question stringlengths 11 194 | answer stringlengths 1 932 | context_chunks list | document_id int64 185 2.68k | id int64 225 5.32k |
|---|---|---|---|---|
What is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children? | Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 262 |
What plays the crucial role in the Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1 and what increases the risk | DC-SIGNR plays a crucial role in MTCT of HIV-1 and that impaired placental DC-SIGNR expression increases risk of transmission. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 276 |
How many children were infected by HIV-1 in 2008-2009, worldwide? | more than 400,000 children were infected worldwide, mostly through MTCT and 90% of them lived in sub-Saharan Africa. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 278 |
What is the role of C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 3 Like 1 (CCL3L1) in mother to child transmission of HIV-1? | High copy numbers of CCL3L1, a potent HIV-1 suppressive ligand for CCR5, are associated with higher chemokine production and lower risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among South African infants | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 316 |
What is DC-GENR and where is it expressed? | Dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)) can interact with a plethora of pathogens including HIV-1 and is expressed in placental capillary endothelial cells | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 305 |
How does the presence of DC-SIGNR affect the MTCT of HIV-1? | the presence of DC-SIGNR at the placental endothelial cell surface may protect infants from HIV-1 infection by capturing virus and promoting its degradation/presentation. | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 306 |
Why do low levels of DC-SIGNR enhance Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1? | in placenta containing low levels of DC-SIGNR, HIV-1 would preferentially binds CCR5 on endothelial cells resulting in a loss of placental barrier integrity and enhanced passage of maternal HIV-1-infected cells in foetal circulation leading to MTCT of HIV-1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 307 |
What is the percentage of Mother to Child Transmission of HIV-1, when there is no intervention? | Without specific interventions, the rate of HIV-1 mother-tochild transmission (MTCT) is approximately 15-45% | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 277 |
Does C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) affect the transmission of HIV-1? | Genetic variants in CCR5 have been shown to influence vertical transmission of HIV-1. CCR5 promoter variants resulting in higher expression of the receptor were associated with increased risk of MTCT of HIV-1 among sub-Saharan Africans | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 312 |
How does Mannanose Binding Lectin (MBL) affect elimination of HIV-1 pathogen? | Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an innate immune receptor synthesised in the liver and secreted in the bloodstream in response to inflammation signal. MBL promotes pathogen elimination by opsonization and phagocytosis, | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 318 |
How can CCR5's effect in HIV-1 transmission be reduced? | The 32-pb deletion polymorphism in CCR5 has be shown to protect from vertical transmission of HIV-1 | [
"BACKGROUND: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is the main cause of HIV-1 infection in children worldwide. Given that the C-type lectin receptor, dendritic cell-specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin-related (DC-SIGNR, also known as CD209L or liver/lymph node–specific ICAM-grabbing non-integrin (L-SIGN)), can intera... | 630 | 321 |
What is IFITM? | interferon-induced transmembrane | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 568 |
How many cysteine residues are contained in the first transmembrane domain of IFITM3? | three | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 569 |
What inhibits S-palmitoylation? | 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP) | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 570 |
What interaction is inhibited by the presence of 2-bromopalmitic acid (2BP)? | IFITM5 with FKBP11 | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 571 |
What is a function associated with IFITM5? | bone formation factor. | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 572 |
What regulates the antiviral activity of IFITM3? | S-palmitoylation on the protein | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 573 |
What is another name for IFITM5? | bonerestricted IFITM-like (BRIL) protein | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 574 |
Why is the expression of IFITM5 not promoted by interferons? | the region upstream of the ifitm5 gene lacks the interferon regulatory elements | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 575 |
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM5 and the other IFITM proteins? | ~ 65% similarity | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 576 |
What is the amino acid similarity between IFITM 1, IFITM 2, and IFITM 3? | ~ 85% similarity | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 577 |
What amino acid might be involved in calcium binding in the C-terminal region of a protein? | aspartate | [
"Recently, one of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family proteins, IFITM3, has become an important target for the activity against influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. In this protein, a post-translational modification by fatty acids covalently attached to cysteine, termed S-palmitoylation, plays a cruc... | 650 | 580 |
What is the size of bovine coronavirus? | 31 kb | [
"We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus (BCoV) belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Be... | 1,546 | 917 |
What is the molecular structure of bovine coronavirus? | single-stranded, linear, and nonsegmented RNA | [
"We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus (BCoV) belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Be... | 1,546 | 918 |
How many nucleotides does bovine coronavirus contain? | 30,847 nucleotides | [
"We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus (BCoV) belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Be... | 1,546 | 919 |
What is the size of the orf1ab gene in bovine coronavirus? | 20kb | [
"We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus (BCoV) belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Be... | 1,546 | 920 |
Is the orf1ab gene at the 3' or 5' end of the bovine coronavirus genome? | 5= side | [
"We sequenced the first Bovine coronavirus (BCoV) complete genome sequence from France. This BCoV was directly sequenced from a fecal sample collected from a calf in Normandy in 2014. Text: B ovine coronavirus (BCoV) belongs to the Nidovirales order, the Coronaviridae family, the Coronavirinae subfamily, and the Be... | 1,546 | 921 |
What is a significant cause of Influenze like illness among healthy adolescents and adults presenting for medical evaluation? | HCoV | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,658 |
What is the most common species of Human Coronavirus among adults?
| HCoV-OC43 | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,659 |
Which Human Coronavirus showed species specific clinical characteristics of its infection? | HCoV‐HKU1 | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,660 |
What causes the outbreak of SARS and MERS. | Highly virulent species of HCoV | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,717 |
What is the case fatality rate of SARS and MERS? | ranged from 14% to 45% | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,718 |
What were the common HCOV strains in the 5 year USA study? | HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-229E | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,719 |
Which species are more prevalent but less severe? | HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-229E | [
"Human coronavirus (HCoV) is a known cause of influenza‐like illness (ILI). In a multisite, observational, longitudinal study of ILI among otherwise healthy adolescents and adults, 12% of subjects were PCR‐positive for HCoV. The distribution of species was as follows: HCoV‐OC43 (34%), HCoV‐229E (28%), HCoV‐NL63 (22... | 1,545 | 1,720 |
What is required for a Hepatitis B infection in cells? | both intracellular and cell-surface factors | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,996 |
What regulates the broad, but less specific, virus-cell interaction in a hepatitis B infection? | heparan sulfates in the membrane proteins | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,997 |
Which protein domain of the Hepatitis B envelope is necessary for infection? | Nterminus of HBV preS1 (amino acids 1-47) | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,998 |
Where is NTCP located in the body? | lateral surface (canalicular) of hepatocytes | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 2,999 |
What does the NTCP protein mediate? | bile acid transport | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,000 |
Is NTCP sufficient to allow HBV infection? | not sufficient | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,001 |
Why is NTCP thought to not be sufficient for HBV infection? | the majority of HepaRG cells were found to express NPCT but not to be infected | [
"Following the successful cloning of receptor for SARS coronavirus a few years ago, Dr. Wenhui Li and colleagues raised attention again by publishing a possible receptor for hepatitis B virus in eLife. We will briefly review the significance of this finding and the future prospects of hepatitis B research. Text: Am... | 1,552 | 3,002 |
What kinds of viruses are Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), sindbis virus(SV), and dengue virus(DV)? | arboviruses | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,003 |
What are the current clinically-available methods to detect encephalitis viral antigens? | ELISA and IFA | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,004 |
What methods exist for detecting multiple antigens simultaneously in a one-sample, laboratory test? | two-dimensional gel electrophoresis , protein chip, mass spectrometry, and suspension array technology | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,005 |
How many antigens could be detected by Liew's multiplex ELISA test? | 9 | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,006 |
What kind of antibodies were used in the ELISA-array assay? | monoclonal | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,007 |
How was the ELISA assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,008 |
What capture antibodies were used in the study? | 4D5, 2B5, 1F1, 2B8, 4F9, and 4E11 | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,009 |
What was the spotting concentration range for the capture antibodies? | from 0.2 to 0.0125 mg/ml | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,010 |
How was the proper spotting concentration determined? | combination of minimized cross reaction and higher signal intensity | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,011 |
How was cross reaction detection determined? | by applying JEV, YF, and DV cultures | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,012 |
How was the ELISA-array assay validated? | using cultured viruses and inoculated chicken eggs with patient sera | [
"Japanese encephalitis virus(JEV), tick-borne encephalitis virus(TBEV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) can cause symptoms of encephalitis. Establishment of accurate and easy methods by which to detect these viruses is essential for the prevention and treatment of associated infectious diseases. Curren... | 1,553 | 3,013 |
In 2010, how many cases of tuberculosis were estimated in China? | 108 per 100,000 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,014 |
What is the population of Shandong province? | 94 million | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,015 |
What was the purpose of this study? | estimate the TB prevalence in Shandong | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,016 |
What was the age range for the people surveyed? | 15 years old or above | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,017 |
How was the survey designed? | in accordance with WHO recommendations | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,018 |
Was was the sample size? | 52500 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,019 |
How were the clusters selected? | A stratified multi stage random sampling | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,020 |
How many people were in a community cluster? | 1250 to 1750 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,021 |
Who was excluded from the study? | Military barracks and prisons | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,022 |
When was the study conducted? | March to June 2010 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,023 |
Who conducted the study? | clinicians, public health doctors, radiologists, laboratory technicians and nurses | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,024 |
What medium was used to collect the sputum samples? | Löwenstein-Jensen medium | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,025 |
What was the response rate for the study? | 95% to 97% | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,026 |
What was the average age of a study participant? | 46 years | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,027 |
What was the prevalence rate in Shandong in 2010 for sputum positive cases of tuberculosis? | 22.1 | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,028 |
What was the most striking finding of the study regarding tuberculosis patients? | a large proportion of TB patients did not present consistent cough | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,029 |
How many cases of sputum positive tuberculosis patients had no persistent cough? | 45% | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,030 |
How many tuberculosis patients in Shandong were over 65 years old? | over half | [
"BACKGROUND: This paper reports findings from the prevalence survey conducted in Shandong China in 2010, a province with a population of 94 million. This study aimed to estimate TB prevalence of the province in 2010 in comparison with the 2000 survey; and to compare yields of TB cases from different case finding ap... | 1,557 | 3,031 |
What enzymes have been reported to be linked with severity of infection and various pathological conditions caused by microorganisms? | cysteine proteases | [
"Targeting papain family cysteine proteases is one of the novel strategies in the development of chemotherapy for a number of diseases. Novel cysteine protease inhibitors derived from 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine representing pharmacologically important class of compounds are being reported here for the first ti... | 1,565 | 3,041 |
At what temperatures was the assay completed? | 32uC, 37uC, 42uC | [
"Targeting papain family cysteine proteases is one of the novel strategies in the development of chemotherapy for a number of diseases. Novel cysteine protease inhibitors derived from 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine representing pharmacologically important class of compounds are being reported here for the first ti... | 1,565 | 3,042 |
What criteria sets the guideline for drug-like properties? | Lipinski's ''Rule of five'' | [
"Targeting papain family cysteine proteases is one of the novel strategies in the development of chemotherapy for a number of diseases. Novel cysteine protease inhibitors derived from 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine representing pharmacologically important class of compounds are being reported here for the first ti... | 1,565 | 3,043 |
What could be novel candidates as potent inhibitors of papain like cysteine proteases in resistant microorganisms? | 1-substituted pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivatives | [
"Targeting papain family cysteine proteases is one of the novel strategies in the development of chemotherapy for a number of diseases. Novel cysteine protease inhibitors derived from 1-pyridylimidazo[1,5-a]pyridine representing pharmacologically important class of compounds are being reported here for the first ti... | 1,565 | 3,044 |
What method is useful in administering small molecules for systemic delivery to the body? | Intranasal | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,612 |
Why is the nasal mucosa useful in the delivery of small molecules into the body? | the surface area can result in rapid absorption of the medication into the blood | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,615 |
What are the most common methods of inhaled delivery of medications? | Metered dose inhalers (MDIs) and dry powder inhalers (DPIs) | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,616 |
What medications have shown good promise to in vivo delivery via dry powder inhalers? | insulin [39] and low-molecular-weight heparin [40] | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,617 |
How are siRNAs typically delivered for systemic effect? | intratracheal or intranasal delivery | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,618 |
What structures form the human airway? | respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,619 |
What size of particle has been shown to be most effective in the delivery to the lower airway? | 1-5 μm | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,620 |
What are the essential conditions in siRNA delivery to effectively produce gene silencing in the lungs? | delivered to their site of action, be stable, enter the target cells, and be present in the cytoplasm at sufficient concentration | [
"RNA interference (RNAi) is rapidly becoming an important method for analyzing gene functions in many eukaryotes and holds promise for the development of therapeutic gene silencing. The induction of RNAi relies on small silencing RNAs, which affect specific messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation. Two types of small RNA m... | 641 | 1,621 |
How long is the SAIBK gene? | 27,534 nucleotides | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in ... | 1,547 | 1,622 |
How many open reading frames are in the SAIBK gene? | 10 | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in ... | 1,547 | 1,623 |
What virus has the closest genetic identity with the SAIBK gene? | Chinese IBV strain SC021202 | [
"Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes tremendous economic losses to the poultry industry. Here, we report the complete genome analysis results for a new natural recombination nephropathogenic IBV strain named SAIBK, which was isolated in the Sichuan province of China in 2005. Text: tagious and acute disease in ... | 1,547 | 1,624 |
How many surgical masks or respirators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States? | an estimated 7.3 billion | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 257 |
What is the acronym MERS-CoV? | Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 248 |
What are the critical factors that determine the effect of an epidemic? | Transmissibility and severity | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 249 |
When did the World Health Organization (WHO) officially declare the 2019-nCoV epidemic as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern? | January 30, 2020 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 250 |
What influenza virus was identified in China in 2013? | H7N9 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 251 |
What past research has been done on severe, single-wave pandemics? | After a new influenza virus (H7N9) was identified in China in 2013, a series of modeling articles described the effect of, and level of preparedness for, a severe, single-wave pandemic in the United States. | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 252 |
What is a clinical attack rate? | the proportion of individuals who become ill with or die from a disease in a population initially uninfected | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 253 |
What was the clinical attack rate in the 2009 H1N1 pandemic? | 20% | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 254 |
What is the estimated R0 of COVID-19? | 2.2 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 255 |
How many ventilators have past studies projected will be required for a pandemic in the United States?
| 35 000 to 60 000 | [
"Preparation for Possible Sustained Transmission of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Lessons From Previous Epidemics https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2761285 February 11, 2020 David L. Swerdlow, MD1; Lyn Finelli, DrPH, MS2 Author Affiliations Article Information JAMA. 2020;323(12):1129-1130. doi:10.1001/jama... | 187 | 1,657 |
How is exhaled breath condensate used in viral research? | the isolation of respiratory viruses | [
"BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling has been considered an inventive and novel method for the isolation of respiratory viruses. METHODS: In our study, 102 volunteers experiencing upper airway infection were recruited over the winter and early spring of 2008/2009 and the first half of the winter of... | 1,582 | 5,193 |
How many patients were i this study? | 102 | [
"BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling has been considered an inventive and novel method for the isolation of respiratory viruses. METHODS: In our study, 102 volunteers experiencing upper airway infection were recruited over the winter and early spring of 2008/2009 and the first half of the winter of... | 1,582 | 5,194 |
What was the conclusion of this study? | EBC collection using the RTube™ is not reliable for diagnosis of respiratory infections | [
"BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling has been considered an inventive and novel method for the isolation of respiratory viruses. METHODS: In our study, 102 volunteers experiencing upper airway infection were recruited over the winter and early spring of 2008/2009 and the first half of the winter of... | 1,582 | 5,195 |
How long did the patient breath into the RTube? | 10 minutes | [
"BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling has been considered an inventive and novel method for the isolation of respiratory viruses. METHODS: In our study, 102 volunteers experiencing upper airway infection were recruited over the winter and early spring of 2008/2009 and the first half of the winter of... | 1,582 | 5,196 |
What followed the reverse transcription step in the analysis? | denaturation step | [
"BACKGROUND: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) sampling has been considered an inventive and novel method for the isolation of respiratory viruses. METHODS: In our study, 102 volunteers experiencing upper airway infection were recruited over the winter and early spring of 2008/2009 and the first half of the winter of... | 1,582 | 5,197 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.