol concert, which garnered an audience of over 30 thousand. He also paid visit to Derry, where he was welcomed by mayor Lilian Seenoi-Barr and interviewed by actress Jamie-Lee O'Donnell. In September, he featured on the BBC News programme HARDTalk. == Personal life == On 11 October 2023, at least 15 of Azaiza's relatives were killed in an Israeli airstrike on the Deir al-Balah Camp, shortly after the outbreak of the Gaza war. In a February 2024 interview with The Guardian, Azaiza mentioned the traumatic flashbacks and feelings of guilt and hopelessness he experienced after leaving Gaza. == Accolades == In November 2023, GQ Middle East named Azaiza their Man of the Year, with editor Ahmad Ali Swaid stating that "he reminds us that no matter who we are or where we're from, it's us – ordinary people, men, and women – who have the power to enact that very change that we want to see." Azaiza's photograph, "Seeing Her Through My Camera", part of his extensive coverage of Gaza during the Gaza war, was listed among Time's top 10 photos of 2023. In late October, following an Israeli airstrike, Azaiza used a low shutter speed on his camera to capture the moment, revealing a young girl trapped under rubble at the Al Nusairat refugee camp. This technique allowed him to witness her in the darkness where the naked eye couldn't confirm her condition before a Civil Defense rescue worker's light illuminated her face. After arriving in Istanbul in February 2024, Azaiza accepted his 2023 TRT World Citizen Award. Azaiza was featured on Time's list of the 100 most influential people of 2024 in April. In June, Azaiza was awarded the Freedom Prize in Normandy, France. Azaiza was one of four Palestinian journalists to be nominated for the 2024 Nobel Peace Prize. == See also == Bisan Owda Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Killing of journalists in the Gaza war History of Palestinian journalism == References == == External links == Motaz Azaiza on Instagram
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Priestley#:~:text=Priestley%20made%20a%20single%20first,no%20further%20appearances%20for%20Northamptonshire.	Neil Priestley	Neil Priestley (born 23 June 1961) is a former English cricketer. Priestley was a left-handed batsman who fielded as a wicket-keeper. He was born in Blyborough, Lincolnshire. == Early life == From the John Leggott College in August 1979 he gained A-levels in Economics, Statistics, and Pure Mathematics, where his brother David also went. His family lived in Epworth, Lincolnshire in the 1980s. == Career == Priestley made a single first-class appearance for Northamptonshire against the touring Sri Lankans in 1981. He batted once in this match, scoring 20 not out in Northamptonshire's first-innings, while behind the stumps he took a single catches and made 2 stumpings. He made no further appearances for Northamptonshire. He later made his debut for Lincolnshire in the 1983 Minor Counties Championship against Hertfordshire. He played Minor counties cricket for Lincolnshire from 1983 to 1990, which included 57 Minor Counties Championship appearances and 13 MCCA Knockout Trophy matches. He made his List A debut against Surrey in the 1983 NatWest Trophy. He made a further List A appearance for Lincolnshire, against Gloucestershire in the 1990 NatWest Trophy. In his 2 List A matches for the county, he scored 78 runs at an average of 39.00, with a high score of 54. This score, which would be his only List A fifty, came in the match against Gloucestershire. It was however for the Minor Counties cricket team that Priestley made the majority of his List A appearances for, debuting for the team in the 1986 Benson & Hedges Cup against Northamptonshire. He made 5 further appearances for the team, the last of which came against Somerset in the 1989 Benson & Hedges Cup. In these 6 List A matches, he scored 95 runs at an average of 15.83, with a high score of 37. Behind the stumps he took 4 catches and made 2 stumpings. Neil Played club cricket for Scunthorpe Town cricket club for several years, making his debut for their premier league 1st XI side in 1979. In 1980 the family made local headlines when Scunthorpe Town became the first county league side to play 4 members of the same family in a game. Neil played alongside father Geoff, and his two brothers Mark (Born 1959) and David (Born 1964). His brothers both went on to both have trials at Somerset, organised by Ian Botham, who lived at Epworth at the time and was a friend of the family. == References == == External links == Neil Priestley at ESPNcricinfo Neil Priestley at CricketArchive
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peicho_Peev#:~:text=Peicho%20Peev%20(Bulgarian%3A%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%BE%20%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2,bronze%20medal%20winner%20(1968).	Peicho Peev	Peicho Peev (Bulgarian: Пейчо Пеев; 2 April 1940 – 15 September 2007) was a Bulgarian chess International Master (1973). Bulgarian Chess Championship winner (1968) and Chess Olympiad team bronze medal winner (1968). == Biography == In the 1960s and 1970s Peev was one of the leading Bulgarian chess players. He won the Bulgarian Chess Championship in 1968, and won the silver medal in this tournament in the 1971. Peev was winner of many international chess tournament awards. In 1973, he was awarded the FIDE International Master (IM) title. Peev played for Bulgaria in the Chess Olympiads: In 1968, at second reserve board in the 18th Chess Olympiad in Lugano (+2, =2, -1) and won team bronze medal, In 1972, at first reserve board in the 20th Chess Olympiad in Skopje (+6, =4, -2). Peev played for Bulgaria in the European Team Chess Championship: In 1970, at ninth board in the 4th European Team Chess Championship in Kapfenberg (+2, =2, -2), In 1977, at seventh board in the 6th European Team Chess Championship in Moscow (+1, =2, -3). Peev played for Bulgaria in the World Student Team Chess Championship: In 1956, at first reserve board in the 3rd World Student Team Chess Championship in Uppsala (+3, =1, -1). Peev played for Bulgaria in the Men's Chess Balkaniads: In 1971, at sixth board in the 3rd Men's Chess Balkaniad in Athens (+2, =2, -0) and won team silver and individual gold medals, In 1972, at fifth board in the 4th Men's Chess Balkaniad in Sofia (+3, =0, -1) and won team and individual silver medals, In 1973, at sixth board in the 5th Men's Chess Balkaniad in Poiana Brașov (+3, =1, -0) and won team and individual gold medals. For many years Peev worked as a chess coach for children and young people in the native Plovdiv chess club ШК Локомотив. == References == == External links == Peicho Peev player profile and games at Chessgames.com Peicho Peev chess games at 365chess.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Anatsui#Awards	El Anatsui	El Anatsui (; born 4 February 1944) is a Ghanaian sculptor active for much of his career in Nigeria. He has drawn particular international attention for his "bottle-top installations". These installations consist of thousands of aluminum pieces sourced from alcohol recycling stations and sewn together with copper wire, which are then transformed into metallic cloth-like wall sculptures. Such materials, while seemingly stiff and sturdy, are actually free and flexible, which often helps with manipulation when installing his sculptures. Anatsui was included in the 2023 Time 100 list of the world's most influential people. In the article, artist and art historian Okeke-Agulu writes,"The breathtaking combination of experimental rigor and inspired vision turns such unassuming materials as printer’s plates or liquor-bottle caps into the magnificent constructions and compositions displayed around the world.” == Early life and education == El Anatsui was born in Anyako, in the Volta Region of Ghana. The youngest of his father's 32 children, Anatsui lost his mother and was raised by his uncle. His first experience with art was through drawing letters on a chalkboard. His lettering attempts drew the attention of his school's headmaster, who encouraged his effort by providing him with more chalk. Because of his age at the time (just after kindergarten), he regarded the letters more as images than as letters--the forms interested him. Anatsui received his B.A in 1968 from the College of Art and Built Environment (KNUST) in Kumasi, Ghana. He received his postgraduate diploma in Art Education the following year, in 1969, from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), also in Kumasi. Some of his early artistic influences include Oku Ampofo, Vincent Akwete Kofi, and Kofi Antubam, all of whom began to reject foreign influences in their practices in favor of indigenous art forms. After graduating in 1969, Anatsui assumed a teaching position at Winneba Specialist Training College (now University of Education), a role that had previously been filled by Kofi. He began teaching at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka in 1975. He became a senior lecturer for the Fine and Applied Arts department in 1982, and later became head of that department and full professor of sculpture in 1996, a role he occupied until 2011. His presence at the University of Nsukka led to his affiliation with the Nsukka group.It has taken many years to find artists who can occupy a prominent place on the global circuit while choosing to reside outside the metropolitan centres. William Kentridge has made his reputation from Johannesburg, and El Anatsui has conquered the planet while living and working in the Nigerian university town of Nsukka. == Artwork == Anatsui notes that, through school and in university, "everything we were doing was western," especially within the fine arts department of his university; he felt that there was something missing in his education for its lack of focus on his own culture. In order to rectify this, he started visiting the National Cultural Centre of Ghana, also in Kumasi, to engage with the musicians, graphic artists, textile artists, printers, and creative artists of all types. It was there that he encountered Adinkra, a system of signs and symbols, which was his first introduction to abstract art and opened up a new world of artistic possibilities for him. In the 1970s, Anatsui worked frequently in wood. He was particularly interested in wooden trays, which he often saw used in the markets to display food items and other wares--he would carve them or engrave them with Adinkra symbols and other marks using hot rods. He also began using wood to construct wall panels from strips placed next to each other, the surface decorated with designs imparted on the material through the use of chain saws, gouges, flame, or paint. In the late 70s, he began working in clay: pots, in particular, exploring themes of fragility and dilapidation. He was interested in how, even after a pot breaks and ceases being used in the way we commonly think (for food, water), it takes on a new purpose, even acquires more uses, from the mundane to the spiritual. Most intriguing to him is the use of pot shards for presenting offerings. He said, "It's as if the pot, having broken, is transformed into a dimension which makes it ideal for use by ancestors and deities who are themselves in the spirit dimension." After his work with the broken pots, Anatsui explored food-adjacent themes in other materials: wood, again, in the form of mortars; equipment used to process cassava, and bottle tops. Much of Anatsui's work features found materials, or materials that had a life of use prior to being formed into this artworks. His emphasis on the found object, however, is less Duchampian, and more focused on the history of use and the evidence of the human hand in the material. "When something has been used, there is a certain charge, a certain energy, that has to do with the people who have touched it and used it and sometimes abused it. This helps to direct what one is doing, and also to root what one is doing in the environment and the culture."Metal bottle caps are a favorite material of his; like cloth, Anatsui describes, an arrangement of bottle caps is versatile, allowing him to consider his art both sculpturally (through the form of the caps) and in a painterly manner (through the colors of the caps). Further, he appreciates the glimpse that bottle caps give into current and historical political and sociological issues, by virtue of the names and colors of various drink brands that are printed onto the caps."The most important thing for me is the transformation. The fact that these media, each identifying a brand of drink, are no longer going back to serve the same role but are elements that could generate some reflection, some thinking, or just some wonder. This is possible because they are removed from their accustomed, functional context into a new one, and they bring along their histories and identities."A number of themes are present in Anatsui's work: the destruction and subsequent reconstitution of material as a metaphor for life and the changes Africa faced under colonialism and since independence; traditional themes and motifs of West African strip woven cloth and other African textiles; and concern over Western scholarly misinterpretation of African history and the distortions it has caused. His work is also thematically connected to the West African cultural landscape and ideas of consumption and labor. The idea of Sankofa [translated as "go back and retrieve"] is also present in Anatsui's work. He views it as a way of drawing on the past, the lessons it offers, to chart a mode of moving forward. For him, Sankofa described a need to draw from what was immediately around him; Ghana became independent when he was in high school, and much of his education had been focused on western art and art history, and so he felt called to 'go back and retrieve' aspects of Ghanaian culture that had been suppressed, something he described as a sort of "quest for self-discovery." == Exhibitions == Anatsui's career grew gradually, starting in his home village of Nsukka before branching off to places such as Enugu and Lagos, and eventually internationally. In 1990, Anatsui had his first important group show at the Studio Museum In Harlem, New York. He also was one of three artists singled out in the 1990 exhibition "Contemporary African Artists: Changing Traditions", which was extended for five years. Anatsui has since exhibited his work around the world, including at the Brooklyn Museum (2013); the Clark Art Institute (2011); the Rice University Art Gallery, Houston (2010); the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York (2008–09); the National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. (2008); the Fowler Museum at UCLA (2007); the Venice Biennale (1990 and 2007); the Hayward Gallery (2005); the Liverpool Biennial (2002); the National Museum of African Art (2001); the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (2001); the 8th Osaka Sculpture Triennale (1995); the 5th Gwangju Biennale (2004); the Arab Museum of Modern Art in Doha (2019); and the Kunstmuseum Bern (2020). In 1995, Anatsui held his first solo exhibition outside of Africa in London. He expressed a variety of themes and demonstrated how African art can be shown in a multitude of ways that are not seen as "typical" African. His work utilized conceptual modes used by European and American artists but hardly in African countries. Anatsui showed his work at the de Young Museum in San Francisco in 2005. This was his first time "appear[ing] as part of the permanent collection in a major art museum". Also in 2005, his exhibition at New York's Skoto Gallery, "Danudo," was the first display of his metal sheets in an American city. At this gallery, Skoto Aghahowa presented Anatsui's wood wall panels alongside Sol LeWitt's drawings. This exhibition popularized his bottle-cap works as he gained more recognition in the press. Anatsui was invited to the Venice Biennale in 2006 and again in 2007 where he was commissioned to make two hanging metal tapestries. During the 2007 edition, he exhibited his works at the Palazzo Fortuny which consisted of newly built walls for him to display three metal hangings entitled Dusasa. Each artwork demonstrated different textures and colors including golds, reds, and blacks. The way the bottle tops draped throughout the hangings created a sense of gentleness that made it stand apart from the other works in the gallery. The art curator of the Biennale, Robert Storr, mentions that the artist's series "reaches back into a whole series of things in the postwar period-it has a kind of exaltation I have not seen before". During this Venetian showing, Anatsui wanted to create a new experience for his viewers conceptually. He believes that "human life is not something which is cut and dried. It is something that is constantly in a state of change." At this point, he began to refer his metalworks as hangings instead of "cloths". A 2010 retrospective of his work, entitled When I Last Wrote to You About Africa, was organized by the Museum for African Art and opened at the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It subsequently toured venues in the United States for three years, concluding at the University of Michigan Museum of Art. A major exhibition of recent works, entitled Gravity & Grace: Monumental Works by El Anatsui, had its New York premiere at the Brooklyn Museum in 2013. Organized by the Akron Art Museum (exhibition: 2012), the exhibition later traveled to the Des Moines Art Center (2013–14) and the Bass Museum of Art in Miami (2014). A career-spanning survey of his work, organized by Okwui Enwezor and Chika Okeke-Agulu, entitled Triumphant Scale drew record-breaking crowds when it opened, in March 2019 at Munich's Haus der Kunst. From there, the show travelled to the Arab Museum of Modern Art, in Doha, and later to the Kunstmuseum Bern in 2020. Anatsui was selected for the 2023 Hyundai Commission at the Turbine Hall at Tate Modern; a vast display space for large-scale sculptural and site-specific artworks. His work, "Behind the Red Moon," is made of thousands of metal bottle tops and fragments, building upon his work with materials linked to the transatlantic slave trade, and will be on view through April 14, 2024. == Other activities == Anatsui was selected to be a member of the International Society for Education through Art (InSEA) world council in 1992 for his work in education. Anatsui was a founding member and fellow of the Forum for African Arts in 2000. That year he also became a member of the International Selection Committee for the Dakar Biennale in Senegal. In 2001 he was a fellow at the Civitella Ranieri Foundation in Italy. == Recognition == === Awards === Anatsui won an honorable mention at the First Ghana National Art Competition as an undergraduate student in 1968. The following year he was awarded the Best Student of the Year at the College of Art in Kumasi, Ghana. In 1983 he won a commission for two large public sculptures made of terrazzo-surfaced cement on the Nsukka campus. He was selected to be one of ten artists invited to the Zweites Symposium Nordesekkuste residency in Cuxhaven, West Germany, in 1984. In 1990, Anatsui was invited to the 44th annual Venice Biennale show 5 Contemporary African Artists, where he received an honorable mention. That year he was included in the American documentary Nigerian Art-Kindred Spirits. In 2015, the Venice Biennale awarded Anatsui the Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement. In 2017, Anatsui was awarded the Praemium Imperiale, the first Ghanaian to win this international art prize. Other awards include: 1990 – Public Prize, 7th Annual Triennale der Kleinplastik 1995 – Kansai Telecasting Prize, 6th Osaka Sculpture Triennial 1998 – Bronze Prize, 9th Osaka Sculpture Triennial 2008 – Visionaries! Award, Museum of Arts and Design (MAD) 2009 – Prince Claus Award 2009 – Artist Honoree, 30th Anniversary Celebration, National Museum of African Art 2016 – Honorary doctorate, Harvard University 2017 – Honorary doctorate, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology 2023 – Time 100 2024 – Honorary Doctor of Fine Arts, Bard College == See also == Big 4 (statue) == Footnotes == == Further reading == (in French) "EL Anatsui, Tsiatsia", Le Delarge, read online. "El Anatsui (born 1944), Sculptor", Benezit Dictionary of Artists, read online, ISBN 978-0-19-989991-3. Anatsui, El and Laura Leffler James, "Convergence: History, Materials, and the Human Hand--An Interview with El Anatsui," Art Journal, Vol. 67, No. 2 (Summer, 2008), pp. 36-53, read online Binder, Lisa M., "Anatsui, El (born 1944), sculptor", Grove Art Online, read online, ISBN 978-1-884446-05-4. Binder, Lisa M., "El Anatsui: Transformations," African Arts Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer, 2008), pp. 24-37, read online Chilvers, Ian and John Glaves-Smith, "Anatsui, El (1944–)", A Dictionary of Modern and Contemporary Art, read online, ISBN 978-0-19-172675-0. Enwezor, Okwui and Chika Okeke-Agulu, El Anatsui: The Reinvention of Sculpture, Damiani, 2022 [1] ISBN 9788862087636 Gayer, J. (2008). El Anatsui : Gawu. Espace, (86), 39–40. id.erudit.org/iderudit/9058ac Jennifer, Anne Hart, "El Anatsui (1944)", Dictionary of African Biography, read online, ISBN 978-0-19-985725-8. LaGamme, Alisa, "The Essential Art of African Textiles: Design without End," African Arts Vol. 42, No. 1 (Spring, 2009), pp. 88-99, read online Oguibe, Olu. "El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness", African Arts, Vol.31, No.1 (1988), pp. 48–55+96, El Anatsui: Beyond Death and Nothingness Ottenberg, Simon, New Traditions from Nigeria: Seven Artists of the Nsukka group, Smithsonian Institution Press 1997, ISBN 978-1-56098-800-7 Sollins, Marybeth (2012). art:21 vol.6. Art21, Inc. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-615-54566-0. Vogel, Susan Mullin (2012). El Anatsui. Prestal. ISBN 9783791346502. == External links == El-Anatsui.com "El Anatsui" at Praemium Imperiale. QuickTime Virtual Reality Image of "Akua's Surviving Children" at the Victoria & Albert Museum, London, by Jonathan Greet Doug Britt, "El Anatsui lets chance, collaboration into his work" Archived 31 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine, Houston Chronicle, 25 January 2010. Inception Gallery Contemporary Art Archived 15 October 2013 at archive.today El Anatsui piece at the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art "El Anatsui", Art21. (n.d.). Retrieved 8 December 2016. 'The Installation of El Anatsui's "Dusasa l" (The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art). Retrieved 17 January 2017.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonella_Ragno-Lonzi	Antonella Ragno-Lonzi	Antonella Ragno-Lonzi (born 6 June 1940) is an Italian fencer and Olympic champion in foil competition. == Biography == She received a gold medal in foil at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich and a bronze at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics. She is married to Gianni Lonzi, Italy's 1960 Olympic gold medalist in the men's water polo. == See also == Italian sportswomen multiple medalists at Olympics and World Championships == References == == External links == Fencer profile at Amova web site Antonella Ragno-Lonzi at Olympedia Antonella Ragno-Lonzi at Olympics.com Antonella Ragno-Lonzi at the Comitato Olimpico Nazionale Italiano (in Italian)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conalia_baudii	Conalia baudii	Conalia baudii is a beetle in the genus Conalia of the family Mordellidae. It was described in 1858 by Mulsant & Rey. == References == == External links ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alisher_Usmanov	Alisher Usmanov	Alisher Burkhanovich Usmanov (Uzbek: Alisher Burxonovich Usmonov, Russian: Алишер Бурханович Усманов; born 9 September 1953) is a Russian-Uzbek businessman widely considered to be a Russian oligarch. Usmanov is the 149th richest person in the world according to Forbes, with a net worth of $16.8 billion, largely due to his 49% ownership stake in Metalloinvest. Usmanov was a successful entrepreneur in the Soviet Union in the 1980s but made substantial wealth after the collapse of the Soviet Union primarily through investments in metal and mining operations as well as large early investments in technology companies such as Facebook, Twitter, VK, and Alibaba Group. In addition to his stake in Metalloinvest, he owns the Kommersant publishing house, is a co-owner of MegaFon, a mobile telephone operator, and co-owner of the Udokan mine, which develops one of the largest copper deposits in the world. He has been the president of the Fédération Internationale d'Escrime, the international governing body of the sport of fencing, since 2008. Amid international sanctions, Usmanov temporarily suspended his duties as the FIE President in 2022 and 2024 after his re-election. From 1980 to 1986, when Usmanov was in his late 20s, he spent six years in a Soviet prison on charges of fraud and embezzlement, but his conviction was later overturned. In 2000, he underwent political rehabilitation by the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan, which ruled that the case against him was trumped up and no crime had been committed. Usmanov has been described as having close ties to President of Russia Vladimir Putin, which he denies, and, as a result, he has been sanctioned by the US, EU, UK, and Ukrainian governments since the Russian invasion of Ukraine. == Early life == Usmanov was born in Uzbekistan in the provincial town of Chust. He spent his childhood in the capital Tashkent, where his father was a state prosecutor, thus providing for a privileged life, and his mother, Dilbar taught Russian language. Planning to pursue a career of a diplomat, he later moved to Moscow. After first failing to be accepted, one year later he was accepted to the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, from which he graduated in 1976 with a degree in international law. Usmanov then returned to Tashkent, where he was appointed director of the Foreign Economic Association of the Soviet Peace Committee. Usmanov was arrested and convicted on charges of fraud, corruption, and theft of state property, which charges included shaking down an Army officer, in Uzbek SSR in August 1980. From 1980, when he was 26 years old, until 1986, when he was 33 years old, he was imprisoned in a remote Uzbek prison for six years of an eight-year sentence. In July 2000, his conviction was vacated, nine years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, by the Supreme Court of Uzbekistan, which ruled that "the original conviction was unjust, no crime was ever committed, and that the evidence was fabricated." His version of events has been questioned by Craig Murray, the British Ambassador to Uzbekistan from 2002 to 2004. Years later, Usmanov's public relations firm tried to delete reference to his conviction and imprisonment from Wikipedia. == Business career == === Early years === Usmanov became a dollar millionaire in the years before the Soviet Union collapsed. In the late 1980s, he set up a privately owned for-profit company, cooperative Agroplast which produced plastic bags, at a time when they were very scarce. He enriched himself considerably after the collapse of the USSR, but always stressed that he never participated in the privatization of state property. Usmanov worked as the Deputy General Director of Intercross JSC from 1990 to 1994, and from 1994 to 1998, he headed Interfin Interbank Investment and Finance Company. He also acted as an Adviser to the General Director of Moscow Aviation Industrial Enterprise from 1994 to 1995, and served as the First Deputy Chairman of MAPO-Bank from 1995 to 1997. From November 1998 to February 2000 he was First Deputy General Director of Gazprom Vestholding LLC. From November 2000 to July 2001, he served as advisor to the chairman of the board of Gazprom. From February 2000 to October 2014, he served as general director of Gazprom Vestholding LLC, a subsidiary of Gazprom that focused on collection. In this position, Usmanov had Gazprom acquire Severneftegazprom, which owns the largest South Russian field, controlling stakes in Zapsibgazprom and Sibur, as well as over 50% of Stroytransgaz. Usmanov left the company in 2014. === USM Holdings and Metalloinvest === In 1999, Usmanov co-founded Metalloinvest with Vasily Anisimov to make acquisitions in the metal industry. Unlike Russia's tycoons who won control of empires through loans-for-share privatization schemes of the 1990s, Usmanov built up Metalloinvest through a series of acquisitions in the secondary market. Metalloinvest owns a wide range of Russian metal and mining businesses including Lebedinsky GOK and Mikhailovsky GOK; Oskol Elektrometallurgical Plant and Ural Steel steel mills and a ferrous scrap enterprise – Ural Scrap Company. In March 2022, Metalloinvest sold the Ural Steel to Zagorsk Pipe Plant. Usmanov has a 49% share in USM, a global conglomerate with its main investments in metals and mining industry, telecommunications and technology. Between 2006 and 2008, Usmanov acquired stakes in Australia-based mining companies: Strike Resources (iron ore deposit in Peru), Medusa, Mt Gibson and Aztec Resources through Gallagher Holdings. In 2013, it was remained USM Holdings after a merger with assets from Andrei Skoch and Farhad Moshiri. In 2009, Metalloinvest Holding sold its 10.37% stake in Australian gold producer Medusa Mining for A$56 million. As of 2009, Metalloinvest was the second largest shareholder, after Mohammed Al Bawani (MB Holding), in Nautilus Minerals. These two shareholders took control of the company after its filed for bankruptcy in 2019. In November 2015, USM invested US$100 million in competitive video game esports team Virtus Pro. In 2021, USM and Metalloinvest announced plans to construct one of the world's largest Hot-briquetted iron eco-plants in Kursk Oblast to supply greener products used to make steel amid a growing focus to clean up the industry. === Udokan Copper === In 2008, Metalloinvest bought the Udokan licence for $500mn, which was discovered in Soviet times and proved to be one of the world's largest copper deposit. Geologists estimate there are 26.7mn tonnes of copper ore under the JORC classification. In 2020, Baikal Mining Company (rebranded to Udokan copper) began strip mining at the Udokan mine, which had been untouched since 1949 due to the site's remoteness and extreme weather conditions. The development of Udokan includes the construction of the first stage of a mining and metallurgical plant for the production of cathode copper and copper concentrate, as well as the production of up to 125,000 tpy of copper in addition to 12mn tonnes of ore. === Mail.Ru Group / VK === In 2008, Usmanov became acquainted with Yuri Milner, and soon became a shareholder of DST Global and VK (VK). Usmanov had 25.3% of interest in VK, and 60.6% of voting interest until he sold a $530 million stake and reduced his interests to 17.9 and 58.1% in 2013. In 2013, Usmanov, through VK, acquired Pavel Durov's shares in Vk.ru, to help Durov retain control under the Telegram app when UCP attempted to take control of Telegram. In December 2021, Usmanov sold his interests in VK to state-run insurer Sogaz, of which Gazprom is the largest shareholder, claiming that he is exiting VK at its peak. === Megafon === In May 2008, Usmanov acquired a majority interest in mobile telephone operator MegaFon. Through USM, Usmanov holds 49% of Megfon. === Other investments === In 2009, Mark Zuckerberg solicited investments in Facebook from Russian investors at a meeting brokered by Goldman Sachs. Usmanov made his first investment to Facebook in 2009 by Mail.ru, investing $200 million for a 1.96% stake that valued Facebook at $10 billion. He accepted Zuckerberg's conditions and did not receive voting rights on those shares. Usmanov netted $1.4 billion from the sale of those shares in 2013. In 2011, DST Global made a $400 million investment in Twitter for 5% of the company. The investment was sold in 2014. Through Mail.Ru Group, Usmanov made notable investments in other international technology companies, including Groupon, Zynga, Airbnb, Zocdoc, Xiaomi, Alibaba Group and JD.com. In 2013, Usmanov invested $100 million in Apple. He disposed of his shares in early 2014. In September 2018, Mail.ru entered into a $2 billion joint venture with Alibaba to merge the online marketplaces of both companies in the Russian market and was backed by the Kremlin via the Russian Direct Investment Fund. === Kommersant and media firms === In August 2006, Usmanov began to invest in media. He bought Kommersant, a newspaper formerly owned by Russian oligarch Boris Berezovsky, for US$200 million. Usmanov also made a $25 million purchase of a 50% stake in Russian sports TV channel 7TV in November 2006 and bought 75% of Russian TV music channel Muz-TV for $300 million in June 2007. A stake was sold to Walt Disney Company in 2011 for $300 million. He sold his TV assets to his business-partner Ivan Tavrin in 2017. === Retirement === In 2012, Usmanov announced plans to retire once he reached the “age of the prophet” (63 years old). In 2014, his retirement was implemented as he stepped down from active management positions, as well as shifted focus to philanthropic activities, including promoting the development of Uzbekistan, and sports. In 2023, he also resigned from the board of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. In 2020, Usmanov said in an interview with the Financial Times that he will leave his assets to his family and USM management: "Many people have helped me. So I want to help my family and my management by giving them my shares. Fifty per cent to family, fifty per cent to management, who deserve this, in my view". == Sport-related activities == === Arsenal F.C. === Usmanov was a shareholder of the English football team Arsenal from 2007 to 2018. He moved into the football arena in August 2007 by acquiring a 14.58% stake in Arsenal. He and his business partner Farhad Moshiri bought the stake in the club owned by former Arsenal vice-chairman David Dein for £75 million. Dein was appointed head of their investment vehicle, Red and White Holdings, which became the largest shareholder in the club outside of members of the board of directors. On 28 September 2007, Red and White Holdings increased its shareholding to 23%, making it the second-largest shareholder in the club behind Arsenal non-executive director Danny Fiszman. On 15 February 2008, he increased it to over 24%, just short of Fiszman's 24.11%. He increased it to 25% on 16 February 2009. Red and White Holdings confirmed that it was the club's largest shareholder, and the company said it "has the necessary funding to increase its stake further [but] it has no current intention to make a full takeover bid for Arsenal for six months." If the stake were to reach 30%, Red and White Holdings would have to launch a formal takeover. Usmanov's interest precipitated a "lock-down" agreement by the Gunners' board, whereby chairman Peter Hill-Wood announced that club directors could sell their stakes only to "permitted persons" before April 2009, and had to give fellow board members "first option" on shares until October 2012. American businessman Stan Kroenke, already a major Arsenal shareholder, increased his stake in the club to just over 62% in April 2011 after buying out Fiszman and Lady Bracewell-Smith, making him the majority shareholder. As Kroenke's stake had risen above 30%, he was obliged to make an offer to buy out the remainder of Arsenal shares. Usmanov refused to sell, however, and maintained his stake. Usmanov increased his Arsenal share beyond 29% in June 2011. He then purchased shares held by Scottish football club Rangers in February 2012. As of October 2013, he owned over 30% of the club. Usmanov criticized Arsenal's lack of ambition and financial model in an open letter sent to the board on 5 July 2012. He asserted that he had no intention of selling his shares. In August 2018, after years of complaining about how the club was run, Usmanov sold his stake in Arsenal to Stan Kroenke for £550 million. He sold his shares in 2018 to Kroenke. === Everton F.C. === In January 2017, Usmanov's holding company, USM, entered a five-year, $15 million+ deal with Everton F.C. for the naming rights of the club's training ground, Finch Farm. Usmanov's accountant and partner in USM holdings is Farhad Moshiri, the former majority shareholder of Everton and former co-owner of Usmanov's Arsenal shares, Red and White holdings. In 2019 Megafon became the sleeve sponsor for the men's training wear of Everton and its official matchday presenting partner. In 2020 MegaFon expanded their commercial agreement with Everton to become the main sponsor of the women's team. Companies with Usmanov’s interest continued to provide funding for the club despite the fact that he was barred from entering the UK in 2021. In March 2022, Everton suspended its sponsorship ties with USM and MegaFon due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine. === International Fencing Federation (FIE) === A former sabre fencer for the former Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, Usmanov supported the promotion of fencing through his charity fund "For the Future of Fencing", created in 2004. According to media estimates, Usmanov’s total donations to the FIE during his tenure as President amount to approximately $100 million. He was president of the Russian Fencing Federation from 2001 to 2009. He was concurrently president of the European Fencing Confederation from 2005 to 2009. He was elected president of the International Fencing Federation (FIE) in 2008 with 66 votes to 61 for incumbent president René Roch. He was re-elected in 2012 and 2016. In 2021, Usmanov was re-elected by acclamation to a fourth term. In that position Usmanov implemented a number of initiatives, including the expansion of the Olympic fencing programme to 12 disciplines. Following the imposition of the sanctions on Usmanov, he announced on 1 March 2022, that he was stepping down as FIE President. He didn't resign but suspended himself, with Emmanuel Katsiadakis replacing him temporarily as "Interim President". On 30 November 2024, Usmanov was re-elected for a new term as President and he suspended himself from the role again. Emmanuel Katsiadakis was appointed again Interim President. === Other === In February 2008, Metalloinvest became sponsor of FC Dynamo Moscow, a football team in Russia's capital. His Metalloinvest group's name replaced the Xerox Corporation's on its players' shirts as part of the $7 million deal. Usmanov was a member of the Councils of the 2014 Sochi XXII Olympic Winter Games and XI Paralympic Winter Games. He is also a member of the Board of Trustees of the Russian Olympian Sportsmen Support Fund. In 2015 it was announced that USM invested the equivalent of US$100 million in the Eastern European eSports team Virtus.pro. == Controversies == === Legal suppression of Craig Murray's accusations === On 2 September 2007, former British Ambassador to Uzbekistan Craig Murray claimed that Usmanov "was in no sense a political prisoner, but a gangster and racketeer who rightly did six years in jail" and his pardon was the work of Uzbekistan President Islam Karimov on the instructions of Uzbekistani power broker and alleged drug trafficker Gafur Rakhimov and that Usmanov paid a bribe of $88 million to the daughter of Karimov, Gulnara Karimova. Murray also stated that "Usmanov is also dogged by the widespread belief in Uzbekistan that he was guilty of a particularly atrocious rape, which was covered up and the victim and others in the know disappeared". Murray also implicated Usmanov in the death of a journalist. In December 2007, The Mail on Sunday re-published the allegations. Usmanov, represented by Schillings, threatened libel and The Mail on Sunday apologized for publishing the accusations. The article was subsequently removed by Murray's web host, allegedly under pressure from Schillings. Schillings warned owners of independent blogs and websites to remove any references to Murray's allegations, and any reproduction of Murray's blog post. Indymedia was issued with a take-down notice, on 10 September 2007 and again on 21 September. Unrelated political blogs that were hosted on the same server, such as one by Boris Johnson and Bloggerheads.com suffered from downtime. === Censorship in Kommersant of criticism of Putin === On 12 December 2011, following the 2011 Russian protests regarding vote-rigging in parliamentary elections, Kommersant Vlast magazine ran an unflattering issue on Vladimir Putin titled "Victory of United ballot-stuffers" – a pun on Putin's United Russia party. Usmanov fired the editor, Maxim Kovalsky, and the head of the publisher's holding company, Andrei Galiyev, saying there had been an "ethical breach" and that the issue "bordered on petty hooliganism". The controversy surrounded an image of a ballot paper from the parliamentary vote with the words "Putin, go fuck yourself" scrawled in red ink. The caption read: "A correctly filled out ballot recognized as invalid." Demyan Kudryavtsev, the head of the Kommersant publishing house, assumed responsibility by resigning, stating in a blog post that the magazine issue had been "in violation of internal procedures, professional journalistic standards and the Russian law". Nadezhda Azhgihina, executive secretary of the Russian Union of Journalists, was shocked by the incident, calling it "a clear example of censorship from the owner". On 14 December 2011, 60 journalists from the Kommersant newspaper signed an open letter to Usmanov, saying, "We are being compelled to be cowards, which is unworthy and unproductive...We regard [Kovalsky's] dismissal as an act of intimidation aimed at preventing any critical words about Vladimir Putin...We take particular offense at the attempt to present the dismissal of a man for his professional position as a fight for the purity of the Russian language. This is the same kind of fabrication that offended people at the election." Usmanov responded that emotionally, he could "understand the journalists speaking up for sacked top managers" but that "Kommersant Vlast is a respectable, independent, socio-political publication." Mikhail Prokhorov, who had announced his candidacy for the 2012 presidential election, offered to buy Kommersant on the same day, but Usmanov rejected the offer. In 2013, Kovalsky returned to Kommersant, where he worked until his death from cancer in 2019. === Sanctions on Kommersant === Notwithstanding the imposition of sanctions on Alisher Usmanov by the U.S. Department of Treasury and, therefore, the fact that Kommersant is owned by the SDN, OFAC issued General License No. 64 to authorize any transactions “ordinarily incident and necessary to the operations of the newspaper Kommersant”. U.S. officials consider the newspaper as of one of the last independent media outlets in Russia. Despite the official exemption from sanctions, Kommersant was still severely affected by the sanctions regime. Due to vague wording in the license regarding the range of permitted transactions, almost all of Kommersant's international partners chose to simply stop cooperating with the newspaper. As a result, Kommersant lost access to the basic tools used by all major media outlets, such as the Bloomberg Terminal, and was also disconnected from the Google Discover service, which accounted for almost 40% of daily clicks on links to Kommersant's website. === Editing of article on English Wikipedia === In 2012, Usmanov hired London-based public relations firm RLM Finsbury to edit Usmanov's article on English Wikipedia to remove information on Usmanov's criminal convictions and controversies. The discovery caused significant backlash among the PR professionals in the UK, with the CEO of the Chartered Institute of Public Relations stressing that "public relations professionals should not directly edit Wikipedia for a client or employer". The PR firm said it acted without the authorisation of Usmanov. The information was said to have been removed in expectation of the stock market listing of MegaFon, which is controlled by Usmanov. === Ties to Putin aides === In 2004, Usmanov acquired 13% of Corus Group (later Tata Steel Europe), borrowing $49.5 million from Sevenkey, a trust for the benefit of Igor Shuvalov, the top assistant to Vladimir Putin; funds were provided by Eugene Shvidler. Despite Usmanov's ability to borrow at low rates, Sevenkey received over a 40% annualized return for this investment, in 2006, it received 4.9% of Gallagher's investment income. === Corruption and bribery allegations === In 2018, US Senators Marco Rubio, Roger Wicker, Lindsey Graham, and Cory Gardner called on the Trump administration to sanction Usmanov alleged is his corruption and bribery of Russian government officials. === Money laundering allegations === In June 2024, Usmanov sued UBS for submitting "unsubstantiated reports" about his transactions, which triggered a money laundering investigation by German authorities. Usmanov said that the bank had violated its confidentiality agreements by sharing more than a dozen misleading reports dating from 2018 to 2022 with German police. In November 2024, he paid €4 million in fines and charitable donations to settle the money laundering investigation but made no admission of guilt. Usmanov’s lawyers said that after more than two-and-a-half years, the investigation had failed to prove the accusations against him. === Sanctions due to alleged ties with Putin === In February 2022, in reaction to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the European Union blacklisted Usmanov, imposing an EU-wide travel ban on him and freezing all his assets. In March 2022, the United States imposed similar sanctions on him, with some exceptions for his companies. Also in March 2022, he was sanctioned by the British government. In March 2024, Swedish economist and former government adviser Anders Åslund removed his post on X where he called the billionaire one of "Putin’s favourite oligarchs" at the request of Usmanov’s lawyers. This post was used by the Council as justification for the sanctions. Usmanov denied these allegations and filed an appeal in the European Court of Justice in an attempt to lift the sanctions. On 7 February 2024, the appeal was dismissed. However, the EU Council dropped the term "oligarch" from Usmanov’s sanctions reasoning. It now reads "a leading businessperson". According to the Index, Usmanov's net worth fell by nearly 25% from February 22 to March 15, 2022, due to sanctions following the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Usmanov was named in the Official Journal of the European Union, the publication of record of the EU, as a "pro-Kremlin oligarch with particularly close ties to Russian President Vladimir Putin [who is] one of Vladimir Putin's favorite oligarchs." It added: "[Usmanov] has been referred to as one of Vladimir Putin’s favourite leading businesspersons. He is considered to be one of Russia’s businesspersons-officials, who were entrusted with servicing financial flows but whose positions depend on the will of the President." Usmanov claimed that the reasons employed to justify the sanctions were a set of false and defamatory allegations. He filed a lawsuit against the Council in the EU court in order to prove the invalidity of the accusations of the Council and lift the sanctions. Usmanov claims his fame and fortune rather than links to President Vladimir Putin made him a target for sanctions. His lawyers told an EU court hearing he was unfairly targeted as "prey" by officials because he was a "visible symbol" known to the public. Usmanov also sued Forbes for an article containing allegations that formed the basis of sanctions. His lawyers successfully proved that the publication's allegations were defamatory and unfounded. === Attempted confiscation of property in Germany due to sanctions === In March 2022, the Cabinet of Germany set up a task force to track down oligarch funds and assets in Germany involving the Ministry of Economics and Finance, the financial supervisory authority BaFin, the Federal Criminal Police Office, customs and the Federal Intelligence Service (BND). The German Federal Criminal Police Office came across 36 offshore companies and 90 suspicious money laundering reports in connection with Usmanov. Usmanov denied all accusations, arguing that under the agreement on avoidance of double taxation between Russia and Germany, he did not have to pay taxes in Germany because all taxes were paid in Russia. Usmanov does not directly own any real estate in Germany; all the properties were transferred to irrevocable family trusts long before the imposition of sanctions. On May 12, 2023, in a victory for Usmanov, the Land Court in Frankfurt am Main invalidated and annulled search orders at properties that German prosecutors linked to Usmanov: villas on Lake Tegernsee, an apartment in the outskirts of Frankfurt and other properties in Germany, as well as the Dilbar yacht in the port of Bremen. The court declared the searches illegal, called the prosecutors' accusations of money laundering groundless, and found numerous formal violations. The judges said the rulings that prompted the searches “do not meet the minimum requirements the definition of the crime being investigated”. German media called the case "the investigators' disgrace”. Another search occurred in early October 2023. On October 26, 2023, the court considered the application of Usmanov's lawyers requesting to stop illegal retention of property seized during the searches and ordered to return it to its owners. In August 2023, Usmanov filed a complaint with the German Federal Constitutional Court seeking to declare personal sanctions against him as unjustified, and that some provisions of the German Foreign Trade Act (that he allegedly violated) are unconstitutional. The provisions in question stipulate that sanctioned individuals must report their assets to the authorities themselves. This contradicts the constitutional privilege against self-incrimination. Usmanov also wants the searches on the Dilbar yacht to be recognized as a violation of the inviolability of the dwelling and an infringement of personal dignity. Usmanov's sister, Gulbakhor Ismailova, was legally the beneficiary of the trust which owns the super-yacht Dilbar, before the EU imposed sanctions on her. The ship was seized in Hamburg. According to Politico, in March 2025, the EU removed Ismailova from its 2000-person sanctions list within the deal with Hungary, which had threatened to veto the whole sanctions framework. Another sister of the oligarch, Saodat Narzieva, was also on the EU sanctions list. But after investigations were published, proving that the data from "Suisse Secrets", according to which Narzieva was said to have been the beneficial owner of up to 27 accounts at the major Swiss bank Credit Suisse was false, on 14 September 2022, the EU lifted sanctions from her. In October 2023, the German “Central Office for Sanctions Enforcement" (ZfS) of the Bundeszollverwaltung searched several properties in the greater Munich area and on Lake Tegernsee. According to dpa information, around 30 investigators searched Usmanov's villa and confiscated several luxury vehicles, assets and possessions of Alisher Usmanov. Meanwhile, his spokesman said that there can be no reasons for suspicion against Usmanov and that the properties belong to a trust, which Usmanov does not own and therefore he cannot control or manage its assets. Later, a German court confirmed that the allegations were false and banned the media from naming Usmanov as the owner of the villa. In November 2024 the Prosecutor General's Office in Frankfurt am Main has dropped its investigation into Usmanov. Usmanov voluntary donated 4 million euros split between charities and the state. The closure of the case does not constitute an admission of guilt. Usmanov’s lawyers said that after more than two-and-a-half years, the investigation had failed to prove the accusations against him. On May 5, 2025, the Regional Court of Hamburg ruled that the statement that Alisher Usmanov is the owner of the yacht Dilbar is false and prohibited its dissemination. === Attempts to get sanctions lifted === In September 2022, Hungary demanded to lift EU sanctions from Usmanov. In November 2022, the Uzbek government lobbied the EU to lift sanctions on Usmanov, stating that the sanctions were restricting his ability to invest in his home nation. === Seizure of property in Ukraine === In December 2022, a Ukraine Court ordered the seizure of ₴ 2 billion (US$54 million) worth of USM assets, comprising 160,000 tonnes of Ukrainian iron ore. Metalloinvest, in a statement published on 28 December, denied the information, saying that the Ukrainian authorities arrested iron ore raw materials produced by Metalloinvest's enterprises in Russia and intended for its buyers abroad. These were goods blocked for the export shipment by the Ukrainian authorities back in February 2022. Metalloinvest also threatened to take legal action against Ukraine and any potential buyer if Kyiv confiscates the company's iron. On September 25, Ukraine's High Anti-Corruption Court upheld Ukraine's decision to confiscate the iron-ore assets. "The Court’s decision is a flagrant example of the unlawful and unfounded "legalization" of the appropriation of private property, which had earlier been blocked and illegally held by Ukrainian law enforcement agencies in typical pirate fashion for a period of more than two years. We will make every effort to ensure that international courts make an appropriate assessment of the unlawful actions of Ukraine’s executive and judicial authorities", USM stated. == Personal life == Usmanov, of Muslim heritage, married Jewish rhythmic gymnastics coach Irina Viner in 1992. Viner is considered to be close to Putin, having introduced him to former rhythmic gymnast Alina Kabaeva, now Putin's most famous mistress. On July 4, 2022, Usmanov and Viner divorced. Usmanov has no biological children. He has a stepson, Anton Viner, with his former wife Irina Viner. The stepson is a real-estate investor, co-owner of Rodina development group. Usmanov, who now lives in Tashkent, is related by marriage to President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev and has been credited for helping him consolidate power. === Private jet === In 2012, Usmanov spent as much as $500 million to buy an Airbus A340, which he named Bourkhan, after his father. === Properties === In 2004, Usmanov bought the Grade I listed Tudor mansion Sutton Place set in 120 hectares (300 acres) in Surrey, which he bought for £10 million in 2004. In 2012, Boris Berezovsky claimed that Usmanov was given Sutton Place as part of a business deal, a claim that Usmanov denied. In 2008, Usmanov bought Beechwood House, a Grade II listed Regency property in 4.5 ha (11 acres) of grounds in the London suburb of Highgate from the Qatari sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani for £48 million. Currently these properties are owned by a discretionary irrevocable trust created by the magnate. Usmanov also owns a 12-hectare (30-acre) property in Moscow and a villa on the Italian island of Sardinia. === Yachts === Usmanov allegedly owns three superyachts named Dilbar, after his mother. In 2005, he took delivery of the first Dilbar (now Luna B) from Oceanco at a reported cost of $60 million. A second Dilbar (now Al Raya) was delivered by Lürssen in 2008 at a reported cost of $250 million. As of 2019, it was the 38th largest motor yacht by length, measuring 110.0 m (361 ft). In 2015, Usmanov commissioned the third Dilbar, the current largest yacht in the world by gross tonnage (15,917 gt) and the 6th largest yacht by length measuring 156.0 m (512 ft). It is reported to have cost $800 million, employ 84 full-time crew members, and contain the largest indoor swimming pool installed on a superyacht at 180 cubic metres. After taking delivery of the second Dilbar, Usmanov renamed the original Ona and sold it in 2010. He later repeated that process when the second Dilbar was renamed Ona and was sold to a middle-eastern buyer in 2018. Usmanov and his representatives claim that the yacht did not belong to him, but was transferred into family trust many years ago. On 2 March 2022, German authorities seized Dilbar in Hamburg as part of sanctions against Usmanov stemming from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On April 15, 2022, the yacht was seized by German officials after investigations regarding its ownership revealed that Dilbar belonged to a trust, one of whose beneficiaries used to be Usmanov's sister, who was also sanctioned. In March 2024, Germany’s Federal Criminal Police Office (the Bundeskriminalamt, or BKA) deleted its posts on X that named Ismailova Dilbar yacht owner. In February 2025, Germany's largest news agency dpa, which had spread information that Usmanov's sister Gulbahor Ismailova was the owner of the yacht Dilbar, withdrew its report as false. === Philanthropy === According to media reports, Usmanov has donated about $7.3 billion to charity. In 2021, The Sunday Times named Usmanov the most generous philanthropist on its Rich List, donating more than £4.2 billion to charity over the 20-year history of The Sunday Times Giving List. In 2012, Russian Forbes named Usmanov Philanthropist of the Year. In 2006, Usmanov founded "Art, Science and Sport" Charity Fund. The fund provided financial support for exhibitions at Tate Britain in London including the J. M. W. Turner exhibition in 2008 and the Pre-Raphaelites exhibition in 2013. Usmanov is a Trustee for the Russian Geographical Society, Moscow State Institute of International Relations, National Research University Higher School of Economics, and the European University at St Petersburg. In 2015, he donated €1.5 million toward the restoration of the Basilica Ulpia in Rome. In February 2020, Usmanov purchased Pierre de Coubertin's original 1892 Olympic Manifesto for $8.8 million, which he donated to the Olympic Museum. The manifesto has become the world's most expensive piece of sports memorabilia. Two years in a row, in 2020 and 2021, Usmanov topped the list of contributors to causes related to COVID-19 among the participants of The Sunday Times Rich List with donations Russia, Uzbekistan and Italy of £134.2 m. On 17 September 2007, Usmanov paid more than £20 million for an art collection owned by the late Russian cellist Mstislav Rostropovich, days before it was to be auctioned by Sotheby's in London. He gave all the artwork to the Russian state, where it is housed in the Konstantinovsky Palace near St. Petersburg. Later that same month he purchased the rights to a large collection of Soviet cartoons, which for fifteen years had been owned by Russian-born actor Oleg Vidov, who emigrated to the United States in 1985. After the deal, valued at $5 to 10 million, Usmanov donated the cartoon collection to a newly formed Russian children's television channel. According to presidential decree No. 365 of 17 March 2004, Usmanov was awarded with a Medal of Honor of Russia. In 2011, Usmanov received the Order "Dostyk" (Friendship) 2nd degree of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2013, he was awarded the Order for Service to the Fatherland IV class in recognition of his services to the state, as well as his community and charitable activities. In the same year, he was awarded a medal 'For contribution to international cooperation' by the Foreign Ministry of Russia. In 2014, Usmanov received the Order of Alexander Nevsky for his community and charitable activities. In 2016 he received The Decoration "For Beneficence" for his contribution to charitable and social activities in Russia. The same year Usmanov received the Al-Fahr Order for his great contribution to the revival of Islam in Russia. In 2017, Mr. Usmanov was awarded the title of Commander "Order of Merit of the Italian Republic" for architectural restoration projects. The award was presented by the President of Italy Sergio Mattarella. In 2018 Usmanov received the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd class. In 2018, he was also awarded the Order "Dostyk" 1st degree (Kazakhstan) for his significant contribution to the and cultural development of the country, strengthening friendship and cooperation between peoples. In addition, in 2018, he received the Order of El-Yurt Hurmati "Respected by people and homeland" (Uzbekistan) for the effective implementation of major investment projects in the country, active participation in the creation of unique spiritual and educational complexes in Uzbekistan to revive and preserve the rich historical heritage and national values of our people, sincere love for the country, being an example for young people, and for assistance in developing sports and tourism potential of the country. On 4 December 2014, Usmanov paid $4.8 million for Dr James Watson's Nobel Prize Medal in Physiology or Medicine, which was auctioned at Christie's in New York City. Watson was selling his prize to raise money to support scientific research. After auctions fees, Watson received $4.1 million. Usmanov subsequently returned the medal to Watson, stating "in my opinion, a situation in which an outstanding scientist sells a medal recognizing his achievements is unacceptable. Watson's work contributed to cancer research, the illness from which my father died. It is important for me that the money that I spent on this medal will go to supporting scientific research, and the medal will stay with the person who deserved it." == See also == List of Russian billionaires Russian oligarchs List of people and organizations sanctioned during the Russo-Ukrainian War == References == == External links == Profile – Russian Capitalist Wiki (archived 12 November 2013) Usmanov's profile and assets on Russian Asset Tracker Russia Ukrainer War comment from Alisher Usmanov
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sayer_(Leicestershire_cricketer)	David Sayer (Leicestershire cricketer)	David William Sayer (born 18 October 1997) is an English cricketer. He made his first-class debut for Leicestershire in the 2018 County Championship on 10 September 2018. He is the younger brother of another Leicestershire cricketer, Rob Sayer. == References == == External links == David Sayer at ESPNcricinfo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer	Anselm Kiefer	Anselm Kiefer (born 8 March 1945) is a German painter and sculptor. He studied with Peter Dreher and Horst Antes at the end of the 1960s. His works incorporate materials such as straw, ash, clay, lead, and shellac. The poems of Paul Celan have played a role in developing Kiefer's themes of German history and the horrors of the Holocaust, as have the spiritual concepts of Kabbalah. When he was 18, Kieffer set out on a year-long tour to visit places in The Netherlands, Belgium and France which had associations with Van Gogh. Excerpts from the diary that he kept indicate how strongly he was influenced by Van Gogh. In his entire body of work, Kiefer argues with the past and addresses taboo and controversial issues from recent history. Themes from Nazi rule are particularly reflected in his work; for instance, the painting Margarete (oil and straw on canvas) was inspired by Celan's well-known poem "Todesfuge" ("Death Fugue"). His works are characterised by an unflinching willingness to confront his culture's dark past, and unrealised potential, in works that are often done on a large, confrontational scale well suited to the subjects. It is also characteristic of his work to find signatures and names of people of historical importance, legendary figures or historical places. All of these are encoded sigils through which Kiefer seeks to process the past; this has resulted in his work being linked with the movements New Symbolism and Neo–Expressionism. Kiefer has lived and worked in France since 1992. Since 2008, he has lived and worked primarily in Paris. In 2018, he was awarded Austrian citizenship. == Personal life and career == The son of a German art teacher, Kiefer was born in Donaueschingen a few months before the end of World War II. His city having been heavily bombed, Kiefer grew up surrounded by the devastation of the war. In 1951, his family moved to Ottersdorf, and he attended public school in Rastatt, graduating high school in 1965. He studied pre-law and Romance languages at the University of Freiburg. However, after three semesters he switched to art, studying at art academies in Freiburg and Karlsruhe. In Karlsruhe, he studied under Peter Dreher, a realist and figurative painter. He received an art degree in 1969. In 1971 Kiefer moved to Hornbach (Walldürn) and established a studio. He remained in the Neckar-Odenwald-Kreis until 1992; his output during this first creative time is known as The German Years. In 1992 he relocated to France. Kiefer left his first wife and children in Germany on his move to Barjac in 1992. From 2008 he lived in Paris, in a large house in the Marais district, with his second wife, the Austrian photographer Renate Graf, and their two children. Kiefer and Graf divorced in 2014. In 2017, Kiefer was ranked one of the richest 1,001 individuals and families in Germany by the monthly business publication Manager Magazin. Kiefer is the subject of the 3D documentary film Anselm (2023), directed by Wim Wenders. == Artistic process == Generally, Kiefer attributes traditional mythology, books, and libraries as his main subjects and sources of inspiration. In his middle years, his inspiration came from literary figures, namely Paul Celan and Ingeborg Bachmann. His later works incorporate themes from Judeo-Christian, ancient Egyptian, and Oriental cultures, which he combines with other motifs. Cosmogony is also a large focus in his works. In all, Kiefer searches for the meaning of existence and "representation of the incomprehensible and the non-representational." === Philosophy === Kiefer values a "spiritual connection" with the materials he works with, "extracting the spirit that already lives within [them]." In doing so, he transforms his materials with acid baths and physical blows with sticks and axes, among other processes. He often chooses materials for their alchemical properties—lead in particular. Kiefer's initial attraction to lead arose when he had to repair aging pipes in the first house he owned. Eventually, he came to admire its physical and sensory qualities and began to discover more about its connection to alchemy. Physically, Kiefer specifically likes how the metal looks during the heating and melting process when he sees many colors, especially gold, which he associates to the symbolic gold sought by alchemists. Kiefer's use of straw in his work represents energy. He claims this is due to straw's physical qualities, including the color gold and its release of energy and heat when burned. The resulting ash makes way for new creation, thus echoing the motifs of transformation and the cycle of life. Kiefer also values the balance between order and chaos in his work, stating, "[I]f there is too much order, [the piece] is dead; or if there is much chaos, it doesn't cohere." In addition, he cares deeply about the space in which his works reside. He states that his works "lose their power completely" if put in the wrong spaces. == Work == === Photography === Kiefer began his career creating performances and documenting them in photographs titled Occupations and Heroische Sinnbilder (Heroic Symbols). Dressed in his father's Wehrmacht uniform, Kiefer mimicked the Nazi salute in various locations in France, Switzerland and Italy. He asked Germans to remember and to acknowledge the loss to their culture through the mad xenophobia of the Third Reich. In 1969, at Galerie am Kaiserplatz, Karlsruhe, he presented his first single exhibition "Besetzungen (Occupations)" with a series of photographs of controversial political actions. === Painting and sculpture === Kiefer is best known for his paintings, which have grown increasingly large in scale with additions of lead, broken glass, and dried flowers or plants. This results in encrusted surfaces and thick layers of impasto. By 1970, while studying informally under Joseph Beuys at Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, his stylistic leanings resembled Georg Baselitz's approach. He worked with glass, straw, wood and plant parts. The use of these materials meant that his art works became temporary and fragile, as Kiefer himself was well aware; he also wanted to showcase the materials in such a way that they were not disguised and could be represented in their natural form. The fragility of his work contrasts with the stark subject matter in his paintings. This use of familiar materials to express ideas was influenced by Beuys, who used fat and carpet felt in his works. It is also typical of the Neo-Expressionist style. Kiefer returned to the area of his birthplace in 1971. In the years that followed, he incorporated German mythology in particular in his work, and in the next decade he studied the Kabbalah, as well as Qabalists like Robert Fludd. He went on extended journeys throughout Europe, the US and the Middle East; the latter two journeys further influenced his work. Besides paintings, Kiefer created sculptures, watercolors, photographs, and woodcuts, using woodcuts in particular to create a repertoire of figures he could reuse repeatedly in all media over the next decades, lending his work its knotty thematic coherence. Throughout the 1970s and early 1980s, Kiefer made numerous paintings, watercolors, woodcuts, and books on themes interpreted by Richard Wagner in his four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Ring of the Nibelung). In the early 1980s, he created more than thirty paintings, painted photographs, and watercolors that refer in their titles and inscriptions to the Romanian Jewish writer Paul Celan's poem "Todesfuge" ("Death Fugue"). A series of paintings which Kiefer executed between 1980 and 1983 depict looming stone edifices, referring to famous examples of National Socialist architecture, particularly buildings designed by Albert Speer and Wilhelm Kreis. The grand plaza in To the Unknown Painter (1983) specifically refers to the outdoor courtyard of Hitler's Chancellery in Berlin, designed by Speer in 1938 in honor of the Unknown Soldier. Between 1984 and 1985, he made a series of works on paper incorporating manipulated black-and-white photographs of desolate landscapes with utility poles and power lines. Such works, like Heavy Cloud (1985), were an indirect response to the controversy in West Germany in the early 1980s about NATO's stationing of tactical nuclear missiles on German soil and the placement of nuclear fuel processing facilities. By the mid-1980s, Kiefer's themes widened from a focus on Germany's role in civilization to the fate of art and culture in general. His work became more sculptural and involved not only national identity and collective memory, but also occult symbolism, theology and mysticism. The theme of all the work is the trauma experienced by entire societies, and the continual rebirth and renewal in life. During the 1980s his paintings became more physical, and featured unusual textures and materials. The range of his themes broadened to include references to ancient Hebrew and Egyptian history, as in the large painting Osiris and Isis (1985–87). His paintings of the 1990s, in particular, explore the universal myths of existence and meaning rather than those of national identity. From 1995 to 2001, he produced a cycle of large paintings of the cosmos. Over the years Kiefer has made many unusual works, but one work stands out among the rest as particularly bizarre—that work being his 20 Years of Solitude piece. Taking over 20 years to create (1971–1991), 20 Years of Solitude is a ceiling-high stack of hundreds of white-painted ledgers and handmade books, strewn with dirt and dried vegetation, whose pages are stained with the artist's semen. The word solitude in the title references the artists frequent masturbation onto paper during the 20 years it took to create. He asked American art critic Peter Schjeldahl to write a text for a catalog of the masturbation books. Schjeldahl attempted to oblige but ultimately failed in his endeavor. No other critic would take on the task, so the work has largely faded into obscurity. He would shock the art world yet again at a dinner party in May 1993. Kiefer and his second wife, Renate Graf, decorated a candlelit commercial loft in New York with white muslin and skinned animals hanging on hooks above a floor carpeted with white sand, and staffed it with waiters dressed as mimes with white-face. A handful of art world elite, such as the likes of Sherrie Levine, were served several courses of arcane organ meats, such as pancreas, that were mostly white in color. Not surprisingly, the guests did not find the meal to be particularly appetizing. A group of NYC nightlife performers including Johanna Constantine, Lavinia Coop, Armen Ra and Flotilla DeBarge were hired to dress in white and mill about the West Village venue, Industria, and Anohni was hired to sing for Kiefer's guests. Since 2002, Kiefer has worked with concrete, creating the towers destined for the Pirelli warehouses in Milan, the series of tributes to Velimir Khlebnikov (paintings of the sea, with boats and an array of leaden objects, 2004–5), a return to the work of Paul Celan with a series of paintings featuring rune motifs (2004–06), and other sculptures. In 2003, he held his first solo show at Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Salzburg Villa Katz, Anselm Kiefer: Am Anfang dedicated to a series of new works, centered on the recurring themes of history and myths. In 2005, he held his second exhibition in Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac's Salzburg location, Für Paul Celan which focused on Kiefer's preoccupation with the book, linking references to Germanic mythology with the poetry of Paul Celan, a German-speaking Jew from Czernowitz. The exhibition featured eleven works on canvas, a series of bound books shown in display cases, and five sculptures, including one powerful, monumental outdoor sculpture of reinforced concrete and lead elements, two leaden piles of books combined with bronze sunflowers, lead ships and wedges, and two monumental leaden books from the series The Secret Life of Plants. The exhibition toured to Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac, Paris and Galerie Yvon Lambert, Paris, the following year. In 2006, Kiefer's exhibition, Velimir Chlebnikov, was first shown in a small studio near Barjac, then moved to White Cube in London, then finishing in the Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum in Connecticut. The work consists of 30 large (2 × 3 meters) paintings, hanging in two banks of 15 on facing walls of an expressly constructed corrugated steel building that mimics the studio in which they were created. The work refers to the eccentric theories of the Russian futurist philosopher/poet Velimir Chlebnikov, who invented a "language of the future" called "Zaum", and who postulated that cataclysmic sea battles shift the course of history once every 317 years. In his paintings, Kiefer's toy-like battleships—misshapen, battered, rusted and hanging by twisted wires—are cast about by paint and plaster waves. The work's recurrent color notes are black, white, gray, and rust; and their surfaces are rough and slathered with paint, plaster, mud and clay. In 2007, he became the first artist to be commissioned to install a permanent work at the Louvre, Paris, since Georges Braque some 50 years earlier. The same year, he inaugurated the Monumenta exhibitions series at the Grand Palais in Paris, with works paying special tribute to the poets Paul Celan and Ingeborg Bachmann. In 2009 Kiefer mounted two exhibitions at the White Cube gallery in London. A series of forest diptychs and triptychs enclosed in glass vitrines, many filled with dense Moroccan thorns, was titled Karfunkelfee, a term from German Romanticism stemming from a poem by the post-war Austrian writer Ingeborg Bachmann. In The Fertile Crescent, Kiefer presented a group of epic paintings inspired by a trip to India fifteen years earlier where he first encountered rural brick factories. Over the past decade, the photographs that Kiefer took in India "reverberated" in his mind to suggest a vast array of cultural and historical references, reaching from the first human civilization of Mesopotamia to the ruins of Germany in the aftermath of the Second World War, where he played as a boy. "Anyone in search of a resonant meditation on the instability of built grandeur", wrote the historian Simon Schama in his catalogue essay, "would do well to look hard at Kiefer's The Fertile Crescent". In Morgenthau Plan (2012), the gallery is filled with a sculpture of a golden wheat field, enclosed in a five-meter-high steel cage. That same year, Kiefer inaugurated Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac's gallery space in Pantin, with an exhibition of monumental new works, Die Ungeborenen. The exhibition was accompanied by a publication with a letter by Anselm Kiefer and essays by Alexander Kluge and Emmanuel Daydé. He continues to be represented by the gallery and participates in group and solo exhibitions at their various locations. === Books === In 1969 Kiefer began to design books. Early examples are typically worked-over photographs; his more recent books consist of sheets of lead layered with paint, minerals, or dried plant matter. For example, he assembled numerous lead books on steel shelves in libraries, as symbols of the stored, discarded knowledge of history. The book Rhine (1981) comprises a sequence of 25 woodcuts that suggest a journey along the Rhine River; the river is central to Germany's geographical and historical development, acquiring an almost mythic significance in works such as Wagner's Ring of the Nibelungs. Scenes of the unspoiled river are interrupted by dark, swirling pages that represent the sinking of the battleship Bismarck in 1941, during an Atlantic sortie codenamed Rhine Exercise. === Studios === Kiefer's first large studio was in the attic of his home, a former schoolhouse in Hornbach. Years later he installed his studio in a factory building in Buchen, near Hornbach. In 1988, Kiefer transformed a former brick factory in Höpfingen (also near Buchen) into an extensive artwork including numerous installations and sculptures. In 1991, after twenty years of working in the Odenwald, the artist left Germany to travel around the world—to India, Mexico, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, Australia, and the United States. In 1992 he established himself in Barjac, France, where he transformed his 35-hectare studio compound La Ribaute into a Gesamtkunstwerk. A derelict silk factory, his studio is enormous and in many ways is a comment on industrialization. He created an extensive system of glass buildings, archives, installations, storerooms for materials and paintings, subterranean chambers and corridors. Sophie Fiennes filmed Kiefer's studio complex in Barjac for her documentary study Over Your Cities Grass Will Grow (2010), which recorded both the environment and the artist at work. One critic wrote of the film: "Building almost from the ground up in a derelict silk factory, Kiefer devised an artistic project extending over acres: miles of corridors, huge studio spaces with ambitious landscape paintings and sculptures that correspond to monumental constructions in the surrounding woodland, and serpentine excavated labyrinths with great earthy columns that resemble stalagmites or termite mounds. Nowhere is it clear where the finished product definitively stands; perhaps it is all work in progress, a monumental concept-art organism." During 2008, Kiefer left his studio complex at Barjac and moved to Paris. A fleet of 110 lorries transported his work to a 35,000 sq ft (3,300 m2) warehouse in Croissy-Beaubourg, outside of Paris, that had once been the depository for the La Samaritaine department store. A journalist wrote of Kiefer's abandoned studio complex: "He left behind the great work of Barjac – the art and buildings. A caretaker looks after it. Uninhabited, it quietly waits for nature to take over, because, as we know, over our cities grass will grow". Kiefer spent the summer of 2019 living and working at Barjac." == Works == Source: The Second Sinful Fall of Parmenides (Der zweite Sündenfall des Parmenides), 1969. Oil on canvas, 82 5/8 x 98 3/8" (210x250 cm), Private Collection. You're a Painter (Du bist Maler), 1969. Bound book, 9 7/8 × 7 1/2 x 3/8" (25 x 19 x 1 cm), Private Collection. Plate I, German Line of Spiritual Salvation, 1975, Deutsche Heilsline, Watercolor on paper, 9 7/16 x 13 3/8" (24 X 34 cm), Private Collection. Pages from "Occupations" ("Besetzungen"), 1969. From Interfunktionen (Cologne), no. 12 (1975). Plate 2, Every Human Being Stands beneath His Own Dome of Heaven (Jeder Mensch steht unter seinem Himmelskugel), 1970, Watercolor and pencil on paper, 15 3/4 x 18 7/8", (40 x 48 cm), Private Collection. Double-page photographic image with foldout from The Flooding of Heidelberg (Die Überschwemmung Heidelbergs), 1969, 11 7/8 × 8 1/2 x 7/8" (30.2 x 21.7 x 2.3 cm) (bound volume), Private Collection. Double-page photographic images from The Flooding of Heidelberg (Die Überschwemmung Heidelbergs), 1969. Untitled (Ohne Titel), 1971, Oil on canvas (in two parts), each 86 5/8 x 39 3/8" (220 x 100 cm), Collection of Dr. Gunther Gercken, Lutjensee, West Germany. Plate 3, Winter Landscape (Winterlandschaft), 1970, Watercolor on paper, 16 15/16 x 14 3/16" (43 x 36 cm), Private Collection. Plate 4, Reclining Man with Branch (Liegender Mann mit Zweig), 1971, Watercolor on paper, 9 7/16 x 11" (24 x 28 cm), Private Collection. Plate 5, Fulia, 1971, Watercolor and pencil on paper, 18 11/16 x 14 3/16" (47.5 x 36 cm), Private Collection. Quaternity (Quaternität), 1973, Charcoal and oil on burlap, 118 1/8 x 171 1/4" (300 x 435 cm), Collection of George Baselitz, Derneburg, West Germany. Father, Son, Holy Ghost (Vater, Sohn, heiliger Geist), 1973, Oil on burlap, 65 x 61 1/2" (165 x 156 cm), Collection of Dr. Gunther Gerken, Lutjensee, West Germany. Faith, Hope, Love (Glaube, Hoffnung, Liebe), 1973, Charcoal on burlap, with cardboard, 117 3/8 x 110 5/8" (298 x 281 cm). Staatsgalerie Stuttgart. Plate 6, Man in the Forest (Mann im Wald), 1971, Oil on muslin, 68 1/2 x 74 7/16" (174 x 189 cm), Private Collection. Plate 7, Resurrexit, 1973, oil, acrylic and charcoal on burlap, 114 3/16 x 70 7/8" (290 x 180 cm). Collection Sanders, Amsterdam. Plate 8, Nothung (Notung), 1973, oil and charcoal on burlap, with oil and charcoal on cardboard, 118 1/8 x 170" (300 x 432 cm). Museum Boymans-van Beuningen, Rotterdam. Plate 10, Germany's Spiritual Heroes (Deutschlands Geisteshelden), 1973, oil and charcoal on burlap, mounted on canvas, 120 7/8 x 268 1/2" (307 x 682 cm). Collection of Barbara and Eugene Schwartz, New York. Double-page from Heroic Allegories (Heroische Sinnbilder), 1969, photography on cardboard, with pastel and pencil, 26 x 19 5/8 x 4" ( 66 x 50 x 10 cm), Private Collection. Operation Winter Storm (Unternehmen "Wintergewitter"), 1975, oil on burlap, 47 1/4 x 59" (120 x 150 cm), Private Collection. The Lake of Gennesaret (See Genezareth), 1974, oil emulsion, and shellac on burlap, 41 1/4 x 67" (105 x 170 cm), Private Collection. Plate 11, Landscape with Head (Landschaft mit Kopf), 1973, oil, distemper, and charcoal on cardboard, 82 11/16 x 94 1/2" (210 x 240 cm), Private Collection. Plate 12, Cockchafer Fly (Maikäfer flieg), 1974, oil on burlap, 86 5/8 x 118 1/8" (220 x 300 cm), Saatchi Collection, London. Plate 13, March Heath (Märkische Heide), oil, acrylic and shellac on burlap, 46 1/2 x 100" (118 x 254 cm), Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. There is Peace upon Every Mountain Peak (Über allen Gipfeln ist Ruh!), 1973, watercolor on paper, 12 3/8 x 18 7/8" (31.5 x 48 cm), Private Collection. Plate 14, Operation Sea Lion I (Unternehmen "Seelöwe"), 1975, oil on canvas, 86 5/8 x 118 1/8" (220 x 300 cm), Collection of Norman and Irma Braman, Miami Beach. Plate 15, Piet Mondrian- Operation Sea Lion (Piet Mondrian- Unternehmen "Seelöwe"), 1975, thirty-four double-page photographic images, mounted on cardboard and bound, 22 7/16 x 16 1/2 x 2" (57 x 42 5 cm) (bound volume), Collection of Marian Goodman, New York. Plate 16, March Sand V (Märkischer Sand V), 1977, twenty-five double page photographic images, with sand, oil, and glue, mounted on cardboard and bound, 24 3/8 x 16 5/8 × 3 3/8" (62 x 42 x 8.5 cm) (bound volume), Collection of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Saul, New York. Double-page photographic images from Hoffmann von Fallersleben auf Helgoland, 1978 (Groningen, 1980), 11 7/8 × 8 1/2 x 1/2" (30.2 x 21.6 x 1.3 cm) (bound volume), Private Collection. Plate 17, Varus, 1976, oil and acrylic on burlap, 78 3/4 x 106 5/16" (200 x 270 cm), Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. Double-page from Germany's Facial Type (Charcoal for 2000 Years) (Das deutsche Volksgesicht [Kohle fur 2000 Jahre]), 1974, charcoal on paper, with woodcut, 22 7/16 x 17 3/4 × 2 3/8" (57 x 45 x 6 cm) (bound volume), Private Collection. Heliogabalus (Heliogabal), 1974, watercolor on paper, 11 3/4 x 15 3/4" (30 x 40 cm), Collection of Fredrik Roos, Switzerland. Plate 18, Ways of Worldly Wisdom (Wege der Weltweisheit), 1976–77, oil, acrylic, and shellac on burlap, mounted on canvas, 120 x 196 7/8" (305 x 500 cm), Collection Sanders, Amsterdam. Plate 19, Ways of Worldly Wisdom- Arminius's Battle (Wege der Weltweisheit-die Hermanns-Schlacht), 1978–80, woodcut, with acrylic and shellac, mounted on canvas, 126 x 196 7/8" (320 x 500 cm), The Art Institute of Chicago. Plate 20, Stefan!, 1975, watercolor and ball point pen on paper, 8 1/16 x 11 1/4" (20.5 x 28.5 cm), Collection of Johannes Gachenang, Bern. Siegfried Forgets Brunhilde (Siegfried vergisst Brunhilde), 1975, oil on canvas, 51 1/8 x 67" (130 x 170 cm), Family H. de Groot Collection, Groningen, The Netherlands. == Exhibitions == In 1969, Kiefer had his first solo exhibition, at Galerie am Kaiserplatz in Karlsruhe. Along with Georg Baselitz, he represented Germany at the Venice Biennale in 1980. He was also featured in the 1997 Venice Biennale with a one-man show held at the Museo Correr, concentrating on paintings and books. Comprehensive solo exhibitions of Kiefer's work have been organized by the Kunsthalle Düsseldorf (1984); Art Institute of Chicago (1987); Sezon Museum of Art in Tokyo (1993); Neue Nationalgalerie in Berlin (1991); Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York (1998); Fondation Beyeler in Basel (2001); the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth (2005); the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden in Washington D.C. (2006); the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao (2007). In 2007, the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao presented an extensive survey of recent work. Several of his works were exhibited in 2009 for the first time in the Balearic Islands, in the museum Es Baluard in Palma de Mallorca. In 2012, the Art Gallery of Hamilton presented some of his paintings. London's Royal Academy of Arts mounted the first British retrospective of the artist's work in September 2014. In 2007 Kiefer was commissioned to create a huge site-specific installation of sculptures and paintings for the inaugural "Monumenta" at the Grand Palais, Paris. With the unveiling of a triptych – the mural Athanor and the two sculptures Danae and Hortus Conclusus – at the Louvre in 2007, Kiefer became the first living artist to create a permanent site-specific installation in the museum since Georges Braque in 1953. In 2008, Kiefer installed Palmsonntag (Palm Sunday) (2006), a monumental palm tree and 36 steel-and-glass reliquary tablets in the auditorium-gym of the First Baptist Church of Los Angeles, an enormous Spanish Gothic edifice built in 1927. The room was reconfigured to accommodate the work. Floors were sanded to remove the basketball court's markings, and the wall for the reliquary paintings was constructed inside the space. In 2010 the piece was installed at the Art Gallery of Ontario museum in Toronto, where Kiefer created eight new panels specifically for the AGO's exhibition of this work. In 2009, the Metropolitan Museum of Art exhibited Broken Flowers and Grass: Nature and Landscape in the Drawings of Anselm Kiefer, displaying Kiefer’s landscape paintings. In Next Year in Jerusalem (2010) at Gagosian Gallery, Kiefer explained that each of the works was a reaction to a personal "shock" initiated by something he had recently heard of. In September 2013, The Hall Art Foundation, in partnership with the Massachusetts Museum of Contemporary Art, opened a long-term installation of sculpture and paintings in a specifically repurposed, 10,000 square-foot building on the MASS MoCA campus. In 2014, the Foundation landscaped the area surrounding this building in order to present long-term installations of outdoor sculpture. The long-term exhibition—includes Étroits sont les Vaisseaux (Narrow are the Vessels) (2002), an 82-foot long, undulating wave-like sculpture made of cast concrete, exposed rebar, and lead; The Women of the Revolution (Les Femmes de la Revolution) (1992), composed of more than twenty lead beds with photographs and wall text; Velimir Chlebnikov (2004), a steel pavilion containing 30 paintings dealing with nautical warfare and inspired by the quixotic theories of the Russian mathematical experimentalist Velimir Chlebnikov; and a new, large-format photograph on lead created by the artist for the installation at MASS MoCA. In 2015, the Centre Pompidou, the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris, and the Museum der bildenden Künste in Leipzig hosted a retrospective exhibition in honor of Kiefer's 70th birthday. In 2016 the Albertina in Vienna dedicated an exhibition to his woodcuts, showing 35 made between 1977 and 2015, with an accompanying catalogue. In 2017, the Met Breuer presented Provocations: Anselm Kiefer at The Met Breuer, an exhibit of works that spanned his career. He unveiled his first public art commission in the United States in May 2018, at Rockefeller Center. The Uraeus sculpture was inspired in part by the religious symbols of Egypt and Thus Spoke Zarathustra. It was put on view until 22 July. From October 18, 2025–January 25, 2026, the Saint Louis Art Museum exhibited Anselm Kiefer: Becoming the Sea, a retrospective of Kiefer’s 60 year career. A catalog accompanied the exhibit. == Recognition == In 1990, Kiefer was awarded the Wolf Prize. In 1999 the Japan Art Association awarded him the Praemium Imperiale for his lifetime achievements. In the explanatory statement it reads: "A complex critical engagement with history runs through Anselm Kiefer's work. His paintings as well as the sculptures of Georg Baselitz created an uproar at the 1980 Venice Biennale: the viewers had to decide whether the apparent Nazi motifs were meant ironically or whether the works were meant to convey actual fascist ideas. Kiefer worked with the conviction that art could heal a traumatized nation and a vexed, divided world. He created epic paintings on giant canvases that called up the history of German culture with the help of depictions of figures such as Richard Wagner or Goethe, thus continuing the historical tradition of painting as a medium of addressing the world. Only a few contemporary artists have such a pronounced sense of art's duty to engage the past and the ethical questions of the present, and are in the position to express the possibility of the absolution of guilt through human effort." In 2008, Kiefer was awarded the Peace Prize of the German Book Trade, given for the first time to a visual artist. Art historian Werner Spies said in his speech that Kiefer is a passionate reader who takes impulses from literature for his work. In 2011 Kiefer was appointed to the chair of creativity in art at the Collège de France. == Materials == Due to the spontaneous nature of his creative process, many of his works have issues regarding stability—a concern shared by collectors, dealers, and curators alike. He acknowledges the issue, but says change is part of the process and that their essence will ultimately stay the same. This idea of transformation has a kind of appeal for Kiefer and thus is featured in many of his works. This fascination for the process may have stemmed from the artist's keen interest in alchemy. He often chooses materials for their alchemical properties—lead in particular being chief among them. In the case of lead, he specifically likes how the metal looks during the heating and melting process when he would see many colors—especially that of gold—which he thought of in a symbolic sense as the gold sought by alchemists. He is also particularly fond of the oxidation of white on lead. He would often try to induce oxidation artificially with the use of acid to speed up the process. Lead was also associated with the alchemical concepts of magic numbers and represented the planet Saturn. Shellac, another material popular in his work, corresponded to lead in terms of how he felt about its color and energy possibilities. He also liked that while being polished it takes on energy and becomes warm to the touch. The use of straw in his work is also in part the result of this common theme of energy. Straw again features the color gold and gives off energy, heat, and warmth when burned. This would make way for new creation thus continuing the cycle of life through the transformation process. == Art market == The best selling painting for the artist was The Fertile Crescent (2009), which sold for $3,997,103 at the China Guardian action house, on 3 June 2019. The previous record belonged to the painting To the Unknown Painter (1983), sold by $3,554,500 at Christie's New York, on 11 May 2011, to an American private collector. Previously, it was held by Let a Thousand Flowers Bloom (1999), who had sold by $3,549,350 at Christie's London, on 8 February 2007. == Collections == Kiefer's works are included in numerous public collections, including the Hamburger Bahnhof, Berlin; the Museum of Modern Art and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York; Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit; the Tate Modern, London; the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art; the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto; the North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh; the High Museum of Art, Atlanta; the Albright-Knox Art Gallery, Buffalo; the Philadelphia Museum of Art; the National Gallery of Australia, Canberra; the Tel Aviv Museum of Art; and the Albertina, Vienna. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York owns 20 of the artist's rare watercolors. Notable private collectors include Eli Broad and Andrew J. Hall. == See also == Holocaust memorial landscapes in Germany == Bibliography == Lauterwein, Andréa (2007). Anselm Kiefer/Paul Celan. London: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-23836-3. Kiefer, Anselm; Auping, Michael (2005). Anselm Kiefer. Fort Worth, Tex: Prestel Publishing. ISBN 978-3-7913-3387-8. Biro, Matthew (1998). Anselm Kiefer and the Philosophy of Martin Heidegger. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-521-59170-6. Biro, Matthew (5 March 2013). Anselm Kiefer. London [u.a]: Phaidon Press. ISBN 978-0-7148-6143-2. Danto, Arthur C. (1 January 1997). "Anselm Kiefer". Encounters & Reflections. Berkeley, Calif. London: Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20846-9. Fiennes, Sophie (2011), Over your cities grass will grow, London: Artificial Eye, OCLC 1043105151 Hoerschelmann, Antonia (2016). Anselm Kiefer. Vienna Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-7757-4101-9. Stewart, Garrett (2010). "Bookwork as Demediation". Critical Inquiry. 36 (3): 410–457. doi:10.1086/653407. ISSN 0093-1896. S2CID 162264154. == References == == External links == AnseIm Kiefer Site includes articles, interviews, bibliography and gallery of exhibitions posters.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galip_Ulsoy#:~:text=Charles%20Russ%20Richards%20Memorial%20Award%20from%20ASME%20and%20Pi%20Tau%20Sigma%2C%202013	Galip Ulsoy	Ali Galip Ulsoy (born 1950) is an academic at the University of Michigan (UM), Ann Arbor, where he is the C.D. Mote Jr. Distinguished University Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering and the William Clay Ford Professor Emeritus of Manufacturing. For his work on dynamic modeling, analysis and control of mechanical systems he was made a fellow of SME, ASME, IFAC and IEEE. He is also a member of the NAE. In 2012 he received a Presidential Special Award from TÜBİTAK. == Early life and education == Galip Ulsoy was born in Kozlu, Zonguldak, Turkey where he started elementary school. His family then immigrated to the USA in 1957, before returning to Turkey in 1963. He completed his middle school education at the English High School for Boys in 1966 and his high school education at Robert College in 1969, both in Istanbul, Turkey. He received a B.S. in Engineering from Swarthmore College in 1973. His M.S. in Mechanical Engineering was received from Cornell University in 1975. Ulsoy continued his Ph.D. studies in Mechanical Engineering at the University of California at Berkeley and graduated in 1979. His thesis on Vibration and Stability of Bandsaw Blades was supervised by C. Daniel Mote Jr. == Career == Ulsoy was a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Department of Material Science & Mineral Engineering in the University of California, Berkeley in 1979, A year later he joined the Department of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Michigan as an assistant professor. He was promoted to associate professor in 1986, and to full professor in 1992. In the years 1998-2001 Ulsoy served as the Chair of the Mechanical Engineering department at the University of Michigan. During the years 1996-2016 Ulsoy held the William Clay Ford Professor of Manufacturing chair, and during 2009-2016 he was the C.D. Mote Jr. Distinguished University Professor of Mechanical Engineering. He retired in 2016 as an emeritus professor. Ulsoy was the founding director of the Ground Robotics Reliability Center and Founding Deputy Director of the NSF Engineering Research Center for Reconfigurable Manufacturing System at the University of Michigan. He was also Director of the Division of Civil and Mechanical Systems at the National Science Foundation, Arlington, Virginia, and a Visiting Researcher at the Ford Scientific Research Laboratories, Dearborn, Michigan. He was also the Founding Editor of ASME Dynamic Systems and Control Magazine, and served as Editor of the ASME Transactions, Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, and as a member of the editorial board for several international journals. Ulsoy also served as the President of the American Automatic Control Council, which is the member organization representing the US in the International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC). He was a consultant for various companies and organizations, including: National Science Foundation, Ford Motor Company, Cummins Engine Company, General Motors, LG Production Research, Swedish National Board for Industrial and Technical Development, Sughrue Mion. During his career, Ulsoy has advised 47 doctoral students and was co-author of five books, over 375 articles, and was a co-inventor on three USA and one European patents. According to Google Scholar (May 2022) he has more than 18,500 citations and his h-index is 68. == Research == Ulsoy's research work focuses on several areas: dynamics and control (adaptive control, state derivative feedback, coupling between modeling and controller design, time-delayed systems), manufacturing automation (sawing, turning, milling, drilling, robotics, stamping), reconfigurable systems, mechatronics, automotive systems (accessory drive belts, active suspensions, vehicle lateral control) and other engineering systems, like disk drives and mineral processing operations. His basic research contributions in dynamics and control have led to numerous best paper awards, and he is one of the first researchers to apply methods from advanced control theory to manufacturing systems. His research work has had impact on industry: Accessory drive belts and active safety systems in automobiles worldwide utilize methods and technologies that he has developed. Reconfigurable manufacturing systems, of which he is a co-inventor, have been widely adopted in industry. Other commercial systems influenced by his research are: design of bandsaw blades, design and control of drills, control of machine tools, automotive suspensions, stamping presses, disk drives, and ground robots. Upon receiving the Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council (TÜBİTAK) Special Award in 2012, his research work was described: For his exemplary research on dynamic systems and automatic control, including dynamic analysis and control of axially rotating and translating elastic systems and application of advanced control theory to manufacturing and automotive systems. == Publications == === Books === Process Control for Sheet-Metal Stamping. Advances in Industrial Control. 2014. doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-6284-1. ISBN 978-1-4471-6283-4. Ulsoy, A. Galip; Peng, Huei; Çakmakci, Melih (2012). Automotive Control Systems (PDF). doi:10.1017/CBO9780511844577. ISBN 978-0-511-84457-7. Yi, Sun; Nelson, Patrick W.; Ulsoy, A Galip (2010). Time-Delay Systems. doi:10.1142/7759. ISBN 978-981-4307-39-0. Ulsoy, A. Galip; DeVries, Warren R. (1989). Microcomputer Applications in Manufacturing. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-61189-9. Kannatey-Asibu, E.; Ulsoy, A.G.; Komanduri, R., eds. (1985). Sensors and Controls for Manufacturing: Presented at the Winter Annual Meeting of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Miami Beach, Florida, November 17-22, 1985. ASME. hdl:2027/pst.000015857644. OCLC 564575407. === Selected articles === Duan, Molong; Ramani, Keval S.; Okwudire, Chinedum E. (28 October 2015). "Tracking Control of Non-Minimum Phase Systems Using Filtered Basis Functions: A NURBS-Based Approach". Volume 1: Adaptive and Intelligent Systems Control; Advances in Control Design Methods; Advances in Non-Linear and Optimal Control; Advances in Robotics; Advances in Wind Energy Systems; Aerospace Applications; Aerospace Power Optimization; Assistive Robotics; Automotive 2: Hybrid Electric Vehicles; Automotive 3: Internal Combustion Engines; Automotive Engine Control; Battery Management; Bio Engineering Applications; Biomed and Neural Systems; Connected Vehicles; Control of Robotic Systems. doi:10.1115/DSCC2015-9859. ISBN 978-0-7918-5724-3. Ghaffari, Azad; Ulsoy, A. Galip (June 2016). "Dynamic Contour Error Estimation and Feedback Modification for High-Precision Contouring". IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics. 21 (3): 1732–1741. doi:10.1109/TMECH.2015.2494518. S2CID 7366275. Galip Ulsoy, A. (1 April 2015). "Time-Delayed Control of SISO Systems for Improved Stability Margins". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. 137 (4). doi:10.1115/1.4028528. Yi, Sun; Nelson, Patrick W.; Ulsoy, A. Galip (April 2008). "Controllability and Observability of Systems of Linear Delay Differential Equations Via the Matrix Lambert W Function". IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control. 53 (3): 854–860. doi:10.1109/TAC.2008.919549. S2CID 20746351. Chen, Liang-Kuang; Ulsoy, A. Galip (1 December 2001). "Identification of a Driver Steering Model, and Model Uncertainty, From Driving Simulator Data". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. 123 (4): 623–629. doi:10.1115/1.1409554. S2CID 120657467. Fathy, H.K.; Reyer, J.A.; Papalambros, P.Y.; Ulsov, A.G. (2001). "On the coupling between the plant and controller optimization problems". Proceedings of the 2001 American Control Conference. (Cat. No.01CH37148). pp. 1864–1869 vol.3. doi:10.1109/ACC.2001.946008. ISBN 0-7803-6495-3. S2CID 14271271. Koren, Y.; Heisel, U.; Jovane, F.; Moriwaki, T.; Pritschow, G.; Ulsoy, G.; Van Brussel, H. (1999). "Reconfigurable Manufacturing Systems". CIRP Annals. 48 (2): 527–540. doi:10.1016/S0007-8506(07)63232-6. Pilutti, T.; Ulsoy, A.G. (September 1999). "Identification of driver state for lane-keeping tasks". IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans. 29 (5): 486–502. doi:10.1109/3468.784175. Beikmann, R. S.; Perkins, N. C.; Ulsoy, A. G. (1996). "Free Vibration of Serpentine Belt Drive Systems". Journal of Vibration and Acoustics. 118 (3): 406–413. doi:10.1115/1.2888197. Pakdemirli, M.; Ulsoy, A.G.; Ceranoglu, A. (January 1994). "Transverse Vibration of an Axially Accelerating String". Journal of Sound and Vibration. 169 (2): 179–196. Bibcode:1994JSV...169..179P. doi:10.1006/jsvi.1994.1012. hdl:2027.42/31834. Ulsoy, A. Galip; Koren, Yoram; Rasmussen, Fred (1 June 1983). "Principal Developments in the Adaptive Control of Machine Tools". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. 105 (2): 107–112. doi:10.1115/1.3149640. Ulsoy, A. G.; Mote, C. D. (1 February 1982). "Vibration of Wide Band Saw Blades". Journal of Engineering for Industry. 104 (1): 71–78. doi:10.1115/1.3185801. == Honors and awards == Fellow, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 1993. Fellow, Society of Manufacturing Engineers (SME), 1996. Rudolf Kalman Best Paper Award for ASME J. Dynamic Systems, Measurement and Control, 2003 and 2016. Member, National Academy for Engineering, “For research on the dynamics and control of axially moving elastic materials and their implementation in automotive and manufacturing systems”, 2006. Albert M. Sargent Progress Award, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, 2007. Rufus T. Oldenburger Medal "For fundamental and wide-ranging contributions to the analysis and control of dynamic systems with a broad spectrum of applications, from automotive systems to manufacturing systems", ASME, 2008. Fellow, International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC), 2010. Special Award from TÜBİTAK (Turkish Scientific and Technological Research Council) presented by the President of Turkey, 2012. Charles Russ Richards Memorial Award from ASME and Pi Tau Sigma, 2013. Fellow, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) “For contributions to flexible automation and manufacturing systems”, 2013. Hideo Hanafusa Outstanding Investigator Award in Flexible Automation, International Symposium on Flexible Automation, Awaji Island, Japan, 2014. Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award “For seminal research contributions with industrial impact in the dynamics and control of mechanical systems especially manufacturing systems and automotive systems”, American Automatic Control Council, 2020. == Personal life == Galip Ulsoy is married to Susan K. Glowski. They have one daughter, Jessie E. Ulsoy and live in Dexter, Michigan. == References == == External links == Galip Ulsoy, University of Michigan "A. Galip Ulsoy [People in Control]". IEEE Control Systems. 34 (3): 30–32. June 2014. doi:10.1109/MCS.2014.2308658. Galip Ulsoy, Google scholar Galip Ulsoy, YouTube channel
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisuke_Hironaka	Heisuke Hironaka	Heisuke Hironaka (広中平祐, Hironaka Heisuke; born April 9, 1931) is a Japanese mathematician who was awarded the Fields Medal in 1970 for his contributions to algebraic geometry. == Early life and education == Hironaka was born on April 9, 1931 in Yamaguchi, Japan. He was inspired to study mathematics after a visiting Hiroshima University mathematics professor gave a lecture at his junior high school. Hironaka applied to the undergraduate program at Hiroshima University, but was unsuccessful. However, the following year, he was accepted into Kyoto University to study physics, entering in 1949 and receiving his Bachelor of Science and Master of Science from the university in 1954 and 1956. Hironaka initially studied physics, chemistry, and biology, but his third year as an undergraduate, he chose to move to taking courses in mathematics. The same year, Hironaka was invited to a seminar group led by Yasuo Akizuki, who would have a major influence on Hironaka's mathematical development. The group, informally known as the Akizuki School, discussed cutting-edge research developments including the resolution of singularities problem for which Hironaka later received the Fields Medal. Hironaka has described his interest in this problem as having the logic and mystery of "a boy falling in love with a girl." In 1956, Akizuki invited then Harvard professor Oscar Zariski to Kyoto University. Hironaka took the opportunity to present his own research to Zariski, who suggested that Hironaka move to Harvard University to continue his studies. In 1957, Hironaka moved to the United States to attend Harvard University as a doctoral student under the direction of Zariski. Hironaka's algebra background, developed under Akizuki, allowed him to bring fresh insights into mathematics discussions in Harvard, which placed a greater emphasis on geometric perspectives. In 1958–1959, Alexander Grothendieck visited Harvard University and was another important influence on Hironaka, inviting him to the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifique (IHES) in Paris. Returning to Harvard in 1960, Hironaka received his PhD for his thesis On the Theory of Birational Blowing-up. == Career == Hironaka was an Associate Professor of Mathematics at Brandeis University from 1960–1963. He taught at Columbia University from 1964–1968 and became a professor of mathematics at Harvard University from 1968 until becoming emeritus in 1992. Hironaka returned to Japan for a joint professorship at the Research Institute for Mathematical Sciences and Kyoto University from 1975–1983 and was the Institute Director from 1983–1985. Hironaka was the president of Yamaguchi University from 1996–2002. == Research == In 1960, Hironaka introduced Hironaka's example, showing that a deformation of Kähler manifolds need not be Kähler. The example is a 1-parameter family of smooth compact complex 3-manifolds such that most fibers are Kähler (and even projective), but one fiber is not Kähler. This can be used to show that several other plausible statements holding for smooth varieties of dimension at most 2 fail for smooth varieties of dimension at least 3. In 1964, Hironaka proved that singularities of algebraic varieties admit resolutions in characteristic zero. Hironaka was able to give a general solution to this problem, proving that any algebraic variety can be replaced by (more precisely is birationally equivalent to) a similar variety that has no singularities. Hironaka recalled that he felt very close to approaching the solution while studying in Harvard. Then, soon after getting his first teaching position at Brandeis, he realized that if he combined his commutative algebra experience from Kyoto, geometry of polynomials from Harvard, and globalization technique from IHES, he had everything he needed to solve the problem. In 2017 he posted to his personal webpage a manuscript that claims to prove the existence of a resolution of singularities in positive characteristic. == Awards == Hironaka received a Fields Medal, the highest honor in mathematics, at the International Congress of Mathematicians at Nice in 1970 at 39, just under the 40 year age limit. List of Awards: Asahi Prize (1967) Fields Medal in 1970. Japan Academy Prize (1970) Guggenheim Fellowship (1971) Order of Culture (1975) Person of Cultural Merit (1975) Honorary doctor of the Complutense University of Madrid (1981) Legion of Honour (2004) Harvard Centennial Medal (2011) == Influence on Asian Mathematics == Hironaka has been active in promoting mathematical education, particularly in Japan and South Korea. Hironaka wrote or co-authored 26 books on mathematics and other topics. In 1980, he started a summer seminar for Japanese high school students, and later created a program for Japanese and American college students. In 1984 he established the Japanese Association for Mathematical Sciences (JAMS) to fund these seminars, serving as executive director. Additional funding was received from corporations and the Japanese government. Harvard emeritus math professor Shing-Tung Yau noted that "In the 1980s there were few domestic grant opportunities for foreign travel or exchange [...] today, one can see the fruits of Hironaka’s efforts in the number of former JAMS fellows who have become professors of mathematics across the United States and Japan." As visiting professor at Seoul National University in 2008–2009, Hironaka mentored undergraduate student June Huh, a former high school drop-out and aspiring poet, encouraging his interest in pursuing math for graduate school. Huh won a Fields medal in 2022 for the linkages he found between algebraic geometry and combinatorics. == Personal life == Hironaka married Wakako Kimoto in 1960, a Brandeis Wien International Scholar who entered Japanese politics through her election to the House of Councillors in 1986. They have a son Jo, and daughter Eriko, who is also a mathematician. On his love for mathematics, Hironaka said "I accumulate anything to do with numbers. For instance, I have more than 10,000 photos of flowers and leaves. I like to just count the numbers and compare them. I am so pleased to be a mathematician, because I can see the mathematical interest in things." == Selected publications == Hironaka, H. (1957). "On the arithmetic genera and the effective genera of algebraic curves," Mem. College Sci. Univ. Kyoto Ser. A Math., 30(2): 177-195. DOI: 10.1215/kjm/1250777055 Hironaka, H. (1960). "On the theory of birational blowing-up," Hironaka, H. (1964), "The Resolution of Singularities of an Algebraic Variety over a Field of Characteristic Zero." Annals of Mathematics., 79(1):109-203. https://doi.org/10.2307/1970486 Hironaka, H.; Matsumura, Hideyuki. (1967), “Formal functions and formal embeddings” J. Math. Soc. Japan, 20(1-2): 52-82. DOI: 10.2969/jmsj/02010052 Hironaka, H. (1967), “On the characters ν \nu* and τ \tau* of singularities" J. Math. Kyoto Univ., 7(1): 325–327. DOI: 10.1215/kjm/1250524306 Hironaka, H. (1974), “The theory of infinitely near singular points” J. Korean Math. Soc. 40(5): 901–920. https://doi.org/10.4134/JKMS.2003.40.5.901 Aroca, J. M.; Hironaka, Heisuke; Vicente, J. L. (1977). “Desingularization theorems" Memorias de Matematica del Instituto. Hironaka, H. (1991), "Fame, sweet and bitter." In P. Hilton, F. Hirzebruch, and R. Remmert (Eds.), Miscellanea mathematica(pp. 155-176) Hironaka, H.; Janeczko, S. (Eds.). (2004). “Geometric singularity theory" Aroca, J. M.; Hironaka, H; Vicente, J. L. (2018), "Complex Analytic Desingularization" ISBN 978-4-431-70218-4 == See also == Hironaka decomposition Hironaka's criterion René Thom == References == == External links == Heisuke Hironaka at the Mathematics Genealogy Project O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Heisuke Hironaka", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews Jackson, Allyn; Interview with Heisuke Hironaka; Notices of the American Mathematical Society; vol. 52, no. 9 (October 2005).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakshi_Ghulam_Mohammad#:~:text=Bakshi%20Ghulam%20Mohammad%20(1907%E2%80%931972,Kashmir%20from%201953%20to%201964.	Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad	Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (20 July 1907 – 15 July 1972) was an Indian politician who served as the prime minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1953 to 1964. Bakshi was a founding member of the National Conference and rose to be the second in command to the principal leader Sheikh Abdullah. He served as the deputy prime minister of the State of Jammu and Kashmir between 1947 and 1953, but disagreed with Abdullah's advocacy of independence for the state in 1953. He staged a 'coup' with the help of the head of state Karan Singh, resulting in the dismissal and imprisonment of Sheikh Abdullah. Bakshi was the longest serving prime minister, whose rule saw the formulation of the constitution of Jammu and Kashmir and a normalisation of relations of Jammu and Kashmir with the Indian government. == Early life == Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was born in 1907 in a lower middle class family in the Safakadal area of Srinagar (in the then princely state of Jammu and Kashmir). His father, Abdul Ghaffar Bakshi, was said to have been unemployed. Bakshi had six siblings, four brothers and two sisters. He was educated at C.M.S Tyndale Biscoe School upto eighth grade, which was considered a reasonable qualification at that time. He started his career as a school teacher in Christian missionary schools in Skardu and Leh. Due to family pressure, he returned to Srinagar and got married. In 1925, he served in the Kashmir branch of the All India Spinners’ Association and worked as a karyakarta at Gandhi Ashram in Srinagar, which was founded and based on Mahatma Gandhi’s principles for appropriate technology to tackle rural poverty. He was exposed to the ideas of Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi during this time. He earned the epithet of "Kashmiri Gandhi" for his calls to boycott British goods. == Politics in the princely state == In 1927 Bakshi joined Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah in the agitation for securing civic and political rights for the state's Muslim population, which culminated in the formation of the Muslim Conference. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad displayed talent for organisation during this period. He organised the students and workers and set up their unions. He was arrested several times during the freedom struggle including a sixteen-month term in Reasi sub-jail. Within the Muslim Conference party he earned the sobriquet "Khalid-e-Kashmir" after Khalid bin Walid, the great Muslim general. By 1938, people of all communities had joined the demand for responsible government, which had spread all over the state and the Muslim Conference's name was altered to National Conference. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad worked underground during this period, keeping a step ahead of the state police. In 1946, during the "Quit Kashmir" movement, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad escaped to British India when a warrant was issued for his arrest. He visited many places, mobilizing public opinion in favour of the Kashmir agitation. After Mahatma Gandhi's visit to Kashmir in August 1947 the warrant against him was withdrawn and he returned home after seventeen months. == Politics == On 30 October 1947, Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah was appointed as the Head of Emergency Administration, while Kashmir was under attack from Pakistani raiders. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became his deputy head. In March 1948, the administration was upgraded to a popular interim government. Bakshi was entrusted with the Home portfolio. After the constituency assembly election in 1951, Abdullah was elected prime minister of the state and Bakshi appointed as the deputy prime minister. === Prime minister (1953–1964) === In August 1953, Sheikh Mohammed Abdullah was dismissed and arrested, and Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad became prime minister of the state, winning unanimous a vote of confidence at the beginning of October, and also president of the National Conference by majority vote of the State Cabinet. The famous Kashmir Conspiracy Case against Abdullah and others was started during his tenure. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad proved to be an able administrator and is remembered as the "Architect of Modern Kashmir" because of his constructive work in the state. He set Kashmir on the road to progress, gave a practical shape to the ideal of "Naya Kashmir", and earned fame and goodwill at home and outside Kashmir. He had a unique knack of establishing a direct rapport with people at grass-root level land gained tremendous popularity among people of all regions. On the political front, Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad had to face a stiff challenge from the Plebiscite Front which was formed by the loyalists of Sheikh Abdullah in 1955. In May 1963, after the loss of three Parliamentary by-elections, the Congress party, under the Kamaraj plan, decided that some ministers should resign and give all their time to party work. The final selection was left to Jawaharlal Nehru. Many central ministers resigned in Delhi and Nehru also suggested that Bakshi resign in Jammu and Kashmir. Upon Bakshi's recommendation, Khwaja Shamsuddin, a Bakshi loyalist, was appointed to succeed him. But Shamsuddin headed the state only for a very brief period. The eleven years of the Bakshi's tenure have been the longest continuous stint by any prime minister or chief minister and are generally acknowledged as a period of stability in the state's post-independence history. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad had steadfastly resisted any attempt to undermine Jammu and Kashmir's special status within the Union of India. === In the opposition (1964–1965) === In 1964 Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad headed the opposition to the government of Chief Minister Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq. In the late summer of the same year the majority of the legislators compelled him to move a vote of no-confidence against the government but he was arrested and detained under the Defence of India Rules despite the support of the majority of MLA's in the State Assembly which was prorogued by the governor. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad was released on health grounds in December. In June 1965 he made an announcement that he had decided to retire from politics. === Indian Parliament (1967–1971) === In 1967 Indian general election Bakshi was elected to the Lok Sabha from Srinagar Lok Sabha constituency on a National Conference ticket defeating the ruling Congress nominee, Ali Mohammed Tariq, by a large margin. He remained a member of the Lok Sabha till 1971. == Death == Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad died on 9 July 1972. == References == == Bibliography == Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (1968), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6 Kanjwal, Hafsa (2017), Building a New Kashmir: Bakshi Ghulam Muhammad and the Politics of State-Formation in a Disputed Territory (1953-1963) (Thesis), The University of Michigan, hdl:2027.42/138699 Hussain, Shahla (2021), Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781108901130 Puri, Balraj (2015), "Jammu and Kashmir", in Myron Wiener (ed.), State Politics in India, Princeton University Press, pp. 215–246, ISBN 978-1-4008-7914-4 Wani, Aijaz Ashraf (2019), What Happened to Governance in Kashmir?, Oxford University Press India, ISBN 978-0-19-909715-9 == External links == "Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed- A Life Sketch". www.kashmirnetwork.com. Retrieved 1 April 2019. Bakshi Ghulam Mohammed: Biography, Kashmirnetwork.com, retrieved 26 March 2019.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Chatov#Life	Roman Chatov	Roman Gregory Chatov (1900–1987) was a Russian-born American artist, painter, designer, and illustrator. == Life == Roman Chatov was born in Rostov-on-Don, Russia, to a theater impresario and his wife. He began drawing in his teenage years, including doing magazine illustrations at age 16 and being a military-correspondent painter near the end of World War I. Chatov was first trained in art in Russia and Paris, France. He moved to New York with his family in 1922 due to the Bolshevik Revolution and Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War. Chatov later joined the Art Students League and the National Academy of Art in order to improve his art training and skills. Chatov initially designed costumes and painted murals, including painting murals for the Ford and Palestinian Pavilions at the 1939 New York World's Fair under a commission from the New Deal Works Progress Administration. Among his most notable work was a set of murals for New York City's Russian Tea Room restaurant; these murals are now in the collection of a New York City museum. These successes led to his getting many painting commissions throughout the U.S. afterwards. Chatov also designed costumes for Florenz Ziegfeld. Dancer Isadora Duncan expressed her admiration for his costume designs, and he painted a silk scarf for her, the scarf that led to her death when it became entangled in the wheel of a moving car. While in New York, Chatov met many of the most prominent artists and painters in the area, including Willem de Kooning, with whom he shared studio space. Under commission to MGM, Chatov and his brother Constantin painted portraits of famous Hollywood celebrities including Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable. Chatov married Geneva McCormack in 1942. In his later years, he primarily painted portraits, and also opened an art studio in Atlanta with the help of his brother Constantin. Chatov received the Governor's Award from the Georgia Council for the Arts and Humanities in 1983. He died in 1987 at the age of 86 or 87. His son Marc Chatov (born in 1953) continues in his father's footsteps today by working as an artist and an art instructor. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simion_Stoilow_Prize	Simion Stoilow Prize	The Simion Stoilow Prize (Romanian: Premiul Simion Stoilow) is the prize offered by the Romanian Academy for achievements in mathematics. It is named in honor of Simion Stoilow. The prize is awarded either for a mathematical work or for a cycle of works. The award consists of 2,000 lei and a diploma. The prize was established in 1963 and is awarded annually. Prizes of the Romanian Academy for a particular year are awarded two years later. == Honorees == Honorees of the Simion Stoilow Prize have included: 2020: Victor Daniel Lie 2019: Marius Ghergu; Bogdan Teodor Udrea 2018: Iulian Cîmpean 2017: Aurel Mihai Fulger 2016: Arghir Dani Zărnescu 2015: No award 2014: Florin Ambro 2013: Petru Jebelean 2012: George Marinescu 2011: Dan Timotin 2010: Laurențiu Leuștean; Mihai Mihăilescu 2009: Miodrag Iovanov; Sebastian Burciu 2008: Nicolae Bonciocat; Călin Ambrozie 2007: Cezar Joița; Bebe Prunaru; Liviu Ignat 2006: Radu Pantilie 2005: Eugen Mihăilescu, for the work "Estimates for the stable dimension for holomorphic maps"; Radu Păltânea, for the cycle of works "Approximation theory using positive linear operators" 2000: Liliana Pavel, for the book Hipergrupuri ("Hypergroups") 1999: Vicențiu Rădulescu for the work "Boundary value problems for nonlinear elliptic equations and hemivariational inequalities" 1995: No award 1994: No award 1993: No award 1992: Florin Rădulescu 1991: Ovidiu Cârjă 1990: Ștefan Mirică 1989: Gelu Popescu 1988: Cornel Pasnicu 1987: Călin-Ioan Gheorghiu; Titus Petrila 1986: Vlad Bally; Paltin Ionescu 1985: Vasile Brânzănescu; Paul Flondor; Dan Polisevschi; Mihai Putinar 1984: Toma Albu; Mihnea Colțoiu; Dan Vuza 1983: Mircea Puta; Ion Chițescu; Eugen Popa 1982: Mircea Craioveanu; Mircea Puta 1981: Lucian Bădescu 1980: Dumitru Gașpar; Costel Peligrad; Mihai Pimsner; Sorin T. Popa 1979: Dumitru Motreanu; Dorin Popescu; Ilie Valusescu 1978: Aurel Bejancu; Gheorghe Micula 1977: Alexandru Brezuleanu; Nicolae Radu; Ion Văduva 1976: Zoia Ceaușescu; Ion Cuculescu; Nicolae Popa 1975: Șerban Strătilă; Elena Stroescu; László Zsidó 1974: Ioana Ciorănescu; Dan Pascali; Constantin Vârsan 1973: Vasile Istrătescu; Ioan Marusciac; Constantin Năstăsescu; Veniamin Urseanu 1972: Bernard Bereanu; Nicolae Pavel; Gustav Peeters; Elena Moldovan Popoviciu 1971: Nicolae Popescu 1970: Viorel Barbu; Dorin Ieșan 1969: Ion Suciu 1968: Petru Caraman 1967: Constantin Apostol 1966: Dan Burghelea; Cabiria Andreian Cazacu; Aristide Deleanu 1965: Nicu Boboc; Alexandru Lascu 1964: Nicolae Dinculeanu; Ivan Singer 1963: Lazăr Dragoș; Martin Jurchescu == See also == List of mathematics awards == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Flamigni	Sergio Flamigni	Sergio Flamigni (22 October 1925 – 10 December 2025) was an Italian politician and writer. A member of the Italian Communist Party (PCI), he took part in the Italian Parliament's investigative commissions on the murder of Aldo Moro, the Propaganda Due scandal, and the Italian Mafia. == Life and career == Flamigni was born in Forlì on 22 October 1925. He began his political activity in 1941, as a member of a clandestine group of young anti-fascists in his hometown, and subsequently entered the Communist Party of Italy. In 1943 he was named secretary of the communist youth movement in Forlì and became a member of the party's clandestine committee in the city. He fought as partisan in the Italian resistance movement against the German occupation. In 1952, Flamigni was appointed secretary of CGIL (Italy's left-wing main trade union) in Forlì, and later he became secretary of the local section of PCI. In 1959, he was elected into the party's national central committee, and in the following year regional coordinator for Emilia-Romagna. He was also a member of the city council of Forlì from 1956 to 1960, and of the provincial council from 1960 until 1964. Flamigni was elected to the Italian Chamber of Deputies in 1968, remaining a member until 1979, when he became an Italian Senator. Flamigni worked in the Italian Parliament's commissions on mafia, the kidnapping of Aldo Moro and the Propaganda Due secret lodge, and wrote several books about these arguments. == Death == Flamigni died on 10 December 2025, at the age of 100. == Works == La resistenza in Romagna (with Luciano Marzocchi, 1969) Sicurezza democratica e lotta alla criminalità (with Malagugini, Perna, Spagnoli, Terracini; 1975) Gastone Sozzi e il Partito Comunista in Romagna (1980) La tela del ragno. Il delitto Moro (1988; 5th edition 2003) Trame atlantiche. Storia della Loggia massonica segreta P2 (1996; second edition 2005) «Il mio sangue ricadrà su di loro». Gli scritti di Aldo Moro prigioniero delle Br (1997) Convergenze parallele. Le Brigate rosse, i servizi segreti e il delitto Moro (1998) Il covo di Stato. Via Gradoli 96 e il delitto Moro (1999) I fantasmi del passato. La carriera politica di Francesco Cossiga (2001) La sfinge delle Brigate Rosse. Delitti, segreti e bugie del capo terrorista Mario Moretti (2004) Dossier Pecorelli (2004) Le idi di marzo. Il delitto Moro secondo Mino Pecorelli (2006) Il sequestro di verità. I buchi neri del delitto Moro (with Roberto Bartali, Giuseppe De Lutiis, Ilaria Moroni, Lorenzo Ruggiero; 2008) == External links == Biography at Italian Partisans National Association (in Italian) Website with the archives collected by Sergio Flamigni on the Moro affair, Propaganda 2 and mafia (in Italian) Italian Parliament Page Italian Senate Page == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonya_Harding#:~:text=ve%20ever%20hated.%22-,Skating%20career,1988%2C%20and%20third%20in%201989.	Tonya Harding	Tonya Maxene Price (née Harding; born November 12, 1970) is an American former figure skater and boxer, and reality television personality. Born in Portland, Oregon, Harding was raised by her mother, who enrolled her in ice skating lessons when Tonya was three years old. Harding spent much of her early life training, eventually dropping out of high school to devote her time to the sport. After climbing the ranks in the U.S. Figure Skating Championships between 1986 and 1989, Harding won the 1989 Skate America competition. She was the 1991 and 1994 U.S. champion (the latter title was later vacated), and 1991 World silver medalist. In 1991, she became the first American woman and the second woman in history (after Midori Ito) to successfully land a triple Axel in an international competition. Harding is a two-time Olympian and a two-time Skate America Champion. In January 1994, Harding became embroiled in controversy when her ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, orchestrated an attack on her fellow U.S. skating rival Nancy Kerrigan. On March 16, 1994, Harding accepted a plea bargain in which she pled guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution. As a result of her involvement in covering up the assault, the United States Figure Skating Association banned her for life on June 30, 1994; she was stripped of her 1994 title. From 2003 to 2004, Harding competed as a professional boxer. Her life has been the subject of many books, films, documentaries, and academic studies. In 2014, two television documentaries were made about Harding's life and skating career (Nancy & Tonya and The Price of Gold), inspiring Steven Rogers to write the film I, Tonya in 2017, which Margot Robbie portrayed Harding. In 2018, she was a contestant on season 26 of Dancing with the Stars, finishing in third place. In 2019, she won season 16 of Worst Cooks in America. == Early life == Tonya Maxene Harding was born November 12, 1970, in Portland, Oregon, to LaVona Golden (b. 1940) and Albert Harding (1933–2009). During Harding's youth, her father held various odd jobs (managed apartments, drove a truck, and worked at a bait & tackle store), yet was often underemployed due to poor health. She was raised in East Portland, and began skating at age three, training with coach Diane Rawlinson. Harding also hunted, drag raced, and learned auto mechanics from her father. LaVona struggled to support the family while working as a waitress, and hand-sewed her daughter's skating costumes to save money. Harding's parents divorced after 19 years of marriage in 1987, when she was 16. She dropped out of Milwaukie High School during her sophomore year to focus on skating; she earned a General Educational Development (GED) Certificate in 1988. Harding claimed she was frequently abused by her mother. She stated that by the time she was seven years old, physical and psychological abuse had become a regular part of her life. LaVona admitted to one instance of hitting Harding at an ice rink. In January 2018, Harding's childhood friend and filmmaker, Sandra Luckow, spoke in defense of Harding's mother, because she felt that the 2017 film I, Tonya stretched some truths about LaVona's character. Luckow said that although Harding's mother could be "egregious" towards her daughter, LaVona funded and appreciated Harding's skating lessons, and had "a huge amount of humanity." In Harding's 2008 authorized biography, The Tonya Tapes (written by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews with Harding), she said she was the victim of acquaintance rape in 1991, and that her half-brother, Chris Davison, molested her on several occasions when she was a child. In 1986, Harding called the police after Davison had been sexually harassing and terrorizing her. He was arrested, and spent a short time in prison. Harding said her parents were in denial about Davison's behavior, and told her not to press criminal charges against him. Davison was killed in an unsolved vehicular hit-and-run accident in 1988. On May 3, 1994, during an interview with Rolonda Watts, Harding said that Davison was the only person in her life unworthy of forgiveness, and "the only person I've ever hated." == Skating career == Harding trained as a figure skater throughout her youth with coach Diane Rawlinson. In the mid-1980s, Harding began working her way up the competitive skating ladder. She placed sixth at the 1986 U.S. Figure Skating Championships, fifth in 1987 and 1988, and third in 1989. After competing in the February 1989 Nationals Championship, Harding began training with Dody Teachman. She then won the October 1989 Skate America competition, and was considered a strong contender at the February 1990 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. However, she was experiencing the flu and asthma, and had a poor free skate. After the original program, she dropped from second place and finished seventh. Harding's breakthrough year came in 1991 when, at the U.S. Championships, she completed her first triple Axel in competition on February 16—becoming the first American woman to do so. She landed seven triple jumps in the long program, including the Axel. She won the 1991 U.S. Ladies' Singles title with the event's first 6.0 technical merit score since Janet Lynn's 1973 performance at the U.S. Championships. She won the long program when seven of the nine judges gave her first place. She scored eight 5.9s and one 6.0 for technical merit, and six 5.9s, one 5.8, and two 5.7s for composition and style. At the March 1991 World Championships, she again completed the triple Axel. Harding would finish second behind Kristi Yamaguchi and in front of Nancy Kerrigan, marking the first time one country swept the ladies' medal podium at the World Figure Skating Championships. At the September 1991 Skate America competition, Harding recorded three more firsts: The first ever woman to complete a triple Axel in the short program. The first woman ever to successfully execute two triple Axels in a single competition. The first ever to complete a triple Axel in combination (with the double toe loop). Despite these record-breaking performances, after 1991, Harding was never again able to successfully complete the triple Axel in competition; her competitive results began to decline. She and Dody Teachman had briefly parted ways in April 1991, but then reunited in June; Harding was still training under Teachman for the upcoming 1992 season. She placed third in the January 1992 U.S. Figure Skating Championships despite twisting her ankle during practice, and finished fourth in the February 1992 Winter Olympics. On March 1, 1992, Harding gave Teachman a summary dismissal, and returned to Diane Rawlinson to be coached by her. On March 29, Harding placed sixth in the 1992 World Championships, although she had a better placement at the November 1992 Skate Canada International event, in which she finished fourth. In the 1993 season, she skated poorly in the U.S. Championships and failed to qualify for the World Championship team. In January 1994, Harding won the U.S. Championships, but was later stripped of her title: the USFSA disciplinary panel voted to vacate the title in June 1994, following an investigation of the attack on Nancy Kerrigan. In February 1994, Harding was permitted to remain a member of the U.S. Olympic ice skating team, despite brief legal controversy. At the 1994 Winter Olympics in Lillehammer, after an issue with a broken skate lace in the long program, she was given a re-skate by the judges and finished in eighth place, behind Oksana Baiul (gold) and Nancy Kerrigan (silver). Despite her USFSA ban, she did later compete at the professional level, placing second at the ESPN Pro Skating Championship in 1999. === Competitive highlights === == Assault of Nancy Kerrigan and legal proceedings == === Nancy Kerrigan === On January 6, 1994 (1994-01-06), one day before the U.S. Figure Skating Championship first Ladies' Singles competition, Nancy Kerrigan was attacked in a corridor after a practice session at the Detroit Cobo Arena. The aftermath of the attack was recorded on a news camera and broadcast around the world. The assailant was Shane Stant, contracted to break her right knee; he turned himself in to the FBI in Phoenix on January 14. Stant and his uncle, Derrick Smith, were hired for this assault by Harding's ex-husband, Jeff Gillooly, and her bodyguard, Shawn Eckardt. After failing to find Kerrigan in Massachusetts, Stant had taken a 20-hour bus trip to Detroit. Nancy Kerrigan was walking behind a curtain when Stant rushed behind her. Using both hands, he swung a 21-inch (53 cm) ASP telescopic baton at her right leg, striking above her knee. The attack was intended to seriously injure Kerrigan so that she could not compete in the Nationals (Kerrigan was the defending 1993 Champion) nor the Winter Olympics. Kerrigan's leg was not broken but was severely bruised, forcing her to withdraw from the Championships, and forgo competing to retain the U.S. Ladies' title. On January 8, Harding won the U.S. title; she and Kerrigan were then both selected for the 1994 Olympic team. === KOIN-TV interview, Eckardt and Smith arrests, USFSA comments === On January 11, Harding was interviewed for KOIN-TV in Portland, Oregon. Harding was asked whether someone she knew could have planned the attack. Harding replied, "I have definitely thought about it." Gillooly stood in her view behind the camera during the interview. The interview ended with Harding saying, "No one controls my life but me... if there's something in there that I don't like, I'm going to change it." Harding also confirmed she had spoken with FBI agents in Detroit and again in Portland. On January 13, Eckardt and Smith were arrested. On January 14, the United States Figure Skating Association (USFSA) made a statement on whether Eckardt's arrest affected Harding's Olympic placement: "We will deal only with the facts." Harding's and Gillooly's separate lawyers confirmed the couple were in daily contact and cooperation with law enforcement. On January 15, Harding and Gillooly spoke with reporters, but declined to comment about the investigation. On January 16, Harding's lawyer held a press conference, in which he read a statement denying Harding's involvement in the attack on Kerrigan. Harding left her home that evening to practice with her coaches, where she spoke with reporters and performed a triple Axel. === Harding's confession === On January 18, 1994, Harding was with her lawyers when she submitted to questioning by the DA and FBI. She was interviewed for over ten hours. Eight hours into the interview, her lawyer read a statement declaring her separation from Gillooly: "I continue to believe that Jeff is innocent of any wrongdoing. I wish him nothing but the best." Her full FBI transcript was released on February 1. The Seattle Times reported on the transcript, stating that Harding had "changed her story well into a long interview [...] After hours of denying any involvement in trying to cover up the plot, an FBI agent finally told [her] that he knew she had lied to him, that he would tell her exactly how she had lied to him." In the transcript's final passage, Harding stated, "I hope everyone understands. I'm telling on someone I really care about. I know now [Jeff] is involved. I'm sorry." On January 19, Gillooly surrendered to the FBI. On January 20, Diane Sawyer asked Harding on Primetime about the case. Harding said she had done nothing wrong. On January 27, it was reported that Gillooly had been testifying about the attack plot since January 26, possibly implicating Harding as allegedly assisting. Harding's close friend, Stephanie Quintero, with whom she was living, spoke to reporters on her behalf: "[Tonya] was shocked, very hurt. She was believing in [Jeff]." Harding later held a press conference to read a prepared statement. She said she was sorry Kerrigan was attacked, that she respected Kerrigan, and claimed not to have known in advance of the plot to disable her. Harding took responsibility "for failing to report things [about the assault] when I returned home from Nationals [on January 10]. Failure to immediately report this information is not a crime." Many states' laws, including Oregon's, state that the act of concealing criminal knowledge alone is not a crime. The attack on Kerrigan received a substantial amount of publicity, and news media crews camped outside Kerrigan's home. In January 1994, the story was on the covers of Sports Illustrated, Newsweek, and Time. There was now much speculation about Harding's alleged involvement in the assault plot. Because Harding and Kerrigan would be representing the US in the February Lillehammer Olympics, speculation reached a media frenzy. Abby Haight and J.E. Vader, reporters for The Oregonian, wrote a biography of Harding called Fire on Ice, which included excerpts of her January 18 FBI interview. === Guilty pleas and sentencing of Gillooly, Eckardt, Stant, and Smith === On February 1, 1994, Gillooly's attorney negotiated a plea bargain in exchange for testimony regarding all involved parties in the attack. In July, he was sentenced to two years in prison and publicly apologized to Kerrigan, adding "any apology coming from me rings hollow." Gillooly and Eckardt pled guilty to racketeering; Stant and Smith (who drove the getaway car and funneled money) pled guilty to conspiracy to commit second-degree assault. Judge Donald Londer noted the attack could have injured Kerrigan more seriously. Eckardt died in 2007. === USFSA disciplinary panel === On February 5, 1994, the USFSA disciplinary panel stated there were reasonable grounds to believe Harding had violated the sport's code of ethics. Her admitted failure to report about an assault on a fellow competitor, supported by her FBI transcripts, led to Harding being formally charged with "[making] false statements about her knowledge." The USFSA recommended that she face a disciplinary hearing. Claire Ferguson, president of the USFSA, decided not to suspend Harding's membership before a hearing took place. If she had been suspended, she likely still would have competed at the Olympics after filing suit, seeking an injunction against the USFSA, and asserting her rights under the Amateur Sports Act of 1978. The panel examined evidence, including: the testimonies of Stant and Smith, Harding's and Gillooly's telephone records, and notes found in a Portland saloon trash bin on January 30. Harding was given 30 days to respond. === Harding and Connie Chung travel to Norway === News media began attending Harding's Portland practices, and also filmed her on February 7, running barefoot to stop a tow truck from hauling her illegally parked vehicle. On February 10, 1994, Connie Chung interviewed Harding. When asked about Gillooly, Harding said: "I never did anything to hurt [Jeff]. If I ever did anything, it was to stick up for him and protect him." Chung also negotiated to fly on the same airplane with Harding to Oslo, leaving on February 15. Chung admitted she would not have travelled to Norway were it not for the scandal. === Kerrigan and Harding share ice; Harding finishes eighth === On February 17, 1994, Harding and Kerrigan shared the ice at a practice session in the Hamar Olympic Amphitheatre. Approximately 400 members of the press were there to document the practice. Scott Hamilton thought the sport was depicted as a "tabloid event." It was noted that Nancy Kerrigan chose to wear the same skating costume at the practice session that she was wearing when Stant attacked her. Kerrigan later confirmed that her choice of dress that day was deliberate: "Humor is good, it's empowering." The tape-delayed broadcast of the February 23 Ladies' Olympic technical program is one of the most watched telecasts in the US. On February 25, Harding finished eighth in the Olympics; a bootlace broke early in her free skate routine, and amid jeers from the crowd, she was allowed to restart. Nancy Kerrigan, having recovered from her injury, won silver behind Oksana Baiul from Ukraine. === Guilty plea, admissions === On March 9, 1994, Judge Owen Panner granted Harding a requested stay until June on her disciplinary hearing. Meanwhile, Portland authorities stated the criminal investigation would conclude by March 21, with any indictments and a grand jury report to be made at that time. On March 16, 1994, Harding pled guilty to conspiracy to hinder prosecution as a Class C felony offense at a Multnomah County court hearing. She and her lawyer, Robert Weaver, negotiated a plea bargain ensuring no further prosecution. Judge Donald Londer conducted routine questioning to make certain Harding understood her agreement, that she was entering her plea "knowingly and voluntarily." Harding told Londer she was. Her plea admissions were: knowing of the assault plot after the fact; settling on a cover story with Gillooly and Eckardt on January 10; witnessing pay phone calls to Smith affirming the story on January 10 and 11; and lying to FBI with the story on January 18. Law enforcement had known about the pay phone calls, as investigators had been following and videotaping the co-conspirators since January 10. Her penalties included three years of probation, a $100,000 fine, and 500 hours of community service. She agreed to reimburse Multnomah County $10,000 in legal expenses, undergo a psychiatric examination, and volunteered to give $50,000 to the Special Olympics Oregon (SOOR) charity. Oregon sentencing guidelines carried a maximum penalty of five years in prison. Harding's plea conditions imposed her U.S. Figure Skating Association resignation, necessitating her withdrawal from the 1994 Worlds (for which she was scheduled to leave on March 17). District attorney Norman Frink said if Harding had not agreed to the plea, she would have faced "an indictment on all possible charges...punishment was taking away [skating] privilege." === Response from defense and USFSA === Phil Knight, CEO of Nike, donated $25,000 toward Harding's legal fees. She had also made approximately $600,000 from an Inside Edition deal. Weaver said the plea agreement was satisfactory to Harding, partly because she avoided prison: "We would have prevailed at trial." An executive of the USFSA commented, "[We] don't know if Tonya is innocent or guilty...if [she was involved before] the national championship." On March 18, Claire Ferguson decided Harding's disciplinary hearing would proceed in June. The USFSA's executive committee met to discuss Harding seeking reinstatement, and whether they might strip her of the 1994 National Championship title. Neither issue was decided at that time. === Grand jury indictment === On March 21, 1994, a Portland grand jury issued an indictment stating there was evidence Harding participated in the attack plot. The indictment concluded more than two months of investigation and witness testimonies from Diane Rawlinson; Harding's choreographer Erika Bakacs; freelance figure skating writer Vera Marano; and Eckardt's college instructor and classmates. It stated there was evidence Harding fraudulently used USFSA-provided skating monies to finance the assault. It also read that Harding, Gillooly, Eckardt, Smith, and Stant agreed to "knowingly cause physical injury ... by means of a dangerous weapon." The grand jury said the evidence implied Harding was "involved from the beginning or very close." She was not charged in the indictment due to the terms of her March 16 plea agreement. === USFSA disciplinary panel meeting in June === On June 29, 1994, the USFSA disciplinary panel met for nine hours over two days to consider Harding's alleged role in the attack. On June 30, chairman William Hybl stated, "By a preponderance of the evidence, the panel did conclude that she had prior knowledge and was involved prior to the incident. This is based on civil standards, not criminal standards ... bank records, phone records – the way they came together to establish a case." The panel decided that pertinent FBI reports, court documents, and Harding's March 16 plea agreement presented: "a clear disregard for fairness, good sportsmanship, and ethical behaviour." Harding did not attend or participate in the two-day hearing. Weaver said the decision disappointed her, but was not a surprise, and that she had not decided on an appeal. Harding was stripped of her 1994 U.S. Championship title, and banned for life from participating in USFSA events as either a skater or coach. The USFSA has no authority over professional skating events, but after the scandal, Harding was persona non grata on the pro circuit. Few skaters and promoters would work with her, and she did not benefit from the ensuing boom in professional skating after the scandal. === Later interviews === Shortly before the 1998 Winter Olympics, the CBS and Fox news divisions re-examined the scandal for two televised special reports. Harry Smith hosted the CBS special. Harding still held to her statement from her press conference given on January 27, 1994: "I had no prior knowledge of the planned assault on Nancy Kerrigan." Smith then interviewed Kerrigan, asking how she responded to that statement. Kerrigan referred to transcripts she had read from Harding's FBI interview on January 18, 1994. After reading through the interrogation of that day, she concluded that "[Tonya] knew more than she admits." The Fox special report was called Breaking the Ice: The Women of '94 Revisited, hosted by James Brown, and featured interviews of Harding, Gillooly, and Kerrigan. Gillooly (granted a name change to Jeff Stone in 1995) said that Harding having avoided prison did not anger him, and that he felt his own punishment was just. Stone reflected on Harding's position of "limited involvement" in Kerrigan's attack, and speculated that a "guilty conscience" still troubled her. Brown then mediated a joint interview with both Kerrigan and Harding present. The two former competitors shared sincere desires for happy families and general well-wishes. Kerrigan said that she hoped Harding could learn from past mistakes and "find happiness." Harding said she was grateful to personally express remorse to Kerrigan again. In Harding's 2008 biography, The Tonya Tapes (transcribed by Lynda D. Prouse from recorded interviews), she stated that she wanted to call the FBI in 1994 to reveal what she knew, but decided not to when Gillooly allegedly threatened her with death following a gunpoint gang rape by him and two other men she did not know. Gillooly responded with surprise that "groundless claims" against him could be published and specifically contended her gang rape accusation to be "utterly ridiculous." In 2013, Deadspin sought Gillooly for an interview, and he again defended himself against the gunpoint gang rape allegation. He expressed regret that Harding is often "remembered for what I talked her into doing," meaning allegedly plotting to injure Kerrigan. Gillooly admitted that his past "stupidity" was part of Harding's 1994 ruin, and maintained that he still considered her a great figure skater. He also said, "I've had it easy, compared to poor Tonya... she tends to be the butt of the joke. It's kind of sad to me." In 2014, Nancy Kerrigan addressed the scandal during a brief interview with sportscaster Bob Costas: "Whatever apology Tonya has given, I accept it. It's time for all us—I've always wished [Tonya] well. She has her own family, I have my family. It's time to make that our focus, and move on with our lives." == Later career == On February 15, 1994, an explicit 1991 videotape clip of Harding topless was shown on A Current Affair; three still frames from this clip were also published in The Sun (a British tabloid newspaper). The New York Post reported that Gillooly had supplied the videotaped fragment for an undisclosed sum of money. On June 22, 1994, in Portland, Oregon, Harding appeared on an AAA professional wrestling show as the manager for wrestling stable Los Gringos Locos. The night's performance included Art Barr and Eddie Guerrero. A promotional musical event was unsuccessful when Harding and her band, the Golden Blades, were booed off the stage at their only performance, in 1995 in Portland. On July 26, 1994, Penthouse announced that its September issue would feature different stills of Harding and Gillooly having sex from the same extended videotape. This 35-minute sex tape would also be copied and marketed exclusively by Penthouse. Both Gillooly and Harding used the same agent to negotiate equal payment on the Penthouse sale. In 1994, Harding was cast in Breakaway, an action film, alongside Teri Fruichantie and Joseph "Joe" Estévez. The plot centered on Harding being unwittingly involved in an organized crime syndicate's attempt to violently recover $300,000 of stolen money. The film was released in 1996. Harding has also appeared on television, on the game show The Weakest Link: "15 Minutes of Fame Edition" in 2002 along with Kato Kaelin, and in March 2008, became a commentator for TruTV's truTV Presents: World's Dumbest.... Since leaving skating and boxing, Harding has worked as a welder, a painter at a metal fabrication company, and a hardware sales clerk at Sears. In 2017, she stated that she worked as a painter and deck builder. She lives in Vancouver, Washington. In August 2019, Harding was seen in a television commercial in the United States promoting Direct Auto Insurance. === Boxing career === In 2002, Harding boxed against Paula Jones on the Fox Network Celebrity Boxing event, winning the fight. On February 22, 2003, she made her official women's professional boxing debut, losing a four-round split decision against Samantha Browning on the undercard of Mike Tyson vs. Clifford Etienne. Harding's boxing career came about amid rumors that she was having financial difficulties, and needed to fight in the ring to earn money. She did another celebrity boxing match, on The Man Show, and won against co-host Doug Stanhope. Stanhope later claimed on his podcast that the fight was fixed because Harding refused to "fight a man." On March 23, 2004, it was reported that she cancelled a planned boxing match against Tracy Carlton in Oakland, California, because of an alleged death threat against her. On June 24, 2004, she was defeated by Amy Johnson in a match held in Edmonton, Alberta. Fans reportedly booed Harding as she entered the ring, and cheered wildly for Johnson when she won in the third round. Her boxing career was cut short by her asthma. Her overall record was three wins and three losses. ==== Professional boxing record ==== == Other appearances == === Automobile racing land speed record === On August 12, 2009, Harding set a new land speed record for a vintage gas coupe with a speed of 97.177 mph (156.391 km/h; 43.442 m/s) driving a 1931 Ford Model A, named Lickity-Split, on the Bonneville Salt Flats. === Dancing with the Stars === On April 13, 2018, Harding was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 26 of Dancing with the Stars. Her professional partner was Sasha Farber. Harding and Farber ended up finishing in third place. === Worst Cooks in America === In August 2018, Harding was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete in the fifth celebrity edition of Food Network's Worst Cooks in America, set to broadcast in April 2019. Harding, learning under Chef Anne Burrell, ultimately won the competition. The US$25,000 prize went to her chosen charity of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital. == Personal life == Harding is the only child of Albert Gordon Harding and LaVona Golden, who had been married three times before and had four other children. The two divorced in 1987. Harding had a tumultuous relationship with her mother, alleging both physical and emotional abuse. She cites one occasion where her mother threw a knife at her. LaVona responded that such an incident never occurred, and said her daughter has a history of dishonesty. Harding began a relationship with 17-year-old Jeff Gillooly in September 1986 when she was 15. They moved into a home together in 1988 when he worked in distribution at the Oregon Liquor Control Commission. They married on March 18, 1990, when she was 19 and he was 22. In January 1992, Harding told Terry Richard of The Oregonian, "Jeff always put food on the table and a roof over my head. He paid for my skating for a couple of years. If it hadn't been for him during that time, I wouldn't have been skating." They divorced on August 28, 1993. During the autumn of 1993, Gillooly was working part-time managing Harding's career and taking real estate classes. Harding and Gillooly had been continuing to see each other since early October 1993, and were sharing a rented chalet in Beavercreek, Oregon until January 18, 1994. Harding married Michael Smith in 1995; they divorced in 1996. On October 29, 1996, Harding received media attention after using mouth-to-mouth resuscitation to help revive an 81-year-old woman who collapsed at a bar in Portland while playing video poker. On February 22, 2000, Harding attacked her then-boyfriend, Darren Silver, repeatedly punching him in the face and throwing a hubcap at his head. The attack left Silver with a bloodied face and Harding was arrested. She initially pleaded not guilty to misdemeanor charges; but in a May trial in Clark County District Court, Harding admitted to attacking Silver, and was sentenced to three days in jail, 10 days of community service, and a suspended jail sentence of 167 days. She married 42-year-old Joseph Price on June 23, 2010, when she was 39 years old. She gave birth to a son named Gordon on February 19, 2011. On February 26, 2018, Harding stated on The Ellen DeGeneres Show that she is still active in skating and practices three times a week. She performed several jumps and spins on the show. She trains with her former coach, Dody Teachman. == Cultural effects == Harding's life, career, and role in the 1994 attack have been widely referenced in popular culture, including a 2007 primary campaign speech by then-Democratic Presidential nominee Barack Obama, in which he said, "Folks said there's no way Obama has a chance unless he goes and kneecaps the person ahead of us, does a Tonya Harding." In 2014, Matt Harkins and Viviana Olen created the Nancy Kerrigan and Tonya Harding Museum in their Brooklyn apartment, collecting and archiving memorabilia related to Nancy Kerrigan and Harding. A contemporaneous Vogue article noted that Harding had developed a "cult following" through the years. === Representation in other media === Sharp Edges (1986), Sandra Luckow's senior-thesis project for her film studies major. Luckow was Harding's childhood friend, and the documentary followed Harding and her coaches to Uniondale, New York as she competed in the February 1986 U.S. Figure Skating Championships. The film featured interviews with Harding, her mother, and coaches. Spunk: The Tonya Harding Story (1994), Comedy Central five-minute short film parody summarizing the scandal, estimated to have aired on February 25, 1994. Tina Yothers played Harding. Tonya & Nancy: The Inside Story (1994), NBC TV film based on public domain material, premiered on April 30, 1994; written by previous Edgar Award winner Phil Penningroth. Alexandra Powers played Harding and Heather Langenkamp portrayed Nancy Kerrigan. It featured fourth wall-breaking by having Dennis Boutsikaris play the film's screenwriter: "We imprisoned [Tonya and Nancy] in images we use to sell newspapers, soup, and TV movies. They're victims of those that the media serve." National Lampoon's Attack of the 5'2" Women (1994), a Showtime TV film, released on August 21, 1994; directed by the U.S. Writers Guild Award-winning comedian Julie Brown. Brown spoofed Harding by portraying her in "Tonya: The Battle of Wounded Knee," which Brown also wrote. Her original song, "Queen of the Ice," was nominated for a CableACE Award. In Living Color (1994 sketches), Carol Rosenthal played Harding in "Tonya Harding for The Club"; aired on February 3. "The Understudy": 1995 Seinfeld episode, alluded to Harding with Jerry Seinfeld's Broadway performer girlfriend. She has a problem with her boot laces (as Harding had in the Olympics). Jerry's girlfriend performed because the lead actress had an injury possibly caused by hitman, George Costanza; originally aired on May 18, 1995. Harding and her role in the 1994 scandal were referenced in several songs, including "Headline News" by "Weird Al" Yankovic; "Queen of the Ice" by Julie Brown; "Breakin' Knees Is Hard to Do" by Capitol Steps; "5 Fingas of Death" by Diamond D; "Tonya's Twirls" by Loudon Wainwright III; "Aunt Dot" by Lil' Kim; "Strange Clouds" by B.o.B; "Put Some Keys On That" by Lil Wayne; "Tonya Harding" by Sufjan Stevens; "Stay Frosty Royal Milk Tea" by Fall Out Boy; "Tonya" by Brockhampton; and "If Self-Destruction was an Olympic Event, I'd be Tonya Harding" by Suicideboys Tonya & Nancy: The Rock Opera (2006), playwright Elizabeth Searle collaborated with composer Abigail Al-Doory in May 2006 to create a chamber opera, directed by Meron Langsner. The dark comedy premiered in Portland, Oregon in 2008. It was also produced in Los Angeles, New York and Chicago. Searle said that she thought elements of the 1994 scandal reflected "life in America," and that she hoped the show would convey public sympathy towards Kerrigan, Gillooly, and Harding. House (2007): in episode 5 of season 4, "Mirror, Mirror", in a conversation between Dr Gregory House and Dr Travis Brennan, Dr House references Dr Amber Volakis as “Tonya Harding”, presumably in reference to her ambition to succeed. The Price of Gold (2014) documentary directed by Nanette Burstein, part of ESPN's 30 for 30 series, aired on January 16, 2014. It explored some specifics of the 1994 criminal investigation. Kerrigan could not be interviewed for the film because of her contractual obligation to NBC's Nancy & Tonya (2014) documentary. Burstein said her film was "predominantly about Tonya". Burstein later said she thought Harding was jealous of Kerrigan and that "[Tonya] was an unreliable interview subject. A lot of things she said had to be left out because I didn't think they were truthful." Nancy & Tonya (2014), NBC documentary narrated by Olympics correspondent Mary Carillo (former tennis professional – 1977 French Open Grand Slam Mixed Doubles winner), aired on February 23, 2014. It included interviews, brief biographies of Nancy Kerrigan & Tonya Harding, and close observations of their lives and careers before 1994. I, Tonya, 2017 biographical black comedy film directed by Craig Gillespie with Margot Robbie playing Harding, receiving mostly positive reviews. Screenwriter Steven Rogers said he neither knew nor cared about Harding's alleged part in Nancy Kerrigan's attack, that the film was really about "things we tell ourselves...how we change the narrative, and then want that to be the narrative." Gillespie was nominated for a Best Director AACTA; he said he believed Harding was guilty, but debated to what degree. Gillespie also said he wanted the film to convey "why [Tonya] is the way she is." Allison Janney played Harding's mother, LaVona, and won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Regarding Harding's alleged role in Kerrigan's attack, Janney said "I know [Tonya was] complicit, but...I have a lot more empathy for her than I did." Janney also said, "I think LaVona was actually a very smart woman...knowing her daughter needed to be told she couldn't do it in order to do it was LaVona's way of saying, 'I was there to inspire her.'" === Academic assessment === In 1995, the book Women on Ice: Feminist Essays on the Tonya Harding/Nancy Kerrigan Spectacle was published, containing numerous essays analyzing Harding's public image. For example, Abigail Feder wrote that there existed "overdetermined femininity in Ladies' Figure Skating...femininity and athleticism are mutually exclusive concepts in American culture." Sam Stoloff wrote that, during the scandal, the media placed more emphasis on Harding's class than her gender. He noted how she was subjected to a "litany of vaguely pejorative or mocking expressions" associated with "low class" cultural attributes, sometimes due to Harding's personal interests and hobbies. Stoloff theorized that Harding represented an American social class that required interpretation ("the class Other") as he referenced the anthropological tone of Susan Orlean's 1994 essay "Figures in a Mall", written for The New Yorker. In writer Sarah Marshall's 2014 essay entitled "Remote Control: Tonya Harding, Nancy Kerrigan, and the Spectacles of Female Power and Pain", she noted the pervasive role of the media in the 1994 scandal: "Somehow, in the scandal's aftermath, the form of the Tonya-bash was able to alchemize even the most chilling details of Tonya's life into tabloid gold." Marshall also examined the role of Harding's "tomboy" persona in the context of figure skating. She theorized that Harding was rejected by the figure skating ethos because she did not conform – as Marshall believed many figure skaters, including Nancy Kerrigan, did – to appearing as "beautiful without being sexual, strong without being intimidating, and vulnerable without being weak." == References == == Works cited == == External links == Interview with Harvey Schiller, former Exec. Dir. U.S. Olympic Committee (discussion about Harding) FBI's notes from Shane Stant interview, dated 1/18/94 Stant was the confessed assailant of Nancy Kerrigan. Stant testified that on January 5, 1994, Derrick Smith told him that Tonya Harding had seen Stant in the Detroit Westin Hotel lobby. Smith told Stant that Harding had spoken of seeing Stant to Shawn Eckardt. "The Tonya Harding Fall" (July 1994) article written by Randall Sullivan for Rolling Stone, Issue 686/687 — via Scribd Inc. A subjective, detailed if not factually precise account of Tonya Harding's life & scandal – referencing pertinent FBI testimonies. This may be accessed via any local library account. Tonya Harding at IMDb Boxing record for Tonya Harding from BoxRec (registration required)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Holmes	Adrian Holmes	Adrian Holmes (born March 31, 1974) is a Canadian actor who is known for his role as Nick Barron on the crime drama television series 19-2 (2014–17), for which won a Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role. He is also known for playing Philip Banks on Bel-Air and Robert April on Star Trek: Strange New Worlds. == Early life == Holmes was born to Barbadian parents in Wrexham, Wales, and moved with his family to Vancouver, Canada, when he was five. He studied nursing at Langara College, in part to appease his mother, who felt he needed a backup plan if his acting career was unsuccessful. He attended Queen Elizabeth Senior Secondary in Surrey. == Career == Holmes has had a long career, but is best known for his television roles, such as Basqat on Smallville, Marcus Mitchell on True Justice and Frank Pike on Arrow. His most notable role is Nick Barron in the English Language version of 19-2 on Bravo, which garnered him a Canadian Screen Award for Best Actor in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role in 2017. His film work includes Red Riding Hood, Elysium and The Cabin in the Woods. In 2021 Adrian was cast as Uncle Phil in the show Bel-Air, a reboot turned series drama of The Fresh Prince of Bel Air. Will Smith gave him the stamp of approval. He has recently been cast as the first live-action version of Robert April, the first captain of the USS Enterprise, in Star Trek: Strange New Worlds. == Filmography == === Film === === Television === === Video games === == Awards and nominations == == Personal life == Holmes is a member/brother of Alpha Phi Alpha. == References == == External links == Adrian Holmes at IMDb Adrian Holmes at Rotten Tomatoes Adrian Holmes at Moviefone Adrian Holmes at TV Guide
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Is_Blind_season_2#:~:text=Season%20summary,-Couples&text=Married%20in%20June%202021%3B%20the,separation%20on%20August%2017%2C%202022.	Love Is Blind season 2	The second season of Love Is Blind premiered on Netflix on February 11, 2022, and concluded on February 25, 2022. A reunion episode was released on March 4, 2022, and a three-part companion piece entitled After the Altar was released on September 16, 2022. The season followed singles from Chicago, Illinois. == Season summary == == Participants == All the participants lived in Chicago at the time of filming. === Future appearances === In February 2023, Shayne Jansen appeared on the first season of Perfect Match. He finished as a finalist in a couple with Chloe Vietch. In October 2023, Abhishek "Shake" Chatterjee competed on the first season of House of Villains and placed fifth overall. == Episodes == == Unaired engagements == Two couples got engaged in the pods and their relationships were not aired in the footage: Kara Williams and Jason Beaumont as well as Caitlin McKee and Joey Miller became engaged in the pods but were not filmed after their engagements. Both couples continued their relationships for several months after filming concluded, but later ended their relationships. == Notes == == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bestow_Wiborg#:~:text=Chickering%20Scientific%20and%20Classical%20Institute	Frank Bestow Wiborg	Frank Bestow Wiborg (April 30, 1855 – May 12, 1930) was an American businessman from Cincinnati who, with Levi Addison Ault, created the ink manufacturer Ault & Wiborg Company. == Early life == He was born on April 30, 1855 in Cleveland, Ohio. He was a son of Susan Isidora (née Bestow) Wiborg and Henry Paulinus Wiborg, a Norwegian immigrant. He attended the Chickering Scientific and Classical Institute, a public high school in Cincinnati, and graduated in 1874. He worked for Levi Ault to pay his way through school. == Career == After graduating, Ault and Wiborg became business partners, founding the Ault & Wiborg printing ink company. By 40, he was a multimillionaire. The firm prospered with the development of colored inks based on coal-dye tars and the introduction of lithography, and expanded until its operations in multiple cities made it the world's largest ink manufacturer of its day. Wiborg later became the Assistant Secretary of Commerce and Labor in the Taft administration. === Later life === Wiborg devoted most of his leisure time in his later years to writing books, including The Travels of an Unofficial Attaché, published in 1904, A Commercial Traveller in South America, published in 1905, and Printing Ink: A History with a Treatise on Modern Methods of Manufacture and Use, published in 1926. Shortly before his death, he was working on a second volume of Printing Ink. == Personal life == In 1882, Wiborg married Adeline Moulton Sherman (1859–1917), the daughter of Sarah Elvira (née Moulton) Sherman and banker Hoyt Sherman and a niece of General William Tecumseh Sherman and Senator John Sherman. Together they had three daughters: Sara Sherman Wiborg (1883–1975), who married Gerald Murphy, son of Patrick Francis Murphy (whose family owned the Mark Cross Company), in 1915. Mary Hoyt Wiborg (1888–1964), a playwright who wrote the 1922 play Taboo that starred Paul Robeson. Olga Wiborg (1890–1937), who married Sidney Webster Fish, a son of Stuyvesant Fish in 1915, in East Hampton. He died of pneumonia at his home at 756 Park Avenue in New York City on May 12, 1930. === East Hampton, New York === The Wiborg family spent summer vacations in the Hamptons, renting rooms and cottages in Amagansett and East Hampton Village before purchasing 600 acres just west of the Maidstone Club from Mrs. Marshall Smith in spring 1909. He expanded an existing cottage and eventually, in 1912, built a 30-room stucco mansion, known as The Dunes, that was among the largest in the area. == Writings == The Travels of an Unofficial Attaché (Privately printed, 1904) A Commercial Traveller in South America (New York: McClure, Phillips & Co. 1905) Printing Ink: A History with a Treatise on Modern Methods of Manufacture and Use (New York and London: Harper, 1926) == References == == External links == Gerald and Sara Murphy Papers, which contain Frank Wiborg's diaries, at the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISRO	ISRO	The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO ) is the national space agency of India, headquartered in Bengaluru, Karnataka. It serves as the principal research and development arm of the Department of Space (DoS), overseen by the Prime Minister of India, with the Chairman of ISRO also serving as the chief executive of the DoS. It is primarily responsible for space-based operations, space exploration, international space cooperation and the development of related technologies. The agency maintains a constellation of imaging, communications and remote sensing satellites. It operates the GAGAN and IRNSS satellite navigation systems. It has sent three missions to the Moon and one mission to Mars. Formerly, ISRO was known as the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR), which was set up in 1962 by then-Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on the recommendation of scientist Vikram Sarabhai. It was renamed as ISRO in 1969 and was subsumed into the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE). The establishment of ISRO institutionalised space research activities in India. In 1972, the Government set up a space commission and the DoS bringing ISRO under its purview. It has since then been managed by the DoS, which also governs various other institutions in the domain of astronomy and space technology. ISRO built India's first satellite Aryabhata which was launched by the Soviet space agency Interkosmos in 1975. In 1980, it launched the satellite RS-1 on board the indigenously built launch vehicle SLV-3, making India the seventh country to undertake orbital launches. It has subsequently developed various small-lift and medium-lift launch vehicles, enabling the agency to launch various satellites and deep space missions. It is one of the six government space agencies in the world that possess full launch capabilities with the ability to deploy cryogenic engines, launch extraterrestrial missions and artificial satellites. It is also the only one of the four governmental space agencies to have demonstrated unmanned soft landing capabilities. ISRO's programmes have played a significant role in socio-economic development. It has supported both civilian and military domains in various aspects such as disaster management, telemedicine, navigation and reconnaissance. ISRO's spin-off technologies have also aided in new innovations in engineering and other allied domains. == History == === Formative years === Modern space research in India can be traced to the 1920s, when scientist S. K. Mitra conducted a series of experiments sounding the ionosphere through ground-based radio in Kolkata. Later, Indian scientists like C. V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific principles applicable in space sciences. After 1945, important developments were made in coordinated space research in India by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai, founder of the Physical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad, and Homi Bhabha, who established the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945. Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of cosmic radiation, high-altitude and airborne testing, deep underground experimentation at the Kolar mines—one of the deepest mining sites in the world—and studies of the upper atmosphere. These studies were done at research laboratories, universities, and independent locations. In 1950, the DAE was founded with Bhabha as its secretary. It provided funding for space research throughout India. During this time, tests continued on aspects of meteorology and the Earth's magnetic field, a topic that had been studied in India since the establishment of the Colaba Observatory in 1823. In 1954, the Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES) was established in the foothills of the Himalayas. The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania University, Hyderabad. Space research was further encouraged by the government of India. In 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a space launch. INCOSPAR was set up in 1962 by the Government of India on the suggestion of Dr. Vikram Sarabhai. Initially there was no dedicated ministry for the space programme and all activities of INCOSPAR relating to space technology continued to function within the DAE. IOFS officers were drawn from the Indian Ordnance Factories to harness their knowledge of propellants and advanced light materials used to build rockets. H. G. S. Murthy, an IOFS officer, was appointed the first director of the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station, where sounding rockets were fired, marking the start of upper atmospheric research in India. An indigenous series of sounding rockets named Rohini was subsequently developed and started undergoing launches from 1967 onwards. Waman Dattatreya Patwardhan, another IOFS officer, developed the propellant for the rockets. === 1970's and 1980's === Under the government of Indira Gandhi, INCOSPAR was superseded by ISRO. Later in 1972, a space commission and Department of Space (DoS) were set up to oversee space technology development in India specifically. ISRO was brought under DoS, institutionalising space research in India and forging the Indian space programme into its existing form. India joined the Soviet Interkosmos programme for space cooperation and got its first satellite Aryabhata in orbit through a Soviet rocket. Efforts to develop an orbital launch vehicle began after mastering sounding rocket technology. The concept was to develop a launcher capable of providing sufficient velocity for a mass of 35 kg (77 lb) to enter low Earth orbit. It took 7 years for ISRO to develop Satellite Launch Vehicle capable of putting 40 kg (88 lb) into a 400-kilometre (250 mi) orbit. An SLV Launch Pad, ground stations, tracking networks, radars and other communications were set up for a launch campaign. The SLV's first launch in 1979 carried a Rohini technology payload but could not inject the satellite into its desired orbit. It was followed by a successful launch in 1980 carrying a Rohini Series-I satellite, making India the seventh country to reach Earth's orbit after the USSR, the US, France, the UK, China and Japan. RS-1 was the third Indian satellite to reach orbit as Bhaskara had been launched from the USSR in 1979. Efforts to develop a medium-lift launch vehicle capable of putting 600-kilogram (1,300 lb) class spacecrafts into 1,000-kilometre (620 mi) Sun-synchronous orbit had already begun in 1978. They would later lead to the development of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV). The SLV-3 later had two more launches before discontinuation in 1983. ISRO's Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) was set up in 1985 and started working on a more powerful engine, Vikas, based upon the French Viking. Two years later, facilities to test liquid-fuelled rocket engines were established and development and testing of various rocket engines thrusters began. At the same time, another solid-fuelled rocket, the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), whose design was based upon SLV-3 was being developed, with technologies to launch satellites into geostationary orbit (GTO). The ASLV had limited success and multiple launch failures; it was soon discontinued. Alongside these developments, communication satellite technologies for the Indian National Satellite System and the Indian Remote Sensing Programme for earth observation satellites were developed and launches from overseas were initiated. The number of satellites eventually grew and the systems were established as among the largest satellite constellations in the world, with multi-band communication, radar imaging, optical imaging and meteorological satellites. === 1990s === The arrival of the PSLV in 1990s was a major boost for the Indian space programme. With the exception of its first flight in 1994 and two partial failures later, the PSLV had a streak of more than 50 successful flights. The PSLV enabled India to launch all of its low Earth orbit satellites, small payloads to GTO and hundreds of foreign satellites. Along with the PSLV flights, development of a new rocket, a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) was going on. India tried to obtain upper-stage cryogenic engines from Russia's Glavkosmos but was blocked by the US from doing so. As a result, KVD-1 engines were imported from Russia under a new agreement which had limited success and a project to develop indigenous cryogenic technology was launched in 1994, taking two decades to reach fulfillment. A new agreement was signed with Russia for seven KVD-1 cryogenic stages and a ground mock-up stage with no technology transfer, instead of five cryogenic stages along with the technology and design in the earlier agreement. These engines were used for the initial flights and were named GSLV Mk.1. ISRO was under US government sanctions between 6 May 1992 to 6 May 1994. After the United States refused to help India with Global Positioning System (GPS) technology during the Kargil War, ISRO was prompted to develop its own satellite navigation system IRNSS (now NaVIC i.e. Navigation with Indian Constellation) which it is now expanding further. === 21st century === In 2003, Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee urged scientists to develop technologies to land humans on the Moon and programmes for lunar, planetary and crewed missions were started. ISRO launched Chandrayaan-1 aboard PSLV in 2008, purportedly the first probe to verify the presence of water on the Moon. ISRO launched the Mars Orbiter Mission (or Mangalyaan) aboard PSLV in 2013, which later became the first Asian spacecraft to enter Martian orbit, making India the first country to succeed at this on its first attempt. Subsequently, the cryogenic upper stage for GSLV rocket became operational, making India the sixth country to have full launch capabilities. A new heavier-lift launcher LVM3 was introduced in 2014 for heavier satellites and future human space missions. In September 2019, Project NETRA was publicly announced to help counter problems associated with space debris and near-earth objects. On 23 August 2023, India achieved its first soft landing on an extraterrestrial body and became the first nation to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole and fourth nation to successfully land a spacecraft on the Moon with ISRO's Chandrayaan-3, the third Moon mission. Indian moon mission, Chandrayaan-3 (lit. "Mooncraft"), saw the successful soft landing of its Vikram lander at 6.04 pm IST (12:34 pm GMT) near the little-explored southern pole of the Moon in a world's first for any space programme. India then successfully launched its first solar probe, the Aditya-L1, aboard PSLV on 2 September 2023. On 30 December 2024, ISRO successfully launched the SpaDeX mission, pioneering spacecraft rendezvous, docking, and undocking using two small satellites. On 16 January 2025, the ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network's Mission Operations Complex verified that the docking process was successful. India became the 4th country — after USA, Russia and China — to achieve successful Space Docking. ISRO also successfully managed to control two satellites as a single entity after docking. In May 2025, ISRO completed the final abort test for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight mission, scheduled for launch in early 2027. In August 2025, ISRO successfully completed the first integrated air drop test for the Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme, hailed by Defence Minister Rajnath Singh as a step toward self-reliant India. On 2 November 2025, ISRO successfully launched its heaviest communication satellite CMS-03 aboard the LVM3-M5 rocket from Sriharikota, marking a milestone in India's space capabilities with all eight LVM3 missions achieving 100% success. === Agency logo === ISRO has an official logo since 2002. It consists of an orange arrow shooting upwards attached with two blue coloured satellite panels with the name of ISRO written in two sets of text, orange-coloured Devanagari on the left and blue-coloured English in the Prakrit typeface on the right. == Goals and objectives == As the national space agency of India, ISRO's purpose is the pursuit of all space-based applications such as research, reconnaissance, and communications. It undertakes the design and development of space rockets and satellites, and undertakes explores upper atmosphere and deep space exploration missions. ISRO has also incubated technologies in India's private space sector, boosting its growth. On the topic of the importance of a space programme to India as a developing nation, Vikram Sarabhai as INCOSPAR chairman said in 1969: To us, there is no ambiguity of purpose. We do not have the fantasy of competing with the economically advanced nations in the exploration of the Moon or the planets or manned space-flight. But we are convinced that if we are to play a meaningful role nationally, and in the community of nations, we must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to the real problems of man and society, which we find in our country. And we should note that the application of sophisticated technologies and methods of analysis to our problems is not to be confused with embarking on grandiose schemes, whose primary impact is for show rather than for progress measured in hard economic and social terms. The former president of India and chairman of DRDO, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, said: Very many individuals with myopic vision questioned the relevance of space activities in a newly independent nation which was finding it difficult to feed its population. But neither Prime Minister Nehru nor Prof. Sarabhai had any ambiguity of purpose. Their vision was very clear: if Indians were to play a meaningful role in the community of nations, they must be second to none in the application of advanced technologies to their real-life problems. They had no intention of using it merely as a means of displaying our might. India's economic progress has made its space programme more visible and active as the country aims for greater self-reliance in space technology. In 2008, India launched as many as 11 satellites, including nine from other countries, and went on to become the first nation to launch 10 satellites on one rocket. ISRO has put into operation two major satellite systems: the Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) for communication services, and the Indian Remote Sensing Programme (IRS) satellites for management of natural resources. == Organisation structure and facilities == ISRO is managed by the DoS, which itself falls under the authority of the Space Commission and manages the following agencies and institutes: Antrix Corporation – The marketing arm of ISRO, Bengaluru Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL), Gadanki, Andhra Pradesh NewSpace India Limited – Commercial wing, Bengaluru North-Eastern Space Applications Centre (NE-SAC), Umiam Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram – India's space university === Research facilities === === Test facilities === === Construction and launch facilities === === Tracking and control facilities === === Human resource development === === Antrix Corporation Limited (Commercial Wing) === Set up as the marketing arm of ISRO, Antrix's job is to promote products, services and technology developed by ISRO. === NewSpace India Limited (Commercial Wing) === Set up for marketing spin-off technologies, tech transfers through industry interface and scale up industry participation in the space programmes. === Space Technology Incubation Centre === ISRO has opened Space Technology Incubation Centres (S-TIC) at premier technical universities in India which will incubate startups to build applications and products in tandem with the industry and for use in future space missions. The S-TIC will bring the industry, academia and ISRO under one umbrella to contribute towards research and development (R&D) initiatives relevant to the Indian Space Programme. S-TICs are at the National Institute of Technology, Agartala serving for east region, National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar for the north region, and the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli for the south region of India. === Advanced Space Research Group === Similar to NASA's California Institute of Technology-operated Jet Propulsion Laboratory, ISRO and the Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) implemented a joint working framework in 2021, wherein ISRO will approve all short-, medium- and long-term space research projects of common interest between the two. In return, an Advanced Space Research Group (ASRG) formed at IIST under the guidance of the EOC will have full access to ISRO facilities. This was done with the aim of "transforming" the IIST into a premier space research and engineering institute with the capability of leading future space exploration missions for ISRO. === Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management === To reduce dependency on North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) for space situational awareness and protect the civilian and military assets, ISRO is setting up telescopes and radars in four locations to cover each direction. Leh, Mount Abu and Ponmudi were selected to station the telescopes and radars that will cover North, West and South of Indian territory. The last one will be in Northeast India to cover the entire eastern region. Satish Dhawan Space Centre at Sriharikota already supports Multi-Object Tracking Radar (MOTR). All the telescopes and radars will come under Directorate of Space Situational Awareness and Management (DSSAM) in Bengaluru. It will collect tracking data on inactive satellites and will also perform research on active debris removal, space debris modelling and mitigation. For early warning, ISRO began a ₹400 crore (4 billion; US$53 million) project called Network for Space Object Tracking and Analysis (NETRA). It will help the country track atmospheric entry, intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), anti-satellite weapon and other space-based attacks. All the radars and telescopes will be connected through NETRA. The system will support remote and scheduled operations. NETRA will follow the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IASDCC) and United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOSA) guidelines. The objective of NETRA is to track objects at a distance of 36,000 kilometres (22,000 mi) in GTO. India signed a memorandum of understanding on the Space Situational Awareness Data Sharing Pact with the US in April 2022. It will enable DoS to collaborate with the Combined Space Operation Center (CSpOC) to protect the space-based assets of both nations from natural and man-made threats. On 11 July 2022, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) at Space Situational Awareness Control Centre, in Peenya was inaugurated by Jitendra Singh. It will help provide information on on-orbit collision, fragmentation, atmospheric re-entry risk, space-based strategic information, hazardous asteroids, and space weather forecast. IS4OM will safeguard all the operational space assets, identify and monitor other operational spacecraft with close approaches which have overpasses over Indian subcontinent and those which conduct intentional manoeuvres with suspicious motives or seek re-entry within South Asia. ==== ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management ==== On 7 March 2023, ISRO System for Safe and Sustainable Space Operations Management (IS4OM) conducted successful controlled re-entry of decommissioned satellite Megha-Tropiques after firing four on-board 11 Newton thrusters for 20 minutes each. A series of 20 manoeuvres were performed since August 2022 by spending 120 kg fuel. The final telemetry data confirmed disintegtration over Pacific Ocean. It was part of a compliance effort following international guidelines on space debris mitigation. Speaking at the 42nd annual meeting of the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) in Bengaluru, S. Somanath stated that the long-term goal is for all Indian space actors—both governmental and non-governmental—to accomplish debris-free space missions by 2030. === Other facilities === Balasore Rocket Launching Station (BRLS) – Balasore Bhaskaracharya Institute For Space Applications and Geo-Informatics (BISAG), Gandhinagar Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC), Bengaluru Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Indian Space Science Data Centre (ISSDC) Integrated Space Cell Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics (IUCAA) ISRO Inertial Systems Unit (IISU) – Thiruvananthapuram Master Control Facility National Deep Space Observation Centre (NDSPO) Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres (RRSSC) == General satellite programmes == Since the launch of Aryabhata in 1975, a number of satellite series and constellations have been deployed by Indian and foreign launchers. At present, ISRO operates one of the largest constellations of active communication and earth imaging satellites for military and civilian uses. === The IRS series === The Indian Remote Sensing Programme (IRSP) are India's earth observation satellites. They are the largest collection of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today, providing remote sensing services. All the satellites are placed in polar Sun-synchronous orbit (except GISATs) and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to enable several programs to be undertaken relevant to national development. The initial versions are composed of the 1 (A, B, C, D) nomenclature while the later versions were divided into sub-classes named based on their functioning and uses including Oceansat, Cartosat, HySIS, EMISAT and ResourceSat etc. Their names were unified under the prefix "EOS" regardless of functioning in 2020. They support a wide range of applications including optical, radar and electronic reconnaissance for Indian agencies, city planning, oceanography and environmental studies. === The INSAT series === The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT) is the country's telecommunication system. It is a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites built and launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue needs. Since the introduction of the first one in 1983, INSAT has become the largest domestic communication system in the Asia-Pacific Region. It is a joint venture of DOS, the Department of Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee. The nomenclature of the series was changed to "GSAT" from "INSAT", then further changed to "CMS" from 2020 onwards. These satellites have been used by the Indian Armed Forces as well. GSAT-9 or "SAARC Satellite" provides communication services for India's smaller neighbors. === Gagan Satellite Navigation System === The Ministry of Civil Aviation has decided to implement an indigenous Satellite-Based Regional GPS Augmentation System also known as Space-Based Augmentation System as part of the Satellite-Based Communications, Navigation, Surveillance and Air Traffic Management plan for civil aviation. The Indian SBAS system has been given the acronym GAGAN – GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation. A national plan for satellite navigation including implementation of a Technology Demonstration System (TDS) over Indian airspace as a proof of concept has been prepared jointly by Airports Authority of India and ISRO. The TDS was completed during 2007 with the installation of eight Indian Reference Stations at different airports linked to the Master Control Centre located near Bengaluru. === Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC) === IRNSS with an operational name NavIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1,500 km (930 mi) from its borders, which is its primary service area. IRNSS provides two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) and Restricted Service (RS), providing a position accuracy of better than 20 m (66 ft) in the primary service area. === Other satellites === Kalpana-1 (MetSat-1) was ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite. Indo-French satellite SARAL on 25 February 2013. SARAL (or "Satellite with ARgos and AltiKa") is a cooperative altimetry technology mission, used for monitoring the oceans' surface and sea levels. AltiKa measures ocean surface topography with an accuracy of 8 mm (0.31 in), compared to 2.5 cm (0.98 in) on average using altimeters, and with a spatial resolution of 2 km (1.2 mi). == Launch vehicles == During the 1960s and 1970s, India initiated its own launch vehicles owing to geopolitical and economic considerations. In the 1960s–1970s, the country developed a sounding rocket, and by the 1980s, research had yielded the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 (SLV-3) and the more advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), complete with operational supporting infrastructure. === Satellite Launch Vehicle === Status: Retired The Satellite Launch Vehicle (known as SLV-3) was the first space rocket to be developed by India. The initial launch in 1979 was a failure followed by a successful launch in 1980 making India the sixth country in world with orbital launch capability. The development of bigger rockets began afterwards. === Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle === Status: Retired The Augmented or Advanced Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) was another small launch vehicle released in 1980s to develop technologies required to place satellites into geostationary orbit. ISRO did not have adequate funds to develop ASLV and PSLV at once. Since ASLV suffered repeated failures, it was dropped in favour of a new project. === Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle === Status: Active The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle or PSLV is the first medium-lift launch vehicle from India which enabled India to launch all its remote-sensing satellites into Sun-synchronous orbit. PSLV had a failure in its maiden launch in 1993. Besides two other partial failures, PSLV has become the primary workhorse for ISRO with more than 50 launches placing hundreds of Indian and foreign satellites into orbit. Decade-wise summary of PSLV launches: === Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle === Status: Active The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle is a medium-lift launch vehicle which was envisaged in 1990s to transfer significant payloads to geostationary orbit. ISRO initially had a great problem realising GSLV as the development of CE-7.5 in India took a decade. The US had blocked India from obtaining cryogenic technology from Russia, leading India to develop its own cryogenic engines. Decade-wise summary of GSLV Launches: === Launch Vehicle Mark-3 === Status: Active The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (LVM3), previously known as the GSLV Mk III, is a medium-lift launch vehicle and the heaviest rocket in operational service with ISRO. Equipped with a more powerful cryogenic engine and boosters than GSLV, it has significantly higher payload capacity and allows India to launch all its communication satellites. LVM3 is expected to carry India's first crewed mission to space and will be the testbed for SE-2000 engine which will power India's heavy-lift rockets in the future. Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches: === Small Satellite Launch Vehicle === Status: Active The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is a small-lift launch vehicle developed by the ISRO with payload capacity to deliver 500 kg (1,100 lb) to low Earth orbit (500 km (310 mi)) or 300 kg (660 lb) to Sun-synchronous orbit (500 km (310 mi)) for launching small satellites, with the capability to support multiple orbital drop-offs. Decade-wise summary of SSLV launches: === Sounding rockets === ==== Rohini sounding rockets ==== Status: Active Rohini is a series of sounding rockets developed by ISRO for meteorological and atmospheric study. These sounding rockets are capable of carrying payloads of 2 to 200 kilograms (4.4 to 440.9 lb) between altitudes of 100 to 500 kilometres (62 to 311 mi). The ISRO currently uses RH-200, RH-300,Mk-II, RH-560 Mk-II and RH-560 Mk-III rockets, which are launched from the Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station (TERLS) in Thumba and the SDSC in Sriharikota. ==== Advanced Technology Vehicle ==== Status: Active The Advanced Technology Vehicle is a modified Indian sounding rocket developed by ISRO. It is based on the Rohini-560 sounding rocket. The ATV programme was created to test the development of a native dual-mode air-breathing scramjet engine. As of 2016, ISRO has flown two test missions. == Human spaceflight programme == The first proposal to send humans into space was discussed by ISRO in 2006, leading to work on the required infrastructure and spacecraft. The trials for crewed space missions began in 2007 with the 600-kilogram (1,300 lb) Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SRE), launched using the PSLV rocket, and safely returned to earth 12 days later. In 2009, ISRO proposed a budget of ₹124 billion (equivalent to ₹310 billion or US$3.7 billion in 2023) for its human spaceflight programme. An unmanned demonstration flight was expected after seven years from the final approval and a crewed mission was to be launched after seven years of funding. A crewed mission initially was not a priority and left on the backburner for several years. A space capsule recovery experiment in 2014 and a pad abort test in 2018 were followed by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's announcement in his 2018 Independence Day address that India will send astronauts into space by 2022 on the new Gaganyaan spacecraft. To date, ISRO has developed most of the technologies needed, such as the crew module and crew escape system, space food, and life support systems. The project would cost less than ₹100 billion (US$1.3 billion) and would include sending two or three Indians to space, at an altitude of 300–400 km (190–250 mi), for at least seven days, using a GSLV Mk-III launch vehicle. === Astronaut training and other facilities === The newly established Human Space Flight Centre (HSFC) will coordinate the IHSF campaign. ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bengaluru to prepare personnel for flights in the crewed vehicle. It will use simulation facilities to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in microgravity, and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space. ISRO had to build centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the launch. Existing launch facilities at SDSC will have to be upgraded for the Indian human spaceflight campaign. HSFC and Glavkosmos signed an agreement on 1 July 2019 for the selection, support, medical examination and space training of Indian astronauts. An ISRO Technical Liaison Unit (ITLU) was to be set up in Moscow to facilitate the development of some key technologies and establishment of special facilities which are essential to support life in space. Four Indian Air Force personnel finished training at Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center in March 2021. === Axiom Mission 4 === Axiom Mission 4 (Ax‑4), launched in June 2025, included Shubhanshu Shukla as mission pilot, marking the first time an Indian astronaut traveled to the International Space Station (ISS). The mission was organized by the company Axiom Space and launched by SpaceX from Launch Complex 39A at NASA's Kennedy Space Center. Shukla flew alongside Axiom commander Peggy Whitson and mission specialists Sławosz Uznański-Wiśniewski of the European Space Agency and Tibor Kapu of Hungary. Fellow ISRO astronaut Prasanth Nair served as Shukla's backup and participated in training at NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. Shukla spent approximately two weeks aboard the ISS conducting around 60 experiments. At least seven of these were developed by ISRO or Indian academic institutions, covering areas such as cognitive effects of screen exposure, microbial adaptation, muscle atrophy, and crop resilience in microgravity. According to ISRO Chairman V. Narayanan, Shukla's in-flight activities and research will also advance India's Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme. Media reports estimate that the Government of India spent approximately ₹548 crore (US$65 million) on the mission seat. The cost drew scrutiny, particularly in the context of India's parallel efforts to develop its own indigenous human spaceflight capability. ISRO and Axiom Space officials defended the expenditure, citing the mission's value in astronaut training, operational readiness, and scientific return. === Crewed spacecraft === ISRO is working towards an orbital crewed spacecraft that can operate for seven days in low Earth orbit. The spacecraft, called Gaganyaan, will be the basis of the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme (IHSP). The spacecraft is being developed to carry up to three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its first crewed mission, ISRO's largely autonomous spacecraft would have a mass of approximately 3 tonnes (6,600 lb) and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around 400 kilometres (250 mi). It would be capable of supporting a crew of two for up to seven days. === Space station === India plans to develop a modular space station as a follow-up to the Gaganyaan human spaceflight programme. The proposed Bharatiya Antariksh Station would have a mass of approximately 20 tonnes (44,000 lb) and be placed in low Earth orbit at an altitude of around 400 kilometres (250 mi). It is intended to initially support a crew of up to three astronauts for missions lasting 15 to 20 days. The ISRO aims to launch the station five to seven years after the completion of Gaganyaan. The station is planned to be expanded in phases over several years and is envisioned as a platform for international collaboration in research related to interplanetary exploration, microgravity science, space biology, and space medicine. == Planetary sciences and astronomy == ISRO and Tata Institute of Fundamental Research have operated a balloon launch base at Hyderabad since 1967. Its proximity to the geo-magnetic equator, where both primary and secondary cosmic ray fluxes are low, makes it an ideal location to study diffuse cosmic X-ray background. ISRO played a role in the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude between 20–40 km (12–25 mi). The bacteria, highly resistant to ultra-violet radiation, are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin. They are considered extremophiles, and named as Bacillus isronensis in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, Bacillus aryabhata after India's celebrated ancient astronomer Aryabhata and Janibacter hoylei after the distinguished astrophysicist Fred Hoyle. === Astrosat === Launched in 2015, Astrosat is India's first dedicated multi-wavelength space observatory. Its observation study includes active galactic nuclei, hot White dwarfs, pulsations of pulsars, binary star systems, and supermassive black holes located at the centre of the galaxy. === XPoSat === The X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) is a satellite for studying black holes and polarisation. The spacecraft carries the Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays (POLIX) payload which will study the degree and angle of polarisation of bright astronomical X-ray sources in the energy range 5–30 keV. It launched on 1 January 2024 on a PSLV-DL rocket, and it has an expected operational lifespan of at least five years. == Extraterrestrial exploration == === Lunar exploration === Chandryaan (lit. 'Mooncraft') are India's series of lunar exploration spacecraft. The initial mission included an orbiter and controlled impact probe while later missions include landers, rovers and sampling missions. ==== Chandrayaan-1 ==== Chandrayaan-1 was India's first mission to the Moon. The robotic lunar exploration mission included a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the Moon Impact Probe. ISRO launched it using a modified version of the PSLV on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre. It entered lunar orbit on 8 November 2008, carrying high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. During its 312-day operational period (two years were planned), it surveyed the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and three-dimensional topography. The polar regions were of special interest, as they had possible ice deposits. Chandrayaan-1 carried 11 instruments: five Indian and six from foreign institutes and space agencies (including NASA, ESA, the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Brown University and other European and North American institutions and companies), which were carried for free. The mission team was awarded the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics SPACE 2009 award, the International Lunar Exploration Working Group's International Co-operation award in 2008, and the National Space Society's 2009 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category. ==== Chandrayaan-2 ==== Chandrayaan-2, the second mission to the Moon, included an orbiter, a lander and a rover. It was launched on a GSLV Mk III on 22 July 2019, consisting of a lunar orbiter, the Vikram lander, and the Pragyan lunar rover, all developed in India. It was the first mission meant to explore the little-explored lunar south pole region. The objective of the Chandrayaan-2 mission was to land a robotic rover to conduct various studies on the lunar surface. The Vikram lander, carrying the Pragyan rover, was scheduled to land on the near side of the Moon, in the south polar region at a latitude of about 70° S at approximately 1:50 am(IST) on 7 September 2019. However, the lander deviated from its intended trajectory starting from an altitude of 2.1 km (1.3 mi), and telemetry was lost seconds before touchdown was expected. A review board concluded that the crash-landing was caused by a software glitch. The lunar orbiter was efficiently positioned in an optimal lunar orbit, extending its expected service time from one year to seven. It was planned that there will be another attempt to soft-land on the Moon in 2023, without an orbiter. ==== Chandrayaan-3 ==== Chandryaan-3 is India's second attempt to soft-land on the Moon after the partial failure of Chandrayaan-2. The mission only included a lander-rover set and communicated with the orbiter from the previous mission. On 23 August 2023, ISRO became the first space agency to successfully land a spacecraft near the lunar south pole. ISRO is the fourth space agency ever to land on the Moon. Recognizing this achievement, Prime Minister Narendra Modi proclaimed August 23 as National Space Day in India. === Mars exploration === ==== Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM) or (Mangalyaan-1) ==== The Mars Orbiter Mission (MOM), informally known as Mangalyaan (eng: "MarsCraft") was launched into Earth orbit on 5 November 2013 by ISRO and has entered Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. India thus became the first country to have a space probe enter Mars orbit on its first attempt. It was completed at a record low cost of $74 million. MOM was placed into Mars orbit on 24 September 2014. The spacecraft had a launch mass of 1,337 kg (2,948 lb), with 15 kg (33 lb) of five scientific instruments as payload. The National Space Society awarded the Mars Orbiter Mission team the 2015 Space Pioneer Award in the science and engineering category. === Mars and Moon analogue research station === Researchers from the Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences (BSIP) and Indian Institute of Science (IISc) have determined that Ladakh is the best site for India's first Mars and Moon analogue research station, for planning and conducting Mars and Moon mission-related exercises. The study project is being conducted by BSIP's Binita Phartiyal, IISc's Aloke Kumar who pioneered the idea of building space-bricks from biologically solidified lunar and martian regolith, and Gaganyaan astronaut Shubhanshu Shukla. The projected research station would be used for geological and astrobiological research, human studies, crew training, advancing Technology Readiness Levels (TRL), testing space technologies, and engineering integration. In Ladakh, Aaka Space Studio and ISRO will be leading a 21-day Mars and Moon analog mission. An important step forward in India's efforts to develop human spaceflight and analog research in support of the Gaganyaan program and future missions like Bharatiya Antariksh Station. It will replicate the harsh conditions of extraterrestrial environments. The expedition will test human health and endurance in isolation, acquire biometric data, simulate extraterrestrial landscape, investigate circadian lighting, and test life support technologies. The startup has experimented with technology, human endurance, and habitat design in Rann of Kutch in 2023, simulating lunar conditions. === Solar probes === ==== Aditya-L1 ==== On 2 September 2023, ISRO launched the 400 kg (880 lb) Aditya-L1 mission to study the solar corona. It is the first Indian space-based solar coronagraph to study the corona in visible and near-infrared bands. The main objective of the mission is to study coronal mass ejections (CMEs), their properties (the structure and evolution of their magnetic fields for example), and consequently constrain parameters that affect space weather. On 6 January 2024, Aditya-L1 spacecraft, India's first solar mission, has successfully entered its final orbit around the first Sun-Earth Lagrange point (L1), approximately 1.5 million kilometers from Earth. == Upcoming launches == === Extraterrestrial probes === ==== Lunar exploration ==== Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-4 is a planned lunar sample return mission of ISRO and the fourth iteration in its Chandrayaan programme. As of January 2025, the conceptualisation phase has been completed, and the design phase is nearing completion. The mission is expected to launch around 2028. It is planned to return up to 3 kg (6.6 lb) of lunar regolith from near Shiv Shakti point, the landing site of Chandrayaan-3. Lunar Polar Exploration Mission The Lunar Polar Exploration mission (LUPEX) is a planned robotic lunar mission concept by ISRO and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission would send an uncrewed lunar lander and rover to explore the south pole region of the Moon no earlier than 2028. JAXA is likely to provide the H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while ISRO would be responsible for the lander. Crewed Lunar Landing ISRO aims to put an Indian astronaut on the lunar surface by 2040. ==== Mars exploration ==== The next Mars mission, Mars Lander Mission or Mangalyaan 2, has been proposed for launch in 2030. The new mission plan includes a rover, helicopter, sky crane and a supersonic parachute. ==== Venus exploration ==== ISRO is considering an orbiter mission to Venus called Venus Orbiter Mission, that could launch as early as 2023 to study the planet's atmosphere. Some funds for preliminary studies were allocated in the 2017–18 Indian budget under Space Sciences; solicitations for potential instruments were requested in 2017 and 2018. A mission to Venus is scheduled for 2025 that will include a payload instrument called Venus Infrared Atmospheric Gases Linker (VIRAL) which has been co-developed with the Laboratoire atmosphères, milieux, observations spatiales (LATMOS) under French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS) and Roscosmos. The Venus Orbiter Mission (VOM), which is intended to orbit a spacecraft in the orbit of planet Venus for a better understanding of the Venusian surface and subsurface, atmospheric processes, and influence of Sun on Venusian atmosphere, was approved by the Union Cabinet on 18 September 2024, under the direction of Prime Minister Narendra Modi. Understanding the fundamental processes that have transformed Venus—which is thought to have once been habitable and very comparable to Earth—will be crucial to comprehending the development of Earth and Venus, the sister planets. A total of ₹1,236 crore (US$150 million) has been sanctioned for the Venus Orbiter Mission, of which ₹824 crore (US$97 million) would go toward the spacecraft. ==== Asteroids and outer solar system ==== Conceptual studies are underway for spacecraft destined for the asteroids and Jupiter, as well, in the long term. The ideal launch window to send a spacecraft to Jupiter occurs every 33 months. If the mission to Jupiter is launched, a flyby of Venus would be required. Development of RTEG power might allow the agency to further undertake deeper space missions to the other outer planets. === Space telescopes and observatories === ==== AstroSat-2 ==== AstroSat-2 is the successor to the AstroSat mission. ==== Exoworlds ==== Exoworlds is a joint proposal by ISRO, IIST and the University of Cambridge for a space telescope dedicated for atmospheric studies of exoplanets, planned for 2025. ExoWorlds is proposed as a dedicated mission for exoplanet spectroscopy in the NUV-VISIBLE-IR ranges. It would be placed in a stable orbit around the Earth-Sun L2 point. ==== Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) ==== The Indian Spectroscopic and Imaging Space Telescope (INSIST) will produce high-resolution deep UV-optical images, and will also have capabilities to carry out low to medium resolution spectroscopy. The INSIST proposal was recommended by ISRO for pre-project phase with seed funding in March 2019. Collaboration with the Canadian Space Agency is also being proposed. ==== DAKSHA ==== DAKSHA is a proposed all-sky, high-energy transients mission, with the primary objectives of studying the gravitational waves and gamma-ray bursts in a spectral range from 1 keV to about 1 MeV. To achieve these goals, Daksha will use twin Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Three Identical Instruments each. Seed funding has been issued to ISRO Laboratories to create a laboratory model of its Instruments. It is led by teams from Tata Institute of Fundamental Research and IIT Bombay and will consist of a pair of satellites in LEO. Teams from Raman Research Institute, Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics and PRL are developing Instruments for it. ISRO has stated that the mission meets all the technical requirements but has yet to approve funding for it. ==== Proposed space weather probe ==== ISRO has envisioned a mission to the stable L5 Lagrange point. It is under conceptual stage and parallels ESA's Vigil mission. ==== Proposed LEO Solar Observatory ==== ISRO has proposed to launch a complement to the Aditya-L1 probe to be placed in Low-Earth Orbit. === Forthcoming satellites === ==== Geospatial intelligence satellites ==== A family of 50 artificial intelligence based satellites will be launched by ISRO between 2024 and 2028 to collect geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in different orbits to track military movements and photograph areas of interest. For the sake of national security, the satellites will monitor the neighboring areas and the international border. It will use thermal, optical, synthetic aperture radar (SAR), among other technologies, for GEOINT application. Each satellite using artificial intelligence will have the ability to communicate and collaborate with the remaining satellites in space at different orbits to monitor the environment for intelligence gathering operations. ==== Bodyguard satellites ==== The Indian government's Satellite-Protection Project, being developed by ISRO, is to safeguard India's space assets and orbiting satellites from potential dangers in space, particularly from rivals such as China. The initiative was started after a near-collision in the middle of 2024. == Future projects == ISRO is developing and operationalising more powerful and less pollutive rocket engines so it can eventually develop much heavier rockets. It has also planned to deploy a space station above earth where astronauts can stay for 15–20 days. The time frame is 5–7 years after Gaganyaan mission, to develop electric and nuclear propulsion for satellites and spacecraft to reduce their weight and extend their service lives. Long-term plans may include crewed landings on the Moon and other planets as well. === Engines and launch vehicles === ==== Semi-cryogenic engine ==== SE-2000 is a rocket-grade RP-1 kerosene (dubbed "ISROsene") and liquid oxygen (LOX)-based semi-cryogenic rocket engine inspired by RD-120. The engine will be less polluting and far more powerful than the existing Vikas engine. When combined with the LVM3, it will boost its payload capacity; it will be clustered in future to power India's heavy rockets. On 28 March 2025, ISRO announced significant progress in the design and development of a semi-cryogenic engine with a high thrust of 2,000 kN that will power the semi-cryogenic booster stage of the LVM3. ==== Methalox engine ==== Reusable methane and LOX-based engines are under development. Methane is less pollutive, leaves no residue and hence the engine needs very little refurbishment. The LPSC began cold flow tests of engine prototypes in 2020. ==== Modular heavy rockets ==== ISRO's current launch vehicles lack the capacity for launching very heavy satellites to the geostationary orbit beyond 4 ton class, a problem that is planned to be fixed with the introduction of the NGLV. ISRO is studying heavy (HLV) and super heavy-lift launch vehicle (SHLV). Modular launchers are being designed, with interchangeable parts, to reduce production time. A 10-tonne (11-short-ton; 9.8-long-ton) capacity HLV and an SHLV capable of delivering 50–100 tonnes (55–110 short tons; 49–98 long tons) into orbit have been mentioned in statements and presentations from ISRO officials. The agency intends to develop a launcher in the 2020s which can carry nearly 16 t (18 short tons; 16 long tons) to geostationary transfer orbit, nearly four times the capacity of the existing LVM3. A rocket family of five medium to heavy-lift class modular rockets described as "Next Generation Launch Vehicle or NGLV" (initially planned as Unified Modular Launch Vehicle or Unified Launch Vehicle) are being planned which will share parts and will replace ISRO's existing PSLV and GSLV rockets completely. The rocket family will be powered by LOX-Methane engine and will have a capacity of lifting from 4.9 t (5.4 short tons; 4.8 long tons) to 16 t (18 short tons; 16 long tons) to geostationary transfer orbit. ==== Reusable launch vehicles ==== There have been two reusable launcher projects ongoing at ISRO. One is the ADMIRE test vehicle, conceived as a VTVL system and another is RLV-TD programme, being run to develop an autonomous spacecraft which will be launched vertically but land like a plane. To realise a fully re-usable two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) launch vehicle, a series of technology demonstration missions have been conceived. For this purpose, the winged Reusable Launch Vehicle Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) has been configured. The RLV-TD acts as a flying testbed to evaluate various technologies such as hypersonic flight, autonomous landing, powered cruise flight, and hypersonic flight using air-breathing propulsion. First in the series of demonstration trials was the Hypersonic Flight Experiment (HEX). ISRO launched the prototype's test flight, RLV-TD, from the Sriharikota spaceport in February 2016. It weighs around 1.5 t (1.7 short tons; 1.5 long tons) and flew up to a height of 70 km (43 mi). HEX was completed five months later. A scaled-up version of it could serve as fly-back booster stage for the winged TSTO concept. HEX will be followed by a landing experiment (LEX) and return flight experiment (REX). === Spacecraft propulsion and power === Electric thrusters India has been working on replacing conventional chemical propulsion system with Hall-effect and plasma thrusters which would make spacecraft lighter. GSAT-4 was the first Indian spacecraft to carry electric thrusters, but it failed to reach orbit. GSAT-9 launched later in 2017, had xenon-based electric propulsion system for in-orbit functions of the spacecraft. GSAT-20 is expected to be the first fully electric satellite from India. On 28 March 2025, ISRO reported that its 300 mN xenon-based Stationary Plasma Thruster had successfully completed a 1,000-hour life test under 5.4 kW full power in a vacuum chamber. The electric propulsion system, which is intended to replace the chemical propulsion system in future satellites for orbit raising and orbital station-keeping, is designed to incorporate SPT. It will enable satellite buses to carry more transponders because of their reduced weight. Compared to the chemical propulsion system, the specific impulse of SPT is at least six times greater. The EPS will be utilized for orbit raising to the geostationary orbit and is intended to be introduced and validated in the next Technology Demonstration Satellite (TDS-01) mission. Alpha source thermoelectric propulsion technology Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG), also called alpha source thermoelectric technology by ISRO, is a type of atomic battery which uses nuclear decay heat from radioactive material to power the spacecraft. In January 2021, the U. R. Rao Satellite Centre issued an Expression of Interest (EoI) for design and development of a 100-watt RTG. RTGs ensure much longer spacecraft life and have less mass than solar panels on satellites. Development of RTGs will allow ISRO to undertake long-duration deep space missions to the outer planets. Radioisotope heater unit ISRO included two radioisotope heater units developed by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in the propulsion module of Chandrayaan-3 on a trial basis which worked flawlessly. Nuclear propulsion ISRO has plans for collaboration with Department of Atomic Energy to power future space missions using nuclear propulsion technology. === Quantum technology === Quantum entanglement-based real-time quantum key distribution over a 300-meter atmospheric channel, combined with quantum-secure text and image transmission and quantum-assisted two-way video chatting, were jointly demonstrated on 27 January 2022, by the Space Applications Center and Physical Research Laboratory. Satellite-based quantum communication At the Indian Mobile Congress 2023, ISRO presented its satellite-based quantum communication on quantum key distribution technology. According to ISRO, it is creating technologies to thwart quantum computers, which have the ability to readily breach the current generation of encrypted secure communication. A significant milestone for unconditionally secured satellite data communication was reached in September 2023 when ISRO demonstrated free-space quantum communication across a 300-meter distance, including live video conferencing using quantum-key encrypted signals. === Upcoming launch facility === SSLV Launch Complex SSLV Launch Complex is an under-construction spaceport in Kulasekarapattinam, a coastal village in Thoothukudi district of Tamil Nadu. After completion, it would serve as the second launch facility of ISRO. This spaceport will mainly be used for launching SSLV and private companies' launch vehicles. It is estimated that this facility will cater 20 to 25 launches every year. ISRO plans to commission the launch pad by December 2026. == Applications == === Telecommunication === India uses its satellite communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication. Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the National Informatics Centre (NIC) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology. === Military === The Integrated Space Cell, under the Integrated Defence Staff headquarters of the Ministry of Defence, has been set up to utilise more effectively the country's space-based assets for military purposes and to look into threats to these assets. This command will leverage space technology including satellites. Unlike an aerospace command, where the Air Force controls most of its activities, the Integrated Space Cell envisages cooperation and coordination between the three services as well as civilian agencies dealing with space. With 14 satellites, including GSAT-7A for exclusive military use and the rest as dual-use satellites, India has the fourth largest number of satellites active in the sky which includes satellites for the exclusive use of its air force (IAF) and navy. GSAT-7A, an advanced military communications satellite built exclusively for the Air Force, is similar to the Navy's GSAT-7, and GSAT-7A will enhance the IAF's network-centric warfare capabilities by interlinking different ground radar stations, ground airbases and airborne early warning and control (AWACS) aircraft such as the Beriev A-50 Phalcon and DRDO AEW&CS. GSAT-7A will also be used by the Army's Aviation Corps for its helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) operations. In 2013, ISRO launched GSAT-7 for the exclusive use of the Navy to monitor the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) with the satellite's 2,000-nautical-mile (3,700 km; 2,300 mi) 'footprint' and real-time input capabilities to Indian warships, submarines and maritime aircraft. To boost the network-centric operations of the IAF, ISRO launched GSAT-7A in December 2018. The RISAT series of radar-imaging earth observation satellites is also meant for Military use. ISRO launched EMISAT on 1 April 2019. EMISAT is a 436-kilogram (961 lb) electronic intelligence (ELINT) satellite. It will improve the situational awareness of the Indian Armed Forces by providing information and the location of hostile radars. India's satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India's 150–200-kilometre (93–124 mi) range Prithvi missile is not derived from the Indian space programme, the intermediate range Agni missile is derived from the Indian space programme's SLV-3. In its early years, under Sarabhai and Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)-based missile programme borrowed staff and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist A.P.J. Abdul Kalam (later elected president), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, took over as missile programme at DRDO. About a dozen scientists accompanied him, helping to design the Agni missile using the SLV-3's solid fuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended, and used, for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 the Ministry of Defence temporarily blocked the use of IRS-1C by India's environmental and agricultural ministries in order to monitor ballistic missiles near India's borders. In 1997, the Air Force's "Airpower Doctrine" aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management. === Academic === Institutions like the Indira Gandhi National Open University and the Indian Institutes of Technology use satellites for educational applications. Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological programme using space technology, reaching 2,400 villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via ATS-6 technology developed by NASA. This experiment—named Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE)—conducted large-scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education. === Telemedicine === ISRO has applied its technology for telemedicine, directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellite. Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, patients in those areas are diagnosed and analysed by doctors in urban centers in real time via video conferencing. The patient is then advised on medicine and treatment, and treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' per instructions from those doctors. Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients. === Biodiversity Information System === ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002. Nirupa Sen details the programme: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatial modeling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1: 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a web-enabled database that links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely northeastern India, Western Ghats, Western Himalayas and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO." === Cartography === The Indian IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes. IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications. The CARTOSAT-2 project, equipped with single panchromatic camera that supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeeded the CARTOSAT-1 project. === Spin-offs === ISRO's research has been diverted into spin-offs to develop various technologies for other sectors. Examples include bionic limbs for people without limbs, silica aerogel to keep Indian soldiers serving in extremely cold areas warm, distress alert transmitters for accidents, Doppler weather radar and various sensors and machines for inspection work in engineering industries. == International cooperations == ISRO has signed various formal cooperative arrangements in the form of either Agreements or Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) or Framework Agreements with Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Maldives, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Myanmar, the Netherlands, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Peru, Portugal, Russia, São Tomé and Príncipe, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Thailand, Netherlands, Tunisia, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uzbekistan, Venezuela and Vietnam. Formal cooperative instruments have been signed with international multilateral bodies including European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), European Commission, European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT), European Space Agency (ESA) and South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). === Notable collaborative projects === Chandrayaan-1 also carried scientific payloads to the Moon from NASA, the European Space Agency, Bulgarian Space Agency, and other institutions/companies in North America and Europe. For the Gaganyaan mission, ISRO signed a Technical Implementing Plan (TIP) with ESA to provide ground station support. Indo-French satellite missions ISRO has two collaborative satellite missions with France's CNES, namely the now retired Megha-Tropiques to study water cycle in the tropical atmosphere and the presently active SARAL for altimetry. A third mission consisting of an Earth observation satellite with a thermal infrared imager, TRISHNA (Thermal infraRed Imaging Satellite for High resolution Natural resource Assessment) is being planned by the two countries. LUPEX The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a joint Indo-Japanese mission to study the polar surface of the Moon where India is tasked with providing soft landing technologies. NISAR NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) is a joint Indo-US radar project carrying an L band and an S band radar. It is the world's first radar imaging satellite to use dual frequencies. Some other notable collaborations include: ISRO operates LUT/MCC under the international COSPAS/SARSAT Programme for Search and Rescue. India has established a Centre for Space Science and Technology Education in Asia and the Pacific (CSSTE-AP) that is sponsored by the United Nations. India is a member of the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, Cospas-Sarsat, International Astronautical Federation, Committee on Space Research (COSPAR), Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC), International Space University, and the Committee on Earth Observation Satellite (CEOS). Contributing to planned BRICS virtual constellation for remote sensing. == Statistics == Last updated: 26 March 2023 Total number of foreign satellites launched by ISRO: 417 (34 countries) Spacecraft missions: 116 Launch missions: 86 Student satellites: 13 Re-entry missions: 2 === Budget for the Department of Space === == Corporate affairs == === S-band spectrum scam === In India, electromagnetic spectrum, a scarce resource for wireless communication, is auctioned by the Government of India to telecom companies for use. As an example of its value, in 2010, 20 MHz of 3G spectrum was auctioned for ₹677 billion (US$8.0 billion). This part of the spectrum is allocated for terrestrial communication (cell phones). However, in January 2005, Antrix Corporation (commercial arm of ISRO) signed an agreement with Devas Multimedia (a private company formed by former ISRO employees and venture capitalists from the US) for lease of S band transponders (amounting to 70 MHz of spectrum) on two ISRO satellites (GSAT 6 and GSAT 6A) for a price of ₹14 billion (US$170 million), to be paid over a period of 12 years. The spectrum used in these satellites (2500 MHz and above) is allocated by the International Telecommunication Union specifically for satellite-based communication in India. Hypothetically, if the spectrum allocation is changed for utilisation for terrestrial transmission and if this 70 MHz of spectrum were sold at the 2010 auction price of the 3G spectrum, its value would have been over ₹2,000 billion (US$24 billion). This was a hypothetical situation. However, the Comptroller and Auditor-General considered this hypothetical situation and estimated the difference between the prices as a loss to the Indian Government. There were lapses on implementing official procedures. Antrix/ISRO had allocated the capacity of the above two satellites exclusively to Devas Multimedia, while the rules said it should always be non-exclusive. The Cabinet was misinformed in November 2005 that several service providers were interested in using satellite capacity, while the Devas deal was already signed. Also, the Space Commission was not informed when approving the second satellite (its cost was diluted so that Cabinet approval was not needed). ISRO committed to spending ₹7.66 billion (US$91 million) of public money on building, launching, and operating two satellites that were leased out for Devas. In late 2009, some ISRO insiders exposed information about the Devas-Antrix deal, and the ensuing investigations led to the deal's annulment. G. Madhavan Nair (ISRO Chairperson when the agreement was signed) was barred from holding any post under the Department of Space. Some former scientists were found guilty of "acts of commission" or "acts of omission". Devas and Deutsche Telekom demanded US$2 billion and US$1 billion, respectively, in damages. The Department of Revenue and Ministry of Corporate Affairs began an inquiry into Devas shareholding. The Central Bureau of Investigation registered a case against the accused in the Antrix-Devas deal under Section 120-B, besides Section 420 of IPC and Section 13(2) read with 13(1)(d) of PC Act, 1988 in March 2015 against the then executive director of Antrix Corporation, two officials of a USA-based company, a Bengaluru-based private multimedia company, and other unknown officials of the Antrix Corporation or the Department of Space. Devas Multimedia started arbitration proceedings against Antrix in June 2011. In September 2015, the International Court of Arbitration of the International Chamber of Commerce ruled in favour of Devas, and directed Antrix to pay US$672 million (Rs 44.35 billion) in damages to Devas. Antrix opposed the Devas plea for tribunal award in the Delhi High Court. == Heads of ISRO == List of Chairpersons (since 1963) of ISRO. Vikram Sarabhai (1963–1971) M. G. K. Menon (1972) Satish Dhawan (1973–1984) U. R. Rao (1984–1994) K. Kasturirangan (1994–2003) G. Madhavan Nair (2003–2009) K. Radhakrishnan (2009–2014) Shailesh Nayak (2015) A. S. Kiran Kumar (2015–2018) K. Sivan (2018–2022) S. Somanath (2022–2025) V. Narayanan (2025–present) == See also == Space industry of India Antrix Corporation NewSpace India Limited IN–SPACe Indian Space Association Satish Dhawan Space Centre Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre SSLV Launch Complex Deep Ocean mission Defence Space Agency Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology List of government space agencies List of Indian satellites List of ISRO missions Science and technology in India Swami Vivekananda Planetarium Telecommunications in India Timeline of Solar System exploration National Space Science Symposium Project NETRA List of private spaceflight companies AgniKul Cosmos Skyroot Aerospace Bellatrix Aerospace Dhruva Space == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == == Further reading == The Economics of India's Space Programme, by U. Sankar, Oxford University Press, New Delhi, 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-568345-5 The Indian Space Programme, by Gurbir Singh, Astrotalkuk Publications, ISBN 978-0956933737 Reach For the Stars: The Evolution of India's Rocket Programme, by Gopal Raj, ISBN 978-0670899500 From Fishing Hamlet to Red Planet: India's Space Journey, by ISRO, ISBN 978-9351776895 Brief History of Rocketry in ISRO, by P V Manoranjan Rao and P Radhakrishnan, ISBN 978-8173717642 India's Rise as a Space Power, by U R Rao, ISBN 978-9382993483 == External links == Official website "Official website of the Department of Space of the Government of India". dos.gov.in.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Medal	Fields Medal	The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years. The name of the award honours the Canadian mathematician John Charles Fields. The Fields Medal is regarded as one of the highest honors a mathematician can receive, and has been described as the Nobel Prize of Mathematics, although there are several major differences, including frequency of award, number of awards, age limits, monetary value, and award criteria. According to the annual Academic Excellence Survey by ARWU, the Fields Medal is consistently regarded as the top award in the field of mathematics worldwide, and in another reputation survey conducted by IREG in 2013–14, the Fields Medal came closely after the Abel Prize as the second most prestigious international award in mathematics. The prize includes a monetary award which, since 2006, has been CA$15,000. Fields was instrumental in establishing the award, designing the medal himself, and funding the monetary component, though he died before it was established and his plan was overseen by John Lighton Synge. The medal was first awarded in 1936 to Finnish mathematician Lars Ahlfors and American mathematician Jesse Douglas, and it has been awarded every four years since 1950. Its purpose is to give recognition and support to younger mathematical researchers who have made major contributions. In 2014, the Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani became the first female Fields Medalist. In total, 64 people have been awarded the Fields Medal. The most recent group of Fields Medalists received their awards on 5 July 2022 in an online event which was live-streamed from Helsinki, Finland. It was originally meant to be held in Saint Petersburg, Russia, but was moved following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. == Conditions of the award == The Fields Medal has long been regarded as the most prestigious award in the field of mathematics and is often described as the Nobel Prize of Mathematics. Unlike the Nobel Prize, the Fields Medal is only awarded every four years. The Fields Medal also has an age limit: a recipient must be under age 40 on 1 January of the year in which the medal is awarded. The under-40 rule is based on Fields's desire that "while it was in recognition of work already done, it was at the same time intended to be an encouragement for further achievement on the part of the recipients and a stimulus to renewed effort on the part of others." Moreover, an individual can only be awarded one Fields Medal; winners are ineligible to be awarded future medals. First awarded in 1936, 64 people have won the medal as of 2022. With the exception of two PhD holders in physics (Edward Witten and Martin Hairer), only people with a PhD in mathematics have won the medal. == List of Fields medalists == In certain years, the Fields medalists have been officially cited for particular mathematical achievements, while in other years such specificities have not been given. However, in every year that the medal has been awarded, noted mathematicians have lectured at the International Congress of Mathematicians on each medalist's body of work. In the following table, official citations are quoted when possible (namely for the years 1958, 1998, and every year since 2006). For the other years through 1986, summaries of the ICM lectures, as written by Donald Albers, Gerald L. Alexanderson, and Constance Reid, are quoted. In the remaining years (1990, 1994, and 2002), part of the text of the ICM lecture itself has been quoted. The upcoming awarding of the Fields Medal at the 2026 International Congress of the International Mathematical Union is planned to take place in Philadelphia. == Landmarks == The medal was first awarded in 1936 to the Finnish mathematician Lars Ahlfors and the American mathematician Jesse Douglas, and it has been awarded every four years since 1950. Its purpose is to give recognition and support to younger mathematical researchers who have made major contributions. In 1954, Jean-Pierre Serre became the youngest winner of the Fields Medal, at 27. He retains this distinction. In 1966, Alexander Grothendieck boycotted the ICM, held in Moscow, to protest against Soviet military actions taking place in Eastern Europe. Léon Motchane, founder and director of the Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques, attended and accepted Grothendieck's Fields Medal on his behalf. In 1970, Sergei Novikov, because of restrictions placed on him by the Soviet government, was unable to travel to the congress in Nice to receive his medal. In 1978, Grigory Margulis, because of restrictions placed on him by the Soviet government, was unable to travel to the congress in Helsinki to receive his medal. The award was accepted on his behalf by Jacques Tits, who said in his address: "I cannot but express my deep disappointment—no doubt shared by many people here—in the absence of Margulis from this ceremony. In view of the symbolic meaning of this city of Helsinki, I had indeed grounds to hope that I would have a chance at last to meet a mathematician whom I know only through his work and for whom I have the greatest respect and admiration." In 1982, the congress was due to be held in Warsaw but had to be rescheduled to the next year, because of martial law introduced in Poland on 13 December 1981. The awards were announced at the ninth General Assembly of the IMU earlier in the year and awarded at the 1983 Warsaw congress. In 1990, Edward Witten became the first physicist to win the award. In 1998, at the ICM, Andrew Wiles was presented by the chair of the Fields Medal Committee, Yuri I. Manin, with the first-ever IMU silver plaque in recognition of his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem. Don Zagier referred to the plaque as a "quantized Fields Medal". Accounts of this award frequently make reference that at the time of the award Wiles was over the age limit for the Fields medal. Although Wiles was slightly over the age limit in 1994, he was thought to be a favorite to win the medal; however, a gap (later resolved by Taylor and Wiles) in the proof was found in 1993. In 2006, Grigori Perelman, who proved the Poincaré conjecture, refused his Fields Medal and did not attend the congress. In 2014, Maryam Mirzakhani became the first Iranian as well as the first woman to win the Fields Medal, and Artur Avila became the first South American and Manjul Bhargava became the first person of Indian origin to do so. In 2022, Maryna Viazovska became the first Ukrainian (second, counting Vladimir Drinfeld, who at the time of the award was still a citizen of USSR) to win the Fields Medal, and June Huh became the first person of Korean ancestry to do so. == Medal == The medal was designed by Canadian sculptor R. Tait McKenzie. It is made of 14KT gold, has a diameter of 63.5mm, and weighs 169g. On the obverse is Archimedes and a quote attributed to 1st century AD poet Manilius, which reads in Latin: Transire suum pectus mundoque potiri ("To surpass one's understanding and master the world"). The year number 1933 is written in Roman numerals and contains an error (MCNXXXIII rather than MCMXXXIII). In capital Greek letters the word Ἀρχιμηδους, or "of Archimedes," is inscribed. On the reverse is the inscription: Congregatiex toto orbemathematiciob scripta insigniatribuere Translation: "Mathematicians gathered from the entire world have awarded [understood but not written: 'this prize'] for outstanding writings." In the background, there is the representation of Archimedes' tomb, with the carving illustrating his theorem On the Sphere and Cylinder, behind an olive branch. (This is the mathematical result of which Archimedes was reportedly most proud: Given a sphere and a circumscribed cylinder of the same height and diameter, the ratio between their volumes is equal to 2⁄3.) The rim bears the name of the prizewinner. == Female recipients == The Fields Medal has had two female recipients, Maryam Mirzakhani from Iran in 2014, and Maryna Viazovska from Ukraine in 2022. == In popular culture == The Fields Medal gained some recognition in popular culture due to references in the 1997 film, Good Will Hunting. In the movie, Gerald Lambeau (Stellan Skarsgård) is an MIT professor who won the award prior to the events of the story. Throughout the film, references made to the award are meant to convey its prestige in the field. == See also == == Notes == == References == == Further reading == == External links == Official website Overview at britannica.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Dyke_Parks	Van Dyke Parks	Van Dyke Parks (born January 3, 1943) is an American musician, songwriter, arranger, record producer, and former Warner Bros. Records executive whose work encompasses orchestral pop, elaborate recording experiments, Americana iconography, free-associative lyrics, and Caribbean sounds. He is best known for his 1967 album Song Cycle and his collaborative work with acts such as the Beach Boys, Lowell George, and Harry Nilsson, as well as various film and television scores. Born in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, Parks toured nationally with the American Boychoir School in Princeton, New Jersey and concurrently pursued child acting roles in television and theater productions. After relocating to California in 1963, he performed folk music with his brother Carson along the West Coast and contributed arrangements to Disney film soundtracks, including "The Bare Necessities" for The Jungle Book (1967). By the mid-1960s, he was an active session musician in Laurel Canyon, working with artists such as Tim Buckley, Judy Collins, and the Byrds before collaborating with Brian Wilson on the Beach Boys' Smile, later completed in 2004 as Wilson's solo album. In 1966, Parks joined Warner Bros. through producer Lenny Waronker, with whom he collaborated on numerous albums, including those by Harpers Bizarre, Randy Newman, Arlo Guthrie, and Ry Cooder, and formed part of a creative circle at the label. One of the most expensive LPs ever produced at the time, Song Cycle achieved critical acclaim and influenced the 1970s singer-songwriter movement despite poor sales. He transitioned to an executive role at Warner Bros., where he spearheaded the first ever label division centered on promotional films for artists. Influenced by the 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill, he also pursued Caribbean musical traditions, including calypso and steel pan, in projects such as his album Discover America (1971), productions for Mighty Sparrow and the Esso Trinidad Steel Band, and Nilsson's mid-1970s recordings. After the late 1970s, Parks focused on composing for film and television, contributing to works including Popeye (with Nilsson, 1980), Follow That Bird (1985), and The Brave Little Toaster (1987). He authored a trilogy of children's books based on his 1984 album Jump!, a musical adaptation of Br'er Rabbit folktales. He has remained active as a collaborator and arranger, working with artists such as Haruomi Hosono, Rufus Wainwright, Silverchair, and Joanna Newsom, while releasing three additional studio albums: Tokyo Rose (1989), Orange Crate Art (with Wilson, 1995), and Songs Cycled (2013). == Background and child acting roles == Van Dyke Parks was born on January 3, 1943 in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, briefly residing in Lake Charles, Louisiana. He is the youngest of four musically inclined brothers, all of whom played brass instruments. His father, Richard Parks, a neurologist and psychiatrist mentored by Karl Menninger, was one of the first to integrate African-American patients into a segregated Southern hospital. Richard had played in John Philip Sousa's Sixty Silver Trumpets and financed his medical education by leading the dance band Dick Parks and the White Swan Serenaders. Van Dyke's mother was a Hebraic scholar. Parks began playing clarinet at age four and demonstrated early proficiency on the family piano. In the early 1950s, Parks attended the American Boychoir School in Princeton, New Jersey, as a boarding student. There, he studied voice and piano, serving as a coloratura vocalist. The choir performed nationwide, and Parks sang under conductors Arturo Toscanini, Thomas Beecham, and Eugene Ormandy. He also portrayed the title role in Gian Carlo Menotti’s opera Amahl and the Night Visitors with the New York City and Philadelphia Opera companies. Parks concurrently pursued child acting to fund his education. He appeared in the 1953 NBC series Bonino as the son of opera baritone Ezio Pinza's character and had a recurring role on The Honeymooners as Little Tommy Manacotti. His film credits include The Swan (1956), starring Grace Kelly, and a Broadway performance in S. N. Behrman's The Cold Wind alongside Eli Wallach and Maureen Stapleton. Parks later stated, "I paid my tuition doing it, but I was only interested in music". == Early career (1963–1966) == === Folk groups and Disney gigs === In 1960, Parks enrolled at the Carnegie Institute, majoring in composition and performance, and studying under Aaron Copland. In 1963, he shifted focus to the requinto guitar and relocated to California to form the folk duo the Steel Town Two with his brother Carson. The pair performed along the California coast, from San Diego to Santa Barbara, initially earning $7.50 per night at venues such as Hermosa Beach's Insomniac Café, where they appeared alongside acts including the Andrew de la Bastide Steel Band, Bessie Griffin and the Gospel Pearls, and the Chambers Brothers. David Crosby attended a Santa Barbara performance, remarking to associate David Lindley, "If they can get away with it, so can we." Parks also performed acoustic folk music at the Prison of Socrates coffeehouse on Balboa Peninsula while the Beach Boys played simultaneously at the nearby Rendezvous Ballroom. Though Parks had not actively followed the band's music, he was familiar with their radio hits, later recalling their performances and the enthusiastic crowds they drew as an "eye-opening" experience that "changed [his] life". Immersing himself in Southern California's folk scene, Parks forged significant professional relationships during these years, including with guitarist Stephen Stills and singer-songwriter Steve Young. He also toured New England as a member of the Brandywine Singers and was a member of the Greenwood County Singers, participating on their first two Kapp Records albums, as well as songwriter Terry Gilkyson's group the Easy Riders. After recruiting a standup bass player, the renamed Steel Town Three secured a residency at West Hollywood's Troubadour nightclub, earning $750 weekly (equivalent to $7,700 in 2024). In 1963, Parks' brother Benjamin Riley Parks, a French horn player and the youngest State Department employee at the time, died in a car accident in Frankfurt, Germany. The circumstances surrounding the incident raised speculation of Cold War connections due to Benjamin's interest in Russian culture. Shortly afterward, Gilkyson commissioned Parks to arrange "The Bare Necessities" for Disney's The Jungle Book (1967), providing funds that enabled Parks and Carson to attend Benjamin's funeral.” This session at Los Angeles' Sunset Sound Recorders was Parks' first paid recording work. He subsequently played and arranged on other Disney soundtracks, including Savage Sam (1963) and The Moon-Spinners (1964), while Sunset Sound hosted much of his recordings through the 2000s. === "High Coin", MGM singles, and Laurel Canyon scene === By the mid-1960s, Parks had become a fixture in Hollywood's bohemian music scene, hosting gatherings at his Melrose Avenue apartment above a hardware store owned by the parents of Sunset Sound staff engineers Bruce and Doug Botnick. He frequently played piano at the Troubadour alongside musicians such as Danny Hutton, then a talent scout for Hanna-Barbera Music, and future Byrds bandleader Roger McGuinn. Hutton recalled first encountering Parks at a Troubadour-related party around 1963, describing him as appearing boyish and holding forth intellectually to attendees. Parks later named Hutton's band Three Dog Night. In 1964, Parks observed an influx of aspiring musicians into Laurel Canyon, inspired by the commercial breakthroughs of local acts such as the Byrds. The Beatles' Hollywood Bowl appearance that same year and the Rolling Stones’ American release 12 × 5 convinced him that major labels were poised to commodify blues music. He later recalled the transformative influence of 12 × 5 together with Bob Dylan's 1962 self-titled debut album: "That had great impact on anybody who was thinking about a future in music, as I was. It wasn't serious music, but it carried a message, and we all joined the message." Parks subsequently pursued songwriting more actively; he penned the song "High Coin", first recorded by Rick Jarrard and released in late 1965, with subsequent recordings by Bobby Vee, the West Coast Pop Art Experimental Band, Jackie DeShannon, and the Charlatans. In 1965, Parks made regular appearances on the ABC talk show The Les Crane Show, engaging in discussions that included a segment with computer programmers. That December, Hutton facilitated a meeting between MGM Records talent scout David Anderle and Parks, leading Anderle to manage Parks and secure a contract with MGM. Parks subsequently became part of a small circle of musicians and creatives who helped forge the emerging rock milieu of Laurel Canyon, later suggesting that their gatherings, alongside figures such as Hutton and Anderle, had created "a social nexus" that drew other artists to the area. In the same month, Crosby invited Parks to Beach Boys leader Brian Wilson's home in Beverly Hills, marking their first meeting. Parks later recalled that Wilson was working on Pet Sounds (1966) and previewed the track "Sloop John B" for him: "I don't even think he had the voices on yet, but I heard that long rotational breathing, that long flute ostinato at the beginning… I knew that this man was a great musician." Parks later cited Pet Sounds as the only "striking [work] coming out of the United States" at the time. Dismayed by the British Invasion, he later stated: "There was such an antipathy toward all things American. And I thought it would be really squaresville to investigate [...] America." In 1966, Parks briefly signed with MGM under A&R executive Tom Wilson. The label issued two singles by Parks: "Come to the Sunshine", referencing his father's dance band, and "Number Nine", a folk-rock adaptation of Beethoven's "Ode to Joy" credited to "the Van Dyke Parks". Los Angeles Free Press journalist Paul Jay Robbins translated the original German text into English for "Number Nine", while the lyrics of the B-side "Do What You Wanta" were written by Hutton. The singles received little attention; music historian Richard Henderson writes that their "lyric sleight-of-hand, vivacious melodies, and pell-mell arrangements" cemented the template for Parks' subsequent work. "Come to the Sunshine" reached number 16 on regional charts in Phoenix, Arizona, prompting Parks to perform there as an opening act for the Lovin' Spoonful under the name "the Van Dyke Parks". He was joined by Stills and Steve Young, all three playing guitar, though the band immediately dissolved. Parks was also briefly a member of Frank Zappa's Mothers of Invention prior to the recording of their album Freak Out! (1966), contributing three arrangements before leaving due to disinterest in performing before raucous audiences and disagreements with Zappa. === Studio session work and Smile === Parks established himself as a versatile keyboardist at studio session dates, playing alongside artists ranging from folk singers Judy Collins and Tim Buckley to the Melcher-produced Byrds and Paul Revere and the Raiders. Ry Cooder joined Parks on these studio dates. On the Byrds' single "5D (Fifth Dimension)", the title song of their 1966 album, Parks contributed Hammond organ. He also appeared on Gene Clark's solo debut, Gene Clark with the Gosdin Brothers (1967). Through Melcher, Parks reconnected with Brian Wilson several months after their first meeting. Impressed by his articulate manner, Wilson, seeking a new lyricist, later offered him a collaboration on the Beach Boys' next album, soon titled Smile at Parks' suggestion. Parks had attended some "Good Vibrations" recording sessions, and believed that his input regarding the song's cello, initially recorded in June 1966, convinced Wilson of their shared creative sensibilities. He declined Wilson's proposal to complete unfinished lyrics for "Good Vibrations", preferring a joint creative effort. Writing together at Wilson's home, their collaboration terms included Wilson purchasing Parks a $5,000 Volvo to address his transportation needs (equivalent to $48,000 in 2024). Parks was granted significant creative autonomy on the project's thematic direction, drawing inspiration from the Beat Generation and contemporary folk revival, while his role extended beyond lyricism to active participation in studio arrangements. Aiming to provide further support, he introduced Wilson to Anderle, who helped develop the band's Brother Records imprint, and Derek Taylor who became the band's publicist. Frank Holmes, who illustrated the album's planned cover artwork and sleeve booklet, was additionally recruited through Parks, who later identified Holmes as "a third part of the equation", describing Holmes' contributions as integral to realizing the album's "musical cartoon" aesthetic. Parks additionally contributed piano to many of the recording sessions, as well as marimba (on "Wind Chimes"). Smile was never finished by the Beach Boys. Parks withdrew from the project, in his words, "as soon as I realized [the situation] was causing friction between Brian and the group". The band substituted its release with Smiley Smile in September 1967, an album that had no involvement from Parks beyond his preliminary work on the original Smile material. Two Smiley Smile tracks—"Wonderful" and "Wind Chimes"—were not officially recognized as his co-written songs until 2004. == Initial Warner Bros. period (1966–1971) == === Waronker collaborations and Song Cycle === Parks joined Warner Bros. Records through producer Lenny Waronker, a young A&R executive mentored by Reprise Records president Mo Ostin. After Seven Arts Productions had acquired Warner Bros. in 1966, the record division rebranded as Warner Bros.-Seven Arts under president Joe Smith. Waronker, whose father co-founded Liberty Records, was tasked with overseeing artists acquired during Warner Bros.' 1966 purchase of Autumn Records, including the Mojo Men, the Beau Brummels, and the Tikis. He assembled a team featuring Parks, songwriter Randy Newman, and keyboardist Leon Russell. Parks initially questioned Waronker's "filthy-rich" background but was convinced by his professional trust, including a loaned sports car, and a solo contract offer. He later said that Waronker had sought him out because of his association to Brian Wilson: "He's never admitted that to me, but it's no offense to him to say that." Seeking to distance the group from associations with surf music, then considered passé, Parks proposed renaming the Tikis to Harpers Bizarre to reflect his appreciation for Cole Porter and Depression-era songwriting. He arranged and performed on Harpers Bizarre's first two albums for Warner Bros., Feelin' Groovy and Anything Goes (both 1967). The latter included their rendition of "High Coin" and Porter's "Anything Goes". During sessions for the Mojo Men, Parks experimented with eight-track recording technology, drafting arrangements on butcher paper in a style likened by Henderson to Jack Kerouac's manuscripts. Waronker encouraged experimental approaches, summarized as "Go in with a good song and weird it out." The resulting singles "The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)" (a national Top 10 hit for Harpers Bizarre) and "Sit Down, I Think I Love You" (written by Stills and arranged by Parks for the Mojo Men, reaching regional charts), convinced the label of the group's ability. Parks produced Harpers Bizarre's version of "Come to the Sunshine", their follow-up single. Warner Bros. financed a test single, "Donovan's Colours", that was credited under the pseudonym "George Washington Brown". After journalist Richard Goldstein praised the single in the Village Voice, the company greenlit a full solo album but required Parks to use his real name. On January 5, 1967, he signed a multi-album contract with Warner Bros., an agreement that included a substantial recording budget, full creative control, and no set deadlines. This was an extraordinary allowance for an artist like Parks, comparable to the largesses afforded to the Beatles. By April, Parks had withdrawn from the Smile project to focus on his debut album, Song Cycle, recorded over seven months with sessions produced by Waronker, engineered by Lee Herschberg and Doug Botnick, and mixed by Bruce Botnick. A concept album centered on Hollywood and Southern California, it was one of the most expensive albums ever produced, costing approximately $80,000 (equivalent to $750,000 in 2024). Parks characterized his studio approach as "the quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog", explaining that his techniques had been shaped by observing Wilson's practice of recording single tracks across multiple studios to maximize his sonic palette: "It wasn't necessary to me to be where they were firing the biggest guns. But to me, to be at a place where there was a good gun with a great shot." At Parks' commission, Newman wrote the opening track "Vine Street". Upon release, Song Cycle elicited positive reviews from critics associated with the New Journalism movement, but yielded confusion from retailers, radio programmers, and the label's marketing staff. To address poor sales, the company, without consulting Parks, launched an unconventional ad campaign declaring the album a commercial flop. According to Parks, "there was every expectation that the recording costs would be recovered, and they were, within three years." After completing Song Cycle Parks relocated to Laurel Canyon and co-produced Newman's 1968 self-titled debut album with Waronker, which faced a similar reception. The Parks-Waronker production team reunited for folk singer Arlo Guthrie's 1969 album Running Down the Road, featuring contributions from Los Angeles session musicians such as Ry Cooder. They then produced Cooder's 1970 self-titled debut album, containing an ornate orchestral rendition of "One Meat Ball" arranged by Parks. === Beach Boys and Little Feat signings === Following the Beach Boys' departure from Capitol Records, the band signed to Reprise in 1969 through a deal brokered by Parks. Amid concerns about the group's contractual complexities and declining commercial viability, Parks leveraged his prior familiarity with the band to advocate for their acquisition; he later stated that he "put [his] job on the line" to facilitate the deal. The band's second album for the label, Surf's Up (1971), included the title track, co-written by Parks originally for Smile, and "A Day in the Life of a Tree", featuring Parks singing part of the coda. In the 1970s, Parks collaborated extensively with Little Feat founder Lowell George, contributing to the band's recordings and co-writing material throughout the decade. Parks and George first met during sessions for the Fraternity of Man's second album Get It On! (1969), which featured future Little Feat members Richie Hayward and George's songwriting collaborator Martin Kibbee. Their friendship grew after Little Feat's self-titled 1971 debut album, with Parks periodically co-writing, producing, and advising George on music business matters. After Warner Bros. had considered dropping the band, Parks invited George to contribute guitar to his forthcoming follow-up to Song Cycle and record their collaborative song "Sailin' Shoes", with the results later reaffirming Little Feat's value to Warner Bros. Hayward later stated, "Van Dyke Parks got us our record deal and produced us. He's an amazing human being—the Oscar Levant of rock music. [...] He's old school. You can tell by his violin scores." === Executive promotion, music video pioneering, and other signings === From the late 1960s to early 1970s, Parks transitioned to an executive role at Warner Bros., having proposed alternative revenue streams to reduce artists' reliance on touring. He spearheaded the creation of Audio-Visual Services, a division producing promotional films for acts such as Zappa, Joni Mitchell, Earth, Wind & Fire, and Captain Beefheart. Directors and crews were recruited from the advertising industry to realize these projects, intended for screening before Warner Bros. theatrical features and potential educational or cable television distribution. The films combined performance footage with surrealist visuals, exemplified by Beefheart's Lick My Decals Off short. Parks was appointed as the division's head in August 1970. According to Henderson, Song-length, musical film shorts called Panoram Soundies had been tried in a jukebox-style format by the Mills Novelty Co. during the 1940s, and the Beatles filmed promotional TV/movie theater clips in 1967–68 [...] but no record company had ever established an in-house department for the production of what would prove the forerunner of music videos. The division dissolved by mid-1971. According to some writers, Ostin deemed the initiative financially unsustainable due to limited distribution avenues and costs exceeding $500,000 (equivalent to $3.88 million in 2024). Parks stated in a 2013 interview that only one of the films produced had exceeded costs of $18,500: "I provided that each artist would get 25% of the net profits of the rentals or sales. [...] Warners soon tired of what I thought was a fair equation of participation in creative profits, and basically isolated me to the extent that I left." Unrealized plans included a dedicated cable channel; internal memos from Parks referenced early concepts for what became Music Television, including the phrase "I want my music television" and the acronym "MTV". Parks remained under Ostin, later saying, "I was directly under Mo Ostin at WB Records [...] I answered to only one man. That was Mo." His initiatives had also extended to facilitating logistical support for filming at the 1969 Woodstock Festival, though he later distanced himself from the festival: "I had other priorities than queuing at a rock concert's mud flat latrine." In 1970, Parks and Newman recommended electronic music duo Beaver & Krause to Smith, leading to their signing. In 1972, Parks became involved in the career of musician Peter Ivers through mutual associate Buell Neidlinger. Parks admired Ivers' songwriting and technical skill on harmonica, leading to Ivers signing with Warner Bros. and recording his third album, Terminal Love (1974). Ivers also contributed as a session musician on Parks' projects. == Caribbean-focused era (1970–1975) == The 1969 Santa Barbara oil spill profoundly influenced Parks' artistic direction, prompting him to pursue environmental and racial justice causes through his work and deepen his engagement with Caribbean music. He sought to elevate the recognition of Caribbean traditions, particularly calypso and steel pan, as vehicles for political consciousness, and to subvert the oil industry's cultural influence. From 1970 to 1975, he promoted West Indian music in the U.S., however, logistical challenges in touring with a large steel band and resistance from corporate interests hindered broader acceptance. Parks produced the Esso Trinidad Steel Band's 1971 album of covers by artists like the Kinks and the Jackson 5, as well as the 1974 calypso collection Hot & Sweet by Trinidadian artist Mighty Sparrow. He dedicated the Esso Trinidad Steel Band's album to Prince Bernhard of the World Wildlife Fund as part of his environmental advocacy: "Everything was directed to making it a proper, political, green album." Parks' second album, Discover America (1972), reinterpreted Trinidadian calypso standards alongside compositions by songwriters such as Allen Toussaint and the sole original "Sailin' Shoes". He delayed the album's release to allow Little Feat's version of the song to debut first on their second album Sailin' Shoes (1972). Parks' focus on calypso during this period also led to friction with Bob Marley, whose requests for production assistance he declined. Parks' third album, Clang of the Yankee Reaper (1976), co-produced with Andrew Wickham and Trevor Lawrence, revisited calypso music while exploring themes of British colonial influence in the Caribbean. It featured one original composition alongside reimagined Trinidadian songs. Limited production resources led to scaled-back arrangements, including the use of an ARP String Synthesizer instead of live orchestration. The sessions were further affected by the death of a close friend of Parks prior to recording; he later dismissed the album as "brain-dead", disowning it in subsequent years. == Further collaborative work (1971–1976) == === Happy End, "Sail On, Sailor", and Feats Don't Fail Me Now === While recording the Discover America version of "Sailin' Shoes", Parks and George encountered the Japanese band Happy End, who visited their studio unannounced. Parks later recounted that the group had sought guidance on creating "the California Sound". Though initially hesitant due to his workload, George noticed a briefcase filled with cash brought by Happy End's representatives, prompting an impromptu collaboration. The two wrote "Goodbye America, Goodbye Japan" ("さよならアメリカ　さよならニッポン", "Sayonara America Sayonara Nippon"), which became a chart-topping hit in Japan, while Parks produced Happy End's final album, Happy End (1973). This marked the first meeting between Parks' and band member Haruomi Hosono, who later performed alongside Parks at numerous concerts in Japan. Parks was the primary composer of the Beach Boys' 1973 single "Sail On, Sailor", which reached number 79 on the Billboard charts. He joined initial recording sessions for Little Feat's fourth album Feats Don't Fail Me Now at Hollywood's Sound Factory between January and March 1974. The track "Spanish Moon", produced by Parks and co-written with George, featured a prominent Parks-assisted horn arrangement by Tower of Power and other production elements distinguishing the track from the remainder of the album. A truncated version of the song was released as a single in March 1975. Parks' involvement did not extend beyond these early sessions, having sparked tensions with Warner Bros. due to budgetary disputes, as recalled by George, who added that Parks "was going to do more" before the band "got stuck [and] broke up for about two weeks". The album's title origin remains contested between Parks and guitarist Paul Barrère. Alongside members of Little Feat, Parks also contributed to Kathy Dalton's 1973 solo debut Amazing and Howdy Moon's 1974 self-titled album. === Nilsson albums and Southern Nights === During the 1970s, Parks collaborated extensively with singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson, contributing to albums such as Nilsson Schmilsson (1971), where he played accordion on "The Moonbeam Song", and Duit on Mon Dei (1975), where he provided Caribbean-inspired arrangements after completing Clang of the Yankee Reaper. Parks introduced Nilsson to steel pan player and Desperadoes Steel Orchestra member Robert Greenidge for Duit on Mon Dei and performed piano on several tracks. His organizational skills proved vital during chaotic, drug-fueled sessions, helping maintain focus amid Nilsson's increasingly erratic RCA-era output. Parks characterized his role as Nilsson's "musical secretary", translating his fragmentary concepts into fully realized compositions. Nilsson drew inspiration from Parks' Trinidadian musical explorations, facilitated by their shared familiarity with the session players, including Jesse Ed Davis, Jim Keltner, Bobby Keys, and Klaus Voormann, whom Parks had previously worked with throughout 1974. Plans for live performances involving Parks and the studio ensemble, plus Jesse Ed Davis and Ringo Starr, were abandoned due to challenges securing Nilsson's ideal venue. Parks involvement extended to the 1975 follow-up Sandman, where he expanded Nilsson's "Jesus Christ, You're Tall", and whose Voorman-designed sleeve featured caricatures of Parks and other members of the studio ensemble. Having brought Toussaint to Warners' attention via Discover America, Parks traveled to Louisiana to work on Toussaint's 1975 album Southern Nights, though he was ultimately denied a production credit due to intervention by Toussaint's management. That year, Parks and Brian Wilson recorded "Come to the Sunshine", intended for the Beach Boys album that became 15 Big Ones (1976), but the recording was lost. In 1976, he appeared as one of the interviewees in the band's NBC television special It's OK!. == Shift to television and film (1978–1990s) == === First film scores and late-1970s work === By the late 1970s, Parks had entered a period of personal and professional transition. Having ensconced himself in the American southeast, he returned to Los Angeles after being commissioned by Jack Nicholson to compose the score for Goin' South (1978), which Nicholson directed. The film's music, characterized by unconventional instrumentation and silent-film-era piano motifs, echoed the style of Parks' earlier solo work, particularly Song Cycle. This project marked his shift toward film composition, though his later screen scores seldom retained the sonic signatures of his standalone recordings. George's 1979 solo debut, Thanks, I'll Eat It Here, included "Cheek to Cheek", a song co-written with Parks. Little Feat biographer Mark Brend surmised that the track "Himmler's Ring", written by Jimmy Webb, was arranged by Parks, citing a resemblance to Discover America. Parks' partnership with Nilsson continued with Flash Harry (1980), an album that reunited the extant RCA house band and included Nilsson's version of "Cheek to Cheek". Parks and Nilsson also collaborated on the soundtrack for Robert Altman's film Popeye (1980), where Parks appeared onscreen as a pianist. The film's soundtrack elicited a mostly unfavorable critical response; Parks later suggested that Tom Pierson's incidental score had overshadowed the sparse, character-driven songs, disrupting his aim at a subdued musical atmosphere inspired by the original Popeye cartoons. Elements of Parks' Popeye arrangements were later sampled in Jon Brion's score for Punch-Drunk Love (2002). Later in 1980, Parks joined Nilsson as part of a studio band for Starr's unreleased album Can't Fight Lightning, but the sessions halted abruptly following John Lennon's murder that December. === Jump!, Tokyo Rose, and other work === In the 1980s, Parks shifted focus to composing for television and low-budget films. In a 2011 interview, he reflected: "I withdrew from the popular music field as a producer and even as an arranger and started scoring countless television shows that mean nothing and B movies with A scores, in my view. I worked hard to get my children their college and stayed insulated, basically." This included Shelley Duvall's Faerie Tale Theatre (1982–1987). Parks revived his solo career with his fourth album, Jump! (1984), conceived as the soundtrack to a musical adaptation of Joel Chandler Harris' Uncle Remus stories. The album showcases acoustic orchestrations inspired by early 20th-century brass bands and American folk traditions. It received critical praise and Parks, collaborating with artist Barry Moser, expanded the project into a trilogy of illustrated children's books: Jump!, Jump Again!, and Jump On Over!. The first volume received a Caldecott Medal in 1986. In 1988, Parks played accordion on the Beach Boys' single "Kokomo" and contributed four songs -- "City of Light", "It's a B-Movie", "Cutting Edge", and "Worthless"—to the 1987 film The Brave Little Toaster, directed by Jerry Rees. He also co-produced Hal Wilner's multi-artist albums Lost in the Stars: The Music of Kurt Weill (1985) and Stay Awake: Various Interpretations of Music from Vintage Disney Films (1988). Parks' fifth album Tokyo Rose (1989) continued his exploration of cross-cultural themes, revisiting Japanese-American relations initially addressed in the Song Cycle song "Pot Pourri". To promote the album, he performed concerts in Japan with Haruomi Hosono, songwriter Syd Straw, harmonicist Tommy Morgan, and steelpan player Yann Tomita as his supporting band. In 1990, Parks appeared on Twin Peaks, playing a defense attorney in the episode "The Orchid's Curse", and in 1991 he composed the music for an album pairing Jodie Foster's narration of The Fisherman & His Wife with his original score. During this period, he also provided arrangements for U2's Rattle and Hum (1988), Sesame Street's Follow That Bird (1985), T-Bone Burnett's The Talking Animals (1988), Stan Ridgway's Mosquitos (1989), Divinyls' Divinyls (1991), and Fiona Apple's Tidal (1996). == Later career and collaborations (1990s–present) == === 1990s–2000s === In October 1995, Warner Bros. issued the album Orange Crate Art, credited jointly to Parks and Brian Wilson. A concept album centered on California's cultural heritage, Wilson provided lead vocals for nearly all tracks. The album received critical praise and, on October 8, 1996, Parks and Wilson performed a concert together at the Will Geer Theater in Topanga, California. In 2000, Parks was commissioned to write an overture arrangement of Wilson's songs for Wilson's Pet Sounds concert performances. Parks attended the 2001 tribute show held in Wilson's honor at the Radio City Music Hall in New York and appeared as a featured guest on his Gettin' In over My Head (2004). Through the 2000s, Parks remained active as an arranger and collaborator, contributing to albums by artists such as Victoria Williams, Sam Phillips, Joanna Newsom, and Rufus Wainwright, and providing songs for the children's television series Harold and the Purple Crayon (2001–2002). Parks' association with Australian rock band Silverchair began with his work on their fourth studio album Diorama in 2002. Parks was attracted to the music of lead singer and guitarist Daniel Johns. He composed orchestral arrangements for Silverchair's fifth album Young Modern album in 2007. Johns traveled to Prague with Parks to have the arrangements recorded by the Czech Philharmonic. The album's title is a nickname Parks uses for Johns. In 2003, Parks was contacted by Wilson to assist with live performances of Smile. Billed as Brian Wilson Presents Smile, Wilson embarked on a world tour of the album, beginning with a premiere performance at the Royal Festival Hall in London in 2004, which Parks attended. He subsequently provided lyrics and narration to select tracks on Wilson's That Lucky Old Sun (2008). During this period, Parks provided arrangements for Wainwright's Want and Want Two (2004), Newsom's Ys (2006), and Scissor Sisters' Ta-Dah (2006). He contributed the Smile parody song "Black Sheep" to the 2007 comedy film Walk Hard: The Dewey Cox Story. In the late 2000s, Parks worked with Inara George, daughter of Lowell, on An Invitation (2008), an album combining Inara's vocal narratives with Parks' orchestral backdrops. They performed two songs together on January 8, 2008, at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles, as part of the program Concrete Frequency: Songs of the City. In 2009, Parks performed in The People Speak, a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's A People's History of the United States. Parks performed with Bob Dylan and Ry Cooder on the documentary broadcast on December 13, 2009, on the History Channel. They played "Do Re Mi" and reportedly a couple of other Guthrie songs that were excluded from the final edit. === 2010s–2020s === In 2011, Parks released Arrangements, Vol. 1 through his label Bananastan, a curation of previously released songs he had arranged for other artists in the 1960s. The year, he began releasing a series of vinyl singles featuring original songs, archival recordings, cover songs, and re-recordings. These tracks were compiled into the album Songs Cycled, released on May 6, 2013, through Bella Union. It was followed later in the year with Super Chief: Music for the Silver Screen, an orchestral concept album that compiled music originating from his various television and film scores over the previous decades. In January 2013, Parks performed with Haruomi Hosono in Tokyo for the first time in many years. That March, he performed at the Adelaide Festival with Daniel Johns and Kimbra. In September, he curated a "Best-of" CD for New Orleans pianist Tom McDermott, titled Bamboula. On November 22, Parks released a 7-inch single, "I'm History", to mark the 50th anniversary of John F. Kennedy's assassination. In 2014, Parks underwent unsuccessful hand surgery, which resulted in his hands freezing after about forty minutes of playing the piano. On May 9, 2015, he performed what he described as his "final piano performance" at the Largo nightclub in Los Angeles. Guest performers included Gaby Moreno, Joe Henry, Edward Droste of Grizzly Bear, Kimbra, and Grant Geissman. Parks expressed plans for future projects involving setting poetry to music, collaborating with a string quartet, and seeking a film project that piqued his interest. In 2019, Parks partnered with Moreno on ¡Spangled!, creating orchestral arrangements for traditional songs from South and Central America. He arranged four compositions by Mexican poet and harpist Verónica Valerio for their 2021 EP Van Dyke Parks Orchestrates Verónica Valerio: Only in America. Additional collaborative work has included contributions as an arranger and instrumentalist for Brian Woodbury's Antipathy & Ideology (2022), Oliver Sim's Hideous Bastard (2022), Tommy McLain's I Ran Down Every Dream (2022), and Wainwright's Folkocracy (2023). == Style and influences == Parks' overall sound and music style has been categorized as orchestral pop, Americana, art pop, baroque pop, and experimental pop. His musical influences include Percy Grainger, Louis Moreau Gottschalk, Spike Jones, Juan García Esquivel, and Les Paul, as well as Bach, Beethoven, Charles Ives, Chopin, Antonín Dvořák, Bedřich Smetana, Vaughn Williams, George Gershwin, Woody Guthrie, and Howlin' Wolf. According to Parks, hearing Jones' "Cocktails for Two" (1944) and Les Paul and Mary Ford's "How High the Moon" (1951) as a child convinced him of the creative possibilities of recorded and multitracked sound and set him on a lifelong path in studio music. His affinity for "tuneful percussion" originated from attending Grainger's chamber-folk symphony performances in his youth. Lyrically, Parks is characterized by a free-associative approach. Influences on his lyric style include James Joyce, Lawrence Ferlinghetti, e.e. cummings, William Saroyan, and John Steinbeck. The Discover America album title derived from Ferlinghetti's poem "I Am Waiting". == Impact and legacy == In his AllMusic summary, contributor Mark Dehming wrote that Parks remains "widely regarded as one of the most talented behind-the-scenes figures in rock and pop music and a respected, cult-favorite singer/songwriter in his own right." Pitchfork contributor Jayson Greene recognized Parks as placing "an inimitable stamp on American pop, though the vast majority of music fans have no idea when they are listening to his work." Writing in 2002, Brend summarized Parks' career as eclectic and resistant to categorization, marked by his multidisciplinary approach across prolific collaborative work, involvement in 1960s and 1970s West Coast music scenes, "unique" solo projects, and ambiguously defined role at Warner Bros. Parks himself reflected on his role as a behind-the-scenes collaborator rather than a conventional solo artist, citing his work with figures such as Randy Newman, Ry Cooder, and Little Feat as examples of his preference for supporting others' creative visions. Song Cycle influenced the 1970s singer-songwriter movement and inspired many other recording artists to experiment with studio artifice. Author and musician Bob Stanley credits Parks, among others, with originating soft rock styles leading to the offshoot genre later termed "sunshine pop", and with presaging the more complex pop styles associated with early forms of progressive rock. In his 2010-published 33⅓ book covering Song Cycle, Richard Henderson credits Parks as influential on music production in his consideration for the studio as a compositional tool alongside "the potential of a record's production to suggest scenery and location", paralleling Brian Eno's impact. == Personal life == Parks is the great-nephew of 19th-century poet Will Carleton, whose book Farm Ballads originated the title of Parks' Clang of the Yankee Reaper. His brother Carson wrote the song "Somethin' Stupid", which became a hit for Frank and Nancy Sinatra in 1967. == Discography == == Filmography == === Film === === Television === == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == == Further reading == Brend, Mark (2001). American Troubadours: Groundbreaking Singer-Songwriters of the '60s. Backbeat Books. ISBN 978-0-87930-641-0. Priore, Domenic (2007). Riot on Sunset Strip: Rock 'n' Roll's Last Stand in Hollywood. London: Jawbone Press. ISBN 978-1-906002-04-6. Smirnoff, Marc (2010). The Oxford American Book of Great Music Writing. Foreword by Van Dyke Parks. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 978-1-55728-950-6. Archived from the original on January 27, 2011. VanderLans, Rudy (1999). Palm Desert. Emigre. ISBN 978-0-9669409-0-9. Zollo, Paul (1991). Songwriters on Songwriting. Writer's Digest Books. ISBN 978-0-89879-451-9. == External links == Van Dyke Parks discography at Discogs Van Dyke Parks at IMDb Van Dyke Parks at the Internet Broadway Database musicOMH interview with Van Dyke Parks, 2011 Archived June 8, 2011, at the Wayback Machine Welcome to Bananastan! The Van Dyke Parks Bananastan Archive 80-minute 1984 KCRW radio interview by Bob Claster A Visit with Van Dyke Parks Van Dyke Parks on creativity, an interview with about-creativity.com May 3, 2007 Hoskyns, Barney (June 16, 1993). "AUDIO: Van Dyke Parks (1993)". Rock's Backpages Audio. Archived from the original on May 10, 2013.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glipa#:~:text=Glipa%20angustilineata%20Fan%20%26%20Yang%2C%201993,Glipa%20annulata%20(Redtenbacher%2C%201868)	Glipa	Glipa is a genus of tumbling flower beetles in the family Mordellidae. There are more than 100 described species in Glipa. == Species == These 120 species belong to the genus Glipa: == References == == External links ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-Model	P-Model	P-Model (also typeset as P-MODEL and P. Model) was a Japanese electronic rock band started in 1979 by members of the defunct progressive rock band Mandrake. The band has experienced many lineup revisions over the years but frontman Susumu Hirasawa was always at the helm of operations. P-Model officially disbanded in 2000, although many of its members continue to release solo albums and collaborate with each other on different projects. Hirasawa has since released work under the name "Kaku P-Model" (核P-Model; lit. 'nucleus of P-Model'), effectively a solo revival of the band. == Members == Susumu Hirasawa (平沢　進) – guitar, vocals, synthesizer, Miburi, Heavenizer, Graviton, Amiga, programming (1 January 1979 – 20 December 2000; 2004–2005, 2013–2014, 2018 as KAKU P-MODEL) === Former members === === Timeline === == Discography == === Studio albums === === Live and Remix-Remake albums === === Compilations === P-Plant CD Vol. 1, 2000 Ashu-on [Sound Subspecies] in the solar system (太陽系亞種音, Taiyōkei Ashu-on), 2002 Golden☆Best, 2004 P-Model Warner Years Singles Box, 2012 === Singles === "Art Mania", 1979 "Kameari Pop", 1979 "Missile", 1980 "junglebed II", 1981 "Index P-0", 1983 "Soldi Air Dance Version", 1983 "Ikari", 1984 "Re;", 1985 "P-Model Another Act 6", 1985 "Another Day", 1986 "Opening SE 1992", 1992 "demo", 1994 "SAKSIT North Passage MIX, 1996 ">>>Unfix One>>> Rocket Shoot", 1996 ">>>Unfix Eight>>> Ashura Clock", 1997 ">>>Unfix Nine>>> Layer-Green", 1997 === Other releases === Model House Works, 1985 "Leak"/"Birds", 1986 "Pre Drums", 1986 Zebra Cassette (Zebraカセット, Zebra Kasetto), 1986 Christmas Song, 1986 "SSS-Star Eyes", 1987 "entro Pack", 1987 "Legend of Sadatoshi Tainaka", 1987 Cassette's Bravo!, 1988 Shut Up'N'Hit Your Stage', 1988 Music Industrial Wastes〜P-Model or Die Samples, 1999 Virtual Live Samples, 1999 Dekikake, 1999 "Moon Plant-I (full)", 1999 "Astro-Ho (narration Version)", 1999 "Falling Rain (P-Model version)", 1999 "Illegal Dumping" (不法投棄, Fuhōtōki), 1999 Global Tribute Battle, 2000 "Phase-7", 2000 === Videography === Moire Vision, 1988 Sankai no Jintai Chizu (三界の人体地図), 1988 Bitmap 1979–1992, 1992 Ending Error, 1996 Non-Locality Live Video (非局所性LIVEビデオ), 1997 Live Video "Music Industrial Wastes〜P-Model or Die", 2000 === Music Videos === All videos from the Great Brain to Harm Harmonizer were directed by Yuichi "You1" Hirasawa (Susumu's brother). "Fu-Ru-He-He-He", "2D or Not 2D" and "Grid" were included in "Bitmap 1979–1992"; "Monotone Grid" was included in "Photon-3"; "http" was included in "Rocket Shoot"; "Logic Airforce" was included in "Live Video Music Industrial Wastes〜P-Model or Die". "The Great Brain", 1979 "I Am Your Only Model", 1980 "different≠another", 1981 "potpourri", 1981 "natural", 1981 "disgusting telephone", 1981 "Heaven", 1982 "Perspective", 1982 "Be in a Fix", 1982 "Hoka No Keikaku", 1983 "Echoes", 1983 "Fu-Ru-He-He-He", 1983 "Atom-Siberia", 1984 "Harm Harmonize"r, 1984 "Karkador", 1986 "Another Day", 1986 "2D or Not 2D", 1992 "Grid", 1992 Monotone Grid", 1994 Power to Dream", 1995 "http", 1996 "Ashura Clock (Discommunicator)", 1997 "Logic Airforce", 1999 == Legacy == P-Model, as well Susumu Hirasawa through his solo career, have been influential both on musicians, as well as on artists that work on other mediums, with a reputation for having many fans in the manga and anime industries. Their creative collaborators (and even 6 of the band's members) often started out as big fans of and directly influenced by their work: Berserk mangaka Kentaro Miura has found that listening to Hirasawa's songs has helped him regain focus on the themes of his writing multiple times, mangaka/anime director Satoshi Kon wrote that Hirasawa's work was "a source of imagination and creativity for me" over the last 20 years of his life, film director Daihachi Yoshida considers Hirasawa as the creator of "about half of my way of thinking". Beyond associates, P-Model and/or Hirasawa have been cited as influences by musicians such as Fukusuke of Metronome, Hiroyuki Hayashi of Polysics, Daoko (whose song "Welcome to the Parade", from 2012's HyperGirl: Mukōgawa no Onna no Ko, was directly influenced by Hirasawa's worldview), Toby Driver of Kayo Dot (who claims the album Plastic House on Base of Sky was an attempt to "make [his] version of [Hirasawa's] music") and Kenshi Yonezu (who has said that a Hirasawa song "changed [his] life"). Other artists that have expressed adoration for their work include Klaha of Malice Mizer, Shiroi Heya no Futari mangaka Ryoko Yamagishi, Arika Takarano of Ali Project, Roujin Z/JoJo's Bizarre Adventure director Hiroyuki Kitakubo, voice actress/singer Sumire Uesaka, musician/actor Gen Hoshino, Hellsing mangaka Kouta Hirano, Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba mangaka Koyoharu Gotouge, Fullmetal Alchemist/Concrete Revolutio director Seiji Mizushima, Fate/stay night [Réalta Nua]/Taiko no Tatsujin composer Satoshi "hil" Ishikawa and actress/singer Ko Shibasaki. The five main characters of the K-On! franchise (Yui Hirasawa, Mio Akiyama, Ritsu Tainaka, Tsumugi Kotobuki and Azusa Nakano) are in a band, share the surnames of late '80s P-Model members and play their respective primary instrument (save for Nakano). All referenced members who are still active have acknowledged the connection. Besides that, P-Model references can also be found on the manga The Sorrow of a Perfectly Healthy Girl and Opus; as well the anime Sailor Moon, Perfect Blue, BECK: Mongolian Chop Squad and Space Dandy. In the world of theatre, musician/playwright Keralino Sandorovich named 2 of his stage plays (Frozen Beach and Blue Cross) after P-Model songs and 1 (Haldyn Hotel) after a Hirasawa solo song. == References == Citations == External links == P-MODEL's Site (English and Japanese) P-MODEL Fansite P-Model discography at MusicBrainz
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd_H._Donnell	Lloyd H. Donnell	Lloyd Hamilton Donnell (May 25, 1895 – November 7, 1997) was an American mechanical engineer, and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the Illinois Institute of Technology. He is considered internationally renowned expert in engineering mechanics, specifically known for his work on shell analysis and thin-shell structure. He was recipient of the 1969 ASME Medal. == Biography == === Youth, education and early career === Donnell was born Kents Hill, Maine in 1895, son of Albert Webb Donnell and Annie Morrell Hamilton Donnell. His father was a teacher and his mother an author. After regular education he obtained his BSc in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Michigan in 1915. In 1930 he also obtained his PhD at the University of Michigan under Stephen Timoshenko. After his graduation in 1915, Donnell had started teaching at University of Michigan. From 1930 to 1933 he was research assistant at the Aeronautical Laboratory of Caltech at Theodore von Kármán. From 1933 to 1939 he was engineer at Goodyear Zeppelin Company, where he worked on the design of airships. === Further career and acknowledgment === In 1939 Donnell joined the Illinois Institute of Technology faculty, where he served as Professor of Mechanical Engineering until his retirement in 1962. Afterwards he was Professor at Stanford University, and in 1974 guest professor at the University of Houston. Donnell was founding editor of the engineering journal Applied Mechanics Reviews. He was awarded the honorary doctor degree by the Illinois Institute of Technology. In 1960 he received the Worcester Reed Warner Medal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), the Theodore von Karman Medal in 1968 and the ASME Medal in 1969. == Work == Donnell is known for his "stress-analysis research into cylindrical shells, which advanced development of monocoque (wherein the external frame helps supports structural load) bodies for automobiles and planes. He also studied dynamics, elasticity, instability, and wave propagation." == Selected publications == Donnell, Lloyd Hamilton. Longitudinal wave transmission and impact. University of Michigan, 1930. Donnell, Lloyd Hamilton. Stability of thin-walled tubes under torsion. NACA Report No. 479, 1935. Donnell, Lloyd Hamilton. Beams, plates and shells. McGraw-Hill Companies, 1976. Donnell, Lloyd Hamilton. Symposium on the Theory of Shells (1966 : University of Houston). Proceedings, 1967 == References == == External links == Lloyd H. Donnell, Illinois Institute of Technology, Hall of Fame
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Farmer	Florence Farmer	Florence Ann Farmer (24 January 1873 – 26 June 1958) was a pioneer of women in politics in Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire, England who was the first female councillor on the county borough council before becoming the first female Lord Mayor of the city in 1931–32. == Family == Farmer was one of the children of George and Mary Farmer and was born in Longton, Staffordshire. Her father George was an active Liberal local politician who was secretary of the local party, a Justice of the Peace and was mayor of Longton in 1895–96. == Career == After leaving school Farmer trained to be a teacher and between 1895 and 1906 was headmistress of Uttoxeter Road Girls School in Longton. She resigned from teaching to set up the Phoenix Steam Laundry company with one of her brothers, George, and after his death in 1917 with his widow, Maude. This partnership lasted until 1927 when Maude retired leaving Florence in charge of the company. Farmer was one of the founding members of the National Federation of Launderers, becoming the first women to sit on the organisation's national executive committee. == Political career == Women had only been able to be elected as members of the local board of guardians since the passing of the Local Government Act 1894 and it was not until 1907 that women could be elected onto borough council when the Qualification of Women (County and Borough Councils) Act 1907 came into force. Farmer initially followed her father's politics and was a member of the Liberal party but was increasingly drawn to socialism and joined the Labour party after the end of the First World War. In 1915 Farmer was elected to the County Borough of Stoke on Trent board of guardians. Four years later in the November 1919 local election she became the first women to be elected to the County Borough of Stoke on Trent Council when she was returned unopposed for No. 23 ward (Longton). One of the various committees that Farmer was appointed to was the watch committee and at one of her first meetings she proposed that Stoke-on-Trent City Police should appoint women constables, at first the proposal was defeated, but the proposal was later accepted and the first women constables in Stoke were appointed in 1921. Appointed as a Justice of the Peace in 1920, Farmer became the first women to be made an Alderman of the now City of Stoke-on-Trent in 1928. Farmer was chairman of the local branch of the Labour Party between 1929 and 1931. When Lady Cynthia Mosley the MP for Stoke-on-Trent resigned from the party in 1931 to join her husband's, Oswald Mosley, newly-formed New Party, Farmer was nominated as the Labour candidate. She was not selected and the nomination went to Ellis Smith. Later the same year, in October 1931 Farmer was unanimously chosen to be Lord Mayor of Stoke-on-Trent for the year 1932–33 becoming the first women to be Lord Mayor of the city, and only the fourth women to serve as a Lord Mayor anywhere in England. At her investiture in November 1931 she wore the same mayoral chains that her father had worn as mayor of Longton in 1895. Farmer continued to serve on the city council until 1945 and was made given Freedom of the City in 1946. == Personal life == Farmer never married and died in June 1958 aged 85. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Day	Dick Day	Richard Day (born March 9, 1937) is an American politician and a former member of the Minnesota Senate who represented District 26, which includes portions of Dodge, Freeborn, Goodhue, Mower, Olmsted, Rice, Steele and Waseca counties in the southeastern part of the state. A Republican, he was first elected in 1990, and was re-elected in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2002 and 2006. Prior to redistricting in 1992 and 2002, he represented the old districts 30 and 28. == Background == Day was born on a farm in Rochester, Minnesota, where he graduated from Rochester High School. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in political science and business administration from Winona State College, now Winona State University. Day lives in Owatonna, Minnesota where he has worked in printing sales, franchise sales, Director of Franchise Sales and Development for Century 21, a real estate broker, and an IBM Salesman, from which he is now retired. He served on the Owatonna City Council from 1976 to 1980, and was a Steele County commissioner from 1980 to 1988. He is married to wife, Janet, and has four children: Dan, Steve, Debbie and Julie. He is Catholic. == Career in politics == === Minnesota Legislature === Prior to his resignation, Day was a member of the senate's Business, Industry and Jobs Committee, Capital Investment Committee, Finance Committee, State and Local Government Operations and Oversight Committee, and Transportation Committee. He also served on the Finance Subcommittee for the Transportation Budget and Policy Division, and on the State and Local Government Operations and Oversight Subcommittee for Gaming. He was minority leader from 1997 to 2007. === 2008 congressional race === On May 27, 2008, Day entered the Republican primary in Minnesota's 1st congressional district. He lost to Brian J. Davis, a physician who was endorsed by the party, and who went on to lose the general election to the incumbent Congressman, Tim Walz. === Senate resignation and Racino promotion === On December 8, 2009, Day announced that he was resigning his senate seat on January 8, 2010, to lobby full-time for slots at the state's two horse-racing tracks, with the thought that some of the proceeds generated by the slots could be used for a new Minnesota Vikings football stadium. Long an advocate of race track slots, he led the newly-formed non-profit Racino Now, which was backed by horse owners and business and political insiders. A special election to fill the seat was held on January 26, 2010, and was won by the Republican Mike Parry of Waseca. == Electoral history == 2006 Race for Minnesota Senate – District 26 Dick Day (R) 54.48% (16148 votes) Jeremy Eller (DFL), 45.37% (13450 votes) Write-in, 0.15% (44 votes) 2002 Race for Minnesota Senate – District 26 Dick Day (R) 59.97% (18444 votes) Jeremy Eller (DFL), 36.33% (11174 votes) John E. Gibson (Green) 3.61%(1111 votes) Write-in, 0.08% (26 votes) 2000 Race for Minnesota Senate – District 28 Dick Day (R) 63.53% (21407 votes) Fred Knudsen (DFL), 36.47% (12291 votes) == References == == External links == Dick Day at Minnesota Legislators Past & Present Project Votesmart Profile: Senator Dick Day Minnesota Public Radio Votetracker: Senator Dick Day Dick Day's Congressional Campaign Web Site Archived May 30, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Racino Now Web Site
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bachelor_(American_TV_series)_season_2	The Bachelor (American TV series) season 2	The second season of ABC reality television series The Bachelor premiered on September 25, 2002. The show featured 28-year-old Aaron Buerge, a banker from Butler, Missouri. The season concluded on November 20, 2002, with Buerge choosing to propose to 27-year-old school psychologist Helene Eksterowicz. They ended their engagement weeks after the finale. == Contestants == The following is the list of bachelorettes for this season: === Future appearances === Heather Cranford returned for the sixth season of The Bachelor along with season four contestant, Mary Delgado, where she placed 9th/12th after having been eliminated the week she arrived. Gwen Gioia competed in the first season of Bachelor Pad, placing 9th/11th. == Elimination Chart == The contestant won the competition. The contestant quit the competition. The contestant was eliminated at the rose ceremony. == Episodes == == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_De_Moor#:~:text=His%20primary%20and%20secondary%20education,University%20of%20Ghent%20in%201994.	Georges De Moor	Georges J. E. De Moor (born 25 August 1953, Ostend, Belgium) is a Belgian medical doctor, clinical pathologist and has been head of the Department of Health Informatics and Medical Statistics of the University of Ghent. == Education == His primary and secondary education was at Saint Barbara College in Ghent (1960–1972). In 1979, he graduated in medicine and afterwards specialized in clinical pathology (1979–1983) and Nuclear Medicine (1982) before obtaining a PhD, summa cum laude, in medical information science at the University of Ghent in 1994. == Career == He has been head of the Department of Medical Informatics and Statistics at the State University of Ghent, Belgium, where he taught health informatics, medical statistics, decision theory and evidence-based medicine since 1995. As founding president of RAMIT (Research in Medical Informatics and Telematics), he has been involved in both European and International Research and Development projects (+120), as well as in Standardisation activities: for seven years, De Moor acted as the Founding Chairman of CEN/TC251, the official Technical Committee on standardisation in health informatics in Europe. As a result of the conducted research, De Moor has been founding or co-founding a number of spin-off companies mainly active in eHealth, including the domain of privacy protection (e.g. MediBridge, Custodix). He was elected President of the European Institute for Health Records (EuroRec) (2004–2010), promoting and certifying high quality Electronic Health Record systems in Europe. De Moor is also Head of the Clinical Pathology Laboratory in the Saint Elisabeth Hospital in Zottegem, Belgium. He is member of the board of the Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE, Federaal Kenniscentrum Gezondheidszorg). De Moor chairs in Belgium and in Europe a number of official Committees related to ICT in Health or to Laboratory Medicine. He is member of the Belgian Privacy Protection Committee (partim Health) (Ministry of Justice). He is still member of diverse other boards (Sint-Lucas Hospital Gent, Belgium) (Zeno Hospital Knokke, Belgium). He has been member of the International Advisory Board of the Farr Institute (UK). He was EU member of the advisory board of the Horizon 2020 programme (SC1: Health, demographic change and wellbeing, 2014–2020) He has edited twelve books related to ICT in Health and published over 200 articles in scientific journals. == Awards == 2005: awarded with the International Rory O'Moore Medal (presented by Bertie Ahern, in Dublin) for Health Informatics. == Sources == The EuroRec Institute Archived 4 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine Ghent University Horizon 2020 KCE
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Samuel_Bolomey	Benjamin Samuel Bolomey	Benjamin Samuel Bolomey (19 May 1739 – 19 December 1819) was a Swiss painter and politician. As an artist he spent most of his career as a portrait painter in the Netherlands. == Biography == Bolomey was born in Lausanne on 19 May 1739, to François Louis Bolomey, an hotelier, and Pernette Mercier. He received his early artistic education in Paris, where he studied between 1752 and 1760 as a pastel portrait painter, and became a pupil of Joseph-Marie Vien in 1758. While studying there he was also influenced by Boucher and La Tour. He moved to The Hague in 1763, joining the Confrerie Pictura the same year. He was court painter to William V, Prince of Orange and is known for portraits of the Dutch society. In 1771 he became regent of the Confrerie, and was the director of the Royal Academy of Art in The Hague from 1777 until 1791, when he returned to his hometown of Lausanne. Bolomey painted a series of portrait miniatures of politicians and revolutionaries of Vaud (part of the canton of Bern until 1798) during the years of the Helvetic Republic (1798–1803). After Vaud became a Swiss canton, Bolomey served as member of the Grand Council of Vaud from 1803 to 1807. He died in Lausanne on 19 December 1819, aged 80. == Gallery == === Works === == References == == External links == Benjamin Bolomey on Artnet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinky_Kekana	Pinky Kekana	Pinky Sharon Kekana (born 14 July 1966) is a South African politician from Limpopo who is currently the Deputy Minister of Public Service and Administration. A member of the African National Congress (ANC), she has served in the National Assembly of South Africa since May 2014 and in the national executive since February 2018. A teacher by training, Kekana was a member of the Member of the Limpopo Provincial Legislature and served in the Limpopo Executive Council from 2009 to 2013 under Premier Cassel Mathale. She was elected to the National Assembly in the 2014 general election and was elected to the ANC National Executive Committee in 2017. Thereafter, in February 2018, President Cyril Ramaphosa appointed her to the national executive. Before taking up her current position in July 2024, she was Deputy Minister of Communications from 2018 to 2021, Deputy Minister in the Presidency from 2021 to 2023, and Deputy Minister in the Presidency for Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation from 2023 to 2024. In December 2022, she was elected to a second five-year term in the ANC National Executive Committee. == Early life and career == Born on 14 July 1966, Kekana was born and raised in Bela-Bela in present-day Limpopo province (then part of the Transvaal). After earning a Bachelor of Arts in education, she worked as a secondary school teacher in Bela-Bela. == Provincial political career == Kekana was first elected to the Limpopo Provincial Legislature in 1999, representing the African National Congress (ANC). By 2008, she was the Executive Mayor of Limpopo's Waterberg District Municipality. In that year, at a party elective conference held in July, Kekana was elected as Deputy Provincial Secretary of the ANC's Limpopo branch, serving under Provincial Chairperson Cassel Mathale and Provincial Secretary Joe Maswanganyi. === MEC for Roads and Transport: 2009–2012 === Pursuant to the 2009 general election, Kekana returned to the provincial legislature, and she was additionally appointed to the Limpopo Executive Council by Mathale in his capacity as Premier of Limpopo. Mathale appointed her Member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Roads and Transport. Her department was placed under administration by the national government in 2011. She was viewed as a political ally of Mathale and of ANC Youth League President Julius Malema. In 2012, the opposition Democratic Alliance called for her resignation after the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, said that Kekana had approved an improperly awarded state contract with a company linked to Malema. In a different report released the same year, Madonsela also said that Kekana had abused her position as MEC to "settle political scores" by ordering a traffic cop to arrest Thandi Moraka, a political opponent of Malema's. In December 2012, she concluded her term as ANC Deputy Provincial Secretary and was elected ANC Provincial Treasurer. === MEC for Economic Development: 2012–2013 === On 13 March 2012, when Premier Mathale announced a cabinet reshuffle in which Kekana swopped portfolios with Pitsi Moloto, becoming MEC for Economic Development, Environmental Affairs, and Tourism. In July 2013, the ANC asked Mathale to resign. His successor as Premier, Stan Mathabatha, announced a major reshuffle in which Kekana was one of eight MECs fired from the Executive Council; she was replaced by Charles Sekoati. == National political career == The following year, in the 2014 general election, Kekana was elected to a five-year term in a seat in the National Assembly, the lower house of the national South African Parliament. She was ranked tenth on the ANC's provincial party list. In 2015, she was elected to the National Executive Committee of the ANC Women's League, and in December 2017, she was elected to the National Executive Committee of the mainstream ANC, ranked 47th of the 80 elected candidates by number of votes received. On 27 February 2018, Kekana was appointed Deputy Minister of Communications by Cyril Ramaphosa, who had recently been elected as President of South Africa; Nomvula Mokonyane was appointed Minister of Communications in the same reshuffle. From November 2018, her portfolio was renamed Communications and Telecommunications, after Ramaphosa announced a merger of those respective ministries. In the 2019 general election, she was ranked 48th on the ANC's national party list and retained her legislative seat, as well as her position as Deputy Minister. On 5 August 2021, Ramaphosa announced a mid-term reshuffle in which Kekana was appointed Deputy Minister in the Presidency, serving under Minister Mondli Gungubele. At the ANC's 55th National Conference in December 2022, she was re-elected to another five-year term on the party's National Executive Committee; by number of votes received, she was ranked 21st of the 80 candidates elected, receiving 1,518 votes across the 4,029 ballots cast in total. In the aftermath of the 55th National Conference, on 6 March 2023, Ramaphosa announced a reshuffle in which Kekana was retained as a Deputy Minister in the Presidency but now was transferred to a specific portfolio: she became Deputy Minister in the Presidency for Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation, serving under Minister Maropene Ramokgopa. In the next general election in May 2024, Kekana was re-elected to her parliamentary seat, ranked tenth on the ANC's national party list. Announcing his third cabinet on 30 June 2024, Ramaphosa appointed her as Deputy Minister of Public Service and Administration. In that capacity she deputises Mzamo Buthelezi of the opposition Inkatha Freedom Party, who was appointed to the portfolio under the new coalition government. == Personal life == As of 2014, Kekana was married to Jerry Manyama, a civil servant; their son, Grant Kekana, is a professional football player. == References == == External links == Ms Pinky Sharon Kekana at People's Assembly Ms Sharon Pinky Kekana at Parliament of South Africa Pinky Sharon Kekana at African National Congress
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_A._Irving	Edward A. Irving	Edward A. "Ted" Irving, (27 May 1927 – 25 February 2014) was a British-Canadian geologist. He was a scientist with the Geological Survey of Canada. His studies of paleomagnetism provided the first physical evidence of the theory of continental drift. His efforts contributed to our understanding of how mountain ranges, climate, and life have changed over the past millions of years. == Education == Irving was born on 25 May 1925 and raised in Colne in the Pennine Hills of east Lancashire, England. In 1945, he was conscripted into the British Army. Irving served in the Middle East infantry. In 1948, he began studying geology at the University of Cambridge and obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1951. He spent the next year at Cambridge as a research assistant with Keith Runcorn in the geology and geophysics department before entering the graduate program. When Irving started his graduate studies, the history of the Earth's magnetic field was known for the few centuries since the first magnetic observatories had been established. With fellow students Kenneth Creer and Jan Hospers, he looked to extend this record back in time. Irving used a magnetometer, recently designed by Patrick Blackett, to analyze the magnetic directions imparted to rocks by their iron minerals. He found large discrepancies between the directions of the present magnetic field direction and those recorded in Precambrian rock in the highlands of Scotland. He surmised the only explanation could be that Scotland had shifted relative to the geomagnetic pole. Irving also determined that India had moved northward by 6000 km and rotated by more than 30°. These results confirmed the predictions Alfred Wegener had put forth in his theory of continental drift in 1912. In 1954, Irving attempted to obtain a PhD for his graduate work. Unfortunately the field was so new that his doctoral examiners were not familiar enough with the subject matter to recognize his research achievements. They refused to give him the degree. Not having a PhD did not stop him from obtaining a position as a research fellow at the Australian National University in Canberra. == Career == For the next ten years Irving studied Australia's ancient latitudes and published around 30 papers. He was able to demonstrate the continent's southward movement since the Permian period. In 1965, he submitted some of his papers to Cambridge and obtained a ScD, the highest earned degree at the time. Irving met his wife Sheila while in Australia. She was a Canadian citizen. In 1964, they moved to Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Irving began work as a research officer for Dominion Observatory with the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys. In 1966, Irving returned to England to teach geophysics at the University of Leeds. He returned to Ottawa in 1967 to work as a research scientist in the Earth Physics Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines, and Resources. In 1981, Irving moved to Sidney, British Columbia, to establish a paleomagnetism laboratory at the Pacific Geoscience Centre with the Earth Physics Branch. The branch would later be incorporated into the Geological Survey of Canada. He mapped the movements of Vancouver Island and other parts of the Cordillera that have moved sideways and rotated relative to the Precambrian Canadian Shield. In 2005, Irving was semi-retired, investigating the nature of the geomagnetic field in the Precambrian to understand how the crust was being deformed and how the latitudes varied. He and his wife Sheila had four children. He died during the night of 24 February 2014 in Saanich, British Columbia. == Selected works == Irving published a total of 205 papers, including: — (January 1956). "Palaeomagnetic and palaeoclimatological aspects of polar wandering". Geofisica Pura e Applicata. 33 (1): 23–41. Bibcode:1956GeoPA..33...23I. doi:10.1007/BF02629944. S2CID 129781412. —; Parry, L. G. (May 1963). "The Magnetism of some Permian Rocks from New South Wales". Geophysical Journal International. 7 (4): 395–411. Bibcode:1963GeoJ....7..395I. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1963.tb07084.x. — (24 November 1977). "Drift of the major continental blocks since the Devonian". Nature. 270 (5635): 304–309. Bibcode:1977Natur.270..304I. doi:10.1038/270304a0. S2CID 4188381. — (March 1979). "Paleopoles and paleolatitudes of North America and speculations about displaced terrains". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 16 (3): 669–694. Bibcode:1979CaJES..16..669I. doi:10.1139/e79-065. —; Irving, G. A. (July 1982). "Apparent polar wander paths carboniferous through cenozoic and the assembly of Gondwana". Geophysical Surveys. 5 (2): 141–188. Bibcode:1982GeoSu...5..141I. doi:10.1007/BF01453983. S2CID 129721379. —; Woodsworth, G. J.; Wynne, P. J.; Morrison, A. (1985). "Paleomagnetic evidence for displacement from the south of the Coast Plutonic Complex, British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 22 (4): 584–598. Bibcode:1985CaJES..22..584I. doi:10.1139/e85-058. In addition, he published the first book on paleomagnetism: — (1964). Paleomagnetism and its application to geological and geophysical problems. Wiley. == Honors and awards == Irving was awarded the Gondwanaland Gold Medal by the Mining, Geological, and Metallurgical Society of India, the Logan Medal by the Geological Association of Canada (1975), the Walter H. Bucher Medal by the American Geophysical Union (1979), the J. Tuzo Wilson Medal by the Canadian Geophysical Union (1984), the Arthur L. Day Medal by the Geological Society of America (1997), and the Wollaston Medal by the Geological Society of London (2005). He was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada (FRSC) in 1973 and of the Royal Society of London (FRS) in 1979. In 1998 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences and in 2003 invited to be a Member of the Order of Canada. He received an honorary degree from the University of Victoria in 1999. == References == == Further reading ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_Men's_Chorus_of_Washington,_D.C.	Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, D.C.	The Gay Men’s Chorus of Washington, D.C. (GMCW), is one of the oldest LGBT choral organizations in the United States. With more than 300 singing members, it is also one of the largest. The chorus's stated mission is that it "delights audiences and champions gay equality with robust artistry, fun, and surprise." In addition to singing members, GMCW has nearly 100 support volunteers, 400 subscribers, 500 donors and an annual audience of nearly 10,000. The parent organization is the Federal City Performing Arts Association, Inc., and GMCW is a member of GALA Choruses. The chorus was established in 1981 by enthusiasts of the San Francisco Gay Men’s Chorus who attended a local performance at the Kennedy Center Concert Hall. In the time since its founding, GMCW has performed locally at the Kennedy Center, the National Theatre, the Warner Theatre, DAR Constitution Hall, the Lincoln Theatre and, most frequently, Lisner Auditorium at George Washington University. The chorus performed at President Clinton’s second inauguration in 1997. In 1998, the chorus toured three Scandinavian capitals. While there, GMCW was received by Sweden’s Princess Christina to thank members for singing in support of Noah’s Ark, a Swedish AIDS services organization. During its 20th-anniversary season in 2000–2001, GMCW performed at Carnegie Hall and Boston’s Symphony Hall in joint concerts with the gay men’s choruses of Boston and New York City. In December 2002, GMCW performed as part of the televised 25th annual Kennedy Center Honors in tribute to Elizabeth Taylor. The chorus has commissioned original works for men’s chorus, such as Changing Hearts in 2004 and Songs of My Family in 2007. Both works were featured on CD releases subsequent to their inaugural performances on stage. GMCW performs three subscription concerts annually: holiday-themed (December), spring (March) and summer (June), which opens Washington’s annual week-long Capital Pride celebration. In addition, in 2007 and 2008, the chorus performed a non-subscription concert of classical fare in February, between the holiday and spring concerts. There are occasional smaller, also non-subscription productions, such as an auditioned Cabaret concert in October or November. The chorus makes appearances at local community events, including programs for PFLAG, Whitman-Walker Clinic and the Human Rights Campaign. The chorus sponsors five small ensembles: Potomac Fever, an a cappella close-harmony group, Rock Creek Singers, a chamber choir, GenOUT, an LGBTQI supportive chorus for DC area youth, Seasons of Love, a gospel choir, and 17th Street Dance, a dance troupe. These ensembles serve as representatives of the larger chorus at community functions, and each produces an annual concert. The records of the GMCW are cared for by the Special Collections Research Center in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library of the George Washington University. == History == Source: June 28, 1981: After the national tour performance of the San Francisco Gay Men’s Chorus at the Kennedy Center 10 days earlier, Marsha Pearson had distributed fliers announcing a meeting to organize a gay men’s chorus. The meeting occurred in the old Gay Community Center at 1469 Church Street in Northwest Washington with 18 men, and the GMCW was born. Jim Richardson became the new organization’s Interim Director with the first rehearsals being held at the center, and later at the First Congregational Church in downtown Washington. Sept. 23, 1981: At the invitation of D.C. Mayor Marion Barry, GMCW’s debut performance occurred at a reception at the District Building, to mark the opening of the National Gay Task Force’s Washington office (later the NGLTF). Also that month, GMCW established its management umbrella, incorporating the Federal City Performing Arts Association (FCPAA), as a non-profit educational organization whose goal was "to provide first-rate music in performance by and for Washington’s gay and lesbian community and the community-at-large." Dec. 12, 1981: With nearly 90 members, the chorus performed its first holiday concert, jointly with the DC Area Feminist Chorus and Different Drummers, at the First Congregational Church to a standing-room-only audience of close to 1,000. March 17, 1982: GMCW’s debut concert – under direction of its first permanent music director, Nick Armstrong – was performed at St. Mark’s Episcopal Church on Capitol Hill. Selections were also performed by GMCW’s two smaller ensembles — the Sine Nomine Singers, a 16-member chamber group and A Few Good Men, a 20-member song-and-dance troupe. Sept. 9, 1983: The COAST (Come Out And Sing Together) Festival not only marked the first "road trip" for the Chorus outside the Washington-Baltimore area, but also provided the experience of performing in a real concert venue – the Alice Tully Hall at the Lincoln Center. It was also the first national gay choral festival – bringing eleven groups together from around the country – established by the Gay and Lesbian Association of Choruses. Oct. 8, 1984: GMCW performed at the National Theatre for its "Monday Night at the National" for a mostly straight audience. The Chorus concluded their concert with the gospel-style "Walk Him Up the Stairs", and received a standing ovation. Dec. 13, 1985: GMCW presented an evening performance of its holiday concert, donating the proceeds of $5,700 to the Whitman-Walker Clinic in its fight against AIDS. (The GMCW Holiday Concert was inaugurated in 1984.) June 21, 1986: The Chorus celebrated its 5th anniversary by returning to the place of its inspiration – the Concert Hall of the Kennedy Center. DC First Lady Effi Barry read a Mayoral proclamation declaring "Gay Men’s Chorus of Washington Day" and introduced the Chorus. July 2, 1988: GMCW sang at the funeral of Leonard Matlovich, a decorated Vietnam veteran who was discharged from the Air Force in 1975 for declaring his homosexuality. Oct. 15, 1989: The Chorus was allowed to participate in the AIDS Healing Service at the Washington National Cathedral under its own name after a significant struggle for recognition. GMCW was asked to participate in the 1988 service, only to have the invitation "rescinded because the Episcopal hierarchy deemed us too 'political'", according to one member. (While they did participate, it was not under the GMCW name.) Chorus leadership pursued the issue in 1989 and the Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church yielded. Jan. 19, 1997: The chorus performed an 11-number set at the Smithsonian Institution’s American History Museum on the eve of the 53rd Presidential Inaugural – the first time a gay choral group was invited to participate in such a national event. June 28, 1997: On its 16th anniversary of formation, the Chorus was joined by the Indianapolis Men’s Chorus at the Lisner Auditorium to perform the DC premiere of "NakedMan", to which a review noted, "GMCW always produces a slick, highly professional staging." May 28, 1998: GMCW launched it first overseas tour to Scandinavia, visiting Oslo, Stockholm and Copenhagen. In Stockholm, GMCW was received by Sweden’s Princess Christina, and in Copenhagen, they became the first gay chorus to sing in the Tivoli Gardens concert hall. April 2, 2001: The Chorus performed at Carnegie Hall as part of their 20th anniversary season joint concerts with the New York City Gay Men’s Chorus and the Boston Gay Men’s Chorus. June 16, 2001: The 20th-anniversary gala concert was held at the Kennedy Center Concert Hall with special guest the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus. Dec. 8, 2002: GMCW participated in taping the 25th Annual Kennedy Center Honors — the first nationally televised performance by the Chorus — telecast on Dec. 26, 2002, on CBS. The chorus was invited to perform in tribute to one of the honorees, Elizabeth Taylor. The audience included the President, Vice President, Cabinet secretaries, congressmen and leaders in government, business and the entertainment industry. June 4, 2005: The Pride Concert not only included a reprise of NakedMan — with special guests the Ft. Lauderdale Gay Men’s Chorus — but also presentation of the "Capital Pride Director’s Award for Outstanding Leadership and Commitment to the GLBT Community in Washington". June 25, 2006: Culminating its 25th anniversary season, the chorus closed with "Singing Free!" with special guest Barbara Cook at the Kennedy Center. The single performance concert weekend included an alumni reception celebration the night before, and special chorus and guest party after the concert. January 18, 2009: The chorus performed in We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial as back-up vocals for a duet of "My Country ’Tis of Thee" with Josh Groban and Heather Headley. October 11, 2009: The chorus performed in the pre-concert rally for the National Equality March at the West Front of the United States Capitol Building. March 19, 2010: GMCW staged an all-male version of the musical Grease. Dec. 4, 2010: GMCW participated in taping the 33rd Annual Kennedy Center Honors, telecast on Dec. 28, 2010, on CBS. GMCW was invited to perform in tribute to one of the honorees, Jerry Herman. The audience included the President and First Lady, Vice President, Cabinet secretaries, congressmen and leaders in government, business and the entertainment industry. The chorus performed on stage with Kelsey Grammer, Angela Lansbury, Chita Rivera, Carol Channing, Christine Ebersole, Laura Benanti (who had performed in concert with the chorus at the Kennedy Center eight and a half years earlier), Sutton Foster, Kelli O'Hara and Matthew Morrison. This was the chorus’s second appearance on the honors telecast. June 4, 2011: GMCW’s 30th-anniversary season included a reprise of its 2004 work A Pink Nutcracker, a concert salute to the 2010 congressionally enacted end of the "Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell" policy on gays and lesbians serving in the U.S. armed forces, and a full-scale production of the Carol Hall musical The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. The season ended with a concert featuring a special guest, Tony Award winner Jennifer Holliday, and premiering Alexander’s House, a one-act work by composer Michael Shaieb telling the story of disparate parts of a gay man’s family — including his lover and friends and a young-adult son he had left behind — coming together as they cope with his death. Oct. 24, 2011: The chorus hosted a party at the Hotel Helix in honor of the release of FCPAA Board of Directors member Paula Bresnan Gibson’s Voices From a Chorus. The book was the result of 14 months of research and work, during which time Paula interviewed 65 members and supporters of the chorus. Everyone who took the time to speak with Paula was featured and quoted in the book. For many months thereafter, Paula would go to book stores for live readings and discussions with customers. In July 2012, Paula and a panel of chorus members spoke during GALA Festival 2012 in Denver. To date, copies of the book are provided for free to all incoming members of the chorus. June 2, 2012: The chorus’s 31st season had begun in December 2011 with a successful holiday extravaganza, Red & Greene, featuring special guest Ellen Greene. The Kids Are All Right, performed in February 2012, featured the Pittsburgh-based LGBT youth performing arts collective Dreams of Hope. In March, the Chorus performed an elaborately staged production of Richard O’Brien’s countercultural classic The Rocky Horror Show, which included audience call-outs from the film. GMCW’s small ensembles Rock Creek Singers and Potomac Fever united for the first time in many years for a single concert, Together Again, in April. The season concluded with the June 2012 performances of Heart Throbs, an energetic salute to the men of pop music. A month later, along with the small ensembles’ own appearances, the Chorus performed Alexander’s House as the first of a special series of morning "Coffee Concerts" at GALA Festival 2012 in Denver. June 1, 2013: The Chorus’s 32nd season performances began in December 2012 with Winter Nights, which featured special guest the Virginia Bronze handbell ensemble. For the February 2013 concert, My Big Fat Gay Wedding, the Chorus hosted not just a special guest, gay folk singer and former member of Chanticleer Matt Alber, but also staged a wedding. A live-auction bid for the opportunity had been offered the year prior, during the 2012 Spring Affair fund-raiser. Dixon Charles and board member J.T. Hatfield Charles won the auction and were wed on stage by Chorus member and registered marriage officiant Patrick Nelson. In March, the Chorus performed a full-scale production of the 2007 Broadway musical Xanadu, based on the 1980 film starring Olivia Newton-John. In April, GMCW’s small ensembles Rock Creek Singers and Potomac Fever performed in the concert Side by Side. The season’s finalé included the June 2012 performances of Seven, a sexy, ebullient celebration of the seven deadly sins. June 26, 2013: Chorus members assembled in front of the Supreme Court of the United States, at the direction of Associate Music Director Thea Kano, in reaction to the Court’s rulings eliminating key provisions of the federal Defense of Marriage Act and allowing a lower court’s ruling on California’s Proposition 8 to stand, thus allowing the law banning same-sex marriages in California to end. In front of press and hundreds of well-wishers, the Chorus performed "Make Them Hear You" (from the musical Ragtime) and "The Star-Spangled Banner". The performances were recorded on video, both by amateurs and professionals, and aired on local and national news broadcasts. May 18, 2014: A bittersweet but significant moment occurred as the Chorus closed its 33rd season at the Kennedy Center Concert Hall with special guest Laura Benanti, who had joined the chorus 12 years earlier at the same venue. At that time, Jeffrey Buhrman was ending his second season as artistic director of the Chorus. On this day, in the performance of A Gay Man’s Guide to Broadway, he closed his 14th and final season, which had begun with a festive holiday show, Sparkle, Jingle, Joy, with guest Matt Alber, and continued with Passion, Von Trapped (a gay interpolation of The Sound of Music) and the small ensembles’ concert Forte, performed at the Mead Center for American Theater, home to Arena Stage. In A Gay Men’s Guide to Broadway, as many Chorus and audience members fought back tears, Burhman was honored by the Chorus and Benanti and given an extended standing ovation, and Washington, D.C., mayor Vincent Gray declared it "Jeffrey Burhman Day". == Notes and references == == Further reading == Harmanci, Reyhan. A NOTE ON CHANGE: 'Why We Sing!' Documentary explores choral music's appeal and how it fosters community. San Francisco Chronicle, August 24, 2006 Hilliard, Russell E. "The San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus A Historical Perspective on the Role of a Chorus as a Social Service." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services: Issues in Practice, Policy, and Research. The official journal of the Caucus of the LGBT Faculty & Students in Social Work. Volume: 14, October 29, 2002. Issue ISSN 1053-8720. The Haworth Press, Inc. == External links == Gay Men’s Chorus of Washington’s official Web site GALA Choruses Inc.’s official Web site Guide to the Gay Men's Chorus of Washington, DC Records, 1980-2013, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Opie#Awards	Catherine Opie	Catherine Sue Opie (born 1961) is an American fine art photographer and educator. She lives and works in Los Angeles, as a professor of photography at the University of California, Los Angeles. Opie studies the connections between mainstream and infrequent society. By specializing in portraiture, studio, and landscape photography, she is able to create pieces relating to sexual identity. Through photography, Opie documents the relationship between the individual and the space inhabited, offering an exploration of the American identity, particularly probing the tensions between the constructed American dream and the diverse realities of its citizens. Merging conceptual and documentary styles, Opie's oeuvre gravitates towards portraiture and landscapes, utilizing serial images and unexpected compositions to both spotlight and blur the lines of gender, community, and place while invoking the formal gravitas reminiscent of Renaissance portraiture and hinting at her deep engagement with the history of art and painting. She is known for her portraits exploring the Los Angeles leather-dyke community. Her work is held in the collections of the Museum of Modern Art and the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and she has won awards including the United States Artists Fellowship (2006) and the President’s Award for Lifetime Achievement from the Women’s Caucus for Art (2009). == Life == Opie was born in Sandusky, Ohio. She spent her early childhood in Ohio and was influenced heavily by photographer Lewis Hine. On her 9th birthday, she received a Kodak Instamatic camera and immediately began taking photographs of her family and community. One of her first photographs was a self-portrait of her making muscles. She evolved as an artist at age 14 when she created her own darkroom. Her family moved from Ohio to California in 1975. She earned a Bachelor of Arts from the San Francisco Art Institute in 1985. She later received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the California Institute of the Arts (CalArts) in 1988. Before arriving at CalArts, she was a strictly black-and-white photographer. Opie's thesis project entitled Master Plan (1988) examined a wide variety of topics. Her early work was said to focus on the raping of landscapes. The project looked deeper into construction sites, advertisement schemes, homeowner regulations, and the interior layout of their homes within the community of Valencia, California. In 1988, Opie moved to Los Angeles, California, and began working as an artist. She supported herself by accepting a job as a lab technician at the University of California, Irvine. Opie and her former partner, painter Julie Burleigh, constructed working studios in the backyard of their home in South Central Los Angeles. In 2001, Opie gave birth to a boy named Oliver through intrauterine insemination. At the Hammer Museum, Opie was on the first Artist Council (a series of sessions with curators and museum administrators) and served on the board of overseers. Along with fellow artists John Baldessari, Barbara Kruger, and Ed Ruscha, Opie served as a member of the board for the Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles. In 2012, she and the others resigned; however, they joined the museum's 14-member search committee for a new director after Jeffrey Deitch's resignation in 2013. Opie returned in support of the museum's new director, Philippe Vergne, in 2014. She was also on the board of the Andy Warhol Foundation. Along with Richard Hawkins, Opie curated a selection of work by the late artist Tony Greene at the 2014 Whitney Biennial, in New York. As of 2017, Opie has her studio at The Brewery Art Colony. == Work == === Art === Opie's work is characterized by a combination of formal concerns, a variety of printing technologies, references to art history, and social/political commentary. It demonstrates a mix between traditional photography and unconventional subjects. For example, she explores abstraction in the landscape vis-a-vis the placement of the horizon line in the Icehouses (2001) and Surfers (2003) series. She has printed photographs using Chronochrome, Iris prints, Polaroids, and silver photogravure. Examples of art history references include the use of bright colour backgrounds in portraits that reference the work of Hans Holbein and the full-body frontal portraits that reference August Sander. Opie also depicts herself with her son in the traditional pose of Madonna and Child in Self Portrait/Nursing (2004). Opie's earlier work relies more heavily on documentary photography as opposed to allegorical, yet still provides a stark relationship to her investigation and use of powerful iconography throughout the years. The use of symbolic elements in Opie's works has allowed these portraits to sit separately from any of her previous works. For instance, the portrait Self Portrait/Pervert (1994) uses blood. The symbolism used in this work is recognised as a recurring statement for Opie, personally and allegorically. These images convey symbolic references to the celebration, embracing, and remembrance of the shift and personal relationship with one's body. Opie's use of blood is also seen in another work entitled Self-portrait/Cutting (1993). Opie first came to be known with Being and Having (1991) and Portraits (1993–1997), which portray queer communities in Los Angeles and San Francisco. Being and Having includes 13 colour photographs of Opie's lesbian friends and looks at the performance of gender identity and masculinity with visual reference to 17th-century Old Master portraiture. Also exploring ideas of the outward portrayal of identity, in Dyke (1993), Opie portrayed her friend Steakhouse (now a queer filmaker, still friends with Opie) who had the word 'dyke' tattooed on her neck, seen as an act of bravery at the time. This photograph was also the first time Opie used a fabric background for her portraits, again alluding to Old Master paintings. As such, she saw this photograph as existing within the history of painting, rather than photography. In Portraits (1993–1997), Opie presents a variety of identities among the queer community, such as drag kings, cross-dressers, and F-to-M transexuals.Opie has referenced problems of visibility in the LGBT community, but in her images the reference to Renaissance paintings declares the individuals as saints or characters. Opie's portraits document, celebrate, and protect the community and individuals in which she photographs. A common social/political theme in her work is the concept of community. Opie stated that "portraiture literally creates a history of one’s community". She has investigated aspects of community, making portraits of many groups including the LGBT community, surfers, and high school football players. Her work is informed by her identity as an out lesbian and "out of incredible love and dialogue with people who share my queer identity with me and what it meant at that time in our lives". Her works balance personal and political. Her assertive portraits bring queers to a forefront that is normally silenced by societal norms. Her work also explores how the idea of family varies between straight and LGBTQ communities. Opie highlights that LGBTQ households often base their families on close friendships and community, while straight families focus on their individual families. She is also interested in how identities are shaped by our surrounding architecture. This Los Angeles-focused series sparked her ongoing project American Cities (1997–present), which is a collection of panoramic black-and-white photographs of quintessential American cities. This series is similar to an earlier work of hers, Domestic (1995–1998), which documented her 2-month RV road trip, portraying lesbian families engaging in everyday household activities across the country. Drawing inspiration from the transgressive photography of Robert Mapplethorpe, Nan Goldin, and sex radicals, who provided a space for liberals and feminists, Opie has also explored controversial topics and imagery in her work. In her O folio—6 photogravures from 1999—Opie photographed S-M porn images she took earlier for On Our Backs, but as extreme close-ups. In 2011, Opie photographed the home of the actress Elizabeth Taylor in Bel Air, Los Angeles. Taylor died during the project and never met Opie. Opie took 3,000 images for the project; 129 comprised the completed study. The resultant images were published as 700 Nimes Road. Collector Daily noted the "relentless femininity of Taylor's taste" in the images contrasted with Opie's self-declared "identity as a butch woman" in Opie's forward to 700 Nimes Road and Opie's "status as an ordinary mortal" in comparison to Taylor's stardom. Opie's first film, The Modernist (2017), is a tribute to French filmmaker Chris Marker's 1962 classic La Jetée. Composed of 800 still images, the film features Pig Pen (aka Stosh Fila)—a genderqueer performance artist—as the protagonist. The Modernist has been described as an ode to the city in which it takes place, Los Angeles, but it is also seen as questioning the legacy of modernism in America. In summary, the twenty-two-minute film is about an aggravated artist who just wants his own home as he has fallen in love with the architecture of Los Angeles. Being unable to purchase a place to live, the performance artist goes around burning down lovely architecture of LA. === Teaching === Opie's teaching career began in 2001 at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). In 2019, UCLA announced Opie as the university’s inaugural endowed chair in the art department, a position underwritten by a $2-million gift from philanthropists Lynda and Stewart Resnick. She has also taught photography workshops at Anderson Ranch Arts Center in Snowmass Village, CO and Fine Arts Work Center in Provincetown, MA. == Publications == Freeways. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles Catherine Opie, essays by Kate Bush, Joshua Decter & Russell Ferguson. The Photographers' Gallery, London. Catherine Opie: In Between Here and There. Saint Louis, MO: Saint Louis Art Museum, 2000. With an essay by Rochelle Steiner. Exhibition catalogue. Catherine Opie. The Photographers' Gallery, London, 2000. Catherine Opie: Skyways and Ice Houses. Walker Art Center 2002. 1999 / In and Around Home. The Aldrich Contemporary Museum of Art, Ridgefield, CT, and the Orange County Museum of Art, Newport Beach, CA, 2006. Chicago (American Cities), curated by Elizabeth T.A. Smith, published by Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, 2006. Catherine Opie: An American Photographer. Guggenheim Museum, New York, NY, 2008. ISBN 978-0892073757 "Catherine Opie" This is Not to be Looked At. Morse, Rebecca. Museum of Contemporary Art, Los Angeles, CA, 2008. Catherine Opie: Empty and Full, Molesworth, Helen, ed. Hatje Cantz, Stuttgart, 2011. ISBN 978-3775730150 700 Nimes Road, Catherine Opie, with essays by Hilton Als, Ingrid Sischy, Prestel, Munich, 2015. ISBN 978-3791354255 Catherine Opie: Keeping an Eye on the World. Buchhandlung Walter König, König, 2017. Catherine Opie, with essays by Hilton Als, Douglas Fogle, Helen Molesworth, Elizabeth A.T. Smith, interview by Charlotte Cotton, Phaidon Press, New York, 2021. ISBN 978-1838662189 == Notable works in public collections == == Awards == Citibank Private Bank Emerging Artist Award (1997) CalArts Alpert Award in the Arts (2003) Larry Aldrich Award (2004) United States Artists Fellowship (2006) Women's Caucus for Art: President's Award for Lifetime Achievement (2009) Archives of American Art Medal (2016) National Academy member (2016) Guggenheim Fellowship from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (2019) == In popular culture == Her name appears in the lyrics of the Le Tigre song "Hot Topic." == References == == External links == Biography at UCLA Archived July 26, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Artslant review of Opie's high school football Archived October 28, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Opie in Lacanian Ink 27 Opie interview with Megan Driscoll in Port, 2011 Opie interview with Kyle Fitzpatrick, in Los Angeles I'm Yours, 2012 Opie interview with Russell Ferguson, Index Magazine, 1996 Opie and the Guggenheim === Links to Works === Self-Portrait/Pervert by Catherine Opie Dyke by Catherine Opie Self Portrait/Nursing by Catherine Opie Lawrence by Catherine Opie Being and Having by Catherine Opie Joanne, Betsy, & Olivia, Bayside, New York by Catherine Opie Melissa & Lake, Durham, North Carolina by Catherine Opie Pig Pen (tattoos) by Catherine Opie == External links == Media related to Catherine Opie at Wikimedia Commons
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Nath_Walli	Dina Nath Walli	Dina Nath Walli (1908–2006), also known by his pen name Almast Kashmiri, was an Indian water colour artist and poet from Srinagar city in the Kashmir Valley. He was the part of the modern art movement in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and was known for painting everyday scenes of Kashmir. == Early life and education == Dina Nath Walli was born in 1906 in the Badyar Bala neighborhood of Srinagar, in the Kashmir Valley of the then princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, within British India, into a Kashmiri Pandit family. His father died when Dina Nath was very young. He had his early education in Srinagar, then he continued his three years course at Amar Singh Technical Institute, Srinagar and then he moved from Kashmir to Calcutta in Bengal Presidency in 1930 for his further training, where he learned various forms of art under the guidance of Percy Brown, principal of the Government College of Art & Craft at the University of Calcutta. == Career == In 1936, he returned to Srinagar, where he concentrated on landscape painting in water colours. He was also awarded gold medals by the government of Kashmir in 1939 and in 1940 he was awarded a highly commended medal from the Academy of Fine Arts, Calcutta. He had also produced an album of 12 paintings. Under his pen name of Almast Kashmiri, his "accent on realistic art or people's poetry", is best seen in his two collections of his poetry, Bala Yapair (This side of Mountains, 1955) and Sahaavukh Posh (Desert Flowers, 1981). == Works == Kashmir Water Colour Paintings, by Dinanath Walli. Walli, 1970. Sahraavuky posh: desert flowers, by Dinanath Walli. Metropolitan Book Co., 1978. == References == == External links == Amaresh Datta (2006). The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, Vol. 1. Sahitya Akademi. ISBN 8126018038. Paintings - Walli, KOA USA Shehjar.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Esteve-Coll#:~:text=Esteve%2DColl%20served%20as%20Vice,being%20diagnosed%20with%20multiple%20sclerosis.	Elizabeth Esteve-Coll	Dame Elizabeth Anne Loosemore Esteve-Coll (née Kingdon; 14 October 1938 – 16 September 2024) was a British academic, museum director and librarian. == Early life and education == Esteve-Coll was born in Ripon, West Riding of Yorkshire, the daughter of Percy Kingdon, a bank clerk, and his wife Nora Rose. She was educated at Darlington High School and read English and Spanish at Trinity College, Dublin and Art History at Birkbeck College (now Birkbeck, University of London). == Career == Esteve-Coll was head of learning resources at Kingston Polytechnic (now Kingston University London) from 1977 to 1982. In 1982 she became the first female director of the University of Surrey Library. In 1985 she became the Keeper of the National Art Library at the Victoria and Albert Museum. She then instigated various changes to make the library more accessible to a broader audience. Esteve-Coll became the UK's first woman director of a national arts collection when she was appointed director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in 1987, succeeding Sir Roy Strong. She resigned in 1994, midway through her second term as director, to take up the Vice-Chancellorship of the University of East Anglia. Alan Borg succeeded her as its new director, taking the post on 1 October 1995. Esteve-Coll served as Vice-Chancellor of the University of East Anglia from 1995 to 1997, but was forced to step down after being diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. She said at the time: "It is with real sadness and disappointment that I must acknowledge that I am not able to lead the university into the 21st century." She served as Chancellor of University of Lincoln for seven years, as well as being a Trustee of the Sainsbury Institute for the Study of Japanese Arts and Cultures since its foundation in January 1999. == Marriage == At the age of 21, she married Spanish refugee sea captain José Esteve-Coll, 30 years her senior. He died in 1980. == Honours == Esteve-Coll was made a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the Queen's Birthday Honours list in 1995. She received the Order of the Rising Sun, Gold Rays with Neck Ribbon (3rd class) in November 2005 in recognition of her "outstanding contribution to the promotion of Japanese culture and studies to British people". In November 2008, she was presented with an honorary doctorate of arts and made Chancellor Emerita by the University of Lincoln during her farewell ceremony at Lincoln Cathedral. == Death == Esteve-Coll died on 16 September 2024, at the age of 85. == Bibliography == Books by My Bedside (1989) == References == == External links == IFLA Section of Art Libraries Annual Report — September 1997 – August 1998 Interview with Dame Elizabeth Esteve-Coll Elizabeth Esteve-Coll on Desert Island Discs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_Catalysis_Award	Applied Catalysis Award	The Applied Catalysis Award is awarded by the Royal Society of Chemistry to individuals for "creativity and excellence in novel approaches or use of catalysis in industry." The award was established in 2008. The winner of the award is chosen by the Industry & Technology Division Awards Committee, and receives £2000, a medal and a certificate. == Previous winners == Source: RSC == See also == List of chemistry awards == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Smalls	Robert Smalls	Robert Smalls (April 5, 1839 – February 23, 1915) was an American Republican politician who was born into slavery in Beaufort, South Carolina. During the American Civil War, the still enslaved Smalls commandeered a Confederate transport ship in Charleston Harbor and sailed it from the Confederate-controlled waters of the harbor to the U.S. blockade that surrounded it. He then piloted the ship to the Union-controlled enclave in Beaufort–Port Royal–Hilton Head area, where it became a Union warship. In the process, he freed himself, his crew, and their families. His example and persuasion helped convince President Abraham Lincoln to accept African-American soldiers into the Union Army. After the Civil War, Smalls returned to Beaufort and became a politician, winning election as a Republican to the South Carolina Legislature and the United States House of Representatives during the Reconstruction era. He authored state legislation providing for South Carolina to have the first free and compulsory public school system in the United States. He was a founder of the Republican Party of South Carolina and the last member of that party to represent South Carolina's 5th congressional district until the election of Mick Mulvaney in 2010. == Early life == Robert Smalls was born on April 5, 1839, in Beaufort, South Carolina, to Lydia Polite, a woman enslaved by Henry McKee. She gave birth to him in a cabin behind McKee's house, at 511 Prince Street in Beaufort, South Carolina. He grew up in the city under the influence of the Lowcountry Gullah culture of his mother. His mother lived as a servant in the house, but she had grown up working in the fields. Smalls was favored by McKee over other enslaved people, so his mother worried that he might grow up not understanding the plight of enslaved field workers, and she asked for him to be made to work in the fields and to witness whippings. When he was 12, at the request of his mother, Smalls's master sent him to Charleston to hire out as a laborer for sixteen dollars a week, of which he was allowed to keep one dollar, the rest of the wage being paid to his master. Smalls first worked in a hotel, then became a street lamplighter. In his teen years, his love of the sea led him to find work on Charleston's docks and wharves. Smalls worked as a longshoreman, rigger and sailmaker, and he eventually worked his way up to become a wheelman, more or less a helmsman, though enslaved people were not permitted that title. As a result, he was very knowledgeable about Charleston Harbor. At age 17, Smalls married Hannah Jones, an enslaved hotel maid, in Charleston on December 24, 1856. She was five years older than he was, and she already had two daughters. Their own first child, Elizabeth Lydia Smalls, was born in February 1858. Three years later, they had a son, Robert Jr., who died at age two. Smalls aimed to pay for their freedom by purchasing them outright, but the price was steep, $800 (equivalent to $27,997 in 2024). He had managed to save up only $100. It might have taken him decades to reach $800. == Civil War == === Escape from slavery === In April 1861, the Civil War began with the Battle of Fort Sumter in nearby Charleston Harbor. In the fall of 1861, Smalls was assigned to steer the CSS Planter, a lightly armed Confederate military transport under the command of Charleston's District Commander Brigadier General Roswell S. Ripley. Planter's duties were to survey waterways, lay mines, and deliver dispatches, troops and supplies. Smalls piloted the Planter throughout Charleston harbor and beyond, on area rivers and along the South Carolina, Georgia and Florida coasts. From Charleston harbor, Smalls and the Planter's crew could see the line of federal blockade ships in the outer harbor, seven miles away. Smalls appeared content and had the confidence of the Planter's crew and owners, but, at some time in April 1862, he began to plan an escape. He discussed the matter with all of the other enslaved people in the crew except one, whom he did not trust. On May 12, 1862, the Planter traveled ten miles southwest of Charleston to stop at Coles Island, a Confederate post on the Stono River that was being dismantled. There, the ship picked up four large guns to transport to a fort in Charleston harbor. Back in Charleston, the crew loaded 200 lb (91 kg) of ammunition and 20 cord (72 m3) of firewood onto the Planter. On the evening of May 12, the Planter was docked as usual at the wharf below General Ripley's headquarters. Its three white officers disembarked to spend the night ashore, leaving Smalls and the crew on board, "as was their custom." (Afterward, the three Confederate officers were court-martialed and two convicted, but the verdicts were later overturned.) Before the officers departed, Smalls asked Captain Relyea if the crew's families could visit, which was occasionally allowed, and he approved on condition that they depart before curfew. When the families arrived, the men revealed the plan to them. This was the first the women and children had heard of it, although Smalls recently had told [his wife] Hannah. She had known that Smalls longed to escape but hadn't realized that he was formulating a plan and intended to execute it. She was taken aback but quickly regained her composure and told him, “It is a risk, dear, but you and I, and our little ones must be free. I will go, for where you die, I will die. The other women were less steadfast. They cried and screamed when they learned what they had stumbled into, and the men struggled to quiet them.... Later, once the shock had worn off, those women admitted that they were glad for a chance at freedom.... At some point, three crew members pretended to escort the family members back home, but they circled around and hid aboard another steamer docked at the North Atlantic wharf. At about 3:00 a.m. on May 13, Smalls and seven of the eight enslaved crewmen made their previously planned escape to the Union blockade ships. Smalls put on the captain's uniform and wore a straw hat similar to the captain's. He sailed the Planter past what was then called Southern Wharf and stopped at another wharf to pick up his wife and children and the families of other crewmen. Smalls guided the ship past the five Confederate harbor forts without incident, as he gave the correct steam-whistle signals at checkpoints. The Planter had been commanded by Captain Charles C. J. Relyea, and Smalls copied Relyea's manners and straw hat on deck to fool Confederate onlookers from shore and the forts. The Planter sailed past Fort Sumter at about 4:30 a.m. As the nearly-free slaves approached Fort Sumter, their apprehension grew. It was the most heavily armed of the Confederate forts and tended to be manned by the most suspicious soldiers. One of the men aboard later said, “When we drew near the fort every man but Robert Smalls felt his knees giving way and the women began crying and praying again." As the Planter approached the fort, several men urged Smalls to give it a wide berth. Smalls refused, saying that such behavior would almost certainly arouse suspicion. He steered the ship along its normal path, slowly, as though he were merely enjoying the early morning air and in no particular hurry. When Fort Sumter flashed the challenge signal, Smalls again gave the correct hand signs. There was a long pause. The fort didn’t immediately respond, and Smalls now expected cannon fire to shred the Planter at any moment. Finally, the fort signaled that all was well, and Smalls sailed his ship out of the harbor. The alarm was only raised after the ship was beyond gun range, for, rather than turn east towards Morris Island, Smalls had headed straight for the Union Navy fleet, replacing the rebel flags with a white bed sheet that had been brought by his wife. The Planter had been seen by the USS Onward, which was about to fire until a crewman spotted the white flag. In the dark, the sheet was difficult to see, but the sunrise arrived which allowed viewing. Witness account: Just as No. 3 port gun was being elevated, someone cried out, "I see something that looks like a white flag"; and true enough there was something flying on the steamer that would have been white by application of soap and water. As she neared us, we looked in vain for the face of a white man. When they discovered that we would not fire on them, there was a rush of contrabands out on her deck, some dancing, some singing, whistling, jumping; and others stood looking towards Fort Sumter, and muttering all sorts of maledictions against it, and "de heart of de Souf," generally. As the steamer came near, and under the stern of the Onward, one of the Colored men stepped forward, and taking off his hat, shouted, "Good morning, sir! I've brought you some of the old United States guns, sir!" [That man was Robert Smalls.] The Onward's captain, John Frederick Nickels, boarded the Planter, and Smalls asked for a United States flag to display. He surrendered the Planter and its cargo to the United States Navy. Smalls's escape plan had succeeded. The Planter and description of Smalls's actions were forwarded by Nickels to his commander, Capt. E.G. Parrott. In addition to its own light guns, Planter carried the four loose artillery pieces from Coles Island and 200 pounds of ammunition. Most valuable, however, were the captain's code book containing the Confederate signals and a map of the mines and torpedoes that had been laid in Charleston's harbor. Smalls's own extensive knowledge of the Charleston region's waterways and military configurations proved highly valuable. Parrott again forwarded the Planter to flag officer Samuel Francis Du Pont at Port Royal, describing Smalls as very intelligent. Smalls gave detailed information about Charleston's defenses to Du Pont, commander of the blockading fleet. Federal officers were surprised to learn from Smalls that, contrary to their calculations, only a few thousand troops remained to protect the area, the rest having been sent to Tennessee and Virginia. They also learned that the Coles Island fortifications on Charleston's southern flank were being abandoned and were without protection. This intelligence allowed Union forces to capture Coles Island and its string of batteries without a fight on May 20, a week after Smalls's escape. The Union would hold the Stono inlet as a base for the remaining three years of the war. Du Pont was impressed, and he wrote the following to the Navy secretary in Washington: "Robert, the intelligent slave and pilot of the boat, who performed this bold feat so skillfully, informed me of [the capture of the Sumter gun], presuming it would be a matter of interest." He "is superior to any who have come into our lines – intelligent as many of them have been." === Service to the Union === Smalls, having just turned 23, quickly became known in the North as a hero for his daring exploit. Newspapers and magazines reported his actions. The U.S. Congress passed a bill awarding Smalls and his crewmen the prize money for the Planter (valuable not only for its guns but also its low draft in Charleston bay); Southern newspapers demanded harsh discipline for the Confederate officers whose joint shore leave had allowed Smalls and his men to steal the boat. Smalls's share of the prize money came to US$1,500 (equivalent to $47,245 in 2024). Immediately after the capture, Smalls was invited to travel to New York to help raise money for formerly enslaved people, but Du Pont vetoed the proposal, and Smalls began to serve the Union Navy, especially with his detailed knowledge of mines laid near Charleston. However, with the encouragement of Major General David Hunter, the Union commander at Port Royal, Smalls went to Washington, D.C., in August 1862 with Rev. Mansfield French, a Methodist minister who had helped found Wilberforce University in Ohio and had been sent by the American Missionary Association to help formerly enslaved people at Port Royal. They wanted to persuade Lincoln and Secretary of War Edwin Stanton to permit African-American men to fight for the Union. Although Lincoln had previously rescinded orders by Generals Hunter, Fremont and Sherman to mobilize African-American troops, Stanton soon signed an order permitting up to 5,000 African Americans to enlist in the Union forces at Port Royal. Those who did were organized as the 1st and 2nd South Carolina Regiments (Colored). Smalls worked as a civilian with the Navy until March 1863, when he was transferred to the Army. By his own account, Smalls was present at 17 major battles and engagements in the Civil War. After capture, the Planter required some repairs, which were performed locally, and went into Union service near Fort Pulaski. The boat was valued for its shallow draft, compared to other boats in the fleet. Smalls was made pilot of the Crusader under Captain Alexander Rhind. In June of that year, Smalls was piloting the Crusader on Edisto in Wadmalaw Sound when the Planter returned to service, and an infantry regiment engaged in the Battle of Simmon's Bluff at the head of the Edisto River. He continued to pilot the Crusader and the Planter. While enslaved, he had assisted in laying mines (then called "torpedoes") along the coast and river. Now, as a pilot, he helped find and remove them and serviced the blockade between Charleston and Beaufort. He was also present when the Planter was fired upon at several fights at Adam's Run on the Dawho River and at battles at Rockville, at John's Island, and at the Second Battle of Pocotaligo. He was made pilot of the ironclad USS Keokuk, again under Captain Rhind, and took part in the attack on Fort Sumter on April 7, 1863, which was a preamble to the Second Battle of Fort Sumter later that fall. The Keokuk took 96 hits and retired for the night, sinking the next morning. Smalls and much of the crew moved to the Ironside, and the fleet returned to Hilton Head. In June 1863, Hunter was replaced as commander of the Department of the South by Quincy Adams Gillmore. With Gillmore's arrival, Smalls was transferred to the quartermaster's department. Smalls was pilot of the USS Isaac Smith, later recommissioned in the Confederate Navy the Stono in the expedition on Morris Island. When Union troops took the southern end of the Island, Smalls was put in charge of the Light House Inlet as pilot. On December 1, 1863, Smalls was piloting the Planter under Captain James Nickerson on Folly Island Creek when Confederate batteries at Secessionville opened fire. Nickerson fled the pilot house for the coal-bunker. Smalls refused to surrender, fearing that the African-American crewmen would not be treated as prisoners of war and instead be summarily killed. Smalls entered the pilothouse and took command of the boat and piloted it to safety. For this, he was reportedly promoted by Gillmore to the rank of captain and made acting captain of the Planter. In May 1864, he was voted an unofficial delegate to the Republican National Convention in Baltimore. Later that spring, Smalls piloted the Planter to Philadelphia for an overhaul. In Philadelphia, he supported what was known as the Port Royal Experiment, an effort to raise money to support the education and development of formerly enslaved people. At the outset of the Civil War, Smalls could neither read nor write, but he achieved literacy in Philadelphia. In 1864, Smalls was seated in a streetcar in Philadelphia and was ordered to give his seat to a white passenger. Rather than ride on the open overflow platform, Smalls left the car. This incident of humiliating a heroic veteran was cited in the debate that resulted in the Pennsylvania legislature's passing a bill to integrate public transportation in Pennsylvania in 1867. In December 1864, Smalls and the Planter moved to support William T. Sherman's army in Savannah, Georgia at the destination point of his March to the Sea. Smalls returned with the Planter to Charleston harbor in April 1865 for the ceremonial raising of the American flag again at Fort Sumter. Smalls was discharged on June 11, 1865. Other vessels that Smalls piloted during the war included the Huron and the Paul Jones. He continued to pilot the Planter, serving a humanitarian mission of taking food and supplies to freedmen who had lost their homes and livelihoods during the war. On September 30, the Planter entered the service of the Freedmen's Bureau. === Commission and prize money === Smalls's position in the Union Army and Navy has been disputed, and his reward for the capture of the Planter has been criticized. During his life, articles about Smalls state that, when he was assigned to pilot the Planter, the Navy did not allow him to hold the rank of pilot because he was not a graduate of a naval academy, a requirement at that time. To assure that he received proper pay for a captain, he was commissioned second lieutenant of the 1st South Carolina Colored Infantry Regiment (later re-designated as the 33rd U.S. Colored Infantry) and detailed to act as pilot. Many sources also state that General Gillmore promoted Smalls to captain in December 1863 after he saved the Planter when it was under attack near Secessionville. Later sources state that Smalls did receive a commission either in the Army or the Navy, but that he likely was officially a civilian throughout the war. In 1865, his salary as "commander" of the Planter was given in a newspaper as $1,800 (equivalent to $36,974 in 2024); he and the Planter were in Charleston harbor with the Union ships in 1865 and transported from shore all of the African Americans who wanted to attend the flag-raising ceremony at Ft. Sumter. Later in his life, when Smalls sought a Navy pension, he learned that he had not been officially commissioned. He claimed that he had received an official commission from Gillmore but had lost it. In 1883, a bill passed committee to put him on the Navy retired list, but in the end it was halted, allegedly due to Smalls being African American. In 1897, a special act of Congress granted Smalls a pension of $30 per month, equal to the pension for a Navy captain. In 1883, during discussion of the bill to put Smalls on the Navy retired list, a report stated that the 1862 appraisal of the Planter was "absurdly low" and that a fair valuation would have been more than $60,000. However, Smalls received no further payment until 1900. That year, Congress passed a statute paying Smalls $5,000, less the amount paid to him in 1862 ($1,500), for his capture of the steamship. Many still felt that this was less than his due. == After the Civil War == Immediately following the war, Smalls returned to his native Beaufort, where he purchased his former enslaver's house at 511 Prince St., which Union tax authorities had seized in 1863 for refusal to pay taxes. Later, the former owner sued to regain the property, but Smalls retained ownership in the court case. The case became an important precedent in other, similar cases. His mother, Lydia, lived with him for the remainder of her life. He later allowed his former enslaver's wife, the elderly Jane McKee, to move into her former home prior to her death. Smalls spent nine months learning to read and write. He purchased a two-story Beaumont building to use as a school for African-American children. === Business ventures === In 1866, Smalls went into business in Beaufort with Richard Howell Gleaves, a businessman from Philadelphia. They opened a store to serve the needs of freedmen. Smalls also hired a teacher to help him study. That April, the Radical Republicans that controlled Congress overrode President Andrew Johnson's vetoes and passed a Civil Rights Act. In 1868, they passed the 14th Amendment, which was ratified by the states to extend full citizenship to all Americans regardless of race. Smalls invested significantly in the economic development of the Charleston–Beaufort region. In 1870, in anticipation of a Reconstruction-based prosperity, Smalls, with fellow representatives Joseph Rainey, Alonzo Ransier and others, formed the Enterprise Railroad, an 18-mile horse-drawn railway line that carried cargo and passengers between the Charleston wharves and inland depots. Except for one white director (newspaper editor, legislator and county treasurer Timothy Hurley), the railroad's board of directors was entirely African American. Richard H. Cain was its first president. Author Bernard E. Powers describes it as "the most impressive commercial venture by members of Charleston's black elite." Smalls owned and helped publish a newspaper, the Beaufort Southern Standard, starting in 1872. == Political career == Smalls's wartime fame and his fluency in the Gullah dialect gave him an avenue for political advancement. === Political affiliation === Smalls was one of the founders of the South Carolina Republican Party. The Republican Party was the political party that dominated the Northern states and passed laws granting protections for African Americans in the aftermath of the Civil War. On August 22, 1912, Smalls wrote to U.S. Senator Knute Nelson: "I never lose sight of the fact that had it not been for the Republican Party, I never would have been an office-holder of any kind—from 1862 to the present." In words that became famous, he described his party as "the party of Lincoln...which unshackled the necks of four million human beings." He wrote this line on September 12, 1912, in a letter expressing his anxiety over the looming presidential election. In that letter, he concluded: "I ask that every colored man in the North who has a vote to cast would cast that vote for the regular Republican Party and thus bury the Democratic Party so deep that there will not be seen even a bubble coming from the spot where the burial took place." === State politics === Smalls was a delegate at the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention, where he worked to make free, compulsory schooling available to all South Carolina children. He served as a delegate at several Republican National Conventions, and he also participated in the South Carolina Republican State conventions. In 1868, Smalls was elected as the first black member of the South Carolina House of Representatives. He was very effective, introducing a Homestead Act and a Civil Rights bill, the latter of which he worked to pass. In 1870, Jonathan Jasper Wright was elected judge of the South Carolina Supreme Court and Smalls was elected to fill his unexpired time in the state Senate. He continued in the Senate, winning the 1872 election against W. J. Whipper. In the Senate, he was considered a very good speaker and debater. He served on the Finance Committee and was chairman of the Public Printing Committee. Smalls was a delegate to three National Republican Conventions: in 1872 in Philadelphia, which nominated the incumbent President Grant for re-election; in 1876 in Cincinnati, which nominated Hayes; and in 1884 in Chicago, which nominated Blaine—and then continuously to all conventions until 1896. He was elected vice-president of the South Carolina Republican Party at its 1872 state convention. In 1873, Smalls was appointed lieutenant-colonel of the Third Regiment, South Carolina State Militia. He was later promoted to brigadier-general of the Second Brigade, South Carolina Militia, and to major-general of the Second Division, South Carolina State Militia. He held this position until 1877, when Democrats took control of the state government. === National politics === In 1874, Smalls was elected to the United States House of Representatives, where he served two terms from 1875 to 1879. From 1882 to 1883, he represented South Carolina's 5th congressional district in the House. The state legislature gerrymandered district boundaries, thereby including Beaufort and other heavily African-American coastal areas in South Carolina's 7th congressional district, and providing other nearby districts substantial white majorities. Smalls was elected from the 7th district and served from 1884 to 1887. He was a member of the 44th, 45th, 47th, 48th and 49th U.S. Congresses. In 1875, he opposed the transfer of troops out of the American South, fearing the effect of such a move on the safety of African Americans in the region. During consideration of a bill to reduce and restructure the United States Army, Smalls introduced an amendment that provided that "[h]ereafter in the enlistment of men in the Army...no distinction whatsoever shall be made on account of race or color." However, the amendment was not considered by Congress. He was the last Republican elected from the 5th congressional district until 2010, when Mick Mulvaney took office. He was the second-longest serving African-American member of Congress (behind Joseph Rainey) until the mid-20th century. After the Compromise of 1877, the U.S. government withdrew its remaining forces from South Carolina and other Southern states. Conservative Southern Bourbon Democrats had used violence and election fraud to regain control of the state legislature. As part of wide-ranging Democratic Party efforts to reduce African-American political power, Smalls was charged and convicted of taking a bribe five years earlier in connection with the awarding of a printing contract. He was pardoned as part of an agreement by which charges were also dropped against Democrats accused of election fraud. The scandal took a political toll on Smalls, and he was defeated by Democrat George D. Tillman in 1878, and again, narrowly, in 1880. He successfully contested the 1880 result and regained the seat in 1882. In 1884, he was elected to fill a seat in a different district. He was nominated for Senate but defeated by Wade Hampton in December 1884. During this period in Congress, he supported racial-integration legislation, supported a pension for the widow of his former Major General, David Hunter, and advised South Carolina African Americans to refrain from migrating to the Northern or Midwestern United States or to Liberia. In 1890, he was appointed by President Benjamin Harrison as collector of the Port of Beaufort, a position that he held until 1913 except during Democrat Grover Cleveland's second term. Smalls was active into the twentieth century. He was "the leading colored delegate" to the 1895 South Carolina constitutional convention. Together with five other African-American politicians, he strongly opposed the dominant Democratic delegates as they implacably wrote disfranchisement of the state's African-American citizens into the proposed constitution. Seeking to publicize this blatantly discriminatory clause, they wrote an article for the New York World. However, they were outnumbered at the state convention, and the new constitution was adopted. For many decades, this state constitution survived legal challenges, resulting in both the exclusion of African Americans from political participation and the crippling of the Republican Party throughout South Carolina. In the late 1890s, Smalls began to suffer from diabetes. He turned down an offer of a colonelcy of an African-American U.S. military regiment in the Spanish–American War and an appointment to the position of minister to Liberia. === Local politics === Though Smalls was not officially involved with politics on the local level, he had some influence. In 1913, in one of his final actions as community leader, he played an important role in stopping a lynch mob from killing two black suspects in the murder of a white man. He pressured the mayor, saying that blacks that he had sent throughout the city would burn the town if the mob was not stopped. The mayor and sheriff stopped the mob. == Family == With his first wife Hannah Jones Smalls, whom he married on December 24, 1856, Robert Smalls had three children: Elizabeth Lydia (1858–1959; m. Samuel Jones Bampfield, nine living children); Robert Jr., who was born in 1861, and died at age two; and Sarah Voorhies (1863–1920). Hannah Jones Smalls had two daughters before she met and married Robert Smalls: Charlotte and Clara Jones. Smalls and his family were affiliated with the Baptist Church and attended Berean Baptist Church when living in Washington, D.C. Smalls was a Prince Hall mason as a member of Sons of Beaufort Lodge #36. Smalls's great-great-grandson, Michael B. Moore, was the unsuccessful Democratic nominee for South Carolina's 1st congressional district in 2024. Hannah Smalls died on July 28, 1883. On April 9, 1890, Robert Smalls married Annie E. Wigg, a Charleston schoolteacher, who bore him one son, William Robert Smalls (1892–1970). Annie Smalls died on November 5, 1895. Robert Smalls died of malaria and diabetes on February 23, 1915, at the age of 75. He was buried in his family's plot in the churchyard of the Tabernacle Baptist Church in downtown Beaufort. The monument to Smalls in this churchyard is inscribed with his 1895 statement to the South Carolina legislature: "My race needs no special defense, for the past history of them in this country proves them to be the equal of any people anywhere. All they need is an equal chance in the battle of life." == Honors and legacy == Since 2023, the state of South Carolina has celebrated Robert Smalls Day every May 13. Fort Robert Smalls was named in his honor; it was built by free blacks in 1863 on McGuire's Hill on the South Side of Pittsburgh during the Civil War. It survived until the 1940s. The Robert Smalls House in Beaufort has been designated a National Historic Landmark. A monument and statue are dedicated to his memory where he is interred at Tabernacle Baptist Church in Beaufort. The Robert Smalls School in Cheraw, South Carolina is named for him. The Robert Smalls Leadership Academy (formerly the Robert Smalls Middle School) in Beaufort County, South Carolina is named in his honor. During World War II, Camp Robert Smalls was established as a sub-facility of the Great Lakes Naval Training Center to train black sailors (the Navy was segregated at that time). The Verdier House museum in Beaufort has an exhibit on Smalls. In 2004, the United States named a ship for Smalls, the USAV Major General Robert Smalls (LSV-8), a Kuroda-class logistics support vessel operated by the U.S. Army. It was the first Army ship named after an African American. Charleston held commemorative ceremonies in 2012 on the 150th anniversary of Smalls' escape on the Planter, with special programs on May 12 and 13. Robert Smalls Parkway is a five-mile section of South Carolina Highway 170 that crosses Port Royal Island and leads into Beaufort. A statue of Smalls is in the U.S. National Museum of African American History and Culture. Waterfront Park in Charleston contains a small pedestal with a plaque explaining Smalls' contributions to the area. A proposal was put forward to create a statue of Smalls to be installed at the South Carolina State House. Governor Henry McMaster held a ceremonial signing of the bill on August 29, 2024. The Robert Smalls Monument Commission held its first meeting on that day, to proceed with planning the monument. Current members of the Commission include South Carolina Representatives Wendell Gilliard, Jermaine Johnson, Brandon Cox, Patrick Haddon and Sylleste Davis; South Carolina Senators on the Commission include Tom Davis, Margie Bright Matthews, Shane Massey, Chip Campsen and Darrell Jackson. In 2019, Amazon announced that it was developing a biopic with director Charles Burnett. In 2021, it was announced that Malcolm Mays was rewriting the script. A biopic of Smalls is being developed by Legion M, Wolper Corporation and Bill Duke, entitled "Defiant". On March 1, 2023, the Navy renamed USS Chancellorsville to USS Robert Smalls after Smalls, based on a recommendation from The Naming Commission. The story of Smalls was featured in the Drunk History episode, "Charleston" (Season 2, Episode 5). == See also == List of African-American United States representatives List of slaves == Explanatory notes == == References == == Further reading == Armstrong, B.J. (February 18, 2021), Proceedings Podcast Episode 208: Life and Times of Robert Smalls, U.S. Naval Institute Billingsley, Andrew. Yearning to Breathe Free: Robert Smalls of South Carolina and His Families (2007) Coker, P. C. III. Charleston's Maritime Heritage, 1670–1865: An Illustrated History. Charleston, S.C.: Coker-Craft, 1987. 314 pp. Downing, David C. A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy, Nashville: Cumberland House, 2007. ISBN 978-1-58182-587-9 Foner, Eric (ed.), Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction, Revised Edition. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1996). ISBN 0-8071-2082-0. Between 1865 and 1876, about 2,000 blacks (including men of color or mixed race) held elective and appointive offices in the South. A few are relatively well known, but most became obscure because official state histories prepared after Reconstruction omitted them; whites dominated state governments and suppressed the black population and its history. Foner profiles more than 1,500 black legislators, state officials, sheriffs, justices of the peace and constables in this volume. Gabridge, Patrick, Steering to Freedom (Penmore Press, 2015). ISBN 1942756224. Novel about Robert Smalls's life. Kennedy, Robert F. Jr. Robert Smalls, the Boat Thief (New York: Hyperion, 2008). ISBN 1-4231-0802-7. A picture book illustrated by Patrick Faricy. Rabinowitz, Howard N. Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982) ISBN 0-252-00929-0 Sterling, Dorothy. Captain of the "Planter": The Story of Robert Smalls (Doubleday & Co. Garden City, 1958) OCLC 494720 Terrell, Bruce G.; Gordon P. Watts, and Timothy J. Runyan, The Search for Planter: The Ship That Escaped Charleston and Carried Robert Smalls to Destiny (National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Maritime Heritage Program Series No. 1, 2014) Thomas, Rhondda R. & Ashton, Susanna (eds.) (2014). The South Carolina Roots of African American Thought, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. "Robert Smalls (1839–1915)," pp. 65–70. Uya, Okon Edet, From Slavery to Public Service: Robert Smalls, 1839–1915 (Oxford University Press. New York, 1971) White, Tim (Summer 2020). "Robert Smalls: From Slave to War Hero, Entrepreneur, and Congressman". The Objective Standard. 15 (2). Glen Allen Press: 33–43. == External links == "Robert Smalls: The slave who became a Civil War hero", BBC Reel, February 17, 2022. Short video by Dominika Ożyńska and Adrian Hartrick on Smalls. Q&A interview with Cate Lineberry on her book Be Free or Die: The Amazing Story of Robert Smalls' Escape from Slavery to Union Hero, August 6, 2017, C-SPAN Entry from the House of Representatives In the episode "Robert Smalls" of the podcast Criminal, published on June 19, 2020, Phoebe Judge tells the story of Robert Smalls. United States Congress. "Robert Smalls (id: S000502)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Robert Smalls: Former Slave and Civil War Hero, Hagley Museum and Library In the episode "The Wheel" of the podcast The Memory Palace, published on February 10, 2016, Nate DiMeo tells the story of Robert Smalls. Robert Smalls at Find a Grave The episodes "The Incredible Escape of Robert Smalls" published on February 15, 2016, and "Robert Smalls: From Contraband to Congress" published on February 17, 2016, of the podcast Stuff You Missed in History Class, tell the story of Robert Smalls's life. Governor Henry McMaster signs Robert Smalls Monument bill into law - October 1, 2024, WCSC-TV
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCGC_Eagle_(WIX-327)	USCGC Eagle (WIX-327)	USCGC Eagle (WIX-327), formerly Horst Wessel and also known as Barque Eagle, is a 295-foot (90 m) barque used as a training cutter for future officers of the United States Coast Guard. She is one of only two active commissioned sailing vessels in the United States military today, along with USS Constitution. She is the seventh Coast Guard cutter to bear the name in a line dating back to 1792, including the Revenue Cutter Eagle. Each summer, Eagle deploys with cadets from the United States Coast Guard Academy and candidates from the Officer Candidate School for periods ranging from a week to two months. These voyages fulfill multiple roles. The primary mission is training the cadets and officer candidates, but the ship also performs a public relations role for the Coast Guard and the United States. Often, Eagle makes calls at foreign ports as a goodwill ambassador. The ship was built as the German sail training ship Horst Wessel in 1936; it served to train German sailors in sail techniques until decommissioned at the start of World War II. The vessel was given anti-aircraft armament and re-commissioned in 1942. At the end of the war, Horst Wessel was taken by the U.S. as war reparations. == Origin as Horst Wessel == Eagle commenced its existence in Weimar Germany and Nazi Germany as Horst Wessel, a ship of the Gorch Fock class named after the original Gorch Fock (1933), not the current German training ship Gorch Fock (1958) which is a belated replacement for the three ships lost as war reparations. Horst Wessel was an improvement on the original 1932 design. The ship was larger in dimension and its spars were all steel, unlike Gorch Fock's wooden yards. SSS Horst Wessel began life as Schiff ("ship") 508 at Blohm+Voss in Hamburg, Germany in 1936. Her keel was laid on 15 February, she was launched on 13 June, completed on 16 September, and commissioned on 17 September. She was the second ship in the class to be built, following the class namesake Gorch Fock. Rudolf Hess gave the speech at her launch in the presence of Adolf Hitler, and Horst Wessel's mother christened the new ship with a bottle of champagne. The name was given in tribute to SA leader Horst Wessel, who had been accorded martyr status by the Nazi Party. He also wrote the song which came to be known as "Horst-Wessel-Lied", which was later used as the Nazi party's anthem. Shortly after work began on Horst Wessel, the Blohm & Voss shipyard laid the keel of the German battleship Bismarck, which was labeled Schiff 509. SSS Horst Wessel served as the flagship of the Kriegsmarine sail training fleet, which consisted of Gorch Fock, Albert Leo Schlageter, and Horst Wessel. (Mircea was also built in 1937 for the Romanian Navy, and work began on a fifth ship called Herbert Norkus, but was stopped with the outbreak of war.) Horst Wessel was commanded by Captain August Thiele, a previous Captain of Gorch Fock, and it was homeported in Kiel. In the three years before World War II, it undertook numerous training cruises in the North Atlantic waters, sailing with trainee groups consisting of both future officers and future petty officers. On 21 August 1938, Adolf Hitler visited the ship and sailed for approximately one hour before departing. Later that year, Horst Wessel and Albert Leo Schlageter undertook a four-month voyage to the Caribbean and visited St. Thomas and Venezuela. Along the way, they caught numerous sharks and turtles at sea and kept ducks enclosed on deck to provide fresh eggs. Horst Wessel was decommissioned in 1939 with the onset of World War II, but served as a docked training ship in Stralsund for the marine branch of the Hitler Youth until her recommissioning as an active Navy sail training vessel in 1942. Numerous weapons were installed throughout the decks, including two 20 mm anti-aircraft guns on the bridge wings, two on the foredeck, and two 20 mm Flakvierling quad mounts on the waist. From late 1942 through early 1945, she sailed on numerous training deployments in the Baltic sea with cadets fresh out of basic training. On 14 November 1944, accompanied by Albert Leo Schlageter, Horst Wessel was sailing in rough weather, when, near the island of Rügen, Albert Leo Schlageter hit a mine that caused extensive damage to its starboard bow. Horst Wessel took Albert Leo Schlageter in a stern tow to keep her from running aground until larger ships could arrive the next day to assist. In April 1945, after the last German cadet class had departed, Horst Wessel departed Rügen with a group of German refugees on board. She sailed to Flensburg where Kapitänleutnant Barthold Schnibbe surrendered to the British, and the ship ran up the Union Jack. Horst Wessel was ordered to Bremerhaven and tied to a temporary pier, and much of its equipment was stripped. At the end of World War II, the four German sailing vessels then extant were distributed to various nations as war reparations. Horst Wessel was won by the United States in a drawing of lots with the Soviet and British navies, and requested by the United States Coast Guard Academy's Superintendent. The ship's sails, masts, and other equipment were stripped from the Russian sister ship according to Command Master Chief William Bodine, Jr. who was the senior enlisted man on the voyage and in charge of rigging the ship for sail. On 15 May 1946, she was commissioned by CDR Gordon McGowan into the United States Coast Guard as the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Eagle. In June 1946, a U.S. Coast Guard crew sailed her from Bremerhaven to Orangeburg, New York—through a hurricane—assisted by Kapitänleutnant Schnibbe and many of his crew who were still aboard. The German volunteer crew was disembarked at Camp Shanks and Eagle proceeded to her new home port of New London, Connecticut. == Early afloat training at the U.S. Coast Guard Academy == Training at sea on a sailing vessel has always been a part of the Coast Guard Academy curriculum. In 1877, the first cadets to enroll in the United States Revenue Cutter Service, the predecessor to the U.S. Coast Guard, undertook their training on board the Revenue Cutter James C. Dobbin. In 1878, James C. Dobbin was replaced by the Revenue Cutter Salmon P. Chase. Cadets lived on board the ships (physical classrooms were not even established on shore until 1900), took classes on board in the winters when tied to a pier in New Bedford, Massachusetts or Arundel Cove, Maryland, and sailed on training deployments during the summers. During this time, Salmon P. Chase undertook numerous voyages to Europe. From 1890 to 1894, Salmon P. Chase suspended operations as there was a surplus of graduates from the United States Naval Academy. In 1907, Salmon P. Chase was decommissioned and transferred to the Marine Hospital Service. She was replaced by the Revenue Cutter Itasca, a former Naval Academy training vessel. In 1922, Itasca was determined to be too small for the cadet corps, and was decommissioned and scrapped. She was then replaced by the three-masted barquentine Alexander Hamilton, a former Navy gunboat from the Spanish–American War. Alexander Hamilton was in service at the Coast Guard Academy until 1930; after her decommissioning in 1944, Alexander Hamilton's mainmast was returned to New London and served as the academy's flagpole until 1954. During the 1930s, the academy did not have a resident sailing vessel for cadet training. In 1939, the Danish Navy's sail training vessel Danmark was in New York City to take part in the 1939 World's Fair. After World War II broke out, the ship was offered to the U.S. government and transferred to the Coast Guard Academy, where she was commissioned as USCGC Danmark and served as the cadet training ship until 26 September 1945, when she was returned to the Danish government. Sail training during these early years of the Coast Guard Academy is remarkably similar to the program on board Eagle today. An 1886 contemporary described the training experience on board Salmon P. Chase as such: [A cadet] has a taste of the sternest and most trying obligations at the threshold of his undertaking, which results in a pretty thorough test of his metal [sic], and if any one is actually unfit for the sea, physical or otherwise, the fact is at once brought to the surface, and gives him an opportunity to turn back at the beginning of a career in which he would not be likely to succeed. The cadets are arranged into watches, and in this capacity they are under the instruction of the officer of the deck, and are required to write up the remarks in the rough log, to observe carefully the making and taking in of all sail, to study the various evolutions of the vessel, transmitting and giving commands when directed, and, after reaching a certain degree of proficiency, they are exercised in charge of the deck, and in working ship in the important operations of tacking and wearing. The object is to impress them with the duties and responsibilities of deck officers, and the strictest obedience to every detail is enforced. Knotting, splicing, making mats, and learning the nomenclature of the different parts of the hull and spars, and the names and uses of ropes and sails, are among the first lessons in seamanship, and during periods of calm weather the rigging is reset and rattled down. The cadets are given constant practice in raising shears, stepping masts, reefing, furling, and shifting sails, and in sending up and down yards. Each takes his trick at the wheel, and acquaints himself with the mysteries of the compass and the steering gear. ... In navigation the cadets are exercised in taking altitudes with the sextant, of the sun, moon, planets, and stars. They are required to determine daily the latitude and longitude of the vessel, and establish the ships position by dead-reckoning and by the different sailing problems. ... The cadets are trained in the working of all classes of broadside and pivot guns, and are familiarized with the duties and stations of officers of divisions; they are taught the construction of magazines, the uses of fuses and projectiles, and the nature and properties of power and combustibles; are stationed at fire quarters and at the boats, and in case of an alarm at sea are required to act promptly in the discharge of their several duties. == Training at sea on board Eagle == Eagle's primary mission is to develop the future officers of the U.S. Coast Guard. Since 1946, she has deployed each summer with cadets on board as part of their Academy curriculum. As soon as the cadets complete their final examinations in May of each year, Eagle departs with roughly half of the third class cadets (the rising sophomores) and a small contingent of first class cadet cadre (rising seniors who lead the third class cadets). Six weeks later, the cadets on board rotate to other training locations while the second half of the third class cadets meet the ship and begin their training. After their five weeks on board, the third and first class cadets depart for their summer leave, and the fourth class cadets (the rising freshmen; also known as swabs) report aboard in two or three groups for one week of sail training each. Like the third class cadets, the fourth class cadets are led by a group of second class cadet cadre (the rising juniors). Eagle typically returns to New London at the end of the summer, returning the cadets to the Coast Guard Academy one or two weeks before the academic school year begins. All cadets at the academy will normally complete a minimum of six weeks on board Eagle during their fourth and third class years, and have the opportunity to return as cadre if they chose to do so during their second and first class years. The current schedule also includes two 2–3 week voyages in the Spring and Fall with the semiannual Coast Guard Officer Candidate School classes. Eagle has a standing permanent crew of seven officers and 50 enlisted members; on training missions, she takes on a variety of temporary crew and sails with an average complement of 12 officers, 68 crew, and up to 150 trainees. While on board, cadets and officer candidates receive a large amount of instruction from the crew. They take classes on numerous subjects that are key to life at sea, including navigation, seamanship, ship and boat maneuvering, line handling, sailing, first aid, weather patterns, damage control, engineering, career development, and more. They also stand watches in the engine room, on the bridge, on deck, in the scullery and galley, and during port calls, they assist the public by giving tours. The trainees are expected to qualify in a variety of watchstations applicable to their level of experience; for example, third class cadets complete their 'helm and lookout' qualification while upper-class cadets work to qualify in leadership positions on the bridge and in the engine room. At the same time, trainees are given a rigorous set of nautical tasks they must complete. One common training task involves the Eagle crew covering all Global Positioning System receivers on board and requiring trainees to navigate between ports using sextants, a compass, and the tools of celestial navigation. On a normal training day, Eagle will set 'sail stations' once or twice and all cadets and crew members will take their positions on deck to set or douse sail, or conduct a sailing maneuver such as tacking or wearing. At the beginning of a deployment with a new group of trainees, these complicated maneuvers are closely managed and led by the crew, but as the trainees become more experienced and learn how to work the sails and lines, they slowly take over leadership of these and other evolutions and begin to lead themselves. The goal of the crew is to help the trainees develop and mold into a cohesive team and a group of leaders, enabling the crew to take a step back, assist where needed, and ensure all personnel are kept safe. In March 1998 Eagle trained her first and only class of future Coast Guard enlisted members, taking on the boot camp company November-152. The members flew from the United States Coast Guard Training Center Cape May in Cape May, New Jersey to Roosevelt Roads Naval Station in Puerto Rico. After just three days of training on shore, Eagle sailed to Fort-de-France, Martinique; La Guaira, Venezuela; and Cartagena, Colombia. The future seamen and firemen then finally returned home to New London for boot camp graduation. In recent years, when able to do so, Eagle has supplemented the officer candidate deployments with future petty officers undergoing training classes at Coast Guard Training Center Yorktown to become Boatswain's mates. Additionally, since 2013, when the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) moved its Officer Candidate Training program to the Coast Guard Academy, NOAA Officer Candidates have taken part in the Spring and Fall Officer Candidate deployments. == "America's Tall Ship" == Eagle's secondary mission is to represent the U.S. Coast Guard and the United States to the public and the international community. In this role, she has earned the nickname of "America's Tall Ship." During her many years of service as a Coast Guard cutter, she has traveled to harbors throughout the United States and around the world. Among her various training deployments, Eagle has participated in various Tall Ship races and events, including the Operation Sail events of 1964, 1976, 1986, 1992, 2000 and 2012. Most notably, Eagle led the parade of ships into New York Harbor during the American Bicentennial OpSail of 1976. In the summer of 1974, during the kick-off race for OpSail 1976 (from Newport, Rhode Island to Boston, Massachusetts), the participating ships encountered heavy weather and a number of other ships dropped out. Off Cape Cod, Eagle maintained a speed of 19 knots (35 km/h) on a broad reach under sail alone for a number of hours. Eagle made her first visit to the Pacific Ocean in 1965 under the command of LCDR Peter A. Morrill, who later went on to become the namesake of Morrill Peak in Antarctica, which he discovered aboard USCGC Westwind in 1967. At the request of the West German government, Eagle returned to Germany for the first time since 1946 in honor of the 1972 Summer Olympics, visiting the port of Kiel where she had formerly moored on numerous occasions as Horst Wessel. The visit included a five-day race against Gorch Fock II, Germany's replacement for the Gorch Fock built in 1958, and the Polish sail training vessel Dar Pomorza. Three days into the race, numerous sails onboard Eagle ripped and had to be removed, and Eagle lost the race. Eagle again returned to Germany in 1977, 1988, 1996 (her 60th anniversary), 2005, and 2011 (her 75th anniversary). In 1975, Eagle transported the remains of Hopley Yeaton, the first Revenue Cutter Service officer commissioned by President George Washington, from Lubec, Maine to the Coast Guard Academy where he was laid to rest at the Captain Hopley Yeaton Memorial. In 1984, under the leadership of Captain Ernst Cummings and Boatswain Richard 'Red' Shannon, Eagle took part in a tall ship's race with the Dar Pomorza, the Venezuelan ship Simón Bolívar, and the 117 ft (36 m) British barque Marques. On 2 June, after the weather worsened, Captain Cummings ordered sail taken in. As the deck watch prepared to go aloft to furl sail, Eagle was hit by a squall with 70 knots (130 km/h) winds, forcing her into a 45–50 degree heel. Boatswain Shannon ordered the rudder to 'right full' and the ship slowly righted herself. At the personal invitation of Australian Prime Minister Robert Hawke, Eagle departed the Coast Guard Academy in September 1987 to undertake an ambitious yearlong deployment in honor of the Australian Bicentenary celebrations taking place in 1988. She made her first trip west of the International Date Line into Oceania, inducting her crew into the Domain of the Golden Dragon. During this voyage Academy instructors were embarked to conduct the cadets' classes while underway. The trip included Eagle's only visits to American Samoa and Hawaii and visits to the Australian ports of Lord Howe Island, Newcastle, Brisbane, Hobart, Sydney, and Manly, covering more than 32,000 miles and spending more than eight months away from New London. She joined a half dozen ships who travelled from London in recreation of the First Fleet, along with representatives from 20 different countries in a grand parade of sail for the festivities in Sydney on 26 January 1988. From 1996 to 1999, Eagle was commanded by Captain Robert J. Papp Jr., who went on to serve as the Commandant of the Coast Guard from 2010 to 2014. One significant voyage included a European tour to visit to Eagle's birthplace of Hamburg, Germany for her 50th Anniversary in 1996. In 2005, as part of the Trafalgar 200 International Fleet Review in the Solent off southern England celebrating the 200 year anniversary of Admiral Horatio Nelson's victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, Eagle was one of a number of tall ships from several nations to be reviewed by Queen Elizabeth II, along with the U.S. Navy warship USS Saipan. Later that summer, Eagle returned to Bremerhaven for the first time since World War II and received an enthusiastic welcome. In 2010 she participated in Velas Sudamerica 2010, a historical Latin American tour by eleven tall ships to celebrate the bicentennial of the first national governments of Argentina and Chile. Eagle celebrated her 75th Anniversary with a visit to the Landungsbruecken Pier in Hamburg, across from the Blohm & Voss shipyards where she was built. On her return from Germany, she visited Reykjavík, Iceland where she crossed into the Arctic Circle for the first time, inducting her crew into the Order of the Blue Nose. In 2012, as part of the Tall Ships Challenge hosted by Tall Ships America in conjunction with Operation Sail 2012, Eagle took part in a two-day race off the coast of Nova Scotia with a large group of tall ships from all over North America. After 32 hours of calm waters, the wind began to blow and Eagle won the race in a dramatic fashion. Her 2020 cruise was abbreviated due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and her voyages were limited to the Long Island Sound and returning to New London without making any port calls. She resumed her voyages with port calls in Portugal, Iceland, and Bermuda in 2021. == Design == Eagle is slightly larger than her sister ship Gorch Fock. Overall Eagle displaces 1,824 tons. The hull is riveted Krupp steel four-tenths of an inch thick (10 mm). There are two full-length steel decks with a platform deck below. The raised forecastle and quarterdeck are made of quarter inch steel overlaid with 3 inches (76 mm) of teak, as are the weather decks. Auxiliary propulsion was originally provided by a single Burmeister & Wain diesel with reduction gear producing 750 horsepower (560 kW) horsepower. She was refitted with a 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) Caterpillar D399 V16 diesel engine in 1980, and again with a 1,200 horsepower (890 kW) MTU 8V 4000 in 2018, providing speeds up to 17 knots (20 mph; 31 km/h) under power. There are two 320 kW (430 hp) Caterpillar generators that can be run by themselves or in parallel together. Eagle has a range of 5,450 nautical miles (10,000 km) at her cruising speed of 7.5 knots (14 km/h) under diesel power. She carries a reverse osmosis system that replenishes the ship's fresh water supply at sea. Eagle has a three-masted barque sailing rig, with two masts fully rigged with 'square sails' and one mast with only 'fore-and-aft' sails. The large sail area of the 'square sails' provide much of the power while the 'fore-and-aft' sails enable superior maneuverability. The ship has over 6 miles (9.7 km) of running rigging and approximately 22,280 square feet (2,070 m2) of sail area. To protect sails from chafing, Eagle uses baggywrinkle extensively. The top three yards of the fore- and main masts are moveable, and are kept lowered when not sailing to lower the ship's center of gravity. In addition, the top portion of the fore- and main masts, known as the topgallant masts, may be housed (lowered) by 13 ft when not under sail in order to sail underneath low bridges. Eagle's fastest point of sail is when her yards are braced sharp (or pivoted as much as they can be) and the relative wind (the wind you feel standing on the ship as it moves) is approximately 5–10 degrees aft of the windward leech of the sail. When fully braced, Eagle can sail about 75 degrees off of the true wind. Eagle's propeller shaft can also be de-clutched from the engine so the propeller can freewheel, thus lessening drag while under sail. The main helm station, also known as the triple helm, is connected via mechanical shaft linkage to the steering gear located in the "captain's coffin" on the fantail along with the emergency, or "trick" wheel (also referred to as aft steering). Three turns of the main helm station equal one degree of rudder turn. That is why six persons are used to steer during heavy weather and while operating in restricted waterways. The emergency, or "trick" wheel is a single wheel that turns at a rate of one revolution to one degree of rudder turn. It thus requires more force to turn. === Changes from original design === The ship has undergone numerous refits since she was acquired by the Coast Guard in 1946. Sometime during the 1950s, Captain Carl Bowman replaced Eagle's split spanker on the mizzenmast with a single sail. During the 1980s, under Captain David Wood, the split spanker was returned as it afforded reduced weather helm and allowed the helmsman to turn away (or 'fall off') from the wind more easily. On 27 January 1967, Eagle departed the Coast Guard Yard maintenance facility at Curtis Bay (near Baltimore, Maryland). On a foggy afternoon with little visibility, she traveled toward the Chesapeake Bay at 6 knots (11 km/h). Shortly after 1:30 PM Eagle collided with the motor vessel Philippine Jose Abad Santos. Fortunately, nobody on either ship was injured. Eagle returned to the shipyard and underwent repairs. On 1 July 1972, the ship was returning to her berth at the Coast Guard Academy in New London at the midpoint of her annual summer cadet training deployment when she was involved in another serious accident. Despite extensive precautions, as the ship passed below the Gold Star Memorial Bridge and a new twin bridge being built parallel to it, her foremast and mainmast caught on some safety netting slung below the new bridge that had not been fully secured. Both masts were snapped off above the crosstrees (about seven-eighths of the way up each mast), and the upper parts were left hanging from the remaining upright parts of the masts. As a result, the ship had to undergo emergency repairs. The Electric Boat facility in Groton, Connecticut was able to repair the masts in time for Eagle's planned deployment to Europe; she set sail just three and a half weeks later on 24 July. 1976 brought significant changes to Eagle. The Coast Guard added their "racing stripe" and the words 'Coast Guard' to her otherwise unadorned white hull. In addition, the eagle figurehead on the bowsprit of the ship was replaced. The original eagle figurehead now resides on display in the U.S. Coast Guard Museum in Waesche Hall at the Coast Guard Academy. Finally, in 1976, Eagle received Captain Paul Welling, her first permanent Commanding Officer since Captain Barthold Schnibbe of the German Navy. Previous Commanding Officers had been drawn temporarily from officers assigned to the academy. By 1979, the Coast Guard had developed plans for an extensive refit at the Coast Guard Yard facility. From 1979 to 1983, Eagle visited the yard all four winters between summer deployments. During these maintenance availability periods her original 1936 Burmeister & Wain diesel engine, known affectionately as 'Elmer,' along with the generators and evaporators, were replaced by modern equipment ('Elmer' was given to the Portuguese vessel Sagres, the former Albert Leo Schlageter, to provide spare parts for her engine). This made the engine room more spacious, less noisy, and far cooler in temperature. The new engine could be controlled directly from the bridge through a pressurized air line and responded instantly, rather than after a 30-second delay common with the original engine. Additional watertight compartmentalization was also added (previously, there had been only seven). This compartmentalization included closing in cadet berthing areas, eliminating separate upper-class (fixed three-tier bunks) and lower-class (hammock) berthing and made the ship better able to accommodate male and female cadets. Crew habitability was greatly improved with the installation of new ventilation and air conditioning systems, fresh water showers, and fresh water clothes washing machines. An enclosed pilothouse was built around the exhaust funnel on the quarterdeck. Electronic equipment (e.g., radar, navigation, and radio equipment) was updated as well, and much of it was moved from the radio room into the new pilothouse. The helm station remained unsheltered and unchanged. Finally, the entire teak deck was replaced, and the steel beneath it was found to be badly corroded and had to be repaired as well. For two summers, Eagle sailed without parts of her teak deck. It was discovered that the teak deck is one of the keys to 'stiffening' the longitudinal strength of the ship. In 2014, Eagle began a similar refit. The ship's crew temporarily shifted its administrative homeport to Baltimore and began an extensive four-year service life extension project. Each year, Eagle spent six months in the yard and six months sailing with trainees. The goal of this maintenance overhaul was for the ship to remain safe and viable as the Coast Guard's premier training vessel well into the 21st century. Significant work was conducted on the HVAC system, engine room, hull, and other systems. Her 1980 Caterpillar auxiliary propulsion unit was replaced by a new motor from MTU in the winter of 2017–2018. After the refit was completed, Eagle returned to her traditional homeport of New London, Connecticut. === Figurehead === Eagle has had 5 figureheads over the course of her career. Horst Wessel's original figurehead was an eagle clutching a wreath containing a Nazi swastika. The swastika was removed when CDR McGowan took possession of Eagle, and a Bremerhaven shipyard donated a US Coast Guard shield carved in teak to replace it. McGowan later wrote that it was a "rare coincidence that the future Eagle should have such a figurehead." Eagle's predecessor, the 150 foot long Salmon P Chase also had an eagle as a figurehead which was on display at Mystic Seaport. The Coast Guard traded their figurehead for Salmon P Chase's 5 foot long figurehead in 1953, which was affectionately called the "pigeon" on the much larger Eagle. The Salmon P Chase's figurehead was starting to show her age and was replaced with a fiberglass replica in 1971. The fiberglass version only lasted a couple years, it was quickly destroyed in a storm only a couple years following its installation. An appropriately sized, 13 foot long, 3/4 ton mahogany eagle was unveiled for the bicentennial celebrations in 1976. The 1976 figurehead was discovered to have some cracks during her 2014 refit, and a replacement recommended. The current figurehead, installed in 2021, is 15 feet long, weighs 2,000 pounds, and was designed by California artist Shane Kinman. == Eagle commanding officers == Eagle's current Commander is CAPT Kristopher Ensley, a graduate of the Coast Guard Academy and a former congressional fellow. As Eagle's 32nd CO, he assumed command on 27 June 2025 from CAPT Jessica Rozzi-Ochs. CDR Gordon P. McGowan served as the first American commanding officer of Eagle, relieving German Kapitänleutnant Berthold Schnibbe and commissioning her in the US Coast Guard as Cutter Eagle on May 15, 1946. McGowan and his crew of 6 USCG officers and 55 enlisted sailors became Eagle's plankowners, responsible for making her seaworthy for trans-Atlantic passage, and deliver her to New London with a combined American and former Horst Wessel crew who volunteered to help train the American sailors in traditional rigged sailing. Ensley joins a distinguished list of Eagle commanders such as ADM Robert J. Papp Jr., who went on to serve as the 24th Commandant of the Coast Guard from 2010 to 2014, and VADM James C. Irwin, who served as vice commandant from 1986 to 1988. Horst Wessel's first commander, German VADM August Thiele went on to earn the Knight's Cross for his command of Kampfgruppe V. == In popular culture == Eagle has a significant presence in the Nantucket series of books by S. M. Stirling, in which she is visiting the island of Nantucket when a mysterious "Event" transports the entire island, including Eagle and her crew, back in time from 17 March 1998 to the year 1250 BC. Sent across the Atlantic Ocean to barter for the grain and livestock the time-lost Nantucketers need to survive through their first winter, her arrival off the south coast of Bronze Age England leads the natives to name her crew (and, by extension, the rest of the Island's population) as 'The Eagle People'. Although the Eagle described in the books is based on the real-world ship, the named crew members are all fictional. == Cruises by the USCGC Eagle == As part of its training mission, the Eagle embarks on annual cruises around the world, primarily to locations in the Americas and Europe. The following is a list of cruises conducted between 1946 and 2025. === Notes === [ger]Eagle's first visit to Germany following the end of WWII [aus]First visit to Oceania in honor of Australia's Bicentennial [50] 50th Anniversary return to Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, Germany [brv] First visit to Horst Wessel's final homeport of Bremerhaven since the end of WW2 [75] 75th Anniversary return to Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg, Germany [cgy] Wintered at USCG Yard in Baltimore for 5 year refit period [c19]Cadet cruises were prohibited from making any port calls due to the COVID-19 pandemic == See also == Gorch Fock (1958), training ship of the German Navy Kiel Week List of large sailing vessels NRP Sagres, Gorch Fock I, and Mircea, sister ships to Eagle August Landmesser == Citations == == General and cited references == Drumm, Russell (2001). The Barque of Saviors: Eagle's Passage from the Nazi Navy to the US Coast Guard. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-98367-6. Holtkamp, Tido (2008). A Perfect Lady: A Pictorial History of the U.S. Coast Guard Barque Eagle. Mystic, CT: Flat Hammock Press. ISBN 978-0-9795949-2-2. Jones, Eric C.; Nolan, Christopher D. (2011). Eagle Seamanship: A Manual for Square-Rigger Sailing (4th ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-59114-631-5. McGowan, Gordon (1998). The Skipper & the Eagle (2nd ed.). Peekskill, NY: Sea History Press, National Maritime Historical Soc. ISBN 978-0-930248-09-3. == Further reading == "Sailing with Eagle" (PDF). All Hands. No. 835. October 1986. pp. 19–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2017. Retrieved 13 October 2020. Morgan, James (29 July 2015). "Why Is the US Still Using a Nazi Tall Ship?". BBC News. == External links == Eagle homepage by the U.S. Coast Guard Academy Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. CT-191, "U.S. Coast Guard Cutter Eagle, New London, New London County, CT", 10 photos, 2 color transparencies, 4 data pages, 2 photo caption pages On the Wings of Eagle, 1999 video documentary on YouTube
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._M._Sikri#Biography	S. M. Sikri	Sarv Mittra Sikri (26 April 1908 – 24 September 1992) was an Indian lawyer and judge who served as the 13th Chief Justice of India. He previously served as the first Advocate-General for Punjab, before becoming the first judge of the Supreme Court of India, to be directly appointed from the Bar. Additionally, he is the first of only two judges to be CJI, directly from the Bar. == Biography == Sikri was born in Lahore on 26 April 1908. He moved to London to study medicine, but switched to law, studying at Trinity College, Cambridge. Before returning to Lahore in 1930, he served as a barrister-at-law at Lincoln's Inn, in London. He began his legal practise in the chambers of Jagannath Agarwal, who was a leading advocate in the Lahore High Court and practiced criminal and civil law. Following independence, he was appointed the Assistant Advocate General of Punjab in 1949 and soon as the advocate general in 1951. Held the same position almost entirely until his elevation as a judge of the Supreme Court of India in 1964. As an advocate, he appeared and practised in various courts, ranging from the Lahore High Court and other courts in Punjab to the Federal Court of India and eventually the Supreme Court of India. == Notable judgements == I.C. Golaknath and Ors. v. State of Punjab and Anrs. had him a part of the thin majority of 6:5, in which the court reversed its earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. The judgement left Parliament with no power to curtail Fundamental Rights. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storyteller_(Carrie_Underwood_album)	Storyteller (Carrie Underwood album)	Storyteller is the fifth studio album recorded by American singer and songwriter Carrie Underwood. It was released on October 23, 2015, by Sony Music Nashville. Following the release and success of her fourth studio album, Blown Away (2012), Underwood began working on Storyteller in early 2014. However, she tentatively suspended most work on the album because of her pregnancy with her first child. In the midterm, Underwood released her first greatest hits record, Greatest Hits: Decade #1, on December 9, 2014, to much success. After the birth of her son, she took some additional time off before going back into the studio in early 2015 to finish working on the album. Met with mostly positive reviews from music critics, Storyteller became a commercial success and set multiple records upon its release. By debuting at number two on the Billboard 200 chart, it made Underwood the only country artist in history to have all of her first five studio albums debut at number one or two, and with a number one debut on the Top Country Albums chart, it made her the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on the chart. Storyteller also performed well internationally upon its release, including a number four debut in Australia, number three in Canada and thirteen in the United Kingdom. As of October 2016, the album has been certified Platinum by the RIAA. It marks Underwood's sixth consecutive album to go either Platinum or multi-Platinum. The album produced two consecutive Billboard Country Airplay chart number-one singles in "Heartbeat" and "Church Bells", along with the number-two singles, "Smoke Break" and "Dirty Laundry." "Smoke Break", "Heartbeat" and "Dirty Laundry" also topped the Billboard Canada Country chart. All four singles received multi-Platinum or Platinum certifications. Storyteller was Underwood's last album under Arista Nashville and Sony Music Group, following her new deal with Universal Music Group's Capitol Nashville. == Background == After the release and success of her fourth studio album, Blown Away, in 2012 and its international supporting tour, Blown Away Tour (2012–2013), Underwood confirmed, in August 2013, that she had begun planning on a new album and would start working on it in 2014. However, she released her first greatest hits album in late 2014 to much success, while pregnant with her first child. After giving birth, in February 2015, Underwood went back into the studio to finish working on the album. On August 20, 2015, Underwood announced the album's title and release date via live Facebook stream. Underwood has described Storyteller as being more laid-back and more twangy as opposed to her last studio album, Blown Away (2012). For this album, Underwood worked with frequent collaborators such as Hillary Lindsey, Ashley Gorley, Chris DeStefano, David Hodges, Brett James, and Mark Bright, although Underwood also worked with new collaborators such as Liz Rose, Zach Crowell, and Jay Joyce. Joyce produced the album's lead single "Smoke Break", which Underwood wrote with DeStefano and Lindsey. == Promotion == Underwood revealed the album's track listing on September 9, 2015, via her Instagram account. On September 10, 2015, Underwood appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon and also performed "Smoke Break". On September 21, 2015, Underwood performed the song at the Apple Music Festival in London. On October 9, 2015, "Heartbeat" was released as a promotional single from the album. The song features background vocals by country artist Sam Hunt . It sold 23,000 copies and debuted at number 26 on Hot Country Songs chart for the week ending October 31, 2015. As of October 26, 2015 the song has sold 31,000 copies. The song also entered the Scottish Singles Chart at number 80. "Renegade Runaway" was released as the second promotional single on October 16, 2015. It sold 13,000 copies and debuted at number 34 on Hot Country Songs chart. A third and final promotional single, "What I Never Knew I Always Wanted" was released October 19, 2015. It sold 9,000 copies and entered the Hot Country Songs chart at number 38 and reached number 32. As of November 21, 2015, it sold 21,000 copies. All three singles were made available for download on iTunes, Amazon, and other digital retailers with a pre-order of the full Storyteller album. In support of the album, Underwood returned to headline the C2C: Country to Country festival for the first time since 2013, making her the first artist to headline the festival twice. She performed concerts in London, Dublin, Glasgow, Oslo and Stockholm. === Singles === "Smoke Break", the lead single off Storyteller, was released on August 21, 2015. The song set an all-time record for the largest first-week radio adds in the history of Country Aircheck, with 145 Mediabase adds and 159 total Billboard and Country Aircheck reporting stations lined up for the song's official airplay impact date. It reached number four on the Hot Country Songs chart and number two on the Country Airplay chart. "Heartbeat" was released as the second single from Storyteller at the 2015 American Music Awards. The song made its official impact on country radio on November 30, 2015. It has reached number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming her 14th leader on the chart, widening her record for the most number-one's among women in the history of the chart. "Chaser" was released as a single exclusively to UK radio stations on April 1, 2016. It marked Underwood's first limited release to European stations. "Church Bells" is the third single from "Storyteller" in the US, and was released to country radio on April 11, 2016. It has reached number two on the Hot Country Songs chart and number one on the Country Airplay chart, becoming Underwood's 15th number one on that chart. The song was nominated for Best Country Solo Performance at the 59th Grammy Awards. On August 12, 2016, it was confirmed that "Dirty Laundry" would be serviced as the fourth single in the United States and Canada, and was released to country radio on September 5, 2016. It peaked at number two on Country Airplay chart and number three on Hot Country Songs chart. === Tour === Underwood began the Storyteller Tour: Stories in the Round on January 30, 2016, in Jacksonville, Florida to support the album. The first leg of the tour was completed by May 31, 2016. On July 21, 2016, Billboard published their mid-year touring update for the highest-grossing tours between November 10, 2015, and June 6, 2016, and Storyteller Tour was ranked the tenth highest-grossing tour for that period with a total gross of $29,993,822 and total attendance of 449,396. The tour was concluded on November 28, 2016. It has grossed $51,204,491 and had played to a million fans. == Critical reception == Storyteller received generally positive reviews from critics. On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album has an average score of 74, based on nine reviews. It is the highest Metascore for any of Underwoods' albums. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic said the record "demands attention and it deserves it, too", while The Boston Globe's Sarah Rodman called it Underwood's best album yet. Jewly Hight from Billboard wrote, "Unlike newer country acts who can sound like they’re merely co-starring with their own faddish production, Underwood commands the spotlight, balancing the well-established extremes of her on-stage persona -- Midwestern girl-next-door and imperious diva -- within these freshened-up aesthetic frames." Robert Christgau wrote in Vice that the record has more "good tales" on it than Underwood's Greatest Hits album. "She still oversings sometimes, as idols will", he said, "but finally she's relaxed enough to let the songs narrate for themselves—be they torch-carrying and fuck-you songs, bad girl and justifiable homicide songs, or tonight's-the-night and happily-ever-after songs." New York Times critic Jon Caramanica was less impressed, finding much of the songwriting devoid of "bite or pulp" while accusing Underwood of singing bombastically throughout the album. "She largely picks songs that serve as launch platforms for her ballistic-missile voice," he wrote, "but they don’t cohere into a whole identity." In Exclaim!, Stuart Henderson wrote that the record is "more than halfway boring," explaining that "it isn't uninspired or weakly performed. Rather, it is boring in spite of the overwhelming bombast, the booming bass and pounding drums, the huge vocals, the wailing guitars; it is boring because rather than electrifying you, it distances and anaesthetizes." == Accolades == The album received a nomination for Album of the Year for the 50th annual Country Music Association Awards. It won Favorite Album - Country at the 2016 American Music Awards, Underwood's fifth album to do so. == Commercial performance == In the United States, Storyteller debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with 177,000 album-equivalent units; the album sold 164,000 copies in pure sales, with the remainder of its unit total reflecting the album's streaming and track equivalent album units. This made Underwood the only country artist to have his or her first five studio albums debut at number one or number two on the Billboard 200 chart. In addition, the album debuted at number one on the Top Country Albums chart, earning Underwood another record as the only artist to score six consecutive number one albums on that chart. It held the number two position on the Billboard 200 in its second week, moving another 81,000 units, including over 73,000 album copies sold. On the chart dated December 19, it rose back to number one on the Top Country Albums for a second week. It was certified Gold by the RIAA on December 4, 2015, for shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US. In October 2016, the album was certified Platinum, one year after its release, becoming the sixth album by Underwood to receive a Platinum certification. As of April 2017, the album has sold 752,100 copies in the US. Outside of the United States, the album debuted at number three in Canada, number four in Australia, number six in Scotland, number thirteen on the UK Albums Chart—becoming her second top twenty album in the region—and charted in another six regions. == Track listing == == Personnel == Credits adapted from AllMusic. Performers Carrie Underwood – lead vocals (1–13), backing vocals (3, 10, 12, 13) Hillary Lindsey – backing vocals (1, 2, 5, 7, 8, 10–13) Perry Coleman – backing vocals (3, 10, 11, 12) Zach Crowell – backing vocals (4, 9) Sam Hunt – backing vocals (4) Chris DeStefano – backing vocals (5, 7) The McCrary Sisters – backing vocals (6) Jerry Flowers – backing vocals (9) James Moore – backing vocals (12) Musicians Production and design == Other charted songs == Following the release of the album, five of its songs charted on the Hot Country Songs: "The Girl You Think I Am" at number 38 (8,000 copies sold), "Like I'll Never Love You Again" at number 39 (8,000 copies), "Dirty Laundry" at number 47 (3,000 copies), "Relapse" at number 48 (4,000 copies) and "Church Bells" at number 49 (2,300 copies). == Charts == == Certifications == == Release history == == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_A._Porterfield	George A. Porterfield	George Alexander Porterfield (November 24, 1822 – February 27, 1919) was a junior officer of United States forces in the Mexican–American War, colonel, in the Confederate States Army during the first year of the American Civil War and longtime banker in Charles Town, West Virginia, after the war. He was in command of Confederate forces at Philippi in northwestern Virginia, later West Virginia, when they were surprised and routed, though with only a few soldiers wounded or captured, by Union Army forces on June 3, 1861, near the beginning of the Civil War. After serving in staff and temporary field positions for 11 more months, Porterfield resigned from the Confederate Army because he lost his position in a regimental election. In 1871 he helped found a bank at Charles Town, West Virginia, which he served for many years. At his death, he was the third-last surviving veteran officer of the Mexican–American War. == Early life == George Alexander Porterfield was born in Berkeley County, Virginia, on November 24, 1822. He was the son of George and Mary (Tabb) Porterfield and the grandson of William and Rachel (Vance) Porterfield. His grandfather was a captain in the American Revolutionary War, a justice of Berkeley County in 1785 and high sheriff of the county in 1803. His father was a veteran of the War of 1812. Porterfield was a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute (VMI) in the class of 1844. At Richmond, Virginia, in May 1846, he helped organize the first company of Virginia volunteers for service in the Mexican–American War. He was elected first lieutenant. Soon after arriving in Mexico, he was appointed adjutant of the 1st Virginia Regiment, then acting assistant adjutant general of his brigade and later assistant adjutant general of the division at Buena Vista, Mexico. He became an editor of the Martinsburg Gazette and a teacher after the war. After a few years in a government job with the United States Coast Survey in Washington, D.C., he returned to Jefferson County as a farmer in 1855. He was living with his family on his farm when the Civil War began. On July 9, 1849, George Porterfield married Emily Cornelia Terrill. She was the daughter of Elizabeth (Pitzer) Terrill and Colonel William Henry Terrill (1800–1877), a lawyer and prosecuting attorney in Bath County, Virginia, a member of the Virginia House of Delegates from Allegheny County, 1829–1831, and provost marshal for Bath County during the Civil War. She was the sister of Confederate General James Barbour Terrill, Phillip M. Terrill, a lieutenant in Company B of the 12th Virginia Infantry Regiment and Union General William Rufus Terrill. All three brothers were killed in action. A fourth brother, George Parker Terrill, who was an 1849 graduate of VMI and 1853 graduate of the University of Pennsylvania medical school, survived the war. George Parker Terrill started his Confederate service as Colonel of the 157th Virginia militia. Later in the war, Doctor Terrill served as a recruiter and post surgeon. George and Emily Porterfield had four sons and three daughters. Their son John followed George in the banking business. == American Civil War service == === In command in northwestern Virginia === After the Virginia Secession Convention effectively took the state out of the Union by passing an ordinance of secession on April 17, 1861, the Convention authorized Governor of Virginia John Letcher to form an army and a navy to protect the State pending a popular vote to ratify the State's secession on May 23, 1861. Letcher appointed recently resigned U.S. Army Colonel Robert E. Lee as major general to command the Virginia forces, which closely cooperated with the Confederacy until Virginia officially seceded from the Union and joined the Confederacy. George Porterfield initially was appointed colonel and inspector general of militia at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. On May 4, 1861, General Lee ordered Porterfield to organize forces at Grafton in northwest Virginia, now West Virginia. Porterfield was expected to hold and protect both the main line and the Parkersburg branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad at that location. Porterfield arrived in Grafton on May 14, 1861. He found that the townspeople, being mostly Irish railroad workers, mainly supported the Union and that the pro-Union Grafton Guards militia company occupied the town. He found no secessionist officers and men at Grafton and, setting up at the more friendly location of Fetterman, about 2 miles (3.2 km) north of Grafton, he soon discovered that the few volunteer companies in the area were armed poorly, if at all. In Fetterman he found Capt. William P. Thompson and his company, the Marion Guards, equipped with 175 muskets which had been purchased by Thompson. Porterfield was able to intercept Federal telegraph messages with local support, and reported to Lee that companies were being organized in Clarksburg, Pruntytown, Philippi, Weston, and Fairmont, but that only two were armed, and one had only "old flint-lock muskets, in bad order, and no amumnition...". The companies raised under Porterfield were later organized into the 25th Virginia Infantry, the 31st Virginia Infantry, and the 9th Battalion of Virginia Infantry. He advised authorities in Richmond that they would need to send a large force to hold the area for the state, but the leaders in Richmond, including General Lee, were unwilling to send soldiers from the eastern part of the state to the western counties at that time for reasons that included not irritating Union sympathizers in the area. On May 19 General Lee advised Colonel Porterfield that several companies from Staunton, Virginia, would be sent to Beverly, Virginia, for his command. Since the Grafton Guards had departed for Wheeling to be mustered into the Union Army, Porterfield occupied Grafton on May 25, but did not keep his force there long. Porterfield then decided that he could not capture or even raid Wheeling, Virginia, for supplies as desired by Governor Letcher and that his position at Grafton was threatened. In order to prevent the advance of Union forces, Porterfield decided to burn two bridges on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad between Farmington and Mannington, West Virginia. He ordered Colonel William J. Willey to carry out this mission on May 25. Since Porterfield continued to have only a few poorly-equipped companies numbering about 550 men under his command, had not yet received requested arms and ammunition, and was given information on May 27, 1861, that Union regiments under the overall departmental command of Major General George B. McClellan were headed toward Grafton, he decided that his position at Grafton was untenable. Porterfield learned that Union forces from both Wheeling under the immediate command of Colonel Benjamin Franklin Kelley and from Parkersburg under the immediate command of Colonel James B. Steedman were headed toward Grafton to protect the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad for the Union. On May 28, Porterfield withdrew his force to Philippi, strongly secessionist in sentiment, in Barbour County about 30 miles (48 km) to the south of Grafton. Also on May 28, McClellan placed the entire Union force in western Virginia, about 3,000 men, under the command of Brigadier General Thomas A. Morris. On May 30, Colonel Kelley occupied Grafton. He had spent two days working with his force to restore the two bridges that had been burned. Since the bridges were mainly iron structures, only wooden sills and ties needed to be replaced. Porterfield picked up two companies of additional men in his move to Philippi but had to send two more companies home for lack of arms and ammunition. A Confederate court of inquiry concluded on July 4, 1861, that Porterfield had 600 effective infantry and 175 cavalry available at Philippi. === Battle of Philippi === On June 2, 1861, General Morris sent two columns of soldiers, one under the command of Colonel Kelley and one under the command of Colonel Ebenezer Dumont to attack the Confederates at Philippi. At about dawn on June 3, 1861, the larger Union force surprised the Confederates under Porterfield's command who were mostly still asleep in their tents in their camp just outside Philippi. The Confederates had few poorly positioned pickets on duty on the rainy night of June 2–3 and the Union force was able to approach close to the camp until being discovered because of the premature firing of firearms. After the attack began, some Confederates fired a few return shots but soon the entire Confederate force began to flee in disorder without putting up a serious fight, and leaving most of their supplies. Only a few men were wounded during the brief fight, including Union Colonel Kelley, but at least a small number of Confederates were captured. This rout led to the Battle of Philippi being called the "Philippi Races." Porterfield and those of his men who were not dispersed or captured reorganized down the road and retreated to Beverly, Virginia, about 30 miles (48 km) to the south. === Aftermath of Philippi === Porterfield was blamed for the disastrous display of the Confederate force at Philippi and he asked for a court of inquiry, which concluded on July 4, 1861, that pickets were on duty before the attack, that much of Porterfield's command left the field in good order and that Porterfield was preparing to evacuate Philippi as soon as the day of the attack because he realized that he was in danger of attack by the larger Union force. General Lee decided that Colonel Porterfield deserved censure, though no more serious punishment, for unpreparedness. Porterfield was replaced in command of the Confederate forces in western Virginia by Brigadier General Robert S. Garnett on June 13, 1861, ten days after the battle. Porterfield was left in command of troops at Beverly. Garnett's force of about 5,000 men suffered an even greater defeat at the Battle of Rich Mountain on July 11, 1861, and Garnett himself became the first general to be killed in action in the Civil War two days later in a rearguard action at the Battle of Corrick's Ford. === Subsequent assignments and resignation === Porterfield joined the staff of Confederate Brigadier General William W. Loring and became his chief of ordnance on August 9, 1861. He briefly commanded a brigade under Brigadier General (later Major General) Edward "Allegheny" Johnson from April 21 to May 1, 1862. In the reorganization of the 25th Virginia Regiment on May 1, 1862, with the addition of several companies of the 9th Battalion Virginia Infantry, Porterfield was not re-elected to his command. Feeling unfairly treated and gaining no satisfaction from an appeal, nor any consideration for promotion to brigadier general as recommended by General Johnson, Porterfield soon resigned. He was found by Union forces under General Nathaniel P. Banks in June or July 1862 and arrested. Soon after Porterfield was taken prisoner, however, Banks ordered Porterfield to be paroled. He was never formally exchanged and took no further part in the war. == Post-war; death == In 1871, George Porterfield became one of the founders of the Bank of Charles Town in Jefferson County, West Virginia, which he served for many years as cashier. Porterfield was a member of the Aztec Club of Mexican–American War veterans. As one of the longest-lived members of the Aztec Club, and one of the last three surviving members, he served as vice president, 1914–1915 and President, 1915–1916. George A. Porterfield died on February 27, 1919, at Martinsburg, West Virginia, and was buried at Greenhill Cemetery in Martinsburg. == See also == List of American Civil War generals (Acting Confederate) == Notes == == References == Allardice, Bruce S. Confederate Colonels: A Biographical Register. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-8262-1809-4. Atkinson, George Wesley and Alvaro Franklin Gibbens. Prominent Men of West Virginia: Biographical Sketches, the Growth and Advancement of the State. Wheeling, WV: W. L. Callin, 1890. OCLC 58869666. Retrieved May 4, 2011. Bushong, Millard Kessler. A History of Jefferson County, West Virginia [1719-1940]. Westminster, MD, Heritage Books, 2007 reprint of 1941 book. ISBN 978-0-7884-2250-8. Retrieved May 9, 2011. Carman, E. A. West Virginia Campaign of 1861 In Beach, Frederick Converse and George Edwin Rines The Americana: A Universal Reference Library. Volume 16. p. 646. New York: Scientific American, 1904–06. OCLC 1940593. Retrieved May 8, 2011 Dandridge, Danske. Historic Shepherdstown Charlottesville, VA: Michie Publishing Company, 1910. OCLC 2556100. Retrieved May 7, 2011. Hall, Granville Davisson. Lee's Invasion of Northwest Virginia in 1861. Chicago: Press of the Mayer & Miller Co., 1911. OCLC 5660822. Retrieved May 4, 2011. Hansen, Harry. The Civil War: A History. New York: Bonanza Books, 1961. OCLC 500488542. Lang, Theodore F. Loyal West Virginia from 1861 to 1865. Baltimore: The Deutsch Publishing Company, 1895. OCLC 779093. Retrieved May 4, 2011. Lesser, W. Hunter. Rebels At The Gate: Lee and McClellan On The Front Line Of A Nation Divided. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, Inc., 2004. ISBN 1-57071-747-8. Retrieved May 10, 2011. Miller, Thomas Condit and Hu Maxwell. West Virginia and Its People, Volume 3. New York, Lewis Historical Pub. Co., 1913. OCLC 1449151. Retrieved May 4, 2011. Moore, ed., Frank. The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events. Volume 1. New York: G.P. Putnam, 1862. OCLC 79472972. Retrieved May 13, 2011. Newell, Clayton R. Lee vs. McClellan, The First Campaign Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, Inc., 1996. ISBN 0-89526-452-8. Retrieved June 2, 2011. Scharf, J. Thomas (1996) [1887]. History of the Confederate States navy from its organization to the surrender of its last vessel. New York: Gramercy Books. ISBN 0-517-18336-6. Wallace, Lee A. Jr., A Guide to Virginia Military Organizations 1861-1865. Richmond: Virginia Civil War Commission, 1964. OCLC 1470977. Retrieved June 2, 2011. Wise, Jennings C. The Military History of the Virginia Military Institute from 1839 to 1865. Lynchburg, VA: J. P. Bell and Company, 1915. OCLC 988763. Retrieved May 7, 2011. == External links == Aztec Club of 1847 web site. Roy Bird Cook Collection, West Virginia University, 31st Virginia Infantry
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninja_of_Heisei	Ninja of Heisei	Mitsuaki Tanigawa (谷川満昭, Tanigawa Mitsuaki; born 1943), also known as the Ninja of Heisei (平成の忍者, Heisei no ninja), is a Japanese criminal who gained notoriety for conducting a series of more than 254 break-ins in Osaka, Japan, while wearing a ninja outfit. Operating from March 2009 to June 2017, Tanigawa successfully executed over 250 break-ins. Initially thought to be younger, he was caught in July 2017 at the age of 74. His ninja persona gained significant public interest and was reported by various local and international news outlets at the time. == Crimes == Tanigawa told police he "hated working and thought stealing is quicker." He meticulously planned escape routes and execution prior to his break-ins, notably doing unexpected feats such as navigating tight spaces and running on walls, typically while dressed as a stereotypical ninja. He was rarely caught on surveillance cameras, leading police to suspect local residents of his burglaries. An investigator (speaking in Japanese) commented that "he moved in a way that you wouldn't expect from someone of his age." == Arrest == In July 2017, Tanigawa was caught on a surveillance camera removing his face covering. Police officers followed him to an abandoned building, and he came out wearing a ninja costume. Tanigawa was arrested and admitted and was charged with over 254 break-ins costing approximately ¥30,000,000 in damages. He stated that he simply did not wish to work, and that he believed or currently believes that if he was a younger man he could have been a robber professionally. Police in Osaka concluded their investigation on 19 October 2017. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1964_Summer_Olympics	Fencing at the 1964 Summer Olympics	At the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, eight events in fencing were contested. Men competed in both individual and team events for each of the three weapon types (épée, foil and sabre), but women competed only in foil events. == Medal summary == === Men's events === === Women's events === == Medal table == == Participating nations == A total of 259 fencers (203 men and 56 women) from 30 nations competed at the Tokyo Games: == References == == Sources == Tokyo Organizing Committee (1964). The Games of the XVIII Olympiad: Tokyo 1964, vol. 2.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlow_Award	Marlow Award	The Marlow Medal and Prize is an early-career award in physical chemistry given by the Royal Society of Chemistry. One or two prizewinners each year, who must be junior researchers under 35 or within 10 years of completing their doctorate, receive £2000 and hold lectures at universities in the UK. The award was established in 1957 and commemorates the chemist George Stanley Withers Marlow (1889–1948). Award winners are also entitled to £3000 in travel expenses to give a lecture tour in Australia, New Zealand, Singapore or Malaysia. This lecture series, instituted in 1981, is named for Robert Anthony Robinson (1903–1979). == Winners == == See also == List of chemistry awards == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq	Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq	Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (1912 – 1971) was an Indian politician, who served as the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 1964 to 1965, when the position was renamed to Chief Minister. He continued as the Chief Minister till his death in 1971. == Education and career == He was a graduate of Islamia College in Lahore and Aligarh Muslim University. He served in Sheikh Abdullah's first cabinet from 1947 to 1953. He was the leader of the National Conference party from 1957 to 1961 after which he joined the Indian National Congress. He was elected the Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in 1964. He became the first chief minister of the state in 1965, when the J&K Constitution was amended (Sixth Constitution of J&K Amendment Act, 1965) by the then Congress government and the position of Prime Minister was replaced with Chief Minister. He died in office following a heart attack on 12 December 1971. == References == == Bibliography == Bose, Sumantra (2003), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01173-2 Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012), Jammu and Kashmir, Springer, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium	Aquarium	An aquarium (pl.: aquariums or aquaria) is a vivarium of any size having at least one transparent side in which aquatic plants or animals are kept and displayed. Fishkeepers use aquaria to keep fish, invertebrates, amphibians, aquatic reptiles, such as turtles, and aquatic plants. The term aquarium, coined by English naturalist Philip Henry Gosse, combines the Latin root aqua, meaning 'water', with the suffix -arium, meaning 'a place for relating to'. The aquarium principle was fully developed in 1850 by the chemist Robert Warington, who explained that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as the numbers of animals did not grow too large. The aquarium craze was launched in early Victorian England by Gosse, who created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in 1853, and published the first manual, The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Sea in 1854. Small aquariums are kept in the home by hobbyists. There are large public aquariums in many cities. Public aquariums keep fish and other aquatic animals in large tanks. A large aquarium may have otters, dolphins, sharks, penguins, seals, and whales. Many aquarium tanks also have plants. An aquarist owns fish or maintains an aquarium, typically constructed of glass or high-strength acrylic. Aquaria with flat walls are known as fish tanks or simply tanks, while those with rounded walls are known as fish bowls. Size can range from a small glass bowl, a few liters in volume, to immense public aquaria of thousands of liters. Specialized equipment maintains appropriate water quality and other characteristics suitable for the aquarium's residents. == History and popularization == === Antiquity === In 1369, the Hongwu Emperor of China established a porcelain company that produced large porcelain tubs for maintaining goldfish; over time, people produced tubs that approached the shape of modern fish bowls. Leonhard Baldner, who wrote Vogel-, Fisch- und Tierbuch (Bird, Fish, and Animal Book) in 1666, maintained weather loaches and newts. It is sometimes held that the aquarium was invented by the Romans, who are said to have kept sea barbels in marble-and-glass tanks, but scholars doubt the veracity of this. === Nineteenth century === In 1832, Jeanne Villepreux-Power, a pioneering French marine biologist, became the first person to create aquaria for experimenting with aquatic organisms. This experimentation led to several discoveries, including the first direct evidence that argonauts, a marine cephalopod, create their own shells. In 1836, soon after his invention of the Wardian case, Dr. Nathaniel Bagshaw Ward proposed to use his tanks for tropical animals. In 1841 he did so, though only with aquatic plants and toy fish. However, he soon housed real animals. In 1838, Félix Dujardin noted owning a saltwater aquarium, though he did not use the term. In 1846, Anne Thynne maintained stony corals and seaweed for almost three years, and was credited as the creator of the first balanced marine aquarium in London. English chemist Robert Warington experimented with a 13-gallon container, which contained goldfish, eelgrass, and snails, creating one of the first stable aquaria. The aquarium principle was fully developed by Warington, explaining that plants added to water in a container would give off enough oxygen to support animals, so long as their numbers do not grow too large. He published his findings in 1850 in the Chemical Society's journal. The keeping of fish in an aquarium became a popular hobby and spread quickly. In the United Kingdom, it became popular after ornate aquaria in cast-iron frames were featured at the Great Exhibition of 1851. In 1853, the aquarium craze was launched in England, spreading from there to Germany, the United States and France as the result of the publications and activity of Philip Henry Gosse, the marine zoologist known as the "Father of the Aquarium". He created and stocked the first public aquarium at the London Zoo in Regent's Park, which came to be known as the Fish House. The Regent's Park aquarium, initially indiscriminately referred to as the "Fish House", "Vivarium", "Aquavivarium" or "Marine vivarium", soon yielded to the word "aquarium", a term coined by Gosse used as the title of his 1854 book The Aquarium: An Unveiling of the Wonders of the Deep Water. In this book, Gosse primarily discussed saltwater aquaria. The high-water mark of the popular aquarium movement in Britain lasted from 1853 to 1860. Tank designs and techniques for maintaining water quality were developed by Warington, later cooperating with Gosse until his critical review of the tank water composition. Edward Edwards developed these glass-fronted aquaria in his 1858 patent for a "dark-water-chamber slope-back tank", with water slowly circulating to a reservoir beneath. Influenced by Gosse, the German Emil Adolf Rossmässler promoted the value of the aquarium movement in the educational field. Rossmässler wrote of its use in an 1855 article in Die Gartenlaube (The Gazebo) and in his 1857 book Das Susswasser-Aquarium (The Freshwater Aquarium), the freshwater aquarium being much easier to maintain in landlocked areas. In 1862 William Alford Lloyd, then bankrupt because of the craze in England being over, moved to Grindel Dammthor, Hamburg, to supervise the installation of the circulating system and tanks at the Hamburg Aquarium. During the 1870s, some of the first aquarist societies were appearing in Germany. The United States soon followed. Published in 1858, Henry D. Butler's The Family Aquarium was one of the first books written in the United States solely about the aquarium. According to the July issue of The North American Review of the same year, William Stimson may have owned some of the first functional aquaria, and had as many as seven or eight. Henry Bishop, a bird and fish dealer in Baltimore ("Goldfish King"), is credited with revolutionizing the aquarium business in the US, selling a wide range of tanks and supplies beginning in the 1870s-1880s. The first aquarist society in the United States was founded in New York City in 1893, followed by others. The New York Aquarium Journal, first published in October 1876, is considered to be the world's first aquarium magazine. In the Victorian era in the United Kingdom, a common design for the home aquarium was a glass front with the other sides made of wood (made watertight with a pitch coating). The bottom would be made of slate and heated from below. More advanced systems soon began to be introduced, along with tanks of glass in metal frames. During the latter half of the 19th century, a variety of aquarium designs were explored, such as hanging the aquarium on a wall, mounting it as part of a window, or even combining it with a birdcage. === Twentieth century === Around 1908, the first mechanical aquarium air pump was invented, powered by running water, instead of electricity. The introduction of the air pump into the hobby is considered by several historians of the hobby to be a pivotal moment in its development. Aquaria became more widely popular as houses had an electricity supply after World War I. Electricity allowed artificial lighting, as well as aeration, filtration, and heating of the water. Initially, amateur aquarists kept native fish (with the exception of goldfish); the availability of exotic species from overseas further increased the popularity of the aquarium. Jugs made from a variety of materials were used to import fish from overseas, with a bicycle foot pump for aeration. Plastic shipping bags were introduced in the 1950s, making it easier to ship fish. The eventual availability of air freight allowed fish to be successfully imported from distant regions. Popular publications started by Herbert R. Axelrod influenced many more hobbyists to start keeping fish. In the 1960s, metal frames made marine aquaria almost impossible due to corrosion, but the development of tar and silicone sealant allowed the first all-glass aquaria made by Martin Horowitz in Los Angeles, CA. The frames remained, however, though purely for aesthetic reasons. Japan played an increasingly important role in shaping aquarium design in the latter part of the twentieth century, with the aquascaping designs of Takashi Amano influencing fishkeepers to treat home aquariums as aesthetically pleasing compositions, rather than simply as a way of displaying fish specimens. In the United States, as of 1996, aquarium keeping is the second-most popular hobby after stamp collecting. In 1999, an estimated 9.6 million US households owned an aquarium. Figures from the 2005/2006 APPMA National Pet Owners Survey report that Americans own approximately 139 million freshwater fish and 9.6 million saltwater fish. Estimates of the numbers of fish kept in aquaria in Germany suggest at least 36 million. The hobby has the strongest following in Europe, Asia, and North America. In the United States, 40% of aquarists maintain two or more tanks. Over time, there has been an increasing appreciation of the usefulness of access to an aquarium to provide potential stress reduction and improvement of mood in people observing aquatic life. According to the research of having an aquarium is many health benefits like reduce stress, blood pressure and heart rate improvement, better quality sleep, reduce anxiety and pain, therapy of excited children, Alzheimer's therapy and improve productivity. == Design == === Materials === ==== Glass ==== The first modern aquarium made of glass was developed in the 19th century by Robert Warrington. During the Victorian age, glass aquariums commonly had slate or steel bottoms, which allowed them to be heated underneath by an open-flame heat source. These aquariums had the glass panels attached with metal frames and sealed with putty. Metal-framed aquariums were still available until the mid-1960s, when the modern, silicone-sealed style replaced them. Acrylic aquariums first became available to the public in the 1970s. Laminated glass is sometimes used, which combines the advantages of both glass and acrylic. Today, most aquaria consist of glass panes bonded together by 100% silicone sealant, with plastic frames attached to the upper and lower edges for decoration. The glass aquarium is standard for sizes up to about 1,000 litres (260 US gal; 220 imp gal). However, glass is brittle and has very little give before fracturing, though generally the sealant fails first. Aquaria are made in a variety of shapes, such as cuboid, hexagonal, angled to fit in a corner (L-shaped), and bow-front (the front side curves outwards). Fish bowls are generally either made of plastic or glass, and are either spherical or some other round configuration in shape. Glass aquaria have been a popular choice for many home and hobbyist aquarists for many years. Once silicone sealant became strong enough to ensure a long-term water-tight seal, it eliminated the need for a structural frame. In addition to lower cost, glass aquaria are more scratch resistant than acrylic. Although the price is one of the main considerations for aquarists when deciding which of these two types of aquaria to purchase, for very large tanks, the price difference tends to disappear. ==== Acrylic ==== Acrylic aquaria are now the primary competitor with glass. Prior to the invention of UV stabilization, early acrylic aquaria discolored over time with exposure to light; this is no longer the case. Acrylic is generally stronger than glass, weighs less, and provides a certain amount of temperature insulation. In colder climates or environments, it is easier to achieve and maintain a tropical temperature and requires less capacity from an aquarium heater. Acrylic-soluble cements are used to directly fuse acrylic together. Acrylic allows for the formation of unusual shapes, such as the hexagonal tank. Acrylics are easier to scratch than glass, but unlike glass, scratches in acrylic can be polished out. ==== Other materials ==== Large aquaria might instead use stronger materials such as fiberglass-reinforced plastics. However, this material is not transparent. Reinforced concrete is used for aquaria where weight and space are not factors. Concrete must be coated with a waterproof layer to prevent the water from breaking down the concrete, as well as preventing contamination of the water by the concrete. Plywood can also be used when building aquaria. The benefits of using plywood include: lower construction costs, less weight, and better insulation. A popular positioning choice for plywood aquaria is keeping them in a wall. Here the use of plywood is hidden by sinking the aquarium inside the wall. Putting insulation between the two helps with the insulation of a heated tank. === Styles === Objects used for aquariums include: coffee tables, sinks, and even toilets. Another such example is the MacQuarium, an aquarium made from the shell of an Apple Macintosh computer. In recent years, elaborate custom-designed home aquariums costing hundreds of thousands of dollars have become status symbols—according to The New York Times, "among people of means, a dazzling aquarium is one of the last surefire ways to impress their peers." ==== Kreisel ==== A kreisel tank (kreisel being German for "spinning top" or "gyroscope") is an aquarium shaped like a horizontal cylinder that is designed to hold delicate animals such as jellyfish and newborn seahorses. These aquariums provide slow, circular water flow with a bare minimum of interior hardware to prevent the inhabitants from becoming injured by pumps or the tank itself. The tank has no sharp angles around its sides and keeps the housed animals away from plumbing. Water moving into the tank gives a gentle flow that keeps the inhabitants suspended. Water leaves the tank through a screen which prevents animals from being drawn into the pump intake or overflow line. There are several types of kreisel tanks. In a true kreisel, a circular tank has a circular, submerged lid. Pseudokreisels are "U" or semicircle shaped, usually without a lid. Stretch kreisels are a "double gyre" kreisel design, where the tank length is at least twice the height. Using two downwelling inlets on both sides of the tank lets gravity create two gyres in the tank. A single downwelling inlet may be used in the middle as well. The top of a stretch kreisel may be open or closed with a lid. There may also be screens about midway down the sides of the tank, or at the top on the sides. It is possible to combine these designs; a circular shaped tank is used without a lid or cover, and the surface of the water acts as the continuation of circular flow. ==== Biotope ==== Another popular setup is the biotope aquarium. A biotope aquarium is a recreation of a specific natural environment. Some of the most popular biotopes are the freshwater habitats of the Amazon River, the Rio Negro River, the African rift lake environments of Lake Malawi and Lake Tanganyika, and saltwater coral reefs of Australia, the Red Sea, and the Caribbean Sea. The fish, plants, substrate, rocks, wood, coral, and any other component of the display should completely match that of the local natural environment. It can be a challenge to recreate such environments, and most "true" biotopes will only have a few (if not only one) species of fish and invertebrates. Finally, an emerging concept for the home is that of a wall mounted aquarium. === Aquarium size and volume === An aquarium can range from a small glass bowl containing less than 1 litre (2.1 US pt) of water to immense public aquaria that house entire ecosystems such as kelp forests. Relatively large home aquaria resist rapid fluctuations of temperature and pH, allowing for greater system stability. Beginner aquarists are advised to consider larger tanks to begin with, as controlling water parameters in smaller tanks can prove difficult. Small, unfiltered bowl-shaped aquaria are now widely regarded as unsuitable for most fish. In order to keep water conditions at suitable levels, aquariums should contain at least two forms of filtration: biological and mechanical. Chemical filtration should also be considered under some circumstances for optimum water quality. Chemical filtration is frequently achieved via activated carbon, to filter medications, tannins, and/or other known impurities from the water. Reef aquaria under 100 litres (26 US gal; 22 imp gal) have a special place in the aquarium hobby; these aquaria, termed nano reefs (when used in reefkeeping), have a small water volume, under 40 litres (11 US gal; 9 imp gal). Practical limitations, most notably the weight of water (1 kilogram per litre (8.345 lb/U.S. gal; 10.022 lb/imp gal)) and internal water pressure (requiring thick glass siding) of a large aquarium, restrict most home aquaria to a maximum of around 1 cubic metre in volume (1000 L, weighing 1,000 kg or 2,200 lb). Some aquarists, however, have constructed aquaria of many thousands of litres. Public aquariums and oceanariums designed for exhibition of large species or environments can be dramatically larger than any home aquarium. The Georgia Aquarium, for example, features an individual aquarium of 6,300,000 US gallons (24,000,000 L). ==== Nano aquariums ==== A new trend is to have very small aquariums, termed mini aquariums (less than 150 litres or 40 gallons) or nano aquariums (less than 75 litres or 20 gallons). These can be either freshwater or saltwater, and are intended to display a tiny but self-contained ecosystem. == Components == The typical hobbyist aquarium includes a filtration system, an artificial lighting system, an air diffuser and pump, and a heater or chiller depending on the aquarium's inhabitants. Many aquaria incorporate a hood, containing the lights, to decrease evaporation and prevent fish from leaving the aquarium (and anything else from entering the aquarium). Combined biological and mechanical aquarium filtration systems are common. These either convert ammonia to nitrate (removing nitrogen at the expense of aquatic plants), or to sometimes remove phosphate. Filter media can house microbes that mediate nitrification. Filtration systems are sometimes the most complex component of home aquaria. Aquarium heaters combine a heating element with a thermostat, allowing the aquarist to regulate water temperature at a level above that of the surrounding air, whereas coolers and chillers (refrigeration devices) are for use anywhere, such as cold water aquaria, where the ambient room temperature is above the desired tank temperature. Thermometers used include glass alcohol thermometers, adhesive external plastic strip thermometers, and battery-powered LCD thermometers. In addition, some aquarists use air pumps attached to airstones or water pumps to increase water circulation and supply adequate gas exchange at the water surface. Wave-making devices have also been constructed to provide wave action. An aquarium's physical characteristics form another aspect of aquarium design. Size, lighting conditions, density of floating and rooted plants, placement of bog-wood, creation of caves or overhangs, type of substrate, and other factors (including an aquarium's positioning within a room) can all affect the behavior and survival of tank inhabitants. An aquarium can be placed on an aquarium stand. Because of the weight of the aquarium, a stand must be strong as well as level. A tank that is not level may distort, leak, or crack. These are often built with cabinets to allow storage, available in many styles to match room decor. Simple metal tank stands are also available. Most aquaria should be placed on polystyrene to cushion any irregularities on the underlying surface or the bottom of the tank itself that may cause cracks. However, some tanks have an underframe making this unnecessary. Another important consideration for aquariums is their electrical usage. Water is expensive to keep heated, along with the lights that many aquariums, especially those with live plants have. New aquarists should also pay close attention to their electrical setup for their aquarium, taking care to set up power connections with drip loops to prevent water from getting to outlets. == Aquarium maintenance == Large volumes of water enable more stability in a tank by diluting effects from death or contamination events that push an aquarium away from equilibrium. The bigger the tank, the easier such a systemic shock is to absorb, because the effects of that event are diluted. For example, the death of the only fish in an 11-litre (3 US gal; 2 imp gal) tank causes dramatic changes in the system, while the death of that same fish in a 400-litre (110 US gal; 88 imp gal) tank with many other fish in it represents only a minor change. For this reason, hobbyists often favor larger tanks, as they require less attention. Several nutrient cycles are important in the aquarium. Dissolved oxygen enters the system at the surface water-air interface. Similarly, carbon dioxide escapes the system into the air. The phosphate cycle is an important, although often overlooked, nutrient cycle. Sulfur, iron, and micronutrients also cycle through the system, entering as food and exiting as waste. Appropriate handling of the nitrogen cycle, along with supplying an adequately balanced food supply and considered biological loading, is enough to keep these other nutrient cycles in approximate equilibrium. An aquarium must be maintained regularly to ensure that the fish are kept healthy. Daily maintenance consists of checking the fish for signs of stress and disease. Also, aquarists must make sure that the water has a good quality and it is not cloudy or foamy and the temperature of the water is appropriate for the particular species of fish that live in the aquarium. Typical weekly maintenance includes changing around 10–30% or more of the water while cleaning the gravel, or other substrate if the aquarium has one; however some manage to avoid this entirely by keeping it somewhat self-sufficient. A good habit is to remove the water being replaced by "vacuuming" the gravel with suitable implements, as this will eliminate uneaten foods and other residues that settle on the substrate. In many areas tap water is not considered to be safe for fish to live in because it contains chemicals that harm the fish. Tap water from those areas must be treated with a suitable water conditioner, such as a product which removes chlorine and chloramine and neutralizes any heavy metals present. The water conditions must be checked both in the tank and in the replacement water, to make sure they are suitable for the species. === Water conditions === The solute content of water is perhaps the most important aspect of water conditions, as total dissolved solids and other constituents dramatically impact basic water chemistry, and therefore how organisms interact with their environment. Salt content, or salinity, is the most basic measure of water conditions. An aquarium may have freshwater (salinity below 500 parts per million), simulating a lake or river environment; brackish water (a salt level of 500 to 30,000 PPM), simulating environments lying between fresh and salt, such as estuaries; and salt water or seawater (a salt level of 30,000 to 40,000 PPM), simulating an ocean environment. Rarely, higher salt concentrations are maintained in specialized tanks for raising brine organisms. Saltwater is usually alkaline, while the pH (alkalinity or acidity) of fresh water varies more. Hardness measures overall dissolved mineral content; hard or soft water may be preferred. Hard water is usually alkaline, while soft water is usually neutral to acidic. Dissolved organic content and dissolved gases content are also important factors. Home aquarists typically use tap water supplied through their local water supply network to fill their tanks. Straight tap water cannot be used in localities that pipe chlorinated water. In the past, it was possible to "condition" the water by simply letting the water stand for a day or two, which allows the chlorine time to dissipate. However, chloramine is now used more often and does not leave the water as readily. Water conditioners formulated to remove chlorine or chloramine are often all that is needed to make the water ready for aquarium use. Brackish or saltwater aquaria require the addition of a commercially available mixture of salts and other minerals. Some aquarists modify water's alkalinity, hardness, or dissolved content of organics and gases, before adding it to their aquaria. This can be accomplished by additives, such as sodium bicarbonate, to raise pH. Some aquarists filter or purify their water through deionization or reverse osmosis prior to using it. In contrast, public aquaria with large water needs often locate themselves near a natural water source (such as a river, lake, or ocean) to reduce the level of treatment. Some hobbyists use an algae scrubber to filter the water naturally. Water temperature determines the two most basic aquarium classifications: tropical versus cold water. Most fish and plant species tolerate only a limited temperature range; tropical aquaria, with an average temperature of about 25 °C (77 °F), are much more common. Temperate or coldwater aquaria are for fish that are better suited to a cooler environment. Temperature consistency is more important than range. Most organisms are not accustomed to sudden changes in temperatures, which can cause shock and lead to disease. Water temperature can be regulated with a thermostat and heater (or cooler). Water movement can also be important in simulating a natural ecosystem. Aquarists may prefer anything from still water up to swift currents, depending on the aquarium's inhabitants. Water movement can be controlled via aeration from air pumps, powerheads, and careful design of internal water flow (such as location of filtration system points of inflow and outflow). === Nitrogen cycle === Of primary concern to the aquarist is management of the waste produced by an aquarium's inhabitants. Fish, invertebrates, fungi, and some bacteria excrete nitrogen waste in the form of ammonia (which converts to ammonium, in water) and must then either pass through the nitrogen cycle or be removed by passing through zeolite. Ammonia is also produced through the decomposition of plant and animal matter, including fecal matter and other detritus. Nitrogen waste products become toxic to fish and other aquarium inhabitants at high concentrations. In the wild, the vast amount of water surrounding the fish dilutes ammonia and other waste materials. When fish are put into an aquarium, waste can quickly reach toxic concentrations in the enclosed environment unless the tank is cycled to remove waste. ==== The process ==== A well-balanced tank contains organisms that are able to metabolize the waste products of other aquarium residents, recreating a portion of the nitrogen cycle. Bacteria known as nitrifiers (genus Nitrosomonas) metabolize nitrogen waste. Nitrifying bacteria capture ammonia from the water and metabolize it to produce nitrite. Nitrite is toxic to fish in high concentrations. Another type of bacteria (genus Nitrospira) converts nitrite into nitrate, a less toxic substance. (Nitrobacter bacteria were previously believed to fill this role. While biologically they could theoretically fill the same niche as Nitrospira, it has recently been found that Nitrobacter are not present in detectable levels in established aquaria, while Nitrospira are plentiful.) However, commercial products sold as kits to "jump start" the nitrogen cycle often still contain Nitrobacter. Aquatic plants also eliminate nitrogen waste by metabolizing ammonia and nitrate. When plants metabolize nitrogen compounds, they remove nitrogen from the water by using it to build biomass that decays more slowly than ammonia-driven plankton already dissolved in the water. Some hobbyists also use "anoxic filtration", which relies on bacteria that live in low-oxygen environments. ==== Maintaining the nitrogen cycle ==== The nitrogen cycle in an aquarium is only a portion of the complete cycle: nitrogen must be added to the system (usually through food provided to the tank inhabitants), and nitrates accumulate in the water at the end of the process, or become bound in the biomass of plants. The aquarium keeper must remove water once nitrate concentrations grow, or remove plants which have grown from the nitrates. Hobbyist aquaria often do not have sufficient bacteria populations to adequately denitrify waste. This problem is most often addressed through two filtration solutions: Activated carbon filters absorb nitrogen compounds and other toxins, while biological filters provide a medium designed to enhance bacterial colonization. Activated carbon and other substances, such as ammonia absorbing resins, stop working when their pores fill, so these components have to be replaced regularly. New aquaria often have problems associated with the nitrogen cycle due to insufficient beneficial bacteria. Therefore, fresh water has to be matured before stocking them with fish. There are three basic approaches to this: the "fishless cycle", the "silent cycle" and "slow growth". In a fishless cycle, small amounts of ammonia are added to an unpopulated tank to feed the bacteria. During this process, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels are tested to monitor progress. The "silent" cycle is basically nothing more than densely stocking the aquarium with fast-growing aquatic plants and relying on them to consume the nitrogen, allowing the necessary bacterial populations time to develop. According to anecdotal reports, the plants can consume nitrogenous waste so efficiently that ammonia and nitrite level spikes seen in more traditional cycling methods are greatly reduced or disappear. "Slow growth" entails slowly increasing the population of fish over a period of 6 to 8 weeks, giving bacteria colonies time to grow and stabilize with the increase in fish waste. This method is usually done with a small starter population of hardier fish which can survive the ammonia and nitrite spikes, whether they are intended to be permanent residents or to be traded out later for the desired occupants. The largest bacterial populations are found in the filter, where there is high water flow and plentiful surface available for their growth, so effective and efficient filtration is vital. Sometimes, a vigorous cleaning of the filter is enough to seriously disturb the biological balance of an aquarium. Therefore, it is recommended to rinse mechanical filters in an outside bucket of aquarium water to dislodge organic materials that contribute to nitrate problems, while preserving bacteria populations. Another safe practice consists of cleaning only half of the filter media during each service, or using two filters, only one of which is cleaned at a time. === Biological load === The biological load, or bioload is a measure of the burden placed on the aquarium ecosystem by its inhabitants. High biological loading presents a more complicated tank ecology, which in turn means that equilibrium is easier to upset. Several fundamental constraints on biological loading depend on aquarium size. The water's surface area limits oxygen intake. The bacteria population depends on the physical space they have available to colonize. Physically, only a limited size and number of plants and animals can fit into an aquarium while still providing room for movement. Biologically, biological loading refers to the rate of biological decay in proportion to tank volume. Adding plants to an aquarium will sometimes help greatly with taking up fish waste as plant nutrients. Although an aquarium can be overloaded with fish, an excess of plants is unlikely to cause harm. Decaying plant material, such as decaying plant leaves, can add these nutrients back into the aquarium if not promptly removed. The bioload is processed by the aquarium's biofilter filtration system. ==== Calculating capacity ==== Limiting factors include the oxygen availability and filtration processing. Aquarists have rules of thumb to estimate the number of fish that can be kept in an aquarium. The examples below are for small freshwater fish; larger freshwater fishes and most marine fishes need much more generous allowances. 3 cm of adult fish length per 4 litres of water (i.e., a 6 cm-long fish would need about 8 litres of water). 1 cm of adult fish length per 30 square centimetres of surface area. 1 inch of adult fish length per US gallon of water. 1 inch of adult fish length per 12 square inches of surface area. Experienced aquarists warn against applying these rules too strictly because they do not consider other important issues such as growth rate, activity level, social behaviour, filtration capacity, total biomass of plant life, and so on. It is better to apply the overall mass and size of a fish per gallon of water, than simply the length. This is because fish of different sizes produce quite differing amounts of waste. Establishing maximum capacity is often a matter of slowly adding fish and monitoring water quality over time, following a trial and error approach. ==== Other factors affecting capacity ==== One variable is differences between fish. Smaller fish consume more oxygen per gram of body weight than larger fish. Labyrinth fish can breathe atmospheric oxygen and do not need as much surface area (however, some of these fish are territorial, and do not appreciate crowding). Barbs also require more surface area than tetras of comparable size. Oxygen exchange at the surface is an important constraint, and thus the surface area of the aquarium matters. Some aquarists claim that a deeper aquarium holds no more fish than a shallower aquarium with the same surface area. The capacity can be improved by surface movement and water circulation such as through aeration, which not only improves oxygen exchange, but also waste decomposition rates. Waste density is another variable. Decomposition in solution consumes oxygen. Oxygen dissolves less readily in warmer water; this is a double-edged sword since warmer temperatures make fish more active, so they consume more oxygen. In addition to bioload/chemical considerations, aquarists also consider the mutual compatibility of the fish. For instance, predatory fish are usually not kept with small, passive species, and territorial fish are often unsuitable tankmates for shoaling species. Furthermore, fish tend to fare better if given tanks conducive to their size. That is, large fish need large tanks and small fish can do well in smaller tanks. Lastly, the tank can become overcrowded without being overstocked. In other words, the aquarium can be suitable with regard to filtration capacity, oxygen load, and water, yet still be so crowded that the inhabitants are uncomfortable. For planted freshwater aquariums, it is also important to maintain a balance between the duration and quality of light, the amount of plants, CO2 levels and nutrients. Light exposure within the tank environment can also influence nutrient concentrations. For a given amount of light, if there is insufficient number of plants or insufficient CO2 to support the growth of those plants, so as to consume all the nutrients in the tank, the result would be algae growth. While there are fishes and invertebrates that could be introduced in the tank to clean up this algae, the ideal solution would be to find the optimal balance between the above-mentioned factors. Supplemental CO2 can be provided, whose quantity has to be carefully regulated, as too much CO2 may harm the fishes. == Aquarium classifications == From the outdoor ponds and glass jars of antiquity, modern aquaria have evolved into a wide range of specialized systems. Individual aquaria can vary in size from a small bowl large enough for only a single small fish, to the huge public aquaria that can simulate entire marine ecosystems. One way to classify aquaria is by salinity. Freshwater aquaria are the most popular due to their lower cost. More expensive and complex equipment is required to set up and maintain marine aquaria. Marine aquaria frequently feature a diverse range of invertebrates in addition to species of fish. Brackish water aquaria combine elements of both marine and freshwater fishkeeping. Fish kept in brackish water aquaria generally come from habitats with varying salinity, such as mangrove swamps and estuaries. Subtypes exist within these types, such as the reef aquarium, a typically smaller marine aquarium that houses coral. Another classification is by temperature range. Many aquarists choose a tropical aquarium because tropical fish tend to be more colorful. However, the coldwater aquarium is also popular, which includes fish from temperate areas worldwide. Aquaria may be grouped by their species selection. In a community tank, several non-aggressive species live peacefully. In these aquaria, the fish, invertebrates, and plants probably do not originate from the same geographic region, but tolerate similar water conditions and each other. Aggressive tanks, by contrast, house a limited number of species that can be aggressive toward other fish, or are able to withstand aggression well. Most aquarists maintaining marine tanks and tanks housing cichlids have to take species aggressiveness into account when stocking. Specimen tanks usually only house one fish species, along with plants—sometimes those found in the fish species' natural environment—and decorations simulating a natural ecosystem. This type is useful for fish that cannot coexist with other fish, such as the electric eel, as an extreme example. Some tanks of this sort are used simply to house adults for breeding. Biotope aquaria is another type based on species selection. In it, an aquarist attempts to simulate a specific natural ecosystem, assembling fish, invertebrate species, plants, decorations and water conditions all found in that ecosystem. Public aquaria often use this approach. Biotope aquaria simulates the experience of observing in the wild. It typically serves as the healthiest possible artificial environment for the tank's occupants. == Public aquaria == Most public aquarium facilities feature a number of smaller aquaria, as well those too large for home aquarists. The largest tanks hold millions of gallons of water and can house large species, including sharks or beluga whales, which typically could not be housed properly in the home aquarium. Dolphinaria are specifically for dolphins. Aquatic and semiaquatic animals, including otters and penguins, may also be kept by public aquaria. Public aquaria may also be included in larger establishments such as a marine mammal park or a marine park. These are very popular around the world, especially with a new emergence in the Middle East. == Virtual aquariums == A virtual aquarium is a computer program which uses 3D graphics to reproduce an aquarium on a personal computer. The swimming fish are rendered in real time, while the background of the tank is usually static. Objects on the floor of the tank may be mapped in simple planes so that the fish may appear to swim both in front and behind them, but a relatively simple 3D map of the general shape of such objects may be used to allow the light and ripples on the surface of the water to cast realistic shadows. Bubbles and water noises are common for virtual aquariums, which are often used as screensavers. The number of each type of fish can usually be selected, often including other animals like starfish, jellyfish, seahorses, and even sea turtles. Most companies that produce virtual aquarium software also offer other types of fish for sale via Internet download. Other objects found in an aquarium can also be added and rearranged on some software, like treasure chests and giant clams that open and close with air bubbles, or a bobbing diver. There are also usually features that allow the user to tap on the glass or put food in the top, both of which the fish will react to. Some also have the ability to allow the user to edit fish and other objects to create new varieties. == See also == List of aquaria Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) List of aquarium diseases List of aquarium fish by scientific name List of brackish aquarium fish species List of brackish aquarium plant species List of freshwater aquarium amphibian species List of freshwater aquarium fish species List of freshwater aquarium invertebrate species List of freshwater aquarium plant species List of marine aquarium fish species List of marine aquarium invertebrate species List of marine aquarium plant species Vivarium == References == == External links == Ernest Ingersoll (1920). "Aquarium" . Encyclopedia Americana.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Tate#:~:text=Tate's%20kickboxing%20nickname%20was%20%22King%20Cobra%22.	Andrew Tate	Emory Andrew Tate III (born 1 December 1986) is an American and British social media personality, businessman, and former professional kickboxer who gained notoriety for promoting various highly controversial positions in the manosphere. His commentary has resulted in his expulsion from various social media platforms and concern that he promotes misogynistic views to his audience. A divisive influencer, Tate has amassed 10.7 million followers on Twitter as of June 2025 and was the third-most googled person in 2023. He has been dubbed the "king of toxic masculinity", has called himself a misogynist, and is politically described as both right-wing and far-right. As of March 2025, Tate is facing six legal investigations—four criminal and two civil—in Romania, the United Kingdom, and the United States. From 2005, Tate began his kickboxing career in England, winning several kickboxing titles in the late 2000s and early 2010s. In 2016, he appeared on the British reality series Big Brother, but was removed, as he was the suspect in an open rape investigation in the United Kingdom. The investigation was later dropped, but Tate was subject to an extradition request for rape charges in 2024. After his kickboxing career, Tate and his brother, Tristan, began operating a webcam model business, then sold online courses. With his audience from his courses, he became prominent as an internet celebrity promoting a hyper-macho view of masculinity. Tate's courses include Hustler's University, which gained 100,000 subscribers and was later relaunched as The Real World, and the secretive group named The War Room, which the BBC has accused of coercing women into sex work and teaching violence against women. In August 2023, it was estimated that Tate's online ventures generated US$5 million in revenue monthly. In December 2022, Tate and his brother, Tristan, were arrested in Romania, along with two women. In June 2023, all four were charged with rape, human trafficking, and forming an organised crime group to sexually exploit women. Soon after, accusers reportedly went into hiding after a campaign of online harassment, and the Tate brothers filed a defamation lawsuit, claiming $5 million in damages. In March 2024, British police obtained an arrest warrant for the Tate brothers. In July 2024, a civil case in the UK was brought against the brothers and a third person for alleged tax evasion. In August 2024, Romanian police raided four properties Tate owns and expanded its investigation to include trafficking minors, sex with a minor, money laundering and attempting to influence witnesses. Tate and his brother have denied all charges and allegations. In May 2025, the United Kingdom Crown Prosecution Service brought multiple charges against Tate and his brother Tristan including for rape, actual bodily harm and human trafficking. == Early life == Emory Andrew Tate III was born on 1 December 1986 at the Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, D.C. He is multiracial; his African American father, Emory Tate (1958–2015), was a chess international master, while his White English mother, Eileen Tate, worked as a catering assistant. He has a younger brother, Tristan, and a younger sister, Janine. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois, and Goshen, Indiana. In 1997, after his parents divorced, his mother took him and his brother to Luton in Bedfordshire, England. They "lived on Marsh Farm, an infamously rough council estate which Tate has described as the 'worst area of the worst town.'" He was educated at Halyard High School and Luton Sixth Form College. == Kickboxing career == Tate started practising boxing and other martial arts in 2005, and worked in the television advertising industry to support himself. Tate started his career in Full contact kickboxing and gained recognition after defeating former super cruiserweight British champions Ollie Green and Mo Kargbo which got him ranked the seventh-best light heavyweight kickboxer in the United Kingdom by the International Sport Kickboxing Association (ISKA) in November 2008. In 2009, Tate fought and defeated Paul Randall to capture the English ISKA Full Contact Cruiserweight Championship and beat Daniel Hughes for the International Kickboxing Federation Full Contact Cruiserweight British Title receiving the top rank in his division across Europe. Tate's kickboxing nickname was "King Cobra". In 2010 Tate defeated Jamie Bates by knockout. In 2011, Tate won his first International Sport Kickboxing Association (ISKA) full contact world title in a rematch against Jean-Luc Benoît via knockout, having previously lost to Benoît by decision. The weight was set at light heavyweight 81.5 kg. In August 2011, Tate made his K-1 Rules debut and fought in the Enfusion 3: Trial of the Gladiators tournament to determine the world's Number one kickboxer in the 85 kg category. Tate qualified for the tournament, stopping Sammy Masa by second-round KO and Adnan Omeragić by first-round KO. The tournament was later resumed in December 2012. In November 2011 Tate moved up to 85 kg to challenge Vincent Petitjean for the Nuit des Champions(NDC) full contact title. Tate lost by decision. In 2012 after scoring a knockout win over Joe McCgovan, Tate would get the opportunity to fight Sahak Parparyan for his It's Showtime 85MAX Championship and would lose by unanimous decision. On 2 December 2012, Tate returned to the Enfusion 3: Trial of the Gladiators tournament to determine the world's Number one kickboxer in the 85 kg category. Tate managed to score a victory in the semi-finals, knocking out Ritchie Hocking with punches in the first round, but lost in the final via a first-round flying knee KO from Franci Grajš who after the fight got named the best in the 85 Max weight division. Before his loss, he was ranked second-best 85 max light-heavyweight kickboxer in the world behind Sahak Parparyan. In 2013, Tate returned to full contact kickboxing and won his second ISKA world title in a 12-round match against Vincent Petitjean in the Light Cruiserweight division, making him world champion in two weight classes. Tate returned to K-1 rules and managed to score four victories in the Enfusion ring during 2013 over David Radeff, Marino Schouten, Marlon Hunt, and Laszlo Szabo in the middleweight division. Tate participated in a four-man tournament to determine the Enfusion 85 kg middleweight World Champion, alongside Miroslav Cingel, Jiří Žák, and Rustam Guseinov. Held in Žilina, Slovakia, on 26 April 2014, Tate lost in the semi-finals to local fighter and tournament winner, Miroslav Cingel, via unanimous decision. Tate defended the ISKA Full Contact Light Cruiserweight World Title against Cyril Vetter winning by knockout, won his first K-1 Rules World Title by defeating Wendell Roche to capture the Enfusion 90 kg Belt in 2014, making him a four-time world champion before he retired with 31 recorded fights. In January 2015 Tate fought in K-1 in the event K-1 China vs. USA against Liang Ling. Tate won by decision. In March 2015 Tate returned to full contact kickboxing and faced Jean Luc Benoît in a trilogy fight to settle the score. Tate won by decision making the rivalry 2–1 in favor of Tate. In December 2016, Tate returned to kickboxing to fight for the Enfusion 90 kg world title against Ibrahim El Boustati who was originally scheduled to face Marc de Bonte, however tragic events led to de Bonte's passing. Tate would lose by tko in round one due to an eye injury. Tate was later then forced into an early retirement due to his eye sustaining damage through his combat sport career which first began at just 23, when Tate experienced his first eye injury, with detached retinas in both eyes that required surgical repair. By the age of 30, when the condition resurfaced against Ibrahim, Tate then chose to retire from professional kickboxing. In 2020 Tate returned to kickboxing after a long layoff and competed in Romania against low level kickboxers scoring knockout wins over Miralem Ahmeti, Iulian Strugariu and Cosmin Lingurar. Tate would retire again with a 76-9-1 record in kickboxing in the styles of k-1 rules and full contact. In k-1 rules, Tate managed to hold the Enfusion 90 kg world title, fought mainly in full contact achieving 3 ISKA world titles in 84.6 kg and 81.5 kg, making him a 4 time kickboxing world champion, while his brother Tristan claimed the ISKA British light cruiserweight title twice in k-1 rules and freestyle kickboxing who would also retire early with a 43–9 record due to sustaining a bad shoulder injury in a car accident preventing him from competing in kickboxing. In 2023 Enfusion chose to establish a new label called T8KO which means Tate KO, Andrew Tate was initially scheduled to serve as a media partner alongside his brother Tristan. However, after Tate's arrest, Enfusion announced on Instagram that, "In consultation with the Dutch Fight Sports Authority, it has been decided that the Tate brothers will not be involved with the new label while the criminal investigation is still ongoing." Additionally, the Fight Sports Authority required Enfusion to rename their new brand, resulting in the name 8TKO. == Big Brother == Tate gained widespread attention in 2016 when he appeared on the British reality television series Big Brother's 17th series. In the series, Tate was a member of a secret second house, part of a group called "The Others." While appearing on the show, he came under scrutiny for previously having made homophobic and racist posts on Twitter. He was removed from the show after six days, with producers saying that it was because of events outside the house and Tate saying that it was about a video which appeared to show him striking a woman with a belt on the show. Producers also said that he was not let go because of the uncovered tweets. Tate and the woman said that they were friends and that the actions in the video were consensual. Vice later reported that Tate was removed because the show's producers became aware of an ongoing police investigation by Hertfordshire Constabulary into him for rape, which closed in 2019 with no charges filed. == Online ventures == Tate's website offers training courses on accumulating wealth and "male–female interactions". According to the site, he also operated a webcam studio using his girlfriends as employees. Tate and his brother, Tristan, started the webcam business, employing as many as 75 webcam models to sell "fake sob stories" to male callers, claiming to have made millions of dollars doing so. According to Mary McNamara, Tate has called himself "a pimp", and The Guardian wrote of his transition from a kickboxer to "a webcam pimp". Tate later acknowledged that the business model was a "total scam". In August 2023, it was estimated that The Real World and The War Room generated US$5 million monthly from subscriptions. === Hustler's University === Tate operated Hustler's University, a proprietary platform where members paid a US$49.99 monthly membership fee to receive instruction on ways to make money outside traditional employment, such as cryptocurrency, copywriting, and e-commerce, which was facilitated by prerecorded videos and a Discord server. The site employed an affiliate marketing program, where members received a commission for recruiting others to the platform. Tate became prominent in 2022 by encouraging members of Hustler's University to post videos of him to social media platforms, in an effort to maximise engagement. An investigation by The Observer described "a network of copycat accounts on TikTok" that artificially amplified his content, with the social media platform appearing to allow the content to spread. Hustler's University was subsequently rebranded as Hustler University 2.0 and then Hustler University 3.0. The Irish-American financial services company Stripe pulled out of processing subscriptions for the platform, and Hustler's University shut down its affiliate marketing program. Paul Harrigan, a marketing professor at the University of Western Australia, said the affiliate programme was a social media pyramid scheme. Tate described the claim that Hustler's University's operated as a pyramid scheme as false. === The Real World === After Hustler's University shut down, Tate relaunched another version of the product named "The Real World" in October 2022. The name references Tate's idea that the world as normally perceived resembles "the Matrix" to which he offers an alternative. The Real World primarily targets male teenagers. Former Real World students have described the programme as having a "cult-like atmosphere." The Real World has been described by a lawyer for former members as the male version of the Tate brothers' "digital grooming". Members refer to each other as "G" with Tate being the "Top G". The group is centred on Tate's "41 Tenets for men." The Real World course offering included cryptocurrency, e-commerce, and drop shipping. In 2023, Google and Apple removed The Real World's associated app, the Real World Portal, from their app stores. In January 2024, analysis from the Center for Countering Digital Hate found The Real World official YouTube channel had received 450 million video views, and according to the researchers, a third party's channel had gained nearly 300 million views reposting The Real World content. The researchers suggested that YouTube had earned up to £2.4m in revenue from advertisements on these two channels, and criticised the company for not banning similar third party channels sooner. YouTube responded by describing the estimate as "wildly inaccurate and overinflated". In May 2024, the website for The Real World leaked the personal data of 968,447 user accounts due to a misconfigured database. Leaked information included email addresses and account passwords. In addition, 22 million messages sent by users on the platform were also openly accessible. In November, the website suffered a cyberattack which leaked the usernames of 794,000 former and current members, 324,382 registered email addresses, as well as the contents of 221 public and 395 private chat servers. === The War Room === Advertised by Tate and costing $8,000, The War Room is described as "a global network in which exemplars of individualism work to free the modern man from socially induced incarceration", stating it teaches men "physical, mental, emotional, spiritual, and financial development". A senior member of the group, Miles Sonkin, also known as Iggy Semmelweiss, is the supposed leader of the group according to a BBC investigation. Semmelweiss reportedly met Tate in 2018, with the group established in 2019. The investigation in August 2023 led by Matt Shea documented evidence of women groomed into online sex work by members of the group, described as an all-male secretive society. The group chat, featuring 12,000 pages of encrypted messages, indicated that the group taught a "Pimpin' Hoes Degree" course, abbreviated to PhD, using techniques to "romantically seduce, emotionally manipulate and socially isolate women before luring them into performing on webcams". A legal expert in human trafficking from Bucharest described the course as using all the practices of the "Lover Boy" strategy. A deleted description of the defunct course on the website that prosecutors in Romania have since used in the case against Tate read:My job was to meet a girl, go on a few dates, sleep with her, test if she's quality, get her to fall in love with me to where she'd do anything I say, and then get her on webcam so we could become rich together,Evidence suggested violence against women was also taught and discussed. Victims said sex was used as a manipulation technique. Members of the group believed they were performing "Pavlovian conditioning" on the women, with submission tests such as receiving tattoos on their bodies of members' initials. A whistleblower, who claimed to be former head of sales and marketing, described the group as a cult he had been "brainwashed" by. As of August 2022, there were 434 members and 45 potential victims, based on the leaked chat logs. === Meme coins === In 2024 Tate launched a meme coin called DADDY. It soon reached a market capitalisation of $217 million. The name is meant to be a play on Iggy Azalea's meme coin $MOTHER, with Tate saying that the coin was "for the patriarchy" and "We're bringing the Gs back make me a f***ing sandwich females." He has encouraged those who hold the coin to join The Real World and has promoted the coin heavily on his social media. In October 2024 Andrew Tate was sent a series of questions by the YouTube channel Coffeezilla about his meme coin DADDY. In response Tate doxxed Coffeezilla and encouraged his supporters to email abusive content to Coffeezilla with Tate specifically requesting that they call him "gay". == Other ventures == === Boxing === In August 2025, sports journalist Ariel Helwani broke that news that Tate was in advanced talks with Misfits Boxing to compete in a heavyweight bout by the end of the year. However, a day later BBC Sport contacted DAZN and were informed that Tate was in fact not in negotiations with Misfits despite the earlier reports, Misfits declined to comment. On 15 October Daily Mirror reported that Tate was set to make his face reality star Chase DeMoor for the MFB heavyweight title, with the bout set to take place on 20 December at the Coca-Cola Arena in Dubai, UAE. On 19 October, Misfits formally announced the event with a promotional video that featured a cobra wrapping around a Christmas tree, a subtle nod to Tate's fighting alias. On 30 October, the bout between Tate and DeMoor was announced to headline Misfits Mania – The Fight Before Christmas, accompanied with a promotional video that claimed Tate had replaced KSI as the CEO of Misfits. == Views == === Manosphere === Tate is an influencer in the manosphere and "alpha male" community, described as both right-wing and far-right. According to The Conversation, he is a recognised "thought leader" in the online manosphere who mobilises his supporters to spread his ideas to a broader audience. He otherwise identifies as a libertarian and has been dubbed the "king of toxic masculinity". American conservatives such as Tucker Carlson and Candace Owens have platformed Tate as a proponent of "traditional views on men in the culture war raging over gender". === Women === Tate has been criticised for saying that women "belong in the home", "can't drive", and are "given to the man and belong to the man" as "a man's property". Tate has also said that men prefer dating 18- and 19-year-old women, because they are "likely to have had sex with fewer men", in order to "make an imprint" on teenagers, and that women who do not stay home are "hoes". === Sexual harassment === In 2017 Tate received attention for his tweets describing his view of what qualifies as sexual harassment amid the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases, and for tweeting several times that sexual assault victims share responsibility for their assaults. Tate came out in support of Russell Brand after multiple women accused Brand of sexual assault. === Far-right ideologies === Tate is associated with far-right ideologies and individuals, including the British activist Tommy Robinson. Before 2022, Tate became known among the online far-right through his appearances on InfoWars and acquaintances including Mike Cernovich, Jack Posobiec, and Paul Joseph Watson. He attended the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in 2019. Hope not Hate accuses Tate of a "long history of racist statements, homophobia and links to the organised far-right". In February 2023, Thierry Baudet, founder and leader of the far-right Forum for Democracy, called Tate an "outspoken political dissident" and "courageous critic", tabling a motion in the Dutch parliament regarding his detention in Romania. The Conversation called Tate "not explicitly far right" but otherwise as a figure who has promoted far-right propaganda, including the great replacement conspiracy theory. Tate has questioned whether the Nazis were really the "bad guy" in World War II. Tate has performed Nazi salutes, and advocated "bring[ing] the Nazi salute back". In January 2025, after Elon Musk made a salute interpreted by many as a Nazi salute, Tate responded by saying, "we're so back". === Life discipline === In a June 2023 interview with the BBC, Tate said that he was "acting under the instruction of God to do good things" and that "I preach hard work, discipline. I'm an athlete, I preach anti-drugs, I preach religion, I preach no alcohol, I preach no knife crime." === Other views === Tate has said that depression "isn't real." Tate stated that conspiracy theorist Alex Jones is a hero. In March 2024, after the collapse of the Francis Scott Key bridge in Maryland, Tate falsely claimed the ship that collided with the bridge "was cyber-attacked". Tate was accused of inciting online hate after becoming one of the first influencers to amplify misinformation about the Southport stabbing, leading to the far-right riots in the UK. In the context of the Gaza war, Tate has accused Israel of "genociding" Palestinians and said that the October 7 attacks was as "an eye for an eye". In response to the killing of Yahya Sinwar, he stated, "I can only pray for a death as heroic as Yahya Sinwar". Mother Jones reported that Tate also promoted an antisemitic conspiracy saying that "'the Matrix' is really just the Jewish mafia." With respect to Adolf Hitler and Holocaust denial, Tate stated, "stop crying over the Hitler crap" and "if they lied to us about Gaza and Israel … Do you think they lied about [the Second World War]?" == Reception and influence == Beginning in 2022, Tate's views and their influence on teenage boys and young men have become a particular concern of parents, teachers and mental health experts in much of the world, including North America, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand. The New York Times has described his views as "brainwashing a generation", due to his influence in British schools, and the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) considers Tate's misogyny mainstream. The ADL reported that Tate "teaches his acolytes that women are inferior and morally deficient beings [...] who deserve to be physically, sexually and emotionally abused", equating his philosophy to that of pickup artists. In August 2022, the White Ribbon Campaign, a nonprofit organisation opposing male-on-female violence, called Tate's commentary "extremely misogynistic" and its possible long-term effects on his young male audience "concerning". Hope not Hate asserted that Tate's social media presence might present a "dangerous slip road into the far-right" for his audience and criticised his ties to the far right. The Rape Crisis England and Wales said it is "unacceptable that such a blatant display of misogyny is being given a platform". The Centre for Countering Digital Hate called Tate's videos "extreme misogyny" after uncovering videos viewed millions of times referencing leaving an imprint on young women. In response to these criticisms, Tate said that his content includes "many videos praising women" and mainly aims to teach his audience to avoid "toxic and low-value people as a whole". He added that he plays a "comedic character" and that people believe "absolutely false narratives" about him. In February 2023, Tim Squirrell of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue said Tate posed "a risk of radicalising young men into misogynist extremism". In May, Hope not Hate's director of policy called Tate a "legitimising force" for misogynistic views and the End Violence Against Women Coalition's director said it is "hugely concerning" that "Tate continues to wield influence on a significant proportion of younger men, who say they agree with his views on women, masculinity and how to be a man." According to interviews by The Conversation in mid–2023, teachers explicitly identified Tate's influence on students in reference to a dramatic increase in "sexism, misogyny and sexual harassment" in Australian classrooms. In October, UK domestic abuse charity Women's Aid called Tate's content a proxy for misogyny and sexism, saying, "the popularity of Tate is not a phenomenon in and of itself and, instead, is a current representation of existing misogyny". In a 2024 interview with Empire magazine, the actor James McAvoy said that his character Paddy in the movie Speak No Evil was inspired by Tate. === Response === In February 2023, courses for teachers in the United Kingdom on how to address Tate's views sold out. Of what was called violent misogyny and other forms of extremist content that Tate distributes online, the head of UK counter-terror policing has said, "I'm concerned about the effect of that kind of rhetoric in the minds of young boys". In April 2023, the Department for Education (DfE) discouraged discussion of Tate, with many citing his influence regarding sexual harassment and misogynistic incidents. The co-founder of the charity Diversify expressed frustration over the refusal to provide any resources or training for teachers. In October 2023, the Australian government allocated AUD$3.5 million (£1.8 million) to counter "harmful gender stereotypes perpetuated online" in response to young fans of Tate who have been described as "increasingly bringing misogynist views into Australian schools". According to researchers at Monash University Tate and other manosphere influencers have shaped the way boys treat women and girls and led students to openly espouse "male supremacist" views, to the extent that some Australian teachers have quit their jobs. In February 2024, the shadow education secretary in the UK, Bridget Phillipson, said the Labour Party wanted to use male role models to counter the misogyny of influencers such as Tate. The proposal would implement "peer-to-peer mentoring" programs for school staff in order to directly address the impact of Tate and others. The general secretary of the National Education Union, Daniel Kebede, welcomed the plans, saying, "schools would welcome more support on how to respond to the online sexism and sexual harassment". === Surveys === In January 2023, a survey by "The Man Cave" of 500 teenage Australian boys found that 28 per cent looked up to Tate and 36 per cent found him relatable. Of 24 schools, half said they were "seeing a significant and negative impact of his influence on our boys". The next month, a survey by Hope not Hate found that eight in ten British males aged 16–17 had viewed Tate's content, with 45 per cent of British males aged 16–24 having a positive view of him, compared to 1 per cent of British females aged 16 and 17. In September 2023, YouGov data found that 26 per cent of men aged 18–29 and 28 per cent of men aged 30–39 agreed with Tate's views on women. Of the 63 per cent of British adults who had heard of Tate, 6 per cent held a positive view, with men making up 12 per cent and women 3 per cent of views, while about half had a negative view. In October 2023, a survey by Women's Aid and ORB International found that 40 per cent of 7–18 year-olds had heard of Tate, including 21 per cent of 7–11 year-olds and 43–53 per cent of 11–18 year-olds. The report found a correlation between being exposed to Tate's content and having harmful perceptions of relationships, with children exposed to such content being "five times more likely to think hurting people is OK". In February 2024, research by King's College London, the Center for Women's Global Leadership, and Ipsos found that one in five men aged 16–29 who had heard of Tate held a favourable view, compared to 7 per cent of women in the same age group. Based on the survey of over 3,700 respondents aged 16 and over, only 6 per cent held a favourable view, while more than three out of four held an unfavourable view. One in seven agreed with his views on male identity and gender roles and 61 per cent disagreed. === Social media === An early YouTube channel Andrew and Tristan made was called the Hateful Tates. Tate became widely known in mid-2022 and was searched on Google more times than both Donald Trump and COVID-19 that July. In August, The Guardian reported that videos of Tate on TikTok had been viewed 11.6 billion times. In December 2023, Tate had over 8.5 million followers on X (Twitter), an increase of 5 million since December 2022. As of August 2024, Tate has 9.9 million followers on X. He was the third-most googled person in 2023, and his Wikipedia article was ranked among the top 25 English Wikipedia articles in 2023. In December 2022, Tate addressed the environmentalist Greta Thunberg in a tweet extolling his carbon-emitting automobiles and asked for her email address to give her more information. Thunberg replied with the fake, satirical email address "smalldickenergy@getalife.com". The exchange received substantial attention on Twitter, with Thunberg's retort quickly becoming one of the most-liked tweets ever. Tate gained notoriety on social media for promoting a "hyper-masculine, ultra-luxurious lifestyle" and a "hyper-macho image". According to The Guardian in February 2023, Tate is popular among British teenage boys, who mimic his phrases and philosophies. It reported that "virtually every parent in Britain" had heard of him, and that parents and schoolteachers expressed concern that he was influencing boys to exhibit misogynistic and aggressive behaviour. In the UK and Australia, increased sexual harassment in schools has been attributed to Tate's influence. In January 2023 the BBC reported that Tate and his brother had used social media to contact various young women in an attempt to get them to join their webcam business. A year later, the Center for Countering Digital Hate found that YouTube had earned up to £2.4 million in advertising revenue from Tate's content and accused YouTube of being "happy to continue to turn a blind eye". YouTube called the figure "wildly inaccurate and overinflated", highlighting that most channels are not monetised for such revenue. ==== Deplatforming ==== Three of Tate's Twitter accounts have been suspended at different times. In 2021, an account he created to evade his previous ban was verified by Twitter, contrary to its policies. The account was subsequently permanently banned, and Twitter said the verification occurred in error. In August 2022, after an online campaign to deplatform him, Tate was permanently banned from Facebook and Instagram, losing 4.7 million followers from the latter. Their parent company, Meta, said he had violated its policy on "dangerous organizations and individuals". TikTok, where videos featuring Tate's name as a hashtag have been viewed over 13 billion times, also removed his account after determining that it violated their policies on "content that attacks, threatens, incites violence against, or otherwise dehumanises an individual or a group". Shortly thereafter, YouTube suspended his channel, which had 760,000 subscribers, citing multiple violations, including hate speech and COVID-19 misinformation. Tate later deleted his own Twitch channel, which had 50,000 subscribers. In November 2022, after Elon Musk acquired Twitter, Tate's Twitter account was reinstated. Tate responded to the bans by saying that, while most of his comments were taken out of context, he took responsibility for how they were received. The YouTuber and boxer Jake Paul denounced Tate's sexism but characterised the bans as censorship. Tate's content continues to circulate on Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok via fan accounts. After the bans, Tate moved to the alt-tech platforms Gettr and Rumble, causing the latter to briefly become the most downloaded app on the Apple App Store. === Political party launch === In 2025, Tate stated he launched a new political party, the BRUV (Britain Restoring Underlying Values) Party, which was reported to be part of his plan to become prime minister. The party's official website stated, "This is a war to reclaim Britain. No excuses, no compromises, no second chances. We will defend our borders, crush crime, purge corruption, and restore pride to a nation under siege." The party launch was widely ridiculed on social media, with one Twitter user describing its manifesto as a "mix of North Korea and homoeroticism" while another described the party as the "very worst idea in the history of British politics". Some speculated that it was only a PR stunt, but Tate dismissed the claims, stating, "I am 100% serious. I am in the next election". The Twitter handle for the political party was suspended. However, after Tate made a complaint to Elon Musk, the account was restored. == Personal life == In 2017 Tate and his brother moved from the United Kingdom to Romania, where they run multiple businesses. Tate said that he moved because he liked "living in countries where corruption is accessible for everybody" and believed he would be less likely to face rape charges in Romania. He said that Romanian police ask women reporting rapes for "evidence" or "CCTV proof", whereas in the Western world during the #MeToo movement any woman "at any point in the future can destroy your life". Tate reportedly has a number of children living in Romania whom he occasionally visits. Tate was raised Christian but later became an atheist. By early 2022, he identified as a Christian again, and said that he tithed £16,000 to the Romanian Orthodox Church monthly. After a video of him praying at a mosque in Dubai went viral in October 2022, he announced on his Gettr account that he had converted to Islam. Scholars of the faith, such as Mufti Menk, have publicly commended his decision, with Menk stating in a recorded interview that Tate "seems like a very sincere brother" in response to it. In March 2023, while incarcerated in Romania, Tate's legal team said that "he has a dark spot on his lung, most likely a tumor" following a medical consultation in Dubai, sparking online rumours about whether he has lung cancer. Tate later denied on Twitter that he had cancer. In June 2025, it was revealed that Tate had received citizenship of Vanuatu through the country's citizenship by investment scheme in December 2022. A spokesperson for Vanuatu's government later stated that they were "definitely looking into" revoking Tate's citizenship. == Criminal investigations and civil cases == === 2010s === Tate was first arrested in Britain in July 2015 after two women filed complaints accusing him of rape and assault and was again arrested on suspicion of rape in December 2015. In 2019, the Crown Prosecution Service declined to file charges for any of the allegations. ==== 2018 ==== Canadian alt-right YouTuber and political activist Lauren Southern wrote in her 2025 memoir that she had met Tate in Romania in 2018. She said in the book that, after he had taken her from a nightclub to her hotel room, "He kissed me. I wasn't expecting it, and I wasn't looking for it, but I kissed him back briefly and then told him I wanted to sleep." She said that, after he insisted in touching her and she tried to fight back, he "put his arm around my neck and began strangling me unconscious. I tried to fight back…. I'd prefer not to share the rest. It's pretty obvious." === 2020s === ==== 2022 ==== In April 2022, the US embassy received a report that an American citizen was being held against her will in a property the Tate brothers own in Pipera, Romania. Romanian police raided the home and a nearby webcam studio belonging to the Tates, where they discovered four women. Two of them, the American and another Romanian woman, told the police they were being held against their will, sparking an in-rem investigation into human trafficking and rape by DIICOT, the Romanian anti-organised crime agency. Later in December, police arrested the Tates and two women. All four were suspected of human trafficking and forming an organised crime group, and one of them is suspected of rape. Romanian authorities seized 29 assets, including cars, properties, watches, and money, totalling almost US$4 million. ==== 2023 ==== In June 2023, DIICOT adjusted the charges from human trafficking to "human trafficking in continued form", a more serious charge, with seven victims identified. The four accused were indicted on charges of rape, human trafficking, and forming an organised crime group to sexually exploit women. They continue to deny all charges and remain under investigation for money laundering and trafficking of minors. That same month, the Tate brothers filed a defamation lawsuit against one of the accusers, their parents and two other people, in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States, seeking $5 million in damages. The Tates claim the five conspired to falsely accuse them of human trafficking and rape, costing them their freedom as well as income from social media and business ventures. ==== 2024 ==== In January 2024, the Romanian criminal case was heard in the preliminary chamber before a trial date was set, and three months later, the Bucharest Tribunal decided that the case against Tate "met the legal criteria". That same month, US District Judge Robin L. Rosenberg dismissed another of the brothers' defamation lawsuits. They had sued a former United States Marine Corps sergeant who reported Tate to the US Embassy in Romania and military officials, leading to his arrest by Romanian authorities. In March 2024, Westminster Magistrates' Court issued a European arrest warrant against Andrew and Tristan Tate. According to Tate's representative, the charges are based on allegations of sexual aggression from 2012 to 2015. The Tate brothers "categorically reject all charges". In July, Devon and Cornwall Police began civil proceedings against Tate, Tristan, and a third person, for tax evasion with their online businesses. Two months later, the three women involved in the British investigation, along with a fourth British woman, brought a civil case against Tate. In August 2024, Romanian police expanded their investigation against Tate to include trafficking minors, sex with a minor, money laundering and attempting to influence witnesses. Prosecutors said the new investigation involves 35 alleged victims, including a woman who was a minor at the time. The Tate brothers, among the six detained the next day, denied all the allegations. In December 2024, the Westminster Magistrates' Court ruled in favour of the Devon and Cornwall Police, allowing them to seize £2.8 million worth of unpaid taxes from the Tate brothers' online businesses. ==== 2025 ==== In February 2025, Alison Hernandez, the Police and Crime Commissioner for Devon and Cornwall in the UK, announced that the force had received around £1.2 million and she hoped that the funds would be used to support the victims of violence against women and girls. In the US, following pressure from the Trump administration on Romanian authorities to lift travel restrictions, Tate left Romania by private jet for the United States and arrived in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, where he had become the subject of a statewide criminal investigation. In March 2025, Florida's Attorney General, James Uthmeier, initiated a criminal investigation into the affairs of Tate upon his arrival in the state. Tate's ex-girlfriend, Brianna Stern, has accused him of choking and beating her at The Beverly Hills Hotel on 10 March, and Stern claims she was later diagnosed with post-concussion syndrome. She subsequently filed a lawsuit against Tate accusing him of physical and sexual abuse. Tate has denied her accusations. In May 2025, the UK Crown Prosecution Service brought 21 charges against Tate and his brother Tristan including for rape, actual bodily harm and human trafficking. == Kickboxing record == == Mixed martial arts record == === Professional record === === Amateur record === == MF–Professional boxing record == == Notes == == References == == External links == Official website Andrew Tate at BoxRec (registration required) Andrew Tate at Sherdog Andrew Tate at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supramolecular_Chemistry_Award#:~:text=2016%3A%20Michael%20D.%20Ward	Supramolecular Chemistry Award	The RSC Supramolecular Chemistry Award was a prestigious award that was made by the Royal Society of Chemistry for studies leading to the design of functionally useful supramolecular species. The first award was made in 2001 and the final award in 2020 following a review of the RSC Awards structure. It was awarded biennially. In 2022 the award was revived by the RSC Macrocyclic and Supramolecular Chemistry interest group as the MASC Supramolecular Chemistry Award sponsored by Chem from Cell Press and is awarded annually. == Recipients == 2001 (2001): David Parker 2003 (2003): David A. Leigh 2005 (2005): Harry L. Anderson 2010 (2010): Neil Champness 2012 (2012): Jerry L. Atwood 2014 (2014): Philip A. Gale 2016 (2016): Michael D. Ward 2018 (2018): Sijbren Otto 2020 (2020): Christopher A. Hunter 2022 (2022): Jonathan L. Sessler 2023 (2023): Kate Jolliffe == See also == List of chemistry awards == References == == External links == Event data as RDF
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orak_Island_(%C3%87anakkale)	Orak Island (Çanakkale)	Orak Island, known in Greek as Drepano (Δρέπανο), is an uninhabited Aegean island in Turkey. Its ancient name was Drepano. It is a part of Tavşan Islands. The island is at 39°55′07″N 26°04′25″E. Administratively it is in Ezine ilçe (district) of Çanakkale Province. Its distance to the Anatolian coast is 6.5 kilometres (4.0 mi), to Bozcaada is 9.2 kilometres (5.7 mi) and to Çanakkale is 38 kilometres (24 mi). == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazda_R360	Mazda R360	The Mazda R360 is a kei car manufactured and marketed by Mazda from May 1960 to 1969. It was the first passenger car produced by the company. The R360 is a two-door coupé with a 2+2 seating arrangement. It has a rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout and was designed to be inexpensive and light weight. == History == The R360 was built with the goal of being extremely light weight, as well as low cost. To achieve the weight goal, it was a 2+2 design, with a rear seat not suitable for adults, while the engine was made from aluminium and the chassis also used aluminium and even magnesium alloys. The weight was kept low, only 380 kg (838 lb). The use of acrylics rather than glass for the curved rear windshield and the sliding side glass further reduced weight and cost. The R360 was an immediate success, thanks to its low price, but sales soon dropped. The four-seat Subaru 360 captured much of the lightweight (kei car) market, which led Mazda to augment the R360 by the four-seater Mazda Carol (P360) two-door sedan in 1962. The R360 sold 23,417 examples in its first year, with total cumulative production amounting to 65,737 examples. Full production of the R360 lasted for six years (until 1966), but the automatic version remained available to disabled drivers as a special order until 1969. == Specification == The R360 featured a 1,760 mm (69.3 in) wheelbase, weighed 380 kg (838 lb) and was powered by a rear-mounted air-cooled 356 cc V-twin engine producing 16 PS (12 kW) and 2.2 kg⋅m (21.6 N⋅m; 15.9 lb⋅ft) of torque. The car was capable of 84 km/h (52 mph) and featured a 4-speed manual or two-speed automatic transmission. The suspension, front and rear, was rubber "springs" and torsion bars. There were two variants of the Mazda R360, officially known as KRBB and KRBC. The KRBB came with a 4-speed manual transmission, whereas the KRBC was equipped with a 2-speed "TORQ DRIVE" automatic transmission. Mazda R360, performance and specifications === Colours === The standard Mazda R360 came in three different exterior colours; Opal Green, Maroon Rouge, and Somerset Blue. The Mazda R360 DeLuxe came in two different two-tone variants: Blue and Cream or Red and Cream. For the interior of the Mazda R360, the official colour choices were Red or Blue. These colour options were applied to the seats, carpet, and inner door panels. == B360 Pickup == The B360 was a pickup truck bodystyle based on parts of the R360 Coupé. It used the same 356 cc engine, but in a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout. Like most pickups, it used a rigid rear axle and leaf spring suspension. The engine was replaced with the Carol's 358 cc I4 in 1964, and the B360 was replaced by the Mazda E360 in 1967. A larger B600 pickup was introduced for the export market. It used a 577 cc version of the Mazda V-twin. == References == == External links ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Constable#:	John Constable	John Constable (; 11 June 1776 – 31 March 1837) was an English landscape painter in the Romantic tradition. Born in Suffolk, he is known principally for revolutionising the genre of landscape painting with his pictures of Dedham Vale, the area surrounding his home – now known as "Constable Country" – which he invested with an intensity of affection. "I should paint my own places best", he wrote to his friend John Fisher in 1821, "painting is but another word for feeling". Constable's most famous paintings include Wivenhoe Park (1816), Dedham Vale (1828) and The Hay Wain (1821). Although his paintings are now among the most popular and valuable in British art, he was never financially successful. He was elected to the Royal Academy of Arts at the age of 52. His work was embraced in France, where he sold more than in his native England and inspired the Barbizon school. == Early career == John Constable was born in East Bergholt, a village on the River Stour in Suffolk, to Golding and Ann (Watts) Constable. His father was a wealthy corn merchant, owner of Flatford Mill in East Bergholt and, later, Dedham Mill in Essex. Golding Constable owned a small ship, The Telegraph, which he moored at Mistley on the Stour estuary, and used to transport corn to London. He was a cousin of the London tea merchant, Abram Newman. Although Constable was his parents' second son, his older brother was intellectually disabled and John was expected to succeed his father in the business. After a brief period at a boarding school in Lavenham, he was enrolled in a day school in Dedham, Essex. Constable worked in the corn business after leaving school, but his younger brother Abram eventually took over the running of the mills. In his youth, Constable embarked on amateur sketching trips in the surrounding Suffolk and Essex countryside, which was to become the subject of a large proportion of his art. These scenes, in his own words, "made me a painter, and I am grateful"; "the sound of water escaping from mill dams etc., willows, old rotten planks, slimy posts, and brickwork, I love such things." He was introduced to George Beaumont, a collector, who showed him his prized Hagar and the Angel by Claude Lorrain, which inspired Constable. Later, while visiting relatives in Middlesex, he was introduced to the professional artist John Thomas Smith, who advised him on painting but also urged him to remain in his father's business rather than take up art professionally. In 1799, Constable persuaded his father to let him pursue a career in art, and Golding granted him a small allowance. Entering the Royal Academy Schools as a probationer, he attended life classes and anatomical dissections, and studied and copied old masters. Among works that particularly inspired him during this period were paintings by Thomas Gainsborough, Claude Lorrain, Peter Paul Rubens, Annibale Carracci and Jacob van Ruisdael. He also read widely among poetry and sermons, and later proved a notably articulate artist. In 1802 he refused the position of drawing master at Great Marlow Military College (now Sandhurst), a move which Benjamin West (then master of the RA) counselled would mean the end of his career. In that year, Constable wrote a letter to John Dunthorne in which he spelled out his determination to become a professional landscape painter: For the last two years I have been running after pictures, and seeking the truth at second hand... I have not endeavoured to represent nature with the same elevation of mind with which I set out, but have rather tried to make my performances look like the work of other men...There is room enough for a natural painter. The great vice of the present day is bravura, an attempt to do something beyond the truth. His early style has many qualities associated with his mature work, including a freshness of light, colour and touch, and reveals the compositional influence of the old masters he had studied, notably of Claude Lorrain. Constable's usual subjects, scenes of ordinary daily life, were unfashionable in an age that looked for more romantic visions of wild landscapes and ruins. He made occasional trips farther afield. By 1803, he was exhibiting paintings at the Royal Academy. In April he spent almost a month aboard the East Indiaman Coutts as it visited south-east ports while sailing from London to Deal before leaving for China. In 1806 Constable undertook a two-month tour of the Lake District. He told his friend and biographer, Charles Leslie, that the solitude of the mountains oppressed his spirits, and Leslie wrote: His nature was peculiarly social and could not feel satisfied with scenery, however grand in itself, that did not abound in human associations. He required villages, churches, farmhouses and cottages. Constable adopted a routine of spending winter in London and painting at East Bergholt in summer. In 1811 he first visited John Fisher and his family in Salisbury, a city whose cathedral and surrounding landscape were to inspire some of his greatest paintings. To make ends meet, Constable took up portraiture, which he found dull, though he executed many fine portraits. He also painted occasional religious pictures but, according to John Walker, "Constable's incapacity as a religious painter cannot be overstated." Another source of income was country house painting. In 1816, he was commissioned by Major-General Francis Slater Rebow to paint his country home, Wivenhoe Park, Essex. The Major-General also commissioned a smaller painting of the fishing lodge in the grounds of Alresford Hall, which is now in the National Gallery of Victoria. Constable used the money from these commissions towards his wedding with Maria Bicknell. This period of Constable's painting is heavily populated with idyllic country scenes with heavy detail, notably his 1816 work The Wheat Field. == Marriage == From 1809, his childhood friendship with Maria Elizabeth Bicknell developed into a deep, mutual love. Their marriage in 1816 when Constable was 40 was opposed by Maria's grandfather, Dr. Rhudde, rector of East Bergholt. He considered the Constables his social inferiors and threatened Maria with disinheritance. Maria's father, Charles Bicknell, solicitor to George IV and the Admiralty, was reluctant to see Maria throw away her inheritance. Maria pointed out to John that a penniless marriage would detract from any chances he had of making a career in painting. Golding and Ann Constable, while approving the match, held out no prospect of supporting the marriage until Constable was financially secure. After they died in quick succession, Constable inherited a fifth share in the family business. John and Maria's marriage in October 1816 at St Martin-in-the-Fields (with Fisher officiating) was followed by time at Fisher's vicarage and a honeymoon tour of the south coast. The sea at Weymouth and Brighton stimulated Constable to develop new techniques of brilliant colour and vivacious brushwork. At the same time, a greater emotional range began to be expressed in his art. While on honeymoon, Constable began to experiment with works exploring nature's grandeur, characterized by dominating skies, such as Osmington Bay. Three weeks before their marriage, Constable revealed that he had started work on his most ambitious project to date In a letter to Maria Bicknell from East Bergholt, he wrote: ’I am now in the midst of a large picture here which I had contemplated for the next exhibition The picture was Flatford Mill (Scene on a Navigable River). It was the largest canvas of a working scene on the River Stour that he had worked on to date and the largest he would ever complete largely outdoors. Constable was determined to paint on a larger scale, his objective not only to attract more attention at the Royal Academy exhibitions but also, it seems, to project his ideas about landscape on a scale more in keeping with the achievements of the classical landscape painters he so admired. Although Flatford Mill failed to find a buyer when it was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1817, its fine and intricate execution drew much praise, encouraging Constable to move on to the even larger canvases that were to follow. == The ‘Six-Footers’ == Although he managed to scrape an income from painting, it was not until 1819 that Constable sold his first important canvas, The White Horse, described by Charles Robert Leslie as ‘on many accounts the most important picture Constable ever painted'. The painting (without the frame) sold for the substantial price of 100 guineas to his friend John Fisher, finally providing Constable with a level of financial freedom he had never before known. The White Horse marked an important turning point in Constable’s career; its success saw him elected an associate of the Royal Academy and it led to a series of six monumental landscapes depicting narratives on the River Stour known as the ‘six-footers’ (named for their scale). The extraordinary size of the works helped Constable attract attention in the competitive space of the Academy's exhibitions. Viewed as ‘the knottiest and most forceful landscapes produced in 19th-century Europe’, for many they are the defining works of the artist's career. The series also includes Stratford Mill, 1820 (National Gallery, London); The Hay Wain, 1821 (National Gallery, London); View on the Stour near Dedham, 1822 (Huntington Library and Art Gallery, Los Angeles County); The Lock, 1824 (Private Collection); and The Leaping Horse, 1825 (Royal Academy of Arts, London). The following year, his second six-footer Stratford Mill was exhibited. The Examiner described it as having ‘a more exact look of nature than any picture we have ever seen by an Englishman’. The painting was a success, acquiring a buyer in the loyal John Fisher, who purchased it for 100 guineas, a price he himself thought too low. Fisher bought the painting for his solicitor and friend, John Pern Tinney. Tinney loved the painting so much, he offered Constable another 100 guineas to paint a companion picture, an offer the artist didn’t take up. Constable's growing popularity in turn led to more lucrative commissions, such as Malvern Hall (1821, Clark Art Institute). In 1821, his most famous painting The Hay Wain was shown at the Royal Academy's exhibition. Although it failed to find a buyer, it was viewed by some important people of the time, including two Frenchmen, the artist Théodore Géricault and writer Charles Nodier. According to the painter Eugène Delacroix, Géricault returned to France ’quite stunned‘ by Constable’s painting, while Nodier suggested French artists should also look to nature rather than relying on trips to Rome for inspiration. It was eventually purchased, along with View on the Stour near Dedham, by the Anglo-French dealer John Arrowsmith, in 1824. A small painting Yarmouth Jetty was added to the bargain by Constable, with the sale totalling £250. Both paintings were exhibited at the Paris Salon that year, where they caused a sensation, with the Hay Wain being awarded a gold medal by Charles X. The Hay Wain was later acquired by the collector Henry Vaughan who donated it to the National Gallery in 1886. Of Constable's colour, Delacroix wrote in his journal: "What he says here about the green of his meadows can be applied to every tone". Delacroix repainted the background of his 1824 Massacre de Scio after seeing the Constables at Arrowsmith's Gallery, which he said had done him a great deal of good. A number of distractions meant that The Lock wasn't finished in time for the 1823 exhibition, leaving the much smaller Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds as the artist's main entry. This may have occurred after Fisher forwarded Constable the money for the painting. This both helped him out of a financial difficulty and nudged him along to get the painting done. The Lock was therefore exhibited the following year to more fanfare and sold for 150 guineas on the first day of the exhibition, the only Constable ever to do so. The Lock is the only upright landscape of the Stour series and the only six-footer that Constable painted more than one version of. A second version now known as the ‘Foster version’ was painted in 1825 and kept by the artist to send to exhibitions. A third, landscape version, known as A Boat Passing a Lock (1826) is now in the collection of the Royal Academy of Arts. Constable’s final attempt, The Leaping Horse, was the only six-footer from the Stour series that didn’t sell in Constable’s lifetime. == Later life == Constable’s pleasure at his own success was dampened after his wife started displaying symptoms of tuberculosis. Her growing illness meant that Constable took lodgings for his family in Brighton from 1824 until 1828, in the hope the sea air could restore her health. During this period Constable split his time between Charlotte Street in London and Brighton. This change saw Constable move away from large scale Stour scenes in favour of coastal scenes. He continued painting six-foot canvases, although he was initially unsure of the suitability of Brighton as a subject for painting. In a letter to Fisher in 1824 he wrote The magnificence of the sea, and its (to use your own beautiful expression) everlasting voice, is drowned in the din & lost in the tumult of stage coaches - gigs - “flys” &c. -and the beach is only Piccadilly (that part of it where we dined) by the sea-side. In his lifetime, Constable sold only 20 paintings in England, but in France he sold more than 20 in just a few years. Despite this, he refused all invitations to travel internationally to promote his work, writing to Francis Darby: "I would rather be a poor man [in England] than a rich man abroad." In 1825, perhaps due partly to the worry of his wife's ill-health, the uncongeniality of living in Brighton ("Piccadilly by the seaside"), and the pressure of numerous outstanding commissions, he quarreled with Arrowsmith and lost his French outlet. Chain Pier, Brighton was his only ambitious six-foot painting of a Brighton subject, it was exhibited in 1827. The Constables persevered in Brighton for five years to aid Maria’s health, but to no avail. After the birth of their seventh child in January 1828, they returned to Hampstead where Maria died on 23 November at the age of 41. Intensely saddened, Constable wrote to his brother Golding, "hourly do I feel the loss of my departed Angel—God only knows how my children will be brought up...the face of the World is totally changed to me". Thereafter, he dressed in black and was, according to Leslie, "a prey to melancholy and anxious thoughts". He cared for his seven children alone for the rest of his life. The children were John Charles, Maria Louisa, Charles Golding, Isobel, Emma, Alfred, and Lionel. Only Charles Golding Constable produced offspring. Several of Constable's children also painted, notably his son Lionel. While Lionel eventually gave up painting for photography, several of his works are within the collection of the Clark Art Institute. Shortly before Maria died, her father had also died, leaving her £20,000. Constable speculated disastrously with the money, paying for the engraving of several mezzotints of some of his landscapes in preparation for a publication. He was hesitant and indecisive, nearly fell out with his engraver, and when the folios were published, could not interest enough subscribers. Constable collaborated closely with mezzotinter David Lucas on 40 prints after his landscapes, one of which went through 13 proof stages, corrected by Constable in pencil and paint. Constable said, "Lucas showed me to the public without my faults", but the venture was not a financial success. This period saw his art move from the serenity of its earlier phase, to a more broken and accented style. The turmoil and distress of his mind is clearly seen in his later six-foot masterpieces Hadleigh Castle (1829) and Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831), which are amongst his most expressive pieces. He was elected to the Royal Academy in February 1829, at the age of 52. In 1831 he was appointed Visitor at the Royal Academy, where he seems to have been popular with the students. He began to deliver public lectures on the history of landscape painting, which were attended by distinguished audiences. In a series of lectures at the Royal Institution in 1836, Constable proposed a three-fold thesis: firstly, painting "is scientific as well as poetic"; secondly, "that imagination never did, and never can" produce art to bear comparison with reality; and thirdly, "that no great painter was ever self taught". He also spoke against the new Gothic Revival movement, which he considered mere "imitation". In 1835, his last lecture to students of the Royal Academy, in which he praised Raphael and called the Academy the "cradle of British art", was "cheered most heartily". He died on the night of 31 March 1837, apparently from heart failure, and was buried with Maria in the graveyard of St John-at-Hampstead Church in Hampstead in London. (His children John Charles Constable and Charles Golding Constable are also buried in this family tomb.) == Locations == Bridge Cottage is a National Trust property, open to the public. Nearby Flatford Mill and Willy Lott's Cottage (the house visible in The Hay Wain) are used by the Field Studies Council for courses. The largest collection of original Constable paintings outside London is on display at Christchurch Mansion in Ipswich. Somerville College, Oxford is in possession of a portrait by Constable. == Art == Constable quietly rebelled against the artistic culture that taught artists to use their imagination to compose their pictures rather than nature itself. He told Leslie, "When I sit down to make a sketch from nature, the first thing I try to do is to forget that I have ever seen a picture". Constable attributed his gift 'to all that lay on the Stour river', however, biographer Anthony Bailey attributed his artistic development to the influence of his well to do relative, Thomas Allen and the London contacts he introduced Constable to. Although Constable produced paintings throughout his life for the "finished" picture market of patrons and R.A. exhibitions, constant refreshment in the form of on-the-spot studies was essential to his working method. He was never satisfied with following a formula. "The world is wide", he wrote, "no two days are alike, nor even two hours; neither were there ever two leaves of a tree alike since the creation of all the world; and the genuine productions of art, like those of nature, are all distinct from each other." Constable painted many full-scale preliminary sketches of his landscapes to test the composition in advance of finished pictures. These large sketches, with their free and vigorous brushwork, were revolutionary at the time, and they continue to interest artists, scholars and the general public. The oil sketches of The Leaping Horse and The Hay Wain, for example, convey a vigour and expressiveness missing from Constable's finished paintings of the same subjects. Possibly more than any other aspect of Constable's work, the oil sketches reveal him in retrospect to have been an avant-garde painter, one who demonstrated that landscape painting could be taken in a totally new direction. Constable's watercolours were also remarkably free for their time: the almost mystical Stonehenge, 1835, with its double rainbow, is often considered to be one of the greatest watercolours ever painted. When he exhibited it in 1836, Constable appended a text to the title: "The mysterious monument of Stonehenge, standing remote on a bare and boundless heath, as much unconnected with the events of past ages as it is with the uses of the present, carries you back beyond all historical records into the obscurity of a totally unknown period." In addition to the full-scale oil sketches, Constable completed numerous observational studies of landscapes and clouds, determined to become more scientific in his recording of atmospheric conditions. The power of his physical effects was sometimes apparent even in the full-scale paintings which he exhibited in London; The Chain Pier, 1827, for example, prompted a critic to write: "the atmosphere possesses a characteristic humidity about it, that almost imparts the wish for an umbrella". The sketches themselves were the first ever done in oils directly from the subject in the open air, with the notable exception of the oil sketches Pierre-Henri de Valenciennes made in Rome around 1780. To convey the effects of light and movement, Constable used broken brushstrokes, often in small touches, which he scumbled over lighter passages, creating an impression of sparkling light enveloping the entire landscape. One of the most expressionistic and powerful of all his studies is Seascape Study with Rain Cloud, painted about 1824 at Brighton, which captures with slashing dark brushstrokes the immediacy of an exploding cumulus shower at sea. Constable also became interested in painting rainbow effects, for example in Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows, 1831, and in Cottage at East Bergholt, 1833. To the sky studies he added notes, often on the back of the sketches, of the prevailing weather conditions, direction of light, and time of day, believing that the sky was "the key note, the standard of scale, and the chief organ of sentiment" in a landscape painting. In this habit he is known to have been influenced by the pioneering work of the meteorologist Luke Howard on the classification of clouds; Constable's annotations of his own copy of Researches About Atmospheric Phaenomena by Thomas Forster show him to have been fully abreast of meteorological terminology. "I have done a good deal of skying", Constable wrote to Fisher on 23 October 1821; "I am determined to conquer all difficulties, and that most arduous one among the rest". Constable once wrote in a letter to Leslie, "My limited and abstracted art is to be found under every hedge, and in every lane, and therefore nobody thinks it worth picking up". He could never have imagined how influential his honest techniques would turn out to be. Constable's art inspired not only contemporaries like Géricault and Delacroix, but the Barbizon School, and the French impressionists of the late nineteenth century. In 2019 two drawings by Constable were found among the possessions of the late playwright and poet, Christopher Fry; the drawings later sold for £60,000 and £32,000 at auction. === Gallery === == Selected paintings == Dedham Vale (1802) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London The Stour (1810) – Philadelphia Museum of Art Landscape: Two Boys Fishing (1813) – Anglesey Abbey, Cambs, NT Landscape: Ploughing Scene in Suffolk (1814, revised c. 1816 and 1831) – Yale Center for British Art, New Haven The Mill Stream, Flatford (1814) – Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich The Stour Valley And Dedham Village (1814–1815) – Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Boat-Building Near Flatford Mill (1815) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London Golding Constable's Flower Garden (1815) – Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich Golding Constable's Kitchen Garden (1815) – Christchurch Mansion, Ipswich Portrait of Maria Bicknell, Mrs. John Constable (1816) – Tate Britain, London Wivenhoe Park, Essex (1816) – National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. The Quarters behind Alresford Hall (1816) – National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne Flatford Mill (original title Scene on a Navigable River) (1816) – Tate Britain, London Two Donkeys (1816) – Philadelphia Museum of Art Weymouth Bay: Bowleaze Cove and Jordon Hill (1816–17) – National Gallery, London A Cottage in a Cornfield (1817) – National Museum Cardiff Weymouth Bay with Approaching Storm (1819) – Louvre, Paris The White Horse (A Scene on the River Stour) (1819) – Frick Collection, New York City Harwich- The Low Lighthouse and Beacon Hill (1820) – Yale Center for British Art, New Haven Hampstead Heath (1820) – Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge Dedham Lock and Mill (1820) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London Stratford Mill (1820) – National Gallery, London The Hay Wain (original title Landscape: Noon; 1821) – National Gallery, London The Grove, or the Admiral's House in Hampstead (1821–22) – Alte Nationalgalerie, Berlin View on the Stour near Dedham (1822) – The Huntington Library, San Marino, CA Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds (1823) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London The Lock (1824) – Private Collection Seascape Study with Rain Clouds (1824–25) – Royal Academy of Arts, London Brighton Beach (c. 1824–26) – Dunedin Public Art Gallery, Dunedin The Leaping Horse (1825) – Royal Academy of Arts, London Salisbury Cathedral from the Bishop's Grounds (1825) – Frick Collection, New York City The Cornfield (1826) – National Gallery, London Chain Pier, Brighton (1827) – Tate Britain, London The Vale of Dedham (1828) – National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh Hadleigh Castle (1829) – Yale Center for British Art and sketch Tate Britain Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows (1831) – Tate Britain, London Sir Richard Steele's Cottage, Hampstead (1832) – Yale Center for British Art The Opening of Waterloo Bridge (1832) – Tate Britain, London The Valley Farm (1835) – Tate Britain, London Stonehenge (1835) – Victoria and Albert Museum, London Hampstead Heath with a Rainbow (1836) – Tate Britain, London Cenotaph to the Memory of Sir Joshua Reynolds (1836) – National Gallery, London Arundel Mill and Castle (c. 1836–37) – Toledo Museum of Art, Toledo, OH == Notes == == Bibliography == == External links == Media related to Paintings by John Constable at Wikimedia Commons 348 artworks by or after John Constable at the Art UK site John Constable: Sketch for Hadleigh Castle c1828 – Great Works of Western Art A gallery of Constable's cloud studies Web feature from Royal Academy of Arts Constable's Great Landscapes: The Six-Foot Paintings at the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC John Constable: a complete chronology and other articles Constable's Oil Sketches Victoria and Albert Museum A Sketchbook by Constable Victoria and Albert Museum List of works held by the Victoria and Albert Museum 390 paintings by John Constable at www.John-Constable.org Gallery of Constable Paintings at MuseumSyndicate Archived 22 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine Portraits by the artist as a young man: Constable's parents finally identified, The Guardian, March 4, 2009 Memoirs of the Life of John Constable, ed C. R. Leslie 1843 Romanticism & the school of nature : nineteenth-century drawings and paintings from the Karen B. Cohen collection, fully digitized text from The Metropolitan Museum of Art libraries Charles Rhyne Archive - Research on John Constable Turner and Constable 2025 exhibition at the Tate Britain
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie_Mehretu	Julie Mehretu	Julie Mehretu (born November 28, 1970) is an Ethiopian American contemporary visual artist, known for her multi-layered paintings of abstracted landscapes on a large scale. Her paintings, drawings, and prints depict the cumulative effects of urban sociopolitical changes. == Early life and education == Mehretu was born in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 1970, the first child of an Ethiopian college professor of geography and a Jewish American Montessori teacher. They fled the country in 1977 to escape political turmoil and moved to East Lansing, Michigan, for her father's teaching position in economic geography at Michigan State University. A graduate of East Lansing High School, Mehretu received a Bachelor of Arts degree from Kalamazoo College in Kalamazoo, Michigan, and did a junior year abroad at Cheikh Anta Diop University (UCAD) in Dakar, Senegal, then attended the Rhode Island School of Design in Providence, Rhode Island, where she earned a Master of Fine Arts degree in 1997. She was chosen for the CORE program at the Museum of Fine Arts in Houston, a residency that provided a studio, a stipend, and an exhibition at the museum. == Art career == Mehretu's canvases incorporate elements from technical drawings of various urban buildings and linear illustrations of urban efficiency, including city grids and weather charts. The pieces do not contain any formal, consistent sense of depth, instead utilizing multiple points of view and perspective ratios to construct flattened re-imaginings of city life. Her drawings are similar to her paintings, with many layers forming complex, abstracted images of social interaction on a global scale. The relatively smaller-scale drawings are opportunities for exploration made during the time between paintings. In 2002, Mehretu said of her work: I think of my abstract mark-making as a type of sign lexicon, signifier, or language for characters that hold identity and have social agency. The characters in my maps plotted, journeyed, evolved, and built civilizations. I charted, analysed, and mapped their experience and development: their cities, their suburbs, their conflicts, and their wars. The paintings occurred in an intangible no-place: a blank terrain, an abstracted map space. As I continued to work I needed a context for the marks, the characters. By combining many types of architectural plans and drawings I tried to create a metaphoric, tectonic view of structural history. I wanted to bring my drawing into time and place. Emperial Construction, Istanbul (2004) exemplifies Mehretu's use of layers in a city's history. Arabic lettering and forms that reference Arabic script scatter around the canvas. In Stadia I, II, and III (2004) Mehretu conveys the cultural importance of the stadium through marks and layers of flat shape. Each Stadia contains an architectural outline of a stadium, abstracted flags of the world, and references to corporate logos. Mogamma: A Painting in Four Parts (2012), the collective name for four monumental canvases that were included in dOCUMENTA (13), relates to 'Al-Mogamma', the name of the all purpose government building in Tahrir Square, Cairo, which was both instrumental in the 2011 revolution and architecturally symptomatic of Egypt's post-colonial past. The word 'Mogamma', however, means 'collective' in Arabic and historically, has been used to refer to a place that shares a mosque, a synagogue and a church and is a place of multi faith. A later work, The Round City, Hatshepsut (2013) contains architectural traces of Baghdad, Iraq, itself – its title referring to the historical name given to the city in ancient maps. Another painting, Insile (2013) built up from a photo image of Believers' Palace amid civilian buildings, activates its surface with painterly ink gestures, blurring and effacing the ruins beneath. In 2007, the investment bank Goldman Sachs gave Mehretu a $5 million commission for a lobby mural. The resulting work Mural was the size of a tennis court and consisted of overlaid financial maps, architectural drawings of financial institutions, and references to works by other artists. Calvin Tomkins of the New Yorker called it "the most ambitious painting I've seen in a dozen years", and another commentator described it as "one of the largest and most successful public art works in recent times". While best known for large-scale abstract paintings, Mehretu has experimented with prints since graduate school at the Rhode Island School of Design, where she was enrolled in the painting and printmaking program in the mid-1990s. Her exploration of printmaking began with etching. She has completed collaborative projects at professional printmaking studios across America, among them Highpoint Editions in Minneapolis, Crown Point Press in San Francisco, Gemini G.E.L. in Los Angeles, and Derrière L'Étoile Studios and Burnet Editions in New York City. Mehretu was a resident of the CORE Program, Glassell School of Art, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, (1997–98) and the Artist-in-Residence Program at the Studio Museum in Harlem (2001). During a residency at the Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, in 2003, she worked with thirty high school girls from East Africa. In the spring of 2007 she was the Guna S. Mundheim Visual Arts Fellow at the American Academy in Berlin. Later that year, she led a monthlong residency program with 40 art students from Detroit public high schools. During her residency in Berlin, Mehretu was commissioned to create seven paintings by the Deutsche Guggenheim; titled Grey Area (2008–2009), the series explores the urban landscape of Berlin as a historical site of generation and destruction. The painting Vanescere (2007), a black-and-white composition that depicts what appears to be a maelstrom of ink and acrylic marks, some of which are sanded away on the surface of the linen support, propelled a layering process of subtraction in the Grey Area series. Parts of Fragment (2008–09) and Middle Grey (2007–09) feature this erasing technique. Another in the series that was painted in Berlin, Berliner Plätze (2008–09), holds a phantom presence of overlapped outlines of nineteenth-century German buildings that float as a translucent mass in the frame. The art historian Sue Scott has this to say of the Grey Area series: "In these somber, simplified tonal paintings, many of which were based on the facades of beautiful nineteenth-century buildings destroyed in World War II, one gets the sense of buildings in the process of disappearing, much like the history of the city she was depicting." As Mehretu explains in Ocula Magazine, "The whole idea of 20th-century progress and ideas of futurity and modernity have been shattered, in a way. All of this is what is informing how I am trying to think about space." In 2017, Mehretu collaborated with jazz musician and interdisciplinary artist Jason Moran to create MASS (HOWL, eon)]. Presented at Harlem Parish as part of the Performa 17 biennial, MASS (HOWL, eon) took the audience on an intensive tour of Mehretu's canvas while musicians played the composition by Moran. Mehrhtu's first work in painted glass was installed in 2024. The 85 foot (26 m) tall artwork, Uprising of the Sun, is inspired by a quote from Barack Obama delivered in a speech at a memorial ceremony for the civil-rights-era Selma marches. It was installed as a window in the museum tower of the Barack Obama Presidential Center. Mehretu is a member of the Artists Committee of Americans for the Arts. Mehretu has created the 20th BMW art car (BMW M Hybrid V8) in 2024. The car bore the number 20 for the 24h of Le Mans in 2024 and crashed early in the race. It was repaired overnight and finished. == Recognition == In 2000, Mehretu was awarded a grant from the Foundation for Contemporary Arts Grants to Artists Award. She was the recipient of the 2001 Penny McCall Award and one of the 2005 recipients of the MacArthur Fellowship, often referred to as the "genius grant." In 2013, Mehretu was awarded the Barnett and Annalee Newman Award, and in 2015, she received the US Department of State Medal of Arts from Secretary of State John Kerry. In 2020, Time magazine included Mehretu in its list of the 100 most influential people. In 2023, German automaker BMW selected Mehretu to paint its annual "art car" for entry at the 24 Hours of Le Mans race. Art critic for The Australian newspaper Christopher Allen described Mehretu's work as "the last feeble gasp of an overhyped and exhausted New York art market". Mehretu is included in Time's 100 Most Influential People of 2020. The following year, The New York Times described her as a "rare example of a contemporary Black female painter who has already entered the canon." In 2023, she was one of two women artists whose work was among the top ten in contemporary auction sale price. == Notable works in public collections == In 2016, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art commissioned Mehretu to create a diptych, with each massive painting flanking the staircase in the atrium which is accessible and free to the public. HOWL, eon (I, II) (2016-2017) was first exhibited to the public on September 2, 2017. To facilitate the creation of the scale of the diptych, Mehretu used a decommissioned church in Harlem as her studio to create. Throughout the creation of her piece, she collaborated with jazz pianist Jason Moran. HOWL, eon (I, II) is a political commentary on the history of the western United States' landscape, including the San Francisco Bay Area. The foundation of each work contains digitally abstracted photos from recent race riots, street protests, and nineteenth-century images of the American West. == Exhibitions == In 2001, Mehretu participated in the exhibition Painting at the Edge of the World at the Walker Art Center. She later was one of 38 artists whose work was exhibited in the 2004-5 Carnegie International: A Final Look. She has participated in numerous group exhibitions, including one at the Center for Curatorial Studies, Bard College, Annandale-on-Hudson (2000). Her work has appeared in Freestyle exhibition at the Studio Museum in Harlem (2001); The Americans at the Barbican Gallery in London (2001); White Cube gallery in London (2002), the Busan Biennale in Korea (2002); the 8th Baltic Triennial in Vilnius, Lithuania (2002); and Drawing Now: Eight Propositions (2002) at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. Mehretu's work was also included in the "In Praise of Doubt" exhibition at the Palazzo Grassi in Venice in the summer of 2011 as well as dOCUMENTA (13) in Kassel in 2012. In 2014, she participated in The Divine Comedy: Heaven, Purgatory and Hell Revisited by Contemporary African Artists, curated by Simon Njami. In 2021, the Whitney Museum of American Art devoted an entire floor to a retrospective of Mehretu's career. Mehretu's work is included in Every Sound Is a Shape of Time, a 2024 collections-based exhibition organized by the Pérez Art Museum Miami and curated by Franklin Sirmans, the museum director. The first exhibition dedicated to Mehretu in Australia and the Asia-Pacific region, titled A Transcore of the Radical Imaginatory, was held by the Museum of Contemporary Art Australia, Sydney, from November 2024 to April 2025. == Art market == Mehretu's painting Untitled 1 (2001) sold for $1.02 million at Sotheby's in September 2010. Its estimated value had been $600–$800,000. At Art Basel in 2014, White Cube sold Mehretu's Mumbo Jumbo (2008) for $5 million. In 2023, Michael Ovitz sold Mehretu's Walkers With the Dawn and Morning (2008) for $10.7 million, setting a new record both for the artist herself and any artist born in Africa. In 2005, Mehretu's work was the object of the Lehmann v. The Project Worldwide case before the New York Supreme Court, the first case brought by a collector regarding their right to secure primary access to contemporary art. The case involved legal issues over her work and the right of first refusal contracts between her then-gallery and a collector. In return for a $75,000 loan by the collector Jean-Pierre Lehmann to the Project Gallery, made in February 2001, the gallery was to give Lehmann a right of first refusal on any work by any artist the gallery represented, and at a 30 per cent discount until the loan was repaid. Lehmann saw this loan as direct access to Mehretu's work, however, there were four other individuals who were also given right of first choice from the gallery's represented artists. The gallery sold 40 works by Mehretu during the period of the contract, with some offered for discounts of up to 40 percent. Lehmann saw that several Mehretu pieces available in the catalog of the Walker Art Center had been sold to collector Jeanne Greenberg Rohatyn, and suspected that the agreement was not being kept. He subsequently wrote Haye demanding $17,500, and, after no offer of Mehretu pieces was made, he filed suit. The case, eventually won by Lehmann, revealed to a wider public precisely what prices and discounts galleries offer various collectors on paintings by Mehretu and other contemporary artists – information normally concealed by the art world. In October 2023, Mehretu broke the auction record for an African artist at Sotheby's Hong Kong, with her piece Untitled (2001), which sold for $9.32 million. == Personal life == Mehretu lives in a two-story house in Harlem. She married artist Jessica Rankin in 2008, with whom she has two children, Cade Elias (born 2005) and Haile (born 2011); her mother-in-law is author and poet Lily Brett. The couple separated in 2014. Mehretu maintains a studio in Chelsea near the Whitney Museum of American Art. In 2004, she co-founded – together with Lawrence Chua and Paul Pfeiffer – Denniston Hill, an artist residency on a 200-acre campus in Sullivan County, New York. She also worked from an old arms factory in Berlin in 2007 and the former St. Thomas the Apostle Church in Harlem from 2016 to 2017. In October 2024, The Whitney Museum announced that Mehretu had donated more than two million dollars to its "Free 25 and Under" program that provides free access to museum guests under the age of twenty-five. == References == == External links == Website of her gallery carlier \| gebauer including CV and works Archived February 28, 2024, at the Wayback Machine Julie Mehretu at Highpoint Center for Printmaking, Minneapolis Julie Mehretu at Walker Art Center, Minneapolis Julie Mehretu interviewed for Ethiopian Passages Archived September 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine 2010 article including an image of Untitled 1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ossawa_Tanner#Early_life	Henry Ossawa Tanner	Henry Ossawa Tanner (June 21, 1859 – May 25, 1937) was an American artist who spent much of his career in France. He became the first African-American painter to gain international acclaim. Tanner moved to Paris, France, in 1891 to study at the Académie Julian and gained acclaim in French artistic circles. In 1923, the French government elected Tanner chevalier of the Legion of Honor. == Early life == Henry Ossawa Tanner was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. His father Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835–1923) became a bishop in the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), the first independent black denomination in the United States. He was educated at Avery College and Western Theological Seminary in Pittsburgh, and developed a literary career. In addition, he was a political activist, supporting abolition of slavery. Henry Tanner's mother Sarah Elizabeth Tanner may have been born into slavery in Virginia. Two different stories have emerged concerning her living in freedom; in one, her father drives the family from Winchester, Virginia to "the free state of Pennsylvania" in an ox cart. In the other, she escapes as a refugee to the North via the Underground Railroad. There she met and married Benjamin Tucker Tanner. Tanner was the first of nine children; and two of his brothers, Benjamin and Horace, died in infancy. One of his sisters, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, was the first woman to be certified to practice medicine in Alabama. His parents gave him a middle name that commemorated the struggle at Osawatomie between pro- and anti-slavery partisans. The family moved from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia when Tanner was a teenager. There his father became a friend of Frederick Douglass, sometimes supporting him, sometimes criticizing. Robert Douglass, Jr., a successful black artist in Philadelphia, was an early neighbor of the Tanner family, and Tanner wrote that he "used to pass and always stopped to look at his pictures in the window." When Tanner was about 13 years old, he saw a landscape painter working in Fairmount Park, where he was walking with his father. He decided that he wanted to be a painter. == Education == Although many white artists refused to accept an African-American apprentice, in 1879 Tanner enrolled at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia, becoming the only black student. His decision to attend the school came at a time when art academies increasingly focused on study from live models rather than plaster casts. Thomas Eakins, a professor at the Pennsylvania Academy, was one of the first American artists to promote new approaches to artistic education including increased study from live models, discussion of anatomy in classes of both male and female students, and dissections of cadavers to teach anatomy. Eakins's progressive approach to art education had a profound effect on Tanner. The young artist was one of Eakins' favorite students; two decades after Tanner left the Academy, Eakins painted his portrait. At the Academy, Tanner befriended artists with whom he kept in contact throughout the rest of his life, most notably Robert Henri, one of the founders of the Ashcan School. During a relatively short time at the Academy, Tanner developed a thorough knowledge of anatomy and the skill to express his understanding of the weight and structure of the human figure on the canvas. Tanner's artistic studies were disrupted by illness, which was reported in November 1881 and said to have persisted into the following summer, when Tanner spent time recovering in the Adirondack Mountains. Tanner's teachers included Thomas Eakins (American realism, photography), Thomas Hovenden (American realism), Benjamin Constant (orientalist paintings and portraits, French academic) and Jean-Paul Laurens (history painting, French academic). == Painting style == Tanner painted landscapes, religious subjects, and scenes of daily life in a realistic style that echoed that of Eakins. While works like The Banjo Lesson depicted everyday scenes of African American life, Tanner later painted religious subjects. It is likely that Tanner's father, a minister in the African Methodist Episcopal Church, was a formative influence for him. Tanner was not limited to one specific approach to painting and drawing. His works reflect at times meticulous attention to detail and loose, expressive brushstrokes in others. Often both methods are employed simultaneously. Tanner was also interested in the effects that color could have in a painting. Warmer compositions such as The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896) and The Annunciation (1898) express the intensity and fire of religious moments, and the elation of transcendence between the divine and humanity. Other paintings emphasize cool hues, which became dominant in his work after the mid-1890s. A palette of indigo and turquoise—referred to as the "Tanner blues"—characterizes works such as The Three Marys (1910), Gateway (1912) and The Arch (1919). Works such as The Good Shepherd (1903) and Return of the Holy Women (1904) evoke a feeling of somber religiosity and introspection. Tanner often experimented with light in his works, which at times adds symbolic meaning. In The Annunciation (1898), for example, the archangel Gabriel is represented as a column of light that forms, together with the shelf in the upper left corner, a cross. == Issues of racism == Although Tanner gained confidence as an artist and began to sell his work, he faced racism working as a professional artist in Philadelphia. In his autobiography, The Story of an Artist's Life, Tanner described the burden of racism: I was extremely timid and to be made to feel that I was not wanted, although in a place where I had every right to be, even months afterwards caused me sometimes weeks of pain. Every time any one of these disagreeable incidents came into my mind, my heart sank, and I was anew tortured by the thought of what I had endured, almost as much as the incident itself. In the hope of earning enough money to travel to Europe, Tanner operated a photography studio in Atlanta during the late 1880s. The venture was unsuccessful. During this period Tanner met Bishop Joseph Crane Hartzell, a trustee of Clark College (now Clark Atlanta University). Hartzell and his wife befriended Tanner, became his patrons, and recommended him for a teaching job at the college. Tanner taught drawing at Clark College for a short period. == 1891 == Tanner set out for Rome by way of Liverpool and Paris on the ship City of Chester on 4 January 1891. He found Paris to his liking and discovered the Académie Julian, where he began his studies in France. He also joined the American Art Students Club. Paris was a welcome escape for Tanner; within French art circles, race mattered little. Tanner discovered the Paris Salon and set a goal to get his artwork accepted. == The Banjo Lesson == On a return visit to the United States in 1893, Tanner presented, “The American Negro in Art,” an essay, at the World’s Congress on Africa in Chicago, and painted The Banjo Lesson, one of his most recognized works that began as a series of sketches of Black people living in Appalachia. The painting shows an elderly black man teaching a boy, assumed to be his grandson, how to play the banjo. The image of a black man playing the banjo appears throughout American art of the late 19th century. == Life in Paris == Except for occasional brief returns home, Tanner spent the rest of his life in Paris. He acclimated quickly to Parisian life, and became friends with Atherton Curtis. He was part of a community of artists in Mount Kisco, New York for six months in 1902, at the behest of Curtis, and returned the following winter. In Paris, Tanner continued his studies under renowned artists such as Jean Joseph Benjamin Constant and Jean-Paul Laurens. With their guidance, he began to establish a reputation in France. He settled at the Étaples art colony in Normandy. There he was introduced to many artists whose works would affect his approach to art. At the Louvre, he encountered and studied the works of Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste Chardin and Louis Le Nain. These artists had painted scenes of ordinary people in their environment, and the influence in Tanner's work is noticeable. That of Courbet's The Stone Breakers (1850; destroyed) can be seen in the similarities in Tanner's The Young Sabot Maker (1895). Both paintings explore the themes of apprenticeship and manual labor. Earlier, Tanner had painted marine scenes of man's struggle with the sea, but by 1895 he was creating mostly religious works. His shift to painting biblical scenes occurred as he was undergoing a spiritual struggle. In a letter he wrote to his parents on Christmas 1896, he stated, "I have made up my mind to serve Him [God] more faithfully." A transitional work from this period is the recently rediscovered painting of a fishing boat tossed on the waves, which is held by the Smithsonian American Art Museum. Tanner's painting Daniel in the Lions' Den was accepted into the 1896 Salon. Later that year he painted The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896, Musée d'Orsay, Paris) that was purchased by the French government after winning the third-place medal at the 1897 Salon. Upon seeing The Resurrection of Lazarus, Rodman Wanamaker, an art critic and a "major patron of contemporary religious art," offered to pay all the expenses for Tanner to visit the Middle East. Wanamaker felt that any serious painter of biblical scenes needed to see the environment firsthand and that a painter of Tanner's caliber was well worth the investment. Tanner accepted Wanamaker's offer. For four months in 1897 and, again, for six months in 1898-1899, he trekked a popular tourist route through Palestine and North Africa, pitching his tent in the arid region. Tanner did not exhibit at the Salon in 1907, due to eye strain, but in 1908 entered The Wise and Foolish Virgins which he worked on in 1906, 1907 and finished in 1908. Newspapers don't record a Salon entry for 1909; but he focused his 1908 energy on a one-man exhibition of his artwork in New York, and the 1909 papers continued to talk about that event. Tanner may have avoided displaying at the Salon 1910, 1911, 1912, and 1913. In 1914, Tanner's mother died, World War I started, and he returned to the Paris Salon after "several years of absence," bringing his 1912 painting Christ in the House of Lazarus and Mary. He had remarked in 1910 "that he would not exhibit in the salon again as they had stuck his picture into a corner which everyone knows is almost an insult." French artists were upset over a U.S. tariff on their paintings, and said to be taking revenge in the Salon. == Later years == During World War I, Tanner worked for the Red Cross Public Information Department, during which time he also painted images from the front lines of the war. His works featuring African-American troops were rare during the war. In 1923 the French state made him a knight of the Legion of Honour for his work as an artist. Tanner met with fellow African-American artist Palmer Hayden in Paris circa 1927. They discussed artistic technique and he gave Hayden advice on interacting with French society. He was also an inspiration to other artists studying in France, including Hale Woodruff, Romare Bearden, and other artists associated with Black Abstractionism. Several of Tanner's paintings were purchased by Atlanta art collector J. J. Haverty, who founded Haverty Furniture Co. and was instrumental in establishing the High Museum of Art. Tanner's Étaples Fisher Folk is among several paintings from the Haverty collection now in the High Museum's permanent collection. Tanner died peacefully at his home in Paris, France, on May 25, 1937. He is buried at Sceaux Cemetery in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, a suburb of Paris. == Marriage and family == In 1899 he married Jessie Olsson, a Swedish-American opera singer. A contemporary, Virginia Walker Course, described their relationship as one of equal talents, but racist attitudes insisted the relationship was unequal: Fan, did you ever hear of a miss [sic] Olsson of Portland? She has a beautiful voice I believe and came to Paris to cultivate it and she has married a darkey artist ... He is an awefully [sic] talented man but he is black. ... She seems like a well educated girl and really very nice but it makes me sick to see a cultivated woman marry a man like that. I don't know his work but he is very talented they say. Jessie Tanner died in 1925, twelve years before her husband, and he grieved her deeply through the 1920s. He sold the family home in Les Charmes where they had been so happy together. They are buried next to each other in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine. They had a son, Jesse, who survived Tanner at his death. == Friends and colleagues == Tanner's friends and colleagues included Hermon MacNeil (sculptor), Hermann Dudley Murphy (landscapes), Paul Gauguin (synthetism), Myron G. Barlow (genre painting), Charles Hovey Pepper (Japanese style woodblocks). Charles Filiger (symbolist), Armand Séguin (Post-Impressionism), Jan Verkade (Post-Impressionism, Christian symbolist), Paul Sérusier (abstract art), and Gustave Loiseau (Post-Impressionism). == Legacy == Tanner's work was influential during his career; he has been called "the greatest African American painter to date." The early paintings of William Edouard Scott, who studied with Tanner in France, show the influence of Tanner's technique. In addition, some of Norman Rockwell's illustrations deal with the same themes and compositions that Tanner pursued. Rockwell's proposed cover of the Literary Digest in 1922, for example, shows an older black man playing the banjo for his grandson. The light sources are nearly identical to those in Tanner's Banjo Lesson. A fireplace illuminates the right side of the picture, while natural light enters from the left. Both use similar objects as well such as the clothing, chair, crumpled hat on the floor. Some other major artists Tanner mentored include William A. Harper and Hale Woodruff. Tanner's Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City (c. 1885; oil on canvas) hangs in the Green Room at the White House; it is the first painting by an African-American artist to have been purchased for the permanent collection of the White House. The painting is a landscape with a "view across the cool gray of a shadowed beach to dunes made pink by the late afternoon sunlight. A low haze over the water partially hides the sun." It was bought for $100,000 by the White House Endowment Fund during the Bill Clinton administration from Dr. Rae Alexander-Minter, grandniece of the artist. His correspondence with Curtis between 1904 and 1937 is held at the Smithsonian Institution. Tanner's work was included in the 2015 exhibition We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s at the Woodmere Art Museum. == Awards == 1895, Atlanta, Cotton States and International Exposition: bronze medal for The Bagpipe Lesson. 1896, Salon: honorable mention for Daniel in the Lions' Den 1897, Salon: third class medal for Raising of Lazarus 1899, Philadelphia Academy of Fine Art: Walter Lippincott prize for Christ and Nicodemus on a Rooftop 1900, Paris Exposition: silver medal for Daniel in the Lions' Den 1901, Buffalo Exposition: silver medal for Daniel in the Lions' Den 1904, St. Louis Exposition: silver medal for Daniel in the Lions' Den 1906, Salon: second class medal for The Disciples at Emmaus 1906, Art Institute of Chicago, Norman Wait Harris silver medal for The Two Disciples at the Tomb 1915, Panama–Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco: gold medal for Christ at the Home of Lazarus (This link is to the study, not the final painting). 1922, France: Knighthood of the Legion of Honor for his efforts in World War I, part of the Red Cross 1927, New York, National Arts Club: bronze medal for Flight into Egypt (At the Gates) 1930, New York City, Grand Central Art Gallery: Walter L. Clark prize for Etaples Fisher Folk == Exhibitions == 1972: The Art of Henry Ossawa Tanner. Glen Falls, New York: The Hyde Collection. 1972: 19th Century American Landscape. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. 1976: Two Centuries of Black American Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art. 1989: Black Art Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art. Dallas Museum of Art. 1993: Revisiting the White City: American Art at the 1893 World's Fair 2010: Henry Ossawa Tanner and his Contemporaries, Des Moines Art Center (December–February 2011). 2012: Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (January–April), then to Cincinnati Art Museum (May–September) and to Houston Museum of Fine Arts (October–January 2013) == Selected works == Seascape-Jetty (c. 1876–78) Pomp at the Zoo (1880). Private Collection Joachim Leaving the Temple (c. 1882–1888). Baltimore Museum of Art Boy and Sheep Lying under a Tree (1881). Private Collection (On display at the Philadelphia Museum of Art) Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City (1886). Estate of Sadie T. M. Alexander (On permanent display at the White House) The Bagpipe Lesson (1893). Hampton University Museum, Virginia The Banjo Lesson (1893). Hampton University Museum, Virginia The Thankful Poor (1894). Art Bridges The Young Sabot Maker (1895). The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri Daniel in the Lions' Den (1895). Los Angeles County Museum of Art The Resurrection of Lazarus (1896). Musée d'Orsay, Paris Bishop Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1897). Baltimore Museum of Art Lions in the Desert (c. 1897–1900). Smithsonian American Art Museum The Annunciation (1898). Philadelphia Museum of Art, W.P. Wilstach Collection Moonlight Landscape (1898–1900). Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA. The Good Shepherd (1903). Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Rutgers University Return of the Holy Women (1904). Cedar Rapids Art Gallery, Iowa Two Disciples at the Tomb (1905–06). Art Institute of Chicago The Visitation (1909–10). Kalamazoo Institute of Arts The Holy Family (1909–10). Muskegon Museum of Art, Michigan, Hackley Picture Fund Moroccan Scene (about 1912). Birmingham Museum of Art, Alabama Palace of Justice, Tangier (1912–13). Smithsonian American Art Museum Scene in Cairo. Mabee-Gerrer Museum of Art, Shawnee, Oklahoma === Other works === See: List of paintings by Henry Ossawa Tanner with events in his life == See also == African-American art List of Orientalist artists Orientalism Realism (arts) == References == == Further reading == Anna O. Marley, ed. Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit (University of California Press: 2012). Marcia M. Matthews, Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist (University of Chicago Press: 1995). Kristin Schwain, Signs of Grace: Religion and American Art in the Gilded Age (Cornell University Press: 2007). Will South, “A Missing Question Mark: The Unknown Henry Ossawa Tanner,” Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide, vol. 8. issue 2 (Autumn 2009). Judith Wilson, “Lifting ‘The Veil’: Henry O. Tanner’s The Banjo Lesson and The Thankful Poor,” Contributions in Black Studies: A Journal of African and Afro-American Studies, volume 9, article 4. == External links == White House Biography Springfield Museum of Art Biography Ebony Society of Philatelic Events and Reflections Biography Muskegon Museum of Art Profile at PBS.org Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit (University of California Press, 2012)—the most complete scholarly publication to date produced in conjunction with the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (PAFA), Tanner's alma mater Biographical sketch and gallery at the Smithsonian American Art Museum Art online Moroccan Scene at the Birmingham Museum of Art Archives of American Art Henry Ossawa Tanner Papers Alexander family papers relating to Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1912–1985 Gallery of images and letters from the PAFA archives Archived April 3, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Henry Ossawa Tanner papers, 1860s–1978, bulk 1890–1937. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_Planetarium	Indira Gandhi Planetarium	The Indira Gandhi Planetarium (ISO: Indirā Gāndhī Tārāmaṇḍal), also known as the Patna Planetarium (ISO: Paṭnā Tārāmaṇḍal), is located in Patna's Indira Gandhi Science Complex. The planetarium was constructed through Bihar Council on Science & Technology at a total cost of about ₹110 million (equivalent to ₹1.2 billion or US$14 million in 2023). It was conceptualised in 1989 by Bihar Chief Minister Shri Satyendra Narain Sinha with construction commencing in the same year, and opened for the public from 1 April 1993. It is named after senior Indian National Congress leader and former Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi. The Indira Gandhi Planetarium is one of the largest planetariums in Asia. It attracts many domestic as well as foreign tourists. The planetarium has regular film shows on subjects related to astronomy. It also holds exhibitions, which attract many visitors. The planetarium, which previously used traditional opto-mechanical projection of celluloid film, now employs a modern digital projection system featuring state-of-the-art Christie projectors installed by ZEISS in 2023. This system enhances the experience with high-resolution 3D projections. == Modernisation == In 2021, modernisation works were taken up for Patna Planetarium. In 2023, six Christie projectors were installed by ZEISS, transitioning the planetarium from its traditional opto-mechanical system to a state-of-the-art digital projection system. The facility underwent a major revamp, and is now equipped with an advanced projection system, acoustic sound and new hanging dome-shaped screen. A high-capacity optical telescope is also set up on its premises. The modernization works completed in April 2024. Online tickets can be booked from its official portal. == Competition == The first digital planetarium of Bihar was planned to open in late 2016 at the premises of Shrikrishna Science Centre near Gandhi Maidan in Patna. The planetarium has been developed at a cost of ₹50 million (equivalent to ₹72 million or US$850,000 in 2023) and is equipped with a Carl Zeiss digital projector system. == See also == Astrotourism in India List of planetariums Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Science City Darbhanga Planetarium Shrikrishna Science Centre Bihar Museum == References == == External links == WPD
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SunPass#:~:text=The%20C%2DPass%20system%20operated,plate%20on%20September%2023%2C%202014.	SunPass	SunPass is an electronic toll collection system within the state of Florida, United States. It was created in 1999 by the Florida Department of Transportation's (FDOT's) Office of Toll Operations, operating as a division of Florida's Turnpike Enterprise (FTE). The system utilizes windshield-mounted RFID transponders manufactured by TransCore and lane equipment designed by companies including TransCore, SAIC, and Raytheon. == History == SunPass was introduced on April 24, 1999, and by October 1 of the same year, more than 100,000 SunPass transponders had been sold. In early 2009, all Easy Pay customers automatically became SunPass Plus customers if they opt-in and have the privilege of using their transponders to pay for airport parking at Tampa, Orlando, Palm Beach, Fort Lauderdale and Miami airports. Customers were also able to opt out of the program. == Functionality == The Mini was introduced on July 1, 2008, and became available at retail locations. The Mini is a RFID passive transponder, about the size of a credit card, and uses no batteries. The transponder must be mounted on the glass windshield of the vehicle to work properly and, once applied, cannot be removed from a windshield without destroying the pass. The SunPass Mini sticker will not work on motorcycle windshields as they are not made of glass. SunPass Portable (or SunPass Pro) transponders can be transferred between vehicles. === Technology === SunPass-only toll lanes on most toll roads in Florida allow a vehicle to proceed through the tollbooth at speeds of up to 25 mph (40 km/h) as a safety precaution. The Turnpike utilizes all-electronic tolling (AET) and toll by plate which handles highway speeds. The mainline toll barriers have dedicated lanes capable of full-speed automatic toll collection at up to 65 mph (105 km/h). Florida's Turnpike Enterprise converted the Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike, the Sawgrass Expressway, and the Veterans Expressway to open road tolling, utilizing the SunPass transponders, in September 2010, February 2011, April 2014, and June 2014 respectively, ceasing cash collection. This allows free-flowing movement on both toll roads, moving through toll gantries at the former toll plazas. Motorists without a SunPass are billed through toll by plate. Toll-by-Plate uses cameras and sends a bill to the registered owner of the vehicle. The bill consists of the toll and an administrative fee. If the person fails to pay the toll and accompanying fees at all, the person would be fined $100 plus the tolls owed; in some cases, court costs, points against the driver's license, and the suspension of the license and registration would also be levied. == Interoperability == SunPass is fully interoperable with E-Pass (from the Central Florida Expressway Authority), O-Pass (from Osceola County, which has been folded into E-Pass), LeeWay (from Lee County toll bridges) and the Miami-Dade Expressway Authority (MDX) toll roads. SunPass, like other electronic toll collection (ETC) systems in Florida, was not initially compatible with systems outside of Florida. The federal transportation bill, Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act (MAP-21), adopted in July 2012 required all toll facilities to have interoperable road tolling systems by October 1, 2016. SunPass announced in 2012 for plans to become interoperable with E-ZPass. As a step towards this, the older battery-powered SunPass transponders were phased out by the end of 2015; new batteryless models can work with tolling equipment in other states. On July 29, 2013, Florida's Turnpike Enterprise made an interoperability agreement with North Carolina Turnpike Authority and its NC Quick Pass, allowing SunPass holders to utilize North Carolina's toll roads and lanes. On November 12, 2014, an interoperability agreement was made with Georgia's Peach Pass, allowing SunPass holders to utilize the I-85 Express lanes and any future toll roads or lanes in the state. The C-Pass system operated by Miami-Dade County Public Works on the Rickenbacker and Venetian Causeways was replaced by SunPass and pay-by-plate on September 23, 2014. In July 2020, E-ZPass announced that SunPass would be compatible with E-ZPass by the end of 2020, along with Peach Pass in 2021. On May 28, 2021, the Florida Turnpike Enterprise announced that its SunPass facilities would begin accepting E-ZPass. In addition, E-ZPass facilities began accepting SunPass Pro transponders (but not earlier SunPass transponders such as the SunPass Portable and SunPass Mini). On February 27, 2023, it was announced that SunPass was compatible with toll roads in Kansas and Oklahoma, as well as on certain toll roads in Texas. Both the SunPass Mini and SunPass Pro transponders are supported. Certain transponders from these three states can be used on all roads operated by the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. However, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas transponders cannot be used on any tolled roads maintained by the Central Florida Expressway Authority. In March 2025, the Harris County Toll Road Authority reached an interoperability agreement with the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. SunPass is accepted statewide in Texas, and both EZ Tag & TxTag are accepted on all roads operated by the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. In November 2025, the E-470 Public Highway Authority reached an interoperability agreement with the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. SunPass is accepted on E-470 & the express lanes network in Colorado, and ExpressToll is accepted on all roads operated by the Florida Turnpike Enterprise. == See also == List of toll roads in Florida == References == == External links == Official websiteq
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yama	Yama	Yama (Sanskrit: यम, lit. 'twin'), also known as Kāla and Dharmarāja, is the Hindu god of death and justice, responsible for the dispensation of law and punishment of sinners in his abode, Naraka. He is often identified with Dharmadeva, the personification of Dharma, though the two deities have different origins and myths. In Vedic tradition, Yama was considered the first mortal who died and espied the way to the celestial abodes; as a result, he became the ruler of the departed. His role, characteristics, and abode have been expounded in texts such as the Upanishads, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, and the Puranas. Yama is described as the twin of the goddess Yami, and the son of the god Surya (sun) (in earlier traditions Vivasvat) and Sanjna. He judges the souls of the dead and, depending on their deeds, assigns them to the realm of the Pitris (forefathers), Naraka (hell), or to be reborn on the earth. Yama is one of the Lokapalas (guardians of the realms), appointed as the protector of the south direction. He is often depicted as a dark-complexioned man riding a buffalo and carrying a noose or mace to capture souls. Yama was subsequently adopted by Buddhist, Chinese, Tibetan, Korean, and Japanese mythology as the king of hell. In modern culture, Yama has been depicted in various safety campaigns in India. == Etymology and epithets == The word "Yama" means 'twin' (Yama has a twin sister, Yami), and later came to mean 'binder' (derived from "yam"); the word also means 'moral rule or duty' (i.e. dharma), 'self-control', 'forbearance', and 'cessation'. Yama is also known by many other names, including Kala ('time'), Pashi (one who carries a noose') and Dharmaraja ('lord of Dharma'). === Identification with Dharmadeva === Yama and Dharmadeva, the god personifying the concept of Dharma, are generally considered to be one and the same person. Author Vettam Mani speculates a reason for this identification: "Vyasa has used as synonyms for Dharmadeva in the Mahabharata the words Dharmaraja, Vṛsa and Yama. Now among the synonyms for the two there are two words in common- Dharmaraja and Yama. This has led to this misunderstanding. Because Kala weighs the evil and good in man he got the name Dharmaraja. Dharmadeva got that name because he is the incarnation of Dharma. The real name of Kāla is Yama. Dharmadeva got the name Yama because he possesses 'Yama' (control of the self for moral conduct)." Mani believes that Yama and Dharmadeva are two different deities, citing that the Puranic scriptures depict at least two different legends about the deities — Yama is the judge of the dead, while Dharmadeva is one of the Prajapatis (agents of creation). Yama is the son of sun god Surya and his wife Sanjna, while Dharmadeva is born from the chest of the god Brahma. Yama is married to Dhumorna. On the other hand, Dharmadeva is married to ten or thirteen daughters of Daksha. Yama has a daughter Sunita. Dharmadeva fathered many sons from his wives. He also fathered Yudhishthira, the eldest of the Pandavas. == Iconography == In Hinduism, Yama is the lokapala ("Guardian of the realms") of the south and the son of Surya. Three hymns (10, 14, and 35) in the 10th book of the Rig Veda are addressed to him. In Puranas, Yama is described as having four arms, protruding fangs, and complexion of storm clouds, with a wrathful expression; surrounded by a garland of flames; dressed in red, yellow, or blue garments; holding a noose and a mace or sword; and riding a water-buffalo. He holds a noose (pāśa) of rope in one hand, with which he seizes the lives of people who are about to die. He is also depicted holding a danda (which is a Sanskrit word for "staff"). Yama is the son of Surya and Saranyu. He is the twin brother of Yami, brother of Shraddhadeva Manu and the step brother of Shani and his son was Katila. There are several temples across India dedicated to Yama. As per Vishnu Dharmottara, Yama is said to be represented on a buffalo, with garments like of heated gold, and all kinds of ornaments. He has four arms with the complexion of rain clouds. Dhumorna, his wife, is represented sitting on the left haunch of Yama and she has the colour of a dark blue lotus. == Literature == === Vedas === In the Rigveda, Yama is the son of a solar deity Vivasvat and Saraṇyū and has a twin sister named Yamī. He is cognate to the Avestan Yima, son of Vīvanhvant. The majority of Yama's appearances are in the first and tenth book. Yama is closely associated with Agni in the Rigveda. Agni is both Yama's friend and priest, and Yama is stated to have found the hiding Agni. In the Rigveda, Yama is the king of the dead, and one of the two kings that humans see when they reach heaven (the other being Varuna). Yama is stated to be a gatherer of the people, who gave dead people a place to rest. Out of the three Rigvedic heavens, the third and highest belong to Yama (the lower two belong to Savitr). Here is where the gods resides, and Yama is surrounded by music. In the ritual sacrifice, Yama is offered soma and ghee, and is invoked to sit at the sacrifice, lead the sacrificers to the abode of the gods, and provide long life. In the dialogue hymn between Yama and Yamī (RV 10.10), as the first two humans, Yamī tries to convince her twin brother Yama to have sex with her. Yamī makes a variety of arguments, including continuing the mortal line, that Tvashtar created them as a couple in the womb, and that Dyaush and Prithvi are famous for their incest. Yama argues that their ancestors, "the Gandharva in the waters and the watery maiden", as a reason not to commit incest, that Mitra-Varuna are strict in their ordinances, and that they have spies everywhere. By the end of the hymn, Yamī becomes frustrated but Yama remains firm in his stance. However, by RV 10.13.4, Yama is stated to have chosen to leave offspring, but Yamī is not mentioned. Vedic literature states that Yama is the first mortal, and that he chose to die, and then proceeded to create a path to the "other world", where deceased ancestral fathers reside. Due to being the first man to die, he is considered the chief of the dead, lord of settlers, and a father. Throughout the course of Vedic literature, Yama becomes more and more associated with the negative aspects of death and eventually becomes the god of death. He also becomes associated with Antaka (the Ender), Mṛtyu (Death), Nirṛti (Decease), and Sleep. Yama has two four-eyed, broad nosed, brindled, reddish-brown dogs, Sharvara and Shyama, who are the sons of Saramā. However, in the Atharvaveda, one of dogs is brindled and the other is dark. The dogs are meant to track down those who are about to die, and guard the path to Yama's realm. Scholars who adhere to Theodor Aufrecht's interpretation of RV 7.55 state that the dogs were also meant to keep wicked men out of heaven. The Vājasaneyi Saṃhitā (the White Yajurveda) states Yama and his twin sister Yamī both reside in the highest heaven. The Atharvaveda states Yama is unsurpassable and is greater than Vivasvat. The Taittirīya Aranyaka and the Āpastamba Śrauta state that Yama has golden-eyed and iron-hoofed horses. ==== Upanishads ==== In the Katha Upanishad, Yama is portrayed as a teacher to the Brahmin boy Nachiketa. Having granted three boons to Nachiketa, their conversation evolves to a discussion of the nature of being, knowledge, the Atman (i.e. the soul, self) and moksha (liberation). From the translation by Brahmrishi Vishvatma Bawra: Yama says: I know the knowledge that leads to heaven. I will explain it to you so that you will understand it. O Nachiketas, remember this knowledge is the way to the endless world; the support of all worlds; and abides in subtle form within the intellects of the wise. === Mahabharata === In the epic Mahabharata, Dharmadeva (who is identified with Yama) is the father of Yudhishthira, the oldest brother of the five Pandavas. Yama most notably appears in person in the Yaksha Prashna and the Vana Parva, and is mentioned in the Bhagavad Gita. ==== Yaksha Prashna ==== In the Yaksha Prashna, Dharmadeva (Yama) appears as a yaksha (nature spirit) in the form of a crane to question Yudhishthira and test his righteousness. Impressed by Yudhishthira's strict adherence to dharma and his answers to the riddles posed, Yama reveals himself as his father, blesses him, and brings his younger Pandava brothers back to life. The Yaksha [Yama] asked, "What enemy is invincible? What constitutes an incurable disease? What sort of man is noble and what sort is ignoble"? And Yudhishthira responded, "Anger is the invincible enemy. Covetousness constitutes a disease that is incurable. He is noble who desires the well-being of all creatures, and he is ignoble who is without mercy". ==== Vana Parva ==== In the Vana Parva, when Yudhishthira asks the sage Markandeya whether there has ever been a woman whose devotion matched Draupadi's, the sage replied by relating the story of Savitri and Satyavan. After Savitri's husband Satyavan died, Yama arrived to carry away his soul. However, Yama was so impressed with Savitri's purity and dedication to dharma and to her husband, he was convinced to instead bring Satyavan back to life. Tirtha-Yatra Parva In the Tirtha-yatra Parva (Book 3, Varna Parva, CXLII), Lomasa tells Yudhishthira "in days of yore, there was (once) a terrible time in the Satya Yuga when the eternal and primeval Deity [Krishna] assumed the duties of Yama. And, O thou that never fallest off, when the God of gods began to perform the functions of Yama, there died not a creature while the births were as usual." This led to an increase in the population and the Earth sinking down "for a hundred yojanas. And suffering pain in all her limbs." The earth sought the protection of Narayana, who incarnated as a boar (Varaha) and lifted her back up. ==== Udyoga Parva ==== In the Udyoga Parva, it is stated that the wife of Yama is called Urmila or Dhumorna. ==== Bhagavad Gita ==== In the Bhagavad Gita, part of the Mahabharata, Krishna states: Of the celestial Naga snakes I am Ananta; of the aquatic deities I am Varuna. Of departed ancestors I am Aryamā and among the dispensers of law I am Yama, lord of death. === Puranas === Yama and his abode are frequently mentioned in the Puranas. Some Puranas like Agni Purana and Linga Purana mention him as son of Rajni and Surya. ==== Bhagavata Purana / Srimad Bhagavatam ==== ===== Third and Fourth Canto ===== In the third and fourth cantos of the Srimad Bhagavatam, Yama was incarnated as a shudra called Vidura due to being cursed by a sage for being too harsh in his punishments. From the A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada / Bhaktivedanta Book Trust (BBT) translation: As long as Vidura played the part of a śūdra, being cursed by Maṇḍūka Muni [also known as Māṇḍavya Muni], Aryamā officiated at the post of Yamarāja to punish those who committed sinful acts. Vidura, a devotee of Krishna, is the main protagonist in the third canto. In this canto, after being thrown out of his home by King Dhritarashtra (his older half-brother) for admonishing the Kauravas' ignoble behaviour towards the Pandavas, Vidura went on a pilgrimage where he met other devotees of Krishna such as Uddhava and the sage Maitreya, the latter of whom revealed Vidura's true origin to him: I know that you are now Vidura due to the cursing of Māṇḍavya Muni and that formerly you were King Yamarāja, the great controller of living entities after their death. You were begotten by the son of Satyavatī, Vyāsadeva, in the kept wife of his brother. Krishna also states Yama punishes sinners, as relayed to Vidura (again, an incarnation of Yama) by Maitreya during their conversation about the origin and creation of the multiverse: The brahmanas, the cows and the defenceless creatures are My [Krishna's] own body. Those whose faculty of judgement has been impaired by their own sin look upon those as distinct from Me. They are just like furious serpents, and they are angrily torn apart by the bills of the vulturelike messengers of Yamaraja, the superintendent of sinful persons. A detailed account of the punishment of a sinner upon their death is also provided, beginning with their seizure and journey to Yamaloka (i.e. Hell): As a criminal is arrested for punishment by the constables of the state, a personal engaged in criminal sense gratification is similarly arrested by the Yamadutas, who bind him by the neck with a strong rope and cover his subtle body so that he may undergo severe punishment. While carried by the constables of Yamaraja, he is overwhelmed and trembles in their hands. While passing on the road [to Yamaloka] he is bitten by dogs, and he can remember the sinful activities of his life. He is thus terribly distressed. ===== Sixth Canto ===== In the sixth canto, Yama (not as Vidura nor with Aryama in the post; see third and fourth canto) instructs his messengers, the Yamadutas, when questioned about who has supreme authority in the universe since there are so many gods and demigods: Yamarāja said: My dear servants, you have accepted me as the Supreme, but factually I am not. Above me, and above all the other demigods, including Indra and Candra, is the one supreme master and controller. The partial manifestations of His personality are Brahmā, Viṣṇu and Śiva, who are in charge of the creation, maintenance and annihilation of this universe. He is like the two threads that form the length and breadth of a woven cloth. The entire world is controlled by Him just as a bull is controlled by a rope in its nose. ===== Tenth Canto ===== In the tenth canto, Krishna and Balarama travel to Yama's abode to bring back the dead son of their Guru, Sandipani Muni: ==== Brahma Purana ==== In the Brahma Purana, Yama is the lord of justice and is associated with Dharma. Mentions include: Chapter 2.29–30: Yama has a daughter called Sunita and a grandson called Vena, who turned his back on dharma Chapter 20: The various hells of Yama are described along with their concomitant sins Chapter 30.64–68: Yama chastises his mother for cursing him (to his father) Chapter 35.11: Yama is destroyed by Shiva after coming to claim the soul of Markandeya (and at the behest of the Gods is revived afterwards) Chapter 48.4: Krishna describes himself as Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva, Indra, and Yama ("I am Yama who restrains the universe.") Chapter 105: Descriptions of the "terrible servants of Yama" are given Chapter 126.42.50: Descriptions of the agony of death for sinners including being caught by Yama with His noose, and the tortures suffered in His abode Chapter 24 (book 4): Yama is killed in battle by Karttikeya; on Shiva's orders, Yama is revived by Nandi. Riding on his terrible buffalo, the god of Death Yama hastened to that place. He was holding his sceptre (rod of chastisement). His physical body was yellow in colour. In prowess he was comparable to none. He was unparalleled in brilliance, strength and power of demanding obedience. His limbs were well developed and he wore garlands. ==== Garuda Purana ==== In the Garuda Purana, Yama and his realm where sinners are punished are detailed extensively, including in the twelfth chapter called 'The Realm of Yama'. In this text, the name of Yama's wife is Syamala. ==== Matsya Purana ==== In the Matsya Purana, In addition to his battles against the asuras, Yama is mentioned extensively: Chapter XI: Yama as boy is cursed Chapter XLIX: Yama fights Janamejaya in Hell and after being captured, gives him knowledge of emancipation Chapter XCIII: Yama is declared to be of Saturn Chapter CII: Synonyms of Yama are given (Dharmaraja, Mrityo, Antaka, Vaivaswata, Kala, Sarvabhutaksaya, Audumbara, Dadhna, Nila, Paramesthi, Vrikodara, Chitra, and Chitragupta) Chapter CCXLVIII: Yama – like others – is controlled by Vishnu Chapter CCLIII: Yama is 13th of the 32 Devas ==== Vishnu Purana ==== In the Vishnu Purana, Yama is the son of sun-god Surya (named Vivasvan in the Vedas, also means 'sun') and Sandhya (named Saranya in the Vedas, is another name), the daughter of Vishvakarma (named Tvastar in the Vedas) emerged from the navel of Vishvakarman. During a conversation with his servant, Yama states that he is subordinate to Vishnu. While establishing the relationship between Vishnu and Lakshmi, the Chapter 8 of Book 1 describes Dhumorna as Yama's consort. === Marriage and children === Varying information about Yama's consorts and children are found in Hindu texts. The Mahābhārata, the Vishnu Purana and the Vishnudharmottara describe Dhumorna (also known as Urmila) as his consort. In the Garuda Purana, Syamala is the name of Yama's wife. According to some other texts, Yama has three consorts—Hema-mala, Sushila and Vijaya. When identified with Dharmadeva, he also married 10 or 13 daughters of the god Daksha. According to the Brahma Purana, the name of Yama's eldest daughter is Sunita, who is the mother of the king Vena. Sobhavati, the wife of Chitragupta, is sometimes mentioned to be Yama's daughter. In the Mahabharata, Yudhishthira, the eldest Pandava, was blessed by Dharma to his mother Kunti. == Worship == Yama Dharmaraja Temple is a Hindu temple located at Thiruchitrambalam in the Thanjavur district of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is dedicated to Yama. == In other religions == Mentioned in the Pāli Canon of Theravada Buddhism, Yama subsequently entered Buddhist mythology in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka as a Dharmapala. He is also recognized in Sikhism. == In popular culture == In addition to his depiction in movie and television adaptations of scriptures such as in the television series, Yama has also been depicted in road safety campaigns in India, particularly to warn against the dangers of riding motorcycles without helmets. Dharma Raja has been depicted as a character in "The Star-Touched Queen" and "A Crown of Wishes" by Roshani Chokshi. == See also == Jamshid Kalantaka Kṣitigarbha Naraka Vaitarna River Yama (Buddhism) == Notes == == References == == Bibliography == Anthony, David W. (2007). The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9781400831104. Apte, Vaman Shivram (1975) [1965]. The Practical Sanskrit–English Dictionary (Fourth, revised and enlarged ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 81-208-0567-4 – via Archive.org. Arya, Ravi Prakash; Joshi, K.L. (2001). Ṛgveda Saṁhita (Second Revised ed.). Parimal Publications. ISBN 81-7110-138-7 {{isbn}}: ignored ISBN errors (link). Sanskrit text, English translation according to H.H. Wilson and Bhāṣya of Sāyaṇācārya 4 volumes Chidbhavananda, Swami (1997). Siva Sahasranama Stotram (Third ed.). Sri Ramakrishna Tapovanam. Fergus, Jon William (2017). The Vedas. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781541294714 – via Google Books. The Samhitas of the Rig, Yajur (White and Black), Sama, and Atharva Vedas Lincoln, Bruce (1975). "The Indo-European Myth of Creation". History of Religions. 15 (2): 121–145. doi:10.1086/462739. ISSN 0018-2710. S2CID 162101898. Lincoln, Bruce (1991). Death, War, and Sacrifice: Studies in Ideology & Practice. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48199-9. MacDonell, A.A. (1974) [1898]. Vedic Mythology (Reprint ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Ltd. ISBN 81-208-1113-5 – via Archive.org. Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, His Divine Grace, Swami (1993). "As It Is". Bhagavad-gita. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 9789171495341 – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Prabhupada, A.C. Bhaktivedanta, His Divine Grace, Swami (1972). "Third Canto: The Status Quo". Srimad-Bhagavatam. The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust. ISBN 978-9171496362 – via Google Books.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Rao, T.A. Gopnatha (1914). Elements of Hindu Iconography. 2 volumes Wilson, Horace Hayman (1864). The Vishnu Purana. Trübner – via Google Books. Wood, Ernest; Subrahmanyam (2008). The Garuda Purana. BiblioBazaar, LLC. ISBN 978-1-4375-3213-5 – via Google Books. == Further reading == Meid, W. 1992. Die Germanische Religion im Zeugnis der Sprache. In Beck et al., Germanische Religionsgeschichte – Quellen und Quellenprobleme, pp. 486–507. New York, de Gruyter. == External links == Dying, Yamaraja and Yamadutas Archived 2005-10-26 at the Wayback Machine Yama's subordinance to Vishnu Archived 2006-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gennes_Prize#:~:text=2013%3A%20Susumu%20Kitagawa	De Gennes Prize	The De Gennes Prize (formerly known as the Prize for Materials Chemistry) was established in 2008 and is awarded biennially by the Royal Society of Chemistry for outstanding and exceptional work in the field of materials chemistry. The de Gennes Prize honours the work of Pierre-Gilles de Gennes. The recipient of the de Gennes Prize receives £5000, a medal and certificate and completes a UK lecture tour. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes was born in Paris, France, in 1932. After graduating in 1955 from Ecole Normale, de Gennes was a research engineer at the Atomic Energy Centre (Saclay). After a brief time at University of California, Berkeley and 27 months in the French Navy, de Gennes became assistant professor at the University of Paris in Orsay. During his time at Orsay de Gennes worked on superconductors and liquid crystals. In 1991, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for studying the boundary lines between order and disorder in materials like liquid crystals. After receiving the Nobel Prize, de Gennes visited roughly 200 high schools over a two-year period, from 1992 to 1994, in which he delivered talks on science, innovation and common sense to the students. Pierre-Gilles de Gennes died at the age of 74, on 18 May 2007. == Winners == Source: Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 (2009): Matthew Rosseinsky, University of Liverpool. 2011 (2011): Steve Mann, University of Bristol. 2013 (2013): Susumu Kitagawa, Kyoto University. 2015 (2015): Mercouri Kanatzidis, Northwestern University 2017 (2017): Ian Manners, University of Bristol 2019 (2019): Eugenia Kumacheva, University of Toronto 2021 (2021): Chad Mirkin, Northwestern University 2023: Thuc-Quyen Nguyen, University of California Santa Barbara. 2025 (2025): Samson Jenekhe, University of Washington == See also == List of chemistry awards == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo_Nacional_de_Bellas_Artes_(Buenos_Aires)	Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (Buenos Aires)	The National Museum of Fine Arts (Spanish: Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes) is an Argentine art museum in Buenos Aires, located in the Recoleta section of the city. The Museum inaugurated a branch in Neuquén in 2004. The museum hosts works by Goya, Rembrandt, Van Gogh, Rodin, Manet and Chagall among other artists. == History == Argentine painter and art critic Eduardo Schiaffino, was the first director of the museum, which opened on 25 December 1895, in a building on Florida Street that today houses the Galerías Pacífico shopping mall. In 1909, the museum moved to a building in Plaza San Martín, originally erected in Paris as the Argentine Pavilion for the 1889 Paris exhibition, and later dismantled and brought to Buenos Aires. In its new home, the museum became part of the International Centenary Exhibition held in Buenos Aires in 1910. Following the demolition of the pavilion in 1932, as part of the remodeling of Plaza San Martín, the museum was transferred to its present location in 1943, a building originally constructed in 1870 as a drainage pumping station and adapted to its current use by architect Alejandro Bustillo. The museum was modernized both physically and in its collections during the 1955–64 tenure of director Jorge Romero Brest. A temporary exhibits pavilion opened in 1961, and the museum acquired a large volume of modern art though its collaboration with the Torcuato di Tella Institute, a leading promoter of local, avant-garde artists, and elsewhere; a contemporary Argentine art pavilion opened in 1980. This 1,536 square metres (16,533 sq ft) hall is the largest of 34 currently in use at the museum, which totals 4,610 square metres (49,622 sq ft) of exhibit space. Its permanent collection totals 688 major works and over 12,000 sketches, fragments, potteries, and other minor works. The institution also maintains a specialized library, totaling 150,000 volumes, as well as a public auditorium. The museum commissioned architect Mario Roberto Álvarez to design a branch in the Patagonian region city of Neuquén. Inaugurated in 2004, this museum has four exhibit halls totaling 2,500 square metres (26,910 sq ft) and a permanent collection of 215 works, as well as temporary exhibits and a public auditorium. The ground floor of the museum holds 24 exhibit halls housing a fine international collection of paintings from the Middle Ages up to the 20th century, together with the museum's art history library. The first floor's eight exhibit halls contain a collection of paintings by some of the most important 20th-century Argentine painters, including Antonio Berni, Ernesto de la Cárcova, Benito Quinquela Martín, Eduardo Sívori, Sarah Grilo, Alfredo Guttero, Raquel Forner, Xul Solar, Marcelo Pombo and Lino Enea Spilimbergo. The second floor's two halls, completed in 1984, hold an exhibition of photographs and two sculpture terraces, as well as most of the institution's administrative and technical departments. == Gallery == == References == == External links == Official website Asociación Amigos Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (in Spanish) Virtual tour of the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes provided by Google Arts & Culture
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_members_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada	List of current members of the King's Privy Council for Canada	Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada use the title The Honourable if they are ordinary members. Prime Ministers, Governors General and Chief Justices automatically are given the title The Right Honourable. While Governors General have the right to the title Right Honourable upon being sworn into office they are not inducted into the Privy Council until the end of their term unless they were previously members of the council by virtue of another office. Other eminent individuals such as prominent former Cabinet ministers are sometimes also given the title Right Honourable. Leaders of opposition parties and provincial premiers are not automatically inducted into the Privy Council. Opposition leaders are brought in from time to time either to commemorate a special event such as the Canadian Centennial in 1967, the patriation of the Constitution or, in order to allow them to be advised on sensitive issues of national security under the Security of Information Act. Paul Martin inaugurated a practice of inducting parliamentary secretaries into the Privy Council but this has not been continued by his successors. == Current members of the King's Privy Council for Canada (year sworn in) == === Royal consort === Her Majesty Queen Camilla (2025) === Former governors general === The Right Honourable Edward Schreyer (1984) The Right Honourable Adrienne Clarkson (2005) The Right Honourable Michaëlle Jean (2012) The Right Honourable David Johnston (2018) === Current and former prime ministers === The Right Honourable Jean Chrétien (1967) The Right Honourable Joe Clark (1979) The Right Honourable Kim Campbell (1989) The Right Honourable Paul Martin (1993) The Right Honourable Stephen Harper (2004) The Right Honourable Justin Trudeau (2015) The Right Honourable Mark Carney (2025) === Current and former Chief Justices of Canada === The Right Honourable Beverley McLachlin (2000) The Right Honourable Richard Wagner (2017) === Current and former Cabinet ministers (by prime minister at induction) === ==== Pierre Trudeau ==== The Honourable Otto Emil Lang (1968) The Honourable André Ouellet (1972) The Honourable J. Judd Buchanan (1974) The Honourable Jean-Jacques Blais (1976) ==== Joe Clark ==== The Honourable David Samuel Horne MacDonald (1979) The Honourable Elmer MacIntosh MacKay (1979) The Honourable David Crombie (1979) The Honourable Henry Perrin Beatty (1979) ==== Pierre Trudeau (second ministry) ==== The Honourable Charles Lapointe (1980) The Honourable Edward C. Lumley (1980) The Honourable Yvon Pinard (1980) The Honourable Lloyd Axworthy (1980) The Honourable Paul James Cosgrove (1980) The Honourable Judith A. Erola (1980) The Honourable Jacob Austin (1981) The Honourable Serge Joyal (1981) The Honourable David Collenette (1983) The Honourable Céline Hervieux-Payette (1983) The Honourable Roger Simmons (1983) The Honourable Roy MacLaren (1983) The Honourable Joseph Mario Jacques Olivier (1984) ==== John Turner ==== The Honourable Herb Breau (1984) The Honourable Joseph Roger Rémi Bujold (1984) ==== Brian Mulroney ==== The Honourable Jack Burnett Murta (1984) The Honourable Otto Jelinek (1984) The Honourable Thomas Edward Siddon (1984) The Honourable Charles James Mayer (1984) The Honourable Walter Franklin McLean (1984) The Honourable Thomas McMillan (1984) The Honourable André Bissonnette (1984) The Honourable Benoît Bouchard (1984) The Honourable Michel Côté (1984) The Honourable Barbara McDougall (1984) The Honourable Frank Oberle, Sr. (1985) The Honourable Lowell Murray (1986) The Honourable Pierre H. Cadieux (1986) The Honourable Jean Charest (1986) The Honourable Thomas Hockin (1986) The Honourable Monique Landry (1986) The Honourable Bernard Valcourt (1986) The Honourable Gerry Weiner (1986) The Honourable Douglas Grinslade Lewis (1987) The Honourable Pierre Blais (1987) The Honourable Lucien Bouchard (1988) The Honourable Gerry St. Germain (1988) The Honourable Mary Collins (1989) The Honourable Marcel Danis (1990) The Honourable Pauline Browes (1991) The Honourable Pierre H. Vincent (1993) ==== Kim Campbell ==== The Honourable Jim Edwards (1993) The Honourable Robert Douglas Nicholson (1993) The Honourable Barbara Jane Sparrow (1993) The Honourable Peter McCreath (1993) The Honourable Ian Angus Ross Reid (1993) The Honourable Larry Schneider (1993) The Honourable Garth Turner (1993) ==== Jean Chrétien ==== The Honourable David Anderson (1993) The Honourable Ralph Goodale (1993) The Honourable David Dingwall (1993) The Honourable Brian Tobin (1993) The Honourable Sheila Copps (1993) The Honourable Sergio Marchi (1993) The Honourable John Manley (1993) The Honourable Douglas Young (1993) The Honourable Art Eggleton (1993) The Honourable Marcel Massé (1993) The Honourable Anne McLellan (1993) The Honourable Allan Rock (1993) The Honourable Ethel Blondin-Andrew (1993) The Honourable Lawrence MacAulay (1993) The Honourable Raymond Chan (1993) The Honourable Fernand Robichaud (1993) The Honourable Jon Gerrard (1993) The Honourable Lucienne Robillard (1995) The Honourable Jane Stewart (1996) The Honourable Stéphane Dion (1996) The Honourable Pierre Pettigrew (1996) The Honourable Martin Cauchon (1996) The Honourable Don Boudria (1996) The Honourable Hedy Fry (1996) The Honourable Lyle Vanclief (1997) The Honourable Herb Dhaliwal (1997) The Honourable Andy Mitchell (1997) The Honourable Gilbert Normand (1997) The Honourable George Baker (1999) The Honourable Robert Daniel Nault (1999) The Honourable Maria Minna (1999) The Honourable Elinor Caplan (1999) The Honourable Denis Coderre (1999) The Honourable Bernard Boudreau (1999) The Honourable Sharon Carstairs (2001) The Honourable Robert Thibault (2001) The Honourable Rey Pagtakhan (2001) The Honourable Susan Whelan (2002) The Honourable Gar Knutson (2002) The Honourable Denis Paradis (2002) The Honourable Gerry Byrne (2002) The Honourable Jean Augustine (2002) The Honourable Wayne Easter (2002) The Honourable Maurizio Bevilacqua (2002) The Honourable Paul DeVillers (2002) The Honourable Claude Drouin (2002) The Honourable Steven W. Mahoney (2003) ==== Paul Martin ==== The Honourable Albina Guarnieri (2003) The Honourable Stan Kazmierczak Keyes (2003) The Honourable Joseph McGuire (2003) The Honourable Geoff Regan (2003) The Honourable Tony Valeri (2003) The Honourable David Pratt (2003) The Honourable Irwin Cotler (2003) The Honourable Judy Sgro (2003) The Honourable Hélène Chalifour Scherrer (2003) The Honourable Liza Frulla (2003) The Honourable Joe Volpe (2003) The Honourable Carolyn Bennett (2003) The Honourable Jacques Saada (2003) The Honourable Joe Fontana (2003) The Honourable Scott Brison (2003) The Honourable Ujjal Dosanjh (2004) The Honourable David Emerson (2004) The Honourable Tony Ianno (2004) The Honourable Dominic LeBlanc (2004) The Honourable Navdeep Singh Bains (2005) The Honourable Belinda Stronach (2005) ==== Stephen Harper ==== The Honourable Jean-Pierre Blackburn (2006) The Honourable Marjory LeBreton (2006) The Honourable Monte Solberg (2006) The Honourable Gary Lunn (2006) The Honourable Peter Gordon MacKay (2006) The Honourable Loyola Hearn (2006) The Honourable Stockwell Day (2006) The Honourable Carol Skelton (2006) The Honourable Vic Toews (2006) The Honourable Rona Ambrose (2006) The Honourable Michael D. Chong (2006) The Honourable Diane Finley (2006) The Honourable Gordon O'Connor (2006) The Honourable Beverley J. 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Findlay (2013) The Honourable Shelly Glover (2013) The Honourable Chris Alexander (2013) The Honourable Khristinn Kellie Leitch (2013) The Honourable Kevin Sorenson (2013) The Honourable Pierre Poilievre (2013) The Honourable Candice Bergen (2013) The Honourable Greg Rickford (2013) The Honourable Michelle Rempel (2013) The Honourable Ed Holder (2014) The Honourable Erin O'Toole (2015) ==== Justin Trudeau ==== The Honourable William Francis Morneau (2015) The Honourable Jody Wilson-Raybould (2015) The Honourable Judy M. Foote (2015) The Honourable Chrystia Freeland (2015) The Honourable Jane Philpott (2015) The Honourable Jean-Yves Duclos (2015) The Honourable Marie-Claude Bibeau (2015) The Honourable Mélanie Joly (2015) The Honourable Diane Lebouthillier (2015) The Honourable Kent Hehr (2015) The Honourable Catherine McKenna (2015) The Honourable Harjit Singh Sajjan (2015) The Honourable MaryAnn Mihychuk (2015) The Honourable Amarjeet Sohi (2015) The Honourable Maryam Monsef (2015) The Honourable Carla Qualtrough (2015) The Honourable Hunter Tootoo (2015) The Honourable Kirsty Duncan (2015) The Honourable Patricia A. Hajdu (2015) The Honourable Bardish Chagger (2015) The Honourable Ginette Petitpas Taylor (2016) The Honourable François-Philippe Champagne (2017) The Honourable Karina Gould (2017) The Honourable Ahmed Hussen (2017) The Honourable Seamus O'Regan (2017) The Honourable Pablo Rodríguez (2017) The Honourable David McGuinty (2018) The Honourable William Sterling Blair (2018) The Honourable Mary Ng (2018) The Honourable Filomena Tassi (2018) The Honourable Jonathan Wilkinson (2018) The Honourable Mark Holland (2018) The Honourable David Lametti (2019) The Honourable Bernadette Jordan (2019) The Honourable Joyce Murray (2019) The Honourable Marco E.L. Mendicino (2019) The Honourable Steven Guilbeault (2019) The Honourable Anita Anand (2019) The Honourable Mona Fortier (2019) The Honourable Marc Miller (2019) The Honourable Deborah Schulte (2019) The Honourable Daniel Vandal (2019) The Honourable Omar Alghabra (2020) The Honourable Randy Boissonnault (2021) The Honourable Sean Fraser (2021) The Honourable Gudie Hutchings (2021) The Honourable Marci Ien (2021) The Honourable Helena Jaczek (2021) The Honourable Kamal Khera (2021) The Honourable Pascale St-Onge (2021) The Honourable Gary Anandasangaree (2023) The Honourable Terry Beech (2023) The Honourable Soraya Martinez Ferrada (2023) The Honourable Ya'ara Saks (2023) The Honourable Jenna Sudds (2023) The Honourable Rechie Valdez (2023) The Honourable Arif Virani (2023) The Honourable Ruby Sahota (2024) The Honourable Rachel Bendayan (2024) The Honourable Élisabeth Brière (2024) The Honourable Terry Duguid (2024) The Honourable Nathaniel Erskine-Smith (2024) The Honourable Darren Fisher (2024) The Honourable Joanne Thompson (2024) ==== Mark Carney ==== The Honourable Arielle Kayabaga (2025) The Honourable Kody Blois (2025) The Honourable Ali Ehsassi (2025) The Honourable Shafqat Ali (2025) The Honourable Rebecca Alty (2025) The Honourable Rebecca Chartrand (2025) The Honourable Julie Dabrusin (2025) The Honourable Mandy Gull-Masty (2025) The Honourable Tim Hodgson (2025) The Honourable Joël Lightbound (2025) The Honourable Heath MacDonald (2025) The Honourable Jill McKnight (2025) The Honourable Lena Metlege Diab (2025) The Honourable Marjorie Michel (2025) The Honourable Eleanor Olszewski (2025) The Honourable Gregor Robertson (2025) The Honourable Maninder Sidhu (2025) The Honourable Evan Solomon (2025) The Honourable Rechie Valdez (2025) The Honourable Buckley Belanger (2025) The Honourable Stephen Fuhr, (2025) The Honourable Anna Gainey, (2025) The Honourable Wayne Long, (2025) The Honourable Stephanie McLean, (2025) The Honourable Nathalie Provost, (2025) The Honourable Randeep Sarai, (2025) The Honourable Adam van Koeverden, (2025) The Honourable John Zerucelli, (2025) (all those listed joined the Privy Council as Cabinet ministers unless otherwise indicated) === Other parliamentarians (not otherwise listed above) === ==== Former Speakers of the House of Commons ==== The Honourable Peter Milliken (2012) The Honourable Anthony Rota (2024) The Honourable Greg Fergus (2021) ==== Former Speakers of the Senate ==== The Honourable Dan Hays (2007) The Honourable George Furey (2023) ==== Current and former government representatives/leaders in the Senate (who were not cabinet ministers) ==== The Honourable Claude Carignan (2013) The Honourable V. Peter Harder (2016) The Honourable Marc Gold (2020) The Honourable Pierre Moreau (2025) ==== Current and former federal Leaders of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition ==== The Honourable Grant Hill (2004) The Honourable Michael Ignatieff (2010) The Honourable Thomas Mulcair (2012) The Honourable Preston Manning (2013) The Honourable Deborah Grey (2013) The Honourable Andrew Scheer (2017) ==== Other former party leaders ==== The Honourable Audrey McLaughlin (1991) The Honourable Bob Rae (1998) ==== Current and former Chief Government Whips (who were not cabinet ministers) ==== The Honourable Karen Redman (2004) The Honourable Andrew Leslie (2016) The Honourable Steven MacKinnon (2021) ==== Members of Parliament appointed by nature of being parliamentary secretaries (appointed 2003–2005, only period where all parliamentary secretaries were sworn into Privy Council) ==== The Honourable John McKay (2003) The Honourable Gurbax Malhi (2003) The Honourable Larry Bagnell (2003) The Honourable Brenda Chamberlain (2003) The Honourable Walt Lastewka (2003) The Honourable Dan McTeague (2003) The Honourable Mark Eyking (2003) The Honourable Georges Farrah (2003) The Honourable Eleni Bakopanos (2003) The Honourable Paul Bonwick (2003) The Honourable Joseph Louis Jordan (2003) The Honourable Shawn Murphy (2003) The Honourable Jim Karygiannis (2003) The Honourable David Price (2003) The Honourable Roger Gallaway (2003) The Honourable Susan Barnes (2003) The Honourable André Harvey (2003) The Honourable Roy Cullen (2004) The Honourable Marlene Jennings (2004) The Honourable Judi Longfield (2004) The Honourable Paul Harold Macklin (2004) The Honourable Patricia Anne Torsney (2004) The Honourable Bryon Wilfert (2004) The Honourable Sarmite Bulte (2004) ==== Other current and former parliamentarians ==== The Honourable Lorne Nystrom (1992) The Honourable Raymond Speaker (1999) The Honourable Frances Lankin (2009) The Honourable Rick Casson (2010) The Honourable Laurie Hawn (2010) The Honourable Ron Cannan (2012) The Honourable Mike Lake (2012) The Honourable Rob Oliphant (2021) === Current and former provincial premiers (not otherwise listed above) === The Honourable Alexander B. Campbell (1967) The Honourable Brian Peckford (1982) The Honourable David Peterson (1992) The Honourable Frank McKenna (1999) The Honourable Gary Filmon (2001) The Honourable Roy Romanow (2003) The Honourable Philippe Couillard (2010) === Former Clerks of the Privy Council === The Honourable Paul M. Tellier (1992) The Honourable Jocelyne Bourgon (1998) The Honourable Kevin G. Lynch (2009) The Honourable Wayne Wouters (2014) === Former members of the Security Intelligence Review Committee (not otherwise listed above) === The Honourable J. J. Michel Robert (1991) The Honourable Baljit Singh Chadha (2003) The Honourable Aldéa Landry (2005) The Honourable Denis Losier (2008) The Honourable L. Yves Fortier (2013) The Honourable Cyril Eugene McLean (2014) The Honourable Ian Carl Holloway (2015) The Honourable Marie-Lucie Morin (2015) The Canadian Security Intelligence Service Act established the Security Intelligence Review Committee, and required members to be named from members of the King's Privy Council who were not members of the Senate or House of Commons at the time of their appointment. As such, appointees, if not already members of the Privy Council, were sworn in prior to being named to the committee. In 2019, the SIRC was replaced by the National Security and Intelligence Review Agency. === Other prominent Canadians === The Honourable John Polanyi (1992) The Honourable Richard Cashin (1992) The Honourable Charles Bronfman (1992) While traditionally appointment to the Order of Canada has been utilised to recognize prominent Canadians, Brian Mulroney appointed 18 Canadians to the Privy Council on Canada Day in 1992 in commemoration of Canada's 125th anniversary, and two more (W.O. Mitchell and Maurice Richard) later that year. Conrad Black, who was one of the 18 appointed, was expelled from the Privy Council in 2014 on the recommendation of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. == Longest-serving current Privy Counsellors == This is a list of the longest-serving current members of the King's Privy Council for Canada. == See also == Lists of historical members of the Privy Council for Canada == Notes == == References == "Members of the King's Privy Council for Canada". Privy Council Office. Retrieved 6 March 2018. "Parliamentarians sworn in as members of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada (Current members only)". Parliament of Canada. Retrieved 22 February 2012. == External links == [1] Official list of Privy Councillors.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3430_Bradfield	3430 Bradfield	3430 Bradfield (prov. designation: 1980 TF4) is a stony Agnia asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers (5 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 9 October 1980, by American astronomer Carolyn Shoemaker at the Palomar Observatory in California. The Sq-type asteroid was named after comet hunter William A. Bradfield. == Orbit and classification == When applying the hierarchical clustering method to its proper orbital elements according to Nesvorný, Bradfield is a member of the Agnia family (514), a very large family of stony asteroids with more than 2000 known members. They most likely formed from the breakup of a basalt object, which in turn was spawned from a larger parent body that underwent igneous differentiation. The family's parent body and namesake is the asteroid 847 Agnia. In the 1995-HCM analysis by Zappalà, however, it is a member of the Liberatrix family (also described as Nemesis family by Nesvorný). It orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 7 months (1,674 days; semi-major axis of 2.76 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 4° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins with its observations as 1974 HY1 at Cerro El Roble Observatory in April 1974, more than 6 years prior to its official discovery observation at Palomar. == Naming == This minor planet was named after New Zealand-born Australian amateur astronomer and rocket engineer William A. Bradfield (1927–2014). A discoverer of several comets himself, he significantly increased the rate of discovery of bright comets from the southern hemisphere during the 1970s and 1980s. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 14 April 1987 (M.P.C. 11750). == Physical characteristics == In the SMASS classification, Bradfield is an Sq-subtype, that transitions between the common, stony S-type and Q-type asteroids. === Diameter and albedo === According to the survey carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Bradfield measures 8.492 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.269. === Rotation period === As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of Bradfield has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period, pole and shape remain unknown. == References == == External links == Lightcurve Database Query (LCDB), at www.minorplanet.info Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Geneva Observatory, Raoul Behrend Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center 3430 Bradfield at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site Ephemeris · Observation prediction · Orbital info · Proper elements · Observational info 3430 Bradfield at the JPL Small-Body Database
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia	University of East Anglia	The University of East Anglia (UEA) is a public research university in Norwich, England. Established in 1963 on a 360-acre (150-hectare) campus west of the city centre, the university has four faculties and twenty-six schools of study. It is one of five BBSRC funded research campuses with forty businesses, four independent research institutes (John Innes Centre, Quadram Institute, Earlham Institute and The Sainsbury Laboratory) and a teaching hospital (Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital) on site. The university is a member of Norwich Research Park, which hosts one of Europe's largest communities of researchers in the fields of agriculture, genomics, health and the environment. UEA is also one of the nation's most-cited research institutions worldwide. The postgraduate Master of Arts in creative writing, founded by Malcolm Bradbury and Angus Wilson in 1971, has produced several successful authors. In 2024/25, UEA had a total income of £314.9 million, of which £38.4 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £331.3 million. The university also generates £559 million annually for the regional economy, and has one of the highest percentages of 1st and 2:1 undergraduate degrees. UEA's alumni, faculty and researchers, include three Nobel Prize laureates, a co-discoverer of the Hepatitis C and D genomes, as well as the small interfering RNA, a co-inventor of the Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine, one President of the Royal Society, three Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences, six National Teaching Fellows, eight Fellows of the British Academy, and a number of Fellows of the Royal Society. Alumni also include CEOs, one current monarch and former prime minister, two de facto heads of state, one vice president, one deputy prime minister, two former Leaders of the House of Lords, along with winners of the Lasker Award, Booker Prize, Caine Prize and Costa Book Award. == History == === 1960s === Attempts to establish a university in Norwich were made in 1919 and 1947, but due to a lack of government funding on both occasions the plans had to be postponed. The University of East Anglia was eventually set up in April 1960 for biological sciences and English studies students. Initially, teaching took place in the temporary "University Village", which was officially opened by the chairman of the University Grants Committee, Keith Murray, on 29 September 1963. Sited on the opposite side of Earlham Road to the present campus, this was a collection of prefabricated structures designed for 1,200 students, laid out by the local architectural firm Feilden and Mawson. There were no residences with the vice-chancellor and administration being based in nearby Earlham Hall. UEA was one of the "plate glass universities" that were constructed during the decade to meet the demand for the expansion of higher education. In 1961, the first vice-chancellor, Frank Thistlethwaite, had approached architect Denys Lasdun, an adherent of the "New Brutalist" trend in architecture, who was at that time building Fitzwilliam College, to produce designs for the permanent campus. The site chosen was on the western edge of the city, on the south side of Earlham Road. The land, formerly part of the Earlham Hall estate was at that time occupied by a golf course. Lasdun presented a model and an outline plan at a press conference in April 1963, but it took another year to produce more detailed plans, which diverged considerably from the model. As a result, the first buildings did not open until late-1966. Lasdun moved the teaching and research functions into a single 460-metre (1,510-foot) long concrete block following the contour of the site. A walkway was built alongside the teaching wall, providing access to its various entrances, with frontage roads running below. Attached to the southern side of the walkway, six linked blocks of terraced accommodation residences were constructed to appear as one structure. The residences became known as the "Ziggurats" and were designed by Lasdun to recall "vineyards in France or a rocky outcrop on a slope". In 1968, Lasdun was replaced as consultant architect by Bernard Feilden, known for his conservation work on the Great Wall of China and the Taj Mahal. Feilden completed the university wall, the library, and created an arena-shaped square social space. They would later receive Grade II* listed status. In 1963, the University of East Anglia Boat Club (UEABC) was founded; it currently has 60 members and rows year-round on the Yare River from September to July. The club has a boathouse and also has use of the UEA Sportspark on campus. In 1964, Arthur Miller's The Crucible became the first drama production to be staged at UEA with John Rhys Davies, the drama society's first president and one of the first 105 students admitted to the university. In 1965, composer Benjamin Britten was appointed music adviser for UEA and in 1967, he conducted the UEA Choir in a performance of his composition War Requiem. === 1970s === In the early-1970s, UEA:TV (under the name of Nexus UTV) was formed and created student-made television with it operating for two hours a day over lunchtime. The monthly student newspaper Concrete officially launched in 1973, replacing Mandate from 1965; issues have included interviews with Tony Blair, Nick Clegg, Paul McCartney, Coldplay, Stephen Fry, Michael Palin, Harrison Ford, Greg James, Charles Clarke and Max Mosley. Additional university publications included Phoenix, Can Opener, Mustard Magazine and Kett before Concrete re-launched in 1992. Authors Malcolm Bradbury and Angus Wilson both founded the School of Literature, Drama and Creative Writing and jointly helped to establish their creative writing course at masters level in 1970, which was then a groundbreaking initiative in the United Kingdom. In 1972, the Centre for Climatic Research opened in the School of Environmental Sciences; the founder and first director was climatologist Hubert Lamb. That same year, UEA's consultant architect Bernard Feilden helped the university to win a Civic Trust Award for the design of the main campus social area (The Square). In the mid-1970s, the School of Computing Sciences first opened at UEA and the university started offering postgraduate and undergraduate education degrees from Keswick Hall, a manor and country house that previously served as a residence of the Gurney family and housed the former Norwich Teacher Training College. The property was sold off in 1981 after the college's amalgamation with the university due to an enforced closure. The UEA Broad was developed by Atlas Aggregates in conjunction with the university between August 1973 and June 1978. The project involved excavating an 18-acre (7.3-hectare) area of gravel and was arranged as part of a "no money" deal where the aggregate company took the material leaving a landscaped body of water fed by the River Yare. It is one of the few Broads produced by gravel extraction rather than peat digging. In 1978, the gift of tribal art and 20th-century paintings and sculptures by artists such as Francis Bacon and Henry Moore from Sir Robert Sainsbury resulted in the construction of the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, one of the first major public buildings to be designed by the architects Norman Foster and Wendy Cheesman. The building became Grade II* listed in December 2012. === 1980s === In 1984, the UEA Law School first moved to Earlham Hall which dates back to 1580 and was the seat of the Gurney family. Social reformer Elizabeth Fry grew up there and Prince William Frederick was once a regular guest. In 1984, the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) moved to a new cylindrical building designed by Rick Mather. In 2006, this was named the Hubert Lamb Building in honour of the first director. In 1988, for the university's 25th-anniversary celebrations, Charles, Prince of Wales (now King Charles III) visited the CRU building. It has become one of the leading institutions worldwide concerned with the study of natural and anthropogenic climate change. Also in 1988, ten years after the Sainsbury Centre opened, all of the cladding had to be replaced after the aluminium panels deteriorated beyond repair. In 1989, the British Centre for Literary Translation was founded in the School of Literature, Drama and Creative Writing by W. G. Sebald, who taught European Literature. In 1987, the Arthur Miller Centre for American Studies was set up to facilitate the study of the United States. Miller spent his 85th-birthday at UEA when he was made an honorary graduate in 2000. === 1990s === In 1990, the student radio station Livewire1350AM launched, completing UEA's Media Collective of print, television and radio. It was opened by Radio 1 DJ John Peel (who was awarded an honorary MA degree from UEA) and is now one of the longest running student radio stations in the country. In 1993, the Union of UEA Students took over the management of the Waterfront, a music venue and nightclub located on the bank of the River Wensum which has hosted bands and artists including Pulp, Radiohead, Nirvana, The Verve, Arctic Monkeys, The Prodigy, Amy Winehouse, Stereophonics, Paul Weller, Buzzcocks, MGMT, Travis, Moby, Ellie Goulding and Foals. In 1994, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Queen's Building, which hosts classes within the School of Health Sciences. In 1995, the Elizabeth Fry Building was opened, providing new facilities for almost 800 students. === 2000s === In 2000, UEA's reputation within the field of environmental research led to the government choosing the university as the site for the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research. The centre, named after the 19th-century scientist John Tyndall, brings together scientists, economists, engineers and social scientists from eight partner institutions to "research, assess and communicate from a distinct trans-disciplinary perspective, the options to mitigate, and the necessities to adapt to current climate change and continuing global warming, and to integrate these into the global, UK and local contexts of sustainable development". In 2000, the Sportspark (containing an Olympic-sized pool, floodlit astro-pitches and the tallest climbing wall in Norfolk) was built due to funding from the Sport England Lottery Fund and has become one of the most successful national sport facilities. In 2001, UEA alumnus Sir Paul Nurse was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine which he shared jointly with Timothy Hunt and Leland Hartwell "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle". In 2002, the Norwich Medical School opened as part of the School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice with over 110 students enrolled as a collaboration with the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and the research centres at Norwich Research Park. In 2003, the School of Pharmacy opened along with the Zuckerman Institute for Connective Environmental Research (ZICER). In November 2009, computer servers at the university's Climatic Research Unit were hacked and the stolen information made public. As a result, over 1,000 emails and 2,000 documents were released. Because the CRU was a major repository for data regarding man-made global warming, the release, which occurred directly prior to the 2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference, attracted international attention and led to calls for an inquiry, with the controversy gaining the nickname "climategate". As a result, eight investigations were launched in both the United Kingdom and the United States, but none found evidence of fraud or scientific misconduct, and the academics were subsequently fully exonerated. In 2011, an analysis of temperature data by the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature group concluded that the CRU's "studies were done carefully and that potential biases identified by climate change sceptics did not seriously affect their conclusions". === 2010s === In 2010, the Thomas Paine Study Centre was opened by playwright Trevor Griffiths. It became Norwich Business School which is part of the Faculty of Social Sciences. In 2011, the university won its second Queen's Anniversary Prize for its distinguished creative writing programme. This bolstered the region's reputation as a literary hub and helped Norwich to achieve its status as England's first UNESCO City of Literature in 2012. In 2009, UEA's School of International Development had previously been awarded in recognition of sustained responses to environmental change and world poverty. In 2013, the university celebrated its 50th-anniversary, ranking No. 1 in the Times Higher Education Magazine Student Experience league table. UEA also launched its first free Massive open online course (MOOC) in partnership with Future Learn. The University of East Anglia School of Music was closed following a decision announced by the university’s Council in November 2011, citing financial pressures and declining student numbers, both of which were proven to be false. The department stopped admitting new undergraduates after 2012, and formally ceased operation in 2014. The closure attracted widespread criticism from staff, students, alumni, and members of the wider musical community, who regarded it as a significant loss to the university’s cultural and academic life. Commentators noted that the decision marked a retreat from UEA’s long-standing commitment to the arts and was seen by many as emblematic of a broader national trend towards the marginalisation of arts and humanities in higher education. In 2014, UEA opened an environmentally friendly accommodation block (Crome Court) which has won a number of awards for sustainability. In the mid-2010s, the Sainsbury Centre at UEA was used for filming several scenes in Avengers: Age of Ultron, Ant-Man, Captain America: Civil War and Spider-Man: Homecoming. In 2015, "Britain's Greenest Building" (The Enterprise Centre) opened on campus using low-carbon local materials; it was featured in an exhibition at COP26 as one of the most exemplary sustainable building projects in the world. Also, Earlham Park played host between 23 and 24 May to BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend 2015 where acts such as Fall Out Boy, Muse, Foo Fighters and Taylor Swift performed. In late-September 2016, two new accommodation blocks opened; Barton House and Hickling House were named after two of the Norfolk Broads and increased the number of rooms available to new students. That same year, vice-chancellor David Richardson unveiled a "2030 vision" which included a £300m investment in campus – refurbishing existing buildings as well as creating new teaching and learning spaces in order to help UEA become a major global university. In 2019, Norwich Business School received an Athena SWAN Bronze award for good practices in higher education and research institutions towards the advancement of gender equality. === 2020–present === During the COVID-19 pandemic in May 2020, the university gave empty student accommodation to NHS staff, allowing them to isolate from at-risk family members and to avoid commuting. In June 2021, plans for a BBC film documenting the 2009 CRU email controversy were announced, featuring Jason Watkins playing the role of climatologist Phil Jones. The film (The Trick) was shot on location at the university and aired in October 2021. In 2023, the university entered a financial crisis when it made a £74m loss in the financial year ending on 31 July 2022. The university's income was £295m, but it spent £370m: 48% staff costs, 16% pension scheme provision, 26% other costs, 8% depreciation and 2% interest on loans. The university expected to make a £34m loss in the financial year 2023/24 and had predicted that there would be £45m yearly losses by 2026/27. The university's teaching block, also known as the Lasdun Wall, urgently required major repairs; its condition was described as "deteriorating fast" and it was said that if repairs were not done it might have "to be closed permanently" and would be "unusable by 2025". The financial turmoil alongside a previous vote of no-confidence by the UCU branch of East Anglia, and a "scathing" letter written to the UEA Council by the professoriate demanding change, led to the immediate resignation of vice-chancellor David Richardson on 17 February 2023, who had been in the role for ten years. Questions were asked about the university's sudden crisis in Parliament, with the local MP Clive Lewis talking of the institution being in a "death spiral". Professor David Maguire, formerly vice-chancellor at the University of Greenwich, was appointed as the new vice-chancellor on 22 May 2023, initially on a fixed-term basis. According to a UEA press release, Maguire "will lead UEA through a significant period of transformation and change as it works to secure its future financial stability, and continue its success as a world-leading teaching and research University for future generations of students and staff". This meant job cuts and threats of compulsory redundancy (113 staff posts were lost over the summer). In September 2023, it was announced that some of the university's student accommodation would be temporarily closed, due to government guidance on the unsafe nature of the building material RAAC. The dwellings affected were the iconic Ziggurats (including both Norfolk and Suffolk Terrace), visiting person accommodation at Broadview Lodge and the top floor levels of both Constable Terrace and Nelson Court. Students were moved to alternative accommodation either on campus or off-campus. Vice-chancellor Maguire noted that they would be closed "until we can be certain that they are safe" and that there would be "no additional costs to students as a result of any changes" to accommodation. In April 2024, Dame Jenny Abramsky (previously the BBC's most senior female employee; Director of Audio and Music) was appointed as the university's chancellor. She succeeded Dame Karen Jones, who had been in the role since 2016. In August 2024, it was announced that contractor Mace was going to carry out a four-phase strip-back-to-frame refurbishment of the Lasdun Wall buildings due to potential architectural risks and failings. The £88m project includes both new research and teaching space in an extended Building 3, while existing facilities will continue to operate within Buildings 4, 5 and 6. It will also provide an 86% betterment in thermal performance, aligning it with UEA's net zero emission targets. In November 2024, a further round of cost-cutting elsewhere around the university was announced with 170 full-time equivalent posts due to be lost through the removal of voluntary redundancies and vacant posts. In a statement, Maguire said the decision to cut staff had not "been taken lightly" and would allow UEA to "save an additional £11m to stay on track with our financial sustainability plan". A spokesperson for the university said: "The senior team are working their hardest to develop robust evidence-based plans to mitigate the worst impacts of external financial pressures. The UEA Council has approved a multi-year plan to achieve financial sustainability which is currently on target. Despite the difficult choices ahead we believe carrying on with this approach is in the best long-term interests of all at the university." Responses from staff included both a vote of no confidence in the new vice-chancellor, as well as a vote for industrial action. == Campus == Features of the UEA campus include Earlham Hall, which now currently accommodates the UEA Law School; the Sainsbury Centre at the western end of the main wall, designed by Norman Foster to house the art collection of Sir Robert Sainsbury, whose daughter attended UEA; the Sportspark, a multi-sports community facility; and the Enterprise Centre, a supportive hub for start-up companies. Additionally, the campus also includes Norwich Research Park, the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and the UEA Broad. Until 1994, former RAF accommodation blocks at the RAF Horsham St Faith to the south of Norwich International Airport housed approximately half of the university's first-year students. Accommodation blocks on the campus include Constable Terrace, Nelson Court, with Britten, Paston, Colman, Victory, Kett and Browne Houses, in addition to the University Village. The residences are named after Horatio Nelson, John Constable, Benjamin Britten, Jeremiah Colman, Nelson's ship HMS Victory, Robert Kett, Sir Thomas Browne and the Paston family (authors of the Paston Letters). UEA's newest residences (Crome, Hickling and Barton Houses) offer en suite accommodation with shared kitchens and lounge areas. Facilities located on campus include the Union Pub and Bar, a 24-hour library, a concert venue (Lower Common Room), 13 food outlets (including street food venues, coffee shops and a pizza kitchen), a graduate bar (The Scholar's Bar), the Street with a 24-hour launderette, and the UEA Shop. Other establishments include the Square (a central outdoor meeting place), Café 57, the Bio Cafe, and the UEA Medical Centre and Dental Practice. There are also three statues by sculptor Sir Antony Gormley which were placed on campus in 2017. The work drew controversy due to the fact that the figures resembled people balancing on high ledges. The campus is linked to Norwich city centre and railway station by frequent buses, operated by First Eastern Counties, via Unthank Road or Earlham Road. Other transport links include First Buses to the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital and to Bowthorpe, as well as Konectbus services to Watton, Dereham and also Costessey via park and ride. National Express provides coach services to London and Megabus also operates both low cost intercity and long-distance travel to cities including Cambridge, Birmingham, Bristol and Cardiff. The university is situated nearby an area within the southwestern suburbs known as the Golden Triangle which has been dubbed the Norwich version of London's Notting Hill. == Academic profile == === Overview === Experimental novelist Alan Burns was the university's first writer-in-residence. The university library is home to the British Archive for Contemporary Writing, which is an archive of material from a range of classical and contemporary writers, including Doris Lessing, Lee Child and Naomi Alderman. Between September 2022 and November 2023, the library also worked on a project entitled "Towards a Centre for Contemporary Poetry in the Archive", which has included hosting four Poets in Residence: Joelle Taylor, Jay Bernard, Anthony Vahni Capildeo and Gail McConnell. The German émigré novelist W. G. Sebald taught at the School of Literature and Creative Writing and founded the British Centre for Literary Translation. The Climatic Research Unit, founded in 1972 by Hubert Lamb in the School of Environmental Sciences, has been an early centre of work for climate change research. The school was also stated to be "the strongest in the world" by the chief scientific adviser to the British government, Sir David King, during a lecture at the John Innes Centre in 2005. The university was one of the first in the United Kingdom to establish Film Studies as a serious academic discipline, with developmental funding to support a new lectureship in the field awarded from the British Film Institute. It is also the home of the East Anglian Film Archive which collects and preserves film and videotape primarily from the Eastern counties. === National and international partnerships === In 2005, UEA in partnership with the University of Essex, Suffolk County Council, the East of England Development Agency, Ipswich Borough Council and the Learning and Skills Council, secured £15m funding from the Higher Education Funding Council for England for the creation of a new campus in the Waterfront area of Ipswich, called University Campus Suffolk (UCS). It opened in September 2007; in May 2016, it became independent of UEA and was renamed the University of Suffolk. In 2008, INTO University Partnerships opened a £35m six-storey building named INTO University of East Anglia (INTO UEA) with 415 en-suite study-bedrooms and classroom space for 600 students. The institution focuses on the provision of foundation courses for international students, including English language for academic purposes. Nationally, UEA is also involved in a number of partnerships including the Nexus Network (with the Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership and the University of Sussex) which fosters research and practical collaborations across the domains of energy and the environment. Additionally, UEA is involved in several Doctoral Training Partnerships (DTPs) and Centres for Doctoral Training (CDTs), including AgriFoRwArdS (collaboration with the University of Cambridge and the University of Lincoln which focuses on robotics within the agricultural sector), SENSS (partnership promoting social science research training with City, University of London, Cranfield University, University of Essex, Goldsmiths, University of London, University of Lincoln, Middlesex University and the University of Roehampton), ARIES (partnership offering environmental science research with University of Essex, University of Kent, University of Plymouth and Royal Holloway University), as well as CHASE (collaboration providing humanities training with Birkbeck, University of London, Goldsmiths, University of London, The Courtauld Institute of Art, The Open University, SOAS, University of London, University of Essex, University of Kent and the University of Sussex). === Admissions === In 2024, UEA had the joint forty-eighth highest average entry qualification for undergraduates of any UK university, along with Royal Holloway and City St George's. New students entering the university that year had an average of 139 UCAS points (the equivalent of ABBb at A-Level). In 2024, the ratio of applications to acceptances was 4.10 to 1. In 2020/21, 8% of UEA's undergraduates were privately educated. In 2022/23, the student body was 58% female and 42% male. Additionally, in that academic year 84% of UEA students had come from the UK, 4% of students from the EU, and 12% of students were from outside the UK or EU. === Grade distribution and inflation === Data from the Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) showed that UEA has one of the highest proportions of First Class and Upper Second Class degrees achieved by students with more than Oxford and Cambridge. Only three universities in the United Kingdom have been awarded a higher proportion of First Class degrees than UEA between the academic years 2014/15 and 2017/18. There is a concern about grade inflation with the degrees awarded by English universities, with the University of East Anglia awarding 35.7% First Class degrees, 52.1% Upper Seconds (2:1), 11.2% Lower Seconds (2:2) and 1% Third Class degrees in 2016/17. === Rankings and reputation === The results of the 2021 Research Excellence Framework, published on 12 May 2022, showed that over 91% of the university's research activity was deemed to be "world leading" or "internationally excellent" with more than 47% having the highest category of 4* of World Leading Research, significantly higher than the national average of 41%. UEA was ranked thirteenth in the UK for the quality of its research outputs and twentieth overall amongst all mainstream British institutions – a rise of nine places since the last assessment in 2014. The university ranks in the Top 1% worldwide according to the Times Higher Education world rankings, and within the world Top 100 for research excellence in the Leiden Ranking, with UEA "often out-performing Russell Group universities". In 2022, UEA was ranked within the Top 50 globally for research citations by the Times Higher Education world rankings. In 2012, UEA was named the tenth best university in the world under 50-years-old and third best within the UK. In 2017, the university was rated "gold" by the Teaching Excellence Framework (TEF) for quality of teaching. In the 2023 TEF assessment, UEA's award was revised to "silver". In national league tables, UEA has been ranked within the Top 20 by The Times, The Sunday Times, The Guardian and The Complete University Guide. In April 2013, the university was ranked first for student experience according to the Times Higher Education Magazine. In the 2014 National Student Survey, UEA was jointly classified with the University of Exeter, the University of Law and the University of Buckingham as the UK's second most successful university in terms of student ratings, with a learner satisfaction level of 92%. In 2020, UEA had a joint third position with Exeter University on the survey with a score of 91%, ahead of Oxford and Cambridge. The 2024 survey results featured comments from students noting university staff as "knowledgeable, passionate and supportive" with 100% positivity scores in certain subject areas such as Physics, Liberal Arts, and Chemistry. UEA was also ranked first nationally for graduate job prospects by students in the 2022 Student Crowd Survey, with several schools achieving a 100% score of graduates in employment in the 2023 HESA survey, including Norwich Medical School, the School of Chemistry, and the School of Social Work and Psychology. == Organisation == === Faculties and schools === The university offers over 300 courses in its four faculties, which contain twenty-six schools of study: == Student life == All students at the university and INTO UEA automatically become members of the union but do have the right to opt out of membership. Membership confers the ability to take part in the union's activities such as clubs and societies and being involved in the democratic processes of the union. The union is a democratic organisation run by its members via an elected student officer committee and student council. It is affiliated to the National Union of Students, and also campaigns on a wide range of issues, as directed by the democratic processes. The UEA Student Union has over 200 clubs and societies; university sports teams include the Men's and Women's Football Clubs and Lacrosse Teams (UEA Eagles), a Korfball Team (UEA Tigers), a British Universities American Football League (BUAFC) Premier South Division American football Team (UEA Pirates), and the cheer dance and stunt society (UEA Angels). The UEA Media Collective encompasses the free student newspaper Concrete, UEA:TV (previously named Nexus UTV), and the student radio station Livewire 1350AM. Norwich Medical School also has various active medical societies. The UEA Student Union hosted events like Pimp My Barrow, which was an annual fundraising event for the Big C Cancer Charity and ran from 2006 to 2019. Students acquired a wheelbarrow and decorated it in accordance with their team's theme. They were then paraded around the local area, via a selection of local pubs and with a wheelbarrow race through Eaton Park. The annual Derby Day sports event involves UEA taking on the University of Essex in approximately 40 sports. UEA won the Derby Day trophy from 2013 to 2018. The UEA Student Union organises gigs and club nights at the Lower Common Room in Union House. The union also runs the Waterfront venue, off campus in Norwich's King Street, which was awarded a Council for Advancement and Support of Education (CASE) award in 2018 for engagement with alumni. Acts that have performed at these venues include Captain Beefheart, The Cure, Coldplay, Pere Ubu, U2, Haim, The Smiths, Sparks, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Radiohead and Iron Maiden. The union operates a number of other services within Union House which underwent a refurbishment in 2015 after a £6m investment. == Notable people == === Alumni === === Chancellors === Harold Mackintosh, 1st Viscount Mackintosh of Halifax (1962–1964) Oliver Franks, Baron Franks (1965–1984) Owen Chadwick (1984–1994) Sir Geoffrey Allen (1994–2003) Sir Brandon Gough (2003–2012) Dame Rose Tremain (2013–2016) Dame Karen Jones (2016–2024) Dame Jenny Abramsky (2024–present) === Vice-Chancellors === Frank Thistlethwaite (1961–1980) Sir Michael Thompson (1980–1986) Derek Burke (1987–1995) Dame Elizabeth Esteve-Coll (1995–1997) Vincent Watts (1997–2002) Sir David Eastwood (2002–2006) Bill MacMillan (2006–2009) Edward Acton (2009–2014) David Richardson (2014–2023) David Maguire (2023–present) == See also == Plate glass university Armorial of UK universities List of University of East Anglia alumni List of universities in the United Kingdom == References == == Further reading == Dormer, P.; Muthesius, S. (2002). Concrete and Open Skies: Architecture at the University of East Anglia, 1962–2000. Unicorn Press. ISBN 9780906290606. OCLC 45766111. Sanderson, M. (2002). The History of the University of East Anglia, Norwich. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 9781852853365. OCLC 59431664. == External links == Official website UEA Students Union Bursaries, Prizes, Scholarships and Studentships
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu_Baker_Asvat#:~:text=Asvat%2C%20a%20keen%20cricketer%2C%20was%20involved%20in%20the%20desegregation%20of%20the%20sport%20in%20the%20Transvaal.%5B13%5D%20He%20played%20for%20a%20team%20called%20The%20Crescents%20in%20Lenasia.	Abu Baker Asvat	Abu Baker Asvat (/ɑsfat/) (23 February 1943 – 27 January 1989), also known as Abu Asvat or Abu nicknamed Hurley was a South African medical doctor who practised in Soweto in the 1970s and 1980s. A founding member of Azapo, Asvat was the head of its health secretariat, and involved in initiatives aimed at improving the health of rural black South Africans during Apartheid. In 1989, Asvat was shot dead in his clinic, and he died in the arms of his nurse, Albertina Sisulu. His death has been linked to that of Stompie Seipei four weeks earlier, with allegations that Winnie Mandela (whose personal physician Asvat was) paid for his murder as part of a cover-up of Seipei's killing, being presented to South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Early life and family == Asvat was born in Fietas into Gujarati Indian family. His father was a migrant shopkeeper, and he had two brothers. After attending the local high school, Asvat travelled to South Asia for his tertiary education, spending time in East Pakistan and West Pakistan, completing his medical studies in Karachi. While in Karachi, Asvat was involved in the student politics, founded a student organisation affiliated to the Pan Africanist Congress of Azania (PAC), and hosted its cadres en route to China. Asvat married his wife Zorah in 1977, and they had three children. == Soweto surgery == After returning to South Africa when he completed his studies, Asvat obtained a post at Johannesburg's Coronation Hospital (now Rahima Moosa Mother and Child Hospital). He became increasingly politicised when observing the racism of the white senior staff, segregated facilities, and racially unequal pay and conditions. He was fired after he confronted a white pharmaceutical representative who refused to speak to black doctors. Asvat took over a small surgery in Soweto from his brother, and soon established a thriving practice, often treating more than 100 patients a day, often on a pro bono basis. During the 1976 Soweto Uprising, Asvat treated numerous children who were shot by the police, and his surgery was guarded by residents of a nearby squatter camp. His activities made him known in political circles, and he soon came to be called "the people's doctor" in Soweto. Asvat also opened a creche and soup kitchen for residents of Soweto's informal settlements. In contrast to other township doctors, Asvat projected a humble image, and insisted on patients calling him "Abu". He used the methods of the Brazilian radical educationalist Paolo Freire to guide his work with grassroots communities. == Black consciousness movement == Asvat was drawn to the black consciousness movement in the aftermath of the 1976 uprising, which represented the only above-ground resistance movement in Soweto, at the time, and he was attracted to Steve Biko's conception of blackness. He was an important link between Lenasia, the Indian township that he lived in, and neighbouring Soweto, discarding the racial and social taboos of the time. Asvat was beaten, and had his life threatened by a Special Branch policeman in 1978, as part of an ongoing campaign of harassment. Although committed to the Black Consciousness movement he was known to be non-sectarian and worked with a wide range of anti-apartheid forces. Asvat received the first annual human rights award from The Indicator, a newspaper based in Lenasia. He emphasized in his speech, "Let us have social mingling. Let Soweto swarm Lenasia. Let Eldorado Park swarm Lenasia. Let Lenasia swarm Eldorado Park. Let Lenasia swarm Soweto. Then we will have put into practice what we preach. We can't wait until liberation because once liberation is on it is not going to be easy to mend the injustice and the oppression that this harsh system has done to the people in this country. We've got to start now in practical terms." == Cricket == Asvat, a keen cricketer, was involved in the desegregation of the sport in the Transvaal. He played for a team called The Crescents in Lenasia. He initially embraced an attempt by Ali Bacher in the late 1970s to allow black teams to compete at white grounds ("Normal Cricket"), however, he became disillusioned after realising that facilities at white cricket venues remained racially segregated. He co-founded the Transvaal Cricket Board (TCB), which rejected Bacher's "multi-racial" approach to the sport, which the TCB saw as perpetuating the racial divisions of apartheid, and instead embraced a "non-racial" vision, which rejected Apartheid racial divisions. The TCB organised successful boycotts against Normal Cricket initiatives, and the TCB league grew under Asvat's leadership. Asvat voluntarily stepped down as leader of the TCB in 1981, but remained a cricketer for the rest of his life, playing for the Crescents, and organising a junior league in the late 1980s. == Azapo Health Secretariat == In 1982, Azapo created the Community Health Awareness Project (Chap). As part of this initiative, Asvat and others would travel throughout South Africa on weekends, towing medically equipped caravans funded by Asvat, providing healthcare to neglected non-urban areas, sometimes treating between 150 and 500 patients in a weekend, and providing health lectures to groups of up to 6 000 people. In 1984, as part of this project, he compiled a 20 page manual on basic healthcare. Thousands of copies were distributed, in English, Sotho, Northern Sotho and Zulu. He also worked with the Black Allied Mining and Construction Workers Union (BAMWCU) to expose conditions in South Africa's asbestos mining towns, where children played in exposed mine dumps, and asbestosis was common in mineworkers. Asvat and his associates also traveled to the Vaal Triangle during unrest in there in 1984, to treat those hurt in the violence, and to document injuries inflicted by the apartheid security forces. By the mid-1980s, Asvat was commonly quoted in major newspapers, and became a prominent voice in the anti-apartheid movement on health issues. In 1988, he criticised the apartheid government's handling of the emerging AIDS epidemic. He also had a regular column in The Sowetan where he answered readers' health questions. == 1980s == Asvat hired anti-apartheid activist Albertina Sisulu to work as his nurse, in 1984. Sisulu was the wife of then-imprisoned ANC leader Walter Sisulu and a co-president of the United Democratic Front (UDF). Sisulu was unable to practice as a nurse due to banning orders placed on her by the apartheid government, however Asvat employed her, paid her when she was detained by the apartheid security forces, and allowed her to visit her husband at Robben Island frequently. Despite sharp political differences between the UDF and AZAPO, that erupted into violence-resulting in many deaths and injuries-Albertina Sisulu and Asvat continued working together, and treated casualties from both sides of the conflict. Asvat became involved in the plight of Soweto squatters, and would rush into Soweto at night in order to assist those whose shacks were under threat by the Soweto Town Council (a structure created by the apartheid government), and the West Rand Administration Board (WRAB). His actions brought him into increasing conflict with these bodies. He would often arrange emergency alternative shelter in Lenasia, and would, occasionally feed or house displaced persons in his own home. Asvat was elected president of the newly formed Lenasia-based People’s Education Committee (PEC), despite his Black Consciousness ideology differing from the pro-ANC views of the rest of the organisation. The PEC aimed to enable black youths to be educated after township schooling was severely disrupted in the aftermath of the 1976 riots. Among the programmes of the PEC, was a campaign to get black African children admitted to House of Delegates-run segregated Indian schools. This campaign attained some success, and by 1990, 15% of students in Lenasia came from the surrounding African areas. During the 1986 State of Emergency in South Africa, and with Asvat underground, an attempt was made by unknown forces to fire-bomb his home in Lenasia. Eight months later, Asvat survived an attempted stabbing by two assailants at his surgery, where he was slightly wounded in the face. Albertina Sisulu raised the alarm with neighbours, while Asvat fended an assailant off. Asvat's wife was also routinely harassed by special branch police at home. In 1988, a gunman pulled a weapon on Asvat, but fled when a patient entered the room. Also in 1988, the authorities decided to develop the squatter camp where Asvat's practice was situated in the "Chicken Farm" area of Soweto. However, Asvat refused to move, unless alternative accommodations were provided for his practice. He and Albertina Sisulu continued working in the practice, even when the authorities cut power to his surgery. Asvat eventually moved his practice to Rockville in Soweto, where he continued to be harassed by the Security Police. == Murder == On the afternoon of 27 January 1989, two men arrived at Asvat's surgery, claiming to need treatment. Once admitted to the surgery by Albertina Sisulu, they drew a firearm and shot Asvat twice, killing him. Sisulu sat next to him as he died, as she waited for an ambulance, later telling Asvat's relatives that "My son died in my hands". In the period immediately before the murder, Asvat became uncharacteristically fearful, and the night before his death, he drove home on a flat tyre, telling his wife that he thought that an unspecified 'they' were trying to set him up for attack. He appeared to be extremely distracted the night before his death, and made two attempts to see his lawyers the next morning. Investigations into Asvat's murder led to two suspects, Zakhele Mbatha and Thulani Dlamini. They were sentenced to death, with the motive being described as robbery (the sentences were commuted following the abolition of the death penalty in South Africa). However, Asvat's family found that no money had been taken, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission found that the police were negligent in hastily ascribing a motive of robbery to the attack, and for failing to thoroughly investigate the attack. Within days of Asvat's killing, rumours began to circulate linking his death to Winnie Mandela. Asvat and Winnie Mandela had first made contact during one of Asvat's rural clinics in Brandfort, where she had been banished by the apartheid government. Asvat and Winnie Mandela established a soup kitchen and clinic, and he assumed responsibility for her care, with Asvat sometimes driving to Brandfort in the middle of the night to treat her. Mandela would regularly dine with the Asvat family after she returned to Soweto from Brandfort, and attended parties at the Asvat home. Soon after Asvat's murder, Winnie Mandela gave an interview to a Sunday newspaper claiming that he was killed because he could corroborate (baseless) allegations that Methodist minister Paul Verryn had molested Stompie Seipei. However, media sources soon began to report on rumours that Asvat had been killed at the behest of Winnie Mandela, as he had examined the boy, and insisted that he be taken to hospital due to the severity of his injuries following the assaults by Mandela's security detail, thus making Asvat's death part of an alleged cover-up orchestrated by Winnie Mandela. In 2018 a new biography of Winnie Mandela by Fred Bridgland argued that she was behind the murder of Asvat. The reasoning behind the Paul Verryn allegations allegedly came about after Kenny Kgase, one of four boys taken from minister Paul Verryn's manse and brought to Winnie Mandela's Diepkloof house by her Mandela United Football Club, escaped from Mandela's home in the absence of a guard and fled to the Methodist Church regional headquarters in Johannesburg. Once minister Paul Verryn arrived, he took Kgase to see a doctor, Martin Connell, who after treating extensive injuries, sheltered Kgase for a few weeks. Kgase told Verryn of the horrible state he had seen Stompie and how he had vanished from Winnie Mandela's house. Thabiso Mono, another one of the kidnapped boys, said that Winnie Mandela had accused him and the others of allowing Paul Verryn to sleep with them, as well as accused Stompie Seipei of being a police informant. He recounted being beaten by Winnie and the United Football Club Guard. Winnie Mandela ordered Katiza Cebekhulu to file a police report accusing Paul Verryn of molesting the kidnapped boys. In order to officially file a report, a certificate from a doctor who examined the boys was required. At Dr. Asvat's clinic, Cebekhulu stated "I made out Winnie shouting: ‘If you don’t cooperate, I’ll deal with you!" Cebekhulu and Winnie left without Dr. Asvat providing a medical certificate, which Cebekhulu said angered Winnie. Years after the police report, Cebekhulu said he was ordered to show two youths, Zakhele Cyril Mbatha and Thulani Nicholas Dlamini, the location of Dr. Asvat's workplace. === Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) === One of Winnie Mandela's supporters, Katiza Cebekhulu, testified at the TRC that he had witnessed a "volcanic row" between Mandela and Asvat, after Asvat refused to back Mandela's (baseless) charges that Verryn had sodomised boys. The hearings were later adjourned amid claims by TRC lawyers that witnesses were intimidated on Winnie Mandela's orders. Mbatha and Dlamini both claimed in testimony to the TRC that Winnie Mandela had paid them R20,000 (equivalent to $8,000 at the time), and that she provided them with a gun to kill Asvat. Both also claimed to have been intimidated by Mandela prior to testifying at the TRC. Mbatha also claimed that he had immediately implicated Mandela in the murder, but was forced by police to change his confession to the attack being a robbery, due to torture. It emerged that Dlamini's 1989 confession implicated Winnie Mandela, but it was not presented by the police to the court trying Mbatha and Dlamini, with the police justifying the suppression by arguing that the confession was "at odds" with their investigation. A group of men in combat fatigues associated with Winnie Mandela were accused by Mbata's lawyers of attempting to intimidate his family during a TRC hearing. Winnie Mandela's lawyer exposed inconsistencies in their testimony. When Albertina Sisulu testified, she failed to corroborate an appointment card that would have placed Winnie Mandela at the surgery on the morning of the killing, claiming to have forgotten much about the day of the murder. When it was hinted at by a TRC commissioner that Sisulu did not want to be remembered in history as having implicated a comrade, she denied this. One of the kidnapped boys, Thabiso Mono, when asked if he knew that Winnie Mandela had claimed to be in Brandfort on the day of the assaults on the boys, stated "I saw her. She was the person assaulting us with fists and hitting us with sjamboks." During her own testimony to the commission, Madikizela-Mandela denied the allegations. The final report of the TRC stated that the Commission was unable to verify the allegations implicating Winnie Mandela in the murder of Asvat, and criticised the police for too quickly jumping to the conclusion that the motive for the murder was robbery, and for not investigating the apparent connection between Cebekhulu and Dlamini's accounts of the killings, and it referred to Mbatha and Dlamini's (the murderers) testimonies as not being credible. === Subsequent developments === In January 2018, prior to Winnie Mandela's death, ANC MP Mandla Mandela, Nelson Mandela's grandson by his first wife, Evelyn Mase, called for Winnie Mandela's role in the Asvat and Sepei murders to be probed. == Funeral == Asvat was buried in accordance with Muslim rites the day after he was murdered. Thousands of people, both African, and Indian, attended his funeral at Avalon Cemetery, and marchers in the funeral procession toyi-toyied and had sung struggle songs on arrival at his home prior to the funeral procession. Apartheid police who attempted to seize Azapo banners were driven off by Lenasia residents, and many women were present at his burial. == Legacy == The section of the R554 road linking Soweto to Lenasia was renamed Abu Baker Asvat Drive by the post-apartheid government. A junior cricket tournament was instituted in Asvat's memory, in 2002. He was awarded the Order of Luthuli in Silver by President Cyril Ramaphosa in 2021. == References == == External links == Winnie Mandela and the people's doctor 'Winnie hired me to kill Dr Asvat' Transcript of TRC testimony of Ebrahim Asvat and Albertina Sisulu
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Heights_Fire_Department	Gordon Heights Fire Department	The Gordon Heights Fire Department is a volunteer fire department which is located in and serves much of the hamlets of Gordon Heights, Medford, Middle Island, and Yaphank in the Town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, on Long Island, in New York, United States. It is the sole department within the Gordon Heights Fire District. == History == Prior to the creation of the Gordon Heights Fire Department (GHFD) in 1947, there had been no fire services in the community, dating back to its founding in 1927. Neighboring departments had no obligation to protect Gordon Heights. Following a fire that destroyed a local church, the Civic Association worked toward forming a community fire department, which was incorporated soon after. By 1948, the department had received its first fire truck. When the fire house became too small, the residents moved toward the creation of a fire district, whereby taxes would be levied and financial assistance would be given for the expansion of the department. Petitions were signed by residents and taken to the Town Board. The first commissioners were appointed in 1952–53, and an election was held one year later. The Gordon Heights Fire District has been at the center of contention in recent years, with some residents complaining that the district has the highest tax rates on Long Island. The high residential tax burden is due in part to Gordon Heights lacking a commercial tax base. Opponents also note its small size, serving approximately 900 homes in relation to the surrounding districts that serve between 4,400 and 8,700 households and have a lesser tax burden. Supporters of the 60-member district note its history as the first black fire department in New York State and its ability to provide services that larger and busier departments can't, such as helping elderly residents plow snow during the winter months. An attempt to dissolve the fire district in 2006 was rejected by the Town of Brookhaven on the grounds that the petition format was incorrect. A second petition to dissolve the Gordon Heights Fire District was filed on December 31, 2008. These attempts were ultimately unsuccessful, and the department is still active as of 2021. == References == == External links == Official website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korabl-Sputnik_3	Korabl-Sputnik 3	Korabl-Sputnik 3 (Russian: Корабль-Спутник 3 meaning Ship-Satellite 3) or Vostok-1K No.3, also known as Sputnik 6 in the West, was a Soviet spacecraft which was launched in 1960. It was a test flight of the Vostok spacecraft, carrying two dogs; Pcholka and Mushka ("little bee" and "little fly"; affectionate diminutives of "pchela" and "mukha", respectively), Mice, rats, plants, rabbits, and flies, as well as a television camera and scientific instruments. Soviet space plans for the next several months were ambitious and included Vostok missions, planetary probes, military reconnaissance, and scientific satellites but the first were given priority. However, the Mars shots ended up going first in October and only after those missions flew could the next Vostok test took place. There was still wrangling over the exact design of the Vostok ejector seat and it was eventually decided to eject the cosmonaut at a relatively low altitude instead of an enclosed capsule like had been originally envisioned. There was also the possibility that the Vostok's retrorocket could fail and leave the cosmonaut stuck in orbit. It was too late in the spacecraft's design phase to add a backup retrorocket but it could be solved by putting the Vostok into a low enough orbit that it would decay in ten days; the spacecraft had enough consumables onboard to last that long. Korabl-Sputnik 3 was launched at 07:30:04 UTC on 1 December 1960, atop a Vostok-L carrier rocket flying from Site 1/5 at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. It was successfully placed into low Earth orbit and Western observers quickly noticed that the orbit was lower than the previous Vostok test flights. All spacecraft systems functioned normally right up until reentry. On the 17th orbit, ground controllers issued the commands to perform the deorbit burn. The retrorocket activated but the capsule did not separate from the instrument module. The APO self-destruct system then activated followed by total loss of data. It was obvious that something went very wrong and the spacecraft had been destroyed, but it would take a while to figure out what it was. Analysis of telemetry data confirmed a malfunction of the infrared orientation sensor. The attitude control jets maneuvered Korabl-Sputnik 3 into the wrong orientation for reentry, resulting in an unpredictable landing point--Boris Chertok calculated that it would land somewhere in China. The flight control system missed the required time marker for the atmospheric entry measured by a G-force sensor, activating the APO and blowing the descent module to pieces. Both Pchyolka and Mushka were killed in the resulting disintegration. They were the last dogs to die in a Soviet space mission, after Laika, who was never intended to survive her Sputnik 2 flight, and Chaika and Lisichka, perishing after the rocket carrying their "Korabl Sputnik" spacecraft disintegrated 20 seconds into the flight. An official TASS announcement confirmed that Korabl-Sputnik 3 had been destroyed upon reentry. The backup Vostok spacecraft and booster were erected on LC-1 and on 22 December, the dogs Damka and Krasavka lifted off. All went well though the core stage burn. At T+304 seconds, a command was issued to the Blok E stage to begin pressurizing the fuel feed system for engine start. However, telemetry indicated that the command was never received. The Blok E engine activated at T+321 seconds but cut off after 111 seconds of operation instead of the intended 355 seconds and orbital velocity could not be attained. Sensing the loss of acceleration from the Blok E, the spacecraft system issued the normal command to separate from the rocket stage. It began to fall back to Earth and the increasing heat of reentry triggered the separation sequence between the instrument and descent modules. The descent module was tracked to a reentry point somewhere in north central Siberia some 3,000 kilometers (1,868 miles) downrange from the Baikonur launch complex. Engineer Fedor Vostokov was assigned to lead the recovery team due to his expertise in designing the cabin that housed the dogs. He met with a military explosives expert and they boarded an Il-18 aircraft and picked up a search and rescue team in Krasnoyarsk. The explosives expert was needed to disarm the potentially still live APO system in the capsule. An aerial search near Tura on December 23 failed to find any sign of the capsule but another attempt the next morning found that it had landed in a snow bank on a plateau, 60 kilometers (37 miles) from Tura. The rescue team waded through deep snow and frigid temperatures, below -30C, to the capsule. The cabin was still inside but the ejector mechanism had launched itself without taking the cabin with it for reasons unknown but possibly due to high G-loads during descent. The explosives expert quickly disconnected the wires for the APO system. Upon opening the GKZh container, Damka and Krasavka were found shivering but alive despite two days of being trapped in there. The other biological specimens had died as they were unable to handle the cold. The landing spot was at a latitude of 64N and there were less than 4 hours of daylight at this time of year so the rescue team had to get the capsule out of there before dark. An Mi-4 helicopter extracted the capsule but could barely handle its two ton bulk. It had to fly the capsule 600 kilometers (372 miles) to Turukhansk to be picked up by an An-12 transport aircraft (the An-12 could not land near Tura due to the lack of a suitable runway there). Postflight analysis found that the Blok E stage's gas generator had failed at T+425 seconds and resulted in premature engine shutdown. The flight also resulted in a redesign of the ejector seat to ensure it would work properly on crewed missions. As the dogs had otherwise been successfully recovered, Korolev believed the Soviet state media should acknowledge the aborted launch but Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev refused as he was unwilling to publicly admit to two unsuccessful missions in a row. The flight was not officially admitted to until the glasnost era of the late 1980s. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Red_Deer,_Alberta	North Red Deer, Alberta	North Red Deer is a former village in central Alberta, Canada within the City of Red Deer. The village was on the north shore of the Red Deer River along the Calgary and Edmonton (C&E) Railway, which was later acquired by the Canadian Pacific Railway. The former village is located within Red Deer's Riverside Meadows neighbourhood, with portions also being located within the neighbourhoods of Highland Green and Oriole Park. == History == North Red Deer was established as a hamlet in 1894 upon completion of the C&E rail line, including the bridge over the Red Deer River. It incorporated as the Village of North Red Deer on February 17, 1911, with the ministerial order being signed on June 18, 1911. Walter Webb became the village's first mayor on March 13, 1911. After a previously unratified attempt in 1946, the Village of North Red Deer amalgamated with the City of Red Deer on January 1, 1948. The last village council meeting occurred on December 24, 1947. In 1999, the City of Red Deer renamed the area of the former village to Riverside Meadows. In 2000, the city adopted the Riverside Meadows Area Redevelopment Plan (ARP), which was replaced by a new ARP in 2009. The City of Red Deer celebrated the centennial of the Village of North Red Deer on August 27, 2011. == Demographics == Over the course of its incorporation, North Red Deer grew from a population of 304 in 1911 to a population of 698 in 1946. == See also == List of communities in Alberta List of former urban municipalities in Alberta == References == == External links == History of North Red Deer – Articles The Little Village that Grew: A History of North Red Deer
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Cricket_World_Cup	1996 Cricket World Cup	The 1996 Cricket World Cup, also called the Wills World Cup 1996 for sponsorship reasons, was the sixth Cricket World Cup organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was co-hosted by India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. The tournament was won by Sri Lanka, who defeated Australia by seven wickets in the final on 17 March 1996 at the Gaddafi Stadium in Lahore, Pakistan. == Hosts == The competition was played in India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka. India hosted 17 matches at 17 venues, Pakistan hosted 16 matches at six venues and four matches were played at three Sri Lankan venues Australia and the West Indies refused to send their teams to Sri Lanka following the bombing of Central Bank in Colombo by the Tamil Tigers in January 1996. After extensive negotiations, the ICC ruled that Sri Lanka would be awarded both games on forfeit. === India === === Pakistan === === Sri Lanka === Two matches were scheduled to be played down at the Premadasa, but neither took place as Australia and the West Indies declined to play in Sri Lanka. == Squads == == Teams == All the Test-playing nations participated in the competition, including Zimbabwe, who became the ninth Test-status member of the ICC following the last World Cup. The three Associate teams (previously one) to qualify through the 1994 ICC Trophy – the United Arab Emirates, Kenya and the Netherlands – also made their World Cup debuts in 1996. The Netherlands lost all of their five matches, including a defeat to the UAE, while Kenya recorded a surprise victory over the West Indies in Pune. == Summary == The Sri Lankans, coached by Dav Whatmore and captained by Arjuna Ranatunga, used Man of the Series Sanath Jayasuriya and Romesh Kaluwitharana as opening batsmen to take advantage of the fielding restrictions during the first 15 overs of each innings. At a time when 50 or 60 runs in the first 15 overs was considered adequate, Sri Lanka scored 117 runs in those overs against India, 123 against Kenya, 121 against England in the quarter-final and 86 against India in the semi-final. Against Kenya, Sri Lanka made 398 for 5, a new record for the highest team score in a One Day International that stood until April 2006. Gary Kirsten scored 188 not out against United Arab Emirates at Rawalpindi, Pakistan, setting a record for the highest individual score in a World Cup match which stood until 2015. Sri Lanka won the first semi-final over India at Eden Gardens in Calcutta, in front of a crowd unofficially estimated at 110,000. After they had lost both openers cheaply, Sri Lanka launched a counter-attack, led by Aravinda de Silva, to post a strong total of 251 for the loss of 8 wickets. India began their chase promisingly but after the loss of Sachin Tendulkar, the Indian batting order collapsed. After India had slumped to 120 for 8 in the 35th over, sections of the crowd began to throw fruit and plastic bottles onto the field. The players left the field for 20 minutes in an attempt to quieten the crowd. When the players returned for play, more bottles were thrown onto the field and fires were lit in the stand. Match referee Clive Lloyd awarded the match to Sri Lanka, the first default ever in a Test or One Day International. In the second semi-final in Mohali, Australia recovered from 15/4 to reach 207/8 from their 50 overs. The West Indians had reached 165/2 in the 42nd over before losing their last eight wickets for 37 runs in 50 balls. Sri Lanka won the toss in the final and sent Australia in to bat despite the team batting first having won all five previous World Cup finals. Mark Taylor top scored with 74 in Australia's total of 241/7. Sri Lanka won the match in the 47th over with Aravinda de Silva following his 3 for 42 with an unbeaten 107 to win the Player of the Match award. It was the first time a tournament host or co-host had won the cricket World Cup. A warm-up match was played between South Africa and Pakistan on 8 February 1996 in which South Africa defeated Pakistan by 65 runs. == Group stage == === Group A === === Group B === == Knockout stage == === Quarter-finals === === Semi-finals === == Final == == Statistics == == Notes and references == == External links == Cricket World Cup 1996 from ESPNcricinfo
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatianna	Tatianna	Joseph Michael "Joey" Santolini (born December 1, 1987), better known by his stage name Tatianna, is an American drag queen, musician, and reality television personality from Washington, D.C. He is best known for competing on the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race and later the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars. She released her debut album, T1, in 2018. == Early life == Santolini was born on December 1, 1987 in Arlington, Virginia. He is of Italian and African American descent. He originally attended Yorktown High School, but moved to Falls Church High School after his freshman year due to bullying. He received a license in cosmetology after his senior year in high school, from where he graduated in 2006. He started dressing as a girl when he was fourteen, occasionally attended school in drag, and started drag professionally in 2007; his first show was performed at Apex, a gay bar in Washington D.C. He originally applied for season one of Drag Race, but was rejected at the time. At the time of the cast reveal of Drag Race, he was residing in Falls Church with his grandparents, working at a hair salon in Arlington, and corresponding with his mother and stepfather, who were then living in Florida. == Career == Tatianna was announced as one of twelve contestants for the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race in November 2009. During the show, she won the first edition of the annual "Snatch Game" challenge, playing Britney Spears in episode four. She overall placed fourth in the competition after losing a lip sync of Aretha Franklin's "Something He Can Feel" to competitor Jujubee. Six years later, she was selected as one of ten contestants for the second season of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars, which was announced on June 17, 2016. She placed in the top two in the first episode, but lost a lip sync to Roxxxy Andrews. She was controversially eliminated by Alaska the following episode after placing in the bottom for his second snatch game as Ariana Grande. She returned in episode five and won $5,000 with Alyssa Edwards after a double-save lip sync to Rihanna's "Shut Up and Drive". She was controversially eliminated by Alaska again for placing in the bottom that following episode. She finished in sixth place overall. Outside of Drag Race, she hosted her own web show on WOWpresents called Tea With Tati which premiered in April 2018. She announced on June 18, 2018, the release of a new fragrance called Choices produced by Xyrena. Tatianna performed live with Charli XCX on October 13, 2018, singing a duet of Charli's song "1999". She portrayed Ariana Grande in the music video for Taylor Swift's "You Need to Calm Down" on June 17, 2019. On August 26, 2019, Tatianna performed alongside Taylor Swift during her 2019 MTV Video Music Awards performance. As a part of Pride Month 2023, she announced a partnership with the Washington D.C., Baltimore, and Eastern Shore branch of McDonald's. == Personal life == In October 2019, Tatianna was detained outside of X Midtown, an Atlanta nightclub, when she entered an employee's only door and reportedly verbally assaulted an employee. No charges were pressed. == Music == Tatianna released her first single, "True" on November 8, 2010. A second single, "Touch" was released on May 6, 2011. Her third single, "Losing Control" was released on August 14, 2012. After a four-year hiatus, Tatianna released "The Same Parts" on September 1, 2016. He performed the single on the premiere episode of All Stars 2 as a spoken word version. His fifth single, "Transform" was released on October 26, 2016. She released "Use Me" on November 28, 2017. Unlike his other singles, an official music video was released the same day as the single. He released her eleven-track debut album, "T1" on May 28, 2018. Rapper Cazwell and drag queen Salvadora Dali are featured guests on the album. A video for the fifth track, "CYA", was released on August 30, 2018. == Filmography == === Film === === Television === === Music videos === === Web series === == Discography == === Albums === === Singles === == References == == External links == Tatianna at IMDb Tatianna on Discogs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ila_Pant	Ila Pant	Ila Pant (born 10 March 1938) is an Indian politician who was a Member of Parliament in 12th Lok Sabha from Nainital constituency of Uttar Pradesh (now part of Uttarakhand). She was married to former minister K. C. Pant. == Personal life and family == Ila Pant was born in Nainital district (Uttarakhand) on 10 March 1938. She is the daughter of Shobha and Govind Ballabh Pande. She graduated from the University of Allahabad with a Bachelor of Arts degree. On 20 June 1957, she married the politician Krishna Chandra Pant from Uttarakhand Brahmin family. The couple has two sons. == Politics == Ila Pant's father-in-law Govind Ballabh Pant was one of the major architect of modern India and a senior Indian National Congress leader, and her husband went on to become a minister as well. She won the 1998 general election as a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) candidate, winning 38.52% of the votes in the Nainital constituency. She defeated the former Chief Minister and Congress leader Narayan Dutt Tiwari by a margin of 15,557 votes. During 1998-99, she served as a member of the Committee on External Affairs and of the Consultative Committee, Ministry of External Affairs. She has also served on the Board of Governors of the Pant Nagar University, and as a Secretary of the G.B. Pant Memorial Society in New Delhi. == References == == External links == Biographical Sketch - Member of Parliament 12th Lok Sabha Interview of K. C. Pant
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underbelly_Files:_Infiltration	Underbelly Files: Infiltration	Underbelly Files: Infiltration is an Australian made-for-television movie that aired on 14 February 2011 on the Nine Network. It is the second of four television movies in the Underbelly Files series, the other three being Tell Them Lucifer was Here, The Man Who Got Away, and Chopper. It tells the true story of Victorian detective Colin McLaren who posed as a shady art dealer and infiltrated the Australian branch of the Calabrian Mafia. The character Antonio Russo is loosely based on Antonio Romeo of the Honoured Society (Australia). The ISAN production code number is 0000-0002-9A74-0002-L-0000-0000-B or 170612-2 (in shorter decimal form). == Synopsis == Infiltration tells the true story of Victorian detective Colin McLaren, who posed as a shady art dealer for 18 months and infiltrated the Australian branch of the Calabrian Mafia. It resulted in the biggest win of his career, seeing 11 of Australia's most villainous Mafiosi sent to prison. Valentino del Toro and Emma de Clario play their mafia family roles with truth and power == Cast == == Ratings == Infiltration aired on 14 February 2011 at 8:30pm and pulled in an audience of 1.113 million viewers which ranked it the #6 rating show for that night. However it was down from the previous Underbelly telemovie which pulled in 1.377 million viewers. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Civil_Wars	The Civil Wars	The Civil Wars were an American musical duo composed of Joy Williams and John Paul White. Formed in 2008, their style blended folk, country, and Americana, characterized by haunting harmonies and poignant lyrics. The duo gained recognition with their debut album Barton Hollow in 2011, which won two Grammy Awards. Their eponymous second album was released in 2013 and further solidified their success. They won two additional Grammy Awards before their breakup in 2014. == History == === 2008–2010: Formation === Both Williams and White had solo careers prior to meeting at a songwriting workshop in Nashville in 2008. Williams had recorded several moderately successful albums and was signed as a songwriter to Warner/Chappell; White had independently released The Long Goodbye—which was originally set to be released through a deal with Capitol Records—and was writing for EMI Music. At the workshop, approximately 25 songwriters were assembled by music publishers to write radio singles for an unnamed band later identified as the country group Gloriana. Williams and White were randomly paired to write together, and quickly discovered an affinity. In a 2012 interview, Williams said that "when he started singing it was like I knew where he was going to go before he went there." In the same interview, White said that when he and Williams "started singing together, there was this weird click; it was like there was a dance going where I knew I could lead her but she could lead me, too." Following the workshop, White and Williams made immediate plans to meet again. They wrote the song "Falling" during their first session, which took place at Williams' house. Looking for a name for the project, Williams came up with the Civil Wars, which has no historical meaning, but rather is based on the quote "be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a great battle" attributed to Ian Maclaren. According to Williams, "as I was thinking about the music we make, that sense of battle seemed applicable." The duo performed for the first time as The Civil Wars at the French Quarter Cafe in Nashville on April 7, 2009. Williams' former producer Charlie Peacock was in attendance, and impressed by their dynamics and on-stage chemistry, began working with them the following day. On April 8, 2009, Shalom Aberle recorded The Civil Wars' second live show, opening for Will Hoge at Eddie's Attic. Eight of the songs that were recorded that night were on Live at Eddie's Attic, which was released on June 30, 2009 as a free download on The Civil Wars' website. In addition to a live and demo version of "Falling", the record included "Poison & Wine", covers of Leonard Cohen's "Dance Me to the End of Love", and Sade's "No Ordinary Love", and "If I Didn't Know Better", which was later covered in an episode of Nashville. Released through Sensibility Music, a recording, marketing, licensing and management company established by Williams and her husband, Civil Wars manager Nate Yetton, Live at Eddie's Attic had been downloaded more than 700,000 times as of 2014. In November 2009, "Poison & Wine" was used in its entirety as a needle drop during a pivotal montage at the end of the ninth episode of season six of Grey's Anatomy. At the time, the song was available only on Live at Eddie's Attic. White, Williams and Yetton found out about the placement only four days prior to the episode's airing. They uploaded the newly recorded version of the song to iTunes, and created a music video for "Poison & Wine" in an afternoon. As the video was being put online, Williams and White were watching the Grey's Anatomy episode, and the uploading was completed almost to the second that the last note of the song played. Through Grey's Anatomy, The Civil Wars were exposed to a substantial national audience, which included Taylor Swift, who declared her love for The Civil Wars via Twitter. "Poison & Wine" was released a week after Grey's Anatomy aired, and debuted at #4 on the iTunes Singer/Songwriter chart. The duo toured consistently throughout 2009 and 2010. === 2011–2012: Barton Hollow === Williams, White, and Peacock returned to the Art House to record The Civil Wars debut album, Barton Hollow, which was released on February 1, 2011. Recorded in the studio's sanctuary and in the more conventional Studio A Live Room, the production was built around vocals, acoustic guitar and piano, with drums, percussion and overdubs largely absent. Aided in part by a January appearance on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and support from Swift, Hillary Scott of Lady A, and Sara Bareilles, Barton Hollow was the #1 downloaded album on iTunes the week it was released. It also charted at #1 on the Billboard Digital Albums chart, #1 on the Billboard Folk Albums chart, #2 on the Rock Albums Chart, and at #10 on the Billboard 200. Barton Hollow received significant critical acclaim. The BBC wrote "A timeless, anachronistic record, Barton Hollow could be from 30 years ago, or it could be from 30 years hence. What’s certain, though, is that you truly feel it in the here and now," while the New York Daily News wrote "With care and delicacy, they curate their notes, stitching together a sound that's sharp, arch and almost achingly fine." The album appeared on the "Best of 2011" lists for NPR Music, Rolling Stone, and Entertainment Weekly, among others, and it was listed at #9 in the "Top 10 of Everything in 2011" in Time. For most of the year, White and Williams toured the US and Canada non-stop. In May and June, they toured with Adele, who wrote on her blog, "I have the complete honour of having a band called The Civil Wars on the tour at the moment. They are by far the BEST live band I have EVER seen." They toured with Adele in Europe later in the year, prior to the international release of Barton Hollow. By October, Barton Hollow, which was released independently through Sensibility, had sold more than 195,000 copies. In November, The Civil Wars put out a 4-song EP, Tracks in the Snow. The Civil Wars were nominated for a 2011 Country Music Association Award in the Vocal Duo of the Year category, and in the Duo/Group of the Year and Emerging Artist of the Year categories for the Americana Music Awards. They received the Vanguard Award at the 49th Annual ASCAP Country Music Awards, Also in 2011, Williams and White teamed with Taylor Swift and T-Bone Burnett to write "Safe & Sound", a track for The Hunger Games: Songs from District 12 and Beyond. The song, performed by The Civil Wars and Swift, and produced by Burnett, was written and recorded in a single day. It was released on iTunes in the US December 26. White and Williams again began 2012 on tour. In February in Los Angeles, The Civil Wars won two Grammy Awards for Barton Hollow: Best Folk Album and Best Country Duo/Group Performance. They performed part of "Barton Hollow" on the Grammy telecast, and introduced Swift, who played "Mean." In March, Barton Hollow was released internationally and Williams and White completed their first European tour. Later in the year, just as Barton Hollow was certified gold in the US, they began working on their second full-length album with Charlie Peacock, which they wrote while on the road at the suggestion of Rick Rubin, who also produced a track for the album. On October 28, White and Williams began their first extensive tour in the UK and Europe. On November 6, after a performance at the Roundhouse in London, they announced that they were cancelling the remaining tour dates, due to "internal discord and irreconcilable differences of ambition." They offered no further explanation, although in a 2013 interview with The New York Times, Williams said their last performances were "excruciating." === 2013–2014: The Civil Wars and separation === In January, Williams and White released The Civil Wars: Unplugged on VH1 exclusively through iTunes. The seven-song album was recorded when The Civil Wars did a VH1 Unplugged set in early 2012. In February, Williams, White, Swift and Burnett won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written For Visual Media for "Safe & Sound", which was also nominated for a Golden Globe. The following month, it was announced that The Civil Wars had teamed with Burnett to record the soundtrack for A Place at the Table, a documentary that examined the role hunger plays in the lives of American families. Burnett and The Civil Wars recorded 14 new songs—together and separately—for the soundtrack. The proceeds from the soundtrack, recorded in Austin in 2011, were donated to the Participant Foundation. It was released on February 26. The Civil Wars, the album that White and Williams had begun recording with Peacock in mid-2012, was released in August through Sensibility/Columbia. White remained at his home in Florence, Alabama with his wife and four children, while Williams and Peacock did interviews to support the release. Peacock said that the strain was evident from the start of the recording process, and that White and Williams seemed to be pulling in different directions. Williams disclosed that she and White hadn't spoken since the record was completed. The album entered the US Billboard charts and the digital charts at No. 1, and debuted in the UK at No. 2. Barton Hollow—which spent five weeks in the Top 40—moved to the top position on the catalog charts. Between the Bars, a four-song EP that covered Elliott Smith's title track, Portishead's "Sour Times", Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" and The Romantics' "Talking in Your Sleep" was released in the late 2013. In February 2014, White and Williams won their fourth Grammy, this time for the track "From This Valley" from The Civil Wars. It won for Best Country Duo/Group Performance. The Civil Wars announced that they would permanently part ways on August 5, and offered a free download of "You Are My Sunshine" as a parting gift. Williams wrote: "I am saddened and disappointed by the ending of this duo, to say the very least. JP is a tremendous musician, and I will always be grateful for the music we were able to create together." White's statement read: "I would like to express sincere thanks to all who were a part of the arc of The Civil Wars—from the beginning, to the end, and all points in between." === Post separation === In 2023, they individually participated in a re-recording of "Safe & Sound" with Taylor Swift, credited under their individual names. In June 2025, they released “The One that Got Away (The Best of the Civil Wars),” a greatest hits album. == Discography == Barton Hollow (2011) The Civil Wars (2013) == Awards and nominations == == References == == External links == Sensibility Music
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Widow_Pulsar	Black Widow Pulsar	The Black Widow pulsar (PSR B1957+20) is an eclipsing binary millisecond pulsar in the Milky Way. Discovered in 1988, it is located roughly 6,500 light-years (2,000 parsecs) away from Earth. It completes rotation period of 1.6074 milliseconds. It orbits with a brown dwarf or super-Jupiter companion with a period of 9.2 hours with an eclipse duration of approximately 20 minutes. When it was discovered, it was the first such pulsar known. == Description == The prevailing theoretical explanation for the system implied that the companion is being destroyed by the strong powerful outflows, or winds, of high-energy particles caused by the neutron star; thus, the sobriquet black widow was applied to the object. Subsequent to this, other objects with similar features have been discovered, and the name has been applied to the class of millisecond pulsars with an ablating companion, as of February 2023 around 41 black widows are known to exist. Later observations of the object showed a bow shock in H-alpha and a smaller-in-extent shock seen in X-rays (as observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory), indicating a forward velocity of approximately a million kilometers per hour. In 2010, it was estimated that the neutron star's mass was at least 1.66 M ⊙ {\displaystyle 1.66M_{\odot }} and possibly as high as 2.4 M ⊙ {\displaystyle 2.4M_{\odot }} (the latter of which, if true, would surpass PSR J0740+6620 for the title of most massive neutron star yet detected and place it within range of the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit). In January 2023 the upper limit was revised down to 1.8 M ⊙ {\displaystyle 1.8M_{\odot }} == Planets == The pulsar has a substellar companion, possibly a brown dwarf. == Gallery == Artist impressions of the Black Widow pulsar. == See also == PSR J1544+4937 PSR J1719−1438 == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_Ribeiro	Alfonso Ribeiro	Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro (born September 21, 1971) is an American actor, comedian, and television host. In a career spanning over four decades, he is best known for his role as Carlton Banks on the NBC television sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air (1990–1996), as well as his performances on Silver Spoons (1984–1987) and In the House (1996–1999). Ribeiro started his career as a child actor and gained recognition for his titular performance in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid. He later competed in the thirteenth season of the British survival show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!. Ribeiro currently hosts ABC's video clip series America's Funniest Home Videos and co-hosts its reality competition series Dancing with the Stars with Julianne Hough. He won the latter program's nineteenth season alongside professional dancer Witney Carson, with whom he presented the GSN game show Catch 21. == Early life == Ribeiro was born in New York City in the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx to parents of Trinidadian descent. His paternal grandfather was Albert Ribeiro, a calypsonian known professionally as Lord Hummingbird. His aunt had been a dancer on Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In in the 1960s and 1970s. == Career == === Early work === Ribeiro began his career at age 8. He first gained recognition in 1983 when he played a leading role in the Broadway musical The Tap Dance Kid. He received positive reviews for his performance and was nominated for an Outer Critics Circle Award. Ribeiro appeared as a dancer in a Pepsi commercial that featured Michael Jackson in 1984; a rumor spread that Ribeiro died from snapping his neck while dancing in the commercial. The same year, Ribeiro was cast as Ricky Schroder's best friend on the TV series Silver Spoons, after which he and his family moved to Los Angeles. In 1985, Ribeiro authored a dance instruction book, Alfonso's Breakin' & Poppin' Book, and appeared in a commercial advertising it. He also released four 12-inch singles on Prism Records, including the 1984 track "Dance Baby". After Silver Spoons ended, Ribeiro took a hiatus from acting to finish high school and attend California State University, Los Angeles. === The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air === Ribeiro's most prominent role was as Carlton Banks, the cousin of Will Smith's lead character, on the NBC sitcom The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air from September 1990 to May 1996. Carlton was known for frequently dancing to Tom Jones' "It's Not Unusual", a dance routine that gained fame as "The Carlton". Ribeiro based "The Carlton" on Eddie Murphy's "white man dance" and Courteney Cox's dance from Bruce Springsteen's "Dancing in the Dark" music video. === Later work === Ribeiro starred on the sitcom In the House with LL Cool J from 1997 to 1999. He graduated from the New York Film Academy in 1999 and would go on to direct episodes of One on One, All of Us, Meet the Browns, Are We There Yet?, Shake It Up and K.C. Undercover. Ribeiro appeared as a contestant on a special child TV stars episode of Weakest Link in 2001. He made it into the final round but lost to Keshia Knight-Pulliam. In 2002, Ribeiro returned to the stage in an Encores! revival of the musical Golden Boy, starring as Joe Wellington. Ribeiro competed as one of the celebrity singers on the reality television show Celebrity Duets in September 2006, winning over the runner-up Lucy Lawless. From 2008 to 2016, Ribeiro hosted the game show Catch 21 on GSN. On May 24, 2013, Ribeiro made a cameo appearance on The Graham Norton Show to perform "The Carlton Dance", with show guests Will and Jaden Smith. On July 24, he began hosting his second game show, Spell-Mageddon, on ABC Family. On November 17, Ribeiro became a contestant in the thirteenth series of the British reality show I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here. He was eliminated from the show on December 5, finishing in seventh place. On September 4, 2014, Ribeiro was announced as one of the celebrities who would compete on season 19 of Dancing with the Stars. He partnered with professional dancer Witney Carson and became the fourth celebrity dancer in the show's history to receive a 9 from each judge in week one. On November 25, 2014, Ribeiro and Carson won the competition. After his victory, he hosted the nationwide live tour for the show. On May 19, 2015, Ribeiro was named Tom Bergeron's successor to host America's Funniest Home Videos. In July, Ribeiro made a cameo appearance in the music video for "All Night" by pop-rock band R5. In September, he returned to Dancing with the Stars as a guest judge in week three of season 21, and he substituted for Bergeron as host the following week, after Bergeron's father became ill. In October 2018, he was announced as the host of the British game show Money Tree. That month, it was also announced that Ribeiro would sit in for Bruno Tonioli as guest judge on Strictly Come Dancing for week 5, joining regular judges Craig Revel Horwood, Darcey Bussell, and Shirley Ballas. This would also occur in week 5 of the 2019 series. Catch 21 was revived in 2019, and Ribeiro returned as the host, with his former Dancing with the Stars partner Witney Carson joining as co-host. His role earned him a 2020 Daytime Emmy nomination for Outstanding Game Show Host, but he lost to Alex Trebek. He earned another nomination the following year, but again lost to Trebek. In 2020, Ribeiro starred in a series of commercials for State Farm Insurance as a Chris Paul impersonator. In 2021, he voiced a character in Muppets Haunted Mansion. In 2022, Ribeiro joined season 31 of Dancing with the Stars as co-host of the show, alongside host Tyra Banks. After Banks departed the show following season 31, Ribeiro became the main host of the show, with Julianne Hough joining as co-host, assuming Ribeiro's previous role. === The '90s with Alfonso Ribeiro === On July 6, 2019, the syndicated radio show The '90s with Alfonso Ribeiro launched on multiple radio stations across the country via Sun Broadcast Group, co-hosted by radio veteran Daena "DK" Kramer. The three-hour weekly show celebrates 1990s music and culture while Ribeiro and Kramer share their stories, pop culture facts and memories from the 1990s. == Personal life == === Family === Ribeiro was married to Robin Stapler from January 2002 until August 2006. They have a daughter, born in October 2002. Ribeiro married Angela Unkrich on October 13, 2012, following a three-month engagement. The two live in Los Angeles and have three children, born in 2013, 2015, and 2019. === Motorsports === Ribeiro competed in several editions of the Toyota Pro/Celebrity Race car race in Long Beach, earning an overall win in 2015 and celebrity class wins in 1994, 1995 and 2016. He also worked as radio spotter for CART racecar driver Bryan Herta, and performed the national anthem at CART and IndyCar Series races. === Lawsuit against Epic Games === In December 2018, Ribeiro, along with Instagram star Russell Horning, aka Backpack Kid, and rapper Terrence Ferguson, aka 2 Milly, brought a lawsuit against Epic Games for their decision to feature respective choreographies in the popular game Fortnite. In Ribeiro's case, his "Carlton dance", which he made popular in the 1990s as a cast member of The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, is one of the many dances that Fortnite players can purchase for their avatars. Epic Games declined to comment on the lawsuits. The U.S. Copyright Office denied him a copyright for his dance on January 13, 2019. On March 7, 2019, Ribeiro dropped the lawsuit. == Filmography == === Film === === Television === === Directing === == Dancing with the Stars performances == Ribeiro was partnered with Witney Carson for season 19. On November 25, 2014, Ribeiro and Carson were declared the season's champions. In November 2017, Ribeiro returned to 25th season in Week eight, to participate in a trio Jive with Frankie Muniz and his professional partner Witney Carson. 1 Score given by guest judge Kevin Hart in place of Goodman. 2The American public scored the dance in place of Goodman with the averaged score being counted alongside the three other judges. 3This week only, for "Partner Switch-Up" week, Ribeiro performed with Cheryl Burke instead of Carson. 4Score given by guest judge Jessie J in place of Goodman. 5Score given by guest judge Pitbull in place of Goodman. == Stage == == Discography == === Singles === == References == == External links == Alfonso Ribeiro at IMDb Alfonso Ribeiro at Yahoo! Movies Alfonso Ribeiro at the Internet Broadway Database Alfonso Ribeiro discography at Discogs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Penrose_Medal_winners	List of Penrose Medal winners	The Penrose Medal was created in 1925 by R.A.F. Penrose, Jr., as the top prize awarded by the Geological Society of America. Originally created as the Geological Society of America Medal it was soon renamed the Penrose Medal by popular assent of the society's membership, and was first awarded in 1927. It is awarded only at the discretion of the GSA council, "in recognition of eminent research in pure geology, for outstanding original contributions or achievements that mark a major advance in the science of geology." == Award winners == Source: GSA == See also == Category:Penrose Medal winners List of geology awards Prizes named after people == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_(Breaking_Bad)	Bug (Breaking Bad)	"Bug" is the ninth episode of the fourth season of the American television drama series Breaking Bad, and the 42nd overall episode of the series. It originally aired on AMC in the United States on September 11, 2011. == Plot == Hank Schrader retrieves the GPS tracker from Gus Fring's car. Disappointed that it recorded nothing suspicious, he investigates Gus's distribution center. Walter White warns Mike Ehrmantraut. Walter later meets with Jesse Pinkman and again expresses dissatisfaction that Jesse has not killed Gus. Skyler White tells Walter the car wash is doing so well that he may be able to quit cooking meth. Ted Beneke tells Skyler he is being audited for tax fraud. As his former bookkeeper, since she was aware of the fraud, Skyler could also be implicated. She attends Ted's audit and pretends to be underqualified and completely ignorant of accounting practices. Believing the fraud was not intentional, the investigator agrees not to seek prison time, but still orders Ted to pay back taxes and fines totaling $600,000. Skyler ventures into the crawl space underneath the White's home, where she has been storing Walt's cash. Walter sees Tyrus Kitt outside Hank's house and reports him to police, forcing Tyrus to leave. A cartel sniper opens fire on Gus's distribution center, killing one of Gus's employees, which ends when Gus walks outside alone and stands in the line of fire. Mike later explains to Jesse that the cartel needs to keep Gus alive for his distribution network. They dissolve the dead employee's body in acid and Mike threatens to kill Walt if he ever again calls the police on Mike's people. At Gus's house, Gus tells Jesse that he has given in to the cartel's demands to split territory and that Jesse will be sent to Mexico to teach them how to cook the blue meth. Jesse has an opportunity to poison the stew that Gus makes but decides not to risk it. Jesse tells Walt he is supposed to teach the cartel how to produce meth and asks for a tutorial so he can explain the chemistry, but does not reveal the meeting with Gus. Walt reveals that he put a GPS tracker on Jesse's car, so he knew that Jesse was at Gus's house. Walt confronts Jesse for failing to kill Gus, but Jesse throws the GPS tracker at Walt's head. Walt and Jesse engage in a brutal fight and wreck the living room before Jesse gains the upper hand. Jesse tells Walt to leave his house and never return. == Production == "Bug" is the last episode of the series to feature the Los Pollos Hermanos restaurant. The restaurant was used many times as an important plot device for its owner Gustavo Fring. The restaurant would not be used again until the third season of Better Call Saul ("Witness"). == Reception == Donna Bowman of The A.V. Club gave the episode a "B+". She said several Rubicons are crossed, including "three enormous, no-going-back decisions" three of the characters have to make. In 2019 The Ringer ranked "Bug" 61st out of 62 total Breaking Bad episodes. == References == == External links == "Bug" at the official Breaking Bad site "Bug" at IMDb
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_F._Touchard	Gustave F. Touchard	Gustave "Gus" Fitzhugh Touchard Jr. (or Gustav) (January 11, 1888 – September 5, 1918) was an American tennis player in the early part of the 20th century. He was ranked as high as No. 4 in the United States during his career. == Tennis career == He played his first tennis tournament in 1907 at the New York Tennis Club Open where he reached the semi finals. In 1908 he reached his first final at the New York Metropolitan Championships where he was defeated by Ross Burchard. In 1909 he went to win four singles titles that season including the Amackassin Club Invitation against Frederick Clark Inman, the Harlem Tennis Club Invitation against Wylie Grant, the Bronx County Championships against Theodore Pell, and the New York Tennis Club Open against Theodore Pell, He was also a finalist at the New England Championships the same year. At the US Nationals, Touchard paired with Raymond D. Little to win the 1911 doubles title and reach the 1912 doubles final. At the Tri-State Championships in Cincinnati, Touchard won the 1912 singles title over Richard H. Palmer. He reached the singles final again in 1913, losing to William S. McEllroy. He won the U.S. National Indoor Tennis Championships title three consecutive years (1913, 1914 and 1915), and won the singles title at the New Jersey State Championships in 1915. In 1912, he reached the final of the US Clay Court Championship, losing to Richard Norris Williams. == Grand Slam finals == === Doubles (1 title) === == Grand Slam tournament performance timeline == == Personal life == He was born in New York on January 11, 1888 to Gustave and Margaret McPherson Touchard. On October 11, 1911 he married Emeline Williams Holmes. The marriage resulted in at least one child, Emlen Holmes, who was born May 24, 1914. In July 1915, Touchard confessed to a charge of stealing 24 dozen golf balls from the sporting goods store where he was employed. He joined the Royal Flying Corps Canada at Camp Borden after having been turned down by the United States aviation corps. He died in 1918 in Toronto General Hospital of a throat operation. == References == == External links == Gustave F. Touchard at the Tennis Archives
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._N._Sinha#	L. N. Sinha	Lal Narayan Sinha was a lawyer who served as the Attorney General of India between 9 August 1979 and 8 August 1983, and as the Solicitor General of India from 17 July 1972 until 5 April 1977. He was educated at Patna Law College, Patna University. Sinha was the first Attorney General to represent a private party during their term in office. Before becoming the Solicitor General of India, he was the Advocate General of Bihar for several years. == Family and early life == His son Lalit Mohan Sharma became the Chief Justice of India. His grandson Justice Partha Sarthy currently serves as a Judge in the Patna High Court. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craig_Tucker#:~:text=Craig%20Tucker%20%2D%20Wikipedia,First%20appearance	Craig Tucker	Craig Tucker is a fictional character in the adult animated television series South Park. He is voiced by series co-creator Matt Stone. One of the main characters' fourth-grade classmates, he debuted in the season one episode "Mr. Hankey, the Christmas Poo" singing "We Wish You a Merry Christmas" with the rest of the third-grade class. His speaking debut was in "Rainforest Shmainforest". A pragmatist, Craig commonly strays from the plans of the main characters in favor of more practical, realistic approaches and solutions to main issue. == Appearance == Craig is commonly seen wearing a blue aviator or chullo hat. He is characterized by this and his slightly more deep, nasal, monotone voice. In some scenes, including during a head lice check in "Lice Capades", Craig is seen with no hat and black hair. He is also seen as a stereotypical metrosexual in "South Park is Gay!", and an anime-styled ninja wielding a katana in "Good Times with Weapons". == Biography == === Inception === In the beginning of South Park, Craig was said to be the most violent and strongest student in the third-grade class (excluding Cartman). Cartman once claimed that Craig was the "biggest troublemaker in class", and parents of his classmates have cited him as a "bad influence". In a running gag during the show's earlier seasons, establishing shots of Mr. Mackey's office would feature Craig waiting outside, yet his activities were never seen. In the first several seasons, Craig has a habit of giving people the finger, a trait the show's official website attributes to his learning the behavior from his family, all of whom frequently use the gesture as well, most notably in the third season episode, "Tweek vs. Craig", in which his entire family take turns flipping each other off at the dinner table. This trait was used less throughout the show's runtime, and was last seen in the episode "Fun with Veal". Along with the rest of the characters, Craig moved to the fourth grade in "Fourth Grade". ==== Rivalry with the main characters ==== Craig dislikes the four main characters (Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Kenny McCormick and Eric Cartman) and rivals them in several episodes. Craig is a pragmatist and has no wish to become involved in any extraordinary adventures the other main characters on the show customarily experience. In the season 12 (2008) episodes "Pandemic" and "Pandemic 2: The Startling", Craig repeatedly castigates the main characters' propensity for engaging in schemes that catastrophically backfire upon them. He also complains that they just seem to blindly accept that these things happen to them. He decides that he will no longer participate in such schemes, and walks away from the one in which they find themselves in the latter episode. However, by taking this action he fulfills an ancient prophecy, by stepping on a mysterious platform that allows him to defeat the giant guinea pig monster responsible for that story line's conflict. He concludes from this that just because there are things in life that cannot be controlled does not mean that one should accept them without protest. ==== "Craig's gang" ==== Despite his dislike of the main characters, particularly Cartman, he is often depicted as one of the boys who repeatedly join Cartman in his many schemes, at times serving as a right-hand man. According to the creators of South Park, Craig's best friend is his classmate Tolkien Black. He is also close friends with Clyde Donovan and Jimmy Valmer, who are members of Craig's clique known as "Craig's gang". Members of "Craig's gang" include: Craig Tucker Tolkien Black Clyde Donovan Jimmy Valmer Tweek Tweak (Craig's boyfriend) Jason White (former) Butters Stotch (former) === Homosexuality and relationship with Tweek Tweak === In the Season 19 episode "Tweek x Craig", female students of Asian backgrounds started drawing homoerotic "yaoi" images of Craig and his classmate Tweek Tweak, depicting them as lovers (an acknowledgement of a trend popular among real-life South Park fans of creating fanart depicting the pair as a couple, several examples of which are featured in the episode). Immediately, the two try to repudiate the rumors about them prompted by this. They eventually resolve to stage a public "break-up" to end the rumors. Though Tweek fears he cannot do this believably, Craig encourages him that he indeed can. However, Tweek goes too far by claiming that Craig is a manipulative cheater, which has the effect of ruining Craig's reputation with girls. Tweek later reveals that Craig's encouragement gave him the confidence to believe in himself. Following the father-to-son talk between him and his father about how "you can't fight being gay", the two boys have been in a relationship. In later episodes, such as the season 21 episode "Put It Down", season 21 episode "Splatty Tomato", and the video game The Fractured but Whole, they are shown to have become sincere romantic partners but their sexuality remains ambiguous, as they are still under the impression that Japanese yaoi fangirls choose who is gay. They are often seen in the background of many episodes holding hands or being next to each other. Craig calls Tweek "babe" and "honey" in the episode "Put It Down." Also in the Post Covid specials, they are shown to be married. == Reception == On a 2022 top 25 list, Looper ranked Craig #13. CBR pointed out that "Craig has gradually become more of a supporting player to the boys" and ranked him on #5 of "10 Characters who Got Way More Popular Since the Beginning". Michael John-Day of WhatCulture ranked Craig as the 2nd most "underrated" South Park character in 2020. For his performance as both Craig and Tweek in the episode “Tweek x Craig,” Stone was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance at the 68th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards in 2016. == Appearances in other media == He plays the role of a Rogue in South Park: The Stick of Truth and plays the role of Super Craig in South Park: The Fractured but Whole (a parody of Superman from DC Comics). == References == == External links == Craig Tucker on the South park wiki
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Belafonte	Harry Belafonte	Harry Belafonte ( BEL-ə-FON-tee; born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr.; March 1, 1927 – April 25, 2023) was an American singer, actor, and civil rights activist who popularized calypso music with international audiences in the 1950s and 1960s. Belafonte's career breakthrough album Calypso (1956) was the first million-selling LP by a single artist. Belafonte was best known for his recordings of "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)", "Jump in the Line (Shake, Senora)", "Jamaica Farewell", and "Mary's Boy Child". He recorded and performed in many genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. He also starred in films such as Carmen Jones (1954), Island in the Sun (1957), Odds Against Tomorrow (1959), Buck and the Preacher (1972), and Uptown Saturday Night (1974). He made his final feature film appearance in Spike Lee's BlacKkKlansman (2018). Harry Belafonte considered the actor, singer, and activist Paul Robeson to be a mentor. Belafonte was also a close confidant of Martin Luther King Jr. during the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s and acted as the American Civil Liberties Union celebrity ambassador for juvenile justice issues. He was also a vocal critic of the policies of the George W. Bush and first Donald Trump administrations. Belafonte won three Grammy Awards, including a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Tony Award. In 1989, he received the Kennedy Center Honors. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994. In 2014, he received the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the academy's 6th Annual Governors Awards and in 2022 was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the Early Influence category. He is one of the few performers to have received an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony (EGOT), although he won the Oscar in a non-competitive category. == Early life == Belafonte was born Harold George Bellanfanti Jr. on March 1, 1927, at Lying-in Hospital in Harlem, New York City, the son of Jamaican-born parents Harold George Bellanfanti Sr. (1900–1990), who worked as a chef, and Melvine Love (1906–1988), a housekeeper. There are disputed claims of his father's place of birth, which is also stated as Martinique. Belafonte had also a younger brother named Dennis. His mother was the child of a Scottish Jamaican mother and an Afro-Jamaican father, and his father was the child of an Afro-Jamaican mother and a Dutch-Jewish father of Sephardic Jewish descent. Belafonte was raised Catholic and attended parochial school at St. Charles Borromeo. From 1932 to 1940, Belafonte lived with one of his grandmothers in her native country of Jamaica, where he attended Wolmer's Schools. Upon returning to New York City, he had a brief, unsuccessful stay at George Washington High School. It was later reported that undiagnosed dyslexia and blindness in one eye contributed to his academic difficulties. After dropping out of high school, he joined the U.S. Navy and served during World War II. In the 1940s, he worked as a janitor's assistant, during which a tenant gave him, as a gratuity, two tickets to see the American Negro Theater. He fell in love with the art form and befriended Sidney Poitier, who was also financially struggling. They regularly purchased a single seat to local plays, trading places in between acts, after informing the other about the progression of the play. At the end of the 1940s, Belafonte took classes in acting at the Dramatic Workshop of The New School in New York City with German director Erwin Piscator alongside Marlon Brando, Tony Curtis, Walter Matthau, Bea Arthur, and Poitier, while performing with the American Negro Theater. He subsequently received a Tony Award for his participation in the Broadway revue John Murray Anderson's Almanac (1954). He also starred in the 1955 Broadway revue 3 for Tonight with Gower Champion. == Musical career == === Early years (1949–1955) === Belafonte started his career in music as a club singer in New York to pay for his acting classes. The first time he appeared in front of an audience, he was backed by the Charlie Parker band, which included Charlie Parker, Max Roach, and Miles Davis, among others. He launched his recording career as a pop singer on the Roost label in 1949, but quickly developed a keen interest in folk music, learning material through the Library of Congress' American folk songs archives. Along with guitarist and friend Millard Thomas, Belafonte soon made his debut at the jazz club The Village Vanguard. In 1953, he signed a contract with RCA Victor, recording exclusively for the label until 1974. Belafonte also performed during the Rat Pack era in Las Vegas. Belafonte's first widely released single, which went on to become his "signature" audience participation song in virtually all his live performances, was "Matilda", recorded April 27, 1953. Between 1953 and 1954, he was a cast member of the Broadway musical revue and sketch comedy show John Murray Anderson's Almanac where he sang "Mark Twain", of which he was also the songwriter. === Rise to fame (1956–1958) === Following his success in the film Carmen Jones (1954), Belafonte had his breakthrough album with Calypso (1956), which became the first LP in the world to sell more than one million copies in a year. He stated that it was the first million-selling album ever in England. The album is number four on Billboard's "Top 100 Album" list for having spent 31 weeks at number 1, 58 weeks in the top ten, and 99 weeks on the U.S. chart. The album introduced American audiences to calypso music, which had originated in Trinidad and Tobago in the early 19th century, and Belafonte was dubbed the "King of Calypso", a title he wore with reservations since he had no claims to any Calypso Monarch titles. One of the songs included in the album is "Banana Boat Song", listed as "Day-O" on the Calypso LP, which reached number five on the pop chart and featured its signature lyric "Day-O". Many of the compositions recorded for Calypso, including "Banana Boat Song" and "Jamaica Farewell", gave songwriting credit to Irving Burgie. In the United Kingdom, "Banana Boat Song" was released in March 1957 and spent ten weeks in the top 10 of the UK singles chart, reaching a peak of number two, and in August, "Island in the Sun" reached number three, spending 14 weeks in the top 10. In November, "Mary's Boy Child" reached number one in the UK, where it spent seven weeks. === Middle career (1959–1970) === While primarily known for calypso, Belafonte recorded in many different genres, including blues, folk, gospel, show tunes, and American standards. His second-most popular hit, which came immediately after "The Banana Boat Song", was the comedic tune "Mama Look at Bubu", also known as "Mama Look a Boo-Boo", originally recorded by Lord Melody in 1955, in which he sings humorously about misbehaving and disrespectful children. It reached number 11 on the pop chart. In 1959, Belafonte starred in Tonight With Belafonte, a nationally televised special that featured Odetta, who sang "Water Boy" and performed a duet with Belafonte of "There's a Hole in My Bucket" that hit the national charts in 1961. Belafonte was the first Jamaican American to win an Emmy, for Revlon Revue: Tonight with Belafonte (1959). Two live albums, both recorded at Carnegie Hall in 1959 and 1960, enjoyed critical and commercial success. From his 1959 album, "Hava Nagila" became part of his regular routine and one of his signature songs. He was one of many entertainers recruited by Frank Sinatra to perform at the inaugural gala of President John F. Kennedy in 1961, which included Ella Fitzgerald and Mahalia Jackson, among others. Later that year, RCA Victor released another calypso album, Jump Up Calypso, which went on to become another million seller. During the 1960s he introduced several artists to U.S. audiences, most notably South African singer Miriam Makeba and Greek singer Nana Mouskouri. His album Midnight Special (1962) included Bob Dylan as harmonica player. As the Beatles and other stars from Britain began to dominate the U.S. pop charts, Belafonte's commercial success diminished; 1964's Belafonte at The Greek Theatre was his last album to appear in Billboard's Top 40. His last hit single, "A Strange Song", was released in 1967 and peaked at number 5 on the adult contemporary music charts. Belafonte received Grammy Awards for the albums Swing Dat Hammer (1960) and An Evening with Belafonte/Makeba (1965), the latter of which dealt with the political plight of black South Africans under apartheid. He earned six Gold Records. During the 1960s, Belafonte appeared on TV specials alongside artists such as Julie Andrews, Petula Clark, Lena Horne, and Nana Mouskouri. In 1967, Belafonte was the first non-classical artist to perform at the Saratoga Performing Arts Center (SPAC) in Upstate New York, soon to be followed by concerts there by the Doors, the 5th Dimension, the Who, and Janis Joplin. From February 5 to 9, 1968, Belafonte guest hosted The Tonight Show substituting for Johnny Carson. Among his interview guests were Martin Luther King Jr. and Senator Robert F. Kennedy. === Later recordings and subsequent activities (1971–2017) === Belafonte's fifth and final calypso album, Calypso Carnival, was issued by RCA in 1971. Belafonte's recording activity slowed down after releasing his final album for RCA in 1974. From the mid-1970s to early 1980s, Belafonte spent most of his time on tour, which included concerts in Japan, Europe, and Cuba. In 1977, Columbia Records released the album Turn the World Around, with a strong focus on world music. In 1978, he appeared as a guest star on an episode of The Muppet Show, on which he performed his signature song "Day-O". However, the episode is best known for Belafonte's rendition of the spiritual song "Turn the World Around" from the album, which he performed with specially made Muppets that resembled African tribal masks. It became one of the series' most famous performances and was reportedly Jim Henson's favorite episode. After Henson's death in May 1990, Belafonte was asked to perform the song at Henson's memorial service. "Turn the World Around" was also included in the 2005 official hymnal supplement of the Unitarian Universalist Association, Singing the Journey. From 1979 to 1989, Belafonte served on the Royal Winnipeg Ballet's board of directors. In December 1984, soon after Band Aid, a group of British and Irish artists, released "Do They Know It's Christmas?", Belafonte decided to create an American benefit single for African famine relief. With fundraiser Ken Kragen, he enlisted Lionel Richie, Kenny Rogers, Stevie Wonder, Quincy Jones and Michael Jackson. The song they produced and recorded, "We Are the World", brought together some of the era's best-known American musicians and is the eighth-best-selling single of all time, with physical sales in excess of 20 million copies. In 1986 the American Music Awards named "We Are the World" Song of the Year, and honored Belafonte with the Award of Appreciation. Belafonte released his first album of original material in over a decade, Paradise in Gazankulu, in 1988, which contained ten protest songs against the South African Apartheid policy, and was his last studio album. In the same year Belafonte, as UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador, attended a symposium in Harare, Zimbabwe, to focus attention on child survival and development in Southern African countries. As part of the symposium, he performed a concert for UNICEF. A Kodak video crew filmed the concert, which was released as a 60-minute concert video titled Global Carnival. Following a lengthy recording hiatus, An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends, a soundtrack and video of a televised concert, were released in 1997 by Island Records. The Long Road to Freedom: An Anthology of Black Music, a multi-artist project recorded by RCA during the 1960s and 1970s, was finally released by the label in 2001. Belafonte went on the Today Show to promote the album on September 11, 2001, and was interviewed by Katie Couric just minutes before the first plane hit the World Trade Center. The album was nominated for the 2002 Grammy Awards for Best Boxed Recording Package, for Best Album Notes, and for Best Historical Album. Belafonte received the Kennedy Center Honors in 1989. He was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 1994 and he won a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2000. He performed sold-out concerts globally through the 1950s to the 2000s. His last concert was a benefit concert for the Atlanta Opera on October 25, 2003. In a 2007 interview, he stated that he had since retired from performing. On January 29, 2013, Belafonte was the keynote speaker and 2013 honoree for the MLK Celebration Series at the Rhode Island School of Design. Belafonte used his career and experiences with King to speak on the role of artists as activists. Belafonte was inducted as an honorary member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity on January 11, 2014. In March 2014, Belafonte was awarded an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music in Boston. In 2017, Belafonte released When Colors Come Together, an anthology of some of his earlier recordings, produced by his son David, who wrote lyrics for an updated version of "Island In The Sun", arranged by longtime Belafonte musical director Richard Cummings, and featuring Harry Belafonte's grandchildren Sarafina and Amadeus and a children's choir. == Film career == === Early film career (1953–1956) === Belafonte starred in numerous films. His first film role was in Bright Road (1953), in which he supported female lead Dorothy Dandridge. The two subsequently starred in Otto Preminger's hit musical Carmen Jones (1954). Ironically, Belafonte's singing in the film was dubbed by an opera singer, as was Dandridge's, both voices being deemed unsuitable for their roles. === Rise as an actor (1957–1959) === Realizing his own star power, Belafonte was subsequently able to land several (then) controversial film roles. In Island in the Sun (1957), there are hints of an affair between Belafonte's character and the character played by Joan Fontaine; the film also starred James Mason, Dandridge, Joan Collins, Michael Rennie, and John Justin. In 1959, Belafonte starred in and produced (through his company HarBel Productions) Robert Wise's Odds Against Tomorrow, in which Belafonte plays a bank robber uncomfortably teamed with a racist partner (Robert Ryan). Belafonte also co-starred with Inger Stevens in The World, the Flesh and the Devil. Belafonte was offered the role of Porgy in Preminger's Porgy and Bess, where he would have once again starred opposite Dandridge, but refused the role because he objected to its racial stereotyping; Sidney Poitier played the role instead. === Later film and theatre involvement (1972–2018) === Dissatisfied with most of the film roles offered to him during the 1960s, Belafonte concentrated on music. In the early 1970s, Belafonte appeared in more films, among which are two with Poitier: Buck and the Preacher (1972) and Uptown Saturday Night (1974). In 1984, Belafonte produced and scored the musical film Beat Street, dealing with the rise of hip-hop culture. Together with Arthur Baker, he produced the gold-certified soundtrack of the same name. Four of his songs appeared in the 1988 film Beetlejuice, including "Day-O" and "Jump in the Line (Shake, Senora)". Belafonte next starred in a major film in the mid-1990s, appearing with John Travolta in the race-reverse drama White Man's Burden (1995); and in Robert Altman's jazz age drama Kansas City (1996), the latter of which garnered him the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor. He also starred as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States in the TV drama Swing Vote (1999). In 2006, Belafonte appeared in Bobby, Emilio Estevez's ensemble drama about the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy; he played Nelson, a friend of an employee of the Ambassador Hotel (Anthony Hopkins). His final film appearance was in Spike Lee's Academy Award-winning BlacKkKlansman (2018) as an elderly civil rights pioneer. == Political activism == Belafonte is said to have married politics and pop culture. Belafonte's political beliefs were greatly inspired by the singer, actor, and civil rights activist Paul Robeson, who mentored him. Robeson opposed not only racial prejudice in the United States but also western colonialism in Africa. Belafonte refused to perform in the American South from 1954 until 1961. Belafonte gave the keynote address at the ACLU of Northern California's annual Bill of Rights Day Celebration in December 2007 and was awarded the Chief Justice Earl Warren Civil Liberties Award. The 2011 Sundance Film Festival featured the documentary film Sing Your Song, a biographical film focusing on Belafonte's contribution to and his leadership in the civil rights movement in America and his endeavors to promote social justice globally. In 2011, Belafonte's memoir My Song was published by Knopf Books. === Involvement in the civil rights movement === Belafonte supported the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s and was one of Martin Luther King Jr.'s confidants. After King had been arrested for his involvement in the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955, he began traveling to Northern cities to spread awareness and acquire donations for those struggling with social segregation and oppression in the South. The two met at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York, in March of the following year. This interaction led to years of joint political activism and friendship. Belafonte joined King and his wife, Coretta Scott King, during the 1958 Washington D.C. Youth March for Integrated Schools, and in 1963, he backed King in conversations with Robert F. Kennedy, helping to organize the 1963 March on Washington—the site of King's famous "I Have a Dream" Speech. He provided for King's family since King earned only $8,000 ($80,000 in today's money) a year as a preacher. As with many other civil rights activists, Belafonte was blacklisted during the McCarthy era. During the 1963 Birmingham campaign, Belafonte bailed King out of the Birmingham, Alabama jail and raised $50,000 to release other civil rights protesters. He contributed to the 1961 Freedom Rides, and supported voter registration drives He later recalled, "Paul Robeson had been my first great formative influence; you might say he gave me my backbone. Martin King was the second; he nourished my soul." Throughout his career, Belafonte was an advocate for political and humanitarian causes, such as the Anti-Apartheid Movement and USA for Africa. From 1987 until his death, he was a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. During the Mississippi Freedom Summer of 1964, Belafonte bankrolled the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, flying to Mississippi that August with Sidney Poitier and $60,000 in cash and entertaining crowds in Greenwood. In 1968, Belafonte appeared on a Petula Clark primetime television special on NBC. In the middle of a duet of On the Path of Glory, Clark smiled and briefly touched Belafonte's arm, which prompted complaints from Doyle Lott, the advertising manager of the show's sponsor, Plymouth Motors. Lott wanted to retape the segment, but Clark, who had ownership of the special, told NBC that the performance would be shown intact or she would not allow it to be aired at all. Newspapers reported the controversy, Lott was relieved of his responsibilities, and when the special aired, it attracted high ratings. Belafonte taped an appearance on an episode of The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour to be aired on September 29, 1968, performing a controversial Mardi Gras number intercut with footage from the 1968 Democratic National Convention riots. CBS censors deleted the segment. The full unedited content was broadcast in 1993 as part of a complete Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour syndication package. === Involvement in the Kennedy campaign === In the 1960 election between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, notable Black athlete Jackie Robinson advocated his support for the Nixon campaign. His reasoning for doing so was his perception of Kennedy's championing of the Civil Rights movement as disingenuous. Because of Robinson's social impact on Black Americans, the Democratic Party was determined to find a comparable Black endorser for Kennedy's campaign. Fresh off of his win as the first Black man to receive an Emmy Award for his work on Tonight with Belafonte, Belafonte was Kennedy's pick to fill the endorsement position. The two met in Belafonte's apartment, where Kennedy had hoped to convince Belafonte to mobilize support for his campaign. He thought to accomplish this by having Belafonte mobilize his influence amongst other Black entertainers of the era, persuading them to rally for Kennedy's presidential nomination. Unexpectedly, Belafonte was not so impressed by the candidate, sharing the same sentiments as Robinson about Kennedy's role (or lack thereof) in maintaining civil rights as an essential part of his campaign. To improve his engagement with Black America, Belafonte suggested to Kennedy that he contact Martin Luther King, making a connection to a viable source of leadership within the movement. Kennedy, though, was hesitant with this suggestion, questioning the social impact the preacher could make on the campaign. After much convincing–as Kennedy and King would later meet in June 1960–the two men negotiated a deal that if Nixon became the nominee for the Republican party, Belafonte would support Kennedy's presidential pursuits. Belafonte's endorsement of the campaign was further substantiated after both Kennedy brothers had worked to bail King out of jail in Atlanta after a sit-in, engaging with a Georgia judge. Joining the Hollywood for Kennedy committee, Belafonte appeared in a 1960 campaign commercial for Democratic presidential candidate John F. Kennedy. Unfortunately, the commercial was shown on television for one broadcasting. Belafonte also attended and performed at Kennedy's inaugural ball. Kennedy later named Belafonte cultural advisor to the Peace Corps. After Kennedy's assassination, Belafonte supported Lyndon B. Johnson for the 1964 United States presidential election. === The Baldwin–Kennedy Meeting === Renowned author James Baldwin contacted Belafonte three years after John F. Kennedy's election. The purpose of the call was to invite Belafonte to a meeting to speak with Attorney General Robert Kennedy about the continued plight of the Black people in America. This event was known as the Baldwin-Kennedy Meeting. Belafonte met with fifteen others, including Kennedy and Baldwin, in Kennedy's Central Park South apartment on May 24, 1963. The other members included were Thais Aubrey, David Baldwin, Edwin Berry, Kenneth Clark, Eddie Fales, Lorraine Hansberry, Lena Horne, Clarence Jones, Burke Marshall, Henry Morgenthau III, June Shagaloff, Jerome Smith, and Rip Torn. The guests engaged in cordial political and social conversation. Later, the talk led to an investigation of the position of Black people in the Vietnam War. Offended by Kennedy's implication that Black men should serve in the war, Jerome Smith scolded the young Attorney General. Smith, a Black man and Civil Rights advocate had been severely beaten while fighting for the movement's cause, which enforced his strong resistance to Kennedy's assertion, frustrated that he should fight for a country that did not seem to want to fight for him. A short time after the confrontation, Belafonte spoke with Kennedy. Belafonte then told him that even with the meeting's tension, he needed to be in the presence of a man like Smith to understand Black people's frustration with patriotism that Kennedy and other leaders could not understand. === Obama administration === In the 1950s, Belafonte was a supporter of the African American Students Foundation, which gave a grant to Barack Obama Sr., the late father of 44th U.S. president Barack Obama, to study at the University of Hawaii in 1959. In 2011, Belafonte commented on the Obama administration and the role that popular opinion played in shaping its policies. "I think [Obama] plays the game that he plays because he sees no threat from evidencing concerns for the poor." On December 9, 2012, in an interview with Al Sharpton on MSNBC, Belafonte expressed dismay that many political leaders in the United States continue to oppose Obama's policies even after his reelection: "The only thing left for Barack Obama to do is to work like a third-world dictator and just put all of these guys in jail. You're violating the American desire." On February 1, 2013, Belafonte received the NAACP's Spingarn Medal, and in the televised ceremony, he counted Constance L. Rice among those previous recipients of the award whom he regarded highly for speaking up "to remedy the ills of the nation." In November 2014, Belafonte attended "Revolution and Religion," a dialogue between Bob Avakian and Cornel West at Riverside Church in New York City. === Support for Bernie Sanders === In 2016, Belafonte endorsed Vermont U.S. senator Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primaries, saying: "I think he represents opportunity, I think he represents a moral imperative, I think he represents a certain kind of truth that's not often evidenced in the course of politics." Belafonte was an honorary co-chairman of the Women's March on Washington, which took place on January 21, 2017, the day after the inauguration of Donald Trump as president. === The Sanders Institute === Belafonte was a fellow at the Sanders Institute. == Humanitarian activism == === HIV/AIDS crisis === In 1985, Belafonte helped organize the Grammy Award-winning song "We Are the World", a multi-artist effort to raise funds for Africa. He performed in the Live Aid concert that same year. In 1987, he received an appointment to UNICEF as a goodwill ambassador. Following his appointment, Belafonte traveled to Dakar, Senegal, where he served as chairman of the International Symposium of Artists and Intellectuals for African Children. He also helped to raise funds—along with more than 20 other artists—in the largest concert ever held in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1994, he embarked on a mission to Rwanda and launched a media campaign to raise awareness of the needs of Rwandan children. In 2001, Belafonte visited South Africa to support the campaign against HIV/AIDS. In 2002, Africare awarded him the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award for his efforts. In 2004, Belafonte traveled to Kenya to stress the importance of educating children in the region. === Prostate Cancer awareness === Belafonte had been involved in prostate cancer advocacy since 1996, when he was diagnosed and successfully treated for the disease. On June 27, 2006, Belafonte received the BET Humanitarian Award at the 2006 BET Awards. He was named one of nine 2006 Impact Award recipients by AARP: The Magazine. === Work with UNICEF === On October 19, 2007, Belafonte represented UNICEF on Norwegian television to support the annual telethon (TV Aksjonen) and helped raise a world record of $10 per Norwegian citizen. === Various Activist work === Belafonte was also an ambassador for the Bahamas. He sat on the board of directors of the Advancement Project. He also served on the advisory council of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. === New York City Pride Parade === In 2013, Belafonte was named a grand marshal of the New York City Pride Parade alongside Edie Windsor and Earl Fowlkes. == Belafonte and foreign policy == Belafonte was a longtime critic of U.S. foreign policy. He began making controversial political statements on the subject in the early 1980s. At various times, he made statements opposing the U.S. embargo on Cuba; praising Soviet peace initiatives; attacking the U.S. invasion of Grenada; praising the Abraham Lincoln Brigade; honoring Ethel and Julius Rosenberg; and praising Fidel Castro. Belafonte is also known for his visit to Cuba that helped ensure hip-hop's place in Cuban society. According to Geoffrey Baker's article "Hip hop, Revolucion! Nationalizing Rap in Cuba", in 1999, Belafonte met with representatives of the rap community immediately before meeting with Castro. This meeting resulted in Castro's personal approval of, and hence the government's involvement in, the incorporation of rap into his country's culture. In a 2003 interview, Belafonte reflected upon this meeting's influence: "When I went back to Havana a couple years later, the people in the hip-hop community came to see me and we hung out for a bit. They thanked me profusely and I said, 'Why?' and they said, 'Because your little conversation with Fidel and the Minister of Culture on hip-hop led to there being a special division within the ministry and we've got our own studio.'." Belafonte was active in the Anti-Apartheid Movement. In 1987, he was the master of ceremonies at a reception honoring African National Congress President Oliver Tambo at Roosevelt House, Hunter College, in New York City. The reception was held by the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) and The Africa Fund. He was a board member of the TransAfrica Forum and the Institute for Policy Studies. === Opposition to the George W. Bush administration === Belafonte achieved widespread attention for his political views in 2002 when he began making a series of comments about President George W. Bush, his administration and the Iraq War. During an interview with Ted Leitner for San Diego's 760 KFMB, on October 10, 2002, Belafonte referred to Malcolm X. Belafonte said: There is an old saying, in the days of slavery. There were those slaves who lived on the plantation, and there were those slaves who lived in the house. You got the privilege of living in the house if you served the master, do exactly the way the master intended to have you serve him. That gave you privilege. Colin Powell is permitted to come into the house of the master, as long as he would serve the master, according to the master's dictates. And when Colin Powell dares to suggest something other than what the master wants to hear, he will be turned back out to pasture. And you don't hear much from those who live in the pasture. Belafonte used the quotation to characterize former United States Secretaries of State Colin Powell and Condoleezza Rice. Powell and Rice both responded, with Powell calling the remarks "unfortunate" and Rice saying: "I don't need Harry Belafonte to tell me what it means to be black." The comment resurfaced in an interview with Amy Goodman for Democracy Now! in 2006. In January 2006, Belafonte led a delegation of activists including actor Danny Glover and activist/professor Cornel West to meet with Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez. In 2005, Chávez, an outspoken Bush critic, initiated a program to provide cheaper heating oil for poor people in several areas of the United States. Belafonte supported this initiative. He was quoted as saying, during the meeting with Chávez: "No matter what the greatest tyrant in the world, the greatest terrorist in the world, George W. Bush says, we're here to tell you: Not hundreds, not thousands, but millions of the American people support your revolution." Belafonte and Glover met again with Chávez in 2006. The comment ignited a great deal of controversy. Hillary Clinton refused to acknowledge Belafonte's presence at an awards ceremony that featured both of them. AARP, which had just named him one of its 10 Impact Award honorees 2006, released this statement following the remarks: "AARP does not condone the manner and tone which he has chosen and finds his comments completely unacceptable." During a Martin Luther King Jr. Day speech at Duke University in 2006, Belafonte compared the American government to the hijackers of the September 11 attacks, saying: "What is the difference between that terrorist and other terrorists?" In response to criticism about his remarks, Belafonte asked: "What do you call Bush when the war he put us in to date has killed almost as many Americans as died on 9/11 and the number of Americans wounded in war is almost triple? ... By most definitions Bush can be considered a terrorist." When he was asked about his expectation of criticism for his remarks on the war in Iraq, Belafonte responded: "Bring it on. Dissent is central to any democracy." In another interview, Belafonte remarked that while his comments may have been "hasty", he felt that the Bush administration suffered from "arrogance wedded to ignorance" and its policies around the world were "morally bankrupt." In a January 2006 speech to the annual meeting of the Arts Presenters Members Conference, Belafonte referred to "the new Gestapo of Homeland Security", saying: "You can be arrested and have no right to counsel!" During a Martin Luther King Jr. Day speech at Duke University in Durham, North Carolina in January 2006, Belafonte said that if he could choose his epitaph, it would read "Harry Belafonte, Patriot." In 2004, he was awarded the Domestic Human Rights Award in San Francisco by Global Exchange. == Business career == Belafonte liked and often visited the Caribbean island of Bonaire. He and Maurice Neme of Oranjestad, Aruba, formed a joint venture to create a luxurious private community on Bonaire named Belnem, a portmanteau of the two men's names. Construction began on June 3, 1966. The neighborhood is managed by the Bel-Nem Caribbean Development Corporation. Belafonte and Neme served as its first directors. In 2017, Belnem was home to 717 people. == Personal life, health and death == Belafonte and Marguerite Byrd were married from 1948 to 1957. They had two daughters: Adrienne and Shari. They separated when Byrd was pregnant with Shari. Belafonte had an affair with actress Joan Collins during the filming of Island in the Sun. Adrienne and her daughter Rachel Blue founded the Anir Foundation/Experience, focused on humanitarian work in southern Africa. On March 8, 1957, Belafonte married his second wife Julie Robinson (1928–2024), a dancer with the Katherine Dunham Company who was of Jewish descent. They had two children: Gina and David. After 47 years of marriage, Belafonte and Robinson divorced in 2004. In April 2008, he married Pamela Frank, a photographer. In 1953, Belafonte was financially able to move from Washington Heights, Manhattan, "into a white neighborhood in East Elmhurst, Queens." In fall 1958, Belafonte was looking for an apartment to rent on the Upper West Side. After he had been turned away from other apartment buildings due to being black, he had his white publicist rent an apartment at 300 West End Avenue for him. When he moved in, and the owner realized that he was an African American, he was asked to leave. Belafonte not only refused, but he also used three dummy real estate companies to buy the building and converted it into a co-op, inviting his friends, both white and black, to buy apartments. He lived in the 21-room, 6-bedroom apartment for 48 years. Belafonte had five grandchildren: Rachel and Brian through his children with Marguerite Byrd, and Maria, Sarafina and Amadeus through his children with Robinson. He had two great-grandchildren by his oldest grandson Brian. In October 1998, Belafonte contributed a letter to Liv Ullmann's book Letter to My Grandchild. In 1996, Belafonte was diagnosed with prostate cancer and was treated for the disease. He suffered a stroke in 2004, which took away his inner-ear balance. From 2019, Belafonte's health began to decline, but he remained an active and prominent figure in the civil rights movement. Belafonte died from congestive heart failure at his home on the Upper West Side on April 25, 2023, at the age of 96. == Discography == Belafonte released 27 studio albums, 8 live albums, and 6 collaborations, and achieved critical and commercial success. == Filmography == === Film === Documentary === Television === === Concert videos === En Gränslös Kväll På Operan (1966) Don't Stop The Carnival (1985) Global Carnival (1988) An Evening with Harry Belafonte and Friends (1997) == Theatre == John Murray Anderson's Almanac (1953) 3 for Tonight (1955) Moonbirds (1959) (producer) Belafonte at the Palace (1959) Asinamali! (1987) (producer) == Accolades and legacy == Belafonte is an EGOT honoree, having received three Grammy Awards, an Emmy Award, a Tony Award, and, in 2014, the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences' 6th Annual Governors Awards. Belafonte won an Emmy in 1960 for his performance on Revlon Revue. He was nominated four other times. He also received various honours including the Kennedy Center Honors in 1989, the National Medal of Arts in 1994 and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in the Early Influence category in 2022. Belafonte celebrated his 93rd birthday on March 1, 2020, at Harlem's Apollo Theater in a tribute event that concluded "with a thunderous audience singalong" with rapper Doug E. Fresh to 1956's "Banana Boat Song". Soon after, the New York Public Library's Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture announced it had acquired Belafonte's vast personal archive of "photographs, recordings, films, letters, artwork, clipping albums," and other content. == See also == List of peace activists == References == == Further reading == Sharlet, Jeff (2013). "Voice and Hammer". Virginia Quarterly Review (Fall 2013): 24–41. Archived from the original on January 25, 2014. Retrieved October 4, 2013. Smith, Judith. Becoming Belafonte: Black Artist, Public Radical. University of Texas Press, 2014. ISBN 9780292729148. Wise, James. Stars in Blue: Movie Actors in America's Sea Services. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1997. ISBN 1557509379. OCLC 36824724. == External links == SNCC Digital Gateway: Harry Belafonte, Documentary website created by the SNCC Legacy Project and Duke University, telling the story of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee & grassroots organizing from the inside out Harry Belafonte at IMDb Harry Belafonte at the TCM Movie Database Harry Belafonte at the Internet Broadway Database Harry Belafonte at the Internet Off-Broadway Database (archived) Harry Belafonte discography at Discogs Appearances on C-SPAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallium	Gallium	Gallium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ga and atomic number 31. Discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in Paris, France, 1875, elemental gallium is a soft, silvery metal at standard temperature and pressure. In its liquid state, it becomes silvery white. If enough force is applied, solid gallium may fracture conchoidally. Since its discovery in 1875, gallium has widely been used to make alloys with low melting points. It is also used in semiconductors, as a dopant in semiconductor substrates. The melting point of gallium, 29.7646 °C (85.5763 °F; 302.9146 K), is used as a temperature reference point. Gallium alloys are used in thermometers as a non-toxic and environmentally friendly alternative to mercury, and can withstand higher temperatures than mercury. A melting point of −19 °C (−2 °F), well below the freezing point of water, is claimed for the alloy galinstan (62–⁠95% gallium, 5–⁠22% indium, and 0–⁠16% tin by weight), but that may be the freezing point with the effect of supercooling. Gallium does not occur as a free element in nature, but rather as gallium(III) compounds in trace amounts in zinc ores (such as sphalerite) and in bauxite. Elemental gallium is a liquid at temperatures greater than 29.76 °C (85.57 °F), and will melt in a person's hands at normal human body temperature of 37.0 °C (98.6 °F). Gallium is predominantly used in electronics. Gallium arsenide, the primary chemical compound of gallium in electronics, is used in microwave circuits, high-speed switching circuits, and infrared circuits. Semiconducting gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride produce blue and violet light-emitting diodes and diode lasers. Gallium is also used in the production of artificial gadolinium gallium garnet for jewelry. It has no known natural role in biology. Gallium(III) behaves in a similar manner to ferric salts in biological systems and has been used in some medical applications, including pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals. == Physical properties == Elemental gallium is not found in nature, but it is easily obtained by smelting. Very pure gallium is a silvery blue metal that fractures conchoidally like glass. Gallium's volume expands by 3.10% when it changes from a liquid to a solid so care must be taken when storing it in containers that may rupture when it changes state. Gallium shares the higher-density liquid state with a short list of other materials that includes water, silicon, germanium, bismuth, and plutonium. Gallium forms alloys with most metals. It readily diffuses into cracks or grain boundaries of some metals such as aluminium, aluminium–zinc alloys and steel, causing extreme loss of strength and ductility called liquid metal embrittlement. The melting point of gallium, at 302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F), is just above room temperature, and is approximately the same as the average summer daytime temperatures in Earth's mid-latitudes. This melting point (mp) is one of the formal temperature reference points in the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90) established by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). The triple point of gallium, 302.9166 K (29.7666 °C, 85.5799 °F), is used by the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in preference to the melting point. The melting point of gallium allows it to melt in the human hand, and then solidify if removed. The liquid metal has a strong tendency to supercool below its melting point/freezing point: Ga nanoparticles can be kept in the liquid state below 90 K. Seeding with a crystal helps to initiate freezing. Gallium is one of the four non-radioactive metals (with caesium, rubidium, and mercury) that are known to be liquid at, or near, normal room temperature. Of the four, gallium is the only one that is neither highly reactive (as are rubidium and caesium) nor highly toxic (as is mercury) and can, therefore, be used in metal-in-glass high-temperature thermometers. It is also notable for having one of the largest liquid ranges for a metal, and for having (unlike mercury) a low vapor pressure at high temperatures. Gallium's boiling point, 2676 K, is nearly nine times higher than its melting point on the absolute scale, the greatest ratio between melting point and boiling point of any element. Unlike mercury, liquid gallium metal wets glass and skin, along with most other materials (with the exceptions of quartz, graphite, gallium(III) oxide and PTFE), making it mechanically more difficult to handle even though it is substantially less toxic and requires far fewer precautions than mercury. Gallium painted onto glass is a brilliant mirror. For this reason as well as the metal contamination and freezing-expansion problems, samples of gallium metal are usually supplied in polyethylene packets within other containers. Gallium does not crystallize in any of the simple crystal structures. The stable phase under normal conditions is orthorhombic with 8 atoms in the conventional unit cell. Within a unit cell, each atom has only one nearest neighbor (at a distance of 244 pm). The remaining six unit cell neighbors are spaced 27, 30 and 39 pm farther away, and they are grouped in pairs with the same distance. Many stable and metastable phases are found as function of temperature and pressure. The bonding between the two nearest neighbors is covalent; hence Ga2 dimers are seen as the fundamental building blocks of the crystal. This explains the low melting point relative to the neighbor elements, aluminium and indium. This structure is strikingly similar to that of iodine and may form because of interactions between the single 4p electrons of gallium atoms, further away from the nucleus than the 4s electrons and the [Ar]3d10 core. This phenomenon recurs with mercury with its "pseudo-noble-gas" [Xe]4f145d106s2 electron configuration, which is liquid at room temperature. The 3d10 electrons do not shield the outer electrons very well from the nucleus and hence the first ionisation energy of gallium is greater than that of aluminium. Ga2 dimers do not persist in the liquid state and liquid gallium exhibits a complex low-coordinated structure in which each gallium atom is surrounded by 10 others, rather than 11–12 neighbors typical of most liquid metals. The physical properties of gallium are highly anisotropic, i.e. have different values along the three major crystallographic axes a, b, and c (see table), producing a significant difference between the linear (α) and volume thermal expansion coefficients. The properties of gallium are strongly temperature-dependent, particularly near the melting point. For example, the coefficient of thermal expansion increases by several hundred percent upon melting. === Isotopes === Gallium has 30 known isotopes, ranging in mass number from 60 to 89. Only two isotopes are stable and occur naturally, gallium-69 and gallium-71. Gallium-69 is more abundant: it makes up about 60.1% of natural gallium, while gallium-71 makes up the remaining 39.9%. All the other isotopes are radioactive, with gallium-67 being the longest-lived (half-life 3.2617 days). Isotopes lighter than gallium-69 usually decay through beta plus decay (positron emission) or electron capture to isotopes of zinc, while isotopes heavier than gallium-71 decay through beta minus decay (electron emission), possibly with delayed neutron emission, to isotopes of germanium. Gallium-70 can decay both ways, to zinc-70 or to germanium-70. Gallium-67 and gallium-68 (half-life 67.84 min) are both used for imaging in nuclear medicine (see gallium scan). == Chemical properties == Gallium is found primarily in the +3 oxidation state. The +1 oxidation state is also found in some compounds, although it is less common than it is for gallium's heavier congeners indium and thallium. For example, the very stable GaCl2 contains both gallium(I) and gallium(III) and can be formulated as GaIGaIIICl4; in contrast, the monochloride is unstable above 0 °C, disproportionating into elemental gallium and gallium(III) chloride. Compounds containing Ga–Ga bonds are true gallium(II) compounds, such as GaS (which can be formulated as Ga24+(S2−)2) and the dioxane complex Ga2Cl4(C4H8O2)2. === Aqueous chemistry === Strong acids dissolve gallium, forming gallium(III) salts such as Ga(NO3)3 (gallium nitrate). Aqueous solutions of gallium(III) salts contain the hydrated gallium ion, [Ga(H2O)6]3+. Gallium(III) hydroxide, Ga(OH)3, may be precipitated from gallium(III) solutions by adding ammonia. Dehydrating Ga(OH)3 at 100 °C produces gallium oxide hydroxide, GaO(OH). Alkaline hydroxide solutions dissolve gallium, forming gallate salts (not to be confused with identically named gallic acid salts) containing the Ga(OH)−4 anion. Gallium hydroxide, which is amphoteric, also dissolves in alkali to form gallate salts. Although earlier work suggested Ga(OH)3−6 as another possible gallate anion, it was not found in later work. === Oxides and chalcogenides === Gallium reacts with the chalcogens only at relatively high temperatures. At room temperature, gallium metal is not reactive with air and water because it forms a passive, protective oxide layer. At higher temperatures, however, it reacts with atmospheric oxygen to form gallium(III) oxide, Ga2O3. Reducing Ga2O3 with elemental gallium in vacuum at 500 °C to 700 °C yields the dark brown gallium(I) oxide, Ga2O. Ga2O is a very strong reducing agent, capable of reducing H2SO4 to H2S. It disproportionates at 800 °C back to gallium and Ga2O3. Gallium(III) sulfide, Ga2S3, has 3 possible crystal modifications. It can be made by the reaction of gallium with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) at 950 °C. Alternatively, Ga(OH)3 can be used at 747 °C: 2 Ga(OH)3 + 3 H2S → Ga2S3 + 6 H2O Reacting a mixture of alkali metal carbonates and Ga2O3 with H2S leads to the formation of thiogallates containing the [Ga2S4]2− anion. Strong acids decompose these salts, releasing H2S in the process. The mercury salt, HgGa2S4, can be used as a phosphor. Gallium also forms sulfides in lower oxidation states, such as gallium(II) sulfide and the green gallium(I) sulfide, the latter of which is produced from the former by heating to 1000 °C under a stream of nitrogen. The other binary chalcogenides, Ga2Se3 and Ga2Te3, have the zincblende structure. They are all semiconductors but are easily hydrolysed and have limited utility. === Nitrides and pnictides === Gallium reacts with ammonia at 1050 °C to form gallium nitride, GaN. Gallium also forms binary compounds with phosphorus, arsenic, and antimony: gallium phosphide (GaP), gallium arsenide (GaAs), and gallium antimonide (GaSb). These compounds have the same structure as ZnS, and have important semiconducting properties. GaP, GaAs, and GaSb can be synthesized by the direct reaction of gallium with elemental phosphorus, arsenic, or antimony. They exhibit higher electrical conductivity than GaN. GaP can also be synthesized by reacting Ga2O with phosphorus at low temperatures. Gallium forms ternary nitrides; for example: Li3Ga + N2 → Li3GaN2 Similar compounds with phosphorus and arsenic are possible: Li3GaP2 and Li3GaAs2. These compounds are easily hydrolyzed by dilute acids and water. === Halides === Gallium(III) oxide reacts with fluorinating agents such as HF or F2 to form gallium(III) fluoride, GaF3. It is an ionic compound strongly insoluble in water. However, it dissolves in hydrofluoric acid, in which it forms an adduct with water, GaF3·3H2O. Attempting to dehydrate this adduct forms GaF2OH·nH2O. The adduct reacts with ammonia to form GaF3·3NH3, which can then be heated to form anhydrous GaF3. Gallium trichloride is formed by the reaction of gallium metal with chlorine gas. Unlike the trifluoride, gallium(III) chloride exists as dimeric molecules, Ga2Cl6, with a melting point of 78 °C. Equivalent compounds are formed with bromine and iodine, Ga2Br6 and Ga2I6. Like the other group 13 trihalides, gallium(III) halides are Lewis acids, reacting as halide acceptors with alkali metal halides to form salts containing GaX−4 anions, where X is a halogen. They also react with alkyl halides to form carbocations and GaX−4. When heated to a high temperature, gallium(III) halides react with elemental gallium to form the respective gallium(I) halides. For example, GaCl3 reacts with Ga to form GaCl: 2 Ga + GaCl3 ⇌ 3 GaCl (g) At lower temperatures, the equilibrium shifts toward the left and GaCl disproportionates back to elemental gallium and GaCl3. GaCl can also be produced by reacting Ga with HCl at 950 °C; the product can be condensed as a red solid. Gallium(I) compounds can be stabilized by forming adducts with Lewis acids. For example: GaCl + AlCl3 → Ga+[AlCl4]− The so-called "gallium(II) halides", GaX2, are actually adducts of gallium(I) halides with the respective gallium(III) halides, having the structure Ga+[GaX4]−. For example: GaCl + GaCl3 → Ga+[GaCl4]− === Hydrides === Like aluminium, gallium also forms a hydride, GaH3, known as gallane, which may be produced by reacting lithium gallium hydride (LiGaH4) with gallium(III) chloride at −30 °C: 3 LiGaH4 + GaCl3 → 3 LiCl + 4 GaH3 In the presence of dimethyl ether as solvent, GaH3 polymerizes to (GaH3)n. If no solvent is used, the dimer Ga2H6 (digallane) is formed as a gas. Its structure is similar to diborane, having two hydrogen atoms bridging the two gallium centers, unlike α-AlH3 in which aluminium has a coordination number of 6. Gallane is unstable above −10 °C, decomposing to elemental gallium and hydrogen. === Organogallium compounds === Organogallium compounds are of similar reactivity to organoindium compounds, less reactive than organoaluminium compounds, but more reactive than organothallium compounds. Alkylgalliums are monomeric. Lewis acidity decreases in the order Al > Ga > In and as a result organogallium compounds do not form bridged dimers as organoaluminium compounds do. Organogallium compounds are also less reactive than organoaluminium compounds. They do form stable peroxides. These alkylgalliums are liquids at room temperature, having low melting points, and are quite mobile and flammable. Triphenylgallium is monomeric in solution, but its crystals form chain structures due to weak intermolecluar Ga···C interactions. Gallium trichloride is a common starting reagent for the formation of organogallium compounds, such as in carbogallation reactions. Gallium trichloride reacts with lithium cyclopentadienide in diethyl ether to form the trigonal planar gallium cyclopentadienyl complex GaCp3. Gallium(I) forms complexes with arene ligands such as hexamethylbenzene. Because this ligand is quite bulky, the structure of the [Ga(η6-C6Me6)]+ is that of a half-sandwich. Less bulky ligands such as mesitylene allow two ligands to be attached to the central gallium atom in a bent sandwich structure. Benzene is even less bulky and allows the formation of dimers: an example is [Ga(η6-C6H6)2] [GaCl4]·3C6H6. == History == In 1871, the existence of gallium was first predicted by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, who named it "eka-aluminium" from its position in his periodic table. He also predicted several properties of eka-aluminium that correspond closely to the real properties of gallium, such as its density, melting point, oxide character, and bonding in chloride. Mendeleev further predicted that eka-aluminium would be discovered by means of the spectroscope, and that metallic eka-aluminium would dissolve slowly in both acids and alkalis and would not react with air. He also predicted that M2O3 would dissolve in acids to give MX3 salts, that eka-aluminium salts would form basic salts, that eka-aluminium sulfate should form alums, and that anhydrous MCl3 should have a greater volatility than ZnCl2. All of these predictions were later proven accurate. Gallium was discovered using spectroscopy by French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875 from its characteristic spectrum (two violet lines) in a sample of sphalerite. Later that year, Lecoq obtained the free metal by electrolysis of the hydroxide in potassium hydroxide solution. He named the element "gallia", from Latin Gallia meaning 'Gaul', a name for his native land of France. It was later claimed that, in a multilingual pun of a kind favoured by men of science in the 19th century, he had also named gallium after himself: Le coq is French for 'the rooster', and the Latin word for 'rooster' is gallus. In an 1877 article, Lecoq denied this conjecture. Originally, de Boisbaudran determined the density of gallium as 4.7 g/cm3, the only property that failed to match Mendeleev's predictions; Mendeleev then wrote to him and suggested that he should remeasure the density, and de Boisbaudran then obtained the correct value of 5.9 g/cm3, that Mendeleev had predicted exactly. From its discovery in 1875 until the era of semiconductors, the primary uses of gallium were high-temperature thermometrics and metal alloys with unusual properties of stability or ease of melting (some such being liquid at room temperature). The development of gallium arsenide as a direct bandgap semiconductor in the 1960s ushered in the most important stage in the applications of gallium. In the late 1960s, the electronics industry started using gallium on a commercial scale to fabricate light emitting diodes, photovoltaics and semiconductors, while the metals industry used it to reduce the melting point of alloys. First blue gallium nitride LED were developed in 1971–1973, but they were feeble. Only in the early 1990s Shuji Nakamura managed to combine GaN with indium gallium nitride and develop the modern blue LED, now making the basis of ubiquitous white LEDs, which Nichia commercialized in 1993. He and two other Japanese scientists received a Nobel in Physics in 2014 for this work. Global gallium production slowly grew from several tens of t/year in the 1970s til ca. 2010, when it passed 100 t/yr and rapidly accelerated, by 2024 reaching about 450 t/yr. == Occurrence == Gallium does not exist as a free element in the Earth's crust, and the few high-content minerals, such as gallite (CuGaS2), are too rare to serve as a primary source. The abundance in the Earth's crust is approximately 16.9 ppm. It is the 34th most abundant element in the crust. This is comparable to the crustal abundances of lead, cobalt, and niobium. Yet unlike these elements, gallium does not form its own ore deposits with concentrations of > 0.1 wt.% in ore. Rather it occurs at trace concentrations similar to the crustal value in zinc ores, and at somewhat higher values (~ 50 ppm) in aluminium ores, from both of which it is extracted as a by-product. This lack of independent deposits is due to gallium's geochemical behaviour, showing no strong enrichment in the processes relevant to the formation of most ore deposits. The United States Geological Survey (USGS) estimates that more than 1 million tons of gallium is contained in known reserves of bauxite and zinc ores. Some coal flue dusts contain small quantities of gallium, typically less than 1% by weight. However, these amounts are not extractable without mining of the host materials (see below). Thus, the availability of gallium is fundamentally determined by the rate at which bauxite, zinc ores, and coal are extracted. == Production and availability == Gallium is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals. Its main source material is bauxite, the chief ore of aluminium, but minor amounts are also extracted from sulfidic zinc ores (sphalerite being the main host mineral). In the past, certain coals were an important source. During the processing of bauxite to alumina in the Bayer process, gallium accumulates in the sodium hydroxide liquor. From this it can be extracted by a variety of methods. The most recent is the use of ion-exchange resin. Achievable extraction efficiencies critically depend on the original concentration in the feed bauxite. At a typical feed concentration of 50 ppm, about 15% of the contained gallium is extractable. The remainder reports to the red mud and aluminium hydroxide streams. Gallium is removed from the ion-exchange resin in solution. Electrolysis then gives gallium metal. For semiconductor use, it is further purified with zone melting or single-crystal extraction from a melt (Czochralski process). Purities of 99.9999% are routinely achieved and commercially available. Its by-product status means that gallium production is constrained by the amount of bauxite, sulfidic zinc ores (and coal) extracted per year. Therefore, its availability needs to be discussed in terms of supply potential. The supply potential of a by-product is defined as that amount which is economically extractable from its host materials per year under current market conditions (i.e. technology and price). Reserves and resources are not relevant for by-products, since they cannot be extracted independently from the main-products. Recent estimates put the supply potential of gallium at a minimum of 2,100 t/yr from bauxite, 85 t/yr from sulfidic zinc ores, and potentially 590 t/yr from coal. These figures are significantly greater than current production (375 t in 2016). Thus, major future increases in the by-product production of gallium will be possible without significant increases in production costs or price. The average price for low-grade gallium was $120 per kilogram in 2016 and $135–140 per kilogram in 2017. In 2017, the world's production of low-grade gallium was c. 315 tons—a decrease of 15% from 2016. China, Japan, South Korea, Russia, and Ukraine were the leading producers, while Germany ceased primary production of gallium in 2016. The yield of high-purity gallium was ca. 180 tons, mostly originating from China, Japan, Slovakia, UK and U.S. The 2017 world annual production capacity was estimated at 730 tons for low-grade and 320 tons for refined gallium. China produced c. 250 tons of low-grade gallium in 2016 and c. 300 tons in 2017. It also accounted for more than half of global LED production. As of July 2023, China accounted for between 80% and 95% of its production. As oft August 2023, China produced 80% of the world's gallium and 60% of germanium (source: Critical Raw Materials Alliance (CRMA)). China started restricting exports of both materials. They are key to the semiconductor industry and there is a 'chip war' between China and the US. In 2025, Rio Tinto and Indium Corporation partnered to mine the first primary gallium in North America. In July 2025, the US think tank Center for Strategic and International Studies wrote: "China is increasingly weaponizing its chokehold over critical minerals amid intensifying economic and technological competition with the United States. The critical mineral gallium, which is crucial to defense industry supply chains and new energy technologies, has been at the front line of China’s strategy." In 2024, China produced 98 percent of the world’s low-purity gallium (source: United States Geological Survey (USGS)). == Applications == Semiconductor applications dominate the commercial demand for gallium, accounting for 98% of the total. The next major application is for gadolinium gallium garnets. As of 2022, 44% of world use went to light fixtures and 36% to integrated circuits, with smaller shares equal to ~7% going to photovoltaics and magnets each. === Semiconductors === Extremely high-purity (>99.9999%) gallium is commercially available to serve the semiconductor industry. Gallium arsenide (GaAs) and gallium nitride (GaN) used in electronic components represented about 98% of the gallium consumption in the United States in 2007. About 66% of semiconductor gallium is used in the U.S. in integrated circuits (mostly gallium arsenide), such as the manufacture of ultra-high-speed logic chips and MESFETs for low-noise microwave preamplifiers in cell phones. About 20% of this gallium is used in optoelectronics. Worldwide, gallium arsenide makes up 95% of the annual global gallium consumption. It amounted to $7.5 billion in 2016, with 53% originating from cell phones, 27% from wireless communications, and the rest from automotive, consumer, fiber-optic, and military applications. The recent increase in GaAs consumption is mostly related to the emergence of 3G and 4G smartphones, which employ up to 10 times the amount of GaAs in older models. Gallium arsenide and gallium nitride can also be found in a variety of optoelectronic devices which had a market share of $15.3 billion in 2015 and $18.5 billion in 2016. Aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs) is used in high-power infrared laser diodes. The semiconductors gallium nitride and indium gallium nitride are used in blue and violet optoelectronic devices, mostly laser diodes and light-emitting diodes. For example, gallium nitride 405 nm diode lasers are used as a violet light source for higher-density Blu-ray Disc compact data disc drives. Other major applications of gallium nitride are cable television transmission, commercial wireless infrastructure, power electronics, and satellites. The GaN radio frequency device market alone was estimated at $370 million in 2016 and $420 million in 2016. Multijunction photovoltaic cells, developed for satellite power applications, are made by molecular-beam epitaxy or metalorganic vapour-phase epitaxy of thin films of gallium arsenide, indium gallium phosphide, or indium gallium arsenide. The Mars Exploration Rovers and several satellites use triple-junction gallium arsenide on germanium cells. Gallium is also a component in photovoltaic compounds (such as copper indium gallium selenium sulfide Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2) used in solar panels as a cost-efficient alternative to crystalline silicon. === Galinstan and other alloys === Gallium readily alloys with most metals, and is used as an ingredient in low-melting alloys. The nearly eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin is a room temperature liquid used in medical thermometers. This alloy, with the trade-name Galinstan (with the "-stan" referring to the tin, stannum in Latin), has a low melting point of −19 °C (−2.2 °F). this family of alloys can also be used to cool computer chips in place of water, and as a replacement for thermal paste in high-performance computing. Gallium alloys have been evaluated as substitutes for mercury dental amalgams, but these materials have yet to see wide acceptance. Liquid alloys containing mostly gallium and indium have been found to precipitate gaseous CO2 into solid carbon and are being researched as potential methodologies for carbon capture and possibly carbon removal. Because gallium wets glass or porcelain, gallium can be used to create brilliant mirrors. When the wetting action of gallium-alloys is not desired (as in Galinstan glass thermometers), the glass must be protected with a transparent layer of gallium(III) oxide. Due to their high surface tension and deformability, gallium-based liquid metals can be used to create actuators by controlling the surface tension. Researchers have demonstrated the potentials of using liquid metal actuators as artificial muscle in robotic actuation. The plutonium used in nuclear weapon pits is stabilized in the δ phase and made machinable by alloying with gallium. === Biomedical applications === Although gallium has no natural function in biology, gallium ions interact with processes in the body in a manner similar to iron(III). Because these processes include inflammation, a marker for many disease states, several gallium salts are used (or are in development) as pharmaceuticals and radiopharmaceuticals in medicine. Interest in the anticancer properties of gallium emerged when it was discovered that 67Ga(III) citrate injected in tumor-bearing animals localized to sites of tumor. Clinical trials have shown gallium nitrate to have antineoplastic activity against non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and urothelial cancers. A new generation of gallium-ligand complexes such as tris(8-quinolinolato)gallium(III) (KP46) and gallium maltolate has emerged. Gallium nitrate (brand name Ganite) has been used as an intravenous pharmaceutical to treat hypercalcemia associated with tumor metastasis to bones. Gallium is thought to interfere with osteoclast function, and the therapy may be effective when other treatments have failed. Gallium maltolate, an oral, highly absorbable form of gallium(III) ion, is an anti-proliferative to pathologically proliferating cells, particularly cancer cells and some bacteria that accept it in place of ferric iron (Fe3+). Researchers are conducting clinical and preclinical trials on this compound as a potential treatment for a number of cancers, infectious diseases, and inflammatory diseases. When gallium ions are mistakenly taken up in place of iron(III) by bacteria such as Pseudomonas, the ions interfere with respiration, and the bacteria die. This happens because iron is redox-active, allowing the transfer of electrons during respiration, while gallium is redox-inactive. A complex amine-phenol Ga(III) compound MR045 is selectively toxic to parasites resistant to chloroquine, a common drug against malaria. Both the Ga(III) complex and chloroquine act by inhibiting crystallization of hemozoin, a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by the parasites. ==== Radiogallium salts ==== Gallium-67 salts such as gallium citrate and gallium nitrate are used as radiopharmaceutical agents in the nuclear medicine imaging known as gallium scan. The radioactive isotope 67Ga is used, and the compound or salt of gallium is unimportant. The body handles Ga3+ in many ways as though it were Fe3+, and the ion is bound (and concentrates) in areas of inflammation, such as infection, and in areas of rapid cell division. This allows such sites to be imaged by nuclear scan techniques. Gallium-68, a positron emitter with a half-life of 68 min, is now used as a diagnostic radionuclide in PET-CT when linked to pharmaceutical preparations such as DOTATOC, a somatostatin analogue used for neuroendocrine tumors investigation, and DOTA-TATE, a newer one, used for neuroendocrine metastasis and lung neuroendocrine cancer, such as certain types of microcytoma. Gallium-68's preparation as a pharmaceutical is chemical, and the radionuclide is extracted by elution from germanium-68, a synthetic radioisotope of germanium, in gallium-68 generators. === Other uses === Neutrino detection: Gallium is used for neutrino detection. Possibly the largest amount of pure gallium ever collected in a single location is the Gallium-Germanium Neutrino Telescope used by the SAGE experiment at the Baksan Neutrino Observatory in Russia. This detector contains 55–57 tonnes (~9 cubic metres) of liquid gallium. Another experiment was the GALLEX neutrino detector operated in the early 1990s in an Italian mountain tunnel. The detector contained 12.2 tons of watered gallium-71. Solar neutrinos caused a few atoms of 71Ga to become radioactive 71Ge, which were detected. This experiment showed that the solar neutrino flux is 40% less than theory predicted. This deficit (solar neutrino problem) was not explained until better solar neutrino detectors and theories were constructed (see SNO). Ion source: Gallium is also used as a liquid metal ion source for a focused ion beam. For example, a focused gallium-ion beam was used to create the world's smallest book, Teeny Ted from Turnip Town. Lubricants: Gallium serves as an additive in glide wax for skis and other low-friction surface materials. Flexible electronics: Materials scientists speculate that the properties of gallium could make it suitable for the development of flexible and wearable devices. Hydrogen generation: Gallium disrupts the protective oxide layer on aluminium, allowing water to react with the aluminium in AlGa to produce hydrogen gas. Humor: A well-known practical joke among chemists is to fashion gallium spoons and use them to serve tea to unsuspecting guests, since gallium has a similar appearance to its lighter homolog aluminium. The spoons then melt in the hot tea. == Gallium in the ocean == Advances in trace element testing have allowed scientists to discover traces of dissolved gallium in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. In recent years, dissolved gallium concentrations have presented in the Beaufort Sea. These reports reflect the possible profiles of the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean waters. For the Pacific Oceans, typical dissolved gallium concentrations are between 4 and 6 pmol/kg at depths <~150 m. In comparison, for Atlantic waters 25–28 pmol/kg at depths >~350 m. Gallium has entered oceans mainly through aeolian input, but having gallium in our oceans can be used to resolve aluminium distribution in the oceans. The reason for this is that gallium is geochemically similar to aluminium, just less reactive. Gallium also has a slightly larger surface water residence time than aluminium. Gallium has a similar dissolved profile similar to that of aluminium, due to this gallium can be used as a tracer for aluminium. Gallium can also be used as a tracer of aeolian inputs of iron. Gallium is used as a tracer for iron in the northwest Pacific, south and central Atlantic Oceans. For example, in the northwest Pacific, low gallium surface waters, in the subpolar region suggest that there is low dust input, which can subsequently explain the following high-nutrient, low-chlorophyll environmental behavior. == Precautions == Metallic gallium is not toxic. However, several gallium compounds are toxic. Gallium halide complexes can be toxic. The Ga3+ ion of soluble gallium salts tends to form the insoluble hydroxide when injected in large doses; precipitation of this hydroxide resulted in nephrotoxicity in animals. In lower doses, soluble gallium is tolerated well and does not accumulate as a poison, instead being excreted mostly through urine. Excretion of gallium occurs in two phases: the first phase has a biological half-life of 1 hour, while the second has a biological half-life of 25 hours. Inhaled Ga2O3 particles are probably toxic. == Notes == == References == == External links == Gallium at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham) Safety data sheet at acialloys.com High-resolution photographs of molten gallium, gallium crystals and gallium ingots under Creative Commons licence Textbook information regarding gallium Environmental effects of gallium Gallium Statistics and Information Gallium: A Smart Metal United States Geological Survey Thermal conductivity Physical and thermodynamical properties of liquid gallium (doc pdf) usgs.gov (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025): Gallium
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rond%C3%B3n,_Boyac%C3%A1	Rondón, Boyacá	Rondón is a town and municipality in the Márquez Province, part of Boyacá Department, Colombia. The urban centre of Rondón is situated at an altitude of 2,075 metres (6,808 ft) on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in the Colombian Eastern Ranges of the Andes. It is 61 kilometres (38 mi) away from the departmental capital Tunja. Rondón borders Viracachá and Siachoque in the north, Zetaquirá and Ramiriquí in the south, Pesca in the east and Ramiriquí and Ciénega in the west. == Etymology == Rondón was previously known as San Rafael, and earlier, the area of Rondón was referred to as La Galera, a forested terrain. It received the name Rondón honouring the independence hero of the Battle of Vargas Swamp Juan José Rondón. == History == The terrain of Rondón was completely forested until the mid 19th century, when the lands passed through various families of land owners. The newly founded settlement was populated by people coming from Ramiriquí, Ciénega, Viracachá and Pesca. The town received the status of municipality on June 30, 1904, by Ignacio Aristides Medina Ávila. == Economy == Main economic activities in Rondón are livestock farming and agriculture. Among the products cultivated are lulo, sugarcane, coffee, bananas, oranges, yuca, arracacha, beans, peas, avocadoes, guayaba, chirimoya, guanábana, potatoes and maize. == Climate == == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glipa_dohertyi	Glipa dohertyi	Glipa dohertyi is a species of beetle in the genus Glipa. It was described in 1932. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021%E2%80%9322_Liverpool_F.C._season#Assists	2021–22 Liverpool F.C. season	The 2021–22 season was Liverpool Football Club's 130th season in existence and their 60th consecutive season in the top flight of English football. Liverpool were on course to winning a unique quadruple, as they won a record-breaking ninth EFL Cup and the FA Cup, beating Chelsea on penalties in both finals. However, they lost the Premier League title by one point to Manchester City, and – in a repeat of the 2018 final – lost the Champions League final to Real Madrid. This was the first season since 2015–16 without Georginio Wijnaldum, who departed to Paris Saint-Germain and the first since 2017–18 without Xherdan Shaqiri, who departed to Lyon. == Season overview == Liverpool excelled in both the FA Cup and EFL Cup, beating Chelsea in both finals on penalties after both matches ended in goalless draws. On the final day of the season, Liverpool faced Wolverhampton Wanderers at Anfield, while their title challengers Manchester City faced Aston Villa at the Etihad Stadium. Liverpool found themselves 0–1 down early in the match, however, City were also a goal down to Villa. Sadio Mané levelled the scoreline for Liverpool, and their title hopes were kept alive by the fact that City were now 0–2 down. However, City went on to score three goals in five minutes to take the lead and, despite Mohamed Salah and Andy Robertson scoring two late goals to beat Wolves 3–1, it was not enough and the Reds were pipped to the title by a point. Meanwhile in the UEFA Champions League, despite being drawn in a group with Atlético Madrid, AC Milan and Porto, Liverpool made history by becoming the first English club to win all six group stage matches. They advanced all the way to the final where they took on Real Madrid, as they had done four years earlier. In Paris, the same city in which the Reds won the European Cup against Madrid in 1981, they lost 0–1 as Vinícius Júnior scored the only goal of the game for Los Blancos. == First-team squad == As of 28 May 2022 === New contracts === == Transfers == === Transfers in === === Transfers out === === Loans out === === Transfer summary === == Pre-season and friendlies == On 12 July 2021, Liverpool announced that they would play four friendlies as part of a pre-season training camp in Austria. On 19 July, they stated that they would complete their pre-season campaign with two home friendlies. On 29 July, the Reds confirmed that they would face Bologna in two sixty-minute matches as part of a training camp in France in between the previously announced engagements. Win Draw Loss Fixtures == Competitions == === Overview === === Premier League === ==== League table ==== ==== Results summary ==== ==== Results by matchday ==== ==== Matches ==== The league fixtures were revealed on 16 June 2021. === FA Cup === Liverpool were drawn at home to Shrewsbury Town in the third round to begin their participation in the competition. === EFL Cup === Liverpool entered the competition in the third round. === UEFA Champions League === Liverpool entered the competition in the group stage. ==== Group stage ==== The draw for the group stage was held on 26 August 2021, with the fixtures announced a day later. ==== Knockout phase ==== ===== Round of 16 ===== The draw for the round of 16 took place on 13 December 2021 at UEFA's headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland. Liverpool were drawn against reigning Serie A champions Inter Milan. ===== Quarter-finals ===== The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 18 March 2022, with Liverpool being paired with Benfica. ===== Semi-finals ===== The draw for the semi-finals was held on 18 March 2022, after the quarter-finals draw, with Liverpool being drawn against Villarreal, reigning Europa League champions. ===== Final ===== The final was held on 28 May 2022 in Paris, with Liverpool facing 13-time winners Real Madrid. This was Liverpool's tenth European Cup final, the most of any English club, and third in five years; it was a rematch of the 2018 final, which Liverpool lost 1–3. == Squad statistics == === Appearances === Players with no appearances are not included on the list. === Goals === === Clean sheets === === Disciplinary record === == Club awards == === End-of-season awards === Standard Chartered Men's Player of the Season: Mohamed Salah Goal of the Season: Mohamed Salah (vs. Man City, 3 October 2021) === Player of the Month award === Awarded monthly to the player that was chosen by fans voting on Liverpoolfc.com == See also == 2021–22 in English football List of Liverpool F.C. seasons == References == == External links == Official website
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allene_Jeanes	Allene Jeanes	Allene Rosalind Jeanes (July 19, 1906 – December 11, 1995) was an American chemist whose pioneering work significantly impacted carbohydrate chemistry. Born in 1906 in Texas, Jeanes' notable contributions include the development of Dextran, a lifesaving blood plasma substitute used in the Korean and Vietnam wars, and Xanthan gum, a polysaccharide commonly used in the food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. Jeanes' innovations have had a lasting influence on medical treatments and everyday consumer products, highlighting her role as a key figure in applied carbohydrate science. Her achievements earned her numerous accolades, including being the first woman to receive the Distinguished Service Award from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. == Early life and education == Jeanes was born July 19, 1906, in Waco, Texas, to Viola (Herring) and Largus Elonzo ("Lonnie") Jeanes, a switchman and later a yardmaster for the Cotton Belt Route of the St. Louis Southwestern Railway. Allene graduated with honors from Waco High School in 1924. In 1928, she received a bachelor's degree from Baylor University and graduated summa cum laude; in 1929, Jeanes obtained a master's degree in organic chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley. From 1930 to 1935, Jeanes was employed as the head science teacher at Athens College in Athens, Alabama. From 1936 to 1937, she held a position as chemistry instructor at the University of Illinois. She received her PhD in organic chemistry from University of Illinois in 1938, after working with Roger Adams. == Career == In 1938, Dr. Jeanes decided to accept a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington D.C. And, from 1938 to 1940, Jeanes served as a corn industries research foundation fellow for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) with Claude Hudson and worked at the National Bureau of Standards with Horace S. Isbell.In 1941 she joined Roy L. Whistler at the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Northern Regional Research Lab (NRRL) in Peoria, Illinois, as a chemical researcher. She worked there until 1976. Jeanes is credited with "a prominent role in making NRRL a world-class center for applied carbohydrate science". Jeanes' area of research was natural polysaccharides, including starch (found in wheat, corn, rice, and potatoes), cellulose (found in cotton, wood, and paper), and dextran. Jeanes was able to isolate dextran-producing bacteria from samples of bacteria-contaminated root beer supplied by a local Peoria company. This discovery was the basis for development of a mass production process for dextran, and its use in a dextran-based blood plasma extender. This plasma substitute was used by medical personal in the Korean and Vietnam wars. It was believed that using this sort of substance would keep someone who had lost a great deal of blood alive longer. So, the United States began using dextran to treat injured soldiers. As a result of her work, Jeanes was the first woman to receive the Distinguished Service Award given by the Department of Agriculture, in 1953. She was also awarded the Garvan Medal in 1956. Jeanes was also part of the team that developed xanthan gum. Xanthan gum, derived from Xanthomonas campestris bacteria, completely revolutionized food processing due to its unique thickening and stabilizing properties. It's extensively used in products such as salad dressings, sauces, and baked goods to maintain texture and consistency. In the cosmetics industry, xanthan gum improves the texture of creams and lotions, making them more appealing to consumers. In medicine, xanthan gum plays a role in creating more appetizing and stable pharmaceutical products. It's also essential in gluten-free baking, providing a substitute that mimics the texture and properties of gluten, greatly benefiting those with gluten intolerances or celiac disease. Moreover, xanthan gum has applications beyond these industries. It is used in the oil and gas sector for drilling operations, demonstrating the versatility of Jeanes' innovation. The environmental friendliness of xanthan gum, as it is a biodegradable and non-toxic substance, aligns perfectly with current sustainable and environmentally friendly trends, making it a preferred ingredient in various sectors. Overall, Jeanes' work in this development has had a far-reaching impact, contributing significantly to advancements in food science, cosmetics, medicine, and even energy, thereby enhancing various aspects of everyday life. Her innovation and contributions are still in use today in many ways. In her last published paper, "Immunological and Related Interactions with Dextrans Reviewed in Terms of Improved Structural Information," which was published in 1986, Jeanes shows her dedication to her work. Over the course of her entire career, Allene Jeanes was awarded ten patents and produced sixty publications. These were all related to her work and discoveries. She was ultimately honored with a plethora of awards. She was a member of the American Chemical Society, Sigma Xi, and Iota Sigma Pi. == Later life == Jeanes died on December 11, 1995 in Urbana, Illinois. She was 89 years old. == Awards == 1953 – Distinguished Service Award from the USDA. 1956 – Garvan Medal from the American Chemical Society. 1962 – Federal Woman's Award from the U.S. Civil Service Commission. 1968 – Superior Service Award to the Xanthan gum team, from the United States Department of Agriculture 1999 – posthumously inducted into the Agricultural Research Service Science Hall of Fame for her works in microbiological research that created life-saving polymers made from agricultural products. 2017 – posthumously inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame. == References == == Further reading == Shearer, Benjamin F. (1997). Notable women in the physical sciences : a biographical dictionary (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313293031. Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American women of science since 1900. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781598841596. OCLC 702118874. "Historical Inventors". LEMELSON-MIT. Archived from the original on 2020-09-21. Retrieved 2019-03-22. Busch-Vishniac, Ilene; Busch, Lauren; Tietjen, Jill (2024). "Chapter 16. Allene Jeanes". Women in the National Inventors Hall of Fame: The First 50 Years. Springer Nature. ISBN 9783031755255.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hillsong_Worship	Hillsong Worship	Hillsong Worship (formerly Hillsong Live) is a praise and worship collective from Sydney, Australia. They started making music in 1983 at Hillsong Church. Fifteen of their songs have appeared on the Billboard magazine charts in the US, with "What a Beautiful Name" (2016) representing their greatest success, reaching platinum in the US. The band's notable members include Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. == Background == The group was formed in 1983 in Sydney, Australia, where they were located at Hillsong Church, while now they are spread across the globe. Their members have gone on to individually successful careers, the likes of Darlene Zschech, Marty Sampson, Brooke Fraser, Reuben Morgan, and Joel Houston. The group was called Hillsong Live until June 2014, when they took the name Hillsong Worship. == History == Hillsong Worship released its first album, Spirit and Truth, in 1988. In 1996, Shout to the Lord was their first album in partnership with Integrity Music as part of the Hosanna! Music series. All of the group's albums since 2004 have been charted in Australia and two albums, For All You've Done and Open Heaven / River Wild, have reached number one on the Australian ARIA Albums Chart. The group has also seen twelve albums chart on the Billboard magazine charts, where there have been placements on the Christian Albums and the Heatseekers Albums charts (those were For All You've Done, God He Reigns, and Mighty to Save). Their albums Saviour King, This Is Our God, Faith + Hope + Love, A Beautiful Exchange, God Is Able, Cornerstone, Glorious Ruins, No Other Name, and Open Heaven / River Wild have charted on the Billboard 200 and Christian Albums charts. In 2018, Hillsong Worship won the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Performance/Song with "What a Beautiful Name". Their albums have been recorded by the labels Hillsong Music, Sony Music, Integrity Music, Epic Records, Columbia Records, and Sparrow Records. === Michael Guglielmucci cancer scandal === It was reported in 2008 that Michael Guglielmucci, pastor of the church and former bass player in the Planetshakers band, had fraudulently claimed he was dying of cancer. He wrote "Healer", a song of encouragement for believers who were suffering from cancer, for the album Saviour of the World, which was released in June (2007). Guglielmucci performed the song regularly over a two-year period, often with an oxygen tube attached to his nose, and during this time received money from supporters who believed his illness was real. Guglielmucci later explained his actions as being a result of a long-term pornography addiction. The track had also been added to the Hillsong album This Is Our God (2008), but later removed from the album. Representatives of churches with which Guglielmucci had affiliations told the press they were totally unaware of this situation. In an email sent to Hillsong members, the church's general manager, George Aghajanian, said the news was even a shock to Guglielmucci's own family and that the suspended pastor was seeking professional help. Guglielmucci was stripped of all credentials by the Australian Christian Churches, who promised that all money donated by listeners inspired by the song would be returned or donated to charity and Guglielmucci's bank accounts would be audited to determine the amount of funds raised. Michael is the son of Danny Guglielmucci, co-founder of Edge Church International, located in the southern Adelaide suburb of Reynella, also a Pentecostal church and a member of the Australian Christian Churches (formerly Assemblies of God in Australia) network. == Notable members == The following were notable members of Hillsong Worship: Darlene Zschech Geoff Bullock Marty Sampson Brooke Ligertwood Joel Houston Reuben Morgan Annie Garratt Tarryn Stokes Eric Liljero Ben Fielding Taya Smith == Discography == == Awards == As of 2024 the group has received one Grammy Award and nine Dove Awards. === APRA Awards === The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA), "honouring composers and songwriters". They commenced in 1982. === Billboard Music Awards === === GMA Dove Awards === == References == == External links == Official website New Release Today artist profile
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Highlands	Church of the Highlands	Church of the Highlands is a non-denominational evangelical Christian multi-site megachurch based in Birmingham, Alabama. It is the largest congregation in Alabama with an average of 60,000 attendees every week as of 2024. The senior pastor is currently Mark Pettus. == History == The church was founded on February 4, 2001, by Chris Hodges and a core group of 34 people. In 2007, it opened its main building, with a 2,400-seat auditorium. The church has opened numerous campuses in the local Birmingham area, the state of Alabama, and two in Georgia. In November 2018, CBS News listed Church of the Highlands as the tenth largest megachurch in the United States with about 22,184 weekly visitors. In the "Outreach 100" listing for 2022, Church of the Highlands was ranked second with attendance of more than 60,000 each week; it was ranked first in the previous listing in 2018. As of April 10, 2025, Church of the Highlands listed 27 campuses in Alabama and Georgia. Its most recently built campus is the Opelika campus in Opelika, Alabama that hosted its first services on April 13, 2025 for Easter weekend. In 2023, the church opened "The Lodge at Grants Mill" on its main campus in Irondale, Alabama. The lodge functions as a place where pastors can rest according to Hodges. It is part of Hodges's effort to host pastors needing to be "refreshed, rejuvenated and refocused on their calling" during a time when "pastoral burnout is at an all-time high." According to a 2024 church census, it claimed a weekly attendance of 60,000 people. == Affiliations == Church of the Highlands is affiliated with the Association of Related Churches (ARC). Its pastoral staff are among the founding members of ARC. Highlands College was founded by Church of the Highlands staff. Students of the college serve on various teams at the church. Highlands College states that they offer, "a unique approach to higher education through a holistic training experience," and focus on four areas of instruction: academic instruction, ministry training, character formation, and spiritual development. In 2023, the college was granted initial accreditation by the Association for Biblical Higher Education Commission on Accreditation. == See also == List of the largest evangelical churches List of the largest evangelical church auditoriums Worship service (evangelicalism) == References == == External links == Official Website Association of Related Churches
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_LaLota	Nick LaLota	Nicholas Joseph LaLota ( lə-LOH-tə; born June 23, 1978) is an American politician and veteran serving since 2023 as the U.S. representative for New York's 1st congressional district. He is a member of the Republican Party. == Early life and career == LaLota was born on June 23, 1978, and is from Bay Shore, New York. He graduated from St. Anthony's High School and, in 2000, from the United States Naval Academy. He served in the U.S. Navy for eight years, serving three overseas deployments. He earned a Master of Business Administration and a Juris Doctor from Hofstra University. LaLota served as chief of staff to Suffolk County presiding officer Kevin McCaffrey. He also served on the Suffolk Board of Elections as well as a trustee for the village of Amityville, New York. == U.S. House of Representatives == === Elections === ==== 2022 ==== LaLota ran for the United States House of Representatives in the first congressional district of New York to succeed Lee Zeldin, who ran for governor of New York. He won the general election on November 8 by defeating the Democratic nominee Bridget Fleming. On December 27, 2022, LaLota became one of the first Republicans to call for a full House Ethics Committee investigation into the false claims made by his fellow Long Island Republican, representative-elect George Santos. "New Yorkers deserve the truth and House Republicans deserve an opportunity to govern without this distraction", LaLota said. On March 7, 2024, during President Joe Biden's State of the Union address, Santos posted on social media that he planned to run against LaLota in the 2024 Republican primary. ==== 2024 ==== LaLota sought reelection in 2024. He defeated Democratic nominee John Avlon. === Tenure === LaLota was sworn in on January 7, 2023. LaLota was one of six Republicans to sign a bipartisan letter spearheaded by centrist House Representatives in which they pledged to respect the results of the 2024 presidential election. === Committee assignments === For the 119th Congress: Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Financial Services and General Government (Vice Chair) Subcommittee on Legislative Branch Subcommittee on Military Construction, Veterans Affairs, and Related Agencies Committee on Small Business Subcommittee on Contracting and Infrastructure (Chairman) Subcommittee on Economic Growth, Tax, and Capital Access === Caucus memberships === Climate Solutions Caucus Republican Main Street Partnership Republican Governance Group Problem Solvers Caucus SALT Caucus For Country Caucus Long Island Sound Caucus (co-chair) Shellfish Caucus == Personal life == LaLota married his high school sweetheart, Kaylie, who is a teacher at Northport High School. They have three daughters. LaLota resides in Amityville, New York. LaLota is Catholic. == References == == External links == Congressman Nick LaLota official U.S. House website Campaign website Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress Profile at Vote Smart Appearances on C-SPAN
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oussama_Mellouli	Oussama Mellouli	Oussama "Ous" Mellouli (Arabic: أسامة الملولي; born 16 February 1984) is a Tunisian swimmer who competes in the freestyle and medley events. He is a three-time Olympic medalist, is an African record holder, and trains with the USC Trojans team based at the University of Southern California, where he studied as a computer science undergraduate and swam collegiately. Since returning from an Adderall-related drug ban, Mellouli was the 1500 m freestyle World champion at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships with a winning time of 14:37.28, then the second-best performance of all time. Mellouli was the gold medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2008 Olympics, the bronze medalist in the 1500 freestyle at the 2012 Olympics, and the gold medalist in the 10 km marathon swim at the 2012 Olympics. He is the first Olympian to win medals in both the open water and the pool in a single Olympics. == Early life == Born in Tunis, Mellouli left Tunisia at the age of 15 to study and train in France. He enrolled in USC Viterbi School of Engineering in 2003 after graduating from the Lycee Technologique du Rempart in Marseille, France. He swam for the USC Trojans under Head Coach Dave Salo and graduated in 2007 with a computer science bachelor's degree. He is a scholarship holder with the Olympic Solidarity program. == Swimming timeline == == 2000 Sydney Olympics == At the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, Australia he finished 43rd in the 400 IM. === 2001 === Mellouli won 1 silver medal in the 400m IM at the 2001 Mediterranean Games, in Tunis, Tunisia. === 2003 === Mellouli first established himself on the world scene at the 2003 World Championships in Barcelona, Spain, where he won a bronze in the 400m Individual Medley finishing behind László Cseh and a world record performance from Michael Phelps. === 2004 === At the 2004 Olympics, he finished 5th in the 400 IM, setting the African Record in the process. He further distinguished himself at the 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships in Indianapolis, USA, where he won the first international-level gold medal in swimming for Tunisia, in the 400m IM, finishing over a second ahead of second and third-place finishers Robin Francis and Eric Shanteau. Later, at the meet, he would win bronze in the 200m IM. === 2005 === He was able to better his Athens mark with his bronze medal swim in the 400 IM event at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships in Montreal, Canada. He also won the bronze medal in the 400 freestyle at that same event. He also won three gold medals (800 m freestyle, 400m medley, 200m medley) at the XVth Mediterranean Games in Almería, Spain. === 2006 === On 1 December 2006, Oussama Mellouli beat Michael Phelps in the 400m IM at the U.S. Open in West Lafayette: Mellouli clocked 4:15.61, ahead of Phelps with 4:18.32. This swim was subsequently placed within Mellouli's 18-month doping ban, and the results nullified, as the drug test where the banned substance was found occurred at this meet (see the section below for further information). === 2007 === On 19 February 2007, he broke his own African Record in the 200m individual medley for the fourth time since 2003 at the USA Swimming Grand Prix meet, held at the Mizzou Aquatic Center at the University of Missouri. He also set a new African record in the 400 meter individual medley. On 25 March 2007, he won the silver in the 400 m freestyle (3:45.12) at the 2007 World Championships in Melbourne, Australia. Three days later, on 28 March, he swam to the first Tunisian World Championship in swimming, winning the 800m freestyle in a then African Record of 7:46.95 — one of the top 10 fastest times ever. However, due to his positive drug-testing result from an in-competition test from December 2006 and the 18-month competition ban imposed on him on 11 September 2007 by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS), retroactive from 30 November 2006 forward, his 2007 World Championships results have been nullified. He was also a finalist in the 400 m individual medley, where he originally finished fourth in 4:11.68. Following the 11 September 2007 ruling by CAS, Mellouli was not allowed to compete again until mid-2008. Mellouli's results from 2007 have been nullified, per his September 2007 doping suspension, related to his positive test from December 2006 (see the section below). == 2008 Beijing Olympics == Mellouli came into the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, China entered two events, the 400m and 1500m freestyle events. In his first event, the 400m free, despite setting a new African record in the final, he could only manage fifth place in a time of 3:43.45. Mellouli would go on to win the 1500m freestyle and set a new African record. In doing so, he became the first African male swimmer to ever win an Olympic gold medal in an individual swimming event (the South African men's 4 × 100 m Free Relay won the event at the 2004 Olympics). === 2009 === Mellouli won 5 gold medals (200m and 400m individual medley, and 200m, 400m, and 1500m freestyles) at the XVI Mediterranean Games in Pescara, Italy. In the 2009 World Aquatics Championships, held in Rome during the summer, Mellouli won a gold medal in the 1500 meter freestyle and two silver medals in the 400 meter freestyle and 800 meter freestyle. === 2010 === Mellouli won 4 medals ( 1 gold in the 1500 freestyle, 1 silver in the 400 medley, and 2 bronzes in the 200 m freestyle and the 400 m freestyle) at the 2010 FINA Short Course World Championships (25m) in Dubai, UAE. === 2011 === Mellouli won 16 medals ( 15 gold and 1 silver ) at the 2011 Pan Arab Games in Doha, Qatar. == 2012 London Olympics == Mellouli won 2 medals (1 gold in the 10km marathon and 1 bronze in the 1500m freestyle) at the 2012 Summer Olympics held in London, UK. He became the first person to win medals in the pool and open-water swimming in the same Olympics. === 2013 === Mellouli won 1 gold medal in the 5km marathon at the 2013 World Championships, in Barcelona, Spain. === 2016 Olympics === Mellouli participated in two competitions in Rio 2016 Summer Olympics but did not win any medals. In the 1500m freestyle, he came first in his heat with 15:07.78 (considerably slower than his London 2012 Summer Olympics time of 14:40.31) but ranked 21st in the competition and thus did not qualify for the final. He also competed in the 10km marathon, finishing in 12th place with 1:53:06 (+0:00:07 of the gold winner). === 2020 Olympics === In July 2021, Mellouli had initially decided to withdraw from the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo due to a dispute with the Tunisian federation for alleged forgery since 2017. However, he later announced that he would compete at the Tokyo Games, as the Tunisian Olympic Committee President Mahrez Boussian had promised to settle the dispute. === 2021 Olympics === On Wednesday, August 4, 2021, Tunisian swimmer Oussama Mellouli finished 20th in the 10 km open water marathon at the Tokyo Olympics. Mellouli was thus unable to earn another medal on his sixth appearance at the Olympic Games. == 2006 anti-doping rule violation and ban == Mellouli tested positive for Adderall, a banned stimulant, during the 2006 U.S. Open, but this only became publicly known after the 2007 World Championships. FINA discovered that Tunisian authorities had known about the result, but had only issued him a warning. FINA referred the case to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). Mellouli admitted taking the drug without a prescription, saying it was to help with academic work. In September 2007, CAS imposed an 18-month ban retroactive to 30 November 2006 and also disqualified all his results from that date through 2007, including at the World Championships. == Achievements == 2013 World Championships – 1 gold medal (5 km marathon) and 1 bronze medal (10 k marathon) 2012 Summer Olympics – gold medal (10 km marathon) and bronze medal (1500 m freestyle). 2009 World Championships – 1 gold medal (1500 m freestyle) and 2 silver medals (400 m freestyle, 800 m freestyle) 2008 Summer Olympics – gold medal (1500 m freestyle) 2005 World Championships – bronze medal (400m individual medley and 400m freestyle) 2004 Olympic Games – fifth place (400 m individual medley) 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships – bronze medal (200 m individual medley) 2004 FINA Short Course World Championships – gold medal (400 m individual medley) 2003 World Championships – bronze medal (400 m individual medley) == See also == Tunisia at the 2012 Summer Olympics == References == == External links == Oussama Mellouli at World Aquatics Oussama Mellouli at SwimRankings.net Oussama Mellouli at Olympics.com Oussama Mellouli at Olympedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untitled_96	Untitled 96	Untitled #96 is a color photograph made by American visual artist Cindy Sherman in 1981. It is known as part of her Centerfold series of 12 pictures. == Description == The photograph depicts the artist portraying a young teenager girl with short blonde hair, lying on a linoleum floor, wearing an orange sweater and a short skirt, as she clutches the scrap of a newspaper. Cindy Sherman explained about the composition: "I was thinking of a young girl who may have been cleaning the kitchen for her mother and who ripped something out of the newspaper, something asking 'Are you lonely?' or 'Do you want to be friends?' or 'Do you want to go on a vacation?' She's cleaning the floor, she rips this out and she's thinking about it". == Art market == On 11 May 2011, a print was auctioned for US$3.89 million, the highest price paid for a photographic print at that time, though the price has since been surpassed. Another print was sold by $2,882,500 at Christie's New York, at 8 May 2012. == Public collections == There are prints of the photograph at the Museum of Modern Art, in New York, The Art Institute of Chicago, and the Museum Boijmans van Beuningen, in Rotterdam. == See also == List of most expensive photographs == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doab	Doab	Doab (English: ) is a term used in South Asia for the tract of land lying between two confluent rivers. It is similar to an interfluve. In the Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, R. S. McGregor refers to its Persian origin in defining it as do-āb (دوآب, literally "two [bodies of] water") "a region lying between and reaching to the confluence of two rivers." == Khadir, bangar, barani, nali and bagar == Since North India and Pakistan are coursed by a multiplicity of Himalayan rivers that divide the plains into doabs (i.e. regions between two rivers), the Indo-Gangetic plains consist of alternating regions of river, khadir and bangar. The regions of the doabs near the rivers consist of low-lying, floodplains, but usually, very fertile khadir and the higher-lying land away from the rivers consist of bangar, less prone to flooding but also less fertile on average. Khadir is also called nali or naili, specially in northern Haryana the fertile prairie tract between the Ghaggar river and the southern limits of the Saraswati channel depression in that gets flooded during the rains. Within bangar area, the barani is any low rain area where the rain-fed dry farming is practiced, which nowadays are dependent on the tubewells for irrigation. Bagar tract, an example of barani land, is the dry sandy tract of land on the border of Rajasthan state adjoining the states of Haryana and Punjab. Nahri is any canal-irrigated land, for example, the Rangoi tract which is an area irrigated by the Rangoi channel/canal made for the purpose of carrying flood waters of Ghagghar river to dry areas. Historically, villages in the doabs have been officially classified as khadir, khadir-bangar (i.e. mixed) or bangar for many centuries, and different agricultural tax rates applied based on a tiered land-productivity scale. == The Doab == The Doab designates the flat alluvial tract between the Ganges and Yamuna rivers extending from the Sivalik Hills to the two rivers' confluence at Prayagraj. It is also called as Ganges-Yamuna Doab or Ganga Doab. The region has an area of about 23,360 square miles (60,500 square km); it is approximately 500 miles (805 km) in length and 60 miles (97 km) in width. The British Raj] divided the Doab into three administrative districts, viz., Upper Doab (Meerut), Middle Doab (Agra) and Lower Doab (Allahabad). Currently the following states and districts form part of The Doab: === Upper Doab === Main article : Upper Doab Uttarakhand: Dehradun and Haridwar Uttar Pradesh: Saharanpur, Shamli, Muzaffarnagar, Baghpat, Meerut, Ghaziabad, Hapur, Gautam Buddh Nagar and Bulandshahr Delhi === Central or Middle Doab === Etah, Kasganj, Aligarh, Agra, Hathras, Firozabad, Mainpuri and Mathura is in the trans-Yamuna region of Braj. === Lower Doab === Farrukhabad, Kannauj, Etawah, Auraiya, Kanpur (Urban & Rural), Fatehpur, Kaushambi and Allahabad. == The Punjab Doabs == Each of the tracts of land lying between the confluent rivers of the Punjab region of Pakistan and India has a distinct name, said to have been coined by Raja Todar Mal, a minister of the Mughal emperor Akbar. The names (except for "Indus Sagar") are a combination of the first letters, in the Persian alphabet, of the names of the rivers that bound the Doab. For example, "Chaj" (چج) = Chanāb (چناب, "Chenab") + Jehlam (جہلم, "Jhelum"). The names are from east to west. === Sind Sagar Doab === The Sind Sagar Doab lies between the Indus and Jhelum rivers. === Chaj Doab === The Chaj Doab lies between the Jhelum and the Chenab rivers. === Rachna Doab === The Rachna Doab (considerable portion of the Rechna Doab is Majha) lies between the Chenab and the Ravi rivers. === Bari Doab === The Bari Doab (considerable portion of the Bari Doab is Majha) lies between the Ravi, Beas and Sutlej rivers. === Bist Doab === The Bist Doab (or Doaba) - between the Beas and the Sutlej rivers. == Other doabs == === Raichur Doab === The Raichur Doab is the triangular region of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka states which lies between the Krishna River and its tributary the Tungabhadra River, named for the town of Raichur. == See also == Ap (water) Interamnia, an ancient Latin placename, meaning "between rivers" Mesopotamia, in Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία '[land] between rivers'. == Notes == == References == McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, p. 513, ISBN 978-0-19-864339-5, retrieved 11 September 2013
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musikari_Kombo	Musikari Kombo	Musikari Nazi Kombo (born March 13, 1944) is a Kenyan politician who serves as a nominated Member of Parliament. Born in Bungoma District, he attended Misikhu Primary School for his elementary education, then proceeded to Rakwaro Primary School, and finally moved to Mumias where he completed his primary education. He then attended Nyeri High School for his secondary education. He undertook his undergraduate studies at the University of Nairobi, majoring in economics. He was first elected as a Member of Parliament representing Webuye Constituency in 1992. He also served in the Government as Assistant Minister for Planning and Minister for Regional Development. He took over the Local Government Ministry in late 2003. He lost his seat as MP for Webuye in the 2007 general election, in which he was defeated by the Orange Democratic Movement (ODM) candidate Alfred Sambu. As of June 2015, Kombo is the Chairman of FORD-Kenya. == Personal life == Musikari Kombo hails from the larger Luhya community Bukusu sub tribe Balunda clan (descendants of Mulunda, believed to have migrated into Congo from East Africa). He is a Catholic by religion. == References == == External links == [1] http://thinkexist.com/quotes/musikari_kombo/ [2] [3]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Boyle,_3rd_Viscount_Dungarvan	Charles Boyle, 3rd Viscount Dungarvan	Charles Boyle, Viscount Dungarvan, 3rd Baron Clifford, FRS (bapt. 12 December 1639 – 12 October 1694), was an English peer and politician. He was a member of a famous Anglo-Irish aristocratic family. == Early life == Charles Boyle was the son of Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Clifford, 2nd Baroness Clifford suo jure, and was styled with the courtesy title of Viscount Dungarvan from birth. == Career == In 1663, Charles Boyle was called to the Irish House of Lords as Viscount Dungarvan and became a Fellow of the Royal Society the following year. From 1670 to 1679, Charles was Member of Parliament for Tamworth in the British House of Commons, and then for Yorkshire from 1679 onward. In 1682, he purchased the original Chiswick House which was a Jacobean house owned by Sir Edward Wardour. The house was used as a summer retreat by the Boyle family from their central London residence, Burlington House. In 1689, he was called to the British House of Lords for the Barony of Clifford of Lanesborough, which had been created for his father in 1644. On his mother's death in 1691, Charles inherited the Barony of Clifford. As he predeceased his father in 1694, his titles passed to his eldest son, Charles Boyle who succeeded his grandfather as the 2nd Earl of Burlington. == Personal life and death == On 7 May 1661, Charles Boyle had married Lady Jane Seymour (1637–1679), the fourth daughter of William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset and his wife, Lady Frances Devereux. They had five children: Hon. Elizabeth Boyle (1662–1703), married her second cousin James Barry, 4th Earl of Barrymore. Hon. Mary Boyle (c. 1664–1709), married James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry. Hon. Charles Boyle (bef. 1669–1704), later 4th Viscount Dungarvan, and later still 3rd Earl of Cork and 2nd Earl of Burlington. Hon. Henry Boyle (1669–1725), later 1st Baron Carleton. Hon. Arabella Boyle (c. 1671–1750), married Henry Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne. After the death of his wife Jane in 1679, Charles married Lady Arethusa Berkeley (1664–1743), daughter of George Berkeley, 1st Earl of Berkeley and Elizabeth Massingberd, in 1688, and they had one child: Hon. Arethusa Boyle (1688–?), married James Vernon. Charles Boyle died on 12 October 1694. == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_National_Open_University	Indira Gandhi National Open University	Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) is a public open and distance learning university located in Delhi, India. Named after the former prime minister of India, Indira Gandhi, the university was established in 1985 with a budget of ₹20 million, after the Parliament of India passed the Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (IGNOU Act 1985). IGNOU, operated by the Government of India is the world's largest university, with enrollment of over 3,000,000 students. It provides 333 academic programs through its 21 Schools of Studies, supported by a network of 67 Regional Centres and 2,257 Learner Support Centres (LSCs). IGNOU has achieved an all-time high in total registrations, reaching 753,286 for the 2023–24 period (covering the admission cycle of July 2023 and January 2024). Of these, 352,354 students enrolled in bachelor's degree programs, with the Bachelor of Arts (BAG) being the most popular, garnering 109,840 registrations. IGNOU had started a decentralisation process by setting up five zones: north, south, east, west and north-east. The Ministry of Education has entrusted the responsibility of developing a Draft Policy on Open and Distance Learning and Online Courses to IGNOU. IGNOU also partners up with other organizations to launch courses. IGNOU offers a BBA in Retail distance learning course in association with Retailers Association of India (RAI). == History == Dipanshu Sharma, the Ministry of Education and Social Welfare organized a seminar on 'Open University' in collaboration with the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, the UGC, and the Indian National Commission for Cooperation with UNESCO. After the seminar recommendation, an open university in India was established on an experimental basis. Starting in 1974, the Government of India appointed an eight-member working group on the open university, the leading role was given to G. Parthasarathi, the then Vice-Chancellor of the Jawaharlal Nehru University. The working group recommended that an open university be established through an act of Parliament as soon as possible. They stressed the importance of the university having jurisdiction over the entire country, ensuring that once it is fully operational, students in even the most remote areas can access its educational resources and degrees (Working Group Report, 1974). To support effective instructional and management processes for the open university, the working group proposed several key measures, including: a streamlined admission process, age relaxation policies, the development of comprehensive reading materials, the creation of core groups of scholars in various disciplines, the establishment of study centers, the implementation of curricular programs, and opportunities for live interaction with instructors. Following these recommendations, the Union Government prepared a draft bill for the establishment of a National Open University; however, progress on this initiative was delayed for various reasons. In 1985, the Union Government made a policy statement for the establishment of a national open university. A Committee was constituted by the Ministry of Education to chalk out the plan of action for the National Open University. On the basis of the report of the Committee, the Union Government introduced a bill in Parliament. In August 1985, both the Houses of Parliament passed the bill. Subsequently, the Indira Gandhi National Open University came into existence on 20 September 1985, named after the late prime minister. In 1989, the first Convocation was held and more than 1,000 students graduated and were awarded their diplomas. IGNOU audio-video courses were the first broadcast by radio and television in 1990 and IGNOU awarded degrees received full recognition by the University Grants Commission in 1992 as being equivalent to those of other universities in the country. In 1999, IGNOU launched the first virtual campus in India, beginning with the delivery of Computer and Information Sciences courses via the Internet. As of 2011 IGNOU has served over three million students in India and 40 other countries abroad. These are the UAE, the UK, Qatar, Kuwait, Oman, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Mauritius, Maldives, Ethiopia, Namibia, Kenya, Myanmar, Vietnam, Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Kyrgyzstan, Afghanistan, Fiji, France, Ghana, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Madagascar, Liberia, West Indies, Samoa, Lesotho, Malawi, Switzerland, Nigeria, Mongolia, and Zambia. IGNOU is actively engaged in various initiatives through the SANKALP project in collaboration with the Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE). The university has signed a MoU with the Dr. Ambedkar Foundation, under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, to provide training for civil service aspirants from SC/ST backgrounds. Additionally, IGNOU has established a knowledge partnership with the Capacity Building Commission (CBC) of the Government of India and has set up a Centre for Modern Indian Languages to promote Indian languages. The university's refresher courses have received recognition from the University Grants Commission (UGC). The university has introduced audiobooks for its Self-Learning Materials (SLMs) in management courses and has recorded promotional materials for its programmes in regional languages, including 23 recognized regional languages for the MBA programme. IGNOU has also signed an MoU with the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) to provide opportunities through skill-based courses, launching three such courses. Another MoU with the Dattopant Thengadi National Board for Workers Education & Development (DTNBWED) aims to provide training for workers in both organized and unorganized sectors. Under the Unnat Bharat Abhiyan, the university has adopted over 90 villages, and as part of the celebration of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav, 74 lectures have been completed. Notably, IGNOU's Regional Centre in Aizawl has been awarded the Government Online Excellence Award by the Department of Information and Communication Technology, Government of Mizoram. IGNOU was founded to serve the Indian population by means of distance and open education, providing quality higher education opportunities to all segments of society. It also aims to encourage, coordinate and set standards for distance and open education in India, and to strengthen the human resources of India through education. Apart from teaching and research, extension and training form the mainstay of its academic activities. It also acts as a national resource center, and serves to promote and maintain standards of distance education in India. IGNOU hosts the Secretariats of the SAARC Consortium on Open and Distance Learning (SACODiL) and the Global Mega Universities Network (GMUNET), initially supported by UNESCO. == Languages == The IGNOU offers education in undergraduate degree in different Modern Indian Language (MIL): Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Gujarati, Kannada, Kashmiri, Meitei (Manipuri), and Nepali. == International Presence == Established in 1996, the International Division of IGNOU, originally the International Cell, focuses on promoting collaborations with international educational institutions and inter-governmental agencies to enhance global access to higher education. It operates on a four-fold approach of collaboration, cooperation, coordination, and competition, providing comprehensive support services to overseas and foreign students in India, including admission, examination, and degree awarding. The division also serves as the nodal center for online programs for international students and coordinates international delegations and visits to the University. On an international scale, IGNOU has formed a Memorandum of Agreement (MoA) with the Guyana Online Academy of Learning (GOAL) and MoU with the Open University of Kenya and maintains a strong presence in 88 countries, including 19 African nations connected through e-Vidyabharti and e-Arogya Bharti (e-VBAB) project of Ministry of External Affairs, offering 51 programmes. Afghanistan was also included later. Additionally, the University has signed Memoranda of Collaboration (MoC) with Baikal State University of Russia, the Financial University of Moscow, and the Hellenic Open University (HOU) of Greece. Further, to promote its online programs internationally, it has introduced the Overseas Facilitator scheme and signed Memoranda of Agreement with 14 existing Overseas Study Centres in the first phase. Recently, MoAs were also signed with ICA Education Pvt. Ltd. in Nepal and the Centre for Open and Distance Education in Kenya. The university is also offering a Hindi Awareness Program in collaboration with the Central Hindi Directorate (CHD) and the Indian Council for Cultural Relations (ICCR), with registration from 42 countries in its latest third batch. Furthermore, IGNOU operates 14 online facilitation centres and offers 168 programs (including 44 online programmes) through 25 Overseas Study Centres across 15 foreign countries, with a cumulative international student enrollment of approximately 92,000. == Schools == IGNOU has 21 schools of studies as listed below :- School of Agriculture (SOA) School of Humanities (SOH) School of Social Sciences (SOSS) School of Sciences (SOS) School of Education (SOE) School of Continuing Education (SOCE) School of Engineering and Technology (SOET) School of Management Studies (SOMS) School of Health Sciences (SOHS) School of Computer and Information Sciences (SOCIS) School of Law (SOL) School of Journalism and New Media Studies (SOJNMS) School of Gender and Development Studies (SOGDS) School of Tourism and Hospitality Service Management (SOTHSM) School of Interdisciplinary and Trans-disciplinary Studies (SOITS) School of Social Work (SOSW) School of Vocational Education and Training (SOVET) School of Extension and Development Studies (SOEDS) School of Foreign Languages (SOFL) School of Translation Studies and Training (SOTST) School of Performing and Visual Arts (SOPVA) == Accreditation and recognition == IGNOU has been granted the authority to confer degrees by Clause 5(1)(iii) of the IGNOU Act 1985. IGNOU is also recognised as a Central University by the University Grants Commission of India (UGC). The Association of Indian Universities (AIU) recognises IGNOU conferred degrees as on par with the degrees conferred by its members and the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) recognises the Master of Computer Applications and Master of Business Administration program of IGNOU. In 1993, IGNOU was designated by the Commonwealth of Learning (COL) as its first Centre of Excellence for Distance Education empowered "to actively participate in Commonwealth co-operative endeavors to identify, nurture, and strengthen open learning institutions throughout the Commonwealth, particularly in the Third World ..". IGNOU also operates as an accreditor for open university and distance education systems in India through the Distance Education Council (DEC). Authority to do so is granted under Clause 16 and Statute 28 of the IGNOU Act 1985. IGNOU is accredited by National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC) with the highest grade of A++. == Notable alumni == Osthatheos Issac – Syriac Orthodox bishop Celina Jaitly – Indian actress Vaani Kapoor – Indian actress Deepika Padukone – Indian actress Chethana Ketagoda – Sri Lankan actress Barun Mazumder – Indian journalist Ashok Khemka – Indian bureaucrat K. Vijay Kumar – IPS officer K. H. Hussain – Indian designer Abhay Sopori – Indian musician Gyaneswar Patil – Indian politician Karthika Naïr – Indian poet B. Devendhira Poopathy – Indian poet and writer V. S. R. Murthy – Indian military officer Biswatosh Sengupta – Indian academic Ashraful Hussain – Indian social activist and politician Arjun Munda – former Chief Minister of Jharkhand Aman Raj – Indian golfer Kulwant Singh – former Indian army general Vineet Verma – Indian film director Deepak Kapoor – 22nd chief of Indian army Manoj Pande – Indian railway officer A. G. Perarivalan – Indian assassin Pushpa Preeya – Indian social activist Sudipta Chakraborty – Indian actress Aditya Bandopadhyay – LGBTQ rights activist Swapna Patker – Indian film producer Shiv Kumar Rai – Indian journalist == See also == List of universities in India Universities and colleges in India Education in India Education in Delhi Distance Education Council University Grants Commission (India) National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) == Notes == == References == == External links == Official website [1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_of_the_year	Word of the year	The word(s) of the year, sometimes capitalized as "Word(s) of the Year" and abbreviated "WOTY" (or "WotY"), refers to any of various assessments as to the most important word(s) or expression(s) in the public sphere during a specific year. The German tradition Wort des Jahres was started in 1971. In 1999 it was supplemented with the Austrian word of the year to express the pluricentric nature of German and its multiple standards varieties. The American Dialect Society's Word of the Year is the oldest English-language version, and the only one that is announced after the end of the calendar year, determined by a vote of independent linguists, and not tied to commercial interest. However, various other organizations also announce Words of the Year for a variety of purposes. == American Dialect Society == Since 1990, the American Dialect Society (ADS) has designated one or more words or terms to be the "Word of the Year" in the United States. In addition to the "Word of the Year", the society also selects words in other categories such as "Most Outrageous," "Most Creative," and "Most Likely to Succeed." == Australian National Dictionary Centre == The Australian National Dictionary Centre has announced a Word of the Year each since 2006. The word is chosen by the editorial staff, and is selected on the basis of having come to some prominence in the Australian social and cultural landscape during the year. The Word of the Year is often reported in the media as being Australia's word of the year, but the word is not always an Australian word. == Cambridge Dictionary == The Cambridge Dictionary Word of the Year, by Cambridge University Press & Assessment, has been published every year since 2015. The word if chosen based on "user data, zeitgeist, and language." In 2024, Cambridge picked "manifest" as its Word of the Year. Traditionally, the word has been used as an adjective meaning "obvious", or as a verb meaning "to show something clearly through signs or actions". The word was chosen owing to its use by celebrities, particularly on social media, as a verb meaning "to imagine achieving something you want, in the belief doing so will make it more likely to happen". == Collins English Dictionary == The Collins English Dictionary has announced a Word of the Year every year since 2013, and prior to this, announced a new 'word of the month' each month in 2012. Published in Glasgow, UK, Collins English Dictionary has been publishing English dictionaries since 1819. Toward the end of each calendar year, Collins release a shortlist of notable words or those that have come to prominence in the previous 12 months. The shortlist typically comprises ten words, though in 2014 only four words were announced as the Word of the Year shortlist. The Collins Words of the Year are selected by the Collins Dictionary team across Glasgow and London, consisting of lexicographers, editorial, marketing, and publicity staff, though previously the selection process has been open to the public. Whilst the word is not required to be new to feature, the appearance of words in the list is often supported by usage statistics and cross-reference against Collins' extensive corpus to understand how language may have changed or developed in the previous year. The Collins Word of the Year is also not restricted to UK language usage, and words are often chosen that apply internationally as well, for example, fake news in 2017. == Dictionary.com == In 2010, Dictionary.com announced its first word of the year, 'change', and has done so in December every year since. The selection is based on search trends on the site throughout the year and the news events that drive them. The following is the list of annual words since beginning with the first in 2010: == Macquarie Dictionary == The Macquarie Dictionary, which is the dictionary of Australian English, updates the online dictionary each year with new words, phrases, and definitions. These can be viewed on their website. Each year the editors review all new words and definitions that have been added to the dictionary in the past year from which they select a shortlist and invite the public to vote on their favourite. The public vote is held in November and results in the People's Choice winner. The most influential word of the year is also selected by the Word of the Year Committee which comprises the Editorial Team at Macquarie Dictionary along with David Astle and language research specialist Tiger Webb. The Committee meets annually to select the overall winning words. The following is the list of winning words since the Macquarie Word of the Year first began in 2006: == Merriam-Webster == The lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year (for each year) are ten-word lists published annually by the American dictionary-publishing company Merriam-Webster, Inc., which feature the ten words of the year from the English language. These word lists started in 2003 and have been published at the end of each year. At first, Merriam-Webster determined its contents by analyzing page hits and popular searches on its website. Since 2006, the list has been determined by an online poll and by suggestions from visitors to the website. The following is the list of words that became Merriam-Webster's Word of the Year since 2003: == Oxford == Oxford University Press, which publishes the Oxford English Dictionary and many other dictionaries, announces an Oxford Dictionaries UK Word of the Year and an Oxford Dictionaries US Word of the Year; sometimes these are the same word. The Word of the Year need not have been coined within the past twelve months but it does need to have become prominent or notable during that time. There is no guarantee that the Word of the Year will be included in any Oxford dictionary. The Oxford Dictionaries Words of the Year are selected by editorial staff from each of the Oxford dictionaries. The selection team is made up of lexicographers and consultants to the dictionary team, and editorial, marketing, and publicity staff. == Grant Barrett == Since 2004, lexicographer Grant Barrett has published an unranked words-of-the-year list, usually in The New York Times. == Similar word lists == === A Word a Year === Since 2004, Susie Dent, an English lexicographer has published a column, "A Word a Year", in which she chooses a single word from each of the last 101 years to represent preoccupations of the time. Susie Dent notes that the list is subjective. Each year, she gives a completely different set of words. Since Susie Dent works for the Oxford University Press, her words of choice are often incorrectly referred to as "Oxford Dictionary's Word of the Year". === Other countries === Austria: Word of the year (Austria), since 1999. The event is organised by the Society for Austrian German (GSÖD). Notable selections include the 52-letter word Bundespräsidentenstichwahlwiederholungsverschiebung (2016), and more recently, 'Elk Emil', in 2025. In Germany, a Wort des Jahres has been selected since 1972 (for the year 1971) by the Society of the German Language. In addition, an Unwort des Jahres (Un-word of the year or Most Unpleasant Word of the Year) has been nominated since 1991, for a word or phrase in public speech deemed insulting or socially inappropriate (such as "Überfremdung"). Similar selections are made each year since 1999 in Austria, 2002 in Liechtenstein, and 2003 in Switzerland. Since 2008, language publisher Langenscheidt supports a search for the German youth word of the year, which aims to find new words entering the language through the vernacular of young people. In addition, several German dialects have their own Wort des Jahres selection: de:Plattdeutsches Wort des Jahres, de:Wort des Jahres (Sachsen), and de:Wort des Jahres (Südtirol). In Denmark, the Word of the year has been selected by Mål og Mæle, a popular science language magazine, during 2006–1012 and since 2009 also by the Sproglaboratoriet radio program of the DR P1 radio channel in collaboration with Dansk Sprognævn (Danish Language Council). Japan has held an annual word of the year contest called the "New Word/Trendy Phrase Award" (Shingo ryūkōgo taishō) since 1984, sponsored by the Jiyu Kokuminsha publisher (by U-CAN since 2004). In addition, the Kanji of the Year (kotoshi no kanji) has been selected since 1995, and both the kanji and the word/phrase of the year often reflect current Japanese events and attitudes. For example, in 2011, following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the frustratingly enigmatic phrase used by Japanese officials before the explosion regarding the possibility of a meltdown - "the possibility of recriticality is not zero" (Sairinkai no kanōsei zero de wa nai) - became the top phrase of the year. In the same year, the kanji for "bond" (i.e., family ties or friendship) became the kanji of the year, expressing the importance of collectiveness in the face of disaster. Liechtenstein: Word of the year (Liechtenstein) since 2002. In Norway, the Word of the year poll has been carried out since 2012. In Portugal, the Word of the year poll has been carried out since 2009. In Russia, the Word of the year poll has been carried out since 2007. In Slovenia, the word of the year poll has been carried out since 2016. Each year, it is announced in January together with the SSL (Slovenian Sign Language) gesture of the year. In Spain, a Word of the year has been selected by Fundéu since 2013. Switzerland: Word of the year (Switzerland), since 2003. In Ukraine, the Word of the year poll has been carried out since 2013. In The Netherlands, a word of the year poll is carried out by dictionary publisher Van Dale since 2007. == See also == Language Report from Oxford University Press Lists of Merriam-Webster's Words of the Year Neologism Doublespeak Award Kanji of the year == Further reading == John Ayto, "A Century of New Words", Series: Oxford Paperback Reference (2007) ISBN 0-19-921369-0 John Ayto, "Twentieth Century Words", Oxford University Press (1999) ISBN 0-19-860230-8 == Notes == == References == == External links == Top words from 2000 – present @ Global Language Monitor Word of the Year Archive @ Macquarie Dictionary Word of the Year Archive @ Merriam-Webster Word of the Year Archive @ OxfordWords blog Austrian Word of the Year Canadian Word of the Year Liechtenstein Word of the Year Switzerland Word of the Year Dictionary.com word of the year @ Dictionary.com
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Skolnik_Award#:~:text=1977%3A%20Eugene%20Garfield	Herman Skolnik Award	The Herman Skolnik Award is awarded annually by the Division of Chemical Information of the American Chemical Society, "to recognize outstanding contributions to and achievements in the theory and practice of chemical information science". As of 2024 the award is of 3,000 US dollars. It is named for Herman Skolnik (1914-1994), who was a co-founder of the then ACS Division of Chemical Literature in 1948 and a key figure in the Division. The first award was made to him. == Recipients == Source: === 1970s === 1976: Herman Skolnik 1977: Eugene Garfield 1978: Fred A. Tate === 1980s === 1980: William J. Wiswesser 1981: Ben H. Weil 1982: Robert Fugmann 1983: Russell J. Rowlett, Jr. 1984: Montagu Hyams 1986: Dale B. Baker 1987: William Theilheimer 1988: David R. Lide, Jr. 1989: Michael F. Lynch and Stuart Marson === 1990s === 1990: Ernst Meyer 1991: Todd Wipke 1992: Jacques-Emile Dubois 1993: Peter Willett 1994: Alexandru T. Balaban 1995: Reiner Luckenbach and Clemens Jochum 1996: Milan Randic 1997: Johann Gasteiger 1998: Gary D. Wiggins 1999: Stuart M. Kaback === 2000s === 2000: Stephen R. Heller and G. W. A. Milne 2001: Guenter Grethe 2002: Peter Norton 2003: Frank H. Allen 2004: Peter Johnson 2005: Lorrin Garson 2006: Hugo Kubinyi 2007: Robert S. Pearlman 2008: Gerald M. Maggiora 2009: Yvonne Connolly Martin === 2010s === 2010: Anton J. Hopfinger 2011: Alexander Lawson 2012: Peter Murray-Rust and Henry Rzepa 2013: Richard D. Cramer 2014: Engelbert Zass 2015: Jürgen Bajorath 2016: Stephen H. Bryant and Evan Bolton 2017: David Winkler 2018: Gisbert Schneider 2019: Kimito Funatsu === 2020s === 2020: Wendy A. Warr 2023 Patrick Walters 2024 Alexandre Varnek 2025 Matthias Rarey 2026 Antony John Williams == See also == List of chemistry awards List of computer science awards == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling_Award#:~:text=1977%20%E2%80%93%20John%20A.%20Pople	Linus Pauling Award	The Linus Pauling Award is an award recognizing outstanding achievement in chemistry. It is awarded annually by the Puget Sound, Oregon, and Portland sections of the American Chemical Society, and is named after the US chemist Linus Pauling (1901–1994), to whom it was first awarded in 1966. Another Linus Pauling Award is given annually by the Chemistry Department at Buffalo State College. == Oregon Laureates == Source: ACS == See also == List of chemistry awards == References == == Sources == Linus Pauling Medalists, Portland State University Chemistry Department Linus Pauling Award, Buffalo State University Chemistry Department Linus Pauling Award, University Washington Linus Pauling Medal Award 2010 Linus Pauling Award 2011 Linus Pauling Award 2018
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Bakker	Jim Bakker	James Orsen Bakker (; born January 2, 1940) is an American televangelist and convicted felon. Between 1974 and 1987, Bakker hosted the television program The PTL Club and its cable television platform, the PTL Satellite Network, with his then wife, Tammy Faye. He also developed Heritage USA, a now-defunct Christian theme park in Fort Mill, South Carolina. Bakker was born in Muskegon, Michigan, and attended North Central University in Minneapolis, where he met Tammy Faye LaValley. The two married in 1961, left college, and became itinerant evangelists, eventually having two children. In the late 1980s, Bakker resigned from the PTL ministry over a cover-up of hush money to church secretary Jessica Hahn for an alleged rape. Subsequent revelations of accounting fraud brought about felony charges, conviction, imprisonment, and divorce. Convicted of fraud and conspiracy in 1989, he served nearly five years in prison before being paroled in 1994. Bakker later remarried and returned to televangelism, founding Morningside Church in Blue Eye, Missouri, and reestablishing the PTL ministry. After divorcing Tammy Faye in 1992, Bakker married Lori Beth Graham in 1998, and together they adopted five children. Early in his career, Bakker worked at Pat Robertson’s Christian Broadcasting Network, helping to grow the network and hosting shows including The 700 Club and a children’s program. He later co-founded the Trinity Broadcasting Network with Paul and Jan Crouch, but left after a short partnership due to disagreements, eventually establishing his own ministry, PTL (Praise The Lord), and the PTL Satellite Network. Returning to televangelism in 2003, Bakker now hosts The Jim Bakker Show with a focus on apocalyptic themes and survivalist products, while distancing himself from his earlier prosperity gospel teachings. His later years have included controversial claims, such as predicting major events and promoting unproven supplements, which drew legal action and criticism during the COVID-19 pandemic. Bakker has written several books, including I Was Wrong and Time Has Come: How to Prepare Now for Epic Events Ahead. == Early life and education == James Orsen Bakker was born in Muskegon, Michigan, the son of Raleigh Bakker and Furnia Lynette "Furn" Irwin. Bakker attended North Central University, a Minneapolis Bible college affiliated with the Assemblies of God, where he met fellow student Tammy Faye LaValley in 1960. Bakker worked at a restaurant in the Young-Quinlan department store in Minneapolis; Tammy Faye worked at the Three Sisters, a nearby boutique. Despite already having a fiancée in Muskegon, Jim began courting Tammy Faye. The Bakkers married on April 1, 1961, and left college to become itinerant evangelists. They had two children, Tammy Sue "Sissy" Bakker Chapman (born March 2, 1970) and Jamie Charles "Jay" Bakker (born December 18, 1975). The couple divorced on March 13, 1992. On September 4, 1998, Bakker married Lori Beth Graham, a former televangelist, fifty days after they met. In 2002, they adopted five children, siblings whom Lori had befriended in Phoenix. == Career == === Early career === In 1966, Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker began working at Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN) in Portsmouth, Virginia, which had an audience in the low thousands at the time. The Bakkers contributed to the network's growth, hosting a children's variety show called Come On Over that employed comic routines with puppets. Due to the success of Come On Over, Robertson made Bakker the host of a new prime-time talk show, The 700 Club, which gradually became CBN's flagship program. The Bakkers left CBN in 1973 and, soon after, joined with Paul and Jan Crouch to help co-found the Trinity Broadcasting Network (TBN) in California. However, this partnership lasted only eight months until a falling-out between Jim Bakker and Paul Crouch caused the Bakkers to eventually leave the new network. === PTL === While under TBN, the Bakkers moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, where in May 1973 they launched an east coast version of Praise The Lord under TBN's umbrella. Less than a year later the Bakkers formed their own non profit organization, registered the PTL trademark, left the umbrella of TBN and the Crouches, and continued their show on 36 WRET Charlotte, 16 WGGS Greenville, South Carolina, and a few other stations. In 1975, they nationally debuted their own late night-style talk show, known as The PTL Club. Bakker founded the PTL Satellite Network in 1974, which aired The PTL Club and other religious television programs through local affiliates across the U.S. Throughout the 1970s, Bakker built a headquarters for PTL in the Carolinas called Heritage Village. Over time, the Bakkers expanded the ministry to include the Heritage USA theme park in Fort Mill, South Carolina, which became the third most successful theme park in the U.S. at the time. Viewer contributions were estimated to exceed $1 million a week, with proceeds to expand the theme park and The PTL Club's mission. Bakker responded to inquiries about his use of mass media by saying: "I believe that if Jesus were alive today, he would be on TV". Two scandals brought down PTL in 1987: Bakker was accused of sexual misconduct by church secretary Jessica Hahn, which led to his resignation, and his illegal misuse of ministry funds eventually led to his imprisonment. Bakker was dismissed as an Assemblies of God minister on May 6, 1987. In 1990, the biographic television movie Fall from Grace, starring Kevin Spacey as Bakker, depicted his rise and fall. On January 18, 2019, ABC's 20/20 aired a two-hour special, entitled Unfaithfully Yours, about the PTL scandal. ==== Early investigations ==== In 1979, Bakker and PTL came under investigation by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) for allegedly misusing funds raised on the air. The FCC report was finalized in 1982 and found that Bakker had raised $350,000 that he told viewers would go towards funding overseas missions but that was actually used to pay for part of Heritage USA. The report also found that the Bakkers used PTL funds for personal expenses. FCC commissioners voted four to three to drop the investigation, after which they allowed Bakker to sell the only TV station that he owned, therefore bypassing future FCC oversight. The FCC forwarded its report to the U.S. Department of Justice, which declined to press charges, citing insufficient evidence. Bakker used the controversy to raise more funds from his audience, branding the investigation a "witch-hunt" and asking viewers to "give the Devil a black eye". A confidential 1985 Internal Revenue Service (IRS) report found that $1.3 million in ministry funds was used for the Bakkers' personal benefit from 1980 to 1983. The report recommended that PTL be stripped of its tax-exempt status, but no action was taken until after the Jessica Hahn scandal broke in 1987. Art Harris and Michael Isikoff wrote in The Washington Post that politics may have played a role in the three government agencies taking no action against PTL despite the evidence against them, as members of the Reagan administration were not eager to go after television ministers whose evangelical followers made up their base. ==== Sexual misconduct and resignation ==== A $279,000 payoff for the silence of Jessica Hahn, who alleged that Bakker and former PTL Club co-host John Wesley Fletcher drugged and raped her, was paid with PTL funds through Bakker's associate Roe Messner. Bakker, who made PTL's financial decisions, allegedly kept two sets of books to conceal accounting irregularities. Reporters for The Charlotte Observer, led by Charles Shepard, investigated PTL's finances and published a series of articles. On March 19, 1987, after the disclosure of a payoff to Hahn, Bakker resigned from PTL. Although he acknowledged that he had a sexual encounter with Hahn at a hotel room in Clearwater, Florida, he denied raping her. Bakker was also the subject of homosexual and bisexual allegations made by Fletcher and PTL director Jay Babcock, which Bakker denied under oath. Rival televangelist John Ankerberg appeared on Larry King Live and made several allegations of moral impropriety against Bakker, which both Bakkers denied. Bakker was succeeded as PTL head by the Rev. Jerry Falwell of Thomas Road Baptist Church in Lynchburg, Virginia. Bakker chose Falwell as his successor because he feared that fellow televangelist Jimmy Swaggart, who had initiated an Assemblies of God investigation into Bakker's sexual misconduct, was attempting to take over his ministry. Bakker believed that Falwell would temporarily lead the ministry until the scandal died down, but on April 28, 1987, Falwell barred Bakker from returning to PTL upon hearing of allegations of illicit behavior which went beyond the Hahn allegations. Later that summer, as donations declined sharply in the wake of Bakker's resignation and the end of The PTL Club, Falwell raised $20 million to keep Heritage USA solvent and took a promised water slide ride at the park. Falwell and the remaining members of the PTL board resigned in October 1987, stating that a ruling from a bankruptcy court judge made rebuilding the ministry impossible. In response to the scandal, Falwell called Bakker a liar, an embezzler, a sexual deviant, and "the greatest scab and cancer on the face of Christianity in 2,000 years of church history". On CNN, Swaggart stated that Bakker was a "cancer in the body of Christ". In February 1988, Swaggart became involved in a sex scandal of his own after being caught visiting prostitutes in New Orleans. The Bakker and Swaggart scandals had a profound effect on the world of televangelism, causing greater media scrutiny of TV ministers and their finances. Falwell said that the scandals had "strengthened broadcast evangelism and made Christianity stronger, more mature and more committed." ==== Fraud conviction and imprisonment ==== The PTL Club's fundraising activities between 1984 and 1987 were reported by The Charlotte Observer, eventually leading to criminal charges against Bakker. Bakker and his PTL associates sold $1,000 "lifetime memberships", entitling buyers to an annual three-night stay at a luxury hotel at Heritage USA during that period. According to the prosecution at Bakker's fraud trial, tens of thousands of memberships were sold but only one 500-room hotel was ever finished. Bakker sold "exclusive partnerships" which exceeded capacity, raising more than twice the money needed to build the hotel. Much of the money paid Heritage USA's operating expenses, and Bakker kept $3.4 million. After a 16-month federal grand jury probe, Bakker was indicted in 1988 on eight counts of mail fraud, 15 counts of wire fraud and one count of conspiracy. In 1989, after a five-week trial which began on August 28 in Charlotte, North Carolina, a jury found him guilty on all 24 counts. Judge Robert Daniel Potter sentenced Bakker to 45 years in federal prison and imposed a $500,000 fine. At the Federal Medical Center, Rochester in Rochester, Minnesota, he shared a cell with activist Lyndon LaRouche and skydiver Roger Nelson. The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit upheld Bakker's conviction on the fraud and conspiracy charges, voided Bakker's 45-year sentence and $500,000 fine and ordered a new sentencing hearing in February 1991. The court ruled that Potter's sentencing statement about Bakker, that "those of us who do have a religion are sick of being saps for money-grubbing preachers and priests", was evidence that the judge had injected his religious beliefs into Bakker's sentence. A sentence-reduction hearing was held on November 16, 1992, and Bakker's sentence was reduced to eight years. In August 1993, he was transferred to a minimum-security federal prison in Jesup, Georgia. Bakker was paroled in July 1994, after serving almost five years of his sentence. His son, Jay, spearheaded a letter-writing campaign to the parole board advocating leniency. Celebrity lawyer Alan Dershowitz acted as Bakker's parole attorney, having said that he "would guarantee that Mr. Bakker would never again engage in the blend of religion and commerce that led to his conviction." Bakker was released from Federal Bureau of Prisons custody on December 1, 1994, owing $6 million to the IRS. === Return to televangelism === In 2003, Bakker began broadcasting The Jim Bakker Show daily at Studio City Café in Branson, Missouri, with his second wife Lori; it has been carried on CTN, Daystar, Folk TV, Grace Network (Canada), Daystar Television Canada, GEB America, Hope TV (Canada), Impact Network, WGN, WHT, TCT Network, The Word Network, UpliftTV, and ZLiving networks. Most of Bakker's audience receives his program on DirecTV and Dish Network. Bakker condemned the prosperity theology in which he took part earlier in his career, and has embraced apocalypticism. His show has a millennial, survivalist focus and sells buckets of freeze-dried food, such as beans on toast, to his audience in preparation for the end of days. Elspeth Reeve wrote in The Atlantic that Bakker's "doomsday survival gear" is overpriced. A man named Jerry Crawford, who credits Bakker with saving his marriage, invested $25 million in a new ministry for Bakker in Blue Eye, Missouri, named Morningside USA. Production for The Jim Bakker Show moved to Morningside in 2008. ==== Prophecies and statements ==== In 2013, Bakker wrote Time Has Come: How to Prepare Now for Epic Events Ahead about end-time events. Bakker has changed his views on prosperity theology. In his 1980 book Eight Keys to Success, he stated, "God wants you to be happy, God wants you to be rich, God wants you to prosper." In his 1996 book, I Was Wrong, he admitted that the first time he actually read the Bible all the way through was in prison. Bakker also wrote that he realized that he had taken passages out of context and used them as prooftexts to support his prosperity theology. Bakker's revived show features a number of ministers who bill themselves as "prophets". He now says that "PTL" stands for "Prophets Talking Loud". In an October 2017 video, Bakker said that "God will punish those" who ridicule him; he has said that Hurricane Harvey was a judgment of God, and he blamed Hurricane Matthew on then-President Barack Obama. Bakker predicted that if then-President Donald Trump was impeached, Christians would begin a Second American Civil War. He compared the 2017 Washington train derailment to the sinking of the RMS Titanic and stated the Amtrak train derailment was a warning from God. He also claimed that he predicted the September 11 attacks of 2001, stating that he "saw 9/11 in 1999 before New Year's Eve" and that there would "be terrorism" and bombings in New York City and Washington, D.C. A few days after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, he stated that "God came to [him] in a dream... and he was wearing camouflage, a hunting vest and had an AR-15 strapped to his back" and that God supported Trump's plan to arm teachers. Following the death of Billy Graham on February 21, 2018, Bakker attended Graham's funeral and paid his respects, stating that Graham was the greatest preacher since Jesus, and also remarking that Graham had visited him in prison. On the Stand in the Gap Today radio program, Pennsylvania Pastors Network president Sam Rohrer criticized Bakker's civil-war prediction. Christian Today criticized Bakker's show for preying on "the most vulnerable kinds of people" and claimed that it had "no place on our TV screens." ==== COVID-19 misinformation ==== Bakker sold colloidal silver supplements that he advertised as a panacea. In March 2020, the office of the Attorney General of New York ordered Bakker to cease making false medicinal claims about his supplements' alleged ability to cure the 2019–2020 strains of coronavirus, and the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration also sent a warning letter to Bakker about his claims regarding the supplements and coronavirus. Missouri attorney general Eric Schmitt and Arkansas attorney general Leslie Rutledge filed lawsuits against Bakker for allegedly pushing the supplements as a treatment for the virus. In the State lawsuit against him, Bakker is represented by former Missouri governor Jay Nixon, who has argued for the suit to be dismissed. Nixon says that the allegations made in the lawsuit are false, stating: "Bakker is being unfairly targeted by those who want to crush his ministry and force his Christian television program off the air." In April 2020, prohibited from receiving credit card transactions, Bakker disclosed to his viewers that his ministry was on the brink of filing for bankruptcy and urgently petitioned them for donations. The following month, GEB America and World Harvest Television dropped Bakker's program from their networks after DirecTV owner AT&T asked channels to reconsider airing the show. AT&T made the request of its channels in response to a deplatforming campaign from the liberal Christian group Faithful America. On May 8, 2020, Lori Bakker announced that Jim Bakker had suffered a stroke that his son Jay described as "minor". Lori stated that he would be taking a sabbatical from the program until he recovers. She blamed the stroke on Bakker's hard work on his show and wrote that he had described the criticism against him as "the most vicious attack that he has ever experienced". Bakker returned to his program for the first time following his stroke on July 8, 2020. On June 23, 2021, Missouri Attorney General Eric Schmitt announced the settlement of the state's lawsuit against Bakker. Bakker and Morningside Church would be prohibited from saying silver solution could "diagnose, prevent, mitigate, treat, or cure any disease or illness". Restitution of about $157,000 would also be paid to those who bought silver solution between February 12, 2020, and March 10, 2020. == Bibliography == Move That Mountain (1976), ISBN 978-0-88270-164-6 Eight Keys to Success (1980), ISBN 978-0-89221-071-8 I Was Wrong (1996), ISBN 978-0-7852-7425-4 Prosperity and the Coming Apocalypse (1998), ISBN 978-1-4185-5422-4 The Refuge: The Joy of Christian Community in a Torn-Apart World (2000), ISBN 978-1-4185-5423-1 Time Has Come: How to Prepare Now for Epic Events Ahead (2014), ISBN 978-1-61795-134-3 You Can Make It: God's Faithfulness in Dark Times-Past, Present and Future (2021) ISBN 978-1-63641-047-0 == References == == External links == Jim Bakker Show
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharparkar	Tharparkar	Tharparkar (Dhatki/Sindhi: ٿرپارڪر; Urdu: تھرپارکر, Urdu pronunciation: [t̪ʰəɾpɑːɾkəɾ]), also known as Thar, is a district in Sindh province in Pakistan, headquartered at Mithi. Before Indian independence it was known as the Thar and Parkar (1901⁠–⁠1947) or Eastern Sindh Frontier District (1860⁠–⁠1901). The district is the largest in Sindh, and has the largest Hindu population in Pakistan. It has the lowest Human Development Index rating of all the districts in Sindh. Currently the Sindh government is planning to divide the Tharparkar district into Tharparkar and Chhachro district. == History == The name Tharparkar originates from a portmanteau of the words Thar (referring to the Thar Desert), and parkar (meaning "to cross over"). The Thar region was historically fertile, although it was mostly desertified between 2000 BCE and 1500 BCE. Before its desertification, a tributary of the Indus River was said to flow through the region; it is speculated by some historians that this river could be the ancient Sarasvati River mentioned in the Hindu Rigveda. The Thar region is also mentioned in the Ramayana, where it is called "Lavanasagara" (meaning "salt ocean"). Sindh was ruled by various dynasties after the fall of the Indus Valley civilisation. These dynasties included the Soomras, the Sammas, the Arghuns, the Kalhoras, and the Talpurs. These rulers primarily focused on the central and western parts of Sindh, while the eastern areas, including Tharparkar, were largely neglected. In 1843, as a part of the British conquest of large parts of the Indian subcontinent, Charles James Napier, the Commander-in-Chief of the Presidency Armies, defeated the Talpur dynasty and conquered Sindh. The conquered areas, including Tharparkar, were incorporated into the Cutch Agency and Hyderabad Collectorate. The government of British India divided Sindh into Collectorates, or districts, administered by British-appointed Zamindars. Sindh was later made part of the Bombay Presidency of British India. In 1858, the entire area around Tharparkar became part of the Hyderabad District, and in 1860 the region was established as a subdivision of Hyderabad district and renamed as Eastern Sindh Frontier, with its headquarters at Amarkot. In 1882, Eastern Sindh Frontier subdivision bifurcated from Hyderabad District and established a separate district headed by a British Deputy Commissioner, with a political superintendent at Amarkot. In 1906, it was reorganized as the Thar and Parkar district and the district headquarters was moved from Amarkot to Mirpur Khas. Prior to the partition of India, there was a very strong cultural and trading connection between Tharparkar, Gujarat and Rajasthan, which continued for some years after partition, before the border became sealed. Large parts of Tharparkar were captured by Indian forces during the Indo-Pakistani war of 1971 in the Chachro Raid. They were returned to Pakistan only after signing of the Shimla Pact in 1972. On 31 October 1990, the district was divided into the Tharparkar and Mirpur Khas Districts. On 17 April 1993, Umerkot District was carved out of Tharparkar. == Geography == Tharparkar district lies between 69° 3′ 35″ E and 71° 7′ 47″ E longitudes, and between 24° 9′ 35″ N and 25° 43′ 6″ N latitudes. To its east, the district borders the Jaisalmer, Barmer and Jalore districts of Rajasthan in India. To the south, it borders the Kutch district of Gujarat in India. Umerkot district lies to its north while Badin and Mirpur Khas districts are to its west. === Climate and environment === The district has a tropical semi arid (Köppen: BSh) climate. During summer, it is extremely hot during the day, while nights are much cooler. April, May and June are the hottest months and December, January and February are the coldest months. The mean maximum and minimum temperatures during winter are 28 °C and 9 °C, respectively. There are wide fluctuations in annual rainfall and the yearly average in some areas is as low as 100 mm. Most precipitation occurs between July and September, during the south-west monsoon. Since 1997 the highest recorded annual rainfall was 1306 mm in 2011. Tharparkar has been suffering a drought for several decades and the provincial government has declared Tharparkar as a drought-affected area. Tharparkar was officially declared as in a drought in 1968, 1978, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2001, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015 and 2018. === Flora === There are at least 89 plant species of 26 plant families native to Tharparkar. Many species of herbs grow during the wet season while desert shrubs and drought resistant trees grow year-round. === Fauna === Wealth of fauna is considered as a salient feature of this region.The fauna of Tharparkar is a major part of its culture, folk music, art etc. === Sanctuaries === ==== Chinkara wildlife sanctuary ==== The Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary covers 940 km2 in Tharparkar where the hunting of wildlife and poaching is prohibited. The prohibition extends from Chelhar in the north, to Bhorelo in the southeast, and to Mithi and Wajatto in the west. ==== Vulture and migratory birds sanctuary ==== Tharparkar has been designated a major sanctuary for endangered species of vulture, while Gorano has been declared a habitat for several migratory birds. Peafowl conservation efforts in the district focus on preventing the further endangerment and death of animals that are significant as symbols of Tharparkar. In addition, illegal exploitation of scorpions and snakes has been reported in the area. == Livelihood == Tharparkar district is predominantly rural, with 96% of the population residing outside of urban areas. The primary economic activity of the district is agriculture, while the much smaller urban population carries out activities related to agriculture. While the main food source and economic base of Tharparkar comes from livestock management, farming and artisanry are also important factors. === Farming === Despite the arid climate and generally poor conditions for growing crops, the majority of the Thari people are employed by some form of farming. Most of the area relies on scant rainfall to irrigate farmland, however, in some areas of Nagarparkar taluka, tube wells are used. 1,014,000 (50.4%) of the district's 2,011,000 hectares of land are cultivated. === Livestock === 94% of the district's households own some form of livestock, while 77.64% of the population is actively engaged in livestock management. The average household owns 8 animals, and an estimated 7.7 million animals make up the total livestock population of the district. Sheep are especially important to the district's livestock economy, with 3 million kg of wool produced annually. Tharparkar holds 40% of Sindh's sheep population, and is considered the most suitable area for sheep in the province. 70.3% of farms use animals as a source of power for plowing land. The percentage of donkeys in the livestock population is notably high, especially for an arid region, with the percentage in Tharparkar being higher than other areas in Pakistan. Despite the size and economic importance of the livestock population, only 12 veterinarians serve the district. === Handicrafts === Art and artisanry have been part of Thari society since the Indus Valley civilisation. Common handicrafts include ralli, pottery, puppet-making, carpet-making, traditional decoration, block printing, cobbling, and embroidery, among others. In Chachro taluka alone there are 6,000 handlooms, despite the lack of a centralized facility. The sale of these products supplement local incomes, and provide economic opportunities, especially for women. == Politics == Between 2002 and 2018, the district was represented in the Provincial Assembly of Sindh by constituencies 60, 61, 62, and 63. The 2008 elections saw three of those constituencies represented by members of the Pakistan Muslim League (Q) (PMLQ), and one by a member of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). During the 2013 elections, three candidates from the PPP and one from the Pakistan Muslim League (N) won. Before 2018, Tharparkar was represented in the National Assembly by constituencies 229 and 230. During the 2008 elections, both were won by candidates of the PMLQ, while in the 2013 elections, they were both won by candidates of the PPP. After a new delimitation of constituencies in 2018, the district is represented in the Provincial Assembly by constituencies 54, 55, 56, and 57, while in the National Assembly, it is represented by constituencies 221 and 222. In the 2018 elections, both national constituencies and three of the four provincial constituencies were won by the PPP, while one provincial seat was won by the Grand Democratic Alliance. == Industry and infrastructure == === Industry === ==== Coal ==== Pakistan's estimated 185.175 billion tonnes of lignite coal reserves are the 7th largest in the world. Tharparkar district alone is estimated to hold 175.506 billion tonnes (95%) of the national reserves, the energy contents of which would surpass the combined energy of the resource reserves of Saudi Arabia and Iran. In Pakistan, companies generating power are completely exempted from the payment of income tax, as well as turnover tax. Additionally, imports from prospective sponsors of coal power generation projects are exempted from tariffs. This is done in order to encourage investment in the country's energy sector. Such investments have included a 600 MW producing project implemented by the Chinese Shenhua Group, and the 1200 MW producing Thar Engro Coal Power Project. In Pakistan, mineral mining operations are subject to provincial administration. However, in 2011, to encourage large-scale investment in coal mining, the federal government authorized the creation of the "Thar Coal & Energy Board" (TCEB), a statutory corporation that would directly administer the extraction and use of Tharparkar's large energy resources. In March 2019, new members were appointed to the TCEB including female Member of National Assembly (MNA) Shazia Marri (NA-216). However, the TCEB's charter requires that there should be one female MNA from either Tharparkar, Umerkot or Mirpur Khas districts on the board. An exception was made, as MNA Mahesh Malani and Senator Krishna Kohli were from and represented the Thar region, despite neither directly fitting the "female MNA from Thar" requirement. The Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company in Tharparkar supplies electricity to the national grid. Despite this, the large majority of the 2,300 registered and almost 2,000 unregistered Thari villages have no electricity supply. Energy shortages and blackouts are common, and one outage during a heat wave lasting 22 hours resulted in the deaths of several hospital patients. An informal announcement made by the Sindh government declared that electricity would be freely provided to Tharparkar, however this has not happened, and electricity continues to be supplied by private companies such as Hyderabad Electric Supply Company. Several entities have raised issues of potential environmental and health impacts that could result from extensive coal mining and use. The pollution and harm to the environment caused by coal mining and use in the region have led to destruction of habitat, as well as the large-scale displacement of local communities. Health effects of lignite pollution include increases in the risk of cancer, as well as heart and lung problems. Social movements, which some Thari people are involved in, have hoped to address these challenges. ==== Solar ==== Bahawalpur district's Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park, the largest photovoltaic power station in Pakistan, has a photovoltaic electricity output (PVOUT) of 1596 kWh/kWp per year and a global horizontal irradiance (GHI) of 1925 kWh/m2 per year. In comparison, Tharparkar has a PVOUT of 1642 kWh/kWp per year and a GHI of 2005 kWh/m2 per year. In January 2015, at a cost of US$2.98 million the largest solar reverse osmosis plant in Asia was completed in Mithi with the ability to filter two million gallons of water daily. Throughout the district, smaller plants, each with filtration capacities of 10,000 gallons per day were installed at cost of around US$24,900 each. These plants were the result of cooperation between the Sindh provincial government and Pak Oasis, a water treatment company. Despite such initiatives, much of the arid region continues to suffer from a lack of clean drinking water, resulting in sickness and death. The efficacy, political motivations, and administration of these plants have been called into question, and as a result of a four-month lapse in pay, workers went on strike in October 2018, causing a significant water crisis. In July 2018, Pakistan's National Accountability Bureau began an investigation of an alleged illegal awarding of a contract to Pak Oasis. Allegations included a premature payment of Rs 5 billion to Pak Oasis prior to their completion of a water treatment project. In October 2018, the Chief Minister of Sindh authorized the use of Rs 336.7 million for the construction of 110 reverse osmosis plants. In November 2018, Sindh Government decided to takeover all RO plants in Thar Coal Block-II. On 16 April 2019, MPA Sidra Imran claimed in a speech in the Provincial Assembly of Sindh that 700 solar reverse osmosis plants, worth Rs 8 billion, were not functional. === Transportation === ==== Road ==== Only 743 km of quality roads run through the 19,638 km2 of Tharaparkar district, considered inadequate by the standards of several NGOs. Major cities of the province are connected by a highway, and the talukas of the district are connected to the district headquarters of Mithi by several metaled roads. ==== Airport ==== The Civil Aviation Authority of Pakistan (PCAA) constructed an airport in Islamkot at a cost of around Rs 972.07 million. The Islamkot International Airport covers 1,000 acres and has a 3 km long runway, and serves both civilian and military air traffic. The Sindh Coal Authority requested the construction of the airport, as the new infrastructure would contribute to the development of the nearby Thar coalfield. The airport lies within 80 km (50 mi) of Pakistan's border with India, and clearance for the construction of the airport was given by the Pakistani Ministry of Defence on 25 September 2009. The airport was first inaugurated on 17 July 2017 by Chief Minister Murad Ali Shah as Thar Airport. It was inaugurated again on 11 April 2018 by Bilawal Bhutto Zardari, when its name was changed to Mai Bakhtawar Airport. However, the PCAA does not recognize the airport, and the airport, which has no official website, lacks an official ICAO or IATA code. ==== Railway ==== Before the partition of India and creation of Pakistan in 1947, the Sind Mail ran between Hyderabad, Pakistan and Ahmedabad, India via Mirpur Khas, Khokhropar, Munabao, Barmer, Luni, Jodhpur, Pali, Marwar and Palanpur. Post-partition, service continued on the line, with Khokhropar railway station, the last station in Pakistan, used for customs. However, service on that line was stopped after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. The town of Khokhropar and the rest of the Nagarparkar salient were captured by India in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, but were returned to Pakistan in 1972. On 18 February 2006, after a 41-year suspension, service on the Hyderabad - Jodhpur railway line resumed after the conversion of metre gauge track to broad gauge track. The newly constructed Zero Point railway station near the border town of Khokhropar in Dahli taluka is now the last station in Pakistan on the Hyderabad - Jodhpur line, and so is used in customs enforcement. The Thar Express, which runs weekly between Karachi and Jodhpur, is operated by Pakistan Railways and Indian Railways. The 700 km journey takes a relatively long 32 hours, and so is nicknamed the 'torture train' by some passengers. Despite formal Thari petitions for rail service to facilitate migration during drought, government efforts focus on the improvement of coal mining infrastructure. === Telecommunications === In March 2009, the Pakistani Ministry of Information Technology's Universal Service Fund awarded a Rs 930 million contract to Telenor Pakistan for the building of basic telephone and data infrastructure in Tharparkar. In March 2017, Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company, in partnership with Wateen Telecom, introduced free Wi-Fi to two villages, as the first stage of a larger initiative. The villages of Tharyo Halepoto and Senhri Dars near Islamkot were provided with 3 Mbit/s internet service at no charge. A second phase of the initiative aims to provide the same service to all schools in Thar Coal Block II. Future phases aim to extend service to the entirety of Thar Coal Block II. Questions have been raised about the scale of benefits of free Wi-Fi to a district where 87% of the population lives in absolute poverty. Paid telecommunications services in Tharparkar are dominated by Pakistan Telecommunication Company Limited (PTCL), which has a monopoly on telecommunication in Pakistan. === Water resources === Access to drinking water in Tharparkar is very poor. Only 47% of the population has access to drinking water. Wells are crowded and their supply strained, as 60% of households wait more than an hour at wells for their turn, and 30% households spend more than Rs 30 for two buckets of water. 85% of households use Pakhaal (rubber bags carried by a camel or donkey) to carry water, while 25% use buckets carried by camel or donkey. In some areas, single journeys for water may take as long as two days. 75% of women travel an average 3 km per trip, spending 52% of their working hours fetching water. === Sanitation === Precise data on solid-waste management are unavailable but basic waste management is present in the urban parts of the district. However, rural areas, which host 96% of the district population, lack such facilities. 44% of households in Tharparkar have no toilets, the highest percentage of any district in Sindh. === Electricity === Despite supplying much of Pakistan's energy supply through its coal reserves, only 39% of Thari households use electricity as their main lighting supply, the lowest percentage of any district in Sindh. === Irrigation === As the district is mostly arid, its irrigation system is small. Only 1.6% of the district's cultivated land is irrigated, mostly in Diplo taluka by a tributary of the Naukot branch of Nara Canal. Irrigation is most extensive in Nagarparkar and Mithi, where much of the land is fed by tube wells. === Fuel === In Tharparkar, 99% of households use firewood as the main fuel supply for cooking. The deforestation resulting from large-scale firewood harvesting is a potential contributor to Tharparkar's drought issues. The second largest supply is gas, which 0.7% of households use. Most gas use is in Tharparkar's smaller urban communities. Gas infrastructure is poorly developed, and gas cylinder safety is questionable, which has led to some accidents. One common solution to gas safety problems used in Tharparkar is the Jugaad practice of placing a heavy object on top of a faulty valve, to prevent gas from leaking. == Finance, banking and taxation == === Finance === Tharparkar's importance to the Sindh and Pakistani economies is mostly based in its energy reserves and its status as the energy capital of Pakistan. During the September 2019 Pakistan Renewable Energy Summit, President Arif Alvi reemphasized the importance of fully utilizing the coal reserves discovered in Tharparkar. To fulfill this aim, the Sindh government called for further Australian investment in Thar coal, and auctioned off 4 coal mining blocks worth between US$4–6 billion. Chinese investment in the district includes a US$2 billion investment from the Chinese state-owned Shanghai Electric Power Company Limited. As of November 2019, Pakistan and China have agreed to expand the scope of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor to include copper, gold, oil, gas, and housing sectors. In 2019, the Manila-based Asian Development Bank approved a $75 million loan for investment in the Sindhi education system. Also in 2019, the World Bank approved a $1.93 billion loan to Sindh to be used in several initiatives with various goals, including the development of Tharparkar's rural economy. Since, this occurred just after Sindh CM was summoned by the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) in graft probe, has raised concerns among people. However, questions have been raised about possible misuse of such funding. Industrial investments in the district have been promoted by the government, with important economic incentives having been implemented in Tharparkar to attract businesses. Serious issues of industrial slave labor and worker exploitation exist in the district. === Banking === Like the rest of Pakistan, domestic banking in Tharparkar is conducted interest-free as a result of previous Islamization of banking. However, foreign loans and deposits of foreign currency do incur interest. Most banks in Tharparkar are concentrated within urban centers such as Mithi, and are closed on Saturdays and Sundays. Online banking services in the district are limited. === Taxation === All personal and corporate incomes are taxed by the federal government except income from agriculture which is taxed by provincial governments. In Sindh, Board of Revenue (BOR) collects all tax revenue of the Government of Sindh. As per Sindh Agricultural Income Tax Act of 2000, no land tax is levied in the Thar Desert and the Kohistan areas. An amendment bill was passed by the Provincial Assembly of Sindh on 30 April 2018 and further formal notification was issued on 22 May 2018 for the same. The Sindh cabinet during same time also decided to amend the Sindh Arms Act, allowing people to keep more than four (as many weapons as desired) weapons. Further asset statements provided by legislators and senators for the year 2018 revealed alarming figures of arms and deadly-military weapons in their personal arsenals. Apart from this, Home secretary was summoned in sale of weapons on fake arms licenses case by an anti-terrorism court. In second week of November several reports described Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) is to be restructured and Prime Minister has proposed for replacement of FBR. == Demographics == As of the 2023 census, Tharparkar district has 327,584 households and a population of 1,778,407. The district has a sex ratio of 109.21 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 36.39%: 48.50% for males and 23.49% for females. 689,148 (38.76% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. 144,405 (8.12%) live in urban areas. === Religion === Before the partition of India in 1947, Hindus and Muslims constituted roughly 52% and 47% of Tharparkar's population, respectively. Post-partition, many Hindus emigrated to India, while roughly 3,500 Muslim families immigrated to Tharparkar from India. The immigrant families were given 12 acres of land each (a total of 42,000 acres). After the 1965 and 1971 wars, many Hindus, Had to abandon their home because of abuse/persecution from erstwhile Hindu-majority Chhachro, left Pakistan for India. In the 1998 census, 59.42% of the district's population was Muslim and 40.47% Hindu. As of the 2017 census, Muslims are 56.56% while Hindus make up 43.39%. Hindus make up 64% of Tharpakar's urban areas, while Muslims make up 58% of rural areas. Tharparkar today has the largest Hindu population in Pakistan. The northern Taluks of Dahli, Chachro, Diplo, and Kaloi are majority Muslim, with Dahli being nearly 90% Muslim. The southern Taluks of Islamkot, Mithi and Nagarpakar are Hindu-majority, with Mithi being nearly 70% Hindu. ==== Hindu temples ==== Shri Ramapir Mandir Churrio Jabal Durga Temple at Nagarparkar - The historic Durga Mata Temple on the Churrio Jabal is visited annually by 200,000 pilgrims annually on Shivratri. Guri Mandir at Guri Krishna Mandar Kantio Tharparkar Nagarparkar temples Parbrahm Ashram (Verijhap Dham) at Diplo Sant Nenuram Ashram at Islamkot === Castes & tribes === As in the rest of Sindh, most Hindus, especially in rural areas, were the lower caste poor who could not afford to move to India. Over two-thirds of Hindus are Scheduled Castes, which form 28.05% of the entire district's population. This is itself as underestimate as many Scheduled Castes put their religion as generically 'Hindu' rather than Scheduled Caste. The various Hindu communities are: Lohana Mukhi Rajput (Thakur) Suthar Soni Meghwar Maharaj Maheshwari Goswami Rabari Bheel Kolhi Lohar Kumbhar Mangrio Arbab Khaskheli Bajeer === Languages === In the 2023 census, 99.36% of the population recorded their language as 'Sindhi' on the census. However Tharparkar is home to a wide variety of dialects, lying at the transition zone between Sindhi, Rajasthani and Gujarati. Dhatki, which is the most widely used, is closely related to Marwari on the other side of the border, and transitions to Sindhi in the west. Other languages include the various Koli languages such as Parkari and Kachi Koli spoken in the southeast near the border with Gujarat. === Human Development === The Human Development Index (HDI) of Tharparkar is 0.227. In Pakistan's 2017 HDI report, Tharparkar ranked 109th out of 114 surveyed districts, a drop from its rank as 103rd in 2013, the lowest ranking of any district in Sindh. Tharparkar also ranked among the ten worst districts for HDI growth between 2005 and 2015. === Poverty === The UNDP's Multidimensional Poverty Index for Pakistan reports that 87% of population in Tharparkar lives under poverty. Due to Tharparkar's poor conditions, including its low HDI and high infant mortality rate, a monitoring commission was formed to oversee the Sindh government's administration of the district. The Benazir Income Support Programme and the United Nations' World Food Programme agreed to take steps to reduce food insecurity in Tharparkar. In 2019, Pakistan was provided with US$362,000 and 4,727 mt of food assistance. As a part of humanitarian efforts, 287,000 families in Tharparkar each received 50 kg of wheat 12 times. Additionally, 500 houses were provided to house Thari people. 750 small-scale water plants were constructed in the district at a cost of Rs 7.5 billion. The Thar Foundation, a joint venture of the Sindh government and Engro has planned to build a 250-bed hospital at a cost of Rs 2 billion in Tharparkar. The first 82-bed block was completed in February 2019. Despite humanitarian initiatives by provincial, federal and international authorities, the region has seen little improvement, especially in its infant mortality rate, which sees around 1,500 children die annually. Between January and October 2019 84 infants died, while in total, 703 children died. In 2016, the National Commission for Human Rights (NCHR) directed the Sindh Chief Secretary to submit a report on cases of infant mortality. According to Saeed Ghani, Sindh's minister for Local Government, Public Health Engineering and Rural Development, and Katchi Abadies, a mobile app was introduced to assist with the distribution of wheat. However, no such app was actually created, and the system continues to rely on XLS/PDF files, and web resources, that weren't widely distributed. According to legislator Mahesh Kumar Malani, Rs 15 billion has been spent for development projects in nine years and further development plans worth Rs 18 billion are under way to improve the situation in Tharparkar. According to the Chief Minister of Sindh Rs 70 billion has been spent on the development of infrastructure. The government's Benazir Income Support Programme has transferred Rs 387 billion since 2008. Despite these efforts, the living standard index of Tharparkar has fallen by 50% between 2005 and 2015. Although Tharparkar has been affected by drought for at least 17 years, and has been a subject of efforts of numerous major NGOs, including USAID, DFID and several branches of the United Nations, no detailed, statistical report on water resources and measures to improve the situation has been published by the government. === Health facilities and immunization === Thari people face various issues due to waterborne diseases, inadequate health facilities, famine, and lack of basic infrastructure. ==== Health facilities ==== As of 2014, there were 140 health facilities in the district, including a district headquarters hospital with a capacity of 50 beds and 3 tehsil headquarters hospitals with capacities of 80 beds each. When compared to World Health Organization standards, these facilities were sufficient for only 54% of the population, while bedding capabilities were sufficient for only 6%. In Tharparkar, an average 85% of births take place at home, with home births constituting 56% of urban births and 87% of rural births. Tharparkar ranks lowest in Sindh for births assisted by skilled attendants, with only 16% deliveries performed in that manner. ==== Immunization ==== On average, only about 25% of pregnant women receive tetanus toxoid injections (25% in rural areas and 37% in urban areas). The overall percentage of infants aged 12–23 who receive full immunization is 21%. Urban areas saw a 32% immunization rate (16% of males and 48% of females), while rural areas saw a 20% rate (26% of males and 14% of females). === Comparison === == Education == From 2011 to 2016, Sindh has increased education spending by 90%, from PKR 14.26 billion to PKR 148 billion. Despite these recent increases in provincial expenditures, Tharparkar district's educational situation is poor. The overall literacy rate of the population older than 10 is 46%, with the overall male literacy rate of 65% much higher than the female rate of 25%. Urban areas have higher rates, with an average 69% (male: 81%, female: 54%), while rural areas have lower rates, with an average 45% (male: 64%, female: 23%). 37% of those older than 15 are literate. The gross enrolment ratio (GER) for primary level schooling is 84% (male: 96% and female: 71%). The urban GER of 105% (male: 118%, female: 92%) is significantly higher than the rural GER of 84% (male: 95%, female: 70%). The net enrolment rate (NER) for primary level schooling is 52% (male: 57%, female: 47%). The NER in urban areas is 77% (male: 78%, female: 76%) while in rural areas it is 52% (male: 56%, female: 46%). In total, 221,203 students, of which 125,189 are male and 96,014 are female, are enrolled in Tharparkar's 4,152 schools. Of those schools, 620 are male-only, 629 are female-only, and 2,903 are co-ed. There are a total 5,469 teachers, of which 4,813 are male and 656 female. Each school has an average 53 students and 1.3 teachers, and the average student–teacher ratio is about 40, consistent throughout most levels of schooling. The Sindh Bureau of Statistics places the number of schools in Tharparkar at 4,010, the highest of any district in Sindh. About 4.4% of schools have access to electricity. About 34.6% have washrooms, and about 16.0% have drinking water. Only about 0.4% and 0.6% have access to libraries and laboratories, respectively. Only about 2.2% have playgrounds. About 74.5% have school management committees. === University === In April 2019, a large social media movement using the hashtag #TharNeedsUniversity and protesting the lack of a university campus in Tharparkar district demanded the establishment of such an institution. The movement prompted the government to take measures to establish a sub-campus in Islamkot. NED University of Engineering and Technology, in partnership with Sindh Engro Coal Mining Company (SECMC) and The Citizens Foundation (TCF), announced the creation of the "Thar Institute of Engineering, Science, and Technology" in Islamkot, which would be a sub-campus of NED. An undergraduate programme was planned to commence in October 2019, although instruction was planned to take place at the TCF-Engro Campus Islamkot until a more permanent campus could be established. However, the location of the future campuses was moved after the Sindh government purchased 317 acres of land in Mithi for Rs 1.5 billion. In addition, the temporary location was moved from the TCF-Engro Campus in Islamkot to the Benazir Cultural Complex in Mithi after payment of Rs 120 million by the Sindh government. In October 2019, the temporary NED University campus was inaugurated at the Shaheed Benazir Cultural Complex in Mithi, although several weeks after the planned date for the cancelled Islamkot campus. == Culture == Tharparkar is considered the most peaceful place in the entire country and is well known for its centuries-old interfaith harmony. The culture of Tharparkar is an exemplary example of pluralism in Sindh. Muslim residents do not sacrifice cows, not because of any laws but to avoid causing offense to the Hindu community. Hindu residents avoid weddings and celebrations during Muharram (an Islamic month notable for its solemn mood). Hindus also fast and arrange Iftar dinners for their Muslim neighbors in the month of Ramadan, and both sides exchange sweets on Eid and Diwali. Muslim residents also avoid eating any meat during the Hindu occasion of Navratri. According to Dawn, there appears to be no recorded instance communal violence in the district. Another unique feature of the district's culture is its relatively low crime rate. Normally, crime is associated with poverty, yet in this district the crime level is low despite its poverty and unemployment level. === Cuisine === Thari people are predominantly vegetarian. Singhri (Sangri), Kair and Guar are among most popular in Thar. === Festivals === Various festivals in Thar include: ==== Teejdi ==== Teejdi (known among Sindhis) also known as Teej or Kajari Teej is celebrated in Thar on Tritiya-Krishna Paksha of Bhadrapada. During this festival the women observe fast and also pray to the moon when it rises. While prayers to moon 5 leaves of Ak(2 below Pāda, 2 in īrmá and 1 on Śiraḥ ) are kept and Argh is offered. After the prayers, fast is broken by consuming some Argh and Sattu on another leaf of Ak. The fast is observed by married women for health of their husband while unmarried women pray for marital bliss. ==== Thadri ==== Thadri festival is celebrated by Sindhis, one tithi before Krishna Janmasthmi during which cold (i.e. cooked a day ahead) and pro biotic foods like yogurt and pickle are consumed. Thadri reflects a tribute to Sheetla Mata. ==== Chetichand ==== Cheti Chand is celebrated by Sindhi Hindus. It is the festival which marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year for Sindhi Hindus. It is celebrated on first day of the Sindhi month Chet (Chaitra). ==== Naurata ==== Naurata is celebrated twice in a year by Sindhi Hindus in the honor of goddess Durga. The duration of this festival is nine nights (and ten days) which is marked by fasting and abstinence. The devotees with partial fast observe strict vegetarian diet during this holy festival. On Ashtami after the havan ritual or on Navami, devotees offer meal and kheer to nine young girls (considering them as nau mata avatars) following with gift of red chunri. During all nine nights the garba (dance around lighted lamps or an image of the Goddess, Durga) is performed. Ramlila is also performed with Ravana Dahan on Dussehra (tenth day). ==== Diyari ==== Diyari (ڏياري, डियारी) is one of prominent Hindu festival celebrated eighteen days after the Dussehra festival. The five-day festival of lights begins with Dhanteras as the first day when females do Gau Puja which includes Sing Abhishek (ritual of applying kumkuma on sing) during which they feed laddu to Gau Mata. The next day is celebrated as Roop Choudas which involves female tradition of Shringar including application of kajal in the eyes. The third day is celebrated with Lakshmi Pujan. On the day of Lakshmi Pujan during the first Choghadiya of Amrut or Shubh or Labh, the ritual of Muhurt Chittan or Lakshmi Chittan (drawing directly on wall or on a paper hanging on wall of Puja Kaksh, a pointed bell-shaped door frame and Shri within it using twig of Neem or Ashoka and red colour prepared by mixture of kumkuma, raw milk and Ganga jal). During the same Choghadiya or in next Choghadiya of same types the puja is performed. Celebrants clean, renovate, and decorate homes and workplaces, purchase new clothing, home refurbishments, gifts, gold, jewellery. During this festival the temples, houses and shops are brightly illuminated with diyas. The youngers take blessings from elders in family, share gifts and sweets and light fireworks. The duration of this festival is considered very auspicious and believed to give success in work beginning in this time. During this shubh muhurt many political events are exclusively organised in Tharparkar or across Pakistan. In 2015, during this festival in a political event organised in Tharparkar, a politician even being non-Hindu gave significance to this festival and explained the character of Ravana referring illustration from real life in present. In 2019, during this prominent Hindu festival several political parties across Pakistan have scheduled a nationwide anti-government march. == Tourism == Major tourist destinations in Tharparkar district include: === Nagarparkar Jain Temples === These approximately 14 Jain temples along with Bhodesar Mosque are scattered throughout Nagarparkar taluka are inscribed on the tentative list for UNESCO World Heritage as the Nagarparkar Cultural Landscape. Buildings of these temples date from the 12th to the 15th centuries. === Parbrahma Dham / Verijhap Dham === Parbrahm Ashram ( پاربرهم ڌام ) also known as Verijhap Dham(ويڊيجپ ڌام) or Chhari Saheb Dham (ڇڙي صاحب ڌام ) near Diplo taluka is an ancient Shiva Temple considered as Jyotirlinga where thousands of yatris arrive for "Divya Jyot Darshan" (Divine Light View) from a Jar. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947 the migrated Hindus worship Chhari Saheb at Sadashiv Chhari Mandir, Kubernagar in Ahmedabad. However many devotees across the world arrive in Diplo during the annual "Parbrahma Jo Melo" or "Parbrahma Mela" held in Jeth (the third Sindhi month). === Gadi Bhit === Gadi Bhit is the highest elevation point of Mithi which is built on a sand hill giving panoramic view of entire town. === Churrio Jabal === Churrio Jabal (چوڙيو جبل ) is a historic Durga Mata Temple on the Churrio hill which is visited annually by 200,000 pilgrims from Nepal, India and other countries annually on Shivratri. Hindus bring cremated ashes of their departed beloveds to immerse in the holy water. The valuable and multi-coloured hill supporting the temple is mined for its rare and expensive granite, which is posing a serious threat to the hill and this ancient Hindu temple. === Marvi Jo Khooh (Marvi's Well) === Marvi Jo Khoh (Marvi's Well) is heritage of Sindh located near village Bhalva in Tharparkar. === Sant Nenuram Ashram / Puranbharti Ashram === Sant Nenuram Ashram (سنت نيڻورام آشرم ) also known as Puranbharti Ashram (پرڻڀارتي آشرم ) or Aakharo (آکاڊون) was established by Nihalchand Pabani (Neem Revolutionist) in Islamkot (also known as Neem Town or Sant Nenuram Nagri). The Ashram each day twice throughout year serves Bhandhara which is available for everyone. Daily large number of people from different caste, creed, race or religion avail this meal. Apart from this daily huge number of birds (especially Crows, Raven and Peacock) are fed Nukti-Bhujia in Ashram by devotees visiting the Ashram. An annual three-day festival of Sant (Sant Jo Melo) is celebrated by thousands of devotees including both Hindus and Muslims. The annual festival is celebrated in Ashwina month of Hindu Calendar beginning from Tritiya-Krishna Paksha (Andhari Teej) to Panchami- Krishna Paksha (Andhari Pacham). === Karoonjhar Mountains === Karoonjhar Mountains are located near Nagarparkar on the northern edge of the Rann of Kutch with approximately 19 km length and height of 305 m. == Administration == Tharparkar District is divided into 7 Tehsils, 64 Union Councils, 172 Dehs, and 2,365 villages. === Tehsils === Mithi Diplo Islamkot Chachro Dahli Nagarparkar Kaloi === Union Councils === Mithi Amrio Mohrano Joruo Malanhore Veena Mithrio Bhatti Bhakuo Manjithi Islamkot Seengaro Diplo Malihar Bhitaro Bolhari Dabhro Kaloi Kantio Vejhiar Chachro Rajoro Hirar Heerar Saranghiar Tardos Karooro Sama Tar Ahmed Mithrio Charan Khensar Parno Laplo Pirane Jo Par Dahili Gadro Jesse Jo Par Pithapur Virawah Satidera Peelu Bolhari Jhirmirio Sobhiar Kehri Khario Ghulam Shah Sonal Beh Khetlari Sarhod Chelhar Godhiyar Harho Nagarparkar Tugusar === List of Dehs === The following is a list of Tharparkar District's 172 dehs, organised by taluka: Chachro Taluka (19 dehs) Arbalhiar Chachro Charnore Dhakalo Dharendharo Hinjtal Hirar Janjhi Kantio Khudi Milkam Mithrio Charan Pabuvero Rajoro Rarli Rawatsar Saranghiar Tar Hameer Tardos Dahli Taluka (23 dehs) Allah Rakhio Jo Par Charihar Dahali Deburi Dohri Gadhro Gul Muhammad Rahimoon Jesse Jo Par Jogivero Kalario Kamanhar Khariryoon Kheensar Kheme jo Par Laplo Neblo Parno Pirano Par Rohar Kelhan Sajan Par Tar Ahmed Verari Diplo Taluka (42 dehs) Balihari Bhitaro Bolhari Chhachhi Moora Chhai Chhapro Chhapanhar Dabhro Deengario Diplo Dodharo Dohar Hamera Beh Jangh Kaloi Kharak Khetlari Kounral Kun Rehmatullah Layari Melanhar Murad Lashari Nabisar Paneli Phant Piloori Rajar Sadoi Sajai Sandook Saran Sedio Seengario Serhi Sobhiar Soomrasar Talo Tando Niazi Thohar Chhaho Turkiar Uth Daho Verhar Wingi Islamkot Taluka (22 dehs) Bapuhar Boharri Chhaho Giryanchho Islamkot Jeendo Dars Jhum Kerti Kehri Khario Ghulam Shah Kunbhario Kurn Manjethi Mataro Sand Mithrau Chhuto Mithrio Soomra New Kerto Okraro Seengaro Sonal Beh Sulleman Hajam Wanihath Mithi Taluka (28 dehs) Akheraj Bhakuo Chelhar Dhorakioon Godhiar Haido Janhan Janjhiar Joruo Karam Ali Shah Khanore Lakhmiar Lunihar Luqman Wai Malanhore Khawaria Mithi Mithrio Bhatti Mundhawah Naser Naukot Nuhato Pabuhar Posarko Rohelri Talhi Veenjhiar Vijuto Wassaepota Nagarparkar Taluka (38 dehs) Adhigam Balhiari Behrano Bheemaveri Chotal Churio Dabho Dandhoro Dhengano Ghoti Goozri Harho Hirar Deda Kasbo Kharirio Kharoro Ladhovarni Mamchero Mehrano Misri Shah Mithrio Juneja Mondhro Nagarparkar Onhair Orhamar Parodharo Piloo Pithapur Ranpur Rathi Sabhusan Sadooras Satidera Shivlo Somreth Soorachand Tigusar Virawah == Disaster == Drought, malnutrition, child mortality, suicide and locust attacks are common in Tharparkar. Tharparkar has been declared by the government as in a drought for at least 17 separate years before 2018. === Environmental issues === Tharparkar experiences the effects of earthquakes, floods, thunderstorms, drought, and locust attacks. Nagarparkar taluka is especially affected by these natural disasters. In addition, climate change issues affect the district and worsen preexisting environmental problems. Recent (2019) earthquakes have included one on 18 November, and one on 1 December which occurred during the Sindhi Cultural Day celebrations. ==== Locust ==== For a large part of 2019, beginning in May, there were large locust swarms which adversely affected Tharparkar's agriculture and economy through destruction of crops which many people rely on for food and livelihood. Some activists claimed that government response to the disaster was lackluster, and in one incident, Ismail Rahoo, Sindh's Minister for Agriculture, remarked that a possible solution would be for the largely vegetarian population of Tharparkar district to eat the insects. The problem, remaining unresolved, forced many farmers to labor continuously to drive away locusts, while many crops were eaten. Continuing to try to address the problem, some farmers demanded the government provide them with anti-insect spray. In October 2019, the Pakistani government announced the creation of the "Ehsaas Langar Scheme" which would establish kitchens to provide free meals to needy families. In the wake of this announcement, an anti-government rally held on 23 October by the Pakistan Peoples Party was affected by the swarms ==== Natural disasters ==== Climate change severely affects Tharparkar. In addition, thunderstorms and resultant lightning strikes cause an abnormally large amount of death. In November 2015, more than 30 people and many more livestock were killed by a series of lightning strikes, resulting in a declaration of emergency in the district. Similarly, in November 2019, nine people were killed along with many more livestock. Around 1.65 million people in Tharparkar live in houses which they have no legal entitlement to, with no city survey being conducted since 2014. === Social issues === Social issues in Tharparkar exist and are exacerbated by lack of education and awareness about problems. Suicides have become common in Tharparkar. At least 59 people including 38 women and two children committed suicide in 2019, while in 2018 about 198 suicides were reported. Increasing poverty and population displacement have been speculated to lead to these deaths. === Welfare === Many non-governmental organizations (NGOs) operate within Tharparkar, mostly in order to assist in humanitarian efforts. In 2019, Pakistan cancelled the registration of 4,693 NGOs across Sindh (including 59 in Tharparkar) that had violated government regulations. == Specialities == === Peafowl === In Tharparkar district, the peafowls hold great significance and are considered a part of identity, pride and heritage. They are found very commonly across this region. In early mornings they are seen roaming from one house roof to other and locals often offer them grains for feeding. During rainy days such frequency is higher. Peafowls also have great history in Thar. The peafowl of Thar once caught attention of Alexander the Great while he was passing through Sindh. Further, he sent this gift of nature to his mother. Since ancient times, peafowl has remained most integral part of designs and are seen in pottery, rallis and other handlooms and art works in Thar. Many artists, poets and, singers from the land of Thar have emphasised peafowl in their work. The Sindhi folk song "Mor Tho Tilley Rana" is one of such example. Peafowl is part of cultural heritage in Tharparkar. === Tharparkar cattle === Tharparkar cattle originating in Tharparkar district is a dual purpose breed known for both its milking and draught potential. It is also known as White or Gray Sindhi, Cutchi and Thari. As specified in several reports or articles: "The Tharparkar came into prominence during the first World War when some animals were taken to supply milk for the Near East army camps. Here their capacity for production under rigorous feeding and unfavorable environmental conditions at once became apparent. Since then many breeding herds have been assembled in India and Pakistan. When left on arid pasture the milk production is approximately 1135 kg per lactation, while those animals maintained in the villages average 1980 kg." === Ralli === Ralli are traditional quilts made by women in the Indus Region of the Indian subcontinent. The word Ralli is derived from the local word "ralanna" which means to mix or connect. Ralli are tradition since 4th millennium BC. On trade records from the early 1500s Ralli is listed as an export item to Europe. The tradition of Ralli has passed from mother to daughter for thousands of years. Irrespective of caste, religion, occupation and tribe thousands of women make Ralli. These women belong to under privileged and poor segment who consider it as their source of income. Women spent more than 170 hours for each of this art. Like a textile currency having a value, Ralli was used for exchange of valuable things in ancient Indus Valley Civilization. For Thari rural women, Ralli is vital source of entrepreneurship and skill development. In Tharparkar, Ralli with Peacock designs are very popular. === Kekra Truck (Chakra) === Kekra Truck also called as Chakra by native people, is very common for the local transportation in Tharparkar. This truck is very suitable for sandy routes so it is also called 'Camel of Thar'. The truck is decorated with various designs and flowers. Since powerful Bedford engines of World War II are used in Kekras, the popularity of this truck is on the peak. Before the roads were constructed in Tharparkar, people along with their livestock and household items used to transport via Kekra. Now, with rise in road connectivity these trucks mostly transport the goods or general items. Modifications to the chassis are done to enhance the loading capacity. A typical Kekra truck is said to have capacity of 12,000 kg. Kekra trucks with traditional Thari decorations has become the tradition of transportation in Tharparkar district. == Notable people == Fozia Soomro (1966–2002) – Thari, Marwari and Sindhi folk singer. Mai Bhagi (Bhagbhari, 1920–1986) – Known as the Koel of Thar Desert. Muhammad Usman Diplai (13 June 1908 – 8 February 1981) - Writer. Bhawani Shankar Chowdhry, a distinguished ICT professional and electronics engineer, and receiver of Sitara-i-Imtiaz award Ramesh Kumar Vankwani - Politician == See also == Bherulal Balani Churrio Jabal Gori Temple Surendar Valasai Thar Desert Tharparkar cattle == Notes == == References ==
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hum_Kahan_Ke_Sachay_Thay	Hum Kahan Ke Sachay Thay	Hum Kahan Ke Sachay Thay (Urdu: ہم کہاں کے سچے تھے) (English literal: As if we were truthful) is a Pakistani drama television series based on the novel of the same name by Umera Ahmad. Directed by Farooq Rind, the serial is co-produced by Soul Fry Films and MD Productions. It features Mahira Khan, Usman Mukhtar, and Kubra Khan in lead roles. It premiered on 1 August 2021 on Hum TV. The series received mixed to negative reviews throughout its broadcast, however, gained praise for its premise and performances of the leads while receiving negative reviews for glorification of toxicity. == Plot == Aswad Ayub (Usman Mukhtar), Mehreen Mansoor (Mahira Khan), and Mashal Tahir (Kubra Khan) are three cousins. Aswad is humble and friendly and close to both Mashal and Mehreen. Mashal is beautiful and rich, and Mehreen is poor and average-looking in appearance. All three were best friends in their childhood. Mehreen's maternal grandmother hates her because her father is a drug addict. One day, Mehreen's dad Mansoor (Omair Rana) gets caught by his wife Rabia (Laila Wasti) for fraud and stealing her jewellery to buy drugs. She leaves him, threatening him that she will take Mehreen with her. Mansoor, who loves Mehreen very much, is unable to tolerate the idea of his daughter being away from him forever and commits suicide by heroin overdose. Mashal overhears her parents Tahir (Ali Tahir) and Shagufta (Zainab Qayyum) saying that Mansoor is a drug addict and says so to Mehreen, causing them to argue and begin to hate each other. Rabia remarries and begins to neglect Mehreen because her stepfather does not want to keep her. Mehreen moves in with Mashal's parents and her paternal grandmother, who lives with them. Everybody hates her. She lives a lonely life; however, she is academically and artistically smart and does not let anyone bully her into submission. With the loss of her parents, she has no support, except for her aunt Saleha Ayub (Huma Nawab), who is Aswad's mother. She loves to debate and is a talented artist, often achieving first place at art competitions. Her friends admire her, making Mashal envious. Saleha is the sole person who knows Mehreen's reality and loves her dearly, like a daughter. Mashal is the complete opposite of Mehreen. She is extremely beautiful but not very bright in her academics. Nor is she artistic in nature. Shagufta continuously tells Mashal to 'be like Mehreen', giving her an inferiority complex. She consequently becomes obsessed with Mehreen, wanting to be her. She sneaks into Mehreen's room and reads her diaries, trying to find out more about Mehreen's likes, dislikes, and lifestyle. She also finds out how much Mehreen hates her. All this while, Mashal is in close contact with Aswad who lives in America. She is jealous because he still likes Mehreen, and feeds him false information about her, claiming that she smokes and has many boyfriends. She also often claims Mehreen's academic and artistic victories as her own. Aswad gets brainwashed by Mashal and begins to dislike Mehreen, thinking that his once best friend is going rogue. Mehreen’s friends' cousin, Saffwan (Haroon Shahid), becomes romantically interested in Mehreen. Mashal finds out about this and tells Saffwan about Mehreen's past including her father's drug addiction. This creates a misunderstanding between Saffwan and Mehreen. However, Saffwan comes to realize that it was all Mashal's doing. He proposes to Mehreen. Mehreen rejects him, saying that he doesn't know anything about her past and once he does, he will hate her like the others. Meanwhile, Saleha declares that she wants Mehreen to marry Aswad, saying it has been her longtime wish. Mehreen does not object, having secretly been in love with Aswad all along. Mashal decides to tell Aswad that she loves him and wants to marry him. Aswad, who also likes Mashal, agrees and tells his mother he wants to marry Mashal and not Mehreen, but Saleha rejects Mashal and insists that only Mehreen can be his wife. Aswad tells Mashal that he can not marry her. This breaks Mashal's heart but she tells Aswad that she forgives him and wants him to be happy. But she secretly tries to persuade Mehreen to not marry Aswad. She tears Mehreen's wedding veil to try to dissuade her. Mehreen gets annoyed with Mashal. The same night, Mashal is found dead in her room. Everyone blames Mehreen for her murder, and she is arrested. Shabbo, their maid, knows exactly what happened that night but doesn't speak up. Due to the trauma of being falsely accused, Mehreen starts to hallucinate about her father in jail. Mehreen is soon bailed out as Saleha arranges a lawyer for her. Tahir and Shagufta aren't happy about Mehreen getting released, as they still think that Mehreen poisoned Mashal. Aswad also thinks that Mehreen killed Mashal and behaves rudely towards her. He marries Mehreen, and starts to emotionally abuse her, blaming her for killing Mashal. This makes Mehreen's mental state deteriorate, and she starts hallucinating about Mashal, who tells Mehreen that she should kill herself and saying that that is what Aswad wants too. After a series of events, Aswad forces Mehreen to sign an affidavit, stating that she killed Mashal. But the stress of the false statement gives Mehreen a nervous breakdown, and she has to be admitted to the hospital. The psychiatrist tells Aswad that some great stress has brought Mehreen to this state. Aswad starts to feel guilty for mentally torturing Mehreen. Shagufta calls Aswad to inform him that she is going to dispose of Mehreen's things, which are still in her house. Aswad goes to collect them and is shocked to see Mehreen's awards and paintings. He remembers how Mashal used to show off the awards, realising that they were Mehreen's all along. Shabbo, who cannot keep the secret anymore, spills everything and unveils Mehreen's innocence. She tells Aswad that it was Mashal who was not bright in her studies, it was Mashal who smoked. Aswad regrets his behaviour towards Mehreen. He asks Shabbo what really happened on the night Mashal died. Shabbo says that Mashal tried to kill Mehreen, but Shabbo accidentally put sleeping pills in Mashal's cup instead of Mehreen's. Aswad is shocked to hear this. He goes home and, upon reading Mehreen's diary, realises he has been falsely accusing her all along. He goes to the hospital to apologize to Mehreen, but she refuses to listen and asks for a divorce. Aswad pleads for her to listen to him and tells her about everything he has discovered. Mehreen gives further details about that night, saying that while Shabbo prepared tea, Mashal and Mehreen talked to each other. They hated each other because their parents' familial politics had broken them apart. Mashal confessed to Mehreen about her mother forcing her to be like her. Both of them realised that they had been manipulated into fighting with each other and reconciled. When Shabbo brought tea Mashal remembered that she had ordered Shabbo to put pills in Mehreen's cup. As she no longer wanted Mehreen to die, she threw Mehreen's cup to the ground, breaking it. Not knowing that the pills were actually in her own cup, Mashal drank her tea. They both apologised to each other and, not knowing that it would be the last night Mashal would be alive, said they would talk properly the next day. Aswad is shocked after hearing this and asks Mehreen for forgiveness, promising to love her like he did in his childhood. Mehreen forgives Aswad, and they finally reconcile. Later, Mehreen continues her incomplete degree with full support from Aswad, and they start a new life together. == Cast == === Main === Mahira Khan as Mehreen Aswad (nee Mansoor) : Rabia and Mansoor's daughter; Anum and Tooba's half sister; Aswad's wife. Tehreem Ali Hameed as Mehreen Mansoor (young) Usman Mukhtar as Aswad Ayub: Saleha and Ayub's son; Mehreen's husband. Zohair Siddiqui as Aswad Ayub (young) Kubra Khan as Mashal Tahir (Dead) : Shagufta and Tahir's daughter. Minahil Naveed as Mashal Tahir (young) === Recurring === Zainab Qayyum as Shagufta Tahir : Tahir's wife; Mashal's mother. Ali Tahir as Tahir Hafeez: Shagufta's husband; Rabia and Saleha's brother; Mashal's father. Huma Nawab as Saleha Ayub : Aswad's mother; Tahir and Rabia's sister; Ayub's widow. Haroon Shahid as Safwan : Sheeba's cousin; Mehreen's suitor. Omair Rana as Mansoor Ali (Dead) : Rabia's husband; Mehreen's father. Shamim Hilaly as Nani : Rabia, Saleha and Tahir's mother. Laila Wasti as Rabia Nauman : Mansoor's widow; Nauman's wife; Saleha and Tahir's sister; Mehreen, Anum and Tooba's mother Annie Zaidi as Safwan's mother; Sheeba's aunt. Kaif Ghaznavi as Shabbo : Mashal's househelp. Ameena Farooq as Shabbo (young) Nadia Hussain as Psychiatrist Zara Ahmad as Sheeba : Mehreen's best friend; Safwan's cousin Haya Khan as Anum Nauman : Rabia and Nauman's daughter; Tooba's sister; Mehreen's half sister. Sidra Khan as Tooba Nauman : Rabia and Nauman's daughter; Anum's sister; Mehreen's half sister. Khalid Malik as Police Inspector == Production == The project was first announced by Zainab Qayyum in late-March 2021 who confirmed on Instagram being part of the serial along with Kubra Khan, directed by Farooq Rind. Omair Rana in an interview revealed that he is starring in a serial and Mahira Khan will return to television after five years with the same serial. == Soundtrack == == Reception == === Critical reception === While reviewing the first episode, Haneena Moosa of The Daily Times wrote, "The drama begins with a very powerful dialogue, delivered by one of the drama’s protagonists, Aswad". She further praised the premise and subject of the serial. Critics praised the premise and acting performances of the series. While writing for The News International, Maheen Zia termed some of the events regarding the character Aswad as unrealistic. Another reviewer of the newspaper called it out for the glorification of toxic relationships. A reviewer from DAWN Images praised the performances of the actors and introduction of mental therapy in the plot, but mentioned the toxicity of Mukhtar's character and suicide portrayal as the negative aspect. Jasir Shahbaz of The Friday Times critiqued the series for perpetuating the trope of romantic relationships between cousins, argues that this portrayal romanticizes and reinforces the practice of cousin marriages, limiting women's ambitions and agency. Due to the dragging storyline and slow pace, the series also gathered criticism from viewers and critics. === Television rating === == Awards and nominations == == References == == External links == Official website Hum Kahan Ke Sachay Thay at IMDb

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