question stringlengths 12 194 | answer stringlengths 1 934 | context_chunks list | document_id int64 186 2.68k | id int64 244 5.31k |
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What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? | Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 262 |
What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk | DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 276 |
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 278 |
What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? | High copy numbers of CCL3L1, a potent HIV-1 suppressive ligand for CCR5, are associated with higher chemokine production and lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among South African infants | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 316 |
What is DC-GENR and where is it expressed? | Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)) can interact with a plethora of pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed in placental capillary endothelial cells | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 305 |
How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? | the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 306 |
Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? | in placenta containing low levels of DC-SIGNR, HIV-1 would preferentially binds CCR5 on endothelial cells resulting in a loss of placental barrier integrity and enhanced passage of maternal HIV-1-infected cells in foetal circulation leading to MTCT of HIV-1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 307 |
What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? | Without specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45% | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 277 |
Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? | Genetic variants in CCR5 have been shown to influence vertical transmission of HIV-1. CCR5 promoter variants resulting in higher expression of the receptor were associated with increased risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among sub-Saharan Africans | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 312 |
How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? | Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis, | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 318 |
How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? | The 32-pb deletion polymorphism in CCR5 has be shown to protect from vertical transmission of HIV-1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission MTCT is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin L-SIGN , can interact wi... | 630 | 321 |
What is IFITM? | interferon-induced transmembrane | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 568 |
How many cysteine residues are contained in the first transmembrane domain of IFITM3? | three | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 569 |
What inhibits S-palmitoylation? | 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP) | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 570 |
What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)? | IFITM5 with FKBP11 | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 571 |
What is a function associated with IFITM5? | bone formation factor. | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 572 |
What regulates the antiviral activity of IFITM3? | S-palmitoylation on the protein | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 573 |
What is another name for IFITM5? | bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 574 |
Why is the expression of IFITM5 not promoted by interferons? | the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 575 |
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | ~ 65% similarity | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 576 |
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? | ~ 85% similarity | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 577 |
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein? | aspartate | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane IFITM family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A H1N1 virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a crucial ... | 650 | 580 |
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? | both intracellular and cell-surface factors | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,996 |
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection? | heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,997 |
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? | Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47) | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,998 |
Where is NTCP located in the body? | lateral surface (canalicular) of hepatocytes | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,999 |
What does the NTCP protein mediate? | bile acid transport | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,000 |
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? | not sufficient | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,001 |
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? | the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,002 |
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? | 108 per 100,000 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,014 |
What is the population of Shandong province? | 94 million | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,015 |
What was the purpose of this study? | estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,016 |
What was the age range for the people surveyed? | 15 years old or above | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,017 |
How was the survey designed? | in accordance with WHO recommendations | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,018 |
Was was the sample size? | 52500 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,019 |
How were the clusters selected? | A stratified multi stage random sampling | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,020 |
How many people were in a community cluster? | 1250 to 1750 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,021 |
Who was excluded from the study? | Military barracks and prisons | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,022 |
When was the study conducted? | March to June 2010 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,023 |
Who conducted the study? | clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,024 |
What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? | Löwenstein-Jensen medium | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,025 |
What was the response rate for the study? | 95% to 97% | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,026 |
What was the average age of a study participant? | 46 years | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,027 |
What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? | 22.1 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,028 |
What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? | a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,029 |
How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? | 45% | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,030 |
How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? | over half | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,031 |
What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? | Intranasal | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,612 |
Why is the nasal mucosa useful in the delivery of small molecules into the body? | the surface area can result in rapid absorption of the medication into the blood | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,615 |
What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? | Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,616 |
What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? | insulin and low-molecular-weight heparin | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,617 |
How are siRNAs typically delivered for systemic effect? | intratracheal or intranasal delivery | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,618 |
What structures form the human airway? | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,619 |
What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? | 1-5 μm | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,620 |
What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? | delivered to their site of action, be stable, enter the target cells, and be present in the cytoplasm at sufficient concentration | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,621 |
What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? | The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), | [
"BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of local viral etiologies is essential for the management of viral respiratory tract infections. Limited data are available in China to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections, especially in small–medium cities and rural areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiol... | 1,575 | 550 |
Are there any vaccines against to protect against respiratory viral infections? | Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses | [
"BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of local viral etiologies is essential for the management of viral respiratory tract infections. Limited data are available in China to describe the epidemiology of viral respiratory infections, especially in small–medium cities and rural areas. OBJECTIVES: To determine the viral etiol... | 1,575 | 553 |
Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? | Gammaproteobacteria | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 544 |
What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? | via a common sanitary pipe | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 545 |
What is the role of antibodies during infection? | Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 465 |
How can antibodies also create health problems? | Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 467 |
Which technology invention produced antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell? | in the 1970s with the development of hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 474 |
What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? | somatic rearrangement during B cell differentiation was responsible for antibody diversification | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 476 |
What developments have been made possible by the study of B-cell repertoire? | (1) vaccine candidates that elicit protective antibodies; (2) antibodies that prevent disease when given prophylactically; and (3) antibodies that can be given as therapy after the onset of disease. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 478 |
What motivates the study of the rare B-cells that produce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bnAb)? | discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that protect against infection across diverse viral isolates has intensified efforts to understand the developmental pathway of the rare B cells that produce these antibodies | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 485 |
How has the study of B-cells helped the treatment for Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? | For RSV, stabilized versions of the fusion (F) protein in the pre-fusion conformation have led to insights in the B cell's response to infection and has generated potentially safer and more efficacious vaccine candidates | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 489 |
How are the studies on B-cells helping the development of a universal influenza vaccine? | Influenza also performs fusion through the stem region of the hemagglutinin protein, and the identification of B cells that target this relatively conserved site has spurred research on the development of a universal influenza vaccine ( | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 490 |
What role B-cell play in malaria infection and prevention? | Rare memory B cells producing antibodies specific for the EBV fusion machinery have been isolated; these can neutralize both B cell and epithelial cell infection (20). A new paradigm in malaria vaccine development is also emerging with the discovery of IgM+ and IgD+ memory B cells targeting the Merozoite Surface Prote... | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 494 |
How can the study of B-cells help in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases? | The study of autoantigen-specific B cells and a detailed analysis of B cell subsets with pathogenic potential in humans could lead to a better understanding of how to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 497 |
When was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus isolated first? | (MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012, in a 60-year-old man who died in Jeddah, KSA due to severe acute pneumonia and multiple organ failure | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 557 |
What is the Case fatality rate for MERS Coronavirus? | Recent fatality rate (CFR) of 21% | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 558 |
How does gender influence MERS-COV infection? | MERS-CoV infects males more than females | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 559 |
Which is the source animal for the MERS-COV? | Dromedary camels are the major animal source of MERS-CoV transmission to humans. | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 560 |
What is the median time until death in MERS-COV? | median time until death is 11-13 days (range 5-27 days) among severely ill patients | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 562 |
What is the incubation period for MERS-COV? | incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days [ | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 563 |
What is the treatment for MERS-COV? | ere is no specific treatment for MERS-CoV. Like most viral infections, the treatment options are supportive and symptomatic | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 564 |
What age group had the most MERS-COV infections? | majority of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV were reported among people aged 40 and above | [
"Introduction. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus was first recognized in September 2012 in Saudi Arabia. The clinical presentations of MERS and non-MERS SARI are often similar. Therefore, the identification of suspected cases that may have higher chances of being diagnosed as cases of MERS-CoV is essenti... | 1,551 | 565 |
Why are nucleosides analogs used for chemotheraphy? | they inhibit cellular DNA/RNA polymerases | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,232 |
What nucleoside analog is the focus of the current study? | gemcitabine | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,233 |
Gemcitabine has been shown to have antiviral activity against which viruses? | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika virus (ZIKV), HCV, poliovirus (PV), influenza A virus (IAV), HIV, and enteroviruses (EV) | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,234 |
How does gemcitabine disrupt viral activity? | by targeting the salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis | [
"Nucleoside analogs have been frequently identified as antiviral agents. In recent years, gemcitabine, a cytidine analog in clinical use for the treatment of many solid tumors, was also shown to have antiviral activity against a broad range of viruses. Nucleoside analogs generally interfere with cellular nucleos t ... | 1,594 | 5,235 |
What factor may influence viral replication and gene expression? | the average codon usage frequencies in the host genome | [
"BACKGROUND: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus RHDV , as the pathogeny of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, can cause a highly infectious and often fatal disease only affecting wild and domestic rabbits. Recent researches revealed that it, as one number of the Caliciviridae, has some specialties in its genome, its repro... | 1,567 | 567 |
What accounts for the variation of codon usage among open reading frameworks? | mutational pressure and translational selection | [
"BACKGROUND: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus RHDV , as the pathogeny of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, can cause a highly infectious and often fatal disease only affecting wild and domestic rabbits. Recent researches revealed that it, as one number of the Caliciviridae, has some specialties in its genome, its repro... | 1,567 | 566 |
What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves? | Calf septicemia | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,129 |
Where was hepcidin first discovered? | human urine | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,131 |
What is hepcidin? | low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,130 |
What organ produces hepcidin? | liver | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,132 |
What stimulates the release of hepcidin? | inflammatory reactions and high Fe concentrations | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,133 |
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | Fe | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,134 |
Is hepcidin toxic? | potentially toxic | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,135 |
Why is iron critical to bacteria? | bacteria utilize Fe for survival, growth and proliferation | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,136 |
How does hepcidin work in the duodenum? | control of excessive Fe absorption | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,137 |
How does hepcidin affect macrophages? | regulation of Fe release | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,138 |
What leads to oxidative stress in the body? | production of ROS | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,139 |
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | superoxide dismutase | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,140 |
How many samples were obtained? | 11,399 | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,267 |
What percentage of patients were positive for at least one respiratory pathogen? | 49.2% | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,268 |
What percentage of patients tested positive for HBoV1? | 2.2% | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,269 |
When was HBoV1 first identified? | 2005 | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,270 |
What are the symptoms of HBoV1 infection? | cough, rhinitis, fever | [
"BACKGROUND: Human bocavirus 1 HBoV1 is an important cause of acute respiratory illness ARI , yet the epidemiology and effect of meteorological conditions on infection is not fully understood. To investigate the distribution of HBoV1 and determine the effect of meteorological conditions, hospitalized pediatric pati... | 1,573 | 3,271 |
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