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Payload: <DIV STYLE="background-image: url(javascript:alert('XSS'))"> Reference: http://seguretat.wiki.uoc.edu/index.php/XSS_Cheat_Sheet Can someone please explain why this payload is not working?
'Reproducible builds' ensure that a published app matches the published open source code. This answer gives some great information on it. But numerous sources1,2 indicate reproducible builds are very difficult (or even impossible) to implement in practice on major app stores. Some reasons listed include: app store pro...
I've looked around on this site and I've not seen a clear answer on this question. From what I've read TLS does not provide data integrity unless specific ciphers are used which use HMAC'ing as part of the protocol. Is this correct, if so would it make sense to use specific ciphers where you need extra assurance on dat...
I've found a very similar question: Should users be allowed to log in with the same password when a password change is requested but not changed?. But the key difference here is that requesting an email change can only be done when someone is logged in, whereas a password change (through the "forgot password" flow) can...
I want certain web pages blocked (within my country) by my Govt on a website that uses HTTPS on all pages. My Govt agrees that the specific URLs need to be blocked but expresses helplessness as their ISPs claim they can't selectively block HTTPS URLs but must block the entire website/domain / sub-domain which will caus...
I have following SQL query in my WordPress plugin, SELECT `ID`, `post_content` FROM `wp_posts` WHERE `post_type` = 'movie' AND `post_status` = 'publish' OR `post_status` = 'private' AND `ID` NOT IN ($data) ORDER BY `ID` DESC LIMIT 10 $data is fully raw input not escaped. I can execute subqueries at $data positi...
I am a member of a forum that recently disabled my account because their system picked up another account from my household. Anyways their terms of rectifying the situation are pretty invasive to my personal information so I'm wondering... If I log on and create a new account while using my VPN is there still identify...
This is a bit of an odd question, and if it doesn't belong on this forum feel free to retract. I was asked by a group of 7th graders to share my thoughts on the problem of credit card data breaches. Honestly I don't think I'm qualified to respond, but would like to encourage their thinking about the problem. They are a...
With over 30,000 projects packaged by Debian, it doesn't seem too unlikely that some of them may contain malware. On Ubuntu's side, the review process is apparently rather superficial, aimed at catching some negligent coding practices rather than intentional malware (I'm appalled by how askubuntu took those kinds of "r...
There exists a class of bugs on Windows where an unprivileged attacker can write a DLL to a location on disk, then add that location to the PATH variable. Then, when an elevated user process is trying to load a DLL with the same name, it will eventually search the locations in the PATH variable to try to find it, givin...
The most popular messaging apps to date (e.g. telegram), even those that are "privacy by design" (e.g. signal, threema), are centralized. What technical challenges prevent peer-to-peer (e.g. jami) or decentralized (e.g. blockchain) messaging apps from servicing billions of users?
All of this happened on 18th November 2020 A person I know sent me a phishing link of Facebook then Google, I entered my credentials however as soon as I found out that its a phishing link, I turned off my mobile WiFi and switched it off and I changed my Google Password immediately from another device which was my iPad...
My question is more towards how this is implemented. I mean do they expose apis to each other or store data at a common place to be accessed by others. Please excuse me if it seems too naive.
If the OCSP signing is delegated explicitly to another entity and that delegated OCSP responder is compromised, how to revoke the certificate and convey the revocation information to a client? We need CRL for this?
Suppose I have multiple EC2 instances deployed with the same key-pair. The key-pair is used for SSH access and general troubleshooting. If one instance is compromised, do I need to be concerned about the key-pair allowing access to the other instances? What kind of cryptographic primitive is used for EC2 key-pairs?
I have a decently powerful desktop running Windows that I use for 2 different use cases: playing games and storing/processing my personal data. As a security-aware person this makes me uncomfortable. A vulnerability on Steam, as I think has happened in the past, or any of the games themselves, can put my personal data ...
I have enciphered a vector of bytes that has 17 bytes in itself. However, When I try to enciphered with AES, AES output has a 32-byte size? What is happening here?
A number of TLS vulnerabilities are listed by Wikipedia, including attacks with brand names such as FREAK, DROWN, CRIME, BREACH, and POODLE. My lay reading of their description makes me think these vulnerabilities are reliant on an attacker being able to either 1) influence a victim's browser's behaviour, or 2) occupy ...
Are there any known exploits in Signal's encryption protocol that could lead to messages being decrypted, or any other compromising information being released?
I've had this idea bouncing around in my head for a while, and I'm honestly surprised that it doesn't seem to be on the market. Which probably means that it wouldn't work well for some reason that hasn't occurred to me yet. I think it should be possible to buy hardware security tokens (Yubikey etc.) in pairs, with each...
I'm working with certificates programmatically through .NET. I usually give the certificate a DN by giving it string like this: "c=eg,s=cairo,st=Nozha,cn=Foo Ltd.,..” But there is another way to give a DN by initializing an object of type X500DistinguishedName. I knew from IETF that X500 standard relates to the LDAP, I...
I have been working on a front end (React) app that sends REST requests to an API end point. I am aware that sensitive items such as API keys should not be stored in front end frameworks (like React, for example), BUT... Right now, I am just running the app from my development machine and the API keys are in one of my...
What was the mechanism for exfiltrating FireEye's redhat tools in the recent SolarWinds hack? I understand it was via HTTP (small packets to many servers)? Are there any further details? Is this a likely ongoing systemic threat or can it be mitigated? If malware is active for long enough, can it split confidential data...
I want to write an exploit for a test application that provides only 12 bytes of space at the ESP. I'm not able to place shellcode in such a small space. I have no clue what I can do to solve this. I have done the following steps. Fuzzing Find offset check for Bad chars find module JMP address control EIP use msfvenom...
Threat model: Malicious user gaining physical access to browser cookies (e.g., 3rd party repair guy copying cookies to his own device or something like that). Let's say legit user did not clear cookies beforehand. Possible mitigation: Pre-authorize user device: Get user's browser signature via JS and save it in a db f...
I am doing some background research into types of XSS and prevention and as I understand it there is not much any application can do against a universal XSS in a plugin or browser. A last line of defense for XSS vulnerabilities is a good content security policy header set. It won't get rid of the underlying vulnerabili...
I was reading this and this article. The first article itself is about why software updates are extremely important for security, and the second one also mentions the following: "Make sure your operating system, browsers, and plugins are always up to date, because keeping your software patched can keep online criminal...
I am not able to understand what use is the manual antimalware scan? All antivirus software has a manual anti-malware scan. I understand if it's the first time someone installs it on their infected/unknown PC, the scan helps in detecting malware. But I can't understand in what situations are such scans useful when the ...
SCENARIO: web application which I think is affected by: a self-xss in the profile section of a user. logout CSRF login CSRF Below I described the test I did to check for the last 2 vulnerabilities, I'd appreciate an opinion about their correctness. TEST: Logout CSRF: in one tab I'm an authenticated user on another ...
I'm using a 3rd party service developed by the Experian Credit Bureau. Looking at their documentation, they are using OAuth2 & are expecting Grant_type: password in order for external developers to obtain an access_token. So, the developer must pass their username/password/client id & client secret (the last 2 of which...
PostgreSQL supports multiple authentication methods, and I think it supports SSL and plaintext connections. How do I find out which authentication method a server uses? I do not have access to the server configuration. Can psql tell we which algorithm it uses to transmit the password, and whether the connection is encr...
Context The company I work in is starting to have a more dynamic website, which can process sensitive user information. With so, we want to improve our security. We are a healthcare company from Brazil, and recently a lot of data has been exposed through national hackers specifically against healthcare companies. We do...
My company are using an offline embedded device, that must encrypt connections to its client (a PC connected with USB). We have chosen to use TLS with both PC and device authentification to encrypt messages, and use certificates to secure the system. So the device needs to send CSR and receives its certificates to auth...
After executing sudo maldet -a / LMD provides the following report: HOST: foo.bar.baz SCAN ID: 210117-2223.1145531 STARTED: Jan 17 2021 22:23:26 +0000 COMPLETED: Jan 18 2021 22:01:12 +0000 ELAPSED: 85066s [find: 42s] PATH: / TOTAL FILES: 579780 TOTAL HITS: 2 TOTAL CLEANED: 0 WARNING: Automati...
You have just noticed that an unknown executable file has been downloaded to your machine. Is there a way to tell what the file does before opening it?
I'm getting a NET::ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID for the following google sponsored website: https://viz.mediapipe.dev/ NET::ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID Subject: mediapipe.dev Issuer: GTS CA 1O1 Expires on: 8 Mar 2021 I get this in Chrome only. In both Chromium and Firefox (on Ubuntu OS) the certificate is deemed valid an...
I've heard of too many horror stories of people opening a seemingly innocent docx or pptx file that they've got from a business partner, only to find out that it had embedded malware inside. What should a security conscious person do if they receive a doc or a ppt file that they wish to see the contents of, but cannot ...
I work for a company in which the age of our average user is over 70. We have an app* that helps them collect and submit physiological data to their doctors. I found this question that I believe is helpful if you're helping your mother set a password: Secure Memorable Passwords for Older Users However, we're struggling...
I'm working on an small web application (Flask). The application is only for distributed internal usage, e.g. only users with credentials created by the organization will have access to the services beyond the Login page and the organization creates the users. It needs to be distributed because some of the user base is...
I noticed that certain software does not provide hash anymore nowadays. E.g. Zoom https://zoom.us/download wolf@linux:~$ ls -lh zoom_amd64.deb -rw-rw-r-- 1 wolf wolf 44M Jan 1 00:00 zoom_amd64.deb wolf@linux:~$ I've googled both md5 and sha256 hashes but couldn't find it. wolf@linux:~$ md5sum zoom_amd64.deb 5f4...
If a device sends a request to https://example.com and someone spoofs the DNS response to redirect the request to some malicious server. Would the attacker be able to modify the packets during the TLS handshake to make the original request domain name match and therefore establish the connection?
My friend's credit card details were randomly used to make a two small purchases on a food delivery app, by someone other than my friend. They have already contacted the bank and cancelled the card. My friend contacted the app company to let them know, and the app company replied requesting that my friend provides the ...
In reference to the Solarwinds attack, since many organisations have no access to the source codes of the software vendors from whom they just consume the services, how can organisations defend against supply chain attacks?
It's known that card readers, which use the Wiegand format, can be attacked by installing a sniffer, such as an ESPKey. After the sniffer is installed, whenever anyone uses the reader, their credentials get saved, and the attacker can clone them. What is the defense against this? The article mentions that card readers ...
Is there a way to monitor and manage (block, unblock, log) all internet activity (mainly outoing traffic) from my computer? For example, in my android phone I've installed a VPN tool called "Tracker Control" (from the F-Droid repository) that shows me all outgoing traffic and it's destination (google, facebook, amazon ...
Some months ago I bought a peripheral device for my Windows 10 computer (think of something like a game controller). My home router has a function that allows it to capture all incoming and outgoing traffic of my home network. By chance I was capturing traffic right when my Windows 10 PC was starting up. When I later a...
What are the security risks that someone using HTTPS (everywhere) + DoH is vulnerable to, comparing to someone using a "trusted" VPN?
I know we must keep private keys secure, but as long as we don't share the private key, what can go wrong? How hackers/others can steal/get your private key? What is the possible way that can happen for : Non-educated people (Beginner) People that have basic knowledge like not clicking spam, untrusted link, ads, alway...
It comes to my mind a security problem that I would have accessing some data. My current problem is the following: There is a server in AWS London where you can access some data, by law, that data should be accessible only by Europe. I want to access that data being in Brazil physically but operationally talking in Eu...
The IGAL ransomware is a malicious program that encrypts the personal documents found on the victim’s computer with the “.igal” extension, then displays a message which offers to decrypt the data if payment is made. As predecessors, I am looking for information on how to remove this malicious program. Is there any prog...
I was checking my gmail account spam folder and I noticed an email sent by a known sender. I thought it was flagged as spam by mistake so I opened it. Then I realized the content is the same as another email I sent the same person about a month ago. Even the subject is the same. The sender's name is correct, but I chec...
For security reasons, I have this question in mind. I am not a security professional, so I want to ask: Let's suppose my computer's firmware is hacked. If I disable the wifi driver on windows, can a kind of virus (hidden driver software does not appear in device manager), or the firmware (if infected) use the wireless ...
Just as the title suggests. I have a PasswordStealer on my PC and I'm afraid that it can do that. AFAIK, that malware can record keystrokes and steal saved passwords which I don't mind because I don't store passwords anywhere and I don't type either. But I left all my social media and mail account logged in by cookies....
Is there a reason why OTPs (one-time passwords) are only made up of numbers? I've seen OTPs of varying lengths but all of them are only made up of numbers. Why are they not alphanumeric?
Newbie question, I guess. I want to get a cold wallet for increased security. I also want to start using hardware 2FA (e.g. for e-mail). I see that Ledger advertises 2FA capabilities ('FIDO U2F') on their Nano range. Is there a downside to e.g. buying a Nano X and using it for these two totally different functionalitie...
Due to increasing concerns about privacy online I recently started researching technologies that are supposed to hide our activities from unwanted watchers. I've been learning about workings of VPN servers and there's one concept I cannot quite get my head around. As I understand the way VPN works (correct me if I'm wr...
I am learning TLS handshake and find client/serve will negotiate a cihpersuite during client/server hello. Usually, the last part of a ciphersuite is a hash algorithm, like SHA256 in ECDHE-ECDSA-AES128-SHA256. The second part of a ciphersuite is public key algorithm of server certificate like ECDSA. As we know, public ...
How does one defend, detect and deter golden SAML attacks?
As a full-stack cloud-native (AWS, Azure, and GCP) polyglot (Rust, Golang, Python, and Java) microservices developer, the nagging question that I have is if the use of multiple technology frameworks vs single language (e.g., Java) have increased and improved the overall security posture? Overall, is it more secure to u...
What is a reasonable timeframe that should be defined and enforced for access token expiry to reduce the risk of unauthorized access?
Let's say that Joe gives his PGP public key to Sue so that Sue can send Joe a secret message. Sue opens her PGP/GPG program, types I'm in love with Joe! and encrypts the message with Joe's public key. The result is a blob that only Joe can read, because only he has the private key to his public key. When Joe receives t...
We have microservice-based architecture. Currently, we have APIs which we have exposed over the internet for all users. Now we want to provide APIs to a specific client and only this specific client should be able to access this API. What security practices we should follow? I mean what is the best way to secure such A...
As of this month, the Flash player has been disabled from all mainstream browsers. However, several platforms are still offering ways to use Flash content, most notably the games hosted on said platforms. How (in-) secure is this method of using Flash? And especially how does this differ from last month? Considerations...
Out of curiosity. I am a green as grass programmer coming from other career disciplines and am learning multiple languages right now so play nice and keep it simple please. Interested in simple security protocols for scrambling data before the network. I am curious to know if this very simple, basic method of scramblin...
I'm curious, as a green programmer, if one used layers of encryption methods, would this be more difficult to crack or impossible? Example: Layer 1- encryption method 1 "Encrypt this string" Apply crypto = "encrypted mumbo jumbo" Layer 2- encryption method 2 "encrypted mumbo jumbo" Apply crypto layer 2 = "encrypted mum...
In a talk about a lost or stolen laptop, it is said that: even with hard drive encryption, eventually they can crack these secrets But strong encryption is practically impossible to break. For example, it would take 6 billion years at 100,000 attempts per second to brute force the password of a MacBook using XTS-AES ...
A simple question which I cannot find any guidance on the RFC6749 (or related) spec. I have an eCommerce public client (SPA & mobile), where I want to postpone as much as possible the authentication process (possibly registration too for new customers). I will only ask the customer at the end of his purchase journey to...
For example how do I turn the payload/windows/format_all_drives into an exe without any other fancy addons? (I am talking about using msfvenom FYI)
As per Exclude or display vulnerabilities for non-running Linux kernels : It is possible to have multiple kernels detected on a single Linux host and Qualys will report all vulnerabilities found on all Linux kernels. Linux distributions support the parallel installation of multiple kernel versions. When installing a ...
My employer has a system that clinicians use to capture video data for patient bookings. This comprises two applications running on Windows: A GUI application (Electron/Javascript) A local service (C#). Both applications need to access our API over the internet. Users must log into our API with their own account and ...
VPNs can often be useful for obscuring personably identifying information (IP, geolocation, etc.) from remote destination servers. Traffic is routed through a VPN server and forwarded to the destination. As far as the remote destination servers are concerned, the traffic appears to have originated from the VPN server's...
I'm currently building a web application that utilises Open Banking through Plaid. This means that it pulls a users banking details through a generated 'access token'. I've been toying with the concept of how to persist this user data. My reasoning for this is that the Plaid API gets pulled on every web page that requi...
I've been reading many research articles about RoT - Root of Trust - for establishing a chained root of trust going up from BIOS to the Kernel. However, most of the article go briefly on how RoT works for different brands. A good article on RoT is RoT: The Foundation of Security by Lawrence Liu. However, one of the big...
I know there are lots of posts on the same origin policy, but I specifically want to understand why it can't be done in this simpler way. If evil.com makes sends a request to bank.com, browsers will not add cookies (so unauthenticated). Now you could have cross origin requests with no security issues?
I have this scenario: I want to create a WiFi network for a hotel that the customers should pay to gain access to the internet. I tried Captive portal, but captive portal is very vulnerable against MAC spoofing. So I tried wpa2-enterprise without Captive Portal. But NAS(Access Point) in wpa2-enterprise doesn't enforc...
I apologize if this isn't the best exchange to be asking in, but I'm a little new at this. Problem: A close relation outside my local area with declining cognitive function is demonstrating increasingly poor infosec practices. I have a plan to try preserver their online freedom while keeping them reasonably safe, but h...
I am currently reading the network exploitation section of the book Hacking: The art of exploitation. The book covers ARP spoofing attack in brief, but doesn't go over much detail. Before starting I would like to tell what kind of system/peripherals I would be using. I use a System that accesses internet via Ethernet ...
Like the question says, I am wondering if there are some viruses that do not write machine code themselves, but instead output assembly code and invoke an external assembler? That sounds like a plausible attack on Linux systems, where as (GNU Assembler) is usually present in the PATH. I know that assemblers and linkers...
One problem with passwords is that if they can be broken as follows: pick a random password hash it compare that hash to other known hashes This way, you have broken the password. Then if you can access the hash of a password, you can reverse-engineer it to find out the password. However, isn't this easily fixed by t...
Many IOT devices and routers manufacturers hardcode plaintext default passwords in their devices. Why don't they store the hashed password instead? For what functionality do they need the plaintext password?
I was practicing bruteforce attacks using John The Ripper. I want to crack a zip file. I obtained the hash and stored it in a zip file but when I attempt to crack the zip file it is giving me an error saying No password hashes loaded This is the hash inside my passwordFile Traffic.zip:$pkzip2$22108249fd823cdef...
I'm receiving long hexadecimal requests on my webserver, such as: /f588069cda088c9a0fc25509fc4ed8418fe47a447683243395e649753d2d4b87cce9c4b3cc16cb5f44068e6da475dbffa9689b9ad237b5c941bb9ad2aa6759f7e4e39ba3012202cdce328f7eccc7efa48642eec1870e15c39924bc3c790ba04c I've tried to decode them using hexadecimal convertor tools,...
I have PDF, Word and MP4 files on my site and I want to protect them from illegal downloading even if my site hacked. I want to put executable code in the files, so if someone downloads and opens them, the code is run to check if the file location is not the server or a specific location that I define. If not, the file...
I want to know the status of remote, code executing vulnerabilities of old Windows operating systems that are left unfixed, if they exist at all. Exploits like EternalBlue or BlueKeep wreaked havoc on many systems, but Microsoft did issue a patch even for Windows versions that are past EOL. Seeing that I wonder what th...
I am building a system where the clients should be able to communicate with each other. However I want all the data to be hidden from the server where the information is stored in a database. How can the users invite more users and share the encryption key without that the server also get the key? First user creates a...
I generated an RSA Private Key using openssl genrsa -out mykey.pem 2048 To extract the public key I have found 2 commands, one using openssl : openssl rsa -in mykey.pem -pubout > mykey.pub And the other using ssh-keygen: ssh-keygen -y -f mykey.pem > mykey.pub However I noticed that boths outputs doesn't look anything...
I have an Android 11 device and many of my apps and system apps use MD5withRSA or SHA1withRSA as signature algorithm by default. Why should I take my apps SHA256withRSA or SHA512withRSA? Are there any advantages, if so what are they? Are there also performance and stability issues?
After reading about Emails a browser extension developer gets from scammers (and the comments here) I understand that there are people who try to convince good addon developers to introduce shady (or outright malicious) code into their extensions. This means that the users of addons have to be extremely careful to make...
We've received several rua reports indicating that one of our direct competitors is sending emails with our domain in the mail from headers. I do not have access to the actual emails sources, and I have no idea what would cause this. The one cause I can think of is that somebody at the competitors company is sending ou...
I am using Chrome 87 with Jitsi Meet 2.0, but I have noticed this behavior too with other setups. When I first enter a room, Chrome asks for the following permissions: Even if I click "Block" to deny these permissions, Jitsi still appears to have access to my entire screen when I click the "Share your screen" button, ...
The following CSP directive violation is reported: [csp-report] ( [document-uri] => https://mysite.com/my-page/ [referrer] => https://www.google.com/ [violated-directive] => img-src [effective-directive] => img-src [original-policy] => img-src 'self' https://various.uris <but...
According to multiple sources such as snyk and infoq, preventing a "Zip Slip" vulnerability in Java can be achieved by denying writes outside the target directory: String canonicalDestDirPath = destDir.getCanonicalPath(); File destfile = new File(destDir, e.getName()); String canonicalDestFile destfile.getCanonicalPath...
I finally found a Chromium fork which appears to have made a serious effort to remove all the Google cancer. Sadly, I see this: https://ungoogled-software.github.io/ungoogled-chromium-binaries/ IMPORTANT: These binaries are provided by anyone who are willing to build and submit them. Because these binaries are not nec...
This article on thomas-krenn.com states: Because an ATA trim will be performed by NTFS with Windows 7 or when formatting using Ext4 from mke2fs 1.41.10 or XFS from xfsprogs 3.1.0, the secure erase procedure is no longer necessary [...]. From my understanding, the SSD's garbage collector will run some time after the S...
While working on packaging my Python app, I attempted to install it locally from the parent directory by typing the following command: pip install cms/ However, I instead typed the following command: pip install cms Which unintentionally installed this package from PyPi. I have looked through the installed source cod...
If I use a VM on a laptop which is connected to a work or public wifi, can the host machine be accessed by anyone also connected to wifi? I'm thinking along the lines of if I were to use my laptop on a public or work wifi to connect either to the internet or to my home network. I'd be using a using a VPN so I'm reason...
I'm Studying at a University that has a public network around campus that all students use. This network is even available at the dorms. Since all devices are connected to the same network, is my private information (Banking info, private photos, etc) in danger? Could someone spy on me through my webcam? I found that y...
I am considering switching over to Brave and maybe also use it's sync feature for settings, and maybe even passwords if it's good enough. I do use a password generator but out of laziness I happen to sometimes store passwords locally. In their FAQ they state that they use a seed that's then stretched with scrypt(N = 2...
I have read about TPM that these are the secured ways of storing cryptographic keys. I want to know how can I use it. I have an application running on a PC which has TPM. This application has hard coded symmetric key in it.AS the hard coding the keys are not recommended from security point of view , I want to store my ...
I am testing my application SSL configuration in Qualys SSL Labs and as a result, I have this cipher suites labeled as weak: But according to https://ciphersuite.info/ all of these cipher suites are secure or even recommended. How should I interpret this? Do you think that all these "weak" cipher suites should be disa...

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