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What is the effect of host immune response to the viral delivery vector on the efficacy of vaccination?	{ "negative": [ "However, these studies also indicate that downregulation of antigenspecific immune responses is highly dependent on dose and time. Leong et al. (2009) also demonstrated that the negative impact of vector-specific immune responses can also be countered by repeated immunization with the same vaccin...
When is a single sample suggested to be sufficient?	{ "negative": [ "Recommended sample types include bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tracheal/tracheobronchial aspirate, pleural fluid and sputum [53, 90] . Fresh samples yield better diagnostic results than refrigerated material [69] and if delays in testing of ≥72 h are likely, samples (except for blood) should be f...
What public event was linked with the outbreak?	{ "negative": [ "Some patients reported having visited a farmers' market that took place on May 3 and 4, 2003 in a spa town near Soest. Since the etiology was unclear, pathogens such as SARS coronavirus were considered and strict infection control measures implemented until the diagnosis of Q fever was confirmed....
What does the change in the local airway environment and inflammation promote?	{ "negative": [ "These factors may serve as targets to prevent viral-induced exacerbations during the management of acute exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. Another recent area of interest is the relationship between asthma and COPD exacerbations and their association with the airway microbiome...
How many people have come in contact and how many of these are in observation?	{ "negative": [ "Noncontaminated CT disinfection procedures after suspected COVID-19 case examination In addition to the above routine disinfection procedure, air disinfection is conducted for 30 min before examining other patients. Results From January 21, 2020 when screening for epidemiological history or sympt...
What viruses were detected?	{ "negative": [ "The respiratory pathogens most frequently identified in ILI swabs were rhinovirus (23.4%), influenza A not H1N1 (21.2%) and influenza B (12.6%) ( Table 1) . Among the 22 respiratory pathogens tested by the multiplex, only three were not found in any analyzed sample: Parainfluenza3, Legionella pne...
What is the incubation period of MERS?	{ "negative": [ "In humans, overt disease was given the name Middle East respiratory syndrome, with the acronym MERS. From intermittent animal-to-human spill-over events, the MERS-CoV spreads sporadically among people, causing more severe disease among older adults, especially males, with pre-existing diseases. T...
Can influenza a virus subtype h7n9 be transmit human to human?	{ "negative": [ "The synergistic effect was also shown in lethal mice models (Fig 2 and Fig 3) . The pathogenicity of influenza viruses in mice varies and is dependent on the strain and its adaptation to the host. Depending on virus dose and strain, influenza viruses can induce lethal infections in certain mouse ...
What are the 4 structural proteins of the pestivirus polyprotein?	{ "negative": [ "To check that the viruses retained their antibody reaction properties ( Figure 2 ) after these passages, cells were infected with viruses from the 12th SFT-R cell culture passage (termed vR26/P-12 and vR26_E2gif/P-12) and stained with a polyclonal anti-pestivirus serum and with specific mAbs dire...
What percentage of the world has been infected by tuberculosis?	{ "negative": [ "RESULTS: Primary human blood monocytes were treated with BCG and assayed for MKP-1 expression. Our results demonstrated that following exposure to BCG, there was an increase in the expression of MKP-1. Additionally, the induction of MKP-1 was regulated by p38 MAPK and extracellular signal-regulat...
What is theorized regarding transmission?	{ "negative": [ "Assembly occurs at the cell surface, and the envelope is acquired as the virus buds from the cell and release and maturation almost simultaneous occurred. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm and is very rapid (,4 h) [28, 29] . doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000623.g002 www.plosntds.org to gain a more ...
When does the influenza vaccination campaign in Reunion Island start?	{ "negative": [ "Unfortunately, these infections causes are identified in less than 50% [3] . Réunion Island, a French overseas territory with 850,000 inhabitants, is located in the southern hemisphere between Madagascar and Mauritius in the Indian Ocean (Latitude: 21°05.2920 S Longitude: 55°36.4380 E.). The isla...
What happens when a recipient of a vaccine has immune response to the delivery vector?	{ "negative": [ "This will theoretically reduce the exposure of the heterologous antigen to the immune system, as the vector is rapidly cleared. Surprisingly, as will be seen in some of the examples given below, this can have results that differ depending on the magnitude of the response to the vectored antigen. ...
What were the asymptomatic cases tested as?	{ "negative": [ "Additional symptoms reported included headaches (6 cases), sore throat (2), rhinorrhoea (2), shortness of breath (2), myalgia (1), diarrhoea (1) and nausea (1). Fever was reported as the sole symptom for nine cases. In 16 of 29 symptomatic cases, the symptoms at diagnosis were consistent with the...
What does the study show?	{ "negative": [ "It shows that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnosis and thus explain the etiology of symptoms. For a better understanding of respiratory pathogens circulating in Réunion Island, information from this stu...
At what temperatures was the assay completed?	{ "negative": [ "The mixtures of bacteria and compounds were serially diluted 10-fold with SPB and plated on LB plates that were incubated at 37uC overnight. Bacterial colonies were enumerated the following day. After having determined the MICs, bacterial strains from the wells of the microtitre plate with no vis...
What is sporulation?	{ "negative": [ "Here, we report that C. difficile Spo0A shows a high degree of similarity to the well characterized B. subtilis protein and recognizes a similar binding sequence. We find that the laboratory strain C. difficile 630Δerm contains an 18bp-duplication near the DNA-binding domain compared to its ances...
What are some risk factors for countries to experience a high prevalence of Acute Respiratory Infections?	{ "negative": [ "This pilot study provides evidence that data from the community can potentially represent different information than that sourced clinically, suggesting the need for community surveillance to enhance public health efforts and scientific understanding of respiratory infections. Text: Acute Respira...
How was the ELISA-array assay validated?	{ "negative": [ "Visualization of the plate was performed in AE 1000 cool CCD image analyzer(Beijing BGI GBI Biotech Company., LTD, China). The signal intensity and background of each spot was read out and recorded with \"Monster\"software. The positive signals were defined as a signal value > 400 and a signal va...
What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels?	{ "negative": [ "The antioxidant and oxidative system are in a constant state of balance in the organism. Any event breaking up this balance in favor of the oxidative stress molecules will cause cell damage [27, 28] . The host cells initiate the antioxidant system in case of exposure to oxidative stress [27] . Ka...
How do the authors suggest that ATP1A1 and PHB contribute to the efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses?	{ "negative": [ "These findings indicate that ATP1A1 and PHB function as pro-viral factors of a range of mammarenaviruses. We identified ATP1A1 and PHB as novel host-cell proteins that contribute to efficient multiplication of mammarenaviruses. Our approach using a recombinant LCMV expressing NP with an affinity ...
What did, In the last century, outbreaks of viral-related diseases that have emerged or re-emerged, involve?	{ "negative": [ "Habitat disturbance and larger-scale ecological disturbances, perhaps including climate change, are among the factors that may have increased the human caseload of HCPS between 1993 and the present. We consider here the features that influence the structure of host population dynamics that may le...
What is Tamiflu?	{ "negative": [ "Indeed, oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is the representative NA inhibitor that has proven to be uniquely applicable oral drug in clinical practice for the treatment of influenza infection [4, 8, 9] . However, with an increase in medical use, the oseltamivir-resistant strains have been found and probably l...
What is a different approach for the detection?	{ "negative": [ "Additionally, loop-mediated [58, 59] or recombinase polymerase [60] isothermal assays have been designed for field deployment. The detection of MERS-CoV antigen has not been common to date but the combination of short turnaround time from test to result, high throughput and identification of vira...
What are the ILI samples wich test negative for influence?	{ "negative": [ "We therefore used this new method to set up a retrospective study using swabs collected by sentinel GPs from 2011 to 2012. The main objective of our study was to characterize respiratory pathogens responsible for ILI consultations in sentinel GPs in 2011 and 2012. Secondary objectives were to hig...
What is the estimated infection-to-death distribution's mean for coronavirus?	{ "negative": [ "This age-group was chosen as the reference as it had the lowest predicted level of underreporting in previous analyses of data from the Chinese epidemic“. We obtained country-specific estimates of attack rate by age, AR“, for the 11 European countries in our analysis from a previous study which i...
What is PPE?	{ "negative": [ "Participants described their relief that nothing really happened, while emphasizing the need to experience a real situation to evaluate the preparedness efforts. One participant said that 'a little bit more seriousness [would have been] needed in the PPE practices'. It was taken as a manifestatio...
How many clinical trials are registered?	{ "negative": [ "In addition, we highlight six ongoing Phase I clinical trials identified in the ClinicalTrials.gov register ( [48, 49] ); Table S4 ) [50] [51] [52] . These trials are all testing the safety and immunogenicity of their respective MERS-CoV vaccine candidates but were excluded as there are no result...
What percentage of people infected with SARS-CoV died?	{ "negative": [ "It is unclear if these differences are due to distinct populations affected by the viruses, because of properties of the virus themselves, or both. Understanding these factors could be a key to increasing host resilience to the infections. MERS-CoV patients had increased morbidity and mortality i...
What is the key regulator to sporulation?	{ "negative": [ "The transcription of spo0A in C. difficile is under control of the transition state sigma factor Sigma H [37] , as it is in B. subtilis [61] . Our data indicate that both spo0A and sigH could be targets for direct regulation by Spo0A in C. difficile (Fig. 3A) , raising the possibility of auto-reg...
For HCPS, what does that expression favor?	{ "negative": [ "The authors believed, based on the morphology of cytokine-secreting cells, that both monocytes and lymphocytes were contributing to the production of cytokines. That proinflammatory mediators are found in elevated levels in the plasma as well as the renal interstitium of patients with acute hanta...
What is directly related to nuclear condensation?	{ "negative": [ "Mitochondria are the main source for the production of ROS and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and are critical in controlling the death and survival of cells. The reduction in fluorescence intensity depicted in Figure 6 Cu(BrHAP) 2 triggered the translocation of cytochrome from mitochondria into th...
What has epidemiology and research identified the MERS-CoV's cell receptor is?	{ "negative": [ "The MERS-CoV appears to be an enzootic virus infecting the DC URT with evidence of recent genetic recombination. It may once have had its origins among bats, but evidence is lacking and the relevance of that to today's ongoing epidemic is academic. Thanks to quick action, the sensitive and rapid ...
How many cases had no pre-existing conditions?	{ "negative": [ "No data on clinical signs e.g. dyspnea etc. were reported for any of the 38 cases. All hospitalised cases had a benign clinical evolution except four, two reported in Italy and two reported in France, all of whom developed viral pneumonia. All three cases who were aged 65 years or over were admit...
What is this network composed of?	{ "negative": [ "The sampling frame contained identification number of swab assigned by Cire OI, laboratory identification number, sex, age, date of onset of symptoms, date of swab collection and result of influenza RT-PCR. We used Respifinder 1 Smart 22 kits a multiplex RT-PCR (PathoFinder, Maastricht, The Nethe...
What conditions are caused by Staphylococcus aureus?	{ "negative": [ "In the last decades, the pathogen became resistant to an increasing number of antibiotics and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is now a major cause of hospital acquired infections (Hartman and Tomasz, 1984; Ubukata et al., 1989; Zetola et al., 2005) . Also the rise of community-acquired S. ...
For what there is evidence for the efficacy of hand washing?	{ "negative": [ "To mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on crisesaffected populations, governments and agencies will implement the familiar, global evidence-based approaches for combatting respiratory viruses. Respiratory hygiene is a highly effective public health intervention, supported by evidence demonstrating th...
What does the study highlight?	{ "negative": [ "It shows that ILI is not specific to influenza and so it is essential to have biological results in order to establish the differential diagnosis and thus explain the etiology of symptoms. For a better understanding of respiratory pathogens circulating in Réunion Island, information from this stu...
What bacterial delivery vectors have been tested in animal hosts?	{ "negative": [ "1 . The first clinical trial of a recombinant, which was conducted over 20 years ago using an attenuated Salmonella as a delivery vector, led to the widespread testing of this bacterium as a mucosal delivery system for antigens from non-Salmonella pathogens (Dougan et al., 1987) . These studies h...
What are the high resolution pulmonary CT scan findings for patients with severe cases of human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55)?	{ "negative": [ "INTRODUCTION: Since 2008, severe cases of emerging human adenovirus type 55 (HAdV-55) in immunocompetent adults have been reported sporadically in China. The clinical features and outcomes of the most critically ill patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) caused by HAdV-55...
How was ILI defined?	{ "negative": [ "As the use of multiplex RT-PCR showed its efficacy, it is now used routinely in the surveillance of ILI. Text: Influenza like-illness (ILI) or acute respiratory infections can be caused by several types of respiratory viruses or bacteria in humans [1] . Influenza viruses, Respiratory Syncytial vi...
What was the goal of this study?	{ "negative": [ "However, the functional status of HBP1 in the CC10 pathway requires further research, and such studies are conducting in our laboratory. In conclusion, we demonstrated that CC10 could limit the immunopathological damage in MHV-3-induced FH mice. Our results suggest that enhancing CC10 expression ...
What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism?	{ "negative": [ "There is a significant relationship between Hepcidin, Fe metabolism, inflammation, and the immune system. The fact that hepcidin plays an active role in the regulation of Fe release from macrophages and in the control of excessive Fe absorption from the duodenum is well documented [6] . Hepcidin ...
What is the reason to adopt low-dose CT?	{ "negative": [ "In fact, within a month of the outbreak, the hospital that received the most infected patients from the source of the outbreak made a PowerPoint presentation of the CT manifestations of COVID-19, which was shared via WeChat and disseminated across the country in a very short time. Subsequently, C...
Why is it highly unlikely that RaTG13 CoV is the immediate source of SARS-CoV-2.	{ "negative": [ "The SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence also has ∼80% identity with SARS-CoV, but it is most similar to some bat beta-coronaviruses, with the highest being >96% identity [4, 5] . Currently, there are speculations, rumours and conspiracy theories that SARS-CoV-2 is of laboratory origin. Some people have al...
What is the structure of an Echovirus?	{ "negative": [ "Fifteen of 19 (79%) EV-positive patients were confirmed to have echovirus 30 (E-30), using cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples. This cluster of E-30 meningitis cases is similar to previously reported E-30 aseptic meningitis cases (5, 6) in symptoms and epidemiology. Here, we report a nearly complet...
What is the RNA of the 2019-nCOV?	{ "negative": [ "In summary, 2019-nCoV is a novel lineage B Betacoronavirus closely related to bat SARS-related coronaviruses. It also has unique genomic features which deserves further investigation to ascertain their roles in viral replication cycle and pathogenesis. More animal sampling to determine its natura...
What does the immune response elicited by these agents lead to?	{ "negative": [ "Generally, infected airway epithelial cells release type I (IFNα/β) and type III (IFNλ) interferons, cytokines and chemokines such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, RANTES, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α) and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) (Wark and Gibson, 2006; Matsukura et al., 2013) ....
Why did the T20/N36 complex not show a typical alpha helical conformation?	{ "negative": [ "In addition, AP3 showed a significantly enhanced in vitro metabolic stability over T20 in the presence of liver homogenate (Fig. 3b) . These results indicate that the artificial peptide AP3 is much more resistant to proteolytic degradation than the natural peptide T20, which may contribute to its...
When is this especially true?	{ "negative": [ "Treatment and management vary greatly in efficacy due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. This is further complicated by the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness (Xepap...
What did the comparison of the FPASSA-ANFIS model with several existing models, show?	{ "negative": [ "The results of DS2 indicate that the FPASSA is ranked first in terms of RMSE, MAPE, R 2 , and the CPU time. Whereas, the PSO is ranked second, followed by the FPA, GA, then ABC. These results denote that the proposed method can optimize the parameters of the ANFIS model effectively and produce go...
What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)?	{ "negative": [ "The spectrum of viruses in the study site is similar to that in other places, but the seasonality is closely related to geographic position, different from that in big cities in northern China and neighboring Hong Kong. Text: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs) are a persistent and pervasi...
How far can pathogenic bacteria spread in a coughed aerosol?	{ "negative": [ "Plastic or steel surfaces were inoculated with 10 6 TCID 50 of MERS-CoV at different temperature and relative humidity (RH) and virus recovery was attempted in cell culture. At high ambient temperature (30°C) and low RH (30 %) MERS-CoV remained viable for 24 h [150] . By comparison, a well known ...
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide?	{ "negative": [ "Of the 97 HIV-1-infected infants, 57 were infected IU, 11 were infected IP, and 17 were infected PP. Timing of infection was not determined for 12 HIV-1-infected infants. Baseline characteristics of mothers and infants are presented in Table 1 . Maternal age and CD4 cell count, child sex, mode of...
What intestinal factors may reduce the effectiveness of orally-administered immunizations?	{ "negative": [ "These vaccines administered parenterally cannot effectively induce high titers of maternal antibodies and virus-specific IgA antibodies, resulting in inadequate mucosal protection to against PEDV infection [6] . Furthermore, these maternal antibodies in the milk were always degraded by gastric ac...
What was the age profile of mortality in the 1918 swine flu?	{ "negative": [ "Influenza- and pneumonia- speciﬁc death rates are plotted for the interpandemic years 1911—1917 (dashed line) and for the pandemic year 1918 (solid line) (33,34). Incidence male per 1 .nao persunslage group Mortality per 1.000 persunslige group + Case—fataiity rale 1918—1919 Case fatalily par 10...
How does MERS-CoV compare with SARS-CoV?	{ "negative": [ "Continued laboratory testing, sequencing, analysis, timely data sharing and clear communication are essential for such vigilance to be effective. Global alignment of case definitions would further aid accurate calculation of a case fatality ratio by including subclinical case numbers. Whole genom...
What percentage of HIV-infected people go undetected in the United States?	{ "negative": [ "Negative controls included DNA extracted from PBMC infected with HIV-2 SLRHC [30] and RNA extracted from HIV-2 NIH-Z purified virus (Advanced Biotechnologies Inc., Columbia, MD). Whole blood from HIV-1 infected individuals was collected as part of a separate, IRB-approved study [31] , or obtained...
How were the first human infections identified?	{ "negative": [ "Coronaviruses can also infect the human gastrointestinal tract [11, 12] , and faecal-oral transmission might also play a role in this instance. The SARS-CoV superspreading event at Amoy Gardens where more than 300 cases were infected was attributed to faecal-oral, then airborne, spread through pr...
What is the disadvantage of upper respiratory tract specimens?	{ "negative": [ "All patients recovered. Significantly shorted time from the disease onset to the symptom improvement in treatment (5.10 ± 2.83 days) compared to control group (7.62 ± 2.27 days) (p < 0.05) No significant difference in blood routine improvement, pulmonary chest shadow in chest film improvement and...
Why early identification of COVID-19 patients can be difficult?	{ "negative": [ "The initial chest radiographs may vary from minimal abnormality to bilateral ground-glass opacity or subsegmental areas of consolidation [1] . In addition, asymptomatic cases and lack of diagnosis kits result in delayed or even missed diagnosis inevitable and makes many other patients, visitors, ...
How can countries enhance public health surveillance?	{ "negative": [ "For example, though we found a similar study regarding ARIs in clinical subjects in Burkina Faso [27] , due to the small sample size from this study it would not be feasible to infer or compare prevalence rates. Studies of ARI etiology have mostly been generally focused in areas of the world that...
Which viruses are part of the Old World complex of Arenaviridae?	{ "negative": [ "Text: The virus family Arenaviridae consists of only one genus, but most viruses within this genus can be divided into two different groups: the Old World arenaviruses and the New World arenaviruses (also known as the Tacaribe complex) [1, 2] . The differences between the two groups have been est...
What is dynamitin associated with?	{ "negative": [ "Until recently, it had not been appreciated that N has a wide variety of other activities, some of which can be linked, not only to fundamental requirements of replication, but also to the interference with an array of the intracellular processes of the normal cell. Thus, an interaction between t...
What is the key aim of non-pharmaceutical interventions?	{ "negative": [ "Estimating the number of infections and the impact of non- pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in 11 European countries 30 March 2020 Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team Seth Flaxmani Swapnil Mishra, Axel Gandy, H JulietteT Unwin, Helen Coupland, Thomas A Mellan, Harrison Zhu, Tresnia ...
How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken?	{ "negative": [ "Then, CC10 protein (2 µg) or saline were injected into mice by tail vein following MHV-3 infection 24 h later. The survival rate was observed for 10 days (n = 24/group). Representative data from three independent experiments are shown. The survival curve was analyzed by using the Log-Rank Test. *...
What are the most common viruses?	{ "negative": [ "Out of the 424 samples analysed, 364 (85.8%) were positive for one or more viruses. Results are summarized in Table 2 .The most commonly detected viruses were RSV, which was found in 129 (30.4%) patients and rhinoviruses in 116 (27.4%) accounting together for almost 60% of all detections. With mo...
How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus?	{ "negative": [ "Experimentally infected chimpanzees and naturally infected humans can be re-infected with homologous and heterologous HCV strains, suggesting that the humoral immunity that develops after spontaneous resolution of acute hepatitis C is not sterilizing [22] [23] [24] . During chronic infection in h...
What are some of the other diagnostic methods?	{ "negative": [ "Although real time RT-PCR is a primary method for diagnosing MERS-CoV, high levels of PCR inhibition may hinder PCR sensitivity (Table 1) . There are eleven studies that focus on SARS-CoV diagnostic testing (Table 1) . These papers described diagnostic methods to detect the virus with the majorit...
How are humans typically infected with Coxiella burnetii?	{ "negative": [ "C. burnetii displays antigenic variation with an infectious phase I and less infectious phase II. The primary reservoir from which human infection occurs consists of sheep, goat and cattle. Although C. burnetii infections in animals are usually asymptomatic, they may cause abortions in sheep and ...
What does immunization with adenovirus induce?	{ "negative": [ "The second clinical failure was using an Ad5-vectored HIV vaccine being tested as a part of a Step Study, a phase 2B clinical trial. In this study, individuals were vaccinated with the Ad5 vaccine vector expressing HIV-1 gag, pol, and nef genes. The vaccine induced HIV-specific T cell responses; ...
What is the advantage of Boosted Regression Tree method?	{ "negative": [ "Boosted regression trees, also known as stochastic gradient boosting, was performed to predict the probability of HPAI H5N1 occurrence and determine the relative influence of each risk factor to the HPAI H5N1 occurrence. This method was developed recently and applied widely for distribution predi...
On which system the reverse transcription and preamplification steps were performed?	{ "negative": [ "Data and swabs result from a surveillance system that received regulatory approvals, including the CNIL (National Commission for Information Technology and Civil Liberties Number 1592205) approval in July 2012. All the patients have received oral information and gave their consent for swab and da...
What is Koch's third postulate?	{ "negative": [ "The identification of the above-mentioned novel viruses certainly increased our knowledge about viruses that can be found in the gastrointestinal tract of humans, yet it is unknown how many of these novel viruses are actually enteropathogens. Human stool contains a wide variety of viruses which c...
What are miRNAs found to be induced by?	{ "negative": [ "In addition, mucus overproduction may also disrupt the equilibrium of the mucociliary function following viral infection, resulting in symptoms of acute exacerbation (Zhu et al., 2009) . Hence, the disruption of the ciliary movement during viral infection may cause more foreign material and aller...
Where was the first known MERS human-to-human transmission event?	{ "negative": [ "It is the low transmission rate that has prevented worldwide spread, despite many \"opportunities\". Very early in the MERS outbreak, some animals were highly regarded as either the reservoir or intermediate host(s) of MERS-CoV with three of the first five cases having contact with DCs [73, 113, ...
What appears to be a requirement for transmission?	{ "negative": [ "It is the low transmission rate that has prevented worldwide spread, despite many \"opportunities\". Very early in the MERS outbreak, some animals were highly regarded as either the reservoir or intermediate host(s) of MERS-CoV with three of the first five cases having contact with DCs [73, 113, ...
What was the result of the treatment?	{ "negative": [ "Neutralising antibodies were detected in 50% participants at one or more time points during the study, but only 3% maintained neutralisation activity to end of study. T-cell responses were detected in 71% and 76% participants after 2 and 3 doses, respectively. There were no differences in immune ...
What were the aims of this study?	{ "negative": [ "As a better knowledge of the epidemic status was a key feature for national healthcare organization, hospital preparedness, patient management and disease control, unambiguous viral diagnosis appeared critical. In France, data on viral aetiologies associated with ILI were at best sporadic and cor...
What is the incidence of RSV in children older than 3 years of age?	{ "negative": [ "College Station, TX, USA). The present study was a prospective investigation of children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infections between November 2010 and October 2013 in Cyprus. The median age of the children was 15 months (range: 0-140 months) with 243 being male and 181 female (ma...
Why are some poxvirus ideally suited as vaccine delivery vectors?	{ "negative": [ "The NYVAC vector has been shown to induce CD4 + T cell-dominant responses, and MVA induces both CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses (Mooij et al., 2008) . The adenovirus (Ad) vector is another of the most widely evaluated vectors to date to express heterologous antigens, due to ease of production, s...
What is the reported value of R0 for MERS?	{ "negative": [ "However, this result was based on the limited data from a published literature, and it might not show the real situation at the early stage of the transmission. Researches showed that the R 0 of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was about 2.7-3.4 or 2-4 in Hong Kong, China [27, 28] . Anoth...
What is the relationship between the presence of virus in blood and anal swabs and disease severity?	{ "negative": [ "In the anal swab cohort, we found that the presence of virus RNA in the anal digestive tract was also positively correlated with disease severity (p = 0.0102). The 3 patients detected with anal virus RNA but in mild stage should be monitored whether they will progress to the severe stage. We have...
What is toltrazuril used to treat?	{ "negative": [ "Other studies have shown toltrazuril efficacies [either provided in the publication or calculated as 1-(mean OPG treated group)/(mean OPG control group) from data in the publication] ranging from 90.0 to 100.0% in the period from two to three weeks after treatment [13, 18, 19, [53] [54] [55] [56]...
What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies?	{ "negative": [ "Cumulative reverse distribution curves were used to show the distribution of antibody titers. In all tests, a P value,0.05 was considered significant. We estimated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of proportions by using a cluster bootstrap technique with 1000 re-samples [19] . After bootstraping, ...
What did the Nature Medicine paper report?	{ "negative": [ "nan Text: The emergence and outbreak of a newly discovered acute respiratory disease in Wuhan, China, has affected greater than 40,000 people, and killed more than 1,000 as of Feb. 10, 2020. A new human coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, was quickly identified, and the associated disease is now referred to...
Where did the first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) occur?	{ "negative": [ "The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV), occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then, MERS-Co...
What was time from onset to hospitalisation?	{ "negative": [ "No data on clinical signs e.g. dyspnea etc. were reported for any of the 38 cases. All hospitalised cases had a benign clinical evolution except four, two reported in Italy and two reported in France, all of whom developed viral pneumonia. All three cases who were aged 65 years or over were admit...
Who performed the sampling procedures?	{ "negative": [ "The virus isolation was performed as previously described [12] . Briefly, fecal supernatant was acquired via gradient centrifugation and then added to Vero E6 cells, 1:10 diluted in DMEM. After incubation at 37°C for 1 h the inoculum was replaced by fresh DMEM containing 2% FBS and the antibiotic...
What was the fatality rate for SARS-CoV?	{ "negative": [ "Although not unexpected this does add to the epidemiological risk. A characteristic of the SARS outbreak was the variability of transmissibility between cases and the occurrence of 'superspreading events' where a case infected significantly more contacts than the average. This was also seen with ...
What diagnostic test has been show to have excellent sensitivity in detecting viral infections?	{ "negative": [ "Virus detection is performed by virus isolation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and antigen-capture ELISA. It has been shown that monoclonal antibody panels against pathogenic arenaviruses are useful for detecting viral antigens on the virus-infected cells as well as fo...
What is carageenan?	{ "negative": [ "BACKGROUND: Carrageenan is a clinically proven and marketed compound for the treatment of viral upper respiratory tract infections. As infections caused by influenza virus are often accompanied by infections with other respiratory viruses the combination of a specific anti-influenza compound with...
How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured?	{ "negative": [ "The fluorescence intensity was determined by a fluorescent plate reader at an extension wavelength of 520 nm and an emission wavelength of 620 nm. The critical factors for monitoring the cell health, namely, cell loss, changes in cell permeability, cytochrome release, mitochondrial membrane poten...
Could the 1918 swine flu virus been controlled by modern day drugs or vaccines?	{ "negative": [ "Could a 1918-like Pandemic Appear Again? If So, What Could We Do About It? In its disease course and pathologic features, the 1918 pandemic was different in degree, but not in kind, from previous and subsequent pandemics. Despite the extraordi- nary number of global deaths, most inﬂuenza cases in...
What was the goal of the study?	{ "negative": [ "These various approaches should be evaluated and compared in the goal of optimizing risk assessment among nursing home residents. The present work has two main limitations. First, the virus information was incomplete (limited identification, mainly influenza rapid tests for the RTI). Consequently...
What is Bacillus subtilis?	{ "negative": [ "It is a substantial problem that digestive acids and proteases can degrade antigen proteins for nutrient absorption [12] . Therefore, the vaccine delivery system has been applied to solve the problem. The system can protect antigens from the severe environment of the GI tract and deliver antigens...
What type of test was initially developed to screen for SARS-CoV-2?	{ "negative": [ "WHO's response system includes three virtual groups based on those developed for SARS to collate real time information to inform real time guidelines, and a first candidate vaccine is ready for laboratory testing within 4 weeks of the virus being identified. Another key factor in successfully pre...
Why it can be concluded that MERS-COV is a novel and distinct virus?	{ "negative": [ "Defining characteristics include the higher PFC among MERS cases (above 50 % in 2013 and currently at 30-40 %; well above the 9 % of SARS) and the higher association between fatal MERS and older males with underlying comorbidities. For the viruses, MERS-CoV has a broader tropism, grows more rapid...
What chest X-ray findings are typically indicative of community-acquired pneumonia?	{ "negative": [ "INTRODUCTION: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requires prompt treatment, but its diagnosis is complex. Improvement of bacterial CAP diagnosis by biomarkers has been evaluated using chest X-ray infiltrate as the CAP gold standard, producing conflicting results. We analyzed the diagnostic accura...
What may the epithelial destruction cause?	{ "negative": [ "Ciliary proteins FIGURE 2 \| Changes in the upper airway epithelium contributing to viral exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. The upper airway epithelium is the primary contact/infection site of most respiratory viruses. Therefore, its infection by respiratory viruses may have fa...

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