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Compensability for occupational diseases has become commonplace in most, if not all, jurisdictions throughout the country; however, the majority of claims filed allege physical rather than mental disability. The California Workers' Compensation Institute recently published their study of mental stress claims which indicated an increase of 430 percent in the number of claims filed from 1980 to 1986.
The main causes for these claims include job pressures, harassment, and job termination. Other types of discrimination and stressors account for a small percentage of the claims filed.
The age of the worker also appears as a significant variable in determining whether a claim for mental stress is filed. In general, younger workers are more likely to file such claims than older workers. Almost 60% of the claims reported by the National Council on Compensation Insurance were filed by workers under the age of 40. (A complete breakdown is shown in the chart entitled "Mental Stress Claims--Age of Worker." National Council on Compensation Insurance, 1985.) It is possible that the stigma associated with mental or emotional illness has been reduced, thus enabling workers who are experiencing these conditions to file claims; whereas their older counterparts have preferred to keep their emotional problems out of the public eye. Another possible explanation for the increased filing of mental stress claims in general may be the faster-paced world in which we now live and the increased pressures on families where both spouses must work.
For many years, employment situations have led to stressful conditions for employees. An employee may be faced with stress generated by the immediate performance of the task itself or by collateral problems associated with the work environment. The decade of the 1980's has brought with it an increased awareness of and sensitivity to the sociological and environmental aspects of the workplace. New attention has been focused upon such areas as sexual harassment, the dangers of co-workers' smoking in the workplace, and the threat of communicable diseases such as AIDS.
Mental disease has been a challenge to the workers' compensation system since its inception. The complexity of the causal relationship of psychological, emotional, and nervous disorders to a work environment and the subjective analysis of various mental disorders have been a challenge to the objective standards of the workers' compensation system, the underlying basis of which is to provide benefits to disabled workers through social remedial legislation.
Mental stress claims are generally divided into 3 classifications:
Claims in which physical injury results in mental disability;
Claims in which mental stress results in physical disability;
Claims in which mental stress results in mental disability.
Physical Injury-Mental Disability
Disabilities caused by traumatic events which result in mental disability have been afforded compensation under the New Jersey Act. Both psychoneurosis and conversion hysteria flowing from industrial accidents have been deemed compensable. In Watts v. City of Newark, 25 N.J. Misc. 402 (Com.Pl. 1947), the court concluded that a hysteria may be the cause of a disabling condition in the absence of any discernible and anatomical cause.
Indeed, it was the absence of apparent connection between the objective, discernible, tangible event and the neurotic symptoms which caused the condition to be termed "an hysteria." In this case, since even the physicians appearing for the respondent were unwilling to term the claimant a malingerer, the petitioner was awarded 100% total disability as a result of severe psychoneurosis and conversion hysteria.
In another situation, an employee who suffered a serious back injury with permanent physical impairment also suffered mental consequences which resulted in permanent psychiatric disability. Psychiatric experts on both sides independently concluded that the worker was suffering from a state of mind that constituted a mental disorder. Their determination was based upon sound professional medical judgment, thereby constituting objective medical evidence of the employee's psychiatric disability under the Act. Margaritondo v. Stauffer Chemical Company, 217 N.J.Super. 560 (App.Div. 1985), remanded by 104 N.J. 388 (1986), aff'd on rehearing 217 N.J.Super. 565 (App.Div. 1986).
Mental Stress-Physical Disability
In instances where mental stress results in either a traumatic event or disability which is physical in nature, the courts have continued to award compensation benefits. In Hall v. Doremus, 114 N.J.L. 47 (1934), an individual who was employed as a laborer on a farm, who was unloading a wagon containing hay, and who was stunned when he discovered a cow giving birth, suffered a "terrifying ordeal" and was permitted to receive workers' compensation benefits for a fractured skull which he sustained as a result of his fainting and falling to a concrete floor.
In a more recent case, an office worker who was hired as a bookkeeper was permitted to recover compensation benefits for a coronary infarction which was said to have been caused by her failure to balance her books. The court took into consideration her pre-existing hypertension but nevertheless concluded that the incident was a work-related event. The court decided that it was more probable that a person of the employee's age, emotional fears, and pre-existing hypertension would suffer such stress as a result of her concern for her failure to provide a correct accounting and that this would be sufficient to precipitate or accelerate the resulting coronary infarction. Coleman v. Andrew Jergens Company, 65 N.J.Super. 592 (Law Div. 1961).
The courts have recognized that physical stress and strain can result in physical injury; the courts have also concluded that continued emotional stress to which an employee may be subjected may be considered to be a factor in the causation, exacerbation, or acceleration of the progression of physical conditions such as artherosclerotic disease. In interpreting the phrase "substantial condition, event, or happening" as promulgated in N.J.S.A. 34:15-7.2, the court determined that the employee's activities should be measured against the "wear and tear of the claimant's daily living." Therefore, the level of a claimant's emotional stress can also be recognized as a standard against which a particular event can be measured. Hellwig v. J.F. Rast & Company, Inc., 110 N.J. 37 (1988).
Mental Stress-Mental Disability
Jurisdictions throughout the United States have had divergent opinions with regard to the recognition of psychiatric disability flowing from mental disorders. Two major schools of thought exist with regard to this area of law. The Michigan approach is that an injury caused by gradual mental stimuli is considered compensable. An assembly line worker who suffered from paranoid schizophrenia was awarded benefits. In this case, the award was based upon the employee's purely subjective reactions to the work which in turn were based upon his own perception of his inability to maintain the production rate of the assembly line. Carter v. General Motor Corporation, 361 Mich. 577 (Mich. 1960). The ruling was extended to another factual situation in which, as a result of being a compulsive perfectionist, an employee became irritable and nervous about the poor working habits of his co-worker. The perfectionist's abnormal perception of his employment was considered not to have diminished the causal nexus, and compensation was awarded for the resulting psychoneurosis since the disturbance that the individual experienced was not imaginary to him. MacKenzie v. General Motors Corporation, 403 Mich. 1 (Mich. 1978).
On the other end of the spectrum of the jurisdictional split is Wisconsin's so-called "objective" approach, where "out of the ordinary stress is required." The test for compensability for mental disease flowing from mental stress is that there be a situation which would exist which is greater than the dimensions of normal day to day stress and tensions which employees experience. In one particular claim, a schizophrenic suffered a mental breakdown which was alleged to have occurred as a result of pressure caused by seasonal business and harassment by her supervisor. The work stress experienced by the employee was considered by the petitioner's medical expert to be the principal cause and major factor in her mental breakdown, and benefits were awarded. Swiss Colony v. Department of ILHR, 72 Wis.2d 46 (Wis. 1976).
California adopted a more moderate approach in the early 1970's holding compensable those matters where gradual mental stress occurred in the ordinary pursuit of daily employment activity and resulted in mental disability. In Baker v. Workmen's Compensation Appeals Board, 18 Cal.App.3d 852, (Cal. Ct. App. 1971) a full time fire fighter was exposed to fumes and smoke while battling a blaze in 1953. Over the years he continued to be exposed to acrid fumes and smoke, and he continued to complain of physical disability although objective findings were absent. His condition became progressively worse, and in 1968 he was unable to work and was declared to be totally and permanently disabled. Evidence was presented that the claimant was preoccupied with heart disease as a result of stressful experiences and fatigue and some probable lung damage.
The court indicated that the fire fighter suffered from a psychoneurotic syndrome which it described as "cardiac neurosis." It attributed this mental disability to the claimant's work environment and to the cumulative effect of the daily stress and strain of his employment.
In a generally imperfect world which subjects employees to stress and anxiety from many aspects of daily living, California further defined its approach to permit compensability where the employment is merely one of the contributing causes which would be determined to be proximate to the resulting mental disability. A cake baker who had a series of conflicts with her supervisor concerning scheduling of work hours and a temporary layoff and who was said to have had an honest misperception of job harassment was awarded compensation benefits even though she had suffered stress from pre-existing conditions including marriage to a brutal (first) husband and a childhood traumatized by parental divorce. Albertson's Inc. v. Workers' Compensation Appeals Board, 131 Cal.App.3d 308 (Cal. Ct. App. 1982).
New Jersey has followed a consistent middle of the road approach and has permitted the awarding of compensation benefits for mental injuries where no physical disability is evident. A steam engineer who sustained no physical injuries but who suffered from a complete psychoneurotic disability as a result of the explosion of a steampipe in a boiler room was permitted to recover disability benefits. Evidence presented demonstrated that the employee's state of comparative health changed dramatically as a result of the psychic trauma. Simon v. R.H.H. Steel Laundry, Inc., 25 N.J.Super. 50 (1953), aff'd 26 N.J.Super. 598 (N.J. 1953).
New Jersey requires that a disability be established, that the disability arise out of the employment and that the petitioner carry the burden of proof through the use of objective evidence. An individual who was labelled an "idiot" by a co-worker, who suffered a "nervous spell" and who was taken by her father for one visit to a treating physician for a "nervous spell" was denied benefits for her failure to establish disability under the Act. Voss v. Prudential Insurance Company,
14 N.J.Misc. 791 (N.J. Dept. of Labor 1936). Additionally, a New Jersey assembly line worker in a case similar to the factual situation in Carter, supra, was denied benefits for a disability based upon repetitive mental strain. In interpreting the decision based on the law prior to the 1979 amendments to the Workers' Compensation Act, the court recognized the longstanding Ciuba doctrine, which eliminated the need to show unusual strain or exertion, Ciuba v. Irvington Varnish & Insulator Co., 27 N.J. 127 (N.J. 1958), but denied compensability based upon a lack of evidence demonstrating that the mental disability "arose out of the employment." While rejecting the totally subjective course followed by Michigan, the courts in New Jersey appear to have adopted an approach which requires an objective evidential basis demonstrating that a mental disability arose out of an employment and was due in some "realistic sense of material degree to a risk reasonably incident to the employment." The New Jersey system will not rely upon the purely subjective reaction of the employee and his perception of his work demands. The court will not rely solely upon the petitioner's unrealistic perception of the work since it considers such an evaluation to be made by a "diseased mind." The court has indicated that testimony by co-workers with regard to the conditions of the employment as well as testimony by medical experts to support causal relationship will be required to support a claim. Williams v. Western Electric Company, 178 N.J. Super. 571 (N.J.App.Div. 1981).
In summary, the courts in New Jersey permit the awarding of workers' compensation benefits in those instances where psychological disability can be shown to have arisen out of the employment and can be substantiated by objective medical evidence. Where a mental disability can be considered occupational rather than traumatic in origin, the time frame for instituting a claim for benefits would be based upon when the disease is recognized as causally related to the employment, as it would be with any other occupational disease claim. As the condition of mental disability due to employment stress becomes more widely recognized in New Jersey, the number of claims filed will probably follow the trend which was established in California during the 1980's.
By Jon L. Gelman
This article was reprinted by permission by the New Jersey Law Journal, Cite as 123 N.J.L.J. 7 (Feb. 16, 1989)
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Diamonds are fascinating.
They really are…
They carry a lot of mystery and myth with them. No matter how much you know about diamonds, there are some things you probably don’t.
Below are 15 facts you may not know. Some are simple and common sense, others may surprise you.
See for yourself.
15 Things you don’t know about diamonds.
1) Diamonds last forever:
Remember the phrase “Diamonds are forever?“, well, it’s true. Diamonds are forever. Diamonds were born over a billion years ago and they still look brand new today. When they say forever, they mean it.
The only way to harm a diamond is to chip or break it. Otherwise it will be brand new for another billion years.
Which brings us to…
2) Diamonds can be chipped:
Most people are under the impression that you cannot chip or break a diamond. But it happens, and it happens more often than you know.
The vulnerable part of a diamond is around the outer edge (the girdle), where it’s the thinnest and the weakest. One sharp blow at the right angle and pressure could cause your diamond to splinter or shatter.
3) Diamonds are not the hardest substance:
Everyone thinks that diamond is the hardest substance on the face of the Earth. But they are wrong.
Diamond is the hardest ‘natural‘ substance, but, certain man-made substances like nanorods are harder.
4) Diamonds are 100% pure carbon:
Carbon is a funny thing. It’s both strong, yet very weak. Take pencil lead for example. Pencil lead (graphite) is made of carbon. Graphite is very soft, it’s a 1 on the Moh’s Scale of Hardness. But, when mother nature adds heat and pressure to this carbon, it transforms into a diamond (10 on the Moh’s Scale). From one end of the scale to the other, carbon is a crazy thing.
5) Diamond is the #1 inclusion:
The most common type of inclusion found in a diamond is actually diamond. It’s true. Pieces of diamond that never formed properly or crystallized like the rest of the diamond leave inclusions inside the stone. Things like pinpoints, naturals, feathers, and crystals.
Diamond is the #1 inclusion.
6) Diamonds are not identical:
No two diamonds are alike. Every diamond is different. Everything born or made in nature is. Every diamond has its own unique flaws, characteristics, color, inclusions and imperfections that make it one-of-a- kind, just like a fingerprint.
7) Most diamonds are yellow:
Many would think that diamonds are white in color, but the truth of the matter is, most diamonds have a yellow cast or hue to them. Only diamond colors D-E and F are pure white. Everything else is off-white or slightly yellow, not to mention, other fun colors like browns, grays, or fancy colors.
8) Diamonds come in all colors:
Diamonds come in all colors of the rainbow. Once you get into the fancy colors (Z+) on the Diamond Grading Color Chart, you’ll see that Diamonds come in awesome colors like blue (The Hope Diamond), yellow, orange, red (the rarest color), pink, purple, green, brown (champagne and chocolate diamonds), and black diamonds.
9) Diamonds glow in the dark:
Some diamonds have the natural ability to glow in the dark. They have something that is called fluorescence. Fluorescence is a unique trait that allows a diamond to glow under an ultraviolet light. The next time you’re around a black light, check it out. Your diamond may be glowing.
This might sound like a cool feature, but it’s something that I don’t recommend. Read: Diamond fluorescence.
10) Diamonds are not perfect:
Every diamond has something that keeps it from being truly perfect. It can have perfect color (D), and perfect clarity (flawless), but what about a perfect cut? Or a perfect carat weight? There are none. The ideal cut, which many consider perfect, varies in percentages. Is this range really ideal? Carat weights can also vary. There is no perfect weight. Nothing is perfect. Cut and weight are all subjective. The perfect diamond does not exist.
11) There are no diamond chips:
People believe that all small diamonds are just “chips“. This is not true.
The fact is, jewelers don’t use chips in jewelry anymore. In the old days, really old days, before they had machines that could cut such small diamonds, jewelers would use diamonds that were rough, fractured, chipped or broken in jewelry. In other words, “chips” or chunks of the stone were set into mountings. Under a microscope they would look like pieces of broken glass.
Zoom ahead to the modern era and we have now have machines that can cut these small, tiny stones. This cut is usually called the single cut diamond. It’s a cut of diamond that has 16-18 facets on it, unlike the brilliant cut (full cut diamond) that has 58 facets.
The only way you will ever see a “chip” nowadays, is if you are looking at old, antique pieces. And even then it’s extremely fare.
12) Diamonds are used:
Used diamonds? It’s true. Some diamonds have been used before. Because diamonds look brand new forever, and because people are always trading them in, selling them, exchanging them, and pawning them, you could be purchasing a diamond that someone else has worn before (used) and never even know it.
Don’t be alarmed about this, since diamonds will never show any real signs of wear and tear (unless you break them), they will be officially new forever. Hence, diamonds can always be sold as new.
13) Diamonds are not a good investment:
Just like a car, once you buy a diamond, the value drops. You will never (unless you’re really lucky) get the full price you paid for a diamond if you sold it. You’d be lucky to get half (and normally, it’s more like 20-30%).
The reason being? There isn’t a market for buying diamonds… Only selling them.
So always buy a diamond because you want one, not because you think you could make a profit on it later. It’s not going to happen.
14) Diamonds are not the most expensive gem:
Believe it or not, but some gemstones (like ruby, emerald, sapphire or alexandrite) could bring in higher prices than a diamond can. Of course, it’s all based upon size, clarity, color and rarity, but some gems are more valuable than a diamond is.
15) Jewelers make very little profit on diamonds:
People tend to think that jewelers make big bucks on diamonds. The truth is, jewelers make very little on these transitions. In fact, jewelers make less money selling diamonds than any other item in the store.
There is way too much competition in the industry for diamonds. Price margins are slim. Jewelers will be lucky to make 5-10% profit. And diamonds that are of larger carat weights with great color and clarity, jewelers will probably make even less. There is not a huge market for expensive stones. This keeps the diamond margins down. Demand is not high enough.
So there you go, 15 facts you may not have known about diamonds…
Consider yourself informed.
You May Also Like:
You May Also Like:
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AP Human Geography Practice Exams
There are plenty of great AP Human Geography practice exams available. Our list below shows the very best options to choose from. Start your test prep right now!
ALBERT’s Geography Tests
Hundreds of challenging AP Geography questions that are organized by topic. Mostly free, but full access requires a subscription.
AP Human Geography Practice Test
A great set of free practice tests that cover all 7 topics from the course. These questions are very similar to those found on the AP exams. Detailed explanations are included.
This is a free online AP Human Geography practice test from Barron’s. A complete test that includes a full set of free response questions as well.
REA Practice Test
Another full-length practice test that features multiple choice and free response questions. Detailed explanations are included.
Textbook Self Tests
Multiple-choice quizzes for each of the 14 chapters of Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture by de Blij, Murphy, and Fouberg.
More Chapter Quizzes
At the Student Center for Fellmann’s Human Geography: Landscapes of Human Activities you will find two interactive quizzes for each chapter. Tons of practice questions!
Online quizzes for all 14 units of the course. There are also some cool map quizzes and world capitals quizzes. Be sure to check out this amazing resource!
Quia Practice Test
This is a really cool fill-in-the-blank AP Geo practice test. It was posted on Quia by Mrs. Christine Bell, and features a total of 40 challenging questions.
Practice Test 2010
Here’s another Quiz test to try. this one features 200 AP Geography multiple choice questions. A nice way to prepare for your final exam.
Practice Test 2011
Another 179 questions from Mrs. Bell. This even includes one essay question at the end.
Quizlet Exam Flashcards
Hundreds of amazing flashcards to help with your final exam review. These 929 terms can also be reviewed as a practice test or a matching game.
Check out these 948 free online flashcards. The cool thing about these is that you can choose to review the whole set or just focus on specific topics.
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Findings from a Cornell University study, which appear in the journal Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, found that compared to eggs and beef, eating fish resulted in increased levels of circulating trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO).
High levels of TMAO are naturally found in fish and in humans the gut bacteria firmicutes, aids in convert the nutrient choline (from eggs) and carnitine (from meat) into TMAO.
It was found that higher levels of firmicutes compared to another bacterial species bacteroidetes in some individuals resulted in greater TMAO production and subsequent levels - a known predictive risk factor for heart disease in cardiac patients.
The results raise a host of questions, one of which asks whether the gut microbiome is playing a role in the disease process rather than the TMAO itself.
"My hypothesis is that diseased individuals - whether it's heart disease, cancer or other chronic diseases - are going to have a different microbiome than non-diseased individuals,” said Dr Marie Caudill, Cornell professor of nutritional sciences and lead author of the study. “The microbiome can be marked by TMAO levels in the blood."
Another question involves the role of TMAO and whether it causes heart disease or is simply a sign of the disease’s progression.
The team employed a randomised, controlled crossover design, where 40 healthy men aged 21–50 years with a BMI of 20–29.9 kg/m2 were recruited. Blood and urine samples were obtained at the start of the study.
Participants then consumed four different study meals. These meals were (1) three eggs, (2) six ounces of beef, (3) six ounces of fish (cod) and (4) a control meal of fruit. Each of these meals was administered in random order in a single day separated by a one-week period.
Following the consumption of the study meal, blood samples were obtained again, this time at 15 and 30 minutes, and one, two, four, and six hours and each participant provided urine samples throughout the six hour study period. These were carried out in order to measure TMAO levels.
At 4.5 hours the men ate a fixed snack of apple sauce and water. Throughout each study session, participants refrained from eating and drinking foods and beverages (other than water) outside those provided by the study.
Results showed that fish produced a higher circulating and urinary TMAO concentration (46–62 times) when compared to eggs, beef, or the fruit control.
Circulating TMAO concentrations were elevated after 15 minutes of fish consumption, indicating that dietary TMAO could be absorbed without processing by gut microbes.
Analysis of the subject’s genes showed that high-TMAO producers (more than a 20% increase in urinary TMAO after eating eggs and beef) had more Firmicutes than Bacteroidetes and less gut microbiota diversity.
"This provides some evidence that the elevation in TMAO may simply be a biomarker of differences in the gut microbiome," said Caudill.
“It is very likely that our diets interact with our gut microbiome to influence disease risk, and that our diet influences our gut microbiome composition,” she added.
Dietary changes needed?
The effects of animal source foods on TMAO generation, absorption, and elimination in healthy adults, however has suffered from a lack of attention.
The study concluded that recent studies proposing TMAO as a causative agent for cardiovascular disease, could give reason for some to advise on the restriction of animal source foods that raise circulating TMAO concentrations. However, Caudill remained cautious.
“Unless it is demonstrated that TMAO is a causative agent in the disease process, eating fish in recommended quantities does not need to be re-examined,” she said. “Likewise, people should not be restricting consumption of foods such as eggs and meat because of their TMAO raising properties.”
“It seems prudent at this time to place the emphasis on a high quality plant based diet that incorporates lean sources of meat (and eggs) to meet nutritional requirements.”
Source: Molecular Nutrition and Food Research
Published online ahead of print, DOI 10.1002/mnfr.201600324
“Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) response to animal source foods varies among healthy young men and is influenced by their gut microbiota composition: A randomized controlled trial.”
Authors: Marie Caudill et al.
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A character in the play "The widdow Ranter": Semernia, a Native American queen, with two black pageboys. Mezzotint by W. Vincent.
- Vincent, William, active 17th century.
About this work
Identified by Chaloner Smith (loc. cit.) as the actress Anne Bracegirdle in character. She may be playing the role of Semernia, the Native American queen, in Aphra Behn's play "The widdow Ranter" (1688-1689). She wears a headdress of feathers and pearls, earrings, a necklace, and bracelets and a fringed dress. She holds a fan of feathers and is attended by two black boys, of whom one holds her train and the other a parasol over her head. In the background is a landscape with a river and hills, supposed to represent the "sevana" (savannah) of Virginia. She is described in the Dramatis personae as "Indian Queen, call'd Semernia, belov'd by [Nathaniel] Bacon" (edition published in Lon don by James Knapton, 1690). In Act V scene 1 she appears disguised as a male Native American warrior and is killed by Bacon: previously she appears in female dress, as here. Less likely (as there is no suitable scene in the play) is the interpretation of Chaloner Smith (loc. cit.) , who identifies her as the title character in The Indian queen, a play by Sir Robert Howard and John Dryden, which was first performed in 1664: it was set in Mexico "The widdow Ranter, or, The history of Bacon in Virginia was probably written in 1688, first performed in late 1689, and published in 1690. It is a highly fictionalized drama of Bacon's Rebellion of 1676 in Virginia, when Nathaniel Bacon (c.1640-1676), commander of a volunteer force of Indian fighters, succeeded for several months in overthrowing the government of Sir William Berkeley, who had declared Bacon a rebel and refused to countenance or commission his actions against the Indians. Mrs. Behn's play casts Bacon as a classical hero, motivated by "Honour", and in love with an Indian princess. A variety of supporting characters present a less-than-flattering picture of colonial life and mores. The title character, the young and wealthy widow Ranter, puts on mens clothes and fights in several battles. The work ends tragically for Bacon, the Indian princess Semernia, and the Indian king Cavarnio; but comically and happily for everyone else. Its treatments of race, class, gender, rebellion, cross-dressing, sexuality, and miscegenation make it full of interest for a wide range of students of early America"--Paul Royster, Electronic texts in American studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, online December 2018
The Indian queen. W. Vincent fe.
[London] : J. Smith ex, [1690?]
1 print : mezzotint
John Chaloner Smith, British mezzotinto portraits, vol. 3, London 1883, pp. 1424-1425, Vincent no. 1
Wellcome Library no. 4001i
Where to find it
You can use this work for any purpose, including commercial uses, without restriction under copyright law. You should also provide attribution to the original work, source and licence.
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) terms and conditions https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
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Trip to Jerusalem by Jennifer Tolbert
This is the story of what happened when Mary and Joseph took 12-year-old Jesus to Jerusalem to celebrate Passover.
1. Jesus knew he was God's son from a young age.
2. Jesus was faithful to God and to his parents as he grew up.
3. We can trust God's plan, even when we don't always understand it.
"For God so loved the world, that he gave his only Son, that whoever believes in him should not perish but have eternal life." - John 3:16
Read Your Bible and Pray Every day
Be Still and Know
I Love the Lord Messiah
Said I Wasn't
Shine Jesus Shine
Stand Up and Shout It
Begin Class with Songs, Games, Table Activity, or Sharing Time
Open Class in Prayer
Introducing the Story Ideas
1. Talk About Homes
Ask the children what they like best about their home. Who is in their home? What makes it feel like home? Say: Today, we are talking about a time when Jesus was just a boy. He was supposed to be going home but he felt just as at home in the temple. Why do you think that is?
2. Simple Maze
Give the kids a simple maze. Talk about the idea of finding your way. Today, we are going to talk about Mary and Joseph had to find their way back to Jesus.
3. Lost and Found
Ask the kids about what it feels like to be lost? Have they ever gotten lost before? How did they feel? How did their parents feel?
READ Luke 2:41-52 or tell the story of Jesus lost in Jerusalem as a child.
1. How old was Jesus in the story?
2. How do you think Joseph and Mary felt when they couldn't find Jesus?
3. Where did they find Jesus?
4. What did Jesus say when they found him?
Connect the story back to God and his character. Explain how this story fits into God's plan for salvation.
1. Memory Verse Measuring Tapes by Trueway Kids
Supplies: Template, Colors, Scissors, Glue
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For most of the 19th and 20th centuries, the city of Chicago was one of the most desirable destinations for immigrants. Emerging in the late 19th century as the hub of midwestern development, Chicago had good rail access from eastern ports of entry, and its slaughterhouses and industries provided jobs for unskilled workers. Large numbers of Germans, Irish, Swedes, Norwegians, Canadians, Czechs, Poles, Greeks, and Italians clustered there in the 19th and early 20th centuries. After World War II (1939–45), Bosnian Muslims, Latvians, Lithuanians, Pakistanis, Mexicans, and Hasidic Jews created significant enclaves in Chicago. According to the 2000 U.S. census, Chicago had the third largest Hispanic population in the United States (753,644, behind New York City and Los Angeles) and the seventh largest Asian population (125,974). Its foreign-born population was about 1.1 million.
Chicago began as a small military outpost established in 1816. By 1833, it was incorporated as a village with a population of more than 150. When the government forced a land settlement on the local Indian tribes, removing them west of the Mississippi River, the European population boomed. By 1848, a canal was completed linking Chicago to the Mississippi, and by 1856, it was the hub of 10 railroads. The city continued to grow during and after the Civil War (1861–65), becoming the leading grain, livestock, and lumber market in the world. In 1870, Chicago’s population of almost 300,000 was 17 percent German (52,316) and 13 percent Irish (40,000), with the percentage of foreign born rapidly rising. Unprepared for the rapid influx of inhabitants, the city was host to overcrowding, disease, and degraded living conditions.
In response to the plight of the immigrants, in 1889, Jane Addams opened the Hull-House settlement to provide assistance to the urban poor. The large pool of unskilled labor fueled the city’s economic development but also led to tensions. In May 1886, the deadly Haymarket bombing during a labor rally revived nativist fears of immigrant radicalism. By 1890, Chicago was second only to New York in population and a magnet for numerous immigrant groups. In 1900, Swedes comprised almost 9 percent of Chicago’s population (150,000), making it second only to Stockholm in Swedish population. By 1920, it was the largest Norwegian city in the world besides Oslo, and there was already a Polish population of 400,000. Between 1910 and 1920, at the peak of early 20th-century immigration, about threefourths of Chicago’s population was either first- or secondgeneration immigrant.
Charles Sawer, gateman at Union Station, Chicago, Illinois, 1943. In multiethnic Chicago, a man like Sawer was useful in the train station, where he served as an interpreter in Yiddish, Polish, German, Russian, Slovak, and Spanish. (Photo by Jack Delano/Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division)
After World War I (1914–18), most of the immigrant groups, including Czechs, Italians, Poles, and Greeks, began to disperse into new neighborhoods and eventually the suburbs, replaced by African Americans and other southerners moving north for industrial work. A Mexican community was well established by 1920, having moved north to work in steel mills and meatpacking plants. By the 1920s, the children and grandchildren of the “new immigrants” were developing a strong middle-class base (see new immigration). Together with economic ascendancy came greater opportunities for leadership and financial backing, both necessary to begin to influence the political process. A milestone was reached in 1930 when Anton J. Cermak, born in a mining town northwest of Prague, was elected mayor of Chicago. From that point forward, most of the old European immigrant groups rapidly assimilated into the mainstream of Chicago social and political life. Still, Chicago was a city of immigrants. In 1927, almost 30 percent of its population was born in Europe. The Jewish population alone, composed largely of poor eastern Europeans, was 275,000.
After World War II (1939–45), Chicago continued to attract immigrants. Historically a city populated mainly by Europeans and African Americans, it became one of the most ethnically diverse cities in the world. Mexicans continued to join the “colony” established after 1910, settling mainly in South Chicago. Apart from the largely assimilated Germans and Irish, Mexican Americans formed the largest ethnic group in Chicago by far, with a population of 1,132,147 in 2001 (in the greater Chicago-Gary- Kenosha area). Vietnamese, Laotians, and Cambodians fleeing in the aftermath of the Vietnam War (1964–75) and the Khmer repression came in large numbers during the late 1970s and early 1980s, congregating in the North Side neighborhood of Uptown. By 2000, there were about 25,000 Southeast Asians living in Chicago. Asian Indians were one of the most rapidly growing populations, settling mainly in western and northwestern suburbs. Indian Americans benefited greatly from provisions of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, abolishing racial quotas and favoring skilled workers such as engineers and medical professionals. The act also gave preference to family reunification, which enabled Indians to bring their families to Chicago. Between 1980 and 2000, their numbers grew from about 32,000 to 123,000. There were also large populations of Puerto Ricans (161,655) and Chinese (78,277). In 1990–91, more than 5,000 Soviet Jews were relocated in Chicago, representing more than 9 percent of all Jewish émigrés to the United States. During the 1990s, Chicago was still the fourth most popular destination for immigrants, ranking behind New York City, Los Angeles, and Miami, Florida.
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Organizational culture development the induction or orientation component of a program is distinct from actual job training in induction, employees learn the philosophies, values and culture of the organization. Spemann and mangold’s work with induction and organization in developing embryologists continue to study the spemann-mangold organizer and induction. Induction of employee is the first step towards gaining an employees' commitment, induction is aimed at introducing the job and organization to the recruit and him or her to the organization. New employee orientation is a critical factor in helping a new employee develop a productive, lasting relationship with your organization here are tips. Induction is designed to provide a new employee with the information required to function comfortably and effectively in the organization orientation conveys three types of information – (i) general information about daily routine (ii) a review of the organization’s history (iii) a detailed. Employee induction training: common obstacles and how to overcome them your organization’s employee induction training should serve as the center of your company’s hiring process. Successful inductions and give him the best possible start in the organization conversely, a poor induction program is either too full-on or not thought through.
Deductive and inductive paragraph organization this type of organization gets more crafty, throwing down bits and pieces before coming to a conclusion. Been given proper induction about the organization structure effectiveness h 2: induction programme has positive impact on employees’ intention to stay on the job. Bsbhrm506 manage recruitment selection and induction process this assessment defines the knowledge and skills needed to manage all parts of recruitment, selection and induction processes according to. Why is induction so important published on 3 dec 2012 hr pulse news desk many employers see induction as a waste of valuable time but this is a critical process. Good evening and welcome tonight we celebrate our achievements and the induction of the new officers i look to the future of this great organization which i am honored to lead on its journey to wellness. Induction training is the training immediately received by an employee when he first joins an organization the basic purpose of an induction program is the integration of new employees with the systems and processes in and across the organization.
Advertisements: induction programmes: concept, objectives and phases of induction programme 1 concept of induction: introduction of a new entrant into any existing group of people has been a common feature we come across in. Define induction induction synonyms, induction pronunciation, induction translation, english dictionary definition of induction induction when a magnet is passed through a coil of wire, it produces an electric current. Staff induction is vital in getting staff up to speed, and ensuring they are productive yet most organisations have inadequate or ad-hoc processes in place. Induction of people new to the organization is a continuing training need for businesses small and large much energy and effort is devoted to induction, often without too much effective return either for the individual(s) concerned or for the organization.
introduction in this assignment we will analyse the importance of induction in making a good impression about the company on the employee we will enumerate the various steps in induction at workplace and finally conclude our study. Who recommendations for induction of labour acknowledgements 2 abbreviations 3 executive summary 4 anticipated impact on the organization of.
Induction is known as a conclusion reached through reasoning an inductive statement is derived using facts and instances which lead to the formation of a general. An induction programme is the process used within many businesses to welcome new employees to the company and prepare them for their new role it helps in the effective integration of the employee into the organisation.
This section includes rhl summaries of published systematic reviews on various aspects of pregnancy and childbirth, including preconception care, management of miscarriage, antenatal care, medical problems in pregnancy, disorders that might affect the unborn baby, complications arising during pregnancy, the induction of labour, and. Ing direct: induction training walkgrove developed this course for ing direct as part of their blended induction programit aims to provide an overview of the organization’s vision and key values. World health organization the primary goal of the present guidelines is to improve the quality of care and outcomes for pregnant women undergoing induction of. Changing conception of organizatios n and induction1 jane maienschein and organization emerge gradually and how the best scientific approach to the.
Induction is the process of introducing a new employee to his/her job and organization and giving him all the necessary information required by him/her to start his work. Definition of orientation: and a part of his or her continuous socialization process in an organization induction of em overt discrimin. ♦ instill positive attitudes about the organization the objectives of a successful induction and orientation program should be to. Employee induction in an organization induction is a necessity for future performance of the new employee or even for existing employees. Induction training organizational values and satisfying was induction inducted employees into an organization by. Orientation: an induction programme is commonly used to help new employees understand their job within the organisation research purpose: the main aim of this study was to examine whether or not the programme theory of an induction programme was plausible and would lead to the intended outcomes as described by the.
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Brushing your teeth twice daily is an effective way to clean the visible surfaces of your teeth, but what about the hard-to-reach surfaces in between? This is where flossing comes in. Flossing removes trapped food particles and plaque, a sticky film that forms on your teeth, from the areas between your teeth and around the gumline. According to the American Dental Association (ADA), flossing is an essential part of good dental hygiene and reduces the likelihood of tooth decay and gum disease.
How Often Should You Floss?
The ADA recommends flossing at least once daily. Most people like to fit flossing into their morning routines, while others do so before bed. It’s up to personal preference. Just do it daily when it’s convenient for you, and before long, you’ll have adopted a new oral care habit.
What happens if you never floss?
Flossing helps remove plaque from the hard-to-reach tooth surfaces and prevents it from hardening to tartar, which only a professional dental cleaning can remove. Plaque can produce acids that attack the enamel between your teeth, resulting in tooth decay and cavities. It can also cause bad breath (halitosis) and unsightly tooth staining.
Additionally, plaque can irritate the gums and cause gingivitis (early gum disease), characterized by red, swollen, and bleeding gums. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, an advanced form of gum disease that can destroy the tissue and bone supporting the teeth, resulting in tooth loss. Additionally, gum disease is linked to heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes, premature birth, and many other health conditions.
Different Ways to Floss
Although traditional dental floss is the most common way to maintain your dental health, there are also some alternatives.
- Traditional dental floss: Traditional flossing or manual flossing involves moving sections of waxed or non-waxed string between your teeth and under your gum line to remove bacteria and food debris.
- Waterpik: This is the most popular brand of water flossers. Waterpik uses pressurized streams of water to remove food, bacteria, and plaque between your teeth. You can adjust the pressure setting to your liking, from a gentle to maximum cleanse.
- Interproximal brushes: These brushes specialize in cleaning wide or open spaces between teeth, including the space around and between the premolars and molars. They come in various sizes, ranging from 0.4 mm to 0.8 mm. For the best results, it’s important to choose an interdental brush of the right size.
It’s clear that flossing daily is not only key to a clean mouth but may also serve as good preventive care for complications elsewhere in the body. To maintain your dental health, you should also schedule regular dental exams and cleanings at 4th Street Dental Studio in Columbus OH. Contact us today to schedule appointment.
Robert D. Wood II, DDS
Third-generation dentist and Nashville native Dr. Robert D. Wood II leverages his professional experience to deliver superior dental care at his Columbus-based practice, 4th Street Dental Studio. An advocate for preventative medicine, Dr. Wood combines his patient-centric approach with his talent for transforming dental visits from daunting experiences into positive ones. Beyond his practice, he enjoys exploring Columbus, engaging in outdoor activities, and is an active member of several dental associations and the Kappa Alpha Psi Fraternity, Inc.
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NC Student Standards
DIGITAL LEARNING STANDARDS (effective 2020-2021)
The State Board of Education and the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction are committed to providing personalized, digital-age education that K-12 students need to be successful in college, careers, and as globally engaged, productive citizens. For student standards in the areas of Digital Learning (K-12), NC has adopted the International Society for Technology in Education Standards for Students.
Implementation of the NC Standard Course of Study for Digital Learning Grades K-12 will begin in the 2020-2021 school year. North Carolina’s Digital Learning Standards are designed to be delivered by classroom teachers in all curricular areas and grade levels providing students the equitable opportunity to learn in a digitally enabled classroom. The Digital Learning Standards encompass the following:
- Digital citizenship, data privacy, and cyber safety
- Digital-aged skills that enable students to be college and career ready
- Creation, collaboration, communication, and critical thinking skills
- Inquiry and design thinking learning opportunities
Additional information and resources for the Digital Learning Standards are available from the DTL Google site.
During 2009, Digital Teaching and Learning staff members worked with LEA representatives and other DPI staff to create Information and Technology Essential Standards. These standards were developed using Bloom's Revised Taxonomy and replace the Computer Skills and Information Literacy Standard Courses of Study. The standards were piloted in 2010-2011.
These standards are critical building blocks for the education of our students. ITES represent the "must have" information and technology skills and knowledge that each student must have in order to achieve success at the next level. The standards are designed to be delivered by classroom teachers in all curricular areas and grade levels. As the ITES are taught throughout all classrooms and across all curricular areas, it is essential that classroom teachers collaborate with school library media coordinators and instructional technology facilitators in delivering this instruction. School library media coordinators and instructional technology facilitators should be active participants in grade level and/or curricular area planning groups as these teams analyze student data, identify learning goals, plan and deliver instruction, and assess student progress.
- Sources of Information
- Informational Text
- Technology as a Tool
- Research Process
- Safety and Ethical Use
Supporting documents include learning progressions, standards alignment and clarifying objectives.
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Does MRA neck need contrast?
Contrast. MRA – Brain is done without contrast (gadolinium). Because no contrast is given, it is a good alternative to CT angiography for patients that can’t tolerate CT contrast (iodinated contrast.) MRA – Neck requires gadolinium contrast.
What can an MRA detect in the neck?
MRA uses a magnetic field, radio waves and a computer to create images of soft tissues, bones and internal body structures. MRA of the neck is used to produce two three-dimensional images of the blood vessels. MRA of the neck is primarily used to detect narrowing of the arteries.
Why would a doctor order an MRA of the neck?
Doctors use MRA to: identify abnormalities, such as aneurysms, in the aorta, both in the chest and abdomen, or in other arteries. detect atherosclerotic (plaque) disease in the carotid artery of the neck, which may limit blood flow to the brain and cause a stroke.
What does an MRA of head and neck show?
An MRA of the head is done to look at the blood vessels leading to the brain to check for a bulge (aneurysm), a clot, or a narrowing (stenosis) because of plaque.
What is the difference between MRA with and without contrast?
An MRA uses a machine to generate a magnetic field using pulses of radio wave energy, to build real-time images of blood vessels and blood flow within the body. An MRA can be used with a contrast medium (medical dye) or without. When it is used without dye, it is called a non-contrast MRA.
What happens when you have an MRI with contrast?
An MRI scan with contrast only occurs when your doctor orders and approves it. During the procedure, they’ll inject the gadolinium-based dye into your arm intravenously. The contrast medium enhances the image quality and allows the radiologist more accuracy and confidence in their diagnosis.
How long does an MRA without contrast take?
An MRA takes between 30-60 minutes, depending upon the part of the body being imaged and the information requested by your doctor.
What is the difference between MRA and MRI?
The key difference between MRI and MRA is their intended uses and applications, as the MRA is used for a very specific purpose, while MRIs can be employed in many different settings. Both MRI and MRA studies offer high resolution images with few risks for the patient.
Does MRA use contrast?
An MRA exam may or may not use contrast material. If needed, an injection of a gadolinium-based contrast material may be used. Gadolinium is less likely to cause an allergic reaction than the iodinated contrast material used in CT angiography .
What does MRA stand for In contrast?
Contrast MRA abbreviation meaning defined here. What does MRA stand for in Contrast? Top MRA abbreviation related to Contrast: Magnetic Resonance Angiography
Does MRA of the brain use contrast?
3-dimensional (3D) time-of-flight (TOF) MRA is the most common technique used to assess the arterial blood supply system of brain. 3D TOF provides higher signal-to-noise and shorter imaging times. MRA brain is easy to perform and does not require contrast administration.
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What is blues piano more precisely? Blues piano is a piano style that helps you play other styles much easier once you have mastered it. After you finish reading this article you will know more about playing the blues music on the piano.
In the beginning, you must know 12-bar blues. This is a very common progression if you want to do blues piano playing. To play this particular blues form, most pianists make use of seventh chords. A song is usually broken into 3 sets. Each of the set consists of 4 bars. Start by playing the song on the C key. Use ‘I’ to illustrate the tone (C) in the C key. The IV tone is F and the V tone is G.
The initial set is played as I-I-I-I. The next set is played as IV-IV-I-I. The final set is V-IV-I-I. Use your right hand when playing these three sets on the piano. To come up with a sound that’s just like blues piano, try to master playing 7th chords.
For your left hand, follow the 8-note pattern. The pattern is like this: I-III-V-VI-VIIb-VI-V-III. When playing the C chord with the use of your right hand, the notes played will be C-E-G-A-Bb-A-G-E. While for the chord F, you will be playing F-A-C-D-Eb-D-C-A. For the chord G, you will be playing G-B-D-E-F-E-D-B.
Try to examine the chords and notes played both by the left and right hand. If you already know the different piano chords and notes, learning blues piano can be very easy. Before anything else, you will have to master 12-bar blues in the key C. Once you’ve mastered it, you can try playing it using other keys.
Learning to play the blues is the first step in establishing a good foundation in playing the piano. Many great pianists began playing the blues on the piano for starters then evolved to other music styles that they love. After you develop a strong foundation, all the new songs you will learn will be much easier to play. Your audience will love and praise your performance if you can play different music styles with elegance and grace.
You can master the art of blues piano with the help of a great piano teacher. Find one close to you that can guide and inspire you to be a better pianist. If you like, you can use other methods to learn playing the piano lice CDs or DVDs with piano lessons, online piano lessons and a piano guide book. You are the only one who can determine the learning process. If you are committed and persevere, you will soon learn how to play piano blues the right way.
It takes a lot of time and practice to become a good pianist. Sometimes it takes even years of constant practice and determination.
Top viewed piano sheets!
Bruno Mars - When I Was Your Man
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Les Miserables - On My Own
Macklemore - Thrift Shop (feat. Wanz)
The Beatles - Let It Be
Emeli Sande - Read All About It (Part III)
Queen - Bohemian Rhapsody
Henry Mancini - The Pink Panther Theme Song
Alicia Keys - Girl on Fire
Labrinth - Beneath Your Beautiful
Alladin - A Whole New World
James Bond 007 - James Bond Theme Song
Imagine Dragons - Radioactive
Rihanna - Stay
Sinead O'Connor - Nothing Compares 2 U
Whitney Houston - I Will Always Love You
Les Miserables - Castle on a Cloud
Hear and Play: The Gift of Playing the Piano by Ear Have you ever heard a really nice song that got you so captivated that you just wish you can play it in the piano right away? Playing the piano by ear appears to be a gift, a talent of hearing music once or twice, and then once you have your hands on the keys, the magic begins. As easy as it may sound, hearing the music and playing it at once is not just pure genius. It requires a little background and familiarity with the piano scale and some piano lessons. Some people may not be able to read sheet music but knows the sound of each keys. That is the key to hearing and playing music. But others are born artists of piano. Surely, it would be great that even without music sheets, one can play music beautifully and can share his or her ow...Continue reading Hear and Play: The Gift of Playing the Piano by Ear
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Science Says: Hawaii hurricanes rare, but getting less so
Hurricanes seldom get close to Hawaii and it's even rarer for one of the islands to take a direct hit.
Hurricane Lane is already drenching and pummeling the island chain, even without reaching land.
The last time a major hurricane hit Hawaii was in 1992 when Category 4 Iniki caused billions in damage. On average, the central Pacific hurricane region, which includes Hawaii, sees about four or five storms moving through, but that may be changing with global warming.
A look at the hurricane season in Hawaii:
WIND IS KEY
Usually wind is what keeps storms from threatening Hawaii. Most eastern Pacific hurricanes form in the warm waters off Mexico and head west. But before they get too far, wind currents usually cause them to circle back toward the coast. The storms that stay a bit further south are the rare ones that make it to the central Pacific, said Princeton University climate scientist Gabe Vecchi.
This year, those winds aren't quite steering storms back east. Add to that weaker than normal winds aloft—about where airplanes fly—that usually shred storms. Winds at that level would normally be 23 mph to 29 mph (27 to 47 kph). Now, they are less than half as strong, allowing storms to stay alive, explained Colorado State University hurricane scientist Phil Klotzbach.
That also happened in 2014 and 2015, which were busier than normal years for storms getting close to Hawaii. There were four in 2015 and three in 2014, including Iselle, which hit the Big Island but was a weakened tropical storm.
But the central Pacific is a big area and the islands occupy a small area, so most storms aren't likely to come too close.
Hurricanes are fueled by warm water. The water temperature in the region is about 2 to 3.5 degrees (1 to 2 degrees Celsius) warmer than normal, according to Vecchi. That was also the case in 2014-2015. "We've come to learn that an unusually warm ocean in the subtropical Pacific will tend to increase the number of hurricanes around Hawaii," Vecchi said.
The Pacific has more storms during a strong El Nino, a weather event that warms the water. Meteorologists expect an El Nino to form in the next couple months, but right now El Nino conditions are still more neutral than hot. Vecchi and others attribute the warming to a natural cousin of El Nino, with help from climate change. When it comes to hurricane activity in the central Pacific, warming from that north-south weather pattern is much more connected to causing more storms than east-west El Nino, Vecchi said.
So far this year, the entire eastern Pacific region, which includes the central region, is much more active with more storms, stronger ones and longer lasting ones than normal, Klotzbach calculated . On average, the region gets 15 named storms for the total season. Lane, which formed Aug. 15 far off Mexico, is already the 12th named storm and the second to get close to Hawaii. In contrast, the Atlantic region is running around its average for this point in the season, with stormy conditions slowing down recently. Storms get named when winds reach 39 mph (63 kph).
August is the biggest month far for central Pacific hurricanes, compared to September for the Atlantic. The central Pacific hurricane season runs from June through November, just like the Atlantic. The eastern Pacific runs from May through October.
While climate scientists are reluctant to link individual weather events or even seasons to global warming, they can make the connections with elaborate detailed studies. National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration climate scientist Hiro Murakami, Vecchi and others studied the 2014 hurricane season around Hawaii and found it was "made substantially more likely" by climate change caused by emissions from burning coal, oil and gas, with a natural boost from El Nino.
In a study last year, they also connected global warming to 2015's record number of major storms in the region, including three Category 4 hurricanes in the central and eastern Pacific at the same time. These studies are limited because of weak records of storms in the area before 1970, Vecchi said.
Many climate studies recently predict that as the world warms, the globe overall and the Atlantic region will have fewer named storms but more intense ones. However, the central Pacific bucks that prediction.
Several studies forecast that the central Pacific will become busier with more storms, stronger storms and faster developing ones, Vecchi said. A Murakami study used computer simulations to predict a noticeable increase in storms around the Hawaiian Islands.
It's once again because of winds and water. The water in the region is predicted to warm faster than elsewhere around the globe because of a weakening of trade winds, Vecchi said.
© 2018 The Associated Press. All rights reserved.
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Section 1: Epidemiology and aetiology
Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is a psychiatric disorder characterised by persistent and intrusive thoughts, images and urges (obsessions) and repetitive behaviours (compulsions), as listed in table 1.
The symptoms typically wax and wane, but often follow a chronic course, causing functional impairment and distress.
The estimated prevalence in children and adolescents is 0.25-4%. It was previously considered rare in children. Paediatric OCD is associated with an increased risk of other psychiatric disorders in adulthood. Causation is poorly understood but it can be bio-psychosocial and multifactorial.
- Genetic: OCD is a highly heritable condition. First-degree relatives and monozygotic twin offspring of patients who have OCD have higher rates of OCD and anxiety disorders.
- Neurobiological: Characteristic neuropsychological profiles have been found in children and adults who are diagnosed with OCD.
- Environmental: The role of environmental factors remains unclear, with conflicting evidence regarding environmental triggers such as social isolation and physical abuse.
- Individual: Personality traits, such as perfectionism and rigidity, may be predisposing factors. High personal expectations and low self-esteem are also considered risk factors.
PANDAS (paediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcus) is a term for a subgroup of children who have a sudden onset of OCD symptoms after a streptococcal infection.
The mechanism is unknown and the effectiveness of prophylactic antibiotics is inconsistent.1
The ICD-10 diagnostic criteria for OCD in children are similar to those for adults (see box 1).
However, children are less likely to have insight into the obsessions and compulsions, leading to a delay in seeking treatment.
Section 2: Making the diagnosis
Patients who have OCD often go undetected before an accurate diagnosis is made. The nature of these obsessions may often lead to reluctance in discussing them, resulting in a delay in seeking help.
It is important to identify signs early and to undertake steps towards considering appropriate treatment. Most cases should be referred to secondary care.
When making the diagnosis, consider the following:
- Detailed history of obsessive and compulsive behaviour
- Functional impairment, such as time spent doing rituals
- Brief developmental history
- Physical examination (dry skin from excessive washing)
- Other psychiatric illnesses, for example, autism
- Mental state examination
- Assessment of risk of self-harm or suicide
- Family history of psychiatric illness or similar traits
- Medication history
Behavioural indicators of OCD include attempts to conceal symptoms owing to embarrassment. Children are likely to lack insight into the irrationality of their obsessions.
It is important to differentiate true compulsions from normal ritualistic and routine behaviours. The compulsion needs to be distressing and/or impairing.
Avoidance is an integral part of the symptoms, where a patient takes care not to touch toilet seats, door handles or other items used by others.2
Parents of children with OCD may accommodate their symptoms and provide constant reassurances. Children often react aggressively when a family member does not adhere to their compulsions.2
OCD can often be associated with other psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, body dysmorphic disorder, hoarding disorder and trichotillomania.
The patient's beliefs and fears are best elicited by face-to-face assessment, although parents may be better placed to report ritualistic behaviours.
The short OCD screener (see box 2) provides a framework for screening and onward referral.
Source: NICE CG31
Common differential diagnoses are:
- Autism spectrum disorders (ASD): stereotyped behaviours in OCD are not pleasurable and associated with relief in anxiety. OCD can also be present in children who have ASD
- Complex tic disorders
- Psychosis: the presence of other characteristic symptoms in psychosis, such as hallucinations and delusions1
Section 3: Managing the condition
For a young person with symptoms of OCD with mild functional impairment, guided self-help should initially be offered through primary care or early intervention services. If this is refused or ineffectual, they should be referred to secondary care.
If the young person presents with moderate to severe functional impairment, a secondary care referral should be made. Patients with a previous history of OCD with a relapse in their symptoms or with associated comorbidities should also be referred to secondary care.
A referral letter explaining why a particular route has been chosen should accompany referrals. The letter should include current symptoms, and degree of impairment and interference, as well as other information relevant to risk and comorbidities.
Two treatments have an established evidence base in paediatric OCD, namely CBT, incorporating exposure and response prevention (E/RP), and SSRIs.
Central to any psychological therapy is a thorough case formulation that involves a collaborative understanding of the patient's difficulties.3 CBT includes initial psychoeducation that aids engagement and is necessary for the development of a therapeutic relationship, crucial if change is to be made possible.4
Typically, CBT is a short-term treatment consisting of 12-20 weekly sessions. The main therapeutic strategy is E/RP, which involves the patient confronting their fears in a graded manner, with help from the therapist and family members.
Involving the patient's family is crucial in helping family members to stop accommodating the child's compulsions.5,6
RCTs have shown that CBT can be efficacious in paediatric OCD, associated with a 45-60% reduction in symptoms.7
SSRIs can be prescribed as an adjunct to CBT in cases where the patient has moderate to severe functional impairment, or when an initial 12 sessions of CBT have not been effective.8 RCTs have indicated a 29-44% reduction in symptoms over a range of SSRIs.2
In the UK, currently only sertraline and fluvoxamine are licensed for use in children with OCD, with sertraline as the first choice owing to its favourable side-effect profile. A specialist should initiate these medications.1
In recent years, there has been research into using novel approaches to delivering CBT, for example, by telephone and using the internet. Further validation on these methods is awaited.
Pharmacologically, there has also been an increase in research interest in the use of d-cycloserine to augment CBT. This therapy is mainly delivered in the community and inpatient treatment is rarely required.
Section 4: Prognosis
OCD in young people, with factors such as secretiveness and a lack of desire to change, can negatively affect the likelihood of recognition and engagement in treatment.9
Higher levels of functional impairment, family conflict, parental blame and poor insight have been associated with poorer outcomes.
The presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, specifically oppositional disorders and/or ADHD, makes compliance with OCD treatment more difficult.
Positive outcomes have been linked to higher treatment expectations and therapeutic alliance.10 A calm, supportive family environment, in which parents and/or caregivers can support the child's coping strategies, can improve outcomes.
CBT should involve relapse prevention strategies and follow-up review appointments can be helpful.
Section 5: Case study
HK is a 10-year-old girl with a two-year history of repetitive activities, involving getting dressed and rewriting words.
Her mother told the GP that HK had to pull every item of clothing on and off 25 times when dressing for school in the morning, making her late for school every day.
Her schoolwork also suffered because she felt the need to rewrite each word up to 25 times. If interrupted, she felt compelled to start counting again from the beginning.
HK's experiences were affecting her family, who were supportive but felt overwhelmed and unconfident about how to help her.
HK had attempted to conceal her difficulties, because she felt revealing them would mark her out as different, strange or mad. She had been unable to hide her distress before an important test at school, which increased her obsessional thoughts and compulsive behaviours.
Her GP elicited information from HK and her mother in a supportive and sensitive manner, with additional focus on other comorbidities. A referral to secondary care was made for a routine assessment.
Following the initial assessment in secondary care, it was concluded that HK's symptoms were consistent with OCD. A detailed assessment letter, with a formulation and management plan, was sent to the GP.
HK was offered 12 sessions of CBT, to include E/RP and family sessions with a clinical psychologist.
In the early stages of treatment, HK and her family reported a decrease in her symptoms of repetitive actions. These improvements had a positive impact on HK's mood.
Her treatment also included using behavioural experiments (E/RP). HK and her family remained engaged in treatment, so her symptoms continued to improve.
Medications were not considered in this case because of the positive effect of CBT.
Following completion of treatment, HK was discharged back to her GP with a summary of her management and relapse prevention plan.
Section 6 Evidence base
- Barrett, P, Farrell L, March J. Cognitive-behavioral family treatment of childhood OCD: a controlled trial. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2004; 43: 46-62.
Here, CBT was associated with better responses and longer-term benefits, compared with psychoeducation plus relaxation training.
- Watson H, Rees C. Meta-analysis of randomized, controlled treatment trials for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2008; 49(5): 489-98.
This meta-analysis indicated that CBT is shown to reduce symptoms by 40-65% in a paediatric population.
- Torp NC, Dahl K, Skarphedinsson G et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behavior treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Acute outcomes from the Nordic long-term OCD treatment study (NordLOTS). Behav Res Therapy 2015; 64: 15-23.
This study found that manualised CBT could be applied effectively in community mental health clinics.
- NICE. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. CG31. London, NICE, November 2005.
- NICE pathway for suspected OCD. http://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/obsessive-compulsive-disorder
- Rutter M, Bishop D, Pine D et al (eds). Rutter’s Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (fifth edition). Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.
- OCD Action (for people with OCD) www.ocdaction.org.uk
- OCD UK (national support group) www.ocduk.org
|CPD IMPACT: EARN MORE CREDITS|
|These further action points may allow you to earn more credits by increasing the time spent and the impact achieved.
1. Veale D, Roberts A. Obsessive-compulsive disorder. BMJ 2014; 348: g2183.
2. Krebs G, Heyman I. Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child 2015; 100(5): 495-9.
3. Johnstone L, Dallos R. Formulation in Psychology and Psychotherapy: Making Sense of People’s Problems. Hove, Routledge, 2013.
4. Lambert MJ, Barley DE. Research summary on the therapeutic relationship and psychotherapy outcome. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training 2001; 38: 357-61.
5. Salkovskis PM. Obsessional-compulsive problems: a cognitive-behavioural analysis. Behav Res Therapy 1985; 23: 571-83.
6. Wells A, Matthews G. Attention and emotion. A clinical perspective. Hove, Erlbaum, 1994.
7. Torp NC, Dahl K, Skarphedinsson G et al. Effectiveness of cognitive behavior treatment for pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder: Acute outcomes from the Nordic long-term OCD treatment study
(NordLOTS). Behav Res Therapy 2015; 64: 15-23.
8. NICE. Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Core interventions in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. CG31. London, NICE, November 2005.
9. De Haan E. Effective treatment of OCD? J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2006; 45: 383-501.
10. Fonagy, P, Target M, Cottrell D et al. What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Treatments for Children and Adolescents. New York, The Guildford Press, 2002.
- Contributed by Dr Eloise Donaghay-Spire, clinical psychologist, and Dr Vibhav Shetty, consultant child & adolescent psychiatrist, South Kent CAMHS, Sussex Partnership NHS Foundation Trust.
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Sociology and Adult Education
Many believe that vessel education and training that that the very foundation of success. A strong educational background can help any individual branch into new opportunities, where individual goals and community goals are intimately intertwined. In addition to traditional education facilities, the United States has a prominent adult education industry which helps bring academic practices and continuous learning to individuals already within a working environment. Essentially, adult education helps empower both the individual and the community through a continual closure to new and useful information that continuously pushes the individual towards more progressive action.
There is a wide variety of types of adult education offers within mainstream American society today. Essentially, what sets adult education apart from traditional educational program is the fact that adults are already within the workforce are returning to an educational civility in order to train on some potentially lucrative element of a future position or to gain knowledge on something that would benefit them within their daily lives, like foreign nationals continuing their studies in English. A number of sources claim that the individual can be considered an adult when that “individual perceives herself or himself to be essentially responsible for her or his own life” (Merriam & Brockett 2007 p 5). Thus adult education focuses on providing learning opportunities for students who are arty which her look or deep been exposed to the workplace. The whole process of adult education within contemporary American society has been an evolving process. It has been incredibly particular “to the adult status of students” and “the notion of the activity being purposeful or planned,” meaning that the educational facility is one which is premeditated and not conducted within the context of everyday experiences (Merriam & Brockett 2007 p 7). Some elements of adult education are known as continuing education. These educational programs often offer literacy, management or other business services, and a wide variety of other genres available for adult the study in order to better their current mission within their employment, or lack thereof. Essentially, the main goal of adult education is to improve the quality-of-life an adult is already experiencing. Further education can only mean further opportunity within one’s current working position, or at a different level or organization. Thus, “adult education is an intervention into the ordinary business of life — an intervention’s immediate goal is change, in knowledge or incompetence” (Merriam & Brockett 2007 p 7). The policies and procedures of most adult education programs aim to empower already working individuals on a time span that works with a full-time occupation. Even more innovative, many adult education facilities have implemented new developments in technology as a way to increase the scope and availability of adult education within the modern social landscape. New technologies are essentially increasing the range and availability of adult education to a wider range of the American public. For example, distance learning has been crucial to the influx of adult learners within the American environment (Hopey 1999). Online applications have allowed the continuous evolution of distance learning within adult education. Today, almost all adult learning facilities have some form of distance learning that is often revolving around online applications. This empowers individuals to continue their learning and academic goals on their own time, and therefore in synergy with their full-time work schedules. Some resistance to adult learning practices. These accommodating elements of contemporary adult education programs that are offered help make the entire process of adult education easier for those individuals trying to better their quality of life and positions within the organizations they work for. Here, the data shows that “individuals appear to meet general pressure for engaging in lifelong learning very different feelings” (Weber 113). Thus, with all the accommodations available within the context of adult education many students are finding new possibilities in continuing their learning and academic experiences as a way to further their individual professional and academic goals.
Empowering individuals is a major element of how adult education is supposed to function within contemporary society. There are two basic theoretical perspectives which understand how adult education empowers the individual. First, there is the concept of functional theory. In this sense, Adult Education helps create a situation where the individual gains tools and insight and therefore increases their own functioning within the larger society. Here, the research states that “Adult Education is believed to foster empowerment by equipping people with the skills needed to obtain higher wage employment, to improve their health, to their children succeed academically, and to perform other functional tasks,” (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 209). However, this functional role of adult education is often limited in terms of its view of power relations and individual roles within a larger society, like gender or ethnic roles. From a psychological perspective, adult education increases self-esteem and confidence, therefore creating a stronger individual who can do more to improve their own lives. Thus, adult education focuses on “giving individuals a voice” which they can use to increase their own capabilities within the society (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 210). These are often the product of education organizing, which focuses on individual goals that meet academic demands and requirements. Adult Education often is shown by the research to increase individual self-esteem and provides a stronger sense of confidence and capacity so that the individual can take greater forces of action within their own lives and in the lives of the community around them. Prins and Drayton (2010) argue that “adult education programs often seek to overcome learners low self-esteem — a common obstacle to empowerment — by building their self-confidence and sense of the possible” (p 216). By strengthening the psychological well-being of the individual, adult education empowers that individual. Easy to access and understand classes and other educational resources are often provided either free or at a low cost to community members and focus on increasing “community organization and civic participation” in order to make the communities voice heard and push them further towards their progressive goals (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 211). Essentially, adult education is the locator for improvement of life and livelihood. The knowledge gained from additional education helps the individual adapt to changing technologies and therefore guarantee a higher rate of employment compared to the individual fails to upgrade his or her knowledge of the profession chosen. According to the research, “The provision of education throughout the whole of the lifespan may help the learner to satisfy a basic human need, especially in a rapidly changing world in which the individual may be posing many questions of meaning” (Jarvis 37). Adult Education helps increase the ability of the individual to adapt to new environments because new training is consistently available through the educational facilities offered. Thus, individuals continue with Adult Education will likely have a better chance of employment in a wide variety of industries and positions compared to those who failed to utilize community efforts to educate individuals. Adult education tends to emphasis self-direction through individualism gained by empowerment through knowledge (Brookfield 1993). A common trend within current adult education has been the empowerment of teaching English to those workers who had previously gone without learning the language of the mainstream culture in the society they live in.
There is a strong influence on providing educational programs to teach literacy and language skills to adults already in the working world looking to increase their potential roles within society. In fact, the research shows that “millions have been taught to read through national literacy campaigns,” even at adult ages (Merriam & Brockett 2007 p 260). Such statistics to prove how successful Adult Education strategies are in terms of providing working adults was additional augmented knowledge of an ever-changing workplace.
Still, adult education often suffers from the same prejudices and disadvantages as traditional education facilities do. Racism and racial stereotypes can be a problem within any American institution. However, they are often prevalent within adult education facilities because there is a connotation that individuals of lower socioeconomic statuses are unable to absorb the same types of information individuals of higher classes would be. Therefore, many minority groups are offered less opportunities in terms of adult education programs and facilities. It is clear that there is discrimination within various forms of adult education has proven to have a detrimental impact on its overall connotations. Racism is seen within the structure of adult education, as it is within almost every American institution. Still, issues of various subgroups within society have begun to gather more support in the adult educational world, therefore allowing for the potential of greater individual and community empowerment. Porting to the research “Multiculturalism, gender, and sexual orientation have begun to receive increasing attention in the field of adult dictation, along with the impact of these factors on the teaching-learning context,” (Sheared et al. 2010 p 100). Thus, the more prevalent adult education is becoming within the contemporary workforce, the more open it is to different members of racial, class, or gender group.
Today, adult education can be a method of empowerment for individuals and groups that reside just outside the majority group’s characteristics. Practices of adult education can help empower members of certain racial groups gather acknowledgment and actively move towards a more progressive stance within the larger community. A lot of efforts to educate adults here in the United States aim to help improve general literacy of particular minority groups that do not speak English as their first language (Prins & Drayton 2010). The power of language is incredible, and when one cannot use that power to progress oneself and one’s community, one will be a clear disadvantage within the larger mainstream culture. Merriam and Brockett (2007) posit the idea that “is there a to ensure that the voices of those people who have traditionally been marginalized due to race, sex, or lifestyle factors are fully engaged in the learning process,” (p 157). Still, there is the need to be racially and ethnically sensitive in program emphasizing adult education (Sheared et al. 2010). No programs of adult education will ever be successful within subgroups of the mainstream culture if those educational programs do not incorporate cultural elements of the subgroups looking to further their knowledge within particular industries or in terms of general knowledge to increase their capabilities as a whole. Socioeconomic status can also see direct measures of improvement through increased education and knowledge as a result of entering into adult education programs. Essentially, education can prove a major benefit to members of various socioeconomic classes. Within the context of lower socioeconomic classes, education can prove lifesaving endeavor that gives rise to the possibility of socioeconomic mobilization.
Moreover, practices within adult education have continued to progress the gap between gender stereotypes. According to the research, “Adult Education can equip women and men to challenge gender hierarchies” (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 210). Adult education provides women with the tools needed to survive within the capitalist environment. Therefore, Adult Education aims to challenge the structural conditions of society that has generated such staunch stereotypes based on gender roles for so long. In our society, “learning is biologically and socially determined and that the brain processes information a unique way, and the interaction of individuals and their environment impact their learning,” (Farer 2010 p 378). Elements of gender stereotypes are learned socially at a very young age, and are prompted in a way that reinforces them. Modern trends in adult education aimed to educate both male and female individuals. This creates a situation where the educational environment equal to both genders. Yet, current strategies in adult education are still fighting against very entrenched gender stereotype. Gender learning begins well before adulthood, with young individuals being exposed to gender stereotypes and encouraged to embody them (Farmer 2010). Gender is essentially a social construction, and we are taught specific gender roles at a very young age. Little girls are taught to play with dolls, while little boys enjoy playing with miniature tanks and fake guns. The stereotypes embody the gender discrimination within Western societies. In the past, “men tended to have more years of education than women and to be from higher income households” (Winkley et al. 1992 p 817). Yet this gender limited environment, current adult education “need to help learners renegotiate their personal and social identities” (Farmer 2010 p 377). Today, programs within larger adult educational facilities are offered to both men and women. This provides an additional level of training that women can use to gain a stronger foothold within the contemporary workplace. Farmer (2010 states that “women now constitute the majority of workers and formal adult education learners in the United States,” (p 377). Ting you’ll devotion of the female working population towards additional educational opportunities will only continue to place women at a greater advantage within the contemporary work environment. This is essentially empowering individual female to take on greater roles within the workplace, and therefore generate greater self-esteem within an environment that was previously dominated by men.
At the same time, Adult Education can work on empowering entire communities as well. Essentially, adult education helps empower individuals and communities to take greater action to improve the quality of life. Thus, the “popular education of the poor collected action,” (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 209). The third and final perspective discussed by Prins and Drayton (2010) examines power structures within the social foundation of today’s contemporary culture. Known as the critical perspective, this theory posits that “empowerment means understanding the causes of injustice and taking action to create more equitable conditions, not only individually but especially in concert with others,” (p 210). Adult education within the community-based perspective can come in the form of either in former or formal teaching as a way to increase the group’s position in terms of balance of social justice and individual representation within politics and legislation. Often times, informal education of adults and still prove a powerful tool in generating groups to move towards progressive change. Here, the research illustrates that “empowerment oriented organizations all use non-formal education as a tool for supporting marginalized groups’ struggle for social justice in their respective communities and society,” (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 211). These educational efforts are most often not to serve personal goals for educational attainment, but rather the education of an entire community in order to help motivated community towards a specific political or social goal. Prins and Drayton (2010) postulate that Adult Education focuses on efforts necessary “to equip citizens to solve community problems” (p 212). A number of minority groups can motivated to act and challenge established social conditions in order to increase the well-being of the individuals within such groups. This reigns true for both minority groups based on ethnicity or race, but also as well as gender minorities. Feminist movements have often focused on grassroots efforts to bring educational resources to a number of women within the community in order to help support women’s rights.
However, issues of race and ethnicity have often been at the forefront of focusing on bringing elements of adult education to communities of minority groups. In this, adult education can be seen as empowering groups of minorities based on either race or socioeconomic statuses to pull their efforts together in order to come together in pursuit of a common and mutually beneficial goal for the entire community at large. Through actively providing education to the community, particular goals and issues gain greater acceptance and power through greater community involvement. Therefore, adult education can be intimately tied to political activism as community politics often relies on the process of educating the public in order to gain further support from the very people that are being educated by the effort. Essentially, empowering the community is also working to empower the individual. Here the research shows that “empowerment occurs through community organizing and development activities whereby citizens begin to exercise more control over decisions that affect them” (Prins & Drayton 2010 p 210).
Yet it is an unfortunate reality to see so many problems with funding in Adult Education programs, especially within a harsh financial environment like today, where budget cuts are an everyday reality. Tight financial times have always been a tough environment for the successful adaptation of effective adult educational practices. As Seekins (1991) showed in a different financial downturn that the current international recession plaguing a number of industries around the world, state budgets often turn to the cutting of adult education programs before any other educational organizations get budget cuts. The contemporary environment is increasingly cut funding for adult education, causing uproar within many academic communities based on the fact that denying a very vulnerable population of workers the necessary information to stay relevant within the modern workplace.
Overall, adult education provides an opportunity for individuals already in the workplace to increase the scope and variety of their skills and therefore maintain relevancy and competitiveness within a contemporary work environment. In this, adult education empowers the individual both psychologically and functionally. Still, adult education also empowers local communities. By educating the adults of the communities, local government or other grassroots initiatives can gain support for political causes and help empower individuals through increased protection of civil liberties.
Brookfield, Stephen. (1993). Self-directed learning, political clarity, and the critical practice of adult education. Adult Education Quarterly, 43(4). Web. http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/facultypapers/StephenBrookfield_Learning.cfm?RenderForPrint=1
Farmer, Lesley S.J. (2010). Gender impact on adult education. Information Communication Technologies and Adult Education. IGI Global. P 377-394.
Hopey, Christopher. (1999). Technology and adult education: Rising expectations. Adult Education, 10(4), 26-27.
Jarvis, Peter. (2004). Adult Education and Lifelong Learning. 3rd ed. Routledge Falmer.
Merriam, Sharan B. (2007). The Profession and Practice of Adult Education: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons.
Prins, Esther & Drayton, Brendaly. (2010). Adult education for the empowerment of individuals and communities. Handbook of Adult and Continuing Education. Carol E. Kaswom, Amy D., & Jovita Ross-Gordon (Eds). Sage Publications.
Sheared, Vanessa; Johnson-Bailey, Juanita; Colin, Scipio A.J.; Peterson, Elizabeth; Brookfield. Stephen D. (2010). The Handbook of Race and Adult Education: A Resource Dialogue on Racism. John Wiley & Sons.
Seekings, Brenda. (1991). State budget cuts affect adult education programs. Bangor Daily News. Web. http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2457&dat=19910814&id=fqJJAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Ww0NAAAAIBAJ&pg=3567,3608363
Weber, Kirsten. (2010). Aggression, recognition, and qualification: On the social psychology of adult education in everyday life. European Journal for Research on the Education and Learning of Adults, 1(2010), 113-129.
Winkley, Marilyn A.; Jatulis, Darius; Frank, Erica; & Fortmann, Stephen P. (1992). Socioeconomic status and health: How education, income, and occupation contribute to risk factors for cardiovascular disease. American Journal of Public Health, 82(6), 816-821.
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What’s next for America’s most important parks program?
Key changes could help the Land and Water Conservation Fund remain effective in the 21st century
Since 1964, the Land and Water Conservation Fund (LWCF) has helped protect critical landscapes within our national parks and increase recreational access to public lands across the country. Congress permanently renewed this key program in a sweeping bipartisan public lands bill this year, but did not provide any promise of funding — leaving the program subject to the whims of Congress each year. Now that LWCF will be around for the foreseeable future, what’s next for America’s most important parks program?
For decades, the Land and Water Conservation Fund has garnered strong support from both parties in Congress, as well as states and local stakeholders across the country. The program receives revenues from offshore drilling, then uses the proceeds to conserve and increase access to our parks and public lands, routinely partnering with cities and states to meet their conservation needs. In many instances, LWCF has been used to purchase islands of private lands, called “inholdings,” within our national parks from willing sellers at fair market value, protecting those critical landscapes from development. An analysis by the Center for Western Priorities found that from 2014 to 2017, the LWCF was used to complete at least 293 projects across 42 states, conserving more than 431,000 acres.
Although the program has been wildly successful, one key fact has remained true since its inception — the Land and Water Conservation Fund has almost never been funded at the full level intended by Congress. Going forward, two critical changes could ensure the LWCF enhances our parks and public lands for generations to come.
Fully fund the Land and Water Conservation Fund — at the level Congress intended
Virtually every year since the program’s inception, Congress has failed to fully fund the LWCF. Remarkably, of the $40 billion that has accrued to the Land and Water Conservation Fund since 1964, only $18.4 billion has actually been appropriated by Congress.
While Congress did not initially set an authorization level for the Land and Water Conservation Fund, it did amend the program several times, eventually settling on a $900 million annual authorization beginning in Fiscal Year 1978. That funding level, adjusted for inflation, would be more than $3.6 billion today. To ensure the program can address critical public lands access projects going forward, Congress should increase the program’s annual authorization and index it to inflation.
Change the structure of the Land and Water Conservation Fund to ensure dedicated funding and revenue from interest
Currently, funds generated by offshore drilling and intended for LWCF are sent to the General Treasury. While there is a Land and Water Conservation Fund within the Treasury, it is not a true trust fund in the traditional sense. As currently structured, Congress must appropriate accrued funds before they can actually be spent, and the remaining balance does not generate interest.
Instead of sitting on a pile of unspent or diverted funds that are not generating interest, Congress should change the structure of the Land and Water Conservation Fund to ensure that most of the funds accrued each year are actually disbursed to federal, state, and local stakeholders in the form of mandatory funding. In establishing a level of mandatory funding, while maintaining a level of discretionary funding that Congress appropriates, Congress could ensure that key conservation projects are addressed while maintaining a role in setting funding direction. Further, Congress should ensure that remaining balances in the LWCF can generate interest, similar to the Leaking Underground Storage Tank (LUST) Trust Fund and other true trust funds.
Boosting our investment in the Land and Water Conservation Fund will pay dividends for Americans across the country — every $1 of LWCF funds invested into the protection of new U.S. public lands generates $4 in economic value. The fund’s successes contribute essential infrastructure for the nation’s growing outdoor recreation economy, providing lifeblood for gateway communities.
It is hard to understate the importance of the sweeping public lands package passed by Congress and signed into law earlier this year. The legislation designated more than 1.3 million acres of wilderness, established new national parks and monuments, and permanently renewed the Land and Water Conservation Fund. However, Congress cannot rest on its laurels if it wants to truly address the challenges that face our parks and public lands in the coming century. Ensuring funding for the Land and Water Conservation Fund keeps pace with inflation and establishing mandatory funding streams to ensure critical projects are completed would be a strong start.
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Two local experts say the ongoing drought could have a negative impact on the vitality of bats migrating north through the Central Valley.
Bats make a positive impact by controlling insect populations, but if the bats – traveling thousands of miles – have fewer bugs to eat, their lives are threatened, said Rachael Long, a farm adviser in the Yolo County Cooperative Extension office in Woodland.
Each year, thousands of bats stop in the Sacramento region for a period of weeks during their migration. Most stop in the Central Valley first.
As many as 250,000 Mexican freetail bats utilize the Yolo Causeway as their home from April through October.
“With the drought, there wouldn’t be the abundance of insects. If there is not enough food where they come to rest, by the time they get here they will be weak,” Long said.
The issue was first brought to the region’s attention by Corky Quark, who runs Northern California Bats, a Davis-based rescue organization. She said she’s seen a spike in the number of bats that have come to her in poor health.
Quark said she’s received 10 dehydrated bats in need of care in the last two weeks. They are fed mealworms until they are strong enough to rejoin the colony.
While that number is not staggering, it’s likely that only a very small percentage of ailing bats are brought to anyone’s attention.
Since most of those bats recover quickly, Quark said, she can almost certainly rule out rabies or other illnesses. Her organization, online at www.norcalbats.org, works to educate the public about bats and rescues bats that are referred for care.
Quark has been involved with the nocturnal creatures for nearly a decade.
“It’s not normal for me to have this many bats this time of year,” she said.
Long and Quark said their conclusions are not based on hard data.
Quark said she was “not alarmed, but concerned” by the number of bats she said need care.
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/**/Skip to main content
Search Tips and Strategies
1. Generate a set of terms related to your topic. These will be the keywords with which you begin searching.
social media online identities community/ies
online self games
virtual Other utopia
2. In order to get search results more specific to your topic, find the appropriate subject heading. To do this, choose a book from your keyword search in the catalog. Next look in the record under "subject." You should find hyperlinked subject headings like those highlighted to the right.
Possible subject headings:
Virtual reality -- Philosophy
Share virtual environments
Ethnology -- Interactive multimedia
Boolean Operators: AND, OR, NOT and Other Symbols for More Effective Searching
hinduism AND (movies OR film)=Using the AND operater narrows your search to only results that mention both keywords. Use the OR operator to search for variants or synonyms of the same keyword.
“virtual reality” AND relig*=Use quotation marks to search for a specific phrase. The asterisk (*) is a wildcard symbol that is used to catch variant endings of a word (religion, religious).
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to shop agates, or scroll to the bottom of the article.
Agate is the ayurvedic birthstone for the month of May and the mystical birthstone for the month of September.
The name is derived from its occurrence at the Achates River in southwestern Sicily and received its name from the Ancient Greek philosopher and naturalist Theophrastus, who found the gemstone on the banks of the Achates River (
Dirillo river), Acate, Ragusa Province, Sicily, Italy.
Agate is a distinctly banded fibrous formation of common semi-precious chalcedony (Formula: SiO2). Agate is the compact, microcrystalline variety of quartz. It is made of fibrous length-fast chalcedony, sometimes with layers of quartzine (length-slow chalcedony) fibers (Michel-Lévy and Munier-Chalmas 1892; Correns and Nagelschmidt, 1933; Bernauer 1927; Braitsch 1957; Frondel, 1978; Flörke et al. 1991; Graetsch 1994).
Most agates form in cavities in ancient lavas or other extrusive igneous rocks. They are characterized for the most part by color bands in a concentric form, and less often by mosslike inclusions (moss agate). Other names often precede the word agate and indicate either its visual characteristics or its place of origin. Fortification agate is a type of banded agate with angularly arranged bands that resemble an aerial view of an ancient fortress. There are several types of fortification agate. Brazilian agate is a fortification agate with banding in angled concentric circles like the fortifications of a castle. Botswana agate from Africa had beautiful dark and light banding. Mexican lace--sometimes called "crazy lace"--is a multicolored fortification agate with highly convoluted layering. Blue lace agate from South Africa--one of the most common kinds for sale today--is a delicate light blue with a fine interlayering of colorless agate. Fire agate has inclusions of reddish to brown hematite that give an internal iridescence to polished stones. There are a number of varieties of chalcedony that are called "agate" that do not match the definition given above. Good examples are "feather agates" and "fire agates". These are listed as varieties of chalcedony, not as varieties of agate. Because the colors and patterns found in agates are so varied and so characteristic for the respective localities, there is a confusingly large number of ever-changing varietal and trade names. Roger Pabian's "Agate Lexicon" at UNL is a good source: Agates Lexicon http://snr.unl.edu/data/geologysoils/agates/agateslexicon.aspx
In thin slices of agate, the fibers are sometimes visible in transmitted light and may cause interesting optical effects (see Iris Agate). The banding in agate is based on periodic changes in the translucency of the agate substance. Layers appear darker when they are more translucent (this may appear reversed in transmitted light). This effect may be accompanied and amplified by changes in the color of neighboring layers, due to other co-precipitated minerals and occur in shades of white, yellow, gray, pale blue, brown, pink, red, or black. Much of the sliced agate offered on the market in particularly bright colors are dyed or stained to enhance the natural color, an easy process because the individual crystallites in the fibers are not tightly interlocked, agate is slightly porous (e.g., Monroe, 1964), and can be dyed easily. In old agates that have been subject to weathering and chemical alteration, the differences in translucency may disappear, and such specimens may turn almost opaque.
Banded agate is produced by a series of processes that take place in cavities in solidified lava. As the lava cools, steam and other gasses form bubbles in the liquid rock that are preserved as the lava hardens, forming cavities. Long after the rock has solidified, silica-bearing water solutions penetrate into a bubble and coagulate to form a layer of silica gel. This sequence is repeated until the hollow is filled (sometimes occurring inside of quartz geodes). Some of the layers will have picked up traces of iron or other soluble material to give the bands remaining undisturbed. Note: Agate is not simply "banded chalcedony." There are other types of chalcedony that are banded that do not match the description above; banded flint, for example. Two characteristic types of banding can be distinguished in agates (e.g. Graetsch 1994):
1. Wall-lining Banding. (The characteristic bands usually follow the outline of the cavity in which the mineral has formed.) The individual bands run perpendicular to the orientation and growth direction of the chalcedony fibers. Since the chalcedony fibers grow from the walls to the interior of a cavity, a concentric, onion-like pattern develops. The changes in translucency reflect periodic changes of crystallite sizes and repetitive nucleation of new fibers at the growth front (Taijing and Sunagawa 1994; Cady et al 1998), as well as chemical composition (Frondel 1978; Heaney and Davis 1995). In addition to the visible bands, there are compositional bands of varying trace element and hydroxyl concentrations on the micrometer scale (Frondel 1978, 1985).
Note that this type of banding is not restricted to walls of geodes: similar-looking patterns of banding will develop around other structures that grew into the cavity, like crystals or moss-like inclusions.
2. Horizontal Banding (also called Uruguay-type banding). This type of banding is less common and usually accompanied by wall-lining banding. The banding consists of fine, irregularly spaced layers of small chalcedony spherulites and sometimes quartz crystals that precipitated in the cavity. Horizontal bands can serve as spirit levels to determine the original orientation of the specimen in the host rock. When the difference in translucency or color between the layers is pronounced, agates with horizontal banding can be used for cutting cameos and engravings.
Agates have been worked since prehistoric times and were among the world's first lapidary materials. Today, it is usually cut as thin slabs, or polished ornaments broaches, or cut as cabochons for pendants. But the decorative uses of this hardstone have origins as far back as the Bronze Age. Remnants of agate crystal have been found in Knossos, Crete, signifying a role in the Minoan culture. Agate stone was also found along the Nahe River in modern-day Germany during the reign of Julius Caesar. Using running water-powered facilities, the Romans cut these agate stones into various shapes for various uses until the resources depleted in the 1800s. Renaissance artisans found many applications for agate, too; collecting bowls made of agate were especially popular.
Metaphysical properties have been attributed to agate for thousands of years. Some believe agate has the ability to dispel dysfunctional or problematic energies and dreams, while others believe it balances one’s physical, emotional, and spiritual auras. Agate is believed to discern truth, accept circumstances, and is a powerful emotional healer. Legend says that Agate helps to prevent insomnia and insure pleasant dreams, to enhance personal courage, and protect one against danger. improves memory and concentration, increases stamina, and encourages honesty. Grey agates were worn by ancient Egyptians to prevent and remedy stiff necks. In Persia and parts of Asia, the gemstone was believed to reduce fevers.
Agate has long been beloved by royalty, as well. In particular, Queen Victoria made Scottish agate a staple in her wardrobe. This fashion choice led to an explosion in the popularity of agate jewelry during her reign. In fact, Victorian-era jewelry with agate is highly sought after by today’s collectors and connoisseurs.
Agate is found worldwide, but Brazil, Botswana, South Africa, Mexico, Egypt, China, and Scotland are prolific sources and produce interesting varieties. Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and Montana are popularly abundant sources in the US.
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A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one country that is sent to another country to represent their government. The main purpose of a diplomatic mission is to promote the interests of the home country in the host country. They do this by maintaining relationships with the government and people of the host country, and by providing information about their home country to the host country. A diplomatic mission is made up of several different people, each with its own role to play.
The head of the mission is the ambassador, who is the official representative of their home country. The ambassador is responsible for all of the activities of the mission, and for representing their home country to the host country. The ambassador is assisted by a staff of diplomats, who are responsible for specific areas of work. For example, there might be a diplomat responsible for economic affairs, or for cultural affairs. The diplomats work together to promote the interests of their home country in the host country.
A diplomatic mission also has a support staff, who are responsible for providing administrative and logistical support to the mission. The support staff includes people like secretaries, drivers, and security guards. A diplomatic mission is an important part of the work of a country’s government. They play a vital role in promoting the interests of their home country, and in maintaining relationships with other countries.
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Considers other pertinent contexts. It is also good for the teacher, because it gives her the ability to justify a score on paper, without having to explain everything in a later conversation.
The topic is not clearly defined. Task-specific rubrics function as "scoring directions" for the person who is grading the work.
To grab a copy of this for your own modification, click here. By Alfie Kohn [This is a slightly expanded version of the published article. General rubrics take longer to learn to apply well.
Accuracy No mistakes, scholarly and accurate. As a student, you probably come across a rubric for essay almost every time you submit a new essay, sometimes even without knowing. Citations Cites all data obtained from other sources.
Distracting errors, difficult to read.
Andrade, Du, and Mycek replicated these findings with students in 5th, 6th, and 7th grade, except that the rubric group's writing was evaluated as having higher quality on all six criteria. Sources More than 5 current sources, of which at least 3 are peer-review journal articles or scholarly books.
The main point about criteria is that they should be about learning outcomes, not aspects of the task itself. Capstone Project in Design This rubric describes the components and standards of performance from the research phase to the final presentation for a senior capstone project in design Carnegie Mellon.
For the study, the same rubric was used for a required course assignment three years in a row. The short answer was yes. The paper demonstrates that the author, for the most part, understands and has applied concepts learned in the course.
One or Several Judgments. The WSU rubric specifies only the highest and lowest levels of performances, leaving it to faculty adapting it to describe the intervening levels.
Analytic Each criterion dimension, trait is evaluated separately. The practice of using single point rubrics is slowly but surely catching on. The simplicity of these rubrics — with just a single column of criteria, rather than a full menu of performance levels — offers a whole host of benefits: I first talked about this type of rubric in an earlier post (Know.
College-Level Writing Rubric Masterful Skilled Able Developing Novice (Way Off) Focus, Purpose, Thesis (Controlling of the assigned topic. Idea). Grading Student Work. Print Version What Purposes Do Grades Serve?
Sample Rubrics Range of Disciplines and Assignment Types; Suggestions About Making Marginal and End Comments on Student Writing; Maintaining Grading Consistency in Multi-sectioned Courses (for course heads) Communicate your grading policies, standards, and criteria to.
Sharyland FCCLA Members Brings Christmas Spirit To Senior Citizens; FCCLA Students Assist in Distracted Driver Study; Sharyland FCCLA Volunteers at H-E-B Feast of Sharing.
Lets face facts, most students have little or no idea why they get a particular grade. A student may think they worked hard (I stress think!) or they may know they were pretty much correct in an essay or question, but for the most part grading remains a mystery to most students.
1 Using Rubrics to Grade, Assess, and Improve Student Learning Strengthening Our Roots: Quality, Opportunity & Success Professional Development Day Miami-Dade College March 7,Grading rubrics for essays for college
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ColdCaching is an exciting way to explore and learn about the many natural features along the Ice Age Trail. If you are looking for a family-friendly activity that allows you to experience the thrill of a treasure hunt, learn important navigational skills and develop an appreciation for Wisconsin’s fascinating Ice Age history, ColdCaching is for you.
What is ColdCaching?
The concept of Ice Age Trail ColdCaching is based on the popular activities of GeoCaching and EarthCaching.
- GeoCaching is an outdoor treasure-hunting game where participants use a GPS device or other navigational techniques to hide and seek caches that contain a logbook and treasure (usually toys or trinkets).
- EarthCaching is a similar to GeoCaching, except participants seek out natural features instead of human-placed caches.
- ColdCaching is a type of EarthCaching in which participants seek out natural features along the Ice Age Trail.
Finding a ColdCache
As a ColdCaching participant, you can choose from a list of Ice Age Trail landmarks (ColdCaches) to seek out.
The interactive map below shows the location and basic information about the ColdCache sites.
- The dark-blue diamonds represent ColdCache sites.
- The turquoise diamonds represent locations of ColdCache Park Packs.
The Ice Age Trail goes through twelve (12) Wisconsin State Parks or Forests. Forty (40) ColdCache sites are distributed in or near eight (8) of these state properties.
ColdCache Park Packs can be checked out by visitors at these eight (8) locations, (see map – turquoise diamonds- above). The Packs contain the site information and supplies needed to find the sites in or near the properties and learn about the ColdCache program. These packs encourage families or other groups to be active in the outdoors. In the process, Park visitors learn how to use a GPS unit, get fresh air, exercise, and a geologic lesson while enjoying the thrill of finding a treasure and working as a team.
The list of natural features can be found on geocaching.com. On your first visit to the website, you’ll need to create an account with geocaching.com in order to see the full details (including location information) for each ColdCache.
Each ColdCache includes instructions for performing a simple task or answering questions (or both) in order to verify your find.
ColdCaching is consistent with Leave No Trace outdoor ethics in that participants leave only footprints on the landscape as part of their activities.
New sites are added periodically, so check back regularly for new ColdCaches to explore.
Earning an Award
As you find more ColdCaches, you can register for the ColdCache awards program to receive patches recognizing your prowess as a ColdCache hunter. Download the awards program log [PDF], and you’re ready to go.
- Level I: Snowflake. A water crystal that forms in the atmosphere and falls to the earth. Visit and log 3 ColdCache sites representing at least 2 different feature types.
- Level II: Blizzard. A long, severe snowstorm with intensely cold wind and fine snow. Visit and log 7 ColdCache sites representing at least 5 different feature types.
- Level III: Firn. Partially consolidated snow that has passed through one summer melt season, but is not yet glacial ice. Visit and log 12 ColdCache sites representing at least 9 different feature types.
- Level IV: Ice Sheet. A broad, thick sheet of ice covering an extensive area for a long period of time. Visit and log 18 ColdCache sites representing at least 14 different feature types.
- Level V: Glacier. An extended mass of ice, formed from snow falling and accumulating over years, that flows over a land mass. Visit and log 25 ColdCache sites representing at least 20 different feature types.
Please note: the ColdCache awards program is not linked to your account at geocaching.com. That is, even as you register sites as “found” on your geocaching.com account, you’ll need to notify the ColdCache coordinator via the awards program log to quality for ColdCache patches.
Creating a ColdCache
In addition to searching for ColdCaches, you can also play a valuable role by developing new sites for others to find.
If you are interested in helping out, email the ColdCache coordinator at firstname.lastname@example.org. The coordinator will walk you through the process of developing a ColdCache using the proper guidelines and provide important forms.
For questions about the ColdCache program, send an email to the program coordinator at email@example.com.
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In English, many things are named after a particular country – but have you ever wondered what those things are called in those countries?
- No more swung dashes - each compound or derivative, each headword that is repeated in a phrase or example sentence, is given in full.
- Nowadays, however, swung dash is used wrongly in everyday language regardless of writing forms.
- It sounds pretty, but when you're blogging, it's a lot better to use an ellipsis, even if your tone is swinging; strictly speaking, the swung dash is never to be used as a punctuation mark.
- The ‘swung dash’ or ‘approximation’ sign is not quite the same as tilde in typeset material but the ASCII tilde serves for both (compare angle brackets).
- The design is minimalist, with simple structure, little metalanguage and no swung dashes.
English has borrowed many of the following foreign expressions of parting, so you’ve probably encountered some of these ways to say goodbye in other languages.
Many words formed by the addition of the suffix –ster are now obsolete - which ones are due a resurgence?
As their breed names often attest, dogs are a truly international bunch. Let’s take a look at 12 different dog breed names and their backstories.
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This document is one entry in a series of questions and answers originally posted to the Purdue University Department of Horticulture & Landscape Architecture’s Plant Growth Facility Web site [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/hort/facilities/greenhouse/RiceMethod.shtml] regarding best practices for rice plant growth in a greenhouse. Controlled studies were conducted with the goals of optimizing growth and yield; developing standardized methodology using readily available commercial materials; and providing recommendations for large-scale high-throughput production. Digital images showing treatment differences are included. A summary of recommendations; materials and methods description; and a reference list are available in separate documents.
Rice, Oryza, growing methods, greenhouse methods, greenhouse protocols, greenhouse best practices, Purdue methods, calcined clay, Turface
Date of this Version
Eddy, Robert and Hahn, Daniel T., "Optimizing Greenhouse Rice Production: How Can Leaf Yellowing Be Avoided?" (2008). Purdue Methods for Rice Growth. Paper 5.
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Van goph essay
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Portrait of père tanguy, painted by vincent van gogh in 1887, is one of his three paintings of julien tanguy the three works demonstrate a progression in van gogh's. 2017 年 12 月 20 日 grieg solveig s song analysis essays good quotes for essay writing help essay on violence in south african schools essay on importance of computer. You have not saved any essays starry night vincent van gogh's starry night is a marvelous painting in which van gogh paints a picture that is colorful and. Disclaimer: this essay has been submitted by a student this is not an example of the work written by our professional essay writers any opinions, findings.
Van goph essayRated 5/5 based on 30 review
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Right now, amid these unprecedented times of coronavirus pandemic, we all are going through various changes in our lifestyles. This coronavirus has disturbed our lives in a lot of ways hence, it is understandable that your oral health might not be an important consideration as of now. However, if you develop serious toothaches with an abscess, you will certainly regret not caring for your oral health on time.
The current pandemic situation is not in our control however, we can focus on the things that are in our control and it includes taking care of our oral health too. Well, we are here to talk about some important tips that you should keep in mind to take care of your oral health:
A Good Oral Care Routine is Needed
Brushing teeth at least twice a day- just when you wake up in the morning and right before going to your bed at night. This routine is always suggested by dental experts. Along with this, brushing your teeth for at least 2 minutes is recommended as it will ensure that every tooth is cleaned properly.
Additional Tip: You can always choose Electric Brushes over the normal ones as they come with built-in timers that can ease your effort to note the time while brushing. Or else, if you are using a manual brush then you can use your smartphone to keep a tab of the time.
Flossing Is The Most Important
While brushing is very important, flossing is also not a thing to miss. Even after brushing, one-third of your tooth surfaces remain uncleaned. The bacteria between your teeth can destroy the tooth enamel, and it can lead to a cavity. Hence, flossing is important to ensure cleaning between your teeth and removal of the plaque so that it can prevent the chances of tooth decay or gum disease. There are two types of flossers available in the market, both electrical and manual. Hence, you can choose according to your comfort level.
Toothbrush Should Be Replaced Regularly
According to dental experts, toothbrushes should be changed within 2-3 months or even earlier if they are looking worn or old. Brushing with a heavy hand may cause your bristles to wear out before the three-month mark. If a toothbrush is worn out then it will not clean your teeth properly and hence, it can increase the chances of dental problems such as decay. Also, the other reason is, that bacteria and plaque stick to your toothbrush after you brush your teeth. According to some studies, a single toothbrush can contain over 10 million germs and bacteria. If you use the same toothbrush for an extended period of time, it is likely that additional bacteria will accumulate on it. Hence, replacing your toothbrush regularly is very important to avoid dental issues and other gum diseases.
Intake Of Sugar Should Be In Control
Tooth decay has a direct connection to sugar intake. After consuming sugar-containing foods, sugar molecules mix with the bacteria and saliva present in the mouth. As a result of this combination, plaque starts developing on the surface of the teeth. Plaque on teeth can destroy their enamel, and it can result in one of the major dental problems that are cavities. Intake of sugar at a high level also increases the production of acid in the mouth. The enamel of your teeth is directly affected by these acids also, and it gets weak. This can also result in various types of further dental issues and gum diseases. Hence, one should definitely take care of sugar intake to prevent such dental problems.
Staying Hydrated Is A Must
Staying hydrated is so important because the human body needs plenty of water to produce enough saliva. Saliva is the first line of protection in your mouth from various types of dental issues and diseases. It helps in washing away the excess food particles as well as bacteria that are present in the mouth. It makes swallowing easier, and it also includes essential minerals such as calcium, phosphate, and fluoride that helps in strengthening your teeth. A dry mouth might put you at risk for tooth decay if your saliva supply is low in your mouth. Saliva also helps in maintaining the neutral pH of your mouth and as a result, it lowers the risk of other dental issues. Hence, staying hydrated is most important to maintain good oral health.
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NetWellness is a global, community service providing quality, unbiased health information from our partner university faculty. NetWellness is commercial-free and does not accept advertising.
Saturday, September 5, 2015
We often hear the phrase "meet the team" before the start of a sports season. Here, we invite you to meet the research team. Research involves a lot of people who have different roles; much like a sports team has different coaches, players, referees and fans. Both on a sports team and in research each person plays a vital role and like a game, research can only be done with the all team members.
Let's start with the head coach. The Principal Investigator (PI) is like the head coach because he or she is an expert in the topic. They are most responsible for planning the research study and the work of the rest of the team. The head coach, researcher/PI has to follow a playbook. This playbook is called a "protocol". A protocol is a guide researchers must follow during the research study. Like sports, the guide must be in line with the rules of the game. The research study can only begin after the "protocol" has been reviewed by the IRB. The IRB tells the researcher/PI the rules that must be used before the study starts. Following the rules helps keep the volunteer safe during the study.
The research staff is like the assistant coaches. Why? Because the research staff handles most of the day-to-day activities and works closely with the head coach. The research staff is there for you when you or your family and friends have questions about the research study. You can call them if you have any questions or concerns about the study! Just as coaches and assistant coaches must complete special training before they are allowed to coach a game, the PI and research staff must also complete special training to ensure that they understand the rules of research.
Research volunteers are the MOST important members on the research team. Like a game can only be played with players, research can only be done with volunteers. Research studies need all kinds of people to volunteer. (In the same way that you don't have a team without the players, researchers cannot learn about what works and what doesn't without volunteers). For example, for a long time heart disease was thought to be a man's disease and was only studied in men. Because women were not studied, little was known about the symptoms of heart attacks in women or what treatments were effective. Now we know women get heart disease, too, and their symptoms are often different from those that men have.
Research studies need volunteers of all ages, genders, races, and ethnicities. Volunteers can be tall or short, rich or poor, and thin or heavy. They are not always people with an illness. Healthy people can also volunteer to take part in research.
Volunteers from each of these groups are important for different reasons. For example, children volunteers are needed to learn more about childhood diseases such as childhood asthma. Elderly volunteers help researchers learn about concerns and conditions that effect only older people. Volunteers of different races and ethnicities are important to learn more about diseases that are more common among them and because some treatments work differently for different groups of people. For example, type-2 diabetes and asthma are more common in African Americans and Hispanics.
This is why it is so important that people of all ages, genders, races and ethnic groups take part in research studies. It is the only way that researchers can find treatments for all people and that researchers can know the different ways different people respond to different treatments.
Family, friends and personal support
Much like a sports team has fans to observe the game and cheer the team to victory, your family, friends and personal support are people you can talk with about taking part in the study. You may share with them what the study is about. They may have questions about the study. They may also help support you during the study. The final decision though, is yours, as to whether you will take part or not.
Like a sports team, the referees are the people that protect your safety. In research, there are national rule makers or regulators, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); local, Institutional Review Board (IRB); and institutional, research subject advocates (RSAs). The research rule makers:
Referees help teams follow certain rules. In sports these rules protect the safety of the players and depend on the game. In research, rules also protect the safety of volunteers and are different depending on the type of research.
At the national level, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has an official guide or set of rules that all researchers must follow. These rules are also called the "Common Rules." This means that these rules apply to or are "common" to all studies that involve humans.
Locally, IRBs help researchers follow those rules. IRB is a complex term. The B stands of BOARD. This means that it is a group of people that looks at the research study. R is for REVIEW, meaning that the study is checked closely to see that rules are followed. The I stands for INSTITUTIONAL, meaning that the study follows rules that apply to wherever the research will be done. Research goes on at hospitals, colleges, and other places, and the IRB is the local group that helps to keep volunteers safe by overseeing study activities at these locations.
There are other local referees whose job is to support volunteers more directly. These people are often called "participant advocates" or sometimes "research subject advocates." They are the insiders who can help you while you are in the study. They are there to support you. You can contact them at any time. If you have questions or need help with some aspect of your taking part.
Helpful Research Terms
Clinical research: a type of research that involves a particular person or group of people
Clinical trial: a particular type of clinical research that tests whether a new medicine or device is safe and effective
Consent form: One part of the informed consent process (see “informed consent”). A consent form is a document that describes and explains the parts of the study. Each form has at least 8 parts. The parts will cover what the study is about, who can join, what you will be asked to do, any risks or benefits, any costs, any inconvenience, what your information will be used for, and that your taking part is voluntary. After all questions have been answered and the volunteer agrees, it is signed by the volunteer. By choosing to sign the consent form, a person shows that s/he understands the study and is willing to take part.
Data: the information that researchers get and look at
Device: A piece of equipment made for a particular purpose; especially a mechanical or electrical one. An example would be a pacemaker.
Eligibility: A process of finding out whether a volunteer is a good fit or match for a study.
FDA (Food and Drug Administration): A government agency that monitors and approves drugs and devices before they can be used in the general public; one of the “referees.”
Informed consent: A process that involves talking with a study team about why they’re doing the study, what you will have to do while taking part in a research study, how much time it will take, whether you will be paid , whom to contact if you have questions – everything you need to know about volunteering. Part of the informed consent process includes a consent form (see “consent form”).
Investigator: A professional, usually a doctor, but may also be a nurse, pharmacist or other health care professional; one of the “coaches.”
IRB (Institutional Review Board): A special group of professionals who look over research studies to protect the safety of study participants; one of the “referees.”
Observations: Looking at and learning why things are the way they are.
Participant: A person taking part in a study. Also called a research volunteer or research subject; one of the “players.”
Protocol: The study plan; the “play book.”
Recruitment: Finding and getting people to join a study.
Research Subject: A person taking part in a study. Also called a participant or research volunteer; one of the “players.”
Research Volunteer: A person taking part in a study. Also called a participant or research subject; one of the “players.”
Retention: Refers to the completion of follow-up visits and procedures involved in the study; staying in the study until it is completed.
Sample: A small set of a larger group.
Standard Treatment: The treatment we know works for most people and that usually happens at the doctor’s office or hospital; part of usual care (see “usual care”).
Surveys: The use of written or verbal questions to gather information about people’s thoughts and behaviors.
Usual Care: What you normally get at the doctor’s office; includes preventative health care, routine screenings, and standard treatment (see “standard treatment”).
This article is a NetWellness exclusive.
Last Reviewed: Dec 05, 2013
Nicole M Deming, JD, MA
Assistant Professor of Bioethics
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
Mary Ellen Lawless, MA, RN
School of Medicine
Case Western Reserve University
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Part B2 Heated water services
Introduction to this Part
This Part sets out the requirements for the design, construction, installation, replacement, repair, alteration and maintenance of any part of a heated water service of a property that is connected to the drinking water supply. It covers from the point of connection to the points of discharge.
The Objective of this Part is to—
- safeguard people from illness, injury or loss (including loss of amenity) due to the failure of a heated water installation; and
- ensure that a heated water installation is suitable; and
- conserve water; and
- safeguard the environment; and
- reduce greenhouse gas emissions; and
- safeguard public and private infrastructure; and
- ensure that a heated water installation is designed and is capable of being maintained so that throughout its serviceable life it will continue to satisfy Objectives (a) to (f).
- minimises any adverse impact on building occupants, the Network Utility Operator's infrastructure, property and the environment; and
- facilitates the conservation of water.
To reduce greenhouse gas emissions, to the degree necessary, a heated water service is to—
- be capable of efficiently using energy; and
- obtain its heating energy from—
- a low greenhouse gas intensity energy source; or
- an on-site renewable energy source; or
- another process as reclaimed energy.
The greenhouse gas intensity of energy sources vary. For example, natural gas has a low greenhouse gas intensity compared with electricity generated from coal.
BP2.1 Water supply
BP2.3 Design, construction and installation
A heated water service must ensure the following:
Heated water is provided at appropriate flow rates and temperatures for fixtures and appliances to function.
Access for maintenance of mechanical components and operational controls.
The system, appliances and devices can be isolated for testing and maintenance.
BP2.4 Pressure relief and temperature limitation
Containers used for producing and/or storing heated water must—
relieve excessive pressure; and
limit temperatures to avoid flash steam production in the event of rupture.
BP2.5 Legionella control
Heated water must be stored and delivered under conditions which avoid the likelihood of the growth of Legionella bacteria.
BP2.6 Energy use and source
A heated water service, including any associated distribution system and components, must ensure the efficient use of energy and water.
Excessive 'dead water' draw-off, i.e. where cooled water from the supply pipe is drained off prior to delivery of heated water, can result in water and energy wastage.
To improve the efficiency of heated water systems, the design should consider factors such as the number of outlets, their purpose and expected typical usage, and the distance between the water heater and each of the outlets. The water heatershould be positioned nearest to the most used outlets, or installed to provide consistent coverage of the building. Where this is not viable, the use of multiple water heaters or flow and return pipe loop may need to be considered.
Features in BP2.6(1) must be appropriate to the following:
The heated water service and its usage.
The geographic location of the building.
The location of the heated water service.
The energy or water source.
BP2.6(2) permits the energy source of the heated water service to be considered. This means that the net energy obtained from renewable energy sources such as solar, geothermal, wind, and biofuels may be considered as 'free' energy in calculating the energy consumption. Similarly, heat reclaimed from another 'free' source such as a by-product from co-generation type processes as well as other industrial processes, which could otherwise be rejected from the building, could be considered as 'free' energy in calculating the energy consumption.
A heated water service, including any associated distribution system and components, must obtain heating energy from one, or a combination, of the following:
A source that has a greenhouse gas intensity up to and including 100 g CO2-e/MJ of thermal energy load.
An on-site renewable energy source.
Another process as reclaimed energy.
- The intent of BP2.6(3) is to constrain the use of a high greenhouse gas intensity source of energy. It does not prevent the use of electricity because the greenhouse gas intensity is related to the thermal load rather than the energy consumption which is covered by BP2.6(2).
- For the purposes of BP2.6(3) the renewable energy must be on-site (not GreenPower) and includes, but is not limited to, solar, wind, hydroelectric, wave action, and geothermal.
BV2.1 Greenhouse gas intensity of a water heater
annual amount of energy consumed from that energy source; and
emission factor of—
if the energy source is electricity, 253 g CO2-e/MJ; or
if the energy source is liquefied petroleum gas, 65 g CO2-e/MJ; or
if the energy source is natural gas, 61 g CO2-e/MJ; or
if the energy source is wood or biomass, 4 g CO2-e/MJ.
In BV2.1, the symbol "g CO2-e/MJ" means "grams of Carbon Dioxide equivalent per megajoule/s".
BV2.2 Heated water storage temperature
Compliance with BP2.5 is verified for each heated water storage system when the water heater is designed such that all water is subjected to a temperature-dependent minimum exposure period as specified in Table BV2.2 within 7 days before passing through the water-heating appliance's heated water outlet.
Minimum exposure period
70°C or greater
B2.2 Water heater in a heated water supply system
In a new Class 1 or Class 10 building—
a water heater in a heated water supply system must be—
a solar water heater complying with B2.2(1)(b); or
a heat pump water heater complying with B2.2(1)(b); or
a gas water heater complying with B2.2(1)(c); or
an electric resistance water heater only in the circumstances described in B2.2(1)(d); or
a wood fired thermosiphon water heater or direct fired water heater each complying with AS/NZS 3500.4; and
a solar water heater and a heat pump water heater must have—
for a building with 1 or 2 bedrooms—
at least 14 Small-scale Technology Certificates for the zone where it is being installed; or
an energy saving of not less than 40% in accordance with AS/NZS 4234 for a "small" load system; and
for a building with 3 or 4 bedrooms—
at least 22 Small-scale Technology Certificates for the zone where it is being installed; or
an energy saving of not less than 60% in accordance with AS/NZS 4234 for a "medium" load system; and
for a building with more than 4 bedrooms
at least 28 Small-scale Technology Certificates for the zone where it is being installed; or
an energy saving of not less than 60% in accordance with AS/NZS 4234 for a "large" load system; and
In colder climates the performance of some heat pumps may diminish.
a gas water heater must be rated not less than 5 stars in accordance with AS 4552; and
an electric resistance water heater with no storage or a heated water delivery of not more than 50 litres in accordance with AS 1056.1 may be installed when—
the building has—
not more than 1 bedroom; and
not more than 1 electric resistance water heater installed; or
the greenhouse gas emission intensity of the public electricity supply is low.
B2.3 Layout of taps
B2.4 Maximum flow rates for heated water outlets
The outlet of a shower, basin, kitchen sink, or laundry trough must have a maximum flow rate of not more than 9 litres per minute.
The requirements of B2.4 do not apply to a shower intended to provide rapid drenching of a person for emergency purposes, such as chemical removal.
B2.5 Maximum delivery temperature
The delivery temperature of heated water at the outlet of each sanitary fixture must be—
not more than 45°C in any—
residential part of an aged care building; or
part of an early childhood centre, or primary or secondary school, that is used by children; or
designated accessible facility in a common area of Class 2 building, or in any part of a Class 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9a, 9b, 9c or 10 building; or
B2.6 Temperature control devices
The required maximum delivery temperature must be achieved in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.4.
B2.7 Heated water storage
Containers used for producing and/or storing heated water must be provided with temperature and pressure relief devices in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.4.
B2.8 Legionella control
Legionella control for water heaters must be carried out in accordance with AS/NZS 3500.4.
B2.9 General requirements
Explanatory information: Cross-volume considerations
NCC Volume One Class 2 to 9 buildings
NCC Volume Two Class 1 and 10 buildings
Excavations for pipework adjacent to a building and footings
Termite management for attachments to buildings and penetrations through a slab
Penetrations for pipework through a vapour barrier
Pipework in timber bearers and joists of solid timber or engineered wood products
Fittings, fixtures and pipework installations in steel framed construction
Penetrations through a fire-resisting wall or floor
|C3 Protection of openings|
Fixtures or fittings in a wet area
|F1 Damp and weather proofing|
Service pipework external to the building and penetrations through roof cladding in a bushfire prone area
Pipework sound insulation
Central heating pipework
Pool and spa heating and pumping – energy efficiency
Energy consumption monitoring for water heaters
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Space & Astronomy
New planet-hunting telescope begins search
By T.K. Randall
July 29, 2018 · 6 comments
The hunt for extrasolar planets is now on. Image Credit: NASA
NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) is now on the hunt for habitable extrasolar worlds.
Designed to carry on where the Kepler Space Telescope left off, the new satellite launched in to space aboard a Falcon 9 rocket back on April 18th and officially began operations last week.
Scientists hope that TESS will find thousands of previously undiscovered extrasolar planets including many potentially habitable worlds in neighboring solar systems.
The most promising candidates will become targets for the upcoming James Webb Space Telescope.
"I'm thrilled that our planet hunter is ready to start combing the backyard of our solar system for new worlds," said Paul Hertz, director of NASA's Astrophysics division.
"With possibly more planets than stars in our universe, I look forward to the strange, fantastic worlds we're bound to discover."
| Comments (6)
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An inflamed gallbladder (cholecystitis) may have symptoms similar to or be caused by gallbladder disease. An inflammation, when allowed to rest, often doesn’t cause further problems after it is treated. Some people with gallbladder problems will have chronic inflammation.
A healthcare professional will need to do an exam and run any necessary tests to determine the cause of inflammation of this pear-shaped organ if there are gallstones, cancer, cysts, or polyps, the gallbladder often needs to be removed.
Gallbladder Diseases that Cause Inflammation
Gallstones cause a majority of cholecystitis cases, so when there is inflammation, the gallbladder is often removed. Occasionally a cholecystectomy is done, and no gallstones are found in this little organ that aids in digesting fat. Sometimes, though rare, there could be a cyst, swollen lymph nodes, or tumor that blocks the bile ducts and causes the gallbladder to become inflamed.
Digestive and Other Symptoms of Cholecystitis
Initial symptoms may not be recognized as being caused by an inflammation of the gallbladder because they are the same as common digestive problems (7 Common Digestive Problems). One of the symptoms that will lead suffers to urgent care is severe pain under the upper right rib cage. This pain may spread to the back and into the right shoulder. Other symptoms include the following:
- Clay-colored stools
- Yellowing of skin and eyes
After a gallbladder exam, a healthcare professional will instruct as to what to do. If there does not appear to be gallstones or other diseases, resting the gallbladder may be recommended.
Time for Resting and Recovering
Changing what food is eaten will allow the gallbladder to rest and recover. Since the gallbladder regulates bile necessary to digest fats, a diet low in fat will allow the organ to rest. A general guideline would be to have less than 30% of calories be from fats. It is recommended to reduce the following to rest an inflamed gallbladder:
- Fried food
- Fatty meats
- Refined grains (white bread, white flour, etc.)
- Long periods between eating
- High-fat dairy products
- Rapid weight loss
Eliminating all fats can increase the risk of gallstones. Omega 3 (Top 10 Foods High in Omega-3) and other fats are necessary to overall health, so they need to remain in the diet. Increasing fruits, vegetables, and grains give the gallbladder a break because they don’t require bile to be digested. Treatment options for an inflamed gallbladder will vary, depending on the cause.
Learn About – Weight Loss
What Are The Treatment Options
The most common cause of an inflamed gallbladder is blockage of the bile ducts. Blockages are commonly treated by the gallbladder being removed (cholecystectomy). When this outpatient surgery cannot be done due to other health issues, these other treatments options may be chosen for treatment:
- Diet change
- Extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
- Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE)
- Percutaneous cholecystostomy
Due to the severe and even life-threatening complications of an inflamed gallbladder it is essential to seek professional medical help in treating it.
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The main symptom of infertility is the inability to get pregnant. A menstrual cycle that’s too long (35 days or more), too short (less than 21 days), irregular or absent can mean that you’re not ovulating.
How can a woman tell if she is infertile?
Signs of Potential Infertility in Women
- Abnormal periods. Bleeding is heavier or lighter than usual.
- Irregular periods. The number of days in between each period varies each month.
- No periods. You have never had a period, or periods suddenly stop.
- Painful periods. Back pain, pelvic pain, and cramping may happen.
Can you ovulate every month and be infertile?
The short answer to this question is yes. You can certainly struggle with infertility and still have a period every month. Most fertility problems arise from an ovulation disorder that could influence your period. But your struggles with conception could be caused by other factors.
Do you still ovulate if you have no eggs?
There may, however, be some cycles when an egg is not released. This is known as anovulation and often affects young girls who have just started their periods or women who are approaching menopause. It is also possible for healthy women to occasionally have a cycle where they do not ovulate.
What are 4 causes for female infertility?
Who is at risk for female infertility?
- Hormone issue that prevents ovulation.
- Abnormal menstrual cycle.
- Being underweight.
- Having a low body-fat content from extreme exercise.
- Structural problems (problems with the fallopian tubes, uterus or ovaries).
How does infertile sperm look like?
The gray zone would be defined as sperm concentrations between 13.5 million and 48 million sperm per milliliter, with between 32% and 63% of sperm moving and 9% to 12% of sperm having a uniform appearance. Men with sperm values below these would be considered infertile.
Do infertile woman have eggs?
Most cases of infertility in women result from problems with producing eggs. In primary ovarian insufficiency, the ovaries stop functioning before natural menopause. In polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the ovaries may not release an egg regularly or they may not release a healthy egg.
Are you fertile if you have regular periods?
There’s a very good chance if you are experiencing a regular monthly period, you are fertile. While it is true that women have a finite number of eggs, lack of conception is predominately due to other causes. From the moment a girl is born, she typically has between one and two million eggs in her ovaries.
Why am I not getting pregnant when everything is normal?
Missing the fertile period could be a reason for not getting pregnant when everything is normal. The chances of getting pregnant are the highest during ovulation. Dr Priti further explains to the couple, “Ovulation is the time when your mature egg is released to the fallopian tubes for possible fertilization.
How do you confirm ovulation?
How do I confirm ovulation? Ovulation can be confirmed through a progesterone blood test or basal body temperature (BBT) tracking. A blood, or serum, progesterone measurement is taken through a one-time blood test from your doctor or in a mail away kit.
How do I know I’m ovulating?
the length of your menstrual cycle – ovulation usually occurs around 10 to 16 days before your period starts, so you may be able to work out when you’re likely to ovulate if you have a regular cycle. your cervical mucus – you may notice wetter, clearer and more slippery mucus around the time of ovulation.
Can you get pregnant without having a period for 2 months?
Can you get pregnant without having a period in months? Yes, it’s possible, but it’s not likely. If you’re not getting your periods, this is a good reason to see your gynecologist. There are some normal—and some not-so-normal—reasons this can occur.
How can I improve my fertility as a woman?
How to get pregnant: Step-by-step instructions
- Record menstrual cycle frequency. …
- Monitor ovulation. …
- Have sex every other day during the fertile window. …
- Strive for a healthy body weight. …
- Take a prenatal vitamin. …
- Eat healthy foods. …
- Cut back on strenuous workouts. …
- Be aware of age-related fertility declines.
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July 16 2013 Astronomy Newsletter
Here's the latest article from the Astronomy site at BellaOnline.com. Some light-hearted reading for a lazy summer day or dreary winter day, depending on which hemisphere you're in.
Here’s a collection of astronomy jokes for kids, adults and geeks of all ages. Laughter helps to keep us young and healthy, so see if anything tickles your fancy. (And how *does* the Man in the Moon cut his hair?)
*Neptune’s 14th Moon*
Using Hubble Space Telescope images, a 14th Neptunian moon was discovered this month. It's so dark in color and tiny (less than 12 miles across) that even Voyager missed it on its fly-by decades ago.
Its temporary designation is S/2004 N 1, but its name should be that of a water deity from classical mythology. I think we can assume that it won't be called Vulcan.
Here is a picture: http://pinterest.com/pin/250090585530657040 /
Lots of anniversaries this week, especially since 44 years ago this was the historic week when the whole world held its breath as Apollo 11 made its way to the Moon. (With thanks to The Year in Space calendar.)
Today, July 16
1969: Apollo 11 was launched.
2011: Dawn spacecraft enters orbit around Vesta.
July18, 1921: Happy birthday, John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth. Since then he’s become the oldest person in space by flying on the shuttle Discovery when he was 77. A mere youngster. He’ll be 92 on this birthday.
July 19, 1846: Edward Pickering born. He was the director of the Harvard College Observatory for many years. Pickering is known for hiring a number of women to do astronomical calculations, disparagingly called “Pickering’s harem”. Their number included Annie Jump Cannon (http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art28074.asp) and Henrietta Leavitt (http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art29166.asp).
1969: Apollo 11 astronauts are the first humans to walk on the Moon.
1976: Viking 1 lands on Mars.
July 21, 1969: Apollo 11 lunar module Eagle lifts off from Moon
July 22, 1784: Friedrich Bessel born. He was a German astronomer and mathematician, and the first person to accurately measure a stellar parallax. Parallax – also known as triangulation – is way of determining distances geometrically on Earth and in space.
For a variety of astronomy images, follow me on Pinterest at: http://pinterest.com/astrobella/
To participate in online discussions, this site has a community forum all about Astronomy located here - http://forums.bellaonline.com/ubbthreads.php?ubb=postlist&Board=323
Please visit astronomy.bellaonline.com for even more great content about Astronomy.
I hope to hear from you sometime soon, either in the forum or in response to this email message. I welcome your feedback!
Do pass this message along to family and friends who might also be interested. Remember it's free and without obligation.
I wish you clear skies.
Mona Evans, Astronomy Editor
One of hundreds of sites at BellaOnline.com
Unsubscribe from the Astronomy Newsletter
Online Newsletter Archive for Astronomy Site
Master List of BellaOnline Newsletters
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Struggling to figure out when you should use e.g. vs i.e.? What about i.e. vs ex.? E.g. vs e.x.?
Those are enough abbreviations to make your head spin! In this article, we'll break down what i.e., e.g., and ex. all stand for and explain how to use each properly in a sentence. We'll also give you some quick tips for remembering which is which.
The Bottom Line: What's the Difference Between I.e., E.g., and Ex.?
I.e., e.g., and ex. are all abbreviations. I.e. and e.g. are abbreviations for Latin phrases and ex. is an abbreviation for an English word. Let's take a deeper look at each them.
What Does I.e. Mean?
"I.e" is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase "id est," which translates to "that is" or "in other words."
Here's a look at "i.e." in action:
"I am a vegetarian, i.e., I don't eat meat."
In the example, "i.e." is used to provide more clarification about what being a vegetarian means. You could also read the sentence as, "I am a vegetarian, in other words, I don't eat meat."
What Does E.g. Mean?
"E.g." is an abbreviation for a Latin phrase as well. The Latin phrase "exempli gratia" is the longer form of "e.g." "Exempli gratia" translates to "for example."
Let's take a look at an example of "e.g." in a sentence:
"I love to eat vegetables, e.g., carrots, spinach, and arugula."
You use "e.g." to introduce examples of something. In the sentence above, it's used to introduce examples of the vegetables that the subject of the sentence likes.
What Does Ex. Mean?
"Ex." is another abbreviation, but for an English word: "exercise." Writers use "ex." in their work to refer to an exercise. Many people think that "ex." stands for example, but that's a common mistake. "Ex." is used to introduce exercises.
Here's a look at how:
"Please refer to ex. 4."
The sentence instructs the reader to refer to an exercise later in the text, likely in an appendix.
Rules for Using I.e., E.g., and Ex. in Writing
Now that we know what e.g., i.e., and ex. mean, let's look at how to use them correctly in writing.
E.g., i.e., and ex. should all be written in lowercase when you use them in the middle of a sentence.
E.g. and i.e. should be followed by a comma, as seen in the following examples:
"There were many flavors of ice cream at the shop, e.g., chocolate, vanilla, cookie dough, and mint chocolate chip."
"I don't like eating raw fish, i.e., sushi."
Even though e.g. and i.e. are both Latin abbreviations, you don't need to italicize them in your writing.
Tricks for Using I.e. vs E.g. vs Ex.
Stuck trying to figure out when to use i.e. vs e.g., i.e. vs ex., or e.g. vs ex.? Don't worry, there are a few tricks for remembering which abbreviation works for which situation.
You don't need to remember the Latin translations for i.e. or e.g. to know when to use them. Instead, remind yourself what each means!
"I.e." is another way of saying "in other words." You can remember this because "i.e." and "in other words" both start with the letter "i."
Whenever you write a sentence with "i.e.," read it back to yourself and replace "i.e." with "in other words." If it makes sense, you're using it right. If not, take another look at the sentence.
"E.g." in Latin is "exempli gratia." "E.g" means "for example," so you can remember that "e.g." is used to introduce different "exempli" or "examples."
If you're writing a sentence with "e.g.," read it back to yourself and replace "e.g." with "for example." If it makes sense, you're all set! If not, you're probably using "e.g." incorrectly.
"Ex." is short for "exercise." You can remember that because "ex" and "exercise" both start with "ex."
It's tricky to remember the differences between i.e. vs e.g. vs ex. But it doesn't have to be! Each has its own specific usage:
- "I.e." is another way of saying "in other words."
- "E.g." is another way of saying "for example."
- "Ex." is an abbreviation for "exercise."
Remember that and you'll be all set!
Are you studying clouds in your science class?Get help identifying the different types of clouds with our expert guide.
Need help with English class—specifically with identifying literary devices in texts you read?Then you'll definitely want to take a look at our comprehensive explanation of the most important literary devices and how they're used.
Want to know the fastest and easiest ways to convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius? We've got you covered! Check out our guide to the best ways to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit (or vice versa).
Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article!
Hayley Milliman is a former teacher turned writer who blogs about education, history, and technology. When she was a teacher, Hayley's students regularly scored in the 99th percentile thanks to her passion for making topics digestible and accessible. In addition to her work for PrepScholar, Hayley is the author of Museum Hack's Guide to History's Fiercest Females.
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From Karen Aplin, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
Paul Ratcliffe’s descriptions if cyclones and anticyclones are correct, but neither directly explains the observations. Helm Clayton’s 1901 model of a “cold-cored cyclone” was deduced from surface observations of a central minimum in pressure, cold central air, and cyclonic rotation. Our 1999 measurements found a cold outflow and Clayton’s cyclone, but we also reported weak anticyclonic flow at the centre. After a century, we unfortunately still lack numerical simulations of the three-dimensional eclipse cyclone’s structure.
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All around the world, from China to Slovenia, an increasing number of architecture firms, construction companies, and even ambitious makers are turning to 3D printing technology as a tool to build innovative and affordable infrastructure. What once began as more of a conceptual idea is now starting to come to full fruition. We’ve already seen the opening of a fully 3D printed office building in Dubai, while one engineer, Baylor University’s Alex Le Roux, has taken it upon himself to design and build his own concrete 3D printer, which he used to build a livable house in less than 24 hours. An entire village in Italy is even in the process of being 3D printed.Needless to say, it appears that 3D printing technology is quickly becoming a very viable tool for architects and designers to plan, prototype, and even actualize their wildest dream structures. One of the most ambitious of these 3D printed construction projects is the Canal House, a 3D printed house in Amsterdam that is currently being created by the Dutch studio DUS Architects. The architecture firm also designed the 3D printed entranceway for the collaborative Europe Building project, which is a 3D printed, recyclable building that was erected to temporarily host official meetings organized by the Dutch ministries during the Netherlands’ six-month presidency of the Council of the European Union. And, although they are still working through the final stages of their three-year Canal House endeavor, that hasn’t stopped DUS Architects from utilizing 3D printing technology for other smaller, yet equally innovative projects. The group’s latest feat in architecture is the 3D Print Urban Cabin, which is a relatively small 3D printed cabin created with sustainable bio-plastic material. The 3D printed cabin is situated within a former industrial area of Amsterdam, and is accompanied by a 3D printed outdoor bathtub. The Urban Cabin is part of a broader project called 3D Print Living It, which was launched by DUS Architects in order to explore the use of 3D printing for affordable and sustainable tailor-made architecture within urban environments.
According to the DUS Architects team, the Urban Cabin is made of a black “bio print” material that is able to be shredded down and reused for new designs. The bio-material utilizes linseed oil as its main component, and was developed in collaboration between the DUS Architects team and the UK-based consumer manufacturing company Henkel, The cabin is certainly a small structure, with a total area measuring out to just 25 cubic meters. Still, the 3D printed cabin is extremely structurally sound, which is aided by the angular protrusions that are patterned throughout the design.The design team also utilized a small amount of concrete for the flooring surface, which infills a patterned grid and stretches out into the pebbled pathway arranged outside of the cabin. Though the miniaturized 3D printed cabin only has enough room for a twin-sized bed, the team made sure to add a mini-porch to the design, as well as a 3D printed bath placed in the garden beside the structure.
The Urban Cabin was designed by Hans Vermeulen, Martine de Wit, Hedwig Heinsman, Martijn van Wijk, Inara Nevskaya, Ivo Toplak, Peter Hudac, and Foteini Setaki, and was 3D printed and assembled with help from Jasper Harlaar, Sven de Haan, Ina Cheibas, Joe Platt, and Nathalie Swords.
According to the team, the 3D printed getaway can be booked for a short stay, enabling people to escape the city life without ever actually leaving Amsterdam. As for DUS Architects, the Urban Cabin project serves as additional proof that this group of Dutch designers are among the most innovative in the modern architecture industry. Discuss further over in the 3D Printed Cabin forum over at 3DBP.com.[Sources: Dezeen / Plastics Today]
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About This Chapter
Sexual Health - Chapter Summary
Refresh your memory on issues dealing with fetal development by trimester as you look over the lessons in this chapter. The three stages of labor are also covered in a lesson, with key terms such as parturition and amniotic fluid indicated with bold print for easy reference in the transcript that comes with each video. Assess your familiarity with these other topics that deal with sexual health while you're checking out the chapter:
- Barrier methods of contraception
- Factors involved with deciding to have kids
- Issues concerning sexual activity during adolescence
- Reducing the risk of STIs
The above-mentioned topics are individually reviewed in engaging video lessons across this refresher chapter. After you complete one of these short videos you can recheck your grasp on any part by going back to main points with the video tags. This chapter also includes a practice quiz that corresponds with each lesson for quick self-assessment.
1. Male Reproductive System: Functions, Organs & Anatomy
Ever wonder what the inside of a male looks like? Find out in this lesson that explores the inner workings of the male reproductive system and the pathway that sperm takes.
2. Female Reproductive System: Internal Anatomy
Ever wonder where a female produces her eggs or how they get from the ovary to the uterus? Find out in this lesson about the internal reproductive anatomy of females.
3. Factors That Influence Sexual Decisions
In this lesson, you will learn about four of the main factors that could influence an individual's sexual decisions. You will learn how alcohol and drugs, the media, peers, and parents all have a significant influence on sexual decision making.
4. Making the Decision to Have Children
In this lesson, I face one of my greatest fears: talking about having kids. We'll look at some points to consider, such as the costs and the way it changes a person's life. In addition, the idea of baby fever is also looked at.
5. Issues Related to Sexual Behaviors in Adolescence
Adolescence is a time of great changes in a person's life, including many choices regarding sexual activity. Watch this lesson to find out about some of the issues that can come with being sexually active in adolescence.
6. Barrier Methods of Contraceptives: Types, Advantages & Disadvantages
While you are probably all familiar with what a condom is, did you know there are a lot of other options out there for preventing pregnancy? Learn about some of the barrier methods of contraception in this lesson.
7. Hormonal Methods of Contraception: Introduction and Birth Control Pills
We have all heard of the birth control pill, right? And many of you women out there probably take some form of birth control. But do you really understand how it works or what the different options are? Learn about the basics of hormonal contraceptives in this lesson.
8. Hormonal Methods of Contraception: Contraceptive Patch, Ring, and Implants
Did you know there are many forms of contraception out there, and not just condoms and birth control pills? Learn about some of the other options in this lesson on hormone-based contraceptives.
9. Hormonal Methods of Contraception: Contraceptive Injections and IUDs
Did you know there are some methods of birth control that last up to five years! Or, if that is too long, some that last three months at a time? Learn about these two options in this lesson on contraceptive injections and IUDs.
10. Fetal Development By Trimester: Timeline of Body Systems
This lesson will lay out for you when important body systems start to develop or begin to function as an unborn child develops trimester by trimester.
11. The Three Stages of Labor: Dilation, Expulsion & Placental
You may think of the process of labor and childbirth as one long event, but it is actually divided into different stages. Learn about each of the three stages of labor in this lesson.
12. HIV and AIDs: Definition, Statistics & History
Explore the history and issues around one of the largest and longest pandemics of the world: Human Immunodeficiency Virus. This small retrovirus has created a great many issues in the world and continues to be one of the most difficult to eradicate.
13. Reducing Your Risk for Sexually Transmitted Infections
This lesson will describe for you the many ways by which you can help prevent a terrible STD from affecting your body, including abstinence, mutual monogamy, and more!
Earning College Credit
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Transferring credit to the school of your choice
Not sure what college you want to attend yet? Study.com has thousands of articles about every imaginable degree, area of study and career path that can help you find the school that's right for you.
Other chapters within the GACE Health & Physical Education (615): Practice & Study Guide course
- Mental & Emotional Health
- Personal Health & Wellness
- Relationships & Communication
- Types & Stages of Human Development
- Human Body Organs & Systems
- Diet, Nutrition & Health Problems
- Drugs & Substance Abuse
- Personal Safety & Injury Prevention
- Basics of Physical Education
- Overview of the Major Muscle Groups of the Human Body
- Kinesiology & Biomechanics
- Exercise Physiology & Fitness for Physical Education
- Motor Skill Development
- Sports, Physical Activity & Fitness
- Softball Rules & Skills
- Soccer History & Rules
- Swimming Skills & Benefits
- Tennis Rules & Techniques
- Volleyball History & Rules
- History & Rules of Track & Field
- Outdoor, Adventure & Cooperative Physical Education
- Dance Concepts & Forms
- Creating Fitness & Exercise Plans
- Health & Physical Education Classroom Management
- Motivation in the Physical Education Classroom
- Communication & Collaboration in Physical Education
- Physical Education Curriculum & Assessments
- Physical Education Planning & Instruction
- Equitable Physical Education for Diverse Students
- Professionalism for Health & Physical Education Teachers
- GACE Health & Physical Education Flashcards
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The Aztecs developed an intricate stone calendar to let them know when
to plant and harvest crops, as well as pray to the gods for the success
of the crops. The Aztec calendar had two different systems of keeping
track of time in their current world. They were called tonalpohualli and
The tonalpohualli was known as the "counting of the days."
It was 260 days long the time it took for the sun to cross
a certain point in the sky. Priests used this calendar to determine
the best days for activities such as sowing crops, building houses,
conducting specific ceremonies, inaugurating the new king and
going to war.
The xiuhpohualli was a civil, agricultural and ceremonial calendar
known as the "counting of the years." This calendar
was 365 days long.
While most cultures relied on the movement of the sun to recalibrate
their calendars, the Aztecs looked to the Pleiades instead because
that constellation passed directly over their community. The movement
of the Pleiades was their method of recalibrating their 365-day
calendar. This was necessary because each year is actually one
quarter of a day longer than 365
The Aztecs closely watched the movement of the Pleiades constellation
across the night sky. When the Pleiades disappeared, it marked
the sun's highest point in the sky and alerted the Aztecs to the
coming of the rainy season, which occurred near the end of April.
When the Pleiades again began to appear in the sky each night,
it marked the sun's lowest point and told the Aztecs that the
dry season (around November and December) was beginning.
A period called Xopan spanned the wettest period from June through
September (months 7 to 11). This period was symbolically associated
with the night, moon, Venus and the Pleiades.
The Aztec stone calendar recorded the history of all of these
world's as well as their own.
The Aztecs believed that four worlds had existed before theirs
and that each of these world's had been destroyed in some way.
In the first period, the world was destroyed by a great flood
and men were turned into fish. In the second, the world was destroyed
by violent winds and men were turned into monkeys. In the third,
the world was almost destroyed by fire. And in the fourth, the
world was almost eliminated by famine, or lack of food.
The Aztecs believed they were living in the fifth and last period,
which they called the Era of Movement. They believed that their
current world would someday be destroyed by a giant earthquake.
In addition, the calendar was used to let the Aztecs know when
to plant and when to harvest. Because the growth of food was so
important to the survival and success of the Aztec empire, the
Aztec gods were closely related to agriculture. The calendar also
let the Aztecs know when to celebrate and make sacrifices to the
gods to ensure the successful growth of crops.
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Airflow induced by electric fields, known as ionic wind, has already propelled a small aircraft – now engineers think it could help to ease the clean-energy transition and protect infrastructure from natural winds
6 October 2021
THE wind is nothing if not capricious. It can be a gentle breeze, making fallen leaves dance and clothes flutter on the washing line. Or it can blow a gale, tearing down trees and power cables and causing all manner of damage. But what if we could switch the wind on and off at the push of a button, or turn it up and down with a dial?
We’re not talking about a mechanical desk fan here. There is, as it happens, such a thing as electric wind – airflow induced by electric fields, no moving parts required. We have known about the phenomenon for centuries, but it is only in the past few years that we have come to understand electric wind with the precision needed to control it.
Now the challenge is to put it to work. Engineers have already flown a simple aircraft pushed along by electric wind. We might
use a gentler, finely tuned breeze to help improve the efficiency of industrial processes like steel-making and to lubricate our transition to a greener energy system. Ultimately, we might even use it to protect ourselves against the destructive force of natural winds too.
“Contraptions made of foil and wire will hover in mid-air, supported by the electric wind”
Electric wind, sometimes called ionic wind, was discovered in 1709 by Francis Hauksbee the Elder, then the curator of instruments for the Royal Society of London. Hauksbee reported that he rubbed a glass tube to give it a static charge and, when he held it close to his cheek, he could feel a gentle force. Isaac Newton repeated …
Credit: Source link
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What We Learned This Week: October 12th, 2012Check out HealthCentral's picks of five interesting, thrilling, frightening and amusing health stories we found this week.
More good news for coffee lovers
|1 / 6||Next|
We learned that caffeine might shield the brain from memory loss.
Researchers from the University of Illinois discovered that a signal that activated brain-based inflammation associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is blocked by caffeine.
To test the theory, the scientists examined the effect of caffeine on memory development in mice. One group was given caffeine, while another received none. The two groups of mice were then exposed to hypoxia, a process that simulates what happens in the brain during an interruption of breathing or blood flow, and then allowed to recover.
The mice that were given caffeine recovered their ability to form a new memory 33 percent faster than the mice that received no caffeine.
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|
Slipper Orchids Cast a Spell Over Those Seeking the Unusual
IT SEEMS THAT SPECIES AND hybrids from the genus Paphiopedilum, which are popularly called paphs, are orchids that many growers either adore or loathe. Indeed, some do not regard them as real orchids at all. Despite a lack of little middle ground in their popularity, it is not uncommon for their detractors to become converts as their experience with orchids evolves.
This Asian genus forms the largest part of the orchid group commonly known as “slipper orchids,” so named after the shape of their modified lip, which resembles the rounded toe of a shoe. The alliance also includes the genus Cypripedium, comprising hardy species found in the northern hemi-sphere, as well as the species in the genera Phragmipedium, Mexipedium and Selenipedium, which are natives of the tropical Americas.
There has been taxonomic con-troversy within the genus since the discovery and description of the first plants by European botanists in the middle years of the 19th century. This is due in part to the tendency toward uniformity among locally inbred plant populations, which may or may not deserve to be recognized as a separate species from rather similar plants found elsewhere. Natural hybrids occur within the genus as well, which confuses matters further.
Most experts put the number of Paphiopedilum species somewhere between 60 and 80, yet the debate regarding classification within the genus continues to the present day. New Paphiopedilum species continue to be identified and named as various parts of Asia are more thoroughly explored.
Rather broad diversity among Paphiopedilum species has led most taxonomists to divide the genus into subgenera that are further divided into sections to include closely related species. It is not my intention to describe each of the sections, but a few merit mention.
Section Barbata includes the species that were combined to produce the primary hybrid Paphiopedilum Maudiae (callosum × lawrenceanum), a major contributor to complex hybrids and also the progenitor of those hybrids popularly known as “Maudiae types.” Maudiae paphiopedilums usually have striped dorsal sepals and warted petals. They are known for their ease of culture and include a range of floral variations from the albinistic green and white forms to those popular burgundy blossoms known as vinicolors.
The influential primary hybrid Paphiopedilum Leeanum (insigne × spicerianum) has its roots in Section Paphiopedilum. Paphiopedilum Leeanum is at the base of virtually all of the complex hybrids. Other popular and unique species from this section include Paphiopedilum charlesworthii, Paphiopedilum fairrieanum and Paphi-opedilum villosum.
Arguably the kings of the genus are the multifloral species that hail from Section Coryopedilum. These include such species as Paphiopedilum roths-childianum, Paphiopedilum stonei and Paphiopedilum sanderianum. Well-grown specimens of these paphiopedilum species and their hybrids always command attention and continue to win top awards at orchid shows and AOS judgings. However, the plants of the species in this section tend to be large and are reputedly more difficult to cultivate and successfully flower than are those of some of their slipper-orchid cousins.
Finally, I never miss an opportunity to promote the somewhat florally diminutive species of Section Cochlopetalum. What these sequential-blooming plants lack in flower size is nicely compensated for by their longevity of bloom. They produce their interesting flowers, one after another, on the same stalk for months. The section is closely allied and differences between species are subtle. Look for Paphiopedilum glaucophyllum or Paphiopedilum victoria-regina and you will have an orchid-flower-producing machine that is hard to beat. I have found them of easy culture, too.
The exciting world of paphio-pedilum hybrids commenced with the flowering of Paphiopedilum Harris-ianum (villosum × barbatum) at the Veitch nursery of England in 1869. This triggered a wave of hybridization that has flourished for decades. Recrossing and inbreeding multiple species eventually produced the complex hybrids popularly known as “bulldogs,” which seemed to reach their zenith during the last half of the 20th century.
While a number of variations and breeding milestones were reached over the years, most complex hybrid types fell within a rather tidy range of reddish bronze and/or green and/or white flowers, with or without stripes and/or spots. Perhaps that oversimplifies the accomplishments of the dedicated breeders who produced these re-markable flowers, many of which are still coveted and grown in contemporary collections. Indeed, these hybrids were so round and waxy that it seemed little more could be accomplished with most of the popular breeding lines. Even so, I sense a resurgence of interest in complex hybrid paphiopedilums these days.
Toward the end of the 20th century, with seemingly little left to achieve in complex hybrid breeding, attention turned to crossing the complex hybrids back to traditionally popular Paphio-pedilum species, as well as some of the newer species that had recently come onto the scene. Such breeding resulted in a wave of novelty hybrids in which the progeny not only bear a strong resemblance to their species parent, but also share the positive attributes of their hybrid parent too. This type of breeding continues to dominate paph hybrids today.
Horticulturists tend to think of paphiopedilums as terrestrial orchids — ones that grow in the earth. In fact, many paphiopedilums are lithophytes, which cling to rocks and the traces of thin soil or organic matter that may accompany them. A few species are epiphytes. It is difficult to make generalizations regarding the culture of such a large and varied genus, but here are some.
Since they do not have pseudobulbs, most require a rather moisture-retentive potting mix, yet it must have good drainage. My current favorite for them consists of six parts medium-sized coconut husk chips blended with two parts coarse perlite and one part horticultural charcoal. I formerly used bark chips instead of coconut husk chips, but find that the coconut chips are more durable and moisture retentive.
It is often said that rapidly growing young plants benefit from frequent repotting. This can be particularly important if you use a growing medium that breaks down quickly, since the root system can quickly rot if it is consistently wet. Older plants with multiple growths may be separated into several plants, but keeping them together as long as possible will produce a beautiful specimen with multiple inflorescences.
As with most other orchids, paphio-pedilums generally grow best in a pot rather small for the size of the plant. Many are quite tolerant of lower light levels and make good subjects for indoor culture. Household temperatures suit them too. Most are excellent subjects to grow under artificial lights.
Paphiopedilums are subject to most typical orchid pests and diseases. Paphiopedilum growth habit may make detection somewhat difficult, so take care to look inside and underneath the fans of foliage regularly for signs of trouble. Watch for fungal or bacterial diseases on the foliage and in the crown of the plant, either of which may quickly kill it if left untreated. Such problems can often be prevented if spacing between plants is adequate and attention is paid to maintaining good air movement and avoiding low temperatures.
Paphiopedilums respond well to fertilization but are not greedy. I have come to favor the use of time-release fertilizers in their pots, especially during periods of active growth.
Slipper orchids seem to arouse passions among their enthusiasts in excess of those for any other type of orchid. Maybe the intrigue for the genus is that it includes some of the easiest-to-grow orchids, yet there is plenty of challenge for the more experienced grower too. One of my fellow orchid judges perhaps put it best when she remarked, “Paphs are easy to grow, but difficult to grow well.”
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Learning Exercise: The Martha Ballard Case Study: A Midwife's Tale
The Martha Ballard Case Study: A Midwife's Tale is a case study in how tragic character assassination can be in an 18th century New England town. This interactive site seeks to teach students how to piece fragmentary evidence together to reconstruct past events. Site users use primary sources including diaries, newspapers, and town records to decide for themselves what happened and why.
Course: United States History survey
Date Last Modified:
Using The Martha Ballard Case Study: A Midwife's Tale, write a 5-7 page paper describing the state of medicine with emphasis on midwifery in Colonial New England. Use either MLA, APA, or Turabian footnoting styles.
Additional Information: None.
- College General Ed
- High School
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A World Health Organization (WHO) emergency committee that recently assessed the possibility of using five new mosquito control tools in the battle against Zika virus said properly used existing methods are effective, but they opened the door to using two new strategies in limited and monitored pilot projects.
In other developments, Panama reported its first possible Zika-linked microcephaly case, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recently added Cuba to its travel advisory for pregnant women.
Also, the WHO's Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) said in its most recent epidemiologic update that Zika virus cases are tapering in the Americas, but activity is rising in some locations, including the Dominican Republic, French territories, Haiti, and Venezuela.
Meanwhile, the number of illnesses in Puerto Rico and other US territories continues to climb, along with travel-related cases on the US mainland, the CDC said. The territories have recorded 283 local cases, including 35 in pregnant women, as of Mar 16, most of them in Puerto Rico. In the continental United States, 258 travel-related cases have been reported, including 18 in pregnant women and 6 due to sexual transmission.
Mosquito control recommendations
The WHO's vector control advisory group met in Geneva on Mar 14 and 15 to see if any of the newer mosquito control methods would be useful and what issues might crop up if they were used. The panel explored the issue in light of the view that traditional measures such as spraying haven't been able to interrupt dengue transmission, raising worries about their ability to help much with curbing the spread of Zika virus.
The new technologies they considered included Wolbachia bacteria, transgenic mosquitoes (Oxitec OX513A), sterile insect technique (SIT), vector traps, and attractive toxic sugar baits.
In a position paper on the deliberations released Mar 18, the group said that if current methods such as targeted residual spraying of Aedes mosquitoes in and around houses are implemented well—quickly, comprehensively, and sustained—they offer the most effective way to stop Zika virus transmission. The other current tools were space spraying and indoor fogging, eliminating Aedes mosquito breeding sites, and personal protective measures such as wearing protective clothing and wearing recommended insect repellent.
Group members also recommended carefully designed pilot deployment of two of the new tools, alongside rigorous independent monitoring and evaluation: release of mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia bacteria, which suppress virus development, and transgenic mosquitoes designed to reduce mosquito populations by preventing Aedes larvae from reaching adulthood. Randomized control trials with epidemiologic outcomes should continue to build evidence before the two tools are used routinely, the group noted.
They said more evidence is needed before pilot projects can be considered for the three other methods: SIT, vector traps, and attractive toxic sugar baits. Though SIT is a promising new tool for reducing mosquito populations, carefully planned pilot studies should be done to build support for its use, the group said. The experts added that the WHO should work closely with the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency to develop guidance on the epidemiologic impact to support its evaluation and use by countries.
For vector traps that can attract and kill egg-laying female mosquitoes, efficacy has only been shown in limited field trials and more studies are needed to gauge feasibility for large-scale use, the group found. And attractive toxic sugar bait methods need further assessment for mosquito and epidemiologic impact, as well as risk assessment for acceptability, compliance, and exposure.
Overall, the group said the battle against Aedes mosquitoes needs to change from a reactive approach to sustained, proactive interventions. "The focus must be on improving the quality and extent of implementation of vector control interventions to ensure optimal impact—both within the context of the immediate response to Zika virus disease and, more broadly, against all Aedes-borne diseases," they said in a meeting summary.
In a related development, the WHO's European regional office said in a Zika virus vector risk assessment that the risk of the virus in Europe will increase in late spring and summer. A aegypti, the main Zika virus vector, has been found in limited areas of the European region, including Madeira and the northeastern Black Sea coast, including Georgia and the southern part of Russia.
The office warned, however, that A albopictus—present in 20 European countries— is capable of carrying Zika virus and is a potential vector. It added that countries in the region need to be well prepared to protect their populations from the spread of Zika and its potential complications.
Scientists in Panama reported the country's first potentially Zika-linked microcephaly case, according to a report yesterday from Telesur, a television network based in Venezuela. The country's Gorgas Memorial Institute said the child died 4 hours after birth and had an underdeveloped brain and an abnormally small head. They said Zika virus was detected in the baby's umbilical cord.
So far the only countries that have reported Zika-linked microcephaly cases are Brazil, which has been the outbreak's epicenter, and French Polynesia, which had an outbreak in 2013 and 2014.
Meanwhile, the WHO announced that it will be part of a joint mission to Cabo Verde to manage a Zika virus outbreak there and investigate a case of suspected microcephaly, based on a request from the country's health ministry. In a Mar 18 statement, the WHO said Cabo Verde's outbreak is declining, but it reported its first microcephaly case on Mar 15. The team also includes experts from the WHO's African regional office and the Pasteur Institute in Dakar.
Of 7,490 suspected Zika cases so far, 165 are in pregnant women, including 44 who have delivered their babies with no complications or abnormalities. Some of the country's islands have had no Zika virus, and on some, no cases have been reported since the middle of February.
Travel advisory expands, test approved, countermeasure meeting
- The CDC on Mar 19 added Cuba to its growing list of locations reporting local Zika virus spread. The CDC first issued its level 2 travel alert on Jan 15, advising pregnant women and those planning on becoming pregnant to consider postponing travel to areas where the virus is circulating. The list has grown to 38 countries or territories. It modified the guidance on Mar 11 to exempt destinations above 6,500 feet where Aedes mosquitoes are rare. The addition of Cuba to the list came 1 day before President Obama, his family, members of Congress, and others arrived for an official visit to the country.
- The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Mar 17 issued an emergency use authorization (EUA) for a multiplex test to help doctors distinguish if patients have chikungunya, dengue, or Zika virus, based on a request from the CDC. The CDC said in a statement that the test can help streamline diagnosis. The agency will start distributing it during the next 2 weeks to qualified labs in the Laboratory Response Network.
- The US Department of Health and Human Services is hosting an expert meeting on Mar 28 and 29 to speed the development of Zika virus countermeasures. According to background information from the National Institute of Allery and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), the meeting will take place in Bethesda, Md., and will be streamed live as a webinar.
Mar 18 WHO mosquito control statement
Mar 18 WHO mosquito control emergency meeting summary
Mar 17 PAHO epidemiologic update
CDC update on Zika virus in the United States
Mar 18 WHO European regional office vector risk assessment
Mar 14 CIDRAP News story "WHO emergency vector control group meets in Geneva"
Mar 20 Telesur report
Mar 18 WHO statement on Cabo Verde joint mission
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This post was first published on July 15, 2012. It was updated for Spanish Market 2016 on July 13 ,2016.
Traditional Spanish Market is a fixture in Santa Fe. Every summer, on the last full weekend of July, the city’s historic Plaza area becomes a sea of colorful booths displaying traditional crafts that have been part of the state’s history and culture for over 400 hundred years. The event, held by the Spanish Colonial Arts Society, attracts over 80,000 people each year, many of whom are collectors. Spanish Market 2016, the 65th consecutive market, takes place on Saturday, July 30th and Sunday, July 31st. Over 200 artisans will be showing and selling their work at Traditional Spanish Market 20016. Spanish Market, founded in 1926 and interrupted by the Great Depression and World War II, was restarted in 1952. It’s still going strong!
A bit about Spanish Market
According to their website, the purpose of the Spanish Colonial Arts Society is to “preserve and perpetuate Hispano art forms that have been produced in New Mexico and southern Colorado since the region was colonized by Spain in 1598.” The skills and techniques of these folk art genres have been passed down through generations of families of Spanish heritage. Both the annual Spanish Markets (there’s winter markets in Albuquerque and Las Cruces) and the Society’s Museum of Spanish Colonial Art support and nourish this tradition.
What is Spanish Colonial Art?
There’s a long list of the traditional arts represented at the Spanish Market 2016. The settlements in New Mexico over 400 years ago were difficult to reach from Mexico City, the capital of Nueva España (New Spain). Because of Santa Fe’s remote location it was necessary for colonists to create much of what they needed for daily life. People took pride in their work so these household items were beautiful as well as functional. These arts, passed down from one generation to the next, are dying out a bit in the technological world of the 21st century. Luckily, there are some young people still interested in these upholding these traditions. Over 40 of these young artists will showcase their work in the Emerging Artists area. Each year during the judging for Spanish Market, a piece of art is chosen from one of the young exhibitors to be used for the annual Winter Spanish Market’s poster. Check out these future masters and buy their wares. You may be getting a treasure; some of them may be famous one day.
Spanish Colonial Arts on view at the market include
Santos: depictions of devotional figures in the form of bultos (carvings in the round) retablos (paintings on wooden panels), and gesso and wood relief-carved panels
Straw Appliqué: crosses, chests and boxes decorated with hand-cut straw
Textiles: hand-woven on looms using handspun yarns
Furniture: usually made of pine using mortise and tenon joints
Hide Paintings: devotional images painted on deer or elk hide
Colcha: unique regional embroideries employing the colcha stitch
Tinwork: decorative and utilitarian objects of cut and punched tin
Ironwork: tools, fastenings and household objects forged from iron
Precious Metals: silver and gold jewelry, utilitarian and devotional objects
Pottery: hand-sculpted bowls, pots and other ware made from micaceous clay
Bonework: decorative items, anillos (rings) and tool handles carved from animal antlers and bone
Ramilletes: decorative paper garlands
Contemporary Hispanic Market
Don’t miss Contemporary Hispanic Market, on Lincoln Avenue north of the Plaza. The market, started in 1987, gives contemporary artists of Hispanic descent a place to showcase their work. Their mission is “to provide statewide Artists an opportunity to show their work and give the casual and serious collector a rare opportunity to meet and visit with some of its most respected Hispanic Artists currently producing art in New Mexico today.” Come view and buy as you meet and talk to the artists who created it. Mediums on view include painting, photography, sculpture, jewelry and pottery.
Nuts and bolts of Spanish Market 2016
If you want to get an early start on Spanish Market 2016 events, both the traditional and contemporary markets offer Friday evening previews. Traditional Spanish Market is holding their preview at the Eldorado Hotel & Spa at 309 W. San Francisco Street from 5 to 8pm. On view: award-winning art from Spanish Market 2016. This is a ticketed event. Contemporary Hispanic Market’s preview is from 5:30pm to 8pm at the Santa Fe Community Convention Center. It’s free to the public. There will be entertainment and refreshments.
Traditional Spanish Market 2016 hours are from 8am to 5pm on Saturday and 9am to 5pm on Sunday. Admission is free. On Sunday at 8am there’s a special Spanish Market Mass at St. Francis Cathedral open to all. Contemporary Hispanic Market is from 9am to 5pm both days.
Traditional Spanish Market offers serious collectors an opportunity to add to their collections. For others it offers an opportunity to buy traditional handcrafts and perhaps future heirlooms directly from the artisans. You can meet the artisans and ask questions about their work and learn about their artistic process and their lives. In addition, there will be music, dancing, art demonstrations and regional foods. You can find a full schedule of Spanish Market 2016 events on the museum’s website.
Santa Fe has three major summer artisans’ markets. Which is your favorite? If you’ve never been here for one (or even if you have) and want our help planning your visit, contact us at The Santa Fe Traveler.
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Mental Health Indicators for Canada
To paint a picture of mental health in Canada, the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) has developed 63 indicators reflecting mental health across the lifespan for children and youth, adults, and seniors. All indicators look at mental health in different settings, and report on aspects of services and supports used by people with mental illness. These indicators help health care professionals, policy makers, and government workers to make informed decisions and to focus their attention on strategies designed to improve the mental health of Canadians. MHCC is pleased to present the results of 13 indicators at this time. The full list of indicators will be released in April 2015. For more information, view the Informing the Future: Mental Health Indicators for Canada project.
Read more about mental health indicators here
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BASE and the Sound-Retention
Even before we are born we experience vibration and we hear sounds. These anchor in special areas in our brain; our sound memory, thus creating our first impressions and memories. All sounds that we experience in our lives are stored in this sound memory. If we produce a sound ourselves; speaking, singing or playing a musical instrument, we also activate our muscle memory. These two memory areas are finely branched in our brain and remain intact until old age and can even develop as long as we live.
The BASE methodology uses this knowledge. BASE: Brain Awakening Singing Education. By using the BASE method when singing together with people with dementia, we teach them to make use of the already stored musical memories. In this way we activate the healthy part of the brain and point out the possibilities for developing this in order to experience more well-being and quality in daily life with dementia, to build confidence and to look at what is still possible.
The scientists behind Singing in the Care
We work together with:
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Maintain mobility and reduce pain with manual therapy
What is manual therapy?
Manual therapy is a physical and individualized treatment approach that is used by physiotherapists, osteopaths and chiropractors. It is widely used in sports physiotherapy and with private clients, and consists of manual techniques along with a training program of specific therapeutic exercises that help maintain achievements from one session to the next.
What are the effects?
It should be noted that this technique does not cause any side effects when indicated. The effects of manual therapy may include increased local blood circulation, relaxation of muscles, decreased adhesions of scar tissue, increased range of motion, and decreased muscle spasms. The gains achieved through manual therapy persist over time if it is well employed and accompanied by home exercises, good posture, and self-management.
When can manual therapy be used?
Manual therapy is used for many purposes, whether for treating acute or chronic pain conditions. It is thus included in the management of various neuro-musculoskeletal conditions, such as osteoarthritis, low back pain, herniated discs, cervical pain and cervicobrachialgia, cervical headache, tendinopathies, capsulitis, sciatica, post-sprain, post-immobilization, post-fracture, poor posture, joint blockage, etc. It can even be used, for example, on a patient with an alteration of the chest movement impacting his breathing.
Mobilizations and joint manipulations
There are two types of mobilizations: physiological and accessory mobilizations. Accessory movements are small, involuntary, specific movements that, when combined, allow physiological movement. Accessory motion occurs at the surfaces of a joint and is determined by the shape of the joints.
The intensity of the accessory mobilizations depends on the objectives of the treatment and the irritability of the condition. It is graded according to ranks, which are determined by the range of motion and the speed of mobilization. The highest rank corresponds to a manipulation, which is a small amplitude mobilization carried out in a short and rapid manner. The mobilizations are carried out in order to increase or maintain the mobility as well as to relieve the pain by the Gate Control theory. In short, manual therapy is a treatment and evaluation approach that incorporates many techniques and can be indicated for a wide variety of conditions. Your physiotherapist will be able to determine which of the techniques described above are right for you.
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A federal report released last week forecast sea levels in the contiguous United States to rise by about a foot in the next 30 years. These findings support predictions in previous North Carolina-based reports.
The report, Global and Regional Sea Level Rise Scenarios for the United States, led by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, does not contain new information — it’s a synthesis of the latest data available – but sea level rise researcher Rick Luettich says what makes this report stand out is the certainty of the predictions over the next few decades.
Luettich, who is director of the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill’s Institute of Marine Sciences in Morehead City, said that the report’s data didn’t surprise him. “I think the information that’s in this report is very consistent with what was in the North Carolina Climate Science report that came out about two years ago.”
In addition to being an author of the sea level rise section in the 2020 state Climate Science Report, Luettich is director of the Coastal Resilience Center of Excellence, a UNC-led program funded through the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate.
He said what makes the latest report different is the clarity of the data, that is what’s compelling. It’s time to stop pretending the outcome will be different than what the data suggests.
“We should recognize that the data is very definitive,” Luettich said.
He explained that over a fairly small period – three decades — there will be significant changes and consequences from sea level rise. The converging information is giving researchers “a pretty tight understanding of exactly what that’s likely to be. The uncertainty levels are starting to diminish, particularly over that 30-year timeframe.”
Researchers have long been warning that change was coming. “This report, I think, says climate change is already here,” he said.
The Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flood Hazard and Tools Interagency Task Force, which produced the report, based its findings on NOAA’s tide gauge data and satellite observations as well as the sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, or IPCC, released in August 2021.
The report is built on a longer record of data, satellite data, water level gauge data and more robust and accurate computer models than previous reports, Luettich said, “all of which are telling us a story that is becoming tighter and tighter, better and better defined, and those uncertainties are starting to shrink, particularly over this 20- to 30-year timeframe. The certainty with which we are at least looking forward over this time period is simply really coming into focus.”
In addition to NOAA, the report incorporates data from NASA, the Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Geological Survey, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Army Corps of Engineers and the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Programs.
“What we’re reporting on today is historic,” NOAA Administrator Richard Spinrad said during a press conference Feb. 15, the day the report was released.
He said one of the report’s most profound statements was that the U.S. would see as much sea level rise in 30 years as seen during the entire previous century.
“The report predicts sea levels along the U.S. coast will rise 10 to 12 inches on average by the year 2050 with amounts varying regionally, primarily due to land shifts,” Spinrad said, and this will happen no matter what is done about greenhouse gas emissions.
If emissions continue at the current pace, it’s likely there will be 2 feet of sea level rise by 2100, “and that estimate is on the conservative side,” he said.
“This report is a wakeup call for the United States, but it’s a wakeup call that comes with a silver lining. It provides us with information needed to act now to best position ourselves for the future. It’s going to take all of us — government, businesses, academia and community citizens to make a difference in the future,” Spinrad said.
Assembling the report
Luettich explained that the process of compiling the report began with the IPCC, which assembled aspects of climate change on a global level and released a sizeable update to its technical report in August. This latest report by the interagency task force builds on that global report and is designed to take the best available information, specifically as it relates to water level and coastal flooding, and package it for the United States. The report is broken down by region to make the information more relevant for the public.
The interagency report highlights other key takeaways. One is that sea level rise will create a “profound shift in coastal flooding” in the next three decades, causing tide and storm surge heights to increase and reach farther inland.
Higher sea levels will amplify the impacts of storm surge, high tides, coastal erosion and wetland loss, even without any changes in storm frequency and intensity, according to NOAA.
Further, about 2 feet of sea level rise along the U.S. coast expected between 2020 and 2100 is because of emissions to date. “Failing to curb future emissions could cause an additional 1.5 – 5 feet (0.5 – 1.5 meters) of rise for a total of 3.5 – 7 feet (1.1 – 2.1 meters) by the end of this century,” according to the report.
Also, ongoing and expanded monitoring will be critical as sea levels continue to rise, according to the report.
“The task force developed their near-term sea level rise projections by drawing on an improved understanding of how the processes that contribute to rising seas – such as melting glaciers and ice sheets as well as complex interactions between ocean, land, and ice – will affect ocean height. “That understanding has really advanced since the 2017 report, which gave us more certainty over how much sea level rise we’ll get in the coming decades,” Ben Hamlington, a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California and one of the update’s lead authors, said in a statement. His team developed an online mapping tool to visualize the report’s sea level rise projections on a localized level across the country.
Luettich said that for North Carolina, while it may be slightly less or slightly more, a foot of sea level rise by 2050 is probably the best estimation for the state’s coast. But that’s just the sea level baseline.
“This foot becomes much more significant if a hurricane comes through. It might not be the foot that gets (a structure), but it’s the foot plus the hurricane,” he said. The next time the coast gets a storm event, instead of water rising to the first street closest to the sound or ocean, it may now reach the second street. Or instead of it getting partway up the dunes, the waves may reach farther up, maybe overtop the dunes, “certainly causing greater dune erosion.”
That foot of sea level rise is going to make nuisance flooding, often called sunny day flooding, occur more often and will likely cause moderate damage, particularly to piers and storefronts, businesses and low-lying homes closest to the water.
“It’s going to cost more and more to live in these coastal areas,” Luettich said.
There will be a slight difference in relative sea level rise between the northern and southern extremes of the North Carolina coast. The northeast will see higher levels because of subsidence, or the gradual sinking of land, which is about a tenth of an inch per year more than it is in the Wilmington area.
“But in general, it will look a lot alike. It might be 10 inches in Wilmington, and 12 inches in a Duck or Oriental,” he said. “You can see the contribution of the subsidence relative to the contribution of global sea level rise is getting smaller because global sea level rise and the amount of water going into the oceans is accelerating over time.”
The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality’s Division of Coastal Management is already taking into account the predicted 10- to 12-inch rise and encouraging communities to consider a 1-foot scenario as a minimum when planning, Tancred Miller, policy and planning section chief, told Coastal Review. “However, communities can choose to look at scenarios above 1 foot, and this report can help inform their decision making.”
The division is heading up the new Resilient Coastal Communities Program, which provided funding for about 25 local governments to create a resiliency plan tailored to the town’s needs and based on resident input. Beaufort, one of the selected communities, is in the process of developing its plan and used information from the new report.
“The Town of Beaufort is a frontline coastal community directly affected by rising sea levels, threatening our public and private infrastructure (including roads and aging water/sewer infrastructure), natural systems, and the very fabric of our community, Beaufort Town Planner Sam Burdick told Coastal Review in an email.
“Having these projections from the new NOAA report has helped us validate our decision to use a 3 feet by 2080 intermediate sea level rise scenario for our Resilience Strategy, a plan we are in the process of writing to enhance coastal resilience throughout the Town and its Extraterritorial Jurisdiction,” she said.
When Luettich moved to Carteret County 35 years ago, flooding was less frequent and usually only when a big hurricane came through, but today, it’s happening multiple times a month. He pointed to Front Street in Beaufort and Shepard Street in Morehead City, which have seen increased rates of flooding in recent years.
Luettich said the information about the next few decades in the new report needs to be taken seriously and wise decisions need to be made.
“If nothing else, the report is a call to action,” he said.
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NEW YORK - An asteroid roughly the size of a Ford F-150 flew less than 250 miles away from Earth last week, setting a record for the closest-known asteroid to fly past the planet without hitting it, NASA announced.
According to the Center for Near-Earth Studies (CNEOS), the space rock, known as 2020 VT4, passed within 240 miles of Earth's surface on Nov. 13 at 5:20 UTC.
It was initially discovered by the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System, which is run by both NASA and the University of Hawaii.
2020 VT4 is considered a Near-Earth Object (NEO) given its close proximity to Earth. However, given its size (between 16 feet and 32 feet wide), it is not considered a "potentially hazardous" NEO and likely would have broken up in the atmosphere.
"Potentially hazardous" NEOs are defined as space objects that come within 0.05 astronomical units and measure more than 460 feet in diameter, according to NASA. According to a 2018 report put together by Planetary.org, there are more than 18,000 NEOs.
In August, a similar-sized asteroid known as 2020 QG flew within 2,000 miles of Earth, which was a record at the time. Although NASA did not spot 2020 QG until it passed the planet, it too would not have caused any damage had it hit Earth, a NASA spokesman previously told Fox News.
In 2018, NASA unveiled a 20-page plan that outlined the steps the U.S. should take to be better prepared for NEOs, such as asteroids and comets that come within 30 million miles of the planet.
A recent survey showed that Americans prefer a space program that focuses on potential asteroid impacts over sending humans back to the moon or to Mars.
In April 2019, NASA awarded a $69 million contract to SpaceX, the space exploration company led by Elon Musk, to help it with asteroid deflection via its DART mission.
NASA Administrator Jim Bridenstine said in April 2019 that an asteroid strike is not something to be taken lightly and is perhaps Earth's biggest threat.
Read updates at Fox News
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Finishing for the 3D printing
Though the printer-produced resolution is sufficient for many applications, printing a slightly oversized version of the desired object in standard resolution and then removing material with a higher-resolution subtractive process can achieve greater precision.
The layered structure of all AM processes leads involuntarily to a strain-stepping effect on part surfaces which are curved or tilted in respect to the building platform. The effects strongly depend on the orientation of a part surface inside the building process.
Some additive manufacturing techniques are capable of using multiple materials in the course of constructing parts. These techniques are able to print in multiple colors and color combinations simultaneously, and would not necessarily require painting.
Some printing techniques require internal supports to be built for overhanging features during construction. These supports must be mechanically removed or dissolved upon completion of the print.
All of the commercialized metal 3D printers involve cutting the metal component off the metal substrate after deposition. A new process for the GMAW 3D printing allows for substrate surface modifications to remove aluminum or steel.
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|Private language: according to L. Wittgenstein a private language, i.e. a language which an individual develops only for himself and uses to express his feelings, is not possible. (See L. Wittgenstein, Philosophical Investigations, 1953, § 243, 258). You cannot give yourself instructions. You could not even understand the language. See also rule following, Kripke's Wittgenstein, priviledged access, Wittgenstein's beetle._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments. |
Private Language/Wittgenstein: Vs view that "there are simply objects that language cannot grasp at all" - "could language capture them, they were within the conceptual sphere and could thus not exercise any control".
Wittgenstein: (according to McDowell): with such terms it would then be a private language. (Which is not possible according to Wittgenstein).
Wittgenstein's "private abstraction" of a manifold, which could then only be achieved by "private ostension", which is, according to Wittgenstein, impossible or meaningless.
McDowell: with "private terms", spontaneity does not reach as far as the term.
_____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate the page number. The corresponding books are indicated on the right hand side. ((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution.
Geist und Welt Frankfurt 2001
|
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Cameras, waterproof digital camera cameras a wide variety of the basic principles of the work of the same: the optical image signal to the electrical signal, for storage or transmission. When we shoot an object, the light reflected on the object is collected by the camera lens, focusing on the surface of the camera device (such as the target of the camera tube), and then converting the light into electricity through the camera device, the "video signal" is obtained. Light signal is very faint, need to be amplified by pre-discharge circuit, and then through a variety of circuits to process and adjust, the final standard signal can be sent to record media, such as VCR, or transmitted through the system to display on the monitor.
Previous: Camera Devices
Next: No Information
|
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train
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|
-9,222,828,434,568,488,000
|
1 Answer | Add Yours
Laurie has created Charles to serve as his bad-little-boy alter ego in Shirley Jackson's short story, "Charles." Laurie has apparently been pampered somewhat by his mother, and she worries before he heads off to kindergarten that he may pick up some bad habits. Sure enough, they begin appearing at home at an alarming rate. We can assume that Laurie conjures up the imaginary Charles in order to explain his own bad behavior without having to admit to his parents that the misbehavior comes from him. Laurie thus remains the innocent child that his parents see in him while still admitting to his wrong-doings at school. Critics have explored the possibility that Laurie is suffering from the early stages of a split personality, and his creation of Charles lends evidence to this. Surely, his laughing "insanely" at home is a hint by the author at the problems surrounding Laurie.
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(3 of 5)
That explanation is too simplistic for Patricia Gandara, a University of California at Davis professor of education and Sacramento resident. She believes that teachers and administrators stereotype students on the basis of race. There are plenty of examples--from the teacher who asked a Latino boy if his parents had jobs (his mother was a school principal) to the Mexican child in an advanced-placement class who was asked whether she was Asian (her classmates couldn't imagine that a Latina could perform so well). "The schools make assumptions along class lines about which parents care and which don't, and parents and children begin to read those signs very early," Gandara says.
The district is making some progress in closing the gap. One effective method: home visits, which foster a relationship between teachers and parents and encourage working together to meet a child's needs. Suggested by a parent in 1998, the program helped boost reading scores in the district's elementary schools 36% and math scores 73% (reading and math scores are still only at the 46th and 59th national percentile, respectively).
THE MOST SEGREGATED HOUR
It is Sunday morning in Sacramento's Meadowview community, and hundreds of Russian-speaking immigrants--men in dark suits, women in traditional head scarves, children excited about the latest X-box game--are thronging into the First Slavic Evangelical Baptist Church. A couple of blocks away, African Americans fill the sanctuary at Twenty-Fourth Street Baptist Church to listen to the Rev. Samuel Mullinax preach the same Gospel. An hour later, Latinos begin filing into the pews of nearby St. Anne's Catholic Church for a Spanish-language Mass. Meadowview residents live together, but many pray separately.
More than 30 years ago, Martin Luther King Jr. famously said that "the 11 o'clock hour on Sunday is the most segregated hour in American life." It's an indictment that still carries weight today, as an estimated 90% of Americans worship primarily with members of their race or ethnicity. Yet Sacramento's complex social tapestry challenges conventional notions that racial segregation in worship is a failure of America's national ideal of equality. Sometimes segregation is driven not by bigotry but by language barriers and cultural heritage.
When Ukrainian immigrant Tamila Demyanik says, through an interpreter, that "the church is the major part of my life," it is no understatement. To the Demyaniks, First Slavic is a lifeline in a foreign land. Her husband buys bread at First Slavic and checks its bulletin board and a Russian phone book for community information. Longtime church members accustomed to America provide emotional support to newcomers and help them negotiate thickets of red tape in health care, housing and more.
Kevin Armstrong, a United Methodist pastor and director of the Religion and Public Teaching Project, based in Indianapolis, Ind., concedes that segregation, whether voluntary or compulsory, seems at odds with religious ideals. But he argues that the outcome often justifies the practice, particularly in immigrant communities. "They preserve their tradition," Armstrong explains, "sing in their native language, eat the food of their own culture, [and are] with people who remember what their land looks like and who their people are."
SHADES OF BLUE
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81. ...............is the process of reporting daily progress of work in each shop in a prescribed proforma and to investigate the causes of deviations from the planned performance and to take necessary actions
82. Which of the following is a part of production system?
83. Operations management is part of
84. Which of the following is an objective of quality control?
85. ...............is that aspect of operation management function, which is concerned with the acquisition, control, and use of materials needed and flow of goods and services connected with the production process.
86. Resources are in the form of
87. If inputs decrease while output remains constant, what will happen to productivity?
88. Which one of the following is not a part of production planning and control?
89. ...............is the art and science of ensuring that all which occurs is in accordance with the rules established and the instructions issued in the case of operations.
90. Which one of the following is not an objective of materials management?
MCQ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers on Operations Management
Operations Management Question and Answer
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Here’s Why You Need an SSL Certificate for Your Website.
No doubt you’ve heard a slew of news stories coming out in recent months about data breaches affecting millions of users. Equifax, Wells Fargo, Uber, these are just some of the companies to be hit by these attacks. Each new story that comes out only reinforces the necessity for security in an ever-expanding online market.
The question you may ask yourself is, “What exactly is an SSL Certificate?” Our answer, “It is, a digital padlock protecting direct communication between your web server and the users web browser.” Basically, it is a digital file which binds your Domain, Server and Host Name to your company and location creating an encrypted connection between the two.
You will know you are connected securely when you look into the address bar and see “https”. The “s” means it is secured. Sometimes, different browsers have different icons to inform you that you have a secured connection. Check your browser’s FAQ section to find out how to recognize online security protocol.
How do SSL certificates keep your data safe?
When using an SSL certificate, you’re using technology called ‘public key cryptography’ and what it does is utilize two distinct encryption keys. Each key is comprised of randomly generated numbers, one set for the Private key and another set for the Public key.
The public key is known to your web host/server and can be found in the public domain to send encrypted messages to a customer’s browser. The security aspect takes part when the encrypted message, once sent, can only be decrypted by the Private key on the receiving end.
Think of your web host as ‘Linda’ and the web browser as ‘Danny’. When Linda wants to communicate with Danny, she composes the message, sends it through the public key to encrypt it. Danny, as the intended recipient, sees the decrypted information through his browser. If for sample a hacker attempts to intercept this information before it gets to Danny, all they will see is a random jumble of letters, numbers and codes that are almost impossible to decipher without Danny’s private key.
What else does an SSL certificate do?
Aside from keeping your sensitive data secured between server and browser, SSL Certificates also help boost your rankings in Google searches. Plus, many search engines are now favoring secure sites over non-secure sites. This helps build trust with your customers and boosts your company’s credibility in the long run. All these extra perks have been shown to increase conversion rates for online businesses. Many customers are increasingly worried about their personal information, but having an SSL certificate is just one way to put their minds at ease.
How to get an SSL Certificate.
To purchase an SSL Certificate, you first need to find a trusted Certificate Authority. Most browsers and operating systems can provide a list of trusted certificates and where they can be found.
If the Certificate is not on the end user’s machine, you will likely see error messages along the lines of ‘this website can’t be trusted’ or ‘SSL Certificate is out of date’. In turn, not having the Certificate, can cause traffic to be driven away from your site.
ALM Web Pros offers affordable SSL Certificates. Implementing them is quick, given we can also host your site. You may call us for more information.
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In this section we will look at the database design process in terms of specificity. Just as any design starts at a high level and proceeds to an ever-increasing level of detail so does database design. For example, when building a home, you start with how many bedrooms the home will have, how many bathrooms, whether the home will be on one level or multiple levels, etc. The next step is to get an architect to design the home from a more structured perspective. This level gets more detailed with respect to actual room sizes, how the home will be wired, where the plumbing fixtures will be placed, etc. The last step is to hire a contractor to build the home. That’s looking at the design from a high level of abstraction to an increasingly detailed level of abstraction.
The database design is very much like that. It starts with users identifying the business rules, database designers and analysts creating the database design, and then the database design is physically created using a DBMS.
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Though this week’s portion is packed with messages and moral examples that we can garner from our forefather, Avram, there is, however, a small lesson I’d like to share learned from none other than the ancient Egyptian customs agents.
Avram is forced to leave Canaan due to a famine and travel the only country that has food, Egypt.
The Torah tells us that Avram was afraid. His wife Sora was beautiful, and he feared that she would be taken to Pharaoh as a wife or concubine. Avram would be killed. So Avram devised a ploy to spare his life from certain harm.
But that was not his first strategy. The Torah tells us, “And it was when Avram came to Egypt, and the Egyptians saw the woman that she was very beautiful (Braishis 12:14). Rashi quotes the Medrash’s question. Why doesn’t the Torah say, “And it was when they came to Egypt?” After all, Sora came too?
The Medrash Yalkut Shimoni (12:67) explains that Avram actually arrived alone at the border. Sora was hidden in a crate.
It chronicles the account: Avram arrived, and the customs agents stare at the large crate and demand, “Pay a duty! You are carrying a crate of utensils! Avram gladly agreed. Seeing Avram’s acquiescence, the agents were not pleased. “You must be importing expensive silk garments,” they declared. Avram once again agreed to pay the tax on a crate of silk garments. Again they became suspicious. You are carrying a crate of jewels! Pay tax on jewels!” And again Avram readily accepted the enormous financial burden. At that point the agents expressed their skepticism and pried the crate open. The Medrash continues to tell us that a great light illuminated Egypt. What they found was Sora, hidden in the box.
Now, I am not sure of the procedures of customs agents. But from the Medrash it surely seems that they lost out on the biggest booty they could possibly have snared. Avram was willing to pay tax on a crate of jewels, the most valuable entity that the agents had known. Why open the box and risk finding a box filled with pebbles?
Financier J.P. Morgan wanted to give his wife a gift, so he called a jeweler and asked him to send a beautiful jeweled ring for his wife.
“Send the ring to me,” he barked, “put the bill in the package, and I’ll send you out a check immediately.”
Two days later a box arrived. Mr. Morgan inspected the contents and found a beautifully crafted ring with an enormous diamond in the center. Along with it came an equally enormous bill for $25,000. Morgan stared in disbelief, as he removed the stone and wrote a check. Then he thought for a moment and re-wrapped the gift box with ornate, monogrammed gift-paper and sealed it with his inimitable JP Morgan cachet. He sent it back to the jeweler with a check and instructions.
“The ring was magnificent, however your bill was exorbitant. Enclosed please find a check for $12,000, which I hope, will meet your approval. If it does, please return the gift, untouched, in its personalized gift-wrap and seal. Then you may cash the check. If my amount does not suffice, please rip-up my check and return it at once. Feel free to remove the stone and keep the wrapping as a token for your good intentions.
The jeweler was incensed at the amount on the check. He ripped up the $12,000 check and mailed the shreds back to Morgan. He then proceeded to carefully remove the ornate gift-wrapping that ensconced his precious jewel box. He walked toward his safe and opened the gift box and was about to put the ring into his safe when he was startled.
The ring was not in the box. In its stead was a small rock. Around the rock a check was wrapped. It was signed by Mr. J.P. Morgan — for $25,000.
Even the repartee between Avram and the customs agents can teach us a lesson. There can be something even more valuable than what is found in one’s imagination. And as the item in question is under wrap and seal, you never know its true value. Because the contents of simple crate can never be estimated. You may even fantasize that it is filled with jewels, and you will still be underestimating.
Rabbi Mordechai Kamenetzky
Dedicated by Mark & Deedee Honigsfeld and family in memory of Joseph Gross and Bluma Honigsfeld — ob’m
If you would like to be on a shiur update list which sends messages regarding Rabbi Mordechai Kamenetzky’s various lectures in NY City and Long Island and other locations, please send a blank email to [email protected] You will receive bulletins about those classes.
If you want to be on a shiur announcement faxlist, fax request along with your fax number (dedicated line, please) to 516-569-7954
Copyright © 1998 by Rabbi M. Kamenetzky and Project Genesis, Inc.
The author is the Dean of the Yeshiva of South Shore.
Drasha is the e-mail edition of FaxHomily, a weekly torah facsimile on the weekly portion
which is sponsored by The Henry and Myrtle Hirsch Foundation
Books by Rabbi Mordechai Kamenetzky:
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Move aims to tackle country’s ‘ageing problem’, Chinese Communist Party-run media say
中国 will allow couples to have up to three children in the latest relaxation of its laws on family planning since the end of the “one-child policy” in 2013, according to state media.
The change was approved on Monday during a politburo meeting chaired by President 習近平, official news agency Xinhua reported. The politburo also said China would implement a delay in the retirement age.
The measure was party of the Chinese government’s “strategy of actively coping with an ageing population”, 新華社は言った, and would come with unspecified “supportive measures” – possibly a nod towards new incentives for couples to have more children.
China’s population is the largest in the world, but is now barely growing thanks in part to the one-child policy which was implemented from 1980, with a system of fines for violators and even forced abortions.
It’s not clear precisely when the shift to a three-child policy will take effect, but state media said it was likely to be implemented in the current five-year policy-making period which started this year. ザ・ 環球時報, a Chinese Communist Party-run newspaper, said the change “aims to improve China’s population structure and actively respond to the country’s ageing problem”.
十一月に 2013, China announced a partial policy relaxation of the one-child policy that allowed couples to have two children if one parent was themselves an only child. A further relaxation took place in 2016, allowing all couples to have up to two children.
China’s once-in-a-decade census this month showed that the population was growing at its slowest rate since the 1950s, with data showing a fertility rate of 1.3 children per woman for 2020 一人で, on par with ageing societies like Japan and Italy.
The census data from China’s National Bureau of Statistics showed that the population of the country has reached 1.41 十億, but at a growth rate just under 5.4 per cent in the past decade.
It also showed that the birth rate was still in decline since 2017 despite the fact that families were allowed to have a second baby during this period.
And the reaction online to Monday’s announcement of a three-child policy suggested the country’s birth rate issue was as much down to individual reluctance to have children as it was the government’s rules. Many complained that they could already not afford to have two children – or even one.
“I am willing to have three children if you give me 5 百万元 (£555,000),” one user posted on Weibo.
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Changes In Medical Offices And Hospitals During COVID-19
Changes have been a part of life during the Coronavirus pandemic for a number of people globally. There is an effort for people to reintegrate into society after a few months in lockdown. The changes that medical offices and hospitals have seen could remain permanent. In an effort to social distance, there have been a plethora of people embracing new ways to visit the doctor and clean their homes. One aspect to keep in mind if frustrated with the changes is that the healthcare professionals have been fighting this virus for months. These professionals have selflessly put their health at risk for the greater good of society as a whole. Below are changes that have occurred due to the pandemic the US is facing.
Use of Telemedicine has Skyrocketed
Telemedicine allows patients to receive the same quality of care without having to physically come into contact with a medical professional. The convenience of telemedicine has been apparent but a large number of people were skeptical before the pandemic. People have been forced to use telemedicine and have had positive experiences for the most part. Being able to take daily vitals to input into daily records can even allow a doctor to take more preventative action. A doctor seeing you twice a year will not provide the same quality of care as a doctor that can see your daily vitals leading up to the appointment.
There are other reasons that telemedicine had not taken off to its full potential. Billing is a huge reason as physical and virtual visits were billed very differently by the major healthcare payers in the country. The billing differences have been lifted during the pandemic with the potential of this being permanent depending on the results. State laws also prohibited medical professionals from practicing across state lines if they were not licensed to practice where their patients were located. These restrictions have also been temporarily lifted in an attempt to allow medical professionals to treat patients in rural areas lacking doctors.
What the future holds for telemedicine is still up in the air but a large number of people have seen the value of this technology. The convenience for people that have trouble finding a ride or cannot drive due to their age cannot be matched. The number of people utilizing telemedicine is sure to grow after the pandemic comes to an end.
Robots Reducing Patient Contact with Staff
The use of robots entered hospitals during the age of the Coronavirus. The robots were used to reduce contact with potentially sick patients and to improve efficiency in hospitals. These robots sport some sort of screen whether it is on an iPad or other device so the doctor can see the patient/communicate. There are even ways to take vital signs with a stethoscope attachment which also allows a doctor to hear the breathing of a patient. The robots have been used to do everything from take vitals to deliver medication that needs to be taken.
Deep Cleanings Done Daily in Private Practices and Hospitals
There have been a number of cleaning services that have adapted to commercial settings. These professionals clean all areas whether it is the walls down to the chairs that patients sit in. Searching “carpet cleaning Durham NC” can provide results for a local area. Many cleaning services have made it a mission to help flatten the curve and stay in business during this trying time. The deep cleanings done at practices can be done in a far easier fashion as hospitals never close but private practices do.
Waiting Room Distancing Policies
The waiting room of any medical office can be intimidating and can be a breeding ground for sickness. Plenty of people are going to go back to their doctors physically now that the curve has flattened in a number of areas. Waiting rooms around going to be enforcing distancing rules which could impact the number of appointments a practice can take on a specific day. Plenty of pediatricians used a drive-thru method during the peak of the virus in efforts to keep everyone involved healthy. There could be waiting rooms that require masks as well which should be a focus of patients regardless. Other practices have become more prompt to make sure the waiting room is not too crowded at a specific point in time.
Hospitals and private practices are sure to be changed forever due to the Coronavirus. There will be welcome changes though as many new tactics and adaptations are more efficient like that of telemedicine.
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This summer favorite originated in Central and South America and then traveled the world after the Spanish explorers landed in these areas. The Spanish introduced the plant not only to Caribbean islands but also to the Philippines. The tomato has a long history of cultivation among many different civilizations.
Historical records indicate that the Aztecs and other Mesoamerica cultures were cultivating tomatoes earlier than 500 BC. In their native habitats, tomatoes exist as a vining plant that grows along the ground; it’s only rather recently that tomato cages were invented to encourage the plant to climb upwards.
Tomato Color, Shape, Size, and Taste
Over its centuries of cultivation, hundreds of tomato varieties have emerged. Tomatoes can range widely in size from grapes to hefty “Big Boys” as well as in color. Tomatoes truly come in a rainbow: red, orange, yellow, green, purple, and may offer a combination of colors in their stripped varieties.
Different varieties not only offer different acid levels but are intended for different culinary purposes. Some tomatoes are inherently better of sauces while others are better for slicing and eating directly.
Tomato Nutrition Facts
One cup of chopped tomatoes, or 180 grams, equals a single serving for tomatoes. This serving size offers 32 calories, which makes tomatoes a calorie-light food, excellent food for weight loss or weight maintenance.
Within these 32 calories are 7 grams of carbohydrates including 2 grams of dietary fiber and 5 grams of sugar. At this serving tomatoes also offer 2 grams of protein.
Health Benefits – Vitamins Found In Tomatoes
Tomatoes are a solid source for several vitamins including vitamins A, C, and K. Eating three daily servings of tomatoes would take care of the body’s need for both vitamins A and C.
Vitamin A helps maintain visual health as well as assisting cell growth throughout the body; it can also boost the immune system. Vitamin C is highly regarded for its ability to both support and strengthen the immune system; it also acts as an antioxidant in the body, rounding up free radicals before they can cause havoc.
Vitamin K plays a crucial role in bone health; it is a key ingredient enabling blood to clot.
Tomatoes also contain lesser amounts of vitamin E, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, B6, folate, and pantothenic acid. Although not in significant amounts, most of the B-complex vitamins are present, and they are all key players in helping the body metabolize energy.
Health Benefits – Minerals Found In Tomatoes
Although tomatoes are not a significant source of anyone mineral, they do offer a rather complete mineral profile. Potassium is available at 12% of the RDA per serving, followed by Manganese at 10%.
The following minerals are present, but at 5% or less of the RDA: magnesium, copper, zinc, phosphorus, iron, and calcium. Potassium is a mineral key to regulating normal blood pressure levels.
It is also a significant fact in maintaining the health of the kidneys. Manganese, on the other hand, helps the body produce strong bones and collagen, which promotes healthy skin.
Health Benefits – Other Compounds Found In Tomatoes
While tomatoes are a decent source for both vitamins and minerals, their real nutritional value exists within their “other compounds”. Many recent studies support the anti-cancer aspects of diets rich in tomatoes. This food is rich in lycopene, which is a very important antioxidant within the body.
Diets weak in lycopene show a heightened risk of osteoporosis. Although the lycopene amount may vary from variety to variety, recent research suggests that orange tomatoes may offer the highest amounts.
This is new information as lycopene was previously thought to only exist in red tomatoes. Some studies show links between lycopene consumption and lower risk of certain cancers as well.
Lycopene is a type of carotenoid; tomatoes also contain other carotenoids including lutein, zeaxanthin, and beta-carotene. This summer favorite is also rich in several phytonutrients which promote heart health, including the ability to lower LDL or the bad cholesterol.
Tomatoes should feel heavy for their size; there should be a heftiness to them. They should appear to fully fill-out their shape, but not be super soft. The thin skin should be a little taut; skin that appears wrinkled suggests that the tomato is close to expiring.
The skin should be free from discoloration or bruising; however, keep in mind that many tomato varieties are multi-colored. Look for tomatoes with their stem still attached; this helps them last longer off the vine.
How To Store Tomatoes
Tomatoes prefer the cool and dark — however, not in the refrigerator. As a tropical vine, tomatoes are adverse to very cold temperatures. Counter storage is fine if you plan to eat them within the next few days.
To ripen unripe tomatoes, place them in a brown paper bag (like peaches) and give them a day or two. They’ll be ripe in no time.
Tomato Serving Suggestions
Ripe tomatoes may be sliced and enjoyed on any number of cold sandwiches, or hot sandwiches such as burgers. During the height of tomato season, many people enjoy simple tomato sandwiches! Many people enjoy them diced with a bit of olive oil, salt, and pepper.
They may be sliced and paired with fresh mozzarella and basil, drizzled with a bit of balsamic dressing for a taste of an Italian favorite. Gardeners often find themselves besieged with tomatoes and make tomatoes stuffed with rice and herbs.
They can also be added to soups and stews, or blended cold to create a Spanish staple: Gazpacho. Gazpacho is a cold soup that includes tomatoes, onions, peppers, and traditional seasonings.
It can be eaten from a bowl or enjoyed from a glass. Consider creating homemade tomato sauce for Italian dishes such as spaghetti or lasagna. Tomatoes can also be juiced along with a bit of salt and other preferred vegetables—make a homemade V8. And don’t forget about fresh salsas!
Five Fun Tomato Facts
1 – There are over 7,500 known varieties of tomatoes.
2 – The current English word tomato is derived from the Spanish tomate, which originated from the Aztec tomatl.
3 – The tomato plant belongs in the nightshade family.
4 – Scholars are unsure if it was Christopher Columbus or Hernan Cortes who introduced tomatoes first to the Spanish court.
5 – China currently produces the most tomatoes in the world, followed by India and then the United States.
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SMART Teams and MAPS Teams present research on proteins
Students from 22 Wisconsin middle and high schools have spent a lot of their free time doing scientific research this school year. The 200 students participated in MSOE’s SMART Teams (Students Modeling A Research Topic) and the new MAPS Teams (Modeling A Protein Story) program. The students spent the school year learning about protein structure and function.
After studying a specific protein story, they designed a 3D model of a protein, and developed an abstract and poster to tell the molecular story of that protein. Examples of molecular story topics that will be presented include Zika virus, whooping cough, opioid drugs, neuroglobin, NOTCH and hemoglobin.
On Tuesday, March 21 from 4 to 6 p.m., the students will present their findings during a poster session on the third floor of the MSOE Campus Center, 1025 N. Broadway.
The teams worked with a teacher from their school and a researcher to investigate proteins, and model the unique structure-function relationships of a protein and developed a research question to explore. SMART Team students were also paired with a local researcher.
The SMART Teams program began in 2001 with one team. Since then the program has grown. More than 2,340 middle and high school students from 45 Wisconsin schools, plus an additional 30 teams throughout the U.S. Teams construct physical models of proteins to help researchers investigate important proteins—and they’re doing it as an extracurricular activity.
The program was developed by MSOE’s Center for BioMolecular Modeling (CBM) and grew out of a collaboration between the CBM and researchers at the Medical College of Wisconsin, UW-Milwaukee, Marquette University and the Blood Research Institute.
Many of the students who were part of a SMART Team have gone on to pursue degrees in the science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields.
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The spiral galaxy in Triangulum, M33 (NGC 598)
Date created: 2007-08-18
This beautiful spiral galaxy was first noted by Charles Messier in 1764, and under ideal conditions it is visible to the unaided eye in the northern sky. It is seen from a distance of 3 million light years and is thus one of the most distant naked eye objects. It is also one of the most massive members of the Local Group, a loose scattering of 30 or so mostly faint galaxies that includes the Milky Way. Photographed with a modest telescope, M33 is close enough for the brightest stars to be seen as individuals, mostly in young star clusters visible in this photograph, which was taken in blue light, using the Kitt Peak 4 m telescope in the USA.
Credit: David Malin
© AURA/Jeremy Mould
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Best Medical Terminology Books of 2024
11 Min Read
Table of Contents
Students typically take a medical terminology class as an entry-level course, where they must master the correct usage of terms relating to the human body, as well as the industry as a whole.
Understanding medical terminology is essential for a degree in any healthcare profession, but can often feel like learning a new language. Being fluent in the language not only makes your workday easier, but it also enhances the communication between you and your colleagues. Most importantly, thoroughly understanding medical terminology minimizes the chance of errors.
There are many professions, aside from doctor and nurse, that require the knowledge and use of medical terminology. While these are the most commonly known, students who study medical terminology also work as medical receptionists, clinical team leaders, quality assurance coordinators, medical billers, and medical transcriptionists.
No matter your motivation for choosing a medical terminology book, there is one on our list of the 5 best medical terminology textbooks in 2024 that fits your needs.
5 Best Medical Terminology Books for Medical and Nursing Students and Professionals
1. Medical Terminology: The Best and Most Effective Way to Memorize, Pronounce and Understand Medical Terms, 2nd Edition
Medical Terminology: The Best and Most Effective Way to Memorize, Pronounce and Understand Medical Terms: Second Edition is an introduction into the world of medical terminology. Like most medical terminology textbooks, this one was written for college-aged students who are working toward a degree in a healthcare field. It is recommended for those who are studying medical terminology independently, as well as those who want a quick review of terms and concepts.
This book focuses on the readability aspect, which allows for an easy training guide and review. It is divided into chapters, and since the addition of multiple choice questions, the reader now has the possibility to practice and test what they have learned from previous chapters. The answers to these questions can be found at the very end of the book. By focusing on the important word parts — common prefixes, suffixes, and root words — the book goes to great lengths in simplifying the process of memorizing the medical language.
One of the cheaper options, Medical Terminology clearly and concisely lays out the terms, origins, pronunciations and meanings, in a way that is easy to understand. This textbook is the smallest and most handheld textbook of its kind, so it can easily be transported in a bag or briefcase.
- Breaks down words into their simplest form
- Book is small and handheld, easily transportable
- Information is concise and well organized
- Low price point
- Great companion tool for preparing for the MCAT and NCLEX exams
- Book preview showed the prefix, root, and suffix labeled in different colors, but the book does not have these.
- Terms are not alphabetized for easy access
- No index to look up words quickly
- Simplistic explanations that gloss over deeper themes for the sake of being concise
Medical Terminology: A Living Language is an introduction to medical terminology, written specifically for those going into a medical field. The information is comprehensive and easy to understand for an entry level college course. It is organized by organ systems to make it easier to follow and apply.
This book uses a carefully constructed learning system to help readers master medical language and apply this knowledge to real-world contexts. Rather than memorizing medical terms, students learn how to use word parts to build terms, within the context of basic anatomy and physiology.
The examples and practice problems engage the reader and apply the terms used to examples found in real medical records. This text is great practice for the aspiring healthcare worker and also makes a great future reference for healthcare workers throughout their careers.
- No prior knowledge necessary to learn the material
- The mock discharge summaries, containing the terminology in the chapter, are helpful for learning real-world applications.
- Textbook organized by organ systems for easier understanding and application
- Digital platform, MyLab, provides additional learning materials and study resources
- The chapter reviews require having to look up words that are not found in the text and beyond the scope of the book
- Access to the digital platform, MyLab, must be purchased separately
Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach, is a thorough introduction for those intending to join the healthcare field. The pages contain full colored text and pictures. The end of chapter review comes with answer keys for more independent learning. This text comes with an access code for practice and supplemental learning. Users have reported that it is a worthwhile investment.
The streamlined layout and full-color illustrations helps the student progress through the text step-by-step. Each chapter is broken down in a way that is easy to understand and teaches the reader how to best study the material for both comprehension and application.
Coverage of the text features all aspects of healthcare, including diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and a strong focus on anatomy and physiology, as well as pathology. Furthermore, every chapter includes complete medical records, word- building activities, and key terms.
- Quizzes at the end are a useful tool for independent study
- Gives the student tips for how to study the material
- Information is well-organized
- Online quizzes are an additional resource for learning and studying
- Reading level is appropriate for all learners
- Strong emphasis on anatomy and physiology
- One of the most comprehensive resources for medical terminology study
- Several documented mistakes: both spelling/grammar and term meanings
- Examples are sometimes given to a word instead of a definition, implying that it is specific to a region or organ system when it actually applies to other areas of the body
- Frequent mistakes in the online quizzes as well
- Several users found their codes did not work for the online lab
Medical Terminology: Get Connected helps students planning for professions in healthcare make connections between the medical terms and real world application. “Connections” is the name of the game with this textbook. Whether it’s connecting word parts to make medical terms, recognizing the interconnectedness of body structures and systems, or communicating with colleagues and patients.
Frucht designed her textbook to be fun, accessible, and eye-catching. Medical Terminology: Get Connected guides students step-by-step through mastering relevant word parts, understanding word roots, and word assembly. This textbook is designed for introductory medical terminology courses. The flexible format includes features optimized for either lecture support or use as an independent workbook.
Through numerous exercises, tips, and colorful diagrams, aspiring healthcare workers learn meanings, correct spelling, pronunciation, and other relevant components of each term. With the authoring of this Medical Terminology: Get Connected!, Frucht aimed for students to learn to build, translate, and link medical terms with confidence.
- Layout makes it easy to learn terms
- Lighter than most medical terminology textbooks
- Activities and exercises are fun and easy to follow
- Issues with Kindle app on Android devices
Quick & Easy Medical Terminology is less expensive than most other medical terminology textbooks. It comes in both paperback and Kindle versions, for those that want to reference this text on-the-go for a lower price point. This textbook is great for reviewing medical terminology as a healthcare professional or college student.
This book focuses on building word skills and is great for self study or a college course. Review exercises help test your knowledge and the examples of healthcare reports help to apply the terms in real world scenarios. Quick Tips throughout the book help keep it fun and educational.
The text focuses on disorders, diagnostics, and treatment, with a strong emphasis on anatomy and physiology. The information is presented in small bits, followed by a test for comprehension, using a combination of review questions. This edition includes new medical reports with review exercises that are similar to those seen in a clinical setting.
- Less expensive than other texts
- Option to buy it on Kindle and for a much cheaper price
- Has review questions and scenarios that appear in clinical settings
- Student has access to the companion Evolve site, includes games, activities, audio, and more
- Review questions are a mix of programmed and traditional questions
- Programmed learning allows for immediate feedback
- Text has several spelling and grammatical mistakes
- No in-depth explanation on roots of words and meanings
- Answers have to be entered in exactly as worded for programmed learning for answer to be counted as correct
Medical terminology courses are studied by students from all walks of life, pursuing a myriad of career paths. Choosing a textbook that caters to your learning style, and meets your needs as a student, is the first step to being a successful healthcare personnel.
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Today, the European Commission publishes the 20th edition of its Annual Report on Forest Fires in Europe, the Middle East and North Africa, covering 2019.
In what was possibly the worst-ever year for forest fires around the world, the report shows that over 400,000 hectares (ha) of Europe’s natural land was burnt and an unusually high number of nature protection areas were affected by wildfires.
Climate change continued to affect the length and intensity of fire danger in Europe. By March, before the official start of the fire season in most countries, the total burnt area in the EU was above the whole year average of the last 12 years.
In Europe, 2019 was a year when:
- Wildfires heavily affected Europe’s network of ‘Natura 2000’ protected areas. With 159,585 ha burnt in 2019, nearly half of the total burnt area in the EU occurred within these key biodiversity zones. While some of these fires occur naturally, the vast majority are caused by humans and endanger these ecosystems;
- According to the European Forest Fires Information System (EFFIS), Romania (242 fires, 73,444 ha burnt area) was the country with the greatest damage to its protected areas in the Natura 2000 network. This was mostly due to some very large fires in the Danube delta;
- National reporting from countries showed that Spain, Portugal and Poland recorded 10883, 10832 and 9635 fires in 2019, more than any other EU countries;
- Due to better preparedness and more efficient response, the 2019 season was one of the best ever in terms of preventing accidents and loss of life. Only three casualties occurred due to wildfires in the countries included in the 2019 report. In terms of burnt area, there were also less devastating fires in Europe than those occurring in 2017 and 2018;
- The on-demand Rapid Mapping of the Copernicus Emergency Management Service was activated 35 times to help countries respond to wildfires in 2019, the most activations in any single year so far. The service provides on-demand and fast maps to support emergency management activities immediately following fires, floods and other emergencies;
- The EU Civil Protection Mechanism was activated five times for forest fire emergencies in 2019, in Greece, Israel, Lebanon, Bolivia and Guatemala. The Mechanism was upgraded in March 2019 to establish a new European reserve of capacities (the ‘rescEU reserve’) which includes firefighting planes and helicopters. A very first activation of rescEU took place in August 2019, to fight the forest fires on the Greek island of Evia.
Monitoring and responding to fires
The Copernicus Emergency Management Service, through the European Forest Fires Information System (EFFIS), provides continuous support to EU countries in early warning and monitoring of the fires. In 2019, this was extended to the monitoring of wildfires at the global level through the Global Wildfire Information System (GWIS).
The European Commission’s Joint Research Centre (JRC) runs EFFIS under Copernicus, the EU’s earth observation program. EFFIS provides a continuous monitoring of active fires and burnt areas in Europe, Middle East and North Africa, supporting the activities of the European Commission’s Emergency Response Coordination Centre.
In 2019, within the EU Civil Protection Mechanism framework, the Commission implemented new features to improve fire monitoring and early warning, including the development of the EFFIS Decision Support System. It compares the criticality of all ongoing fires in Europe to support decision making at the European Commission’s Emergency Response Coordination Centre.
Trends in 2020 and the global response
At the time of publication of this report, wildfires are raging in many regions of the world. Over 400,000 ha of natural areas have burnt in the EU so far this year, despite efforts to minimise wildfire impacts. The number of fires is about double the average for the same time in the last 12 years.
Globally, wildfires have devastated unique ecosystems in Australia and the extended Amazon region, from Argentina to Colombia and Venezuela. Over 64 million ha have burnt in this region in 2020, an area more than two times the size of Belgium. Wildfires have also caused unprecedented damage in western USA, causing many casualties and destroying large areas in the region.
The JRC publishes weekly reports of wildfire impacts in the extended Amazon region, shared with national fire management authorities in the relevant countries to help with response efforts. The JRC is also discussing a collaboration agreement with the Amazon Coordination Treaty Organization and countries in the region, as well as with the UN Environment Program (UNEP) for countries in Latin America and the Caribbean.
As in 2019, GWIS recorded an increase of wildfire activity in the Arctic in 2020. The JRC has recently become an EU observer for the Artic Council on wildfire monitoring, and will provide a significant contribution to monitoring through GWIS.
In the coming weeks, the JRC will publish country profiles of wildfire regimes for all countries in the world on GWIS. The profiles will provide unique information on wildfires regimes and impacts to support national fire management authorities and international organisations.
As published in the recent 2020 State of Climate Services report of the World Meteorological Organization, the JRC is providing a key contribution to wildfire disaster risk reduction in Europe and globally, through the development and operation of EFFIS and GWIS.
The Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa reports are a unique source of information for fire managers and policymakers in European and neighbouring countries. They provide official statistics of wildfire impacts, reported annually by the fire administrations in these countries. This is the 20th report of the series, coordinated by the JRC with the support of other Commission services.
The JRC also works with other Commission services as part of the Expert Group on Forest Fires (currently 43 countries) to develop strategies for a harmonised and coordinated approach to enhance wildfire prevention and assess wildfire risk in Europe and neighbouring countries.
Guidance on wildfire prevention measures, coordinated by the Commission’s Directorate-General for the Environment, and the first pan-European wildfire risk assessment (coordinated by the JRC) will be published by the end of 2020.
JRC report: Forest Fires in Europe, Middle East and North Africa 2019
- Publication date
- 30 October 2020
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Do Trojan exoplanets exist?
Investigating these co-orbiting worlds in our own solar system may help us forecast prevalence in extrasolar systems.
Co-orbiting worlds, often known as Trojans, have not been identified yet outside the solar system.
That's a curious thing, a recent study reveals, given we see them regularly closer to home.
Some hotels are like heaven on earth without of this world facilities, situated at great locations. If you have an unlimited budget.
But it might be that tidal forces affect the orbits of larger worlds, such an exoplanet.
The SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute study suggests that larger exoplanets with short-period orbits are driven off course by the surrounding star's gravity.
The finding has ramifications for our existing catalogue of 5,000 exoplanets, which largely includes close-in worlds that are simpler to detect
Here is the expensive hotel list of 2020! Let’s subscribe at the bottom, which has a vast range of costly hotels.
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are concurrent cevian lines for triangle , show that
(Note. The following solutions require a knowledge of Ceva' and Menelaus' Theorems as well as knowledge of cross ratios, harmonic division and complete quadrilaterals.)
Solution 1. In the figure below extend to meet in . Let the cevian lines
be concurrent on a point .
Solution 2. In the above figure, consider the quadrilateral . If we make this a complete quadrilateral, then and are vertices and and are diagonal points. We know that on the diagonal line there is a harmonic range consisting of the two diagonal points and the two vertices lying on the diagonal line. Hence . But and it follows that .
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The country of India is renowned as the "Land of Villages." About 67 percent of India's population lives in villages. Their primary occupation is agriculture and agricultural-related activities. Agriculture is the largest and most important sector of our economy, employing over 70% of the Indian people. Agriculture is critical to the Indian economy. Although its contribution to GDP is currently roughly one-fifth of what it was, it employs 50 percent of the Indian workforce. Despite recent significant growth rates, India continues to face agricultural challenges. As a result, the purpose of this study will focus on agricultural productivity and its future possibilities. Some secondary data has been gathered in order to examine agriculture's realistic scenario and the government's numerous policy programmes. The goal of the study is to discover more about the state of Indian agriculture. They face a number of challenges and obstructions in the form of agro-industry and governments in order to develop agriculture in extreme circumstances, as well as learn about various government initiatives, investments, and policies for agricultural development, and the involvement of agriculture in the Indian economy.
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To better coordinate state public works efforts, Gov. James Gillett signs legislation on March 11, 1907 creating the Department of Engineering, whose Division of Highways is the forerunner of Caltrans. The move comes 12 years after creation of the three-person Bureau of Highways whose charge is to evaluate the state’s system of roads. A Tahoe Wagon Road Commissioner is also named to study options for improving the route to Lake Tahoe.
What is today’s Highway 50 from Placerville to the Nevada border becomes California’s first state highway. In 1897, the bureau becomes a department and a second state highway is created – from Sacramento to Folsom.
As the state’s population increases and more highways are designated, calls increase for more consolidation of state construction work, including dams, public buildings and highways. In his second biennial message to lawmakers on January 7, 1907, Gov. George Pardee says:
“California is a growing state and it is inevitable that a great deal of public building must be done, roads constructed, dams built and reservoirs excavated….It would be wise to centralize and systematize the constructive work of the state under a single head in a single office with the purpose of procuring uniformity of effort coupled with economy of expenditure.”
Even after Pardee’s successor Gillett signs the bill creating the new agency, centralization doesn’t happen right away. The Republican governor names former state Highway Commissioner Nathaniel Ellery as State Engineer. In his first report to the governor, covering May 11, 1907 to November 30, 1908, Ellery describes the cost savings achieved through consolidation but also catalogs some of the department’s initial challenges:
“Owing to repairs on the Capitol, the (department’s) office was separated on account of the lack of room into three divisions; one, the head office was in the Odd Fellows’ Temple, Sacramento; another, an engineering branch, was located in the Elks’ Building, Sacramento, and the third, or architectural branch, was located at 522 ‘K” Street, Sacramento. This condition obtained from May 11, 1907 to December 1st of the same year, when we moved two of the offices and a part of the third one into the State Capitol. Some time later, about three months, the whole force was brought together. Five rooms on the third floor of the Capitol are wholly inadequate for the work of the department, so the office has occupied three or four rooms on the fourth floor of the building but was compelled to vacate these, except one used as a blue-print room, for use by the incoming Legislature. The crowded condition of the office makes efficient operation decidedly difficult.”
The situation is remedied sufficiently that Gillett tells lawmakers in his first biennial message on January 5, 1909 that:
“All our state roads are being constructed in mountainous regions, where, from necessity, the season for work is short. Progress, however, has been as rapid as could be expected. Upon the Kings River Road an experiment in construction has been made by the purchase of a steam shovel. This seems destined to work a revolution in roadwork. Although only in use one month, the savings in labor has been approximately 40 percent under hand labor. With the steam shovel the road is materially straightened. Points in the road are cut through, instead of going around and fills are made with the material excavated. The labor cost per mile with the shovel was $1,330 as compared with $2,330 by hand.”
Lawmakers and Gillett, credited as father of the state’s highway system, follow up with passage of the State Highways Act on March 22, 1909. The legislation allows the Department of Engineering to issue $18 million in bonds to create a highway system connecting the state’s county seats.
Voters approve the bond in November 1910. A three member Highway Commission is created to supervise the system’s construction and maintenance. Gillett says in a 1916 interview with the California Highway Bulletin:
“I suggested that the first state good roads bond issue should be for only $18 million not because I supposed for a moment that that amount would build all the roads or even all the state highways needed. I believed that if the sum of $18 million was judiciously used that the result would be to convince the people of the wisdom of good roads and that whatever money was needed in the future the people would gladly give. I said that I thought it would take over $50 million to build the main trunk lines that the state requires.”
TOP PHOTO: Placerville Road. (State Library image 2018-0587)
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Indian Summer is a period of unseasonably warm, dry weather that sometimes occurs in autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. The US National Weather Service defines this as weather conditions that are sunny and clear with above normal temperatures, occurring Late-September to mid-November. It is usually described as occurring after a killing frost.
Etymology and usage
Late-19th century Boston lexicographer Albert Matthews made an exhaustive search of early American literature in an attempt to discover who coined the expression. The earliest reference he found dated from 1778, but from the context it was clearly already in widespread use. William R. Deedler (historian for National Weather Service) in a 1996 essay wrote that Matthews' 1778 reference was a letter by Frenchman St. John de Crevecoeur.
Although the exact origins of the term are uncertain, it was perhaps so-called because it was first noted in regions inhabited by Native Americans ("Indians"), or because the Native Americans first described it to Europeans, or it had been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted. The title of Van Wyck Brooks' New England: Indian Summer (1940) suggests inconsistency, infertility, and depleted capabilities, a period of seemingly robust strength that is only an imitation of an earlier season of actual strength.
In British English the term is used in the same way as in North America. In the UK, observers knew of the American usage from the mid-19th century onwards, and The Indian Summer of a Forsyte is the metaphorical title of the 1918 second volume of The Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy. However, early 20th-century climatologists Gordon Manley and Hubert Lamb used it only when referring to the American phenomenon, and the expression did not gain wide currency in Britain until the 1950s. In former times such a period was associated with the autumn feast days of St. Martin and Saint Luke.
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The normal gestation period in dogs is approximately 63 days from conception, although this can vary by several days. While this might seem like a straightforward answer, conception is often hard to determine.
How long does it take a German Shepherd to give birth?
- However, to make sure you don’t be caught by surprise, it’s worth noting that the earliest a pregnant German shepherd can give birth is 58 days. Some may even take as long as 68 days. This is because the number of offspring also varies. In short, the more puppies, the longer it takes, and vice versa, which leads us to the next question.
- 1 How long after mating will puppies be born?
- 2 How long after insemination can you tell if a dog is pregnant?
- 3 How long does it take for German Shepherds to have puppies?
- 4 How do you know if mating is successful?
- 5 How many days will a dog mate?
- 6 Can you tell if a dog is pregnant at 2 weeks?
- 7 How long is a dog pregnant in weeks?
- 8 How many times can a German Shepherd get pregnant?
- 9 Can you touch a newborn puppy?
- 10 How many puppies can a German shepherd have in first litter?
- 11 How many days will a female dog let a male mount her?
- 12 Why do dogs cry when mating?
- 13 Do female dogs bleed after mating?
How long after mating will puppies be born?
Pregnancy in dogs, also called the gestation period, normally ranges from 57-65 days with an average of 63 days. With a planned breeding, you should record the exact date of mating. If there are two matings, make a note of the dates and expect birth to occur between 63 and 65 days later.
How long after insemination can you tell if a dog is pregnant?
Dog pregnancy diagnosis Your vet can confirm a pregnancy with either a dog pregnancy test, which measures her hormone levels, from days 21-25 of her term, or by ultrasound from day 20-22. From around day 30 your vet will be able to carry out a physical examination to count how many puppies your dog is having.
How long does it take for German Shepherds to have puppies?
According to dog expert Anna Burke, German Shepherds are normally pregnant for 63 days. While there’s a chance your GSD could give birth to preemies, 63 days is the normal gestation period following conception.
How do you know if mating is successful?
Allowing the male and female to have more than one mating session over a few days will ensure more chance of a successful mating. A sign of a successful mating is when the male and female readily accept each other and become “tied together”.
How many days will a dog mate?
From the beginning of the heat period, she will be attractive to male dogs, but will usually not be receptive, or allow mating until about 7 to10 days into the cycle. As the cycle progresses, the color and appearance of the discharge change.
Can you tell if a dog is pregnant at 2 weeks?
It’s one way to figure out how many puppies will be in your dog’s litter. As more time passes, your dog’s pregnant belly will become larger, and it may sway gently beneath them as they walk. During the last 2 weeks of pregnancy, you may see and feel the growing puppies moving inside your dog’s belly.
How long is a dog pregnant in weeks?
Enlarged or Discolored Nipples The areolas also become somewhat rounded compared to their usual flatness. You may also notice your dog’s nipples turning a slightly darker red than normal, which would indicate an increase in blood flow. Later into the pregnancy, her nipples may occasionally leak milk, as well.
How many times can a German Shepherd get pregnant?
A German Shepherd can have puppies twice a year. Large dogs like German Shepherds go into heat around every 6 months. During their heat is when they are capable of becoming pregnant. A normal heat cycle lasts between two and four weeks long.
Can you touch a newborn puppy?
Once the puppies are about three weeks old, they will begin to move around on their own. This is when you can begin to pet them and interact with them more. You should only touch or pick up a newborn puppy if you observe that it is sick, if the mother abandons it, or in the case of orphaned puppies.
How many puppies can a German shepherd have in first litter?
German Shepherd Dogs can have anywhere from 1 to 15 puppies in a normal litter. While the average is 8 puppies per litter, larger litters are often expected.
How many days will a female dog let a male mount her?
From what I have read online, successful dog breeders let the male mount the female across a 3-day period. This will typically be on days 9, 11, and 13 of the cycle. Breeders will often separate the male and female once the mounting has occurred, to ensure a gap between the matings.
Why do dogs cry when mating?
This is specifically designed to get the male’s attention. Other behaviors meant for this are things like the female laying her head on the back of a male dog while pawing at him. She may even try mounting the male dog as a way to bring attention to her condition.
Do female dogs bleed after mating?
During the first 10 days, she will usually have bleeding and vulvar swelling and will smell enticing to males. However, during this time, most females are not receptive to the male and will chase him away. During the second 10 days, the bleeding usually slows or stops completely and the female is receptive to the male.
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\ˈabstɹakt ɪntˌɜːpɹɪtˈe͡ɪʃən], \ˈabstɹakt ɪntˌɜːpɹɪtˈeɪʃən], \ˈa_b_s_t_ɹ_a_k_t ɪ_n_t_ˌɜː_p_ɹ_ɪ_t_ˈeɪ_ʃ_ə_n]\
Definitions of ABSTRACT INTERPRETATION
Sort: Oldest first
A partial execution of a program which gainsinformation about its semantics (e.g. control structure,flow of information) without performing all the calculations.Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers toanalyse programs in order to decide whether certainoptimisations or transformations are applicable.The objects manipulated by the program (typically values andfunctions) are represented by points in some domain. Eachabstract domain point represents some set of real ("concrete") values.For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-"to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and thendefine an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#,which operates on abstract values:*# | + 0 ----|------+ | + 0 -0 | 0 0 0- | - 0 +An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstractoperation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of theconcrete result. The meaning of "a safe approximation"depends on how we are using the results of the analysis.If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are saferthen the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) isa# *# b# <= (a * b)#where a# is the abstract version of a etc.In general an interpretation is characterised by the domainsused to represent the basic types and the abstract values itassigns to constants (where the constants of a languageinclude primitive functions such as *). The interpretation ofconstructed types (such as user defined functions, sum typesand product types) and expressions can be derivedsystematically from these basic domains and values.A common use of abstract interpretation is strictnessanalysis.See also standard interpretation.
By Denis Howe
Word of the day
- or post-neural lobe gland. infundibulum is considered part of the posterior pituitary by most authors.
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Like many other bones, the ulna stores minerals and produces blood cells in the bone marrow. However, the primary purpose of the ulna is to support the forearm and allow it to move, according to LearnBones.com. The ulna extends from the elbow to the bones of the wrist and works in conjunction with another long bone in the forearm, called the radius.Continue Reading
According to Healthline, the ulna is about 50 percent larger in diameter than the radius is at four to five months of age. However, over the course of growing and developing, the radius overtakes the ulna in size. By adulthood, the ulna is only about half as thick as the radius. Healthline contends that when the ulna breaks, it usually does so near the wrist or where the ulna and radius fuse to form a stationary joint.
InnerBody.com explains that the ulna is located on the inside of the arm, when the palms are held up. In other words, it is on the side of the arm that holds the pinky, while the radius is on the side that holds the thumb.
LearnBones.com states that the ulna is slightly curved, as are the other bones in the arm. Many different muscles and tendons attach to the ulna to permit movement in the arm, wrist and hand.Learn more about Human Anatomy
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A major trigger for anxiety is uncertainty. When you are not 100% sure of something you are more likely to worry about it. For example, if you aren’t sure of a decision (like picking a topic for a school project or whether to apply to a certain university) or of how something is going to turn out (such as what’s going to happen at that party), you’re probably going to worry. By worrying, we are trying to figure out all the possible ways things could go wrong so we can be more certain of the outcome.
The problem is that almost everything in life is uncertain because no one can predict the future.
If being uncertain about something makes you feel anxious, the best way to deal with it is to learn to become more comfortable with the experience of “not knowing.” One-hundred percent certainty about things is what you are trying to accomplish when you worry. This doesn’t work! If it did work, anxiety wouldn’t be a problem because you would already know how everything turns out!
We also try to gain certainty by repeatedly checking things or constantly seeking reassurance from others, such as asking, “Are you sure you’re not mad at me?” or “Are you sure you won’t leave me alone at the party?” (FYI this can get pretty annoying.)
So how do you become comfortable with uncertainty? The best way is to build your tolerance of it and to face your fear of not knowing.
Examples of this strategy might be:
- not re-reading texts or emails before sending the
- ordering something completely new at a restaurant
- completing a homework assignment without asking Mom or Dad to look it over first
- delegating an important part of a group school project to someone else
- not asking a friend if he or she likes something new that you bought
- telling yourself you’ll just have to see what happens at the party, rather than mentally rehearsing all your actions and conversations beforehand
At first you will probably feel anxious when you try using these tools. That is a sign you are on the right track! But the more you do it, the less anxious you’ll feel. Don’t take our word for it. Test it out! Watch the anxiety decrease as you fight your fear of uncertainty!
Remember: The only way to get over anxiety is to face it head on!
All these tools will probably feel uncomfortable when you first try them. Whenever we try something new or different, it usually feels a bit strange. This does not mean that you are doing something wrong. It means that you are starting to face your fears and get over them. The goal is not to prove to yourself that things will always work out (although most of the time they will), but to let yourself sit with anxiety or uncertainty and be okay.
It will take practice and perseverance, and falling into some traps again and again, but if you keep using your tools you will start to feel the benefits.
Autobiography in Five Short Chapters
By Portia Nelson
I walk down the street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I fall in I am lost … I am helpless It isn’t my fault. It takes forever to find a way out.
I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I pretend I don’t see it. I fall in again. I can’t believe I am in the same place. But, it isn’t my fault. It still takes a long time to get out.
I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I see it is there. I still fall in … it’s a habit. My eyes are open. I know where I am. It is my fault. I get out immediately.
I walk down the same street. There is a deep hole in the sidewalk. I walk around it.
I walk down another street.
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Doing the twister 0
London’s futuristic WindEEE Dome is the only facility in the world that can simulate a tornado. Insurance firms, utilities and research institutes are lining up to partner with the Western University centre that’s also attracting interest from movie and TV producers. Hank Daniszewski reports
--- --- ---
From now on London really is Tornado Alley.
Tucked away in the southeastern corner of the city, the futuristic WindEEE Dome is the only facility in the world that can conjure up a genuine twister, said Horia Hangan, director of the research centre.
“These are real tornadoes, with their real features,” he said Monday when the Western University facility demonstrated experiments for the media.
The dome itself is a starkly lit black hexagon, and the control centre looks likes something out of NASA with banks of monitors and controls.
Inside the dome, a tornado about six metres tall is swirling around, plainly visible because of the white vapours generated by theatrical fog machines.
The $34-million facility won’t be fully operational until September, but insurance firms, utility companies and research institutes are swooping in to partner with the WindEEE Research Institute.
“People know what we can do and they keep coming. We will have too many at a certain point,” Hangan said.
Plenty of facilities simulate straight winds or tornado-like conditions, but the WindEEE Dome uses dozens of fans and louvres calibrated to simulate the swirls and vortexes of real tornado, he said.
It looks so much like science fiction it has already attracted attention from movie and TV producers.
The simulated tornado will be soon be used on precise scale models of homes, highrises, bridges, transmission towers and wind turbines to determine exactly how the structures are destroyed by powerful tornadoes.
As climate change produces more frequent and powerful storms, research conducted at the dome will bring about changes that will save lives and limit damage, Hangan said.
Research from Western’s original Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory took 10 to 15 years to have an effect on building design, he said.
“We learned the lesson that it takes a long time, so we’re trying to raise interest so the research will be implemented faster.”
--- --- ---
WHAT IS THE WindEEE DOME?
- WindEEE stands for Wind Engineering, Energy and Environment
- a hexagonal structure measuring about 25 metres. Starting with data gathered from actual tornadoes, the dome uses a series of precisely calibrated fans and louvres to simulate tornadoes, down drafts and powerful gusts. It differs from traditional wind tunnels that can only simulate straight winds. The WinDEE is three-dimensional producing the swirling vortex winds and the inner suction force that pulls up and scatter debris
- the WindEEE Dome also can be used on wind turbines to ensure they operate at maximum efficiency and are designed to account for topography, forest cover and cross winds that affect the operation of turbine blades
--- --- ---
WHY IS IT NEEDED?
Engineers can study the pressures of swirling winds and vortexes and examine the damage caused to scale model structures. This could lead to improved building codes and materials that could help limit damage to structures of tornado-proof bunker structures in homes, school and hospitals that could save lives.
--- --- ---
BY THE NUMBERS
$34 million — construction cost
25 — diameter in metres of the inner dome
11 — number of cameras scanning the dome’s interior
30 — number of research institute partners
F3 — wind speed on the Fujita scale that can simulated
106 — number of fans used to simulate winds
65% — amount of wind damage caused by swirling winds, gusts and downbursts caused by thunderstorms rather than straight winds
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This article needs additional citations for verification. (December 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
A mobile game is a game played on a feature phone, smartphone/tablet, smartwatch, PDA, portable media player or graphing calculator. The earliest known game on a mobile phone was a Tetris variant on the Hagenuk MT-2000 device from 1994.[failed verification]
In 1997, Nokia launched the very successful Snake. Snake (and its variants), that was preinstalled in most mobile devices manufactured by Nokia, has since become one of the most played games and is found on more than 350 million devices worldwide. A variant of the Snake game for the Nokia 6110, using the infrared port, was also the first two-player game for mobile phones.
Today, mobile games are usually downloaded from an app store as well as from mobile operator's portals, but in some cases are also preloaded in the handheld devices by the OEM or by the mobile operator when purchased, via infrared connection, Bluetooth, or memory card, or side loaded onto the handset with a cable.
Downloadable mobile games were first commercialised in Japan circa the launch of NTT DoCoMo's I-mode platform in 1999, and by the early 2000s were available through a variety of platforms throughout Asia, Europe, North America and ultimately most territories where modern carrier networks and handsets were available by the mid-2000s. However, mobile games distributed by mobile operators and third party portals (channels initially developed to monetise downloadable ringtones, wallpapers and other small pieces of content using premium SMS or direct carrier charges as a billing mechanism) remained a marginal form of gaming until Apple's iOS App Store was launched in 2008. As the first mobile content marketplace operated directly by a mobile platform holder, the App Store significantly changed the consumer behaviour and quickly broadened the market for mobile games, as almost every smartphone owner started to download mobile apps.
Towards the end of the 20th century, mobile phone ownership became ubiquitous in the industrialised world - due to the establishment of industry standards, and the rapid fall in cost of handset ownership, and use driven by economies of scale. As a result of this explosion, technological advancement by handset manufacturers became rapid. With these technological advances, mobile phone games also became increasingly sophisticated, taking advantage of exponential improvements in display, processing, storage, interfaces, network bandwidth and operating system functionality.
Preloaded (or embedded) games on turn-of-the-century mobile phones were usually limited to crude monochrome dot matrix graphics (or text) and single channel tones. Commands would be input via the device's keypad buttons. For a period in the early 2000s, WAP and other early mobile internet protocols allowed simple client-server games to be hosted online, which could be played through a WAP browser on devices that lacked the capability to download and run discrete applications.
With the advent of feature phones (contemporarily referred to as the 'camera phone') more hardware power became available even in bottom-of-the-range devices. Colour screens, multi-channel sound and most importantly the ability to download and store new applications (implemented in cross-industry standards such as J2ME and BREW) paved the way for commercial mobile game publishing. Some early companies utilized the camera phone technology for mobile games such as Namco and Panasonic. In 2003 Namco released a fighting game that used the cell phone's camera to create a character based on the player's profile and determined the character's speed and power based on the image taken; the character could then be sent to another friend's mobile phone to battle. That same year Panasonic released a virtual pet game in which the pet is fed by photos of foods taken with the camera phone.
In the early 2000s, mobile games gained popularity in Japan's mobile phone culture, years before the United States or Europe. By 2003, a wide variety of mobile games were available on Japanese phones, ranging from puzzle games and virtual pet titles that utilized camera phone and fingerprint scanner technologies to 3D games with exceptionally high quality graphics. Older arcade-style games became particularly popular on mobile phones, which were an ideal platform for arcade-style games designed for shorter play sessions.
Nokia tried to create its own dedicated mobile gaming platform with the N-Gage in 2003 but this effort failed due to a mixture of unpopular design decisions, poor software support and competition from handheld game consoles, widely regarded as more technically advanced. The N-Gage brand was retained for a few years as a games service included on Nokia's general-purpose phones.
In Europe, downloadable mobile games were introduced by the "Les Games" portal from Orange France, run by In-fusio, in 2000. Whereas before mobile games were usually commissioned directly by handset manufacturers, now also mobile operators started to act as distributors of games. As the operators were not keen on handling potentially hundreds of relationships with one- or two-person developers, mobile aggregators and publishers started to act as a middleman between operators and developers that further reduced the revenue share seen by developers.
The launch of Apple's App Store in 2008 radically changed the market. First of all, it widened consumers' opportunities to choose where to download apps; the application store on the device, operator's store or third party stores via the open internet, such as GetJar and Handango. The Apple users, however, can only use the Apple App Store, since Apple forbids the distribution of apps via any other distribution channel. Secondly, mobile developers can upload applications directly to the App Store without the typically lengthy negotiations with publishers and operators, which increased their revenue share and made mobile game development more profitable. Thirdly, the tight integration of the App Store with the device itself led many consumers to try out apps, and the games market received a considerable boost.
Apple's iPod Touch and iPhone lacked a physical keyboard, unlike previous smartphones and similar devices, instead featuring a large touchscreen. This feature was adopted by rival mobile operating system Android as well, therefore becoming the most common input method for mobile games.
Consequently, the number of commercially highly successful mobile games proliferated soon after the launch of the App Store. Early App Store successes such as Angry Birds, Rolando, Flight Control, Doodle Jump were highly publicised successes that introduced many millions of new players to mobile games and encouraged an early 'gold rush' of developers and publishers to enter the market.
In 2013, Japan was the world's largest market by revenue for mobile games. The Japanese gaming market today is becoming increasingly dominated by mobile games, which generated $5.1 billion in 2013, more than traditional console games in the country.
China is the largest market for mobile gaming, by both revenue and number of players. Until July 2015, video game consoles were banned in the country. While personal computers were still used for gaming, the ban led to a large growth in the use of mobile phones for gaming that has persisted even after the ban was lifted. Tencent Games is the largest publisher of mobile games in the country, and due to the size of its player base within China, is known as the largest video game company in the world, measured by revenue. Tencent published King of Glory (known in Western markets as Arena of Valor), a multiplayer online battle arena that had a 200 million user base from China alone before expanding the game out into other markets.
Market analysis firms identified that mobile gaming global gross revenues exceeded that of either personal computer or console games in 2016, earning around US$38 billion, and remained one of the fastest growing sectors of the video game market.
An early example is the type-in program Darth Vader's Force Battle for the TI-59, published in BYTE in October 1980. The magazine also published a version of Hunt the Wumpus for the HP-41C. Few other games exist for the earliest of programmable calculators (including the Hewlett-Packard 9100A, one of the first scientific calculators), such as the long-popular Lunar Lander game often used as an early programming exercise. However, limited program address space and lack of easy program storage made calculator gaming a rarity even as programmables became cheap and relatively easy to obtain. It was not until the early 1990s when graphing calculators became more powerful and cheap enough to be common among high school students for use in mathematics. The new graphing calculators, with their ability to transfer files to one another and from a computer for backup, could double as game consoles.
Calculators such as HP-48 and TI-82 could be programmed in proprietary programming languages such as RPL programming language or TI-BASIC directly on the calculator; programs could also be written in assembly language or (less often) C on a desktop computer and transferred to the calculator. As calculators became more powerful and memory sizes increased, games increased in complexity.
By the 1990s, programmable calculators were able to run implementations by hobbyists of games such as Lemmings and Doom (Lemmings for HP-48 was released in 1993; Doom for HP-48 was created in 1995). Some games such as Dope Wars caused controversy when students played them in school.
The look and feel of these games on an HP-48 class calculator, due to the lack of dedicated audio and video circuitry providing hardware acceleration, can at most be compared to the one offered by 8-bit handheld consoles such as the early Game Boy or the Gameking (low resolution, monochrome or grayscale graphics), or to the built-in games of non-Java or BREW enabled cell phones.
Games continue to be programmed on graphing calculators with increasing complexity. A wave of games appeared after the release of the TI-83 Plus/TI-84 Plus series, among TI's first graphing calculators to natively support assembly. TI-BASIC programming also rose in popularity after the release of third-party libraries. Assembly remained the language of choice for these calculators, which run on a Zilog Z80 processor, although some assembly implements have been created to ease the difficulty of learning assembly language. For those running on a Motorola 68000 processor (like the TI-89), C programming (possible using TIGCC) has begun to displace assembly.
Total global revenue from mobile games was estimated at $2.6 billion in 2005 by Informa Telecoms and Media. Total revenue in 2008 was $5.8 billion. The largest mobile gaming markets were in the Asia-Pacific nations Japan and China, followed by the United States. In 2012, the market had already reached $7.8 billion A new report was released in November 2015 showing that 1887 app developers would make more than one million dollars on the Google and iOS app stores in 2015.
Mobile gaming revenue reached $50.4 billion in 2017, occupying 43% of the entire global gaming market and poised for further growth. It is expected to surpass the combined revenues from both PC gaming and console gaming in 2018.
Mobile games have been developed to run on a wide variety of platforms and technologies. These include the (today largely defunct) Palm OS, Symbian, Adobe Flash Lite, NTT DoCoMo's DoJa, Sun's Java, Qualcomm's BREW, WIPI, BlackBerry, Nook and early incarnations of Windows Mobile. Today, the most widely supported platforms are Apple's iOS and Google's Android. The mobile version of Microsoft's Windows 10 (formerly Windows Phone) is also actively supported, although in terms of market share remains marginal compared to iOS and Android.
Java was at one time the most common platform for mobile games, however its performance limits led to the adoption of various native binary formats for more sophisticated games.
Due to its ease of porting between mobile operating systems and extensive developer community, Unity is one of the most widely used engines used by modern mobile games. Apple provide a number of proprietary technologies (such as Metal) intended to allow developers to make more effective use of their hardware in iOS-native games.
Typically, commercial mobile games use one of the following monetisation models: pay-per-download, subscription, free-to-play ('freemium') or advertising-supported. Until recently, the main option for generating revenues was a simple payment on downloading a game. Subscription business models also existed and had proven popular in some markets (notably Japan) but were rare in Europe. Today, a number of new business models have emerged which are often collectively referred to as "freemium". The game download itself is typically free and then revenue is generated after download either through in-app transactions or advertisements; this resulted in $34 billion spent on mobile games in 2013.
Common limits of mobile gamesEdit
Mobile games tend to be small in scope (in relation to mainstream PC and console games) and many prioritise innovative design and ease of play over visual spectacle. Storage and memory limitations (sometimes dictated at the platform level) place constraints on file size that presently rule out the direct migration of many modern PC and console games to mobile. One major problem for developers and publishers of mobile games is describing a game in such detail that it gives the customer enough information to make a purchasing decision.
Location-based mobile gamesEdit
Games played on a mobile device using localization technology like GPS are called location-based games or location-based mobile games. These are not only played on mobile hardware but also integrate the player's position into the game concept. In other words, while it does not matter for a normal mobile game where exactly the player is (play them anywhere at any time), the player's coordinate and movement are the main elements in a location-based mobile game.
A well known example is the treasure hunt game Geocaching, which can be played on any mobile device with integrated or external GPS receiver. External GPS receivers are usually connected via Bluetooth.[clarification needed] More and more mobile phones with integrated GPS are expected to come.
Augmented reality gamesEdit
Augmented reality games, while not limited to mobile devices, are also common on newer mobile platforms where the device includes a reverse-facing camera. While playing the game, the player aims the device's camera at a location and through the device's screen, sees the area captured by the camera plus computer-generated graphics atop it, augmenting the display and then allowing the player to interact that way. The graphics are generally drawn as to make the generated image appear to be part of the captured background, and will be rendered appropriate as the player moves the device around. The starting location may be a special marker that is picked up by the camera and recognized by the software to determine what to present, or may be based on the location through GPS. While other augmented reality examples exist, one of the most successful is Pokémon Go where the player, using the game app, travels to locations marked on their GPS map and then uses the augmented reality mode to find Pokémon to capture.
Since mobile devices have become present in the majority of households at least in the developed countries, there are more and more games created with educational or lifestyle- and health-improvement purposes. For example, mobile games can be used in speech-language pathology, children's rehabilitation in hospitals (Finnish startup Rehaboo!), acquiring new useful or healthy habits (Habitica app), memorising things and learning languages (Memrise).
There are also apps with similar purposes which are not games per se, in this case they are called gamified apps. Sometimes it is difficult to draw a line between multipurpose games and gamified apps.
Multiplayer mobile gamesEdit
Many mobile games support multiple players, either remotely over a network or locally via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or similar technology.
There are several options for playing multiplayer games on mobile phones: live synchronous tournaments and turn-based asynchronous tournaments. In live tournaments, random players from around the world are matched together to compete. This is done using different networks including Game Center, Google+, Mobango, Nextpeer and Facebook.
In asynchronous tournaments, there are two methods used by game developers centered around the idea that players matches are recorded and then broadcast at a later time to other players in the same tournament. Asynchronous gameplay resolves the issue of needing players to have a continuous live connection. This gameplay is different since players take individual turns in the game, therefore allowing players to continue playing against human opponents.
This is done using different networks including OpenFeint (now defunct) and Facebook. Some companies use a regular turn-based system where the end results are posted so all the players can see who won the tournament. Other companies take screen recordings of live players and broadcast them to other players at a later point in time to allow players to feel that they are always interacting with another human opponent.
Older mobile phones supporting mobile gaming have infrared connectivity for data sharing with other phones or PCs.
Some mobile games are connected through Bluetooth using special hardware. The games are designed to communicate with each other through this protocol to share game information. The basic restriction is that both users have to be within a limited distance to get connected. A bluetooth device can accept up to 7 connections from other devices using a client/server architecture.
3G allows in most cases realtime multiplayer gaming and is based on technologies faster than GPRS.
4G and Wi-FiEdit
4G allows very fast data rates combined with low stalls and is based on technologies faster than 3G. Wi-Fi is often used for connecting at home.
Mobile games can be distributed in one of four ways:
- Over the Air (OTA) - a game binary file is delivered to the mobile device via wireless carrier networks.
- Sideloaded - a game binary file is loaded onto the phone while connected to a PC, either via USB cable or Bluetooth.
- Pre-installed - a game binary file is preloaded onto the device by the original equipment manufacturer (OEM).
- Mobile browser download - a game file is downloaded directly from a mobile website.
Until the launch of Apple App Store, in the US, the majority of mobile games were sold by the US wireless carriers, such as AT&T Mobility, Verizon Wireless, Sprint Corporation and T-Mobile US. In Europe, games were distributed equally between carriers, such as Orange and Vodafone, and off-deck, third party stores such as Jamba!, Kalador and Gameloft.
After the launch of Apple App Store, the mobile OS platforms like Apple iOS, Google Android, and Microsoft Windows Phone, the mobile OS developers themselves have launched digital download storefronts that can be run on the devices using the OS or from software used on PCs. These storefronts (like Apple's iOS App Store) act as centralized digital download services from which a variety of entertainment media and software can be downloaded, including games and nowadays majority of games are distributed through them.
The popularity of mobile games has increased in the 2000s, as over US$3 billion worth of games were sold in 2007 internationally, and projected annual growth of over 40%. Ownership of a smartphone alone increases the likelihood that a consumer will play mobile games. Over 90% of smartphone users play a mobile game at least once a week.
Many mobile games are distributed free to the end user, but carry paid advertising: examples are Flappy Bird and Doodle Jump. The latter follows the "freemium" model, in which the base game is free but additional items for the game can be purchased separately.
- iPod game
- Handheld electronic game
- Handheld game console
- Handheld video game
- List of best-selling mobile games
- List of highest-grossing video game franchises
- List of most-played video games by player count
- Mobile software
- Mobile gambling
- Mobile development
- Screen protector
- N-Gage (device)
- Scalable Network Application Package
- Transreality gaming
- "This was the world's first cell phone with a game loaded on it". Phone Arena. 16 November 2014.
- Andreas Elmenthaler (Elmi). "Hagenuk MT-2000 with Tetris". Handy-sammler.de. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- "Snake is born:a mobile gaming classic" (in Dutch). Nokia. Archived from the original on February 9, 2009. Retrieved 2013-08-12.CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
- "7 Nokia World Records That Will Blow Your Mind". Wayback.archive.org. Archived from the original on March 30, 2012. Retrieved 2013-08-12.CS1 maint: Unfit url (link)
- Behrmann M, Noyons M, Johnstone B, MacQueen D, Robertson E, Palm T, Point J (2012). "State of the Art of the European Mobile Games Industry" (PDF). Mobile GameArch Project. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-05. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- Hermida, Alfred (28 August 2003). "Japan leads mobile game craze". BBC News. Retrieved 22 September 2011.
- Negishi, Mayumi (11 December 2013). "Japan Tops World In Mobile Apps Revenue" – via www.wsj.com.
- "Japanese console market down as mobile gaming takes over".
- "Android vs. iOS Battle Heats Up in China, World's #1 Mobile Games Market". newzoo.com. Newzoo. Retrieved 13 July 2018.
- Webster, Andrew (December 18, 2017). "Tencent is bringing China's biggest game to the rest of the world". The Verge. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
- Chan, Stephanie (July 13, 2017). "Mobile game revenue finally surpasses PC and consoles". Venture Beat. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
- Jackson, Clete (October 1980). "Darth Vader's Force Battle". BYTE. pp. 50–54. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
- Librach, Hank (February 1981). "Hunt the Wumpus with Your HP-41C". BYTE. pp. 230, 232. Retrieved 18 October 2013.
- "Lemming Games". Xeye.org. 1997-04-06. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- "Le projet Doom". Hpfool.free.fr. 2001-01-07. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- Eric Rechlin. "HP 48 Arcade Games". Hpcalc.org. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- "Global mobile game industry turnover reaches $2.6 billion by 2005". 3g.co.uk. 2005-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2013-08-12.
- "The State of Mobile Game Development". gamesindustry.biz. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
- Salz, Peggy Anne (4 November 2015). "The Changing Economics of App Development". Harvard Business Review. Hank Boye. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
- Wijman, Tom (28 November 2017). "New Gaming Boom: Newzoo Ups Its 2017 Global Games Market Estimate to $116.0Bn Growing to $143.5Bn in 2020". newzoo.com. Newzoo. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- Wijman, Tom (30 April 2018). "Mobile Revenues Account for More Than 50% of the Global Games Market as It Reaches $137.9 Billion in 2018". newzoo.com. Newzoo. Retrieved 12 July 2018.
- McDuling, John. "This simple pricing strategy has driven the phenomenal growth of mobile gaming".
- von Borries, Friedrich; Walz, Steffen P.; Böttger, Matthias, eds. (2007), Space Time Play, Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag AG, ISBN 978-3-7643-8414-2
- Wingfield, Nick; Isaac, Mike (July 11, 2016). "Pokémon Go Brings Augmented Reality to a Mass Audience". The New York Times. Retrieved February 16, 2017.
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On the occasion of World Environment Day, CSE researchers assessed the solar potential in the city in association with the city-based civil action group Gurgaon First.
The researchers charted the course for Gurugram's solar-powered future at a meeting conducted with representatives of residents' welfare associations, municipal administration and civil society groups.
A press note issued by the CSE said that Gurgaon is a city with numerous residential societies and high-rises that promise 24/7 steady power supply, all with diesel generator (DG) support.
"Their impact on air quality has been severe. These DG sets are choking the city with their noxious fumes. The CSE's assessment of the situation shows levels of PM2.5 and PM10 increase by two and three times, respectively, immediately after a DG set is operated. These levels are several notches higher than the safe limits for residents," it said.
Shweta Miriam Koshy, senior research associate-renewable energy, CSE, said, "In the long run, solar rooftop has clear economic advantages and environmental benefits compared to the polluting, expensive DG sets. Though solar by itself does not offer an alternative for DG sets during power cuts, it does minimize the use of the latter for regular, every-day power supply."
Gurgaon, till March 2019, and as per estimates from HAREDA, had only 40 MW worth of installed capacity, which is a mere 2 per cent of the city's peak load, the environment think tank said.
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Safety data sheets (SDS’s) provide critical information on chemicals, describing the hazards they present, and give information on handling, storage and emergency measures in case an accident or incident occurs.
In accordance with the REACH Regulation (Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006), a safety data sheet (SDS) should be provided with any hazardous chemical.
All hazardous chemicals (substances and mixtures) placed on the market must be classified, labelled and packaged according to the CLP Regulation (EC) No. 1272/2008 since 1st June 2015.
It is not enough to have a safety data sheet, you must have the relevant safety data sheet compliant for your geographical region.
A compliant SDS should have the following in the EU and America.
- Sixteen sections
- Classified and labelled under GHS/CLP
- In the language of the market where the product is being positioned
The Chemdoc team source the safety data sheets for your region, allowing your team to ascertain the correct regional safety data sheet information to ensure you are compliant and staff members can access relevant chemical information when required.
Did you know you can use Chemdoc to identify compliance with regulations associated with your safety data sheets? Also, Chemdoc have a multi lingual service to assist with translating SDS to the specific location that your product is to be placed.
At Chemdoc we are building a database of the regulations listed on your safety data sheets, so you can see at a quick glance if you have a compliant safety data sheet for your region.
If you want to see the specific regulation on the SDS, hover over the region flag to see the data collected by EcoOnline.
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Butterfly Habitat > Valley Wet Meadows
Here are some photos of Wet Meadow Habitat as found in Utah and other Western U.S. states. It's not to hard to find this habitat if you live in a rural area. It is found adjacent to valley rivers, ponds, or other valley floor wet areas and are most easily recognized by an abundance of Russian olive trees as well as other plants such as milkweed, thistles, wild licorice, joe-pye weed, cinquefoil, stinging nettle, sandbar willow, saltcedar, common reed, canary grass and others. Some of the species of butterflies you might find in this habitat are monarchs, queens, thistle crescents, field crescents, buckeyes, large wood nymphs, common ringlets, cabbage whites, common whites, melissa blues, painted ladies, west coast ladies, red admirals, woodland skippers, juba skippers, common checkered skippers, and square spotted skippers.
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Access to health service, in particular, a regular source of medical care, is contingent upon services being available where and when needed by the service population. Barriers based on availability, for example, occur when services are located only in more urban areas creating barriers for remote rural populations or during hours when those working are unable to come for services. Lack of access to the appropriate health service and extended waiting times are also examples of access limited by availability.
Lack of transportation is frequently cited as a barrier to access to care. Innovative approaches to support bus fare and transportation vans have been developed to complement basic medical services. These efforts may not be sustained since they are not a reimbursable service. Women frequently encounter this barrier when they are dependent on others for transportation.
SEE ALSO: Health insurance, Medicaid, Medicare
- structural barriers
- structural barriers to health care
- define structural barriers
- structural access health
- structural barrier
- structural barrier in soocial care
Category: Access to Health Care
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President Biden’s May 12 Executive Order made into policy what the NSA and leading cyber experts have long been advocating. Zero trust is the fundamental cybersecurity principle for combatting sophisticated cyber attacks.
“The prevention, detection, assessment, and remediation of cyber incidents is a top priority and essential to national and economic security,” President Biden says in his Executive Order. “The Federal Government must lead by example.” To do so, President Biden calls upon federal agencies and contractors to remove barriers to sharing threat information, deploy multi-factor authentication and encryption, and move towards Zero Trust security systems. On February 25, the NSA issued similar guidance, Embracing a Zero Trust Security Model.
Communication and collaboration systems, including email, file sharing, and messaging systems, are a favorite target of attackers. It’s easy to see why – communications are where sensitive data lives and a successful attack on a communication system can give an attacker access to a trove of valuable information. As such, communication and collaboration systems are the logical first place to apply Zero Trust principles for improved cybersecurity.
But what is Zero Trust and how is it different from legacy cybersecurity systems? In short, Zero Trust assumes that hacks are inevitable. It eliminates trust in perimeter defenses and ensures that data is secure if and when the network is breached.
The NSA correctly identifies that the majority of cybersecurity defense strategies are based on perimeter defenses. The NSA’s guidance states “traditional perimeter-based network defenses with multiple layers of disjointed security technologies have proven themselves to be unable to meet cybersecurity needs… The Zero Trust model eliminates trust in any one element, node, or service by assuming that a breach is inevitable or has already occurred.” They go on to say that the “NSA strongly recommends that a Zero Trust security model be considered for all critical networks …and Defense Industrial Base critical networks and systems.”
Legacy cybersecurity systems try to prevent breaches by strengthening the perimeter around data. In effect legacy systems build taller and taller walls around networks through password protections and firewalls. The SolarWinds and Microsoft Exchange Server hacks that dominated their respective news cycles earlier this year only succeeded because of that treacherous logical fallacy. Taller walls do not mean a secure system.
Modern hackers are sophisticated and inventive; it is only a matter of time before they outwit even the most robust defenses and breach the network perimeter. With perimeter defense based systems, once that breach occurs data is exposed. SolarWinds and Microsoft assumed that robust perimeter defenses will work, that administrators will be secure, and that passwords will protect accounts. This year’s attacks demonstrate that those assumptions are incongruous with the reality of today’s cyberthreat landscape.
Communication systems, particularly email and file sharing, are the most frequent target of hackers. Zero Trust communication and collaboration systems assume that breaches are inevitable. Despite best efforts, hackers will make their way into the network. Zero Trust systems ensure that, even when that inevitable breach occurs, data is protected. Access is limited within the network, so that a single point of failure can’t bring down the whole organization. In line with their name, Zero Trust systems trust nothing and no one. Passwords aren’t trusted. IT administrators aren’t trusted. Anonymous communications aren’t trusted.
Here are the five fundamental ways in which a modern Zero Trust system differs from a Legacy system.
Servers can’t be trusted
Emails and files are stored on servers. Legacy systems assume that it is possible to protect servers and thereby protect data. Countless hacks have demonstrated that to be a faulty assumption.
A Zero Trust system assumes that the server will be breached. It employs end-to-end encryption, meaning that data is never decrypted on the server. The server is unable to decrypt data, so when an attacker succeeds in compromising the server they see nothing but encrypted gibberish. They’re unable to read emails, unlike in the case of Microsoft’s Exchange Servers, and they’re unable to access intelligible data, unlike in the case of the SolarWinds attack.
This is where we come to a clear deficit in President Biden’s Executive Order. The order reinforced the very dangerous and widely held misperception that encryption in transit and at rest is zero trust. That is not the case.
Most legacy systems already encrypt data in transit and at rest. But what they don’t do is ensure that the server doesn’t have access to the keys used to decrypt the data when it’s in use. When an attacker breaches the server, they can find those decryption keys and access the data despite its encryption at rest. End-to-end encryption ensures that the server is unable to decrypt the data. Period. When an attacker breaches the server there is no way for them to decipher the gibberish of encrypted data that they find. They have compromised the server, but your data remains secure.
Passwords are inherently vulnerable.
Legacy systems authenticate user identity using passwords. If a hacker can compromise a user’s password, they can virtually assume their identity and access that user’s data.
Zero Trust systems understand that having guessable, stealable, breachable passwords is an invitation to hackers. Instead of using passwords to authenticate user identity, Zero Trust systems use private encryption keys stored on users’ devices. These keys are unguessable and tied to users’ physical devices, thwarting the possibility of a remote attack.
IT Administrators will inevitably be breached
Legacy systems have all-powerful administrators who can independently carry out privileged actions, like accessing user accounts. Given their immense power, these IT administrators can serve as a single point of failure to bring down a whole network.
Zero Trust systems understand that administrators are humans and humans are fallible. Administrators can be compromised or even go rogue. Zero Trust systems don’t make their security dependent on the absence of human error. Instead, Zero Trust systems cryptographically distribute trust among a group of administrators.
Similar to the strategy used to secure nuclear launch codes, cryptographic distribution of trust breaks up users’ access keys into fragments. Each admin gets a fragment and all the fragments together are required in order to carry out administrative activities. No single administrator can expose data or endanger the network.
Limit Access — Don’t talk to strangers
Traditional email systems give attackers unlimited access to users. The attacker can flood the user with a barrage of phishing or spoofing attempts over an unbounded period of time and it only takes one user falling for one of those endless attempts to cause a breach.
Zero Trust systems restrict communications to only pre-approved and authenticated communication partners, protecting against human error. A user can’t fall for a phishing/spoofing attack if that communication is never able to reach them in the first place.
The principle of restricting communication to only pre-approved people already exists everywhere from popular social media applications like LinkedIN and Facebook to secure communication applications like Whatsapp and Signal. For enterprises, PreVeil protects your team’s communications from outside individuals. Making your team inaccessible to bad actors prevents data exfiltration more effectively than even the best corporate cyber hygiene policy.
Log everything — make attackers impossible to hide their tracks
Legacy systems are ineffective at exposing network infiltrators. As seen in the SolarWinds attack, hackers can enter a network and then cover up their tracks. This allows them to hide out as ghosts in a system, siphoning data over long periods of time before anyone even notices that the network is compromised.
A good Zero Trust system employs tamper-proof logs to ensure that bad actors can be swiftly identified and cannot erase their tracks during an attack. All actions in the system must be logged automatically. Moreover, Zero Trust logs use cryptographic techniques similar to those used in blockchains to ensure that log entries are tamper-proof and cannot be deleted by anyone.
These security principles aren’t theoretical constructs. Many Zero Trust principles, like end to end encryption and restricting access, are widespread in consumer systems like WhatsApp and Signal. These messaging systems are not designed for enterprises, however, so they don’t have a concept of IT administrators or activity logs.
PreVeil, an enterprise email and file sharing system, employs all five of the Zero Trust principles outlined above. Like consumer messaging systems WhatsApp and Signal, PreVeil is easy to deploy, intuitive to use, and inexpensive. PreVeil can be added to legacy communication systems, like Gsuite and Outlook365, without any changes to the existing IT system. The user experience is seamless for email and file sharing, with the simple addition of an encrypted inbox to existing accounts. There’s no new interface to learn, no new email address to update. Most importantly, in addition to bringing state of the art security, PreVeil helps organizations meet CMMC, NIST800-171, and ITAR compliance requirements for storing and sharing controlled unclassified information in email and files.
In response to major breaches like those seen earlier this year with SolarWinds and Microsoft Exchange there is increased regulation for the defense and healthcare industries, as well as any industries handling financial and personal data. Organizations often respond to increased regulation by taking the steps required to become compliant without addressing the fundamental information security weaknesses that necessitated these new regulations. As the old adage goes, they miss the forest for the trees.
This is a major moment in cybersecurity. The widespread accessibility of user-friendly, affordable Zero Trust systems like PreVeil makes achieving compliance and upgrading to true security easily achievable in one fell swoop. Ask us your questions on security or compliance – our experts are ready to help.
The post Zero Trust is the Only Way: President Biden’s Executive Order Simplified appeared first on PreVeil.
*** This is a Security Bloggers Network syndicated blog from Blog – PreVeil authored by Orlee Berlove. Read the original post at: https://www.preveil.com/blog/zero-trust-is-the-only-way-president-bidens-executive-order-simplified/
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Hedvige Ella September 16, 2021 Math Worksheets
Remember that reading is not only used to read novels. Your child will have to read instructions, worksheets, textbooks, and test papers for a long time. The better they can read, the better their comprehension will be, and the better their test scores will be too. A comprehensive set of printable preschool worksheets will cover the basic skills your child needs so they can start school with confidence.
A young child may not be able to write or read more than a few words. Worksheets should be created keeping these factors in mind. When you buy worksheets for your children, look for how the concept is explained. Is it pictorial or is it just a collection of words? A pictorial worksheet will hold the attention of a child more than just a combination of words.
Creating worksheets online from free resources can be done easily by following simple instructions and using available templates. Programs will assist the teacher with choices for different fonts, page setup, colors, and much more. There are many options besides simple fill in the blank worksheets. Teachers can opt for crossword puzzles or other types of games that can make the learning process, more interesting and fun for the student. Each worksheet can be geared to particular age groups and all learning levels.
There are many types of writing worksheets. There are the cursive writing worksheets and the kindergarten worksheets. The latter is more on letter writing and number writing. This is typically given to kids of aged four to seven to first teach them how to write. Through these worksheets, they learn muscle control in their fingers and wrist by repeatedly following the strokes of writing each letter.
There are many parents, who make use of the writing worksheets for teaching their children about the writing patterns, even before they start their school. There are lots of options available and even online options are prevalent these days. This will make your kids ready for going to high school. Online means are easy for parents and teachers and also interest the children to get the interest in getting the ideas about writing.
It includes the basic sounds each letter produces. Kids try to read the words displayed before them. In the First Alphabet worksheet, kids learn how to write the alphabet. And in the First Animals worksheet, kids try to recognize the animals in the picture and learn the names of these animals.
Tag Cloudrandom algebra problem generator math for primary 2 free worksheets kids christmas sheets tanks math is fun 10th grade school dora math games algebra inequalities worksheet money math games for kids math board games ks2 printable 6th grade math mixed review worksheets grade 8 math exam papers with answers 7th grade algebra worksheets with answers graph to equation converter worksheet on work 2 dimensional figures worksheets
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There are no swirling black and white spirals or pocket watches swinging back and forth in Clinical Professor Dr. Edwin K. Yager’s Subliminal Therapy practice. In fact, patients may not even enter a hypnotic trance. Instead, subliminal therapy, a treatment developed by Yager, helps patients access and use unconscious abilities to treat problems caused by negative life experiences.
This past May, Yager was invited to share his findings in Athens before a global audience at the 16th International Conference of the Association of Psychology and Psychiatry for Adults and Children. During the two-part workshop titled “Subliminal Therapy: Effective, Evidence-Based Psychotherapy of Psychogenic Medical Problems,” Yager explained how this specific psychotherapy can treat problems including headaches, asthma, addictive disorders, anxiety, depression, pain issues and weight control.
However, with subliminal therapy, the clinician may never know the specific experiences or issues faced by the patient. By guiding patients’ “extra-conscious” domain that Yager has named “centrum,” the clinician can aid patients in determining the root of their problem and help educate the conscious mind of these issues. Yager stresses that the clinician is merely a facilitator in this process, as the patient is in control of both conscious and unconscious activities. The clinician can only interact with “centrum” by responses reported by the patient through an imaginary chalkboard or whiteboard.
Yager acknowledges that there are skeptics of the treatment, both within the general public and professionals, but he is confident in the results of his research over the past three decades.
Researched success rates vary but are generally high, including a survey Yager began in 2009 where the most common problem treated was general anxiety, with a success rate of 92 percent. Other success rates include 70 percent improvement in pain disorders, 66 percent for compulsive behavior, and 90 percent for phobias.
Subliminal therapy is also considered an extremely time-efficient form of treatment compared to traditional therapy. Yager asserts that most individual problems go away after three to seven sessions and explains that it works to resolve issues by identifying and recognizing their causes (life experiences), instead of focusing on the symptoms.
“We learn to be afraid or to react in a physical way when things happen, and we sometimes continue to react in the same way long after the event,” said Yager. He has observed that if a problem is periodic, it may have been learned, compared to other ailments, such as a headache caused by a brain tumor, that would result in constant pain.
Conference participant Dr. Edith Samuel, an associate professor and coordinator for the Department of Psychology at Crandall University in Moncton, New Brunswick, Canada, was not familiar with subliminal therapy before the workshop and from her initial understanding considered it “pretty Freudian in approach.”
After Yager conducted the therapy on a couple of attendees, Samuel said that she considered the treatment very effective and “more practical than other therapies that I know of.” Yager said such reaction post-demonstration is common and commented, “It was encouraging for me to see the same enthusiastic responses from persons from other countries as I have found here.”
Yager first began conceptualizing subliminal therapy in 1973, copyrighting it with his first paper in 1976 and claims he has demonstrated its efficacy on thousands of patients since then, including William Campbell, a retired airline captain residing in Tierrasanta. Campbell came to Yager with chronic pain in his lower back. After approximately six sessions, he was able to resolve his pain and also found that the therapy helped him fall asleep quicker. Patients’ experience with subliminal therapy varies, but Campbell described, “When coming out of the trance state I tingle all over.”
In another case, Fletcher Hills resident Barbara Tierney sought subliminal therapy in order to lose weight and as a result, was able to resolve an abuse issue experienced earlier in her life. She noted that she had completed many years of therapy but believed the best she could do was “manage varying degrees of shame, fear, dread, panic.”
“I felt as though Dr. Yager and I were watching the event back in the time and place that it occurred,” said Tierney, who had treatment for a year. Tierney was able to recondition the unconscious parts of her mind causing the problems and successfully remove her lingering feelings. The treatment has also led to larger life changes, as she has since returned to graduate school to become a psychologist and practice subliminal therapy herself.
In addition to his roles as psychologist and practitioner, Yager is the founder of the nonprofit Subliminal Therapy Institute Inc., which conducts formal research including identifying other illnesses that can be treated with the therapy, trains clinicians and educates the public and other clinicians.
Yager, a La Jolla area resident, has been with UC San Diego since 1975, when he began in the department of pediatrics. He then held clinical appointments in the department of psychiatry, leading to his appointment as a clinical professor of psychiatry in 2005.
To assist people looking to practice this psychotherapy, Yager has written a textbook that provides examples and transcripts for completed cases. Launching this fall, the book is titled, Subliminal Therapy: Using the Mind to Heal. He is also the author of Foundations of Clinical Hypnosis: From Theory to Practice.
Continuing to teach workshops and speak at conferences around the world, Yager will be presenting a one-hour workshop next month for the 2011 Congress of the European Society of Hypnosis in Istanbul, Turkey.
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Flying over the Venusian Cloud Deck
The sequence allows a first qualitative analysis of the cloud structures. Low-contrast stripe-features are visible, possibly due to the presence of strong winds that produce elongated structures. A set of periodic wave patterns in the clouds, possibly due to the local variation of temperature and pressure, or to a kind of tidal forces in action at Venus, can also be seen.
Ultraviolet markings on the cloud top, caused by as yet unidentified UV absorbers, are visible as darker features in this movie. The substance that causes this absorption still represents a true puzzle for the scientists. It absorbs almost half of the solar energy received by the planet, hence the name.
Differently from Earth and other planets, Venus absorbs only the ultraviolet radiation coming from the Sun, while it scatters most of the rest of the solar radiation, giving rise to a high albedo. This is the reason why Venus appears so bright in the sky.
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(Redirected from British India)Jump to navigation Jump to search
The British Raj was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947.
- It is one of the great achievements of our rule in India that, even if they do not entirely carry them out, educated Indians do accept British principles of justice and liberty. We are condemned by Indians not by the measures of Indian ethical conceptions but by our own, which we have taught them to accept. It is precisely this acceptance by politically conscious Indians of the principles of democracy and liberty which puts us in the position of being able to appeal to them to take part with us in the common struggle; but the success of this appeal and India's response does put upon us the obligation of seeing that we, as far as we may, make them sharers in the things for which we and they are fighting.
- Clement Attlee, letter to the Cabinet (January 1942), quoted in Paul Addison, The Road to 1945 (1994), pp. 202-203
- Looking back today over the years, we may well be proud of the work which our fellow citizens have done in India. There have, of course, been mistakes, there have been failures, but we can assert that our rule in India will stand comparison with that of any other nation which has been charged with the ruling of a people so different from themselves.
- May I recall here a thing that is not always remembered, that just as India owes her unity and freedom from external aggression to the British, so the Indian National Congress itself was founded and inspired by men of our own race, and further, that any judgment passed on our rule in India by Indians is passed on the basis, not of what obtained in the past in India, but on the principles which we have ourselves instilled into them.
- English rule has enabled India still to retain her identity and social type; it has awakened her to herself and has meanwhile, until she became conscious of her strength, guarded her against the flood which would otherwise have submerged and broken her civilisation. It is for her now to recover herself, defend her cultural existence against the alien penetration, preserve her distinct spirit, essential principle and characteristic forms for her own salvation and the total welfare of the human race.
- Sri Aurobindo, THE FOUNDATIONS OF INDIAN CULTURE, Ch. 1
- Far away in time, in the dawn of history, the greatest race of the many races then emerging from prehistoric mists was the great Aryan race. When that race left the country which it occupied in the western part of Central Asia, one great branch moved west, and in the course of their wanderings they founded the cities of Athens and Sparta; they founded Rome; they made Europe, and in the veins of the principal nations of Europe flows the blood of their Aryan forefathers. ... At the same time, one branch went south, and they crossed the Himalayas. They went into the Punjab and they spread through India, and, as an historic fact, ages ago, there stood side by side in their ancestral land the ancestors of the English people and the ancestors of the Rajputs and of the Brahmins. And now, after aeons have passed, the children of the remotest generations from that ancestry have been brought together by the inscrutable decree of Providence to set themselves to solve the most difficult, the most complicated political problem that has ever been set to any people of the world.
- Difficult as the course is, the dangers do not come from the difficulties; they come from extremists in India and at home. I will tell you what I mean. I am firmly convinced that such writings as appear in such papers as the Daily Mail will do more to lose India for the British Empire, will do more to cause a revolutionary spirit, than anything that can be done in any way by anyone else. I got many letters, I need hardly say, of all points of view. I had a very characteristic one last week...It was from a colonel; he was an old man, you could tell that by his writing; and he used this phrase: He said, "You and Lord Irwin are negrophiles." Perhaps he was a member of the United Empire party. That is not the way to cement the Empire. This sort of thing, and the spirit behind it, will break up our Empire infallibly, and that is what I am out to fight.
- Everyone knows that if the people of India could be unanimous for a day, they might sweep us from their country as dust before a whirlwind.
- R. Burton, "Goa, and the Blue Mountains, or, Six months of sick leave". 1851.
- The English looked upon India as the keystone of the imperial arch, but did the arch only exist to support the keystone? What in terms of economic and strategic advantage did England get in return for this immense imperial structure spread-eagled from the Mediterranean to the Bay of Bengal? Wherein lay that value of India which alone could justify – and more than justify, if India were to be profitable – the burdens and risks that England had assumed in the Middle East and Asia? In the first place, India added nothing to the industrial capacity of the empire. Out of every hundred Indians, seventy-one worked on the land and only twelve in any kind of industry... Except for chromium, manganese and jute, India was also devoid of discovered or exploited sources of strategic raw materials. As a market for British products, India in 1913 was nearly equalled in value by France and Germany together (£70,273,221 as against £69,610,451), and outweighed by the "white" dominions. As a source of imports into Britain, India was worth less than half the "white" dominions. As a field for British investment, India rated as not much more important than Argentina, and half as important as the United States. Thus, when India's importance to England as a source of economic advantage or strategic raw materials is compared to other countries both inside and outside the empire, there was nothing remotely to justify the unique and immense diplomatic and strategic responsibilities that India entailed... For the British, having given themselves such vast trouble to conquer and to hold India, had neglected adequately to exploit it.
- Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972), pp. 77-78
- In the Great War India raised 1,440,437 soldiers, all volunteers... The total number of men raised in India was no more than 0.3 per cent of her population, compared to 12.4 per cent in the British Isles, 11.6 per cent in New Zealand and about 8 per cent in Canada and Australia. Of the Indian total, only 877,068 were combatants, while India sent overseas no more than 621,224 officers and men; Canada, on the other hand, from a population of only 7,600,000 sent abroad 422,405 men... Of the troops India did send overseas, only 89,335 went to swell British strength on the decisive front in France and in the battles with England's principal enemy, Germany. Against these 89,335 troops sent to France must, however, be set the 15,000 British troops retained in India to secure internal order... Thus India's military contribution to the British struggle with Germany in the Great War was in fact both relatively and absolutely negligible. When therefore a final balance is struck of the value of India to Britain in the Great War, value both economically and militarily, there is only the item of a net gain of 74,000 soldiers to set against the colossal, expensive and vulnerable British involvement in territories stretching from Malta to Rangoon, from the Himalayas to East Africa. The whole British position in the Middle East and Southern Asia was in fact a classic, and gigantic, example of strategic over-extension. Far from being a source of strength to England, India served only immensely to weaken and distract her.
- Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972), pp. 79-80
- India was like colossal mansion standing in the middle of a vast but ill-cultivated estate; it conferred prestige, it made the owners feel grand, and, by the cost of its upkeep, threatened them with ruin. For how could a nation of only 45,000,000 people, an industrial power not only out-matched in size but in performance by great rivals, find the diplomatic and strategic strength to carry India without dangerously weakening itself? ... Even had the British governing classes thought in terms of a colossal economic transformation of India, their powers of bringing it about were limited. The Indian Mutiny had shown the dangers that a small occupying force ran in trying to interfere with deeply entrenched prejudices, customs and patterns of life... "Five Year Plans" for India were simply not in the British mind. The corset of good and honest government and the benefit of public works were as much as the British could hope to achieve, and as much as their imagination compassed. Only the Labour Party thought of Indian problems primarily in economic terms, and then not from the point of view of British advantage... India was indeed "a mischievous encumbrance", to be rid of with all convenient speed... Yet during and after the Great War the British governing classes failed to perceive that self-interest demanded the handing over of India to some Indian régime as quickly as it could be arranged.
- Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972), pp. 134-135
- Thus the British constructed their own illogical dilemma and locked themselves up in it: India was a liability; therefore we could not abandon it. Or, to put it in another way, even if we had no need of India, India had need of us, and we ought to fulfil that need even at our own cost. For in the last resort the place of India in the British mind was founded not upon calculation but upon love... For the clue to all the the agonising of the British over India between the world wars was that, whatever their political differences of opinion, they were thinking primarily not of British interests, but of Indian interests, as they conceived them.
- Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972), pp. 137, 139
- Moral idealism not only prevented the British from leaving India between the world wars, it also created the peculiarly disadvantageous circumstances in which they stayed on. For it was the moral idealism of the liberals – first of the Liberal Party proper, and later of liberals in the Labour and Conservative parties – which gratuitously helped in raising up Indian discontent and the demand for independence in Britain's face. British higher education in India...turned out not the engineers, scientists and technicians which India needed, but unemployables of "liberal" education, good at best for low-grade clerking, but believing themselves to be a deprived élite – apt material for political dreaming and scheming... The form of British education in India was a fundamental mistake. As the chief executive of a great American company...told an American journalist in the 1920s: "If I were running the country, I'd close every university tomorrow. It was a crime to teach them to be clerks, lawyers and politicians till they'd been taught to raise food." Having created an intelligentsia, the British proceeded to encourage it, step by step, to entertain larger and larger political ambitions.
- Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972), p. 140
- This intelligentsia which spoke so confidently for "India", voicing "India's" demand for freedom and "India's" right to self-rule, numbered in truth less than one in a hundred of India's population. There was no need to take them and their secondhand liberal clichés seriously at all. The British had won India by the sword, and more than that, by the moral ascendancy behind the sword... India was accustomed to autocracy; the British sat comfortably enough in the throne vacated by the Moghuls, and until liberals created an Indian intelligentsia and told it that autocracy was wrong, no Indian resented autocracy. And even by the time of the Great War it was not the people at large but only the intellectuals who resented it... There was therefore no inevitable process of history to put a term to English rule in India. In 1914–18 the future of English rule in India lay still entirely in English hands. It depended on English nerve... Indeed the history of the French, Habsburg and Russian monarchies showed clearly enough that there could be no half-way or quarter-way houses between total autocracy and total abdication. If an autocracy can no longer rule by force of will and force of guns, concessions cannot preserve it, but only determine the manner of its extinction. Yet in 1919–21 the English continued to pursue the liberal fantasy of enlisting the goodwill of the Congress movement, and it was...this policy of appeasement that really brought about the revolutionary change in the position of the English in India.
- Correlli Barnett, The Collapse of British Power (1972), pp. 142-143, 152
- Like you, I believe strongly that where there is a revolutionary element expressed in action, one must act resolutely. My reading of Indian history has led me to believe that a Government founded so completely as ours is upon prestige can stand almost anything except the suspicion of weakness.
- To me it is frankly inconceivable that India will ever be fit for Dominion self-government.
- Lord Birkenhead to Lord Reading (4 December 1924), quoted in H. Montgomery Hyde, Lord Reading (1967), p. 382
- I have always placed my highest and most permanent hopes upon the eternity of the Communal situation. The greater the political progress made by the Hindus, the greater, in my judgment, will the Moslem distrust and discontent become. All the conferences in all the world cannot bridge over the unbridgeable, and between these two communities lies a chasm which cannot be crossed by the resources of modern political engineering.
- Lord Birkenhead to Lord Reading (March 1925) on India, quoted in H. Montgomery Hyde, Lord Reading (1967), p. 387
- The Romans were great conquerors, but where they conquered, they governed wisely. The nations they conquered were impressed so indelibly with the intellectual character of their masters, that, after fourteen centuries of decadence, the traces of civilisation were still distinguishable. Why should not we act a similar part in India? There never was a more docile people, never a more tractable nation. The opportunity was present, and the power was not wanting. Let us abandon the policy of aggression, and confine ourselves to a territory ten times the size of France, with a population four times as numerous as that of the United Kingdom. Surely that was enough to satisfy the most gluttonous appetite for glory and supremacy. Educate the people of India, and govern them wisely, and gradually the distinctions of caste would disappear, and they would look upon us rather as benefactors than as conquerors. And if we desired to see Christianity, in some form, professed in that country, we should sooner attain our object by setting the example of a high-toned Christian morality, than by any other means we could employ.
- I do not now make any comment upon the mode in which this country has been put into possession of India. I accept that possession as a fact. There we are; we do not know how to leave it, and therefore let us see if we know how to govern it. It is a problem such as, perhaps, no other nation has had to solve. Let us see whether there is enough of intelligence and virtue in England to solve the difficulty. In the first place, then, I say, let us abandon all that system of calumny against the Natives of India which has lately prevailed. Had that people not been docile, the most governable race in the world, how could you have maintained your power for 100 years? Are they not industrious, are they not intelligent, are they not—upon the evidence of the most distinguished men the Indian Service ever produced—endowed with many qualities which make them respected by all Englishmen who mix with them? I have heard that from many men of the widest experience, and have read the same in the works of some of the best writers upon India. Then let us not have these constant calumnies against such a people.
- The task of the wise government of so vast an empire may be an impossible one—I often fear it is so—we may fail in our efforts, but, whether we fail or succeed, let us do our best to compensate for the wrong of the past and the present by conferring on the Indian people whatever good it is in our power to give them.
- John Bright, letter to Major Evans Bell (25 August 1883), quoted in The Public Letters of The Right Hon. John Bright, M.P., ed. H. J. Leech (1885), p. 282
- The best justification for the despotic system described is to be found in the administration of British India. That administration is no doubt in some respects imperfect. … But it is incomparably better than the administration of any subject territory by an alien and distant race of conquerors than has ever been before. It had in particular attained three great objects. It has established perfect internal peace and security through a vast area, much of which is still inhabited by wild tribes; it has secured a perfectly just administration of the law, civil as well as criminal, between all races and castes; and it has imbued the officials with a feeling that their first duty is to do their best for the welfare of the natives and to defend them against the rapacity of European adventurers. These things have been achieved by an efficiently organized Civil Service inspired by high traditions, kept apart from British party politics, and standing quite outside the prejudices, jealousies, and superstitions which sway the native mind. Only through despotic methods could that have been done for India which the English have done.
- James Bryce, 1st Viscount Bryce, 'British Experience in the Government of Colonies', The Century (New York), 57, 5 (March 1899), pp. 718-728, quoted in The Times (27 February 1899), p. 7
- [H]e would say that he doubted whether it was possible for anyone who had not visited India, even Members of Her Majesty's Government, to realize how incredibly strong, and, at the same time, how incredibly slender, our position in India was. It was strong far beyond ordinary human strength so long as we showed ourselves capable of ruling; but it was weaker than the weakest the moment we showed the faintest indications of relaxing our grasp.
- The rescue of India from ages of barbarism, tyranny, and internecine war and its slow but ceaseless forward march to civilisation constitute upon the whole the finest achievement of our history.
- Winston Churchill, article for the Daily Mail (16 November 1929), quoted in Martin Gilbert, Prophet of Truth: Winston S. Churchill, 1922–1939 (1990), p. 356
- During the 1935 Parliament debates on the Government of India Act, Sir Winston Churchill opposed any policy tending towards decolonization on the following ground: 'We have as much right to be in India as anyone there, except perhaps for the Depressed Classes [= the SC/ STs], who are the native stock.'
- The world never yet beheld such a compound of jobbing, swindling, hypocrisy, and slaughter, as goes to make up the gigantic scheme of villainy called the “British rule in India”. I have a presentment...that God's chastisement upon us as a nation will come from Hindostan. ... Your energies could not be more worthily employed than in trying to avert from us this judgement, by endeavouring to do justice to the Indian population.
- Richard Cobden to John Bright (18 October 1850), quoted in Donald Read, Cobden and Bright: A Victorian Political Partnership (1967), pp. 206–207
- The British Government in India has not only deprived the Indian people of their freedom, but has debased it economically, politically, culturally, and spiritually. We believe that India must sever the British connection and attain purna swarajya, or complete independence...We hold it to be a crime against man and God to submit any longer to the rule that has caused this disaster to our country. We recognize, however, that the most effective way of gaining our freedom is not through violence.
- As long as we rule India, we are the greatest power in the world. If we lose it, we shall drop straight away to a third-rate Power.
- George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, in Nicholas Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1969), p. 256.
- India was the pivot of our Empire. If this Empire lost any other part of its dominion we could survive, but if we lost India, the sun of our Empire would be set.
- George Curzon was likewise determined to prevent famine from being used as a cause for reform. With hunger spreading on an unprecedented scale through two-thirds of the subcontinent, he ordered his officials to publicly attribute the crisis strictly to drought. When an incautious member of the Legislative Council in Calcutta, Donald Smeaton, raised the problem of over-taxation, he was (in Boer War parlance) prompdy "Stellenboshed." Although Curzons own appetite for viceregal pomp and circumstance was notorious, he lectured starving villagers that "any Government which imperilled the financial position of India in the interests of prodigal philanthropy would be open to serious criticism; but any Government which by indiscriminate alms-giving weakened the fibre and demoralised the self-reliance of the population, would be guilty of a public crime."
- England's industrial supremacy owes its origin to the vast hoards of Bengal and the Karnatik being made available for her use....Before Plassey was fought and won, and before the stream of treasure began to flow to England, the industries of our country were at a very low ebb.
- Sir William Digby 'Prosperous India: A Revelation,' p. 30
- My Lords, the key of India is not Merv, or Herat, or Candahar. The key of India is London. The majesty of sovereignty, the spirit and vigour of your Parliaments, the inexhaustible resources of a free, an ingenious, and a determined people—these are the keys of India.
- It might have been supposed that the building of 30,000 miles of railways would have brought a measure of prosperity to India. But these railways were built not for India but for England; not for the benefit of the Hindu, but for the purposes of the British army and British trade.
- Commerce on the sea is monopolized by the British even more than transport on land. The Hindus are not permitted to organize a merchant marine of their own; 90 all Indian goods must be carried in British bottoms, as an additional strain on the starving nation's purse; and the building of ships, which once gave employment to thousands of Hindus, is prohibited.
- I have seen a great people starving to death before my eyes, and I am convinced that this exhaustion and starvation are due not, as their beneficiaries claim, to over-population and superstition, but to the most sordid and criminal exploitation of one nation by another in all recorded history. I propose to show that England has year by year been bleeding India to the point of death, and that self-government of India by the Hindus could not, within any reasonable probability, have worse results than the present form of alien domination.
- Let me tell you at once that the newspaper accounts at home of the various visits, ceremonies and receptions have almost invariably been hopefully exaggerated... [People at home] think my tour is a success, and I must reluctantly tell you that it is no such thing... I make it my business to talk to as many of our people out here as I can – soldiers, civil servants, and, more especially, the police, who from the nature of their work, can normally give a more accurate picture of the whole situation out here than anyone else; and as regards the present conditions of life in India they one and all say the same thing – that they won't let their sons come out here to earn a living in the Indian Army, Indian Civil Service etc. etc., and that not now would they even recommended these services to any good fellow. The reason for this is, that India is no longer a place for the white man to live.
- Lord Elphinstone had said as far back as 1851 that “Divide et empera was the old Roman motto, and it should be ours”. Many other British politicians, historians and bureaucrats, in Britain as well as in India, had made similar statements of British policy. The British had never tried very hard to hide the game they had played in the past, and were planning to play in the future. But the [Indian] national leaders who read or heard these statements became agog with excitement as if they had uncovered a ‘dark secret’, and could now answer comfortably all questions regarding the ‘communal problem’ [the Hindu-Muslim divide].
- The English have taught us that we were not one nation before and that it will require centuries before we become one nation. This is without foundation. We were one nation before they came to India. One thought inspired us. Our mode of life was the same. It was because we were one nation that they were able to establish one kingdom. Subsequently they divided us.
- Mahatma Gandhi: Hind Swaraj, Chapter ix
- Among the many misdeeds of the British rule in India, history will look upon the Act depriving a whole nation of arms as the blackest. If we want the Arms Act to be repealed, if we want to learn the use of arms, here is a golden opportunity. If the middle classes render voluntary help to Government in the hour of its trial, distrust will disappear, and the ban on possessing arms will be withdrawn.
- Mahatma Gandhi, "An Autobiography OR The story of my experiments with truth", Chapter 27, Recruiting Campaign, from a leaflet urging Indians to serve with the British Army in World War II.
- Thailand has railways and the British never colonised the country,... In 1885, when the British invaded Burma, the Burmese king was already building railways and telegraphs. These are things Indians could have done themselves.
- The Government of India is the most arduous and perhaps the noblest trust ever undertaken by a nation.
- William Ewart Gladstone, speech in Glasgow (5 December 1879), quoted in Michael Balfour, Britain and Joseph Chamberlain (1985), p. 212
- The Portuguese, Dutch and English have for a long time, year after year, been shipping home the treasures of India in their big vessels. We Germans have been all along left to watch it. Germany would do likewise but hers would be treasures of spiritual knowledge.
- Heinrich Heine. Quoted in S. Radhakrishnan, Eastern Religions and Western thought
- You can choose any single area, take for example India: England did not acquire India in a lawful and legitimate manner, but rather without regard to the natives’ wishes, views, or declarations of rights; and she maintained this rule, if necessary, with the most brutal ruthlessness. Just as Cortés or Pizarro demanded for themselves Central America and the northern states of South America not on the basis of any legal claim, but from the absolute, inborn feeling of superiority (Herrengefühl) of the white race. The settlement of the North American continent was similarly a consequence not of any higher claim in a democratic or international sense, but rather of a consciousness of what is right which had its sole roots in the conviction of the superiority and thus the right of the white race.
- Adolf Hitler to business leaders of the Industry Club in Düsseldorf on January 27, 1932. Max Domarus, Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, 1932-1945 (Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, 1990), pp. 96-103
- Shoot Gandhi and if that does not suffice to reduce them to submission, shoot a dozen leading members of Congress; and if that does not suffice, shoot 200 and so on until order is established. You will see how quickly they will collapse as soon as you make it clear that you mean business.
- Adolf Hitler, remarks to British government minister Lord Halifax at Berchtesgaden (19 November 1937), quoted in Ivone Kirkpatrick, The Inner Circle (1959), p. 97 and Andrew Roberts, ‘The Holy Fox’: The Life of Lord Halifax (1997), p. 72
- "One of their [Britain] great bases is Iran, Irak and Syria. That's where their fleet takes on supplies. The other is the Malay archipelago, where they're losing all their refueling -points for oil. They can trumpet abroad their intentions concerning Europe, but they know very well that it's the possession of India on which the existence of their Empire depends."
- The Raj did bring benefits to the Indian people, and its importance to the successor states of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh...cannot be overstated. Whether they like the fact or not, these countries are what they are now because they were once governed by Britain and brought directly into contact with British ideas, values, learning and technology. The process of exposure and absorption was slow and uneven; old faiths, customs and habits of mind proved remarkably durable, and outlasted a Raj which lacked either the capacity or will to uproot them. There were enduring features of British rule, too. Attachment to the democratic idea remains strong in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh... [T]here is a consciousness of what constitutes good and honest administration, and the periodic outbursts against corruption in all three countries are a reflection that their people judge their officials by standards laid down during British rule.
- Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (1997), p. 644
- Any balance sheet of the Raj would not be complete without reference to its public utilities. When it ended, the sub-continent possessed what today would be called a communications "infrastructure" which included over 40,000 miles of railways... Enormous headway has been made in education by the successor states, but it could not have been achieved without foundations laid down during the Raj, and the same holds true in public health. Likewise, the criminal and civil law codes of the entire sub-continent are a legacy of the Raj.
- Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (1997), pp. 644-645
- [A]lthough their arguments were grounded in British political and legal philosophies, men like Gandhi and Nehru possessed distinctly Indian qualities. Here lay their immense strength: they could reason with their rulers in terms the latter understood and simultaneously appeal to the Indian masses. And yet, and this is perhaps the greatest irony of the Raj, both men argued passionately for the preservation of India's integrity, something which was a direct result of British rule. It is of course right and proper that Gandhi, Nehru and Jinnah should be revered as national heroes, but it should not be forgotten that each in his way was a product of political and intellectual traditions which had been imparted into their country by the British. Quite simply the Raj cannot be disinvented. It happened, and its consequences, from a passion for cricket to a faith in democracy, remain deeply rooted in Indian soil.
- Lawrence James, Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India (1997), p. 646
- The British came to India primarily as traders but ultimately succeeded in carving out a strong empire in India. During their rule of over two centuries, they brought about far-reaching changes in the economic system of India. They completely destroyed the isolationist and self-sufficing character of the village;…
- N. Jayapalan in: Economic History of India, Atlantic Publishers & Dist, 1 April 2008, p. 110
- India's achievements were also very great. Her soldiers lie with ours in all the theatres of war, and no Britisher can ever forget the gallantry and promptitude with which she sprang forward to the King Emperor's service when war was declared. That is no small tribute both to India and to the Empire of which India is a part. The causes of the War were unknown to India; its theatre in Europe was remote. Yet India stood by her allegiance heart and soul, from the first call to arms and some of her soldiers are still serving far from their homes and families in the common cause. India's loyalty in that great crisis is eloquent to me of the Empire's success in bridging the civilisations of East and West, in reconciling wide differences of history, of tradition and of race, and in bringing the spirit and the genius of a great Asiatic people into willing co-operation with our own. Important changes have been effected in India this year, and India is making rapid strides towards the control of her own affairs. She has also proved her right to a new status in our councils; that status she gained during the War, and she has maintained it during the peace, and I welcome the representatives of India to our great Council of the Empire today.
- David Lloyd George, quoted in Conference of Prime Ministers and Representatives of the United Kingdom, the Dominions, and India, Held in June, July, and August 1921. Summary of Proceedings and Documents, Volume XIV (1921), pp. 14-15
- What were those practical difficulties? The first was that never in the history of India had India or any part of it, any of its many peoples and nations, ever enjoyed the slightest measure of democratic self-government until 1919. The second is that 95 per cent. of the population is illiterate. What is the third? That there are as many different races, nationalities and languages in India as there are in the whole of Europe. To talk about India as a unit, as if it were one people, is to display an ignorance of the elementary facts of the case. There has never been unity in India except under the rule of a conqueror.
- It may be that the public mind of India may expand under our system till it has outgrown that system; that by good government we may educate our subjects into a capacity for better government, that, having become instructed in European knowledge, they may, in some future age, demand European institutions. Whether such a day will ever come I know not. But never will I attempt to avert or to retard it. Whenever it comes, it will be the proudest day in English history.
- The official history of the freedom movement starts with the premises that India lost indendence only in the eighteenth century and had thus an experience of subjection to a foreign power for only two centuries. Real history, on the other hand, teaches us that the major part of India lost independence about five centuries before, and merely changed masters in the eighteenth century.
- Cambridge University established a prize named for an essay competition on the topic: 'The best means of civilizing the subjects of the British Empire in India, and of diffusing the light of the Christian religion throughout the eastern world.'
- Indeed, when I turn my eyes either to the present condition or ancient grandeur of that country, when I contemplate the magnificence of her structures, her spacious reservoirs, constructed at an immense expense, pouring fertility and plenty over the land, the monuments of a benevolence expanding its cares over remote ages, when I survey the solid and embellished architecture of her temples, the elaborate and exquisite skiU of her manufactures and fabrics, her literature sacred and profane, her gaudy and enamelled pottery on which a wild and prodigal fancy has lavished all its opulence, when I turn to the philosophers lawyers and moralists who have left the oracles of political and ethical wisdom to restrain the passions and to awe the vices which disturb the commonwealth, when I look at the peaceful and harmonious alliances of families, guarded and secured by the household virtues, when I see amongst a cheerful and well-ordered society, the benignant and softening influence of religion and morality, a system of manners founded on a mild and polished obeisance and preserving the surface of social life smooth and unruffled — I cannot hear without surprise mingled with horror, of sending out Baptists and Anabaptists to civilize or convert such a people at the hazard of disturbing or deforming institutions which appear to have hitherto been the means ordained by Providence of making them virtuous and happy.
- England, it is true, in causing a social revolution in Hindostan, was actuated only by the vilest interests, and was stupid in her manner of enforcing them. But that is not the question. The question is, can mankind fulfil its destiny without a fundamental revolution in the social state of Asia? If not, whatever may have been the crimes of England she was the unconscious tool of history in bringing about that revolution.
- British India... was as much infected by caste as Indian India.
- Philip Mason, quoted in Ornamentalism: How the British Saw Their Empire by David Cannadine
- There were certain unwritten rules in the Punjab service. There must be no hesitation. Show a bold front, take the offensive at once, a blow in time saves nine — that was the first commandment. And the second, supplementing it, was this; because the junior must not wait for support, the senior must back him up. With confidence, one can rule a million. Every officer must be sure he will be supported.
- Philip Mason, The Men Who Ruled India: The Founders (1953), p. 370
- No one in the average rural district could picture a party system and an opposition which might one day be the government. No one therefore could separate in his thoughts the government of the moment, the actual human government which made plenty of mistakes, from the ideal of government, the principle of law and order as opposed to anarchy. Opposition to the ruler in the traditional systems of India, whether Hindu or Muslim, is a crime and a much more serious crime than gang robbery. No one could understand why the English had suddenly become so tolerant of one form of crime, and it occurred to some people that it might be worth an experiment or two in other kinds.
- Philip Mason, The Men Who Ruled India: The Guardians (1954), p. 247
- The India of the Raj stood forth as a model, not only for the empire, but for Britain itself.
- [W]hen you say that "if reforms do not save the Raj nothing else will" I am afraid I must utterly disagree. The Raj will not disappear in India as long as the British race remains what it is, because we shall fight for the Raj as hard as we have ever fought, if it comes to fighting, and we shall win as we have always won.
- The spread of tension between Hindus and Muslims in turn, became a key legitimating factor for continuing British power in India. From the well-worn argument of colonialism’s ‘‘civilizing mission,’’ the new justification became one of ‘‘defense of the minorities.’’ In reality, however, minority interests were protected only to the extent that they served imperial power. To quote Lord Olivier in 1926 ‘‘No one with a close acquaintance with Indian affairs will be prepared to deny that, on the whole, there is a predominant bias in British officialdom in India in favour of the Muslim community, partly on the ground of closer sympathy, but more largely as a make-weight against Hindu nationalism.’’
- Patel's presidential address to the Congress, 1931: No one would die of starvation in independent India. Its grain would not be exported. Cloth would not be imported by it. Its leaders would neither use a foreign language nor rule from a remote place 7,000 feet above sea level. Its military expenditure would not be heavy. Its army would not subjugate its own people or other lands. Its best-paid officials would not earn a great deal more than its lowest-paid servants. And finding justice in it would be neither costly nor difficult.
- Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel: Gandhi, Rajmohan. Patel: A Life, p. 92
- The native is to be treated as a child and denied franchise. We must adopt a system of despotism, such as works in India, in our relations with the barbarism of South Africa.
- Conquest is very rarely an evil when conquerors are more civilised than the people conquered, because they bring to them the advantages of civilisation. Many years of English domination will be necessary before India will be able to resume her political independence without losing much.
- I am afraid a mistake was made by Lord Macaulay and others in the direction they gave to educational efforts in India. Popular education would have enabled the millions to raise themselves a little out of their extreme poverty. The University education only manufactures a redundant supply of candidate for the liberal professions in a country where the demand is small, and as a by-product turns out a formidable array of seditious article-writers.
- Lord Salisbury to Lord Northbrook (25 March 1875), quoted in M. N. Das, Indian National Congress versus the British, Vol I (1978), p. 24
- As to action the matter is simple: India is held by the sword: and its rulers must in all essentials be guided by the maxims which benefit the Government of the sword.
- Lord Salisbury to Sir Philip Wodehouse (4 June 1875), quoted in Michael Bentley, Lord Salisbury's World: Conservative Environments in Late-Victorian Britain (2001), pp. 233-234
- It was time to put a stop to the growing idea that England ought to pay tribute to India as a kind of apology for having conquered her: & you have done it effectively.
- Lord Salisbury to Benjamin Disraeli (16 July 1875), quoted in Marvin Swartz, Politics of British Foreign Policy in the Era of Disraeli and Gladstone (1985), p. 17
- The vast multitudes of India I thoroughly believe are well contented with our rule. They have changed masters so often that there is nothing humiliating to them in having gained a new one.
- Lord Salisbury, speech to a prize-giving ceremony in Cooper's Hill (July 1875), quoted in Frederick Sanders Pulling, The Life and Speeches of the Marquis of Salisbury, K. G. (1885), p. 222
- Speaking generally, I am desirous to push forward the argument from the interests of the people more than has hitherto been done. As I have said, I consider it to be our true rule and measure of action, and our observance of it is the one justification for our presence in India.
- Lord Salisbury to Lord Northbrook (25 August 1875), quoted in S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905 (1965), p. 65
- If England is to remain supreme, she must be able to appeal to the coloured against the white, as well to the white against the coloured. It is therefore not merely as a matter of sentiment and of justice, but as a matter of safety, that we ought to try and lay the foundation of some feeling on the part of coloured races towards the crown other than the recollection of defeat and the sensation of subjection.
- Lord Salisbury to the Viceroy of India, Lord Lytton (7 July 1876), quoted in S. Gopal, British Policy in India, 1858-1905 (1965), p. 115
- Mohammedanism has the only organization and pretty nearly the only ambition hostile to us that is left in India.
- Lord Salisbury to Lord Lytton (25 June 1877), quoted in David Steele, Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography (2001), p. 122 and Shih-tsung Wang, Lord Salisbury and Nationality in the East Viewing Imperialism in Its Proper Perspective (2019)
- Sahebji, I am sorry I have been misunderstood. Forgive me for what I am being forced to say. The reference to freedom of speech was made by me in a specific context. It was not at all my intention to uphold the British usurpation of my country. Make no mistake. I consider the British Raj to be a curse. I stand for svarãjya [self-rule].
- It is commonly said that it was the Mahomedans whom the British displaced as rulers in India. This is true only in a restricted sense. It would be nearer the truth to say that it was the Mahrattas in the main, whom we displaced.
- Sir Richard Temple quoted in Vikram Sampath - Savarkar, Echoes from a Forgotten Past, 1883–1924 (2019)
- There are countries with an extensive Asiatic Empire, who, faced by political activity of a kind that in India has long been accepted as mild and entirely constitutional, promptly shoot and hang it out of existence, and inform the outside world that it was "communism". If you call a thing communism, you can do what you like to it, and get away with it. (American Women's Clubs, which have suffered much distress by the spectacle of England's wickedness, never vex themselves about these other Colonial Empires.) The Indian Government, faced by murderous organisations, prosecutes their members anachronistically, for such crimes as "proposing to wage war against the King-Emperor", "seeking to deprive the King-Emperor of his sovereignty over India"... It has invented a form of martyrdom which is mostly garlands for its more distinguished practitioners.
- Edward Thompson, A Letter from India (1932), pp. 61-62
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Earth Day 2008 is approaching.
Think Global Act Local
Sometimes it seems when you read literature or watch environmental documentaries that the problems with the environment seem so big and you wonder what one person can do to influence change. However it is in exactly at those times that I try to remember that all changes comes about by individuals and groups of committed individuals looking at a situation and saying “stop … what can I do to change this” and making changes with their own actions.
There are lots of things that can be done to help reduce your negative impact on the environment. Use Earth day to look at your own footprint on the world.
Some ideas you can do for change
- Switch off lights and appliances when they’re not needed. Simple but very effective.
- Install energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps. They can save up to 80% of your lighting bill and last up to 8 times longer.
- Cut hot water usage by installing a 3-star, water-efficient showerhead, taking shorter showers and using cold-water clothes washing.
- Switch to a GreenPower electricity contract. Get the maximum % of GreenPower you can afford. For the most competitive rates go to our survey www.planetark.com/greenpowertable/
- Switch to low greenhouse impact transport options like your legs, bicycles or public transport. Use phone, email or video conferencing wherever possible.
- Make your home more pleasant to live in and reduce your need for home heating and cooling and by installing insulation, draft-sealing and shading.
- If you have a heating or cooling system set the thermostat appropriately. Each degree you turn it up summer and down in winter can save you 10% in energy.
- Divert garden and food wastes from landfill to composting (either at home or through a Council scheme – if they don’t have one ring them up and ask for one to be set up).
(Source: Planet Ark)
Let our leaders know if they want to keep their jobs, they have to do something, something big and bold, to solve climate change.
Earth Day is on a Tuesday this year! They are in, they are at their desks, CALL THEM, go visit them, email them, let them know you are out there, watching!
Photo by Noah Buscher on Unsplash
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Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem around the world, with multiple strains of bacteria now showing adaptations designed to increase their protection against the drugs that have been formulated to kill them.
One such pathogen is Helicobacter pylori, which, according to current data, is carried by around 4.4 billion people worldwide, although it is most common in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.
H. pylori, according to experts, usually reside in the gut and are normally harmless. However, they are known to cause ulcers in the stomach lining of people with impaired immune systems. In the more severe cases, those sores, according to experts, can lead to stomach cancer.
Treatment options for H. pylori normally involve a combination of antibiotics. These options, while effective, have the unwanted side effect of causing the emergence of resistant strains.
Because of this, the World Health Organisation (WHO) included H. pylori on its list of antibiotic-resistant “priority pathogens” that pose the greatest threat to human health.
Despite the seemingly insurmountable odds, however, a team of German and English scientists, have come up with a novel approach to combating antibiotic-resistant strains of dangerous pathogens: organic plant compounds.
As detailed in the journal ACS Applied Bio Materials, researchers from the University of Leeds, University of Münster, and the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg found that nanocapsules loaded with curcumin – a natural compound found in turmeric which is known for its potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties – were effective against H. pylori in an in vitro test.
According to the researchers, the curcumin nanocapsules worked not by killing off the bacteria, but rather, by covering them with an “anti-adhesion” coating, thereby disabling its ability to stick to stomach cells where they can cause ill health or even death.
This property, as noted by the researchers, can be traced — aside from its curcumin content — to the nanocapsules’ coating, which contains lysozyme, an enzyme that helps prevent bacterial infections, and dextran sulfate, a water-soluble polysaccharide that binds receptors in the bacteria and in the stomach’s mucosal lining. (Related: Superbugs: Drug-Resistant but Not Herb Resistant)
“Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest challenges facing the world and it is predicted to cause more deaths than cancer by the year 2050 unless urgent action is taken,” Francisco Goycoolea, a professor from the School of Food Science and Nutrition at Leeds and a co-author of the study, said.
As noted by the research team, while integral approaches are still needed to tackle antimicrobial resistance, their novel formulation, which consists of small capsules made from organic and all-natural ingredients, could be of great help when it comes to combating superbugs.
“Standard antibiotics used in today’s clinical practice are quite broad-acting compounds, disturbing cell wall architecture, protein formation of membrane integrity,” Andreas Hensel, a professor from the Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry of the University of Münster and another co-author of the study, said, adding that to be more effective, new medicines must not be as broad-acting as the older compounds but rather, more tailored to specific bacteria in order to avoid the emergence of resistant strains.
What are antibiotic-resistant bacteria?
Antibiotic resistance, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), is a term used to describe what happens when bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them.
According to experts, infections caused by antibiotic-resistant germs are difficult — if not impossible — to treat, given that the pathogens have evolved to withstand most drugs designed to work against them. In most cases, infections caused by antibiotic-resistant pathogens require extended hospital stays as well as additional follow-up doctor visits, and sometimes even costly and toxic medical treatments.
- Researchers investigate green tea compounds that may help resolve antibiotic resistance
- Antibiotic resistance explodes globally as corrupt, for-profit medical system runs out of chemicals that fight infections
- Listen to the experts: Antibiotics DAMAGE immune system function, warn researchers
- WHO warns world running out of synthetic antibiotics, but refuses to acknowledge power of natural herbal antibiotics
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"A Shepherd’s Character"
The presbyter,or elder, of the church is to be a pastor or shepherd of the flock. In that role God has placed upon him the oversight or authority of a bishop to spiritually tend the souls of the people. That role is limited and seen through the example of Jesus, who is the Chief Shepherd.
A Shepherd’s Character
(1 Pet. 5:1-4)
A. After the death of Gideon his son Abimelech wanted to become king. He talked the people of Shechem into making him king and proceeded to kill his brother. One escaped. His name was Jotham. On the day the people were going to crown Abimelech king, Jotham climbed up Mount Gerizim and shouted (Jdg 9:7-15).
B. Quite a story. Jotham warned the people that if they had not acted in good faith to Gideon’s family then may fire come out from Abimelech and consume you. Leadership is something that is desirable, poor leadership is devastating.
C. The Christians to whom Peter was writing had been dispersed. They were told to live as aliens in the world. They were told to learn to submit to authority, suffer for their faith and live in love like Jesus was coming today. But here, at the end of his letter, he begins to talk to them about how to live as a church family. How to deal with all the struggles of life by living in the love the church. But to live as family, it is greatly helpful to have good parents. Children need guidance and God knows that spiritual children need spiritual guidance. So Peter turns to men whom the church has already appointed as spiritual leaders and addresses their role in the body. Today, I speak to all of us as we look to our elders and address their role and authority within this local body.
I. To the Elders
A. The church needs good spiritual leaders. There are so many attacks upon the church that without spiritual leadership, the flock will simply scatter or worse, be taken by the thief. The difficulty you have in leadership defining the role and style of a spiritual leader. In the Greek language we are given three words to both define and title the spiritual leader. Peter uses the root of all 3.
B. Let me quickly share them with you before we examine the text. The first word is “presbuteros” and is normally translated “elder” or sometimes “presbyter.” The word itself simply means “older.” Jews had elders in their communities who were spiritual and often teachers. They gave the traditions that Jews were to follow.
C. Another word in Greek is “poimen.” In English translation this word is normally written as “shepherd or pastor.” In our day many denominations call their preachers, pastors. Peter does not use this word to define preachers but to define the role or action of what the elder does. It is not so much used as a title as it a description. He is to feed the flock, to shepherd this flock and keep it safe. But Peter wants them to understand that these elders are to look to the example of the Chief Shepherd, Jesus, who will appear and reward these men for tending the flock of God.
D. The third word used to describe this office of spiritual men is “episkopos” and is translated either as “bishop or overseer.” The point of this word is to give the elders spiritual responsibility and therefore spiritual authority over the flock that belongs to Jesus.
E. Peter has already used these last two words to talk about Jesus (1 Pet. 2:25). Peter wants to bring spiritual leaders back to the example of Jesus as a spiritual leader. So with a much deeper understanding of the words that are used, let’s come back to our text.
A. Read the text again. While Christians fight about authority and how much an eldership should or should not have, Peter focuses on the very character of these men. He starts by telling them that he is one of them. He doesn’t use the term apostle here, but a fellow elder who witnessed the suffering of Jesus. It is that picture that Peter hold in his mind as he talks to these men.
B. You see, there was a leadership style in the Jewish sects that was very authoritative and domineering. There was a leadership style in politics of the Romans that desired power so much they would kill for it. God doesn’t want church leadership to take is understanding from the warped views of the Jews or the evil of the Romans. But when that style of leadership is what is modeled for you, how much different will you be? Today our struggle is to get away from the business style of leadership to the biblical style shown to us by the Chief Shepherd himself, Jesus.
C. Peter reminds these men that they are guardians of God flock. Look at the wording. These men are to care for, serve, and be an example of spiritual. I will be a better Christian when I see faith in action. Peter says “be that faith in action.”
D. Peter puts the character in sets of opposites. Not this way but this way. Not because you must but because you are willing. Not because you want money but because you want to serve. Not because you want power to lord it over, but because you want to be an example for others to walk like you walk. These men have really one great job – be as close to Jesus in all areas of your life as possible. Every decision elders make should be made with a reflection on how Jesus would lead others.
E. Spiritually parenting this many children is difficult. So Peter turns to the younger, the new, the less spiritually mature and tells them to submit to the elders.
A. Let me take you back to 1 Pet. 2:13, 18, 3:1. Submission is not a new topic. But in the church we are more like a family than we are a government or master/slave. In a good marriage, submission is not as much of an issue as respect. When a husband acts like Jesus towards his wife, willing to lay down his own life for her, to lead her to Jesus, to make sure her needs are met, submission is not much of an issue.
B. When Christians are commanded by Jesus we don’t have a problem with the word submission because we know how much he loves us and what he has done for us. We also know that he knows better and only has our best interest at heart.
A. Leadership in the local church is by God’s design and in accordance with God’s will. Our elders are not CEO’s of the church. They are not the CFO’s of the church. They are not a board of directors. Instead they are shepherds and guardians taking care of us, God’s flock. They are protectors, examples, and people who look to Jesus as the Chief Shepherd.
B. I pray that God will not limit this church to two men. My prayer continues to be that God will raise up spiritual leaders. I pray that the men of this congregation would desire to let God mold their life so that one day they my serve in a greater capacity than you are right now. To Him be glory in the church.
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This is my first post. I’m curious about where to find the definitions of OpenGL functions, like glVertexAttribPointer(). I found the prototypes in some headerfiles, for example gl.h. The API reference and other sources yielded no answer to my question. Could anyone be so kind and provide me with the information about where those functions are defined?
The authoritative source is the OpenGL Specification. Grab the latest version from here:
When searching for functions and other symbols in these PDF specifications, remove the leading “gl”. So for example, search for “VertexAttribPointer”.
That said, you can often find GL manual pages for these functions online (just websearch the function) as well as entries for many of them in the OpenGL Wiki. For example, see:
Note that the OpenGL Wiki tends to avoid defining reference pages for functions that aren’t part of the core profile, whereas the man pages don’t have this limitation.
The functions actually exist in your OpenGL implementation, i.e. the device driver for your graphics card. In case you’re wondering, you cannot view the actual source code for them, because OpenGL is not open source (the “open” means something entirely different) nor is it software.
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Quantum mechanical predictions reduce to those of classical mechanics in the macroscopic world; otherwise absurd situations would result such as Schrödinger’s cat being both dead and alive in the box. But does quantum mechanics play a specific role in the functions of complex biological systems?
An advance in the study of the photosynthetic light-harvesting process demonstrated that the electronic energy transfer might not follow the classical hopping mechanism but involve quantum-coherent energy transfer. This discovery relied on the development of new ultrafast spectroscopic techniques and these form the basis of this Tutorial Review by Elisabetta Collini from the Department of Chemical Sciences at the University of Padova.
The state-of-the-art techniques, and their limitations, for the detection of quantum-coherent energy transfer in light-harvesting complexes are discussed. They include; pump-probe anisotropy, two-time anisotropy decay and 2D photon echo techniques.
Although the review focuses on photosynthetic energy transfer, quantum effects have been posited in other processes including; olfaction, magnetic sensing and even consciousness. The extent to which quantum mechanics affect these processes in physiological conditions has often been seen as a negligible curiosity.
This Tutorial Review explores the techniques, including the debate surrounding their use, for the experimental verification of the role of quantum effects in biological processes. It is therefore a must read for those who wish to experimentally explore quantum mechanical effects in other biological processes.
Related slides on “Energy Transfer in the Weak and Strong Coupling Regimes” are also available as electronic supplementary information (ESI) – these are free to access.
For more, read this Chem Soc Rev article today:
Chem. Soc. Rev., 2013, Advance Article
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Taiwanese marine biologists have discovered a mass of plastic bags and fishing net in the stomach of a dead whale, underlying the dangers posed by floating ocean trash.
The 15-metre mature sperm whale was spotted stranded off the southern town of Tongshi on October 15.
Coastguards and scientists returned it to the ocean but three days later it was found dead about 20 kilometres away.
Marine biologists from a local university, who conducted an autopsy over the weekend, found a mass of plastic bags and fishing net sizeable enough to fill an excavator bucket.
Professor Wang Chien-ping, head of the Whale Research Centre at National Cheng-Kung University, said the rubbish was probably a major factor in the death.
He said the whale could have suffered heart or lung disease and multiple infections.
"But ... the large amount of man-made garbage in the stomach could reduce its appetite and cause malnutrition. It was likely a critical cause of death," he said.
The Society of Wilderness said the case highlighted the growing threat from ocean trash.
"We frequently heard of marine animals killed after swallowing lots of garbage, but this one was the biggest in size for many years," said He Chih-ying, spokeswoman for the conservation group.
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Helminthiases / / August 12, 2017
Fasciolosis (Lat.), Fascioliasis (Eng.), Fascioliase (fr.), Fasciolosis (App.)
Fasciolosis - helminthiasis, mainly affecting the hepatobiliary system.It occurs in different countries usually in the form of individual cases, but in France and Cuba have been outbreaks of fascioliasis that engulfed hundreds of people.
Etiology and epidemiology of fascioliasis
Pathogens - trematodes Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica.F. hepatica, sometimes referred to as liver fluke, has a flat leaf-shaped body is 20-30 mm long, 8-12 mm wide.Eggs are yellowish-brown with a lid and a tubercle at the poles.The size of their 0,130-0,145X0,07-0,09 mm.F. gigantica elongated shape, its body is almost parallel to the edge.helminth length of 33-76 mm, width of 5-12 mm.Egg size 0,150-0,190X0,075-0,090 mm.
Under puberty Fasciola parasites in humans, cattle and small cattle, horses, pigs, etc. The normal localization of worms -. The bile ducts and gall bladder, perverse - the lungs and other organs and t
with feces infested fasciolas people and animals stand out helminth eggs.After contact with the eggs into the water after 4-6 weeks forms the larvae in them - miracidia that extend outward and penetrate into the shellfish.The shellfish occur larval development and reproduction of generations that end access to the water tailed cercaria larvae.cercaria tail soon disappears.His tsistogennye glands secrete a secret that surrounds the larva and solidify, forming a closed capsule around it.The encapsulated larva is called "adolescaria".
Infection with human and mammals is the result of the ingestion of water during adolescariae drinking and eating herbs growing in standing and slowly flowing waters, such as watercress.Outbreaks of fascioliasis are formed in places with a large number of stagnant water that abound clams and serve for watering livestock.
Pathological anatomy and pathogenesis
liver biopsy in the early phase of fascioliasis finds that microabscesses and mikronekrozov parenchyma with infiltration of eosinophils and its giant cells.In the later period, there is an expansion of the lumen, wall thickening and adenomatous proliferation of the epithelium of the bile ducts;sometimes there is a purulent angiocholitis.Described obliteration of hepatic duct.
The pathogenesis of fascioliasis is poisoning the body of the patient helminth products of metabolism with subsequent development of clinical allergy, especially pronounced in the early phase of the disease.It should also take into account the mechanical action on the fabric and helminths possibility of secondary bacterial infection.
Symptoms The incubation period lasts 1-8 weeks with fascioliasis.The disease begins with malaise, increasing weakness, headache, appetite decrease.Sometimes there is a rash and often fever.Fever can be laxative, wavy and even hectic.In severe cases, the temperature rises to 39-40 ° C.On examination, the patient is often found subikterichnost sclera.Soon, there is pain in the epigastric and right hypochondrium, nausea and sometimes vomiting.The liver is increased, it becomes dense and painful on palpation.
the study of blood in the early phase of the disease, as a rule, a marked eosinophilia with an increase in the number of white blood cells to 18,000-20,000 or even 52,000, eosinophils - up to 40,500 in 1 cc.mm.blood.Gradually acute effects subside, the temperature drops to normal and subfebrile, fascioliasis passes in the chronic phase.In the foreground, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain.Recently, some patients expressed mild and have the character of crushing or stabbing sensations in the epigastric and right upper quadrant.However, the pain often become paroxysmal in nature and type of gallstone colic accompanied by an increase in the gallbladder, a rise in temperature to 38 ° C and higher, sometimes develop a mild jaundice.The duration of these attacks will vary very widely - from several hours to 7-8 days.They are separated by periods when the pains are absent or insignificant.The liver usually extends from the costal arch at 2-5 cm, but may not increase.The consistency of its dense, smooth surface.In normal blood white cell count or moderate leukocytosis;eosinophilia, usually small (7-10%).
With long-term course of the disease may occur expressed liver function disorders, diarrhea, anemia, exhaustion and even death.However, in some patients infestation occurs with mild clinical signs - small dyspeptic disorders and unclear abdominal pain.
Familiarity with symptomatology fascioliasis liver shows that in the early phase of the disease are the most prominently allergy symptoms, and in the later period - the phenomenon of cholangitis, sometimes purulent, biliary dyskinesia, sometimes hepatitis.
Detection of fascioliasis in its early stage is very difficult, because the parasites begin to excrete the eggs only after 3-4 months after the entry into the human body.To differentiate it is necessary first of all from trichinosis, opisthorchiasis, clonorchiasis that in the acute phase also occur with fever and blood eosinophilia.To eliminate trichinosis resort to biopsy to identify helminths muscles.When opistorhoze clonorchiasis and within 1 month after infection with helminth eggs appear in the duodenal contents and feces.Valuable information can give epidemiological history.Some help in the diagnosis of fascioliasis have and specific immunological reactions.
Upon reaching puberty fasciolas identify them in the body is usually no difficulty: it is possible to detect specific helminth eggs in feces and duodenal juice patient.When eating liver fascioliasis of cattle in the feces appear the so-called transit Fasciola eggs, passing intact through the gastrointestinal tract of humans.In such cases it is necessary to resort to the study of duodenal juice.Analysis of faeces must be carried out not earlier than one week after the complete exclusion from the diet of the patient's liver.
fascioliasis Complications developed mainly as a result of gross pathological changes caused by Fasciola stay in the intrahepatic ducts, extrahepatic ducts and gallbladder.Epithelial cover bile ducts, injured spines covering cuticle Fasciola.Resulting damage can be a gateway for infection.At the beginning of the XX century have reported several sightings of fascioliasis flowing with jaundice, ulcerative cholecystitis and liver abscesses.Similar observations described later.Such patients are sometimes necessary to operate urgently.However, some of them, if it is possible to establish the correct diagnosis in a timely manner, can be treated conservatively.Indications for surgery arise only in cases of suspected cholecystitis destructive form, with abscess formed in the liver and is very rare in the biliary tract blockage fasciolas.
With timely recognitionfascioliasis and vigorous treatment prognosis is usually favorable.In severe cases, especially when the secondary infection, it could be serious.
fastcioleza Warning done by refraining from drinking unboiled water (in extreme cases drinking water filtered through the canvas), and thorough washing and scalding with boiling water greens, eaten raw.To combat fascioliasis pets held system therapeutic and preventive measures: mass treatment of affected animals, the destruction of molluscs, deworming manure, grazing, etc. change
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1 comment (0 hidden)
El_Taco >> #4985
Posted on 2012-01-21 21:09:38 Score: 0 (vote Up/Down) (Report as spam)
The Dymaxion car was a [three wheeled] concept car designed by U.S. inventor and architect Buckminster Fuller in 1933 (Wikipedia). The car was never produced for the market. Only 3 were created, with the first being destroyed in a fatal car crash at Chicago World's Fair in 1933, and the third being declared lost in the 1950s after being sold and traded numerous times. The only surviving Dymaxion car, the second one produced in 1934 at the 4D Dymaxion Car Factory, was restored and is now in some museum, probably.
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- Does the Queen have any power in Canada?
- Which countries is the Queen head of state?
- Can you live on Crown land in Canada?
- Can you still homestead in Canada?
- What countries does Queen Elizabeth rule?
- Does the queen own Crown land in Canada?
- Who runs Canada?
- How much land in Canada is habitable?
- Who is the head of state in Canada but does not play an active role its government?
- Who is the head of the Commonwealth of Nations?
- How many countries was Queen Victoria head of state?
- Who is Canada’s head of state?
- Is Canada still under British rule?
- Who owns the most land in Canada?
- Is Canada paying the queen?
- Who owned Canada first?
- Who owns the most property in the world?
- Does the royal family own land in Canada?
- How many countries are still under British rule?
- Can the Queen grant citizenship?
- Who is the Queen of Australia 2020?
Does the Queen have any power in Canada?
Though Canada is an independent country, Britain’s Queen Elizabeth remains the nation’s head of state.
The Queen does not play an active role in Canadian politics, and her powers are mostly symbolic..
Which countries is the Queen head of state?
In addition to Barbados and the United Kingdom, Queen Elizabeth II currently serves as the Head of State of Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, Bahamas, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Solomon Islands and Tuvalu.
Can you live on Crown land in Canada?
You may not legally live on crown land in Canada. You may not build a temporary structure on crown land without a permit. You may not build a permanent structure on crown land without many permits.
Can you still homestead in Canada?
Homesteading in Canada is a thing of the past. … While all Canadians are entitled to camp on Crown Land for up to 21 days, claiming a piece of land as your own and developing it is illegal and is often referred to as “squatting.” There are a few alternatives to homesteading on government land in Northern Canada.
What countries does Queen Elizabeth rule?
Queen Elizabeth II is also the Sovereign of 15 countries in the Commonwealth of Nations: Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Canada, Grenada, Jamaica, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the Solomon Islands, and Tuvalu.
Does the queen own Crown land in Canada?
Land in Canada is solely owned by Britain’s Queen Elizabeth II, who is also the head of state. Canadian law in most provinces evolved from British common law, so instead of directly owning land, Canadians have land tenure. That means they can only own an interest in an estate.
Who runs Canada?
Justin Trudeau is the 23rd and current prime minister of Canada….Prime Minister of Canada.Prime Minister of Canada Premier ministre du CanadaMember ofParliament Privy Council CabinetReports toMonarch (represented by the governor general) ParliamentResidence24 Sussex DriveSeatOffice of the Prime Minister and Privy Council building13 more rows
How much land in Canada is habitable?
Canada’s habitable and arable areas are only a few percent of its vast (9.2 sq km) territory.
Who is the head of state in Canada but does not play an active role its government?
– sets out the different roles of the three branches of the Canadian government. -represented in Canada by the Governor General. – Britain’s Queen or King is the formal head of state in Canada, but does not play an active role in Canada’s government.
Who is the head of the Commonwealth of Nations?
Queen Elizabeth IIHer Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is Head of the Commonwealth. The role: is an important symbolic one.
How many countries was Queen Victoria head of state?
When Queen Victoria came to the throne in 1837, Britain already governed Canada, large areas of India, Australia, and New Zealand, and small parts of South America and Africa. Together, these countries formed the British Empire.
Who is Canada’s head of state?
Government of CanadaCountryCanadaWebsitecanada.caCrownHead of state (sovereign)Monarch (Queen)Vice-regal representativeGovernor General (or Administrator)14 more rows
Is Canada still under British rule?
An independent nation In 1982, it adopted its own constitution and became a completely independent country. Although it’s still part of the British Commonwealth—a constitutional monarchy that accepts the British monarch as its own. Elizabeth II is Queen of Canada.
Who owns the most land in Canada?
Government of CanadaThe largest single landowner in Canada by far, and by extension one of the world’s largest, is the Government of Canada. The bulk of the federal government’s lands are in the vast northern territories where Crown lands are vested in the federal, rather than territorial, government.
Is Canada paying the queen?
The sovereign similarly only draws from Canadian funds for support in the performance of her duties when in Canada or acting as Queen of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the Queen or any other member of the royal family, either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of Canada.
Who owned Canada first?
Between 1534 and 1542, Jacques Cartier made three voyages across the Atlantic, claiming the land for King Francis I of France. Cartier heard two captured guides speak the Iroquoian word kanata, meaning “village.” By the 1550s, the name of Canada began appearing on maps.
Who owns the most property in the world?
The list of the 10 largest private landowners is all heads of state. However, if you expand to the 15 largest private landowners, American billionaire Ted Turner just squeaks onto the list. King Letsie owns all the land, including the diamond mines, in his country. This is his second non-consecutive reign as king.
Does the royal family own land in Canada?
Though the monarch owns all Crown land in the country, it is divided in parallel with the “division” of the Crown among the federal and provincial jurisdictions, so that some lands within the provinces are administered by the relevant provincial Crown, whereas others are under the federal Crown.
How many countries are still under British rule?
14There remain, however, 14 global territories which remain under the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United Kingdom. Many of the former territories of the British Empire are members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
Can the Queen grant citizenship?
The queen herself isn’t a citizen, he noted. But she does have a status here: She’s “the personification of the Canadian state.” Still, she can’t grant Harry and Meghan citizenship, Lagassé said, because she remains bound by Canadian law, which “is very clear that discretion belongs with the [immigration] minister.”
Who is the Queen of Australia 2020?
Elizabeth IIThe Australian monarchy is a constitutional monarchy, modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary government, while incorporating features unique to the Constitution of Australia. The present monarch is Elizabeth II, styled Queen of Australia, who has reigned since 6 February 1952.
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ASSIGNMENT 2-DUE MONDAY 6 pm -5-8 pages
This is a case analysis relate to Financial Management area. The case is a formal paper 5 to 8 pages long (double spaced with ‘Time New Romans Font 12’ excluding title page and references). The paper should be formatted using APA style (http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/).
Jagdambay Exports (http://www.jagdambayexports.com/), a manufacturer and exporter of Baby Wears Garments, is considering ‘‘going public’’ to raise funds to expand in USA. The Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of Jagdambay Exports has approached the investment banking firm at which you work seeking help with its decision. Your boss asked you to explain the nature of the U.S. financial markets and the process of issuing equity to the CFO of Jagdambay Exports.
To help with this task, your boss has asked you to answer the following questions in explaining the U.S. financial system to CFO of Jagdambay Exports:
a. What is a financial market? How are financial markets differentiated from markets for physical assets?
b. Differentiate between money markets and capital markets.
c. Differentiate between a primary market and a secondary market. d. If Jagdambay Exports decided to issue additional common stock, and an investor purchased 1,000 shares of this stock from Merrill Lynch, the under-writer, would this transaction be a primary market transaction or a secondary market transaction?
d. Describe the three primary ways in which capital is transferred between savers and borrowers. 1 / 2
e. Securities can be traded on physical exchanges or in the over-thecounter market. Define and describe each of these markets
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Carotenoid-based colour signals are widespread in the animal kingdom and common textbook examples of sexually selected traits. Carotenoid pigments must be obtained through the diet as all animals lack the enzymatic machinery necessary to synthesize them from scratch. Once ingested, carotenoids are metabolized, stored, transported and deposited, and some or all of these processes may be limiting for signal production and thus subjected to social or sexual selection on phenotypic coloration. Very little is known about which genes and physiological pathways are involved in carotenoid pigmentation which is unfortunate, as genetic information would allow us to investigate the biochemical consequences of sexual selection. In this study, we present a transcriptome-screening technique and apply it to a carotenoid-signalling bird species, the southern red bishop Euplectes orix, to uncover the gene(s) responsible for the conversion of dietary β-carotene (orange) to canthaxanthin (bright red). The transcriptome, extracted from the liver of a male entering his breeding moult, is expressed within bacterial cells genetically modified to synthesize beta-carotene. Effects of expressed E. orix proteins on the structure or amount of β-carotene are initially detected by eye (based on colour change) and subsequently confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Here, we demonstrate the validity of the technique and provide a list of candidate genes involved in the carotenoid pigmentation pathway. We believe that this method could be applied to other species and tissues and that this may help researchers uncover the genetic basis of carotenoid coloration in vertebrates.
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- A 3D printer has been used to print a house in 24 hours.
- An invention called the Oleo sponge could help clean up oil spills by sucking up oil from water.
- The Scorpion hoverbike works in a similar way to a drone, with four high-powered fans lifting it off the ground.
Spark a discussion
- How does a 3D printer make solid objects?
- What’s special about the Oleo sponge?
- How does the Scorpion hoverbike fly?
Discover more about the topics covered in this week's News update
Explore our resources
Complete your lesson with teaching resources from Tigtag.
Go to Tigtag
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aturopathy means healing by letting nature take its own course. It means living with nature or following its trends. Vincenz Priestnitz is believed to be the Father of Naturopathy. Following him many illustrious doctors and Physicians joined the movement. They found that the best way to deal with chronic illness was to strengthen the resistance of the body so that it could throw out the poisons accumulated in it due to wrong way of life.T
he fundamental belief of naturopathy is the presence of the Vital force in a human body. It is the Vital force which keeps one alive and acts as a protector against the onslaught of all diseases. The naturopathy believes that the human body derives the strength from nature. Any imbalance between the forces active in a human body and the forces active in nature results in sickness and diseases. Another fundamental belief is the presence of germs in a human body is merely a symptom of a diseases and not its cause. Bacteria are born when the body is afflicted. Naturopathy maintain that it is vital force in the body which fights the bacteria which need a breeding ground. Hence the vital force of the human body has to be augmented to make one live well, in a robust health.T
o maintain the equilibrium of the said forces, one has to follow some simple rules with regard to sleep, rest, fresh air, sunlight and clean habits.A
mong these factors foremost importance is given to sleep. It not only gives sure ease from fatigue, but also replenishes the source of energy. The expenditure of energy during sleep is minimal.A
fter sleep, the Sunlight is what you need most. The sun is the source of light and energy to nature; naturally it also nourishes the human body and makes it strong. In naturopathy Sunbath is of vital importance. With just minimum clothing let your body soak the effect of sunlight. Don’t wipe the sweat after a sun bath. Let it dry normally. If you are unable to take normal bath regularly, it is better you do regular sponging of the body.A
nd like sunlight, fresh and clean air is another source to vitalize a human body. One must keep one’s living and sleeping rooms well ventilated so that the fresh air comes into contact with the body all the time. All physical exercises, yoga etc. are the techniques to make your body breath in more fresh air. A
nother essential requirement of human body is clean water. It is the cheapest and best cleaning agent. Drink it as much as you can. Drinking water an hour before and one hour after the meals helps the system to digest food efficiently.A
ccording to naturopathic principles the best food is one which is taken in the form in which nature provides it.
Germinated cereals are an ideal food. A normal adult must consume at least 250 gms of salad per day. You may add lemon-juice and a little of salt in your salad to make it more tasty and palatable. The main constituents of salad can be cucumber, carrots, radish, onion, tomatoes, beetroot and cabbage. Keep the interval between two meals to be a minimum five hours or more. Have your last meal at least three hours before you retire for the day and go to sleep. Always chew your food as much as possible before swallowing it. An ancient belief of the old physicians of India – is to chew food at least 32 times, one chewing for each tooth.F
asting is one of the most potent factors in naturopathic cure. The main purpose of the fasting is to cleanse the body of all the refuse, hence poison. The period of fasting depends on many factors; the problem, your own age, weight and the like. When you do fasting for a day, have only water throughout the first day. The normal intake of water should be round 2.5 liters of clean water with a few drops of lemon. Then on the second day you can have a diet of very light soup, boiled vegetables and light fruits. Only from the third day, you can have your normal food.A
nother important activity is to take hot bath of the feet, take a bucket full of hot water and immerse your legs up to knee in it. Make sure the water is not too hot or just lukewarm. Take the hot bath for about 20 mts. Go on sipping hot water during the session of your feet bath. You can have your normal bath after you have had your hot – feet bath. Try to do normal bathing as regularly as possible. Don’t stand in a very cool place the moment you step out of hot bath.I
t is essential that your bowels must remain clean. For that taking an enema is a must. The water for the enema should be lukewarm and quantity about 1 to 1.5 liters.T
his pocket book discusses specific methods of treatment for digestive disorders, Fevers, Respiratory Disorders, Skin trouble, Heart Ailments, Disorders connected with Blood and its circulation, Nervous disorders, Sexual disorders also.
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- What happens if a plug socket gets wet?
- What happens if a wire gets wet?
- How do you dry out a wet socket?
- How do you dry out a wet electrical outlet?
- Can you use an extension cord after it got wet?
- Why is it dangerous to mix water and electricity?
- What do you do when a plug falls in water?
- Why is it dangerous to put a plug in when the plug is wet?
- Can a plug catch fire?
- Is it normal for a plug to get warm?
- What causes a plug to catch fire?
- What happens if electricity touches water?
- Can electrical wiring be water damaged?
What happens if a plug socket gets wet?
Water can result in an interruption that will make the outlet stop working; however, the wires that are connected to the outlet may carry a live electrical current.
This current poses two serious risks – a fire risk and an electrocution hazard..
What happens if a wire gets wet?
The presence of moisture can rapidly increase the current in the circuit, which in most modern appliances will cause a short circuit as the fuse is blown. However, if a fuse is not present, then the wire will heat up and a fire could start.
How do you dry out a wet socket?
Take the socket front off and then use a hair dryer to dry it out, use a cloth to get most of the damp out then blow dry it. This will evaporate any moisture left and should be good to go.
How do you dry out a wet electrical outlet?
Answer: Turn off the circuit breaker and wait for the outlet/switch to dry before re-applying power. Switch off all the supplies related to outlet and isolation should be created between supplies and an electrical outlet.
Can you use an extension cord after it got wet?
Pure water is a near perfect insulator. It’s not going to hurt anything you plug into it. And it surely isn’t going to jump out of the cord to get you. There is nothing wrong with using it right after you dry it off.
Why is it dangerous to mix water and electricity?
In its purest form, water is an electrical insulator. Meaning, it shouldn’t be able to conduct electricity or allow current to flow through it. The danger lies with the components dissolved in water, specifically the ions in it. … Pure or distilled water does not contain ions, and so it won’t conduct electricity.
What do you do when a plug falls in water?
Most electrical plugs are molded, so the only risk would be if the plug is used whilst it is still damp. Quickly wipe the excess water away with a hand towel and allow the plug to dry completely before using the appliance or electrical cord again and there should be few problems.
Why is it dangerous to put a plug in when the plug is wet?
The bigger danger is the repeated wetting and drying of the plug will cause corrosion of the wires inside, this increases their resistance and turns them into little heaters. … If the cord is hot near the plug but nowhere else, then it’s time to replace the end of the cord.
Can a plug catch fire?
Most electrical fires are caused by faulty electrical outlets and old, outdated appliances. … Running cords under rugs is another cause of electrical fires. Removing the grounding plug from a cord so it can be used in a two-prong electrical outlet can also cause a fire.
Is it normal for a plug to get warm?
While it is normal for an appliance plug to become warm, it is abnormal for such a plug to get hot. … If a plug or electrical outlet is loose, the electric current from that plug or outlet has to pass through an area with high electrical resistance to complete the circuit.
What causes a plug to catch fire?
Most electrical fires are caused by faulty electrical outlets (Receptacles) or worn out sockets that are not properly grounded. As outlets and switches get older, the wiring behind them wears as well, and wires are strung about that loosen overtime and could potentially break and cause a fire.
What happens if electricity touches water?
You can become electricity’s path to the ground if you are touching water that touches electricity. You can become electricity’s path to the ground if you are touching water that touches electricity. … Electricity would travel through the water and through you to the ground.
Can electrical wiring be water damaged?
Any time that wiring is exposed to water or even excessive moisture, the internal components may be damage due to corrosion or buildup of mold. … Some wire and cable are specified for dry locations only and as such should be replaced if exposed to water on any level.
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Urban sprawl can be a mixed blessing for the communities where it takes place. As with all patterns of urban growth, sprawl brings with it more people, job opportunities and an expanding tax base. But it also comes with environmental, social and economic consequences. When planning for new growth, it's usually critical that communities and their leaders consider some of the causes and effects of urban sprawl.
Other People Are Reading
Causes of Urban Sprawl
There is no widely accepted single cause behind the phenomenon of urban sprawl. Instead, planners tend to believe that sprawl is the result of several interacting factors including land use regulation, market factors, the availability of roads and the persistence of inner city blight. Land use laws at the local government level in most American cities prohibit high densities, thus mandating a degree of sprawl. Cheap land and the desire for cheap, spacious housing encourage housing producers to prefer sprawling development projects. Additionally, nearby access to roads and the presence or perception of crime in denser inner cities help create a positive economic environment for urban sprawl.
The most immediate effects of urban sprawl are economic. The conversion of previously rural land into urban sprawl creates a demand for local services and public infrastructure like roads and schools. People and businesses generally bring with them new property tax revenues, though the long-term economic sustainability of local public services is not always guaranteed. The cost of building and maintaining the infrastructure necessary to support sprawling developments may exceed the tax base that they create, portending financial difficulties for local governments.
Urban sprawl is often subject to criticism for its environmental impacts. Urban sprawl necessarily consumes more land than more compact development, resulting sometimes in the destruction of wildlife habitat and local agricultural resources. The distances inherent in urban sprawl can create car dependency, and with it, greater emissions and resource demands. Many of the groups seeking to slow or reverse urban sprawl claim to be motivated by either a local or global environmental concern.
Urban sprawl has a number of significant social effects. Settings in sprawling developments tend to be quieter than those in more dense central cities. Some proponents of the developments perceive them to be safer for families and children. Critics note that urban sprawl has a tendency to create social isolation and potential loneliness through the lack of shared public spaces. The heavy car dependency common in sprawling urban areas is also thought to be linked to social impacts like traffic congestion and health impacts like obesity.
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- "Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses"; Greg Squires; 2002
- University of Illinois at Urbana--Champaign; Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies; Jan K. Brueckner; April 2000
- National Resources Defense Council; Paving Paradise; F. Kaid Benfield et. al.; April 2000
- ScienceDaily; Study Links Obesity, Urban Sprawl; September 2005
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By Shari Abbott, Reasons for Hope* Jesus
Tithing in the Old Testament was to be a recognition and celebration of what God had provided and a giving-back to Him in thanksgiving. Old Testament tithing is defined by some in three categories, the Levitical tithe (also called the Lord’s tithe), the poor and widows tithe, and the Feast tithe. The Lord’s tithe was given to do God’s work. The other two tithes were given above and beyond the Lord’s tithe and were to show generosity to those in need (the poor and widows tithe) and thankfulness for God’s provision (the Feast tithe). While the concept of three tithes is accepted by some, others will claim they are not biblically supported. For the sake of this question, we will address the Lord’s tithe which is understood by all to be a command of the Lord. We’ll look at what the Bible tells us about tithing and what it means in relation to giving during the time in which we live.
Tithing is defined as giving 1/10 of something as a contribution. The biblical definition comes from Levitical Law in the Old Testament that required Israel to give 1/10 of their harvest and livestock to the Lord.
Leviticus 27:30 ‘And all the tithe of the land, whether of the seed of the land or of the fruit of the tree, is the Lord’s. It is holy to the LORD.
Leviticus 27:32 ‘And concerning the tithe of the herd or the flock, of whatever passes under the rod, the tenth one shall be holy to the LORD.
The 1/10 tithe that was given to the Lord, was then given by the Lord to support the Levites, the priestly order.
Numbers 18:21 “Behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tithes in Israel as an inheritance in return for the work which they perform, the work of the tabernacle of meeting.
Numbers 18:24 “For the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer up as a heave offering to the LORD, I have given to the Levites as an inheritance; therefore I have said to them, ‘Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.'”
When the Levites received the tithe, they were to give 1/10 of the tithe they received to the Lord, and then give it to the High Priest.
Numbers 18:26 “Speak thus to the Levites, and say to them: ‘When you take from the children of Israel the tithes which I have given you from them as your inheritance, then you shall offer up a heave offering of it to the LORD, a tenth of the tithe.
Numbers 18:28 ‘Thus you shall also offer a heave offering to the LORD from all your tithes which you receive from the children of Israel, and you shall give the Lord’s heave offering from it to Aaron the priest.
This system of tithing was instituted by the Lord to support those who served in the tabernacle and later in the temple, but it was also a practice that helped the Jews to remember God’s provision for them. By offering the tithe first to the Lord, it was a reminder that all they had was given to them by the Lord. Tithing was a command God gave them to not only provide for priestly service, but also to keep His people focused on Him and set apart from the nations.
New Testament Teaching on Tithing
The command to tithe was given to ancient Israel, not the Church (the Body of Christ). After the cross, we do not find any type of command to give a specified amount. Many things changed when the New Covenant replaced the Old Covenant (Hebrews 8:13). There was a change in the priesthood from the levitical High Priest to Jesus as our new and better High Priest (Hebrews 3:1, 4:14).
Hebrews 7:12 For the priesthood being changed, there is made of necessity a change also of the law.
We are also told that Jesus fulfilled the Law (Matthew 5:17, Romans 10:14). During this time in which we live, the old has been put away and the new is now in effect. So what should we know about tithing today? Paul teaches clearly about our giving in these two verses:
2 Corinthians 9:6-7 But this I say: He who sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and he who sows bountifully will also reap bountifully. So let each one give as he purposes in his heart, not grudgingly or of necessity; for God loves a cheerful giver.
Nothing is said about a percentage, nor is anything said of a command to give. With God having been fully revealed in the Person and works of the Lord Jesus Christ, we have a new relationship with Him. We should realize that we have been given even greater wealth than the people of ancient Israel. We have been given eternal life with Jesus and the Holy Spirit to teach and guide us in this life. God desires that we remember all that He has done for us and given to us, because then we will give from a heart of gratitude. Then we will be cheerful givers. That is what God desires.
How much should we give?
Decisions about how much we should give, whether it should be based on gross income, net income, or net wealth, as well as where our money should be given (churches, ministries, charities), must be prayerfully discerned. The Bible does not give specific answers, but when we remember that our giving is actually giving-back to God, from that of which He has given us, 10% should seem rather inadequate. When we remember the mercy, grace and love God continually and lavishly extends to us, our hearts should be moved to desire to sow bountifully and give cheerfully.
Remember, the New Testament teaches that God cares about why we do things. He desires all of our works and giving to be sacrificial and from a heart of devotion that loves Him and wants to serve Him. Sacrificial and generous giving for some might be 2%, for another it might be 10% and yet for others it might be 20% or more. God has given us the freedom to discern these things, and we should do so prayerfully and with a biblical perspective influencing our decisions.
As you discern your desire to give to God to do His work here on earth, begin by remembering these things.
Remember that giving-back to the Lord to do His work here on earth is not only about money. We are to give of our time, talent and treasure…and most importantly, we are to give from a grateful heart.
Remember what has been given to you (everything!) and that will encourage you to sow bountifully and be a cheerful giver. In Christ, we are abundantly blessed and we honor and magnify His Name when we allow His blessings to flow through us to our neighbor.
Remember…God does not need our money or our good works, but our neighbor does. God will accomplish His work with or without our participation. But we should also remember that when we give generously to churches and ministries to do the Lord’s work, and when we serve others graciously, we are fulfilling the commission that has been given to us. Jesus commissioned us to be His ambassadors on this earth, to help build the spiritual Kingdom of God, and to love and serve our neighbors. What a privilege it is to participate in what God is doing on earth. We are empowered by His Spirt to be His hands, feet and words here on earth and it is a privilege and a joy to give generously of our time, talent and treasures.
Just as the Israelites first gave their tithe to the Lord and then it was used to do His work on earth, we should realize the same is true for us. When we give from a heart of gratitude, it is giving the gift to the Lord. It is then used by those who receive it. When you give to your church or a ministry, or when you serve a neighbor, isn’t it wonderful to know that you are first giving to the Lord. The Lord wants our hearts! Let us demonstrate our devotion to Him through our generous giving. Make your decisions about giving from a heart that loves the Lord and desires to serve Him by loving others.
Jesus said to him, “’You shall love the LORD your God with all your heart, with all your soul, and with all your mind.’ This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like it: ‘You shall love your neighbor as yourself.’”
Be Ready Always...
to give a reason for the Hope that you have (1 Peter 3:15). When you can’t share the gospel with your words, share it by leaving tracts that tell people about God's grace.
When leaving a tract, always be diligent to pray about the short gospel message. Pray that it be found by someone who is in need of Jesus’ saving grace, and pray that the person will have a tender heart and open ears to receive the gift Jesus desires to give them.
By the power of the Holy Spirit, even a small tract can help in turning a broken sinner from darkness to light.
SHARE THE GOSPEL!
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