question stringlengths 11 179 | answer stringlengths 1 660 | context_chunks list | document_id int64 185 2.68k | id int64 225 5.32k |
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What is a significant cause of Influenze like illness among healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation? | HCoV | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,658 |
What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults?
| HCoV-OC43 | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,659 |
Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? | HCoV‐HKU1 | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,660 |
What causes the outbreak of SARS and MERS. | Highly virulent species of HCoV | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,717 |
What is the case fatality rate of SARS and MERS? | ranged from 14% to 45% | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,718 |
What were the common HCOV strains in the 5 year USA study? | HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,719 |
Which species are more prevalent but less severe? | HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E | [
"Human coronavirus HCoV is a known cause of influenza‐like illness ILI . In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 34% , HCoV‐229E 28% , HCoV‐NL63 22% , an... | 1,545 | 1,720 |
What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? | arboviruses | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,003 |
What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? | ELISA and IFA | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,004 |
What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? | two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , protein chip, mass spectrometry, and suspension array technology | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,005 |
How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? | 9 | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,006 |
What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? | monoclonal | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,007 |
How was the ELISA assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,008 |
What capture antibodies were used in the study? | 4D5, 2B5, 1F1, 2B8, 4F9, and 4E11 | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,009 |
What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? | from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,010 |
How was the proper spotting concentration determined? | combination of minimized cross reaction and higher signal intensity | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,011 |
How was cross reaction detection determined? | by applying JEV, YF, and DV cultures | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,012 |
How was the ELISA-array assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus JEV , tick-borne encephalitis virus TBEV , and eastern equine encephalitis virus EEEV can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Currentl... | 1,553 | 3,013 |
What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? | Intranasal | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,612 |
Why is the nasal mucosa useful in the delivery of small molecules into the body? | the surface area can result in rapid absorption of the medication into the blood | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,615 |
What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? | Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,616 |
What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? | insulin and low-molecular-weight heparin | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,617 |
How are siRNAs typically delivered for systemic effect? | intratracheal or intranasal delivery | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,618 |
What structures form the human airway? | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,619 |
What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? | 1-5 μm | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,620 |
What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? | delivered to their site of action, be stable, enter the target cells, and be present in the cytoplasm at sufficient concentration | [
"RNA interference RNAi is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA mRNA degradation. Two types of small RNA molec... | 641 | 1,621 |
How long is the SAIBK gene? | 27,534 nucleotides | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in do... | 1,547 | 1,622 |
How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? | 10 | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in do... | 1,547 | 1,623 |
What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? | Chinese IBV strain SC021202 | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus IBV causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in do... | 1,547 | 1,624 |
What is the leading cause of death among children after the age of 1 month? | Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 502 |
How has the number of childhood pneumonia been reduced? | New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 504 |
What percentage of childhood deaths are due to pneumonia? | approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 507 |
How has the childhood population grown in the last two decades? | global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 million in 2015 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 510 |
What is the reduction in the number of childhood pneumonia cases? | Recent data suggest that there has been a 25% decrease in the incidence of pneumonia, from 0.29 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries in 2000, to 0.22 episodes per child year in 2010 . This is substantiated by a 58% decrease in pneumonia-associated disability-adjusted life years between 1990 and 2013, from 186 million to 78 million | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 511 |
How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013 | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 512 |
Childhood pneumonia rate for high income countries vs low and middle income countries. | The incidence in high-income countries is estimated at 0.015 episodes per child year, compared to 0.22 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries . On average, 1 in 66 children in high-income countries is affected by pneumonia per year, compared to 1 in 5 children in low-and middle-income countries. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 513 |
What percentage of childhood pneumonia deaths occur outside hospital in low and middle income countries? | up to 81% of severe pneumonia deaths occur outside a hospital | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 514 |
Case Fatality Rates for Childhood Pneumonia in high income vs low and middle income countries. | the case fatality rate is estimated to be almost 10-fold higher in low-and middle-income countries as compared to high-income countries | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 515 |
How can childhood pneumonia affect the subsequent health of a person? | Early life pneumonia can impair longterm lung health by decreasing lung function . Severe or recurrent pneumonia can have a worse effect on lung function; increasing evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be related to early childhood pneumonia | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 516 |
What is the increase in the risk of respiratory disease after having childhood pneumonia. | The risk of developing at least one of the major sequelae was estimated as 6% after an ambulatory pneumonia event and 14% after an episode of hospitalized pneumonia. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 517 |
Which is the best method to identify pneumonia in a person? | Chest radiologic changes have been considered the gold standard for defining a pneumonia event | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 518 |
What is responsible for the reduction of radiologic pneumonia? | Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination has decreased the incidence of radiologic pneumonia. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 520 |
What is the percentage reduction in pneumonia cases due to vaccination? | Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia . Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination was associated with a 26% decrease in radiologic pneumonia in California between 1995 and 1998 . In vaccine efficacy trials in low-and middle-income countries, pneumococcal conjugate vaccination reduced radiologic pneumonia by 37% in the Gambia , 25% in South Africa and 26% in the Philippines | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 521 |
What is the revised WHO definition of Bacterial Pneumonia? | A revised case definition of "presumed bacterial pneumonia" has been introduced, and this definition includes pneumonia cases with WHO-defined alveolar consolidation, as well as those with other abnormal chest radiograph infiltrates and a serum C-reactive protein of at least 40 mg/L | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 522 |
What is the reduction in bacterial pneumonia under the revised WHO definition of bacterial pneumonia? | Using the revised definition, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-10), had a vaccine efficacy of 22% in preventing presumed bacterial pneumonia in young children in South America , and pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13 had a vaccine efficacy of 39% in preventing presumed bacterial pneumonia in children older than 16 weeks who were not infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in South Africa | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 524 |
What caused the increase in the incidence of empyema in children in the recent past? | An increased incidence of empyema in children was noted in some high-income countries following pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7 introduction, and this was attributed to pneumococcal serotypes not included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7, especially 3 and 19A | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 530 |
How have the incidence Empyema been reduced? | These trends have been reversed since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13. Data from the United States suggest that empyema decreased by 50% in children younger than 5 years | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 532 |
What pneumonia related or chest conditions indicate the need for child radiography? | chest radiography should not be routinely performed in children with ambulatory pneumonia . Indications for chest radiography include hospitalization, severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress, failed initial antibiotic therapy, or suspicion for other diseases (tuberculosis, inhaled foreign body) or complications. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 533 |
What chest diseases and pneumonia were identified as leading causes prior to the availability of vaccines? | prior to availability of new conjugate vaccines confirmed S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type B as the most important bacterial causes of pneumonia, with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with some severe cases. Respiratory syncytial virus was the leading viral cause, identified in 15-40% of pneumonia cases, followed by influenza A and B, parainfluenza, human metapneumovirus and adenovirus | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 534 |
Why has pertussis immunity in infants has decreased in infants? | Because pertussis immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination is less long-lasting than immunity after wild-type infection or whole-cell vaccination, many women of child-bearing age have waning pertussis antibody levels. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 535 |
What is the effect of childhood tuberculosis in childhood pneumonia? | A recent systematic review of tuberculosis as a comorbidity of childhood pneumonia reported culture-confirmed disease in about 8% of cases . Because intrathoracic tuberculosis disease is only culture-confirmed in a minority of cases, the true burden could be even higher; tuberculosis could therefore be an important contributor to childhood pneumonia incidence and mortality in high-prevalence areas | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 536 |
What are the risk factors in childhood pneumonia? | incomplete or inadequate vaccination must be considered as a major preventable risk factor for childhood pneumonia. Other risk factors include low birth weight, which is associated with 3.2 times increased odds of severe pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries, and 1.8 times increased odds in high-income countries . Similarly, lack of exclusive breastfeeding for the first 4 months of life increases odds of severe pneumonia by 2.7 times in low-and middle-income countries and 1.3 times in highincome countries. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 537 |
How does air pollution affect the incidence of childhood pneumonia? | Indoor air pollution from use of solid or biomass fuels increases odds of pneumonia by 1.6 times; lack of measles vaccination by the end of the first year of age increases odds of pneumonia by 1.8 times | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 538 |
What is the strongest risk factor for childhood pneumonia? | The single strongest risk factor for pneumonia is HIV infection, which is especially prevalent in children in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV-infected children have 6 times increased odds of developing severe pneumonia or of death compared to HIV-uninfected children | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 539 |
What is the global coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccines? | By the end of 2015, Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination had been introduced in 73 countries, with global coverage estimated at 68%. However, inequities are still apparent among regions: in the Americas coverage is estimated at 90%, while in the Western Pacific it is only 25%. By 2015, pneumococcal conjugate vaccination had been introduced into 54 countries, with global coverage of 35% for three doses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination for infant populations | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 540 |
Is influenza vaccination during pregnancy safe? How long does it protect the child? | Influenza vaccination during pregnancy is safe, provides reasonable maternal protection against influenza, and also protects infants for a limited period from confirmed influenza infection (vaccine efficacy 63% in Bangladesh and 50.4% in South Africa ). However as antibody levels drop sharply after birth, infant protection does not persist much beyond 8 weeks | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 541 |
What is emphyema? | a rare complication of pneumonia | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 923 |
How is the term end point consolidation described with regard to pneumonia diagnosis? | as a dense or fluffy opacity that occupies a portion or whole of a lobe, or the entire lung. | [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period, despite advances in prevention and management. Over the last 20 years, there has been a substantial decrease in the incidence of childhood pneumonia and pneumonia-associated mortality. New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus i... | 1,571 | 4,573 |
What factors make H5N1 a worldwide threat to public health? | rapid spread and high pathogenicity | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,217 |
What are the symptoms of H5N1 infection in humans? | fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,218 |
Name some medications used to treat influenza. | zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu) | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,219 |
Why have antiretrovirals medications had limited benefit in treating influenza? | drug-resistance and frequent antigenic mutation | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,220 |
What is the focus of the current study? | effect of EAP against H5N1 influenza infection | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,221 |
What is the result of the current study? | the anti-H5N1 effects of EAP offer an alternative strategy for developing antiinfluenza agents | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,222 |
How do the polysaccharides in plants effect the immune response? | enhance the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12 | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,223 |
What does this study demonstrate? | EAP leaf extract is a prophylactic and immune enhancement agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,224 |
In this study, how did treatment of EAP after infection affect survival? | did not provide a survival advantage | [
"The development of novel broad-spectrum, antiviral agents against H5N1 infection is urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the immunomodulatory activities and protective effect of Eupatorium adenophorum polysaccharide EAP against the highly pathogenic H5N1 subtype influenza virus. EAP treatment significantly... | 1,585 | 5,225 |
Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? | Gammaproteobacteria | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 544 |
What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? | via a common sanitary pipe | [
"There have been an increasing number of reports implicating Gammaproteobacteria as often carrying genes of drug resistance from colonized sink traps to vulnerable hospitalized patients. However, the mechanism of transmission from the wastewater of the sink P-trap to patients remains poorly understood. Herein we re... | 2,585 | 545 |
What types of acute respiratory infections can be screened and diagnosed with multiplex PCR? | influenza and parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, bocavirus and coronavirus | [
"OBJECTIVE: To determine whether rapid polymerase chain reaction PCR testing for influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses RSV in emergency departments EDs is associated with better patient and laboratory outcomes than standard multiplex PCR testing. DESIGN, SETTING: A before‐and‐after study in four metropolitan ... | 1,556 | 327 |
What is the role of antibodies during infection? | Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 465 |
How can antibodies also create health problems? | Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 467 |
Which technology invention produced antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell? | in the 1970s with the development of hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 474 |
What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? | somatic rearrangement during B cell differentiation was responsible for antibody diversification | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 476 |
What developments have been made possible by the study of B-cell repertoire? | (1) vaccine candidates that elicit protective antibodies; (2) antibodies that prevent disease when given prophylactically; and (3) antibodies that can be given as therapy after the onset of disease. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 478 |
What motivates the study of the rare B-cells that produce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bnAb)? | discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that protect against infection across diverse viral isolates has intensified efforts to understand the developmental pathway of the rare B cells that produce these antibodies | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 485 |
How has the study of B-cells helped the treatment for Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? | For RSV, stabilized versions of the fusion (F) protein in the pre-fusion conformation have led to insights in the B cell's response to infection and has generated potentially safer and more efficacious vaccine candidates | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 489 |
How are the studies on B-cells helping the development of a universal influenza vaccine? | Influenza also performs fusion through the stem region of the hemagglutinin protein, and the identification of B cells that target this relatively conserved site has spurred research on the development of a universal influenza vaccine ( | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 490 |
What role B-cell play in malaria infection and prevention? | Rare memory B cells producing antibodies specific for the EBV fusion machinery have been isolated; these can neutralize both B cell and epithelial cell infection (20). A new paradigm in malaria vaccine development is also emerging with the discovery of IgM+ and IgD+ memory B cells targeting the Merozoite Surface Protein 1, that rapidly respond to malaria re-infection | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 494 |
How can the study of B-cells help in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases? | The study of autoantigen-specific B cells and a detailed analysis of B cell subsets with pathogenic potential in humans could lead to a better understanding of how to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases. | [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections. Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. S... | 1,569 | 497 |
Why are cotton rats considered a strong animal model for biomedical research? | its well defined immunological and genetic information, costeffectiveness, and abundant inbred strains and research reagents | [
"Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases. They have demonstrated higher susceptibility to a wider variety of human pathogens than other rodents and are also the animal model of choice for pre-clinical evaluations of some vaccine candidates. However, the genome of cotton rats remains t... | 1,570 | 1,631 |
What is the structure of the CD40 Ligand? | a sandwiched extracellular structure composed of a β-sheet, α-helix loop, and a β-sheet | [
"Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases. They have demonstrated higher susceptibility to a wider variety of human pathogens than other rodents and are also the animal model of choice for pre-clinical evaluations of some vaccine candidates. However, the genome of cotton rats remains t... | 1,570 | 1,632 |
What is the effect of CD40L on Dendritic Cells? | it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells | [
"Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases. They have demonstrated higher susceptibility to a wider variety of human pathogens than other rodents and are also the animal model of choice for pre-clinical evaluations of some vaccine candidates. However, the genome of cotton rats remains t... | 1,570 | 1,633 |
What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells? | it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells | [
"Cotton rats are an important animal model to study infectious diseases. They have demonstrated higher susceptibility to a wider variety of human pathogens than other rodents and are also the animal model of choice for pre-clinical evaluations of some vaccine candidates. However, the genome of cotton rats remains t... | 1,570 | 1,634 |
What factor may influence viral replication and gene expression? | the average codon usage frequencies in the host genome | [
"BACKGROUND: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus RHDV , as the pathogeny of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, can cause a highly infectious and often fatal disease only affecting wild and domestic rabbits. Recent researches revealed that it, as one number of the Caliciviridae, has some specialties in its genome, its repro... | 1,567 | 567 |
What accounts for the variation of codon usage among open reading frameworks? | mutational pressure and translational selection | [
"BACKGROUND: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus RHDV , as the pathogeny of Rabbit haemorrhagic disease, can cause a highly infectious and often fatal disease only affecting wild and domestic rabbits. Recent researches revealed that it, as one number of the Caliciviridae, has some specialties in its genome, its repro... | 1,567 | 566 |
What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves? | Calf septicemia | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,129 |
Where was hepcidin first discovered? | human urine | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,131 |
What is hepcidin? | low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,130 |
What organ produces hepcidin? | liver | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,132 |
What stimulates the release of hepcidin? | inflammatory reactions and high Fe concentrations | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,133 |
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | Fe | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,134 |
Is hepcidin toxic? | potentially toxic | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,135 |
Why is iron critical to bacteria? | bacteria utilize Fe for survival, growth and proliferation | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,136 |
How does hepcidin work in the duodenum? | control of excessive Fe absorption | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,137 |
How does hepcidin affect macrophages? | regulation of Fe release | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,138 |
What leads to oxidative stress in the body? | production of ROS | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,139 |
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | superoxide dismutase | [
"AIM: This study has been conducted for the purpose of determining serum hepcidin, total antioxidant status TAS , total oxidant status TOS , and Fe levels in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia before and after treatment and the clinical significance of hepcidin in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia. M... | 1,560 | 2,140 |
What is Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,032 |
What are the salient findings in Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis | [
"BACKGROUND: Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis AHEM is considered as a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis characterized by fulminant encephalopathy with hemorrhagic necrosis and most often fatal outcome. OBJECTIVE: To report the association with Ran Binding Protein RANBP2 gene variant and the respo... | 1,561 | 3,033 |
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