Input: Thus, enhanced adipogenesis and/or lipogenesis capacities may predispose the offspring to fat accumulation.


Input: Abnormal hypothalamus-adipose axis circadian rhythms were also evidenced.


Input: This review mainly focuses on studies in rodents.


Input: It highlights hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms responsible for long-lasting programming of energy balance in the offspring.


Input: Dietary supplementation may provide a therapeutic option using a specific regimen for reversing adverse programming outcomes in humans.


Input: Large-area fabrication of periodic sub-15 nm-width single-layer graphene nanorings.

graphene


Input: A periodically aligned array of graphene nanorings (GRNRs) with a sub-15 nm linewidth at a pitch of 450 nm is fabricated with a large area, 9 cm (2), through conventional nanoimprint lithography coupled with sophisticated metal deposition and plasma-etching processes.

graphene


Input: The existence of the single-layer GRNRs is verified by various techniques.


Input: Flexible and stretchable polymers with embedded magnetic nanostructures.


Input: A novel pathway is presented to transfer and embed functional patterned magnetic nanostructures into flexible and stretchable polymeric membranes.


Input: The geometrical and magnetic properties are maintained through the process, realized even directly inside a microfluidic channel.


Input: These results pave the way to the realization of smart biomedical systems and devices based on the integration of magnetic nanostructures into new classes of substrates.


Input: Sclerostin antibody inhibits skeletal deterioration due to reduced mechanical loading.


Input: Sclerostin, a product of the SOST gene produced mainly by osteocytes, is a potent negative regulator of bone formation that appears to be responsive to mechanical loading, with SOST expression increasing following mechanical unloading.


Input: We tested the ability of a murine sclerostin antibody (SclAbII) to prevent bone loss in adult mice subjected to hindlimb unloading (HLU) via tail suspension for 21 days.


Input: Mice (n = 11-17/group) were assigned to control (CON, normal weight bearing) or HLU and injected with either SclAbII (subcutaneously, 25 mg/kg) or vehicle (VEH) twice weekly.


Input: SclAbII completely inhibited the bone deterioration due to disuse, and induced bone formation such that bone properties in HLU-SclAbII were at or above values of CON-VEH mice.


Input: For example, hindlimb bone mineral density (BMD) decreased-9. 2% +/- 1. 0% in HLU-VEH, whereas it increased 4. 2% +/- 0. 7%, 13. 1% +/- 1. 0%, and 30. 6% +/- 3. 0% in CON-VEH, HLU-SclAbII, and CON-SclAbII, respectively (p < 0. 0001).


Input: Trabecular bone volume, assessed by micro-computed tomography (micro CT) imaging of the distal femur, was lower in HLU-VEH versus CON-VEH (p < 0. 05), and was 2-to 3-fold higher in SclAbII groups versus VEH (p < 0. 001).


Input: Midshaft femoral strength, assessed by three-point bending, and distal femoral strength, assessed by micro-finite element analysis (micro FEA), were significantly higher in SclAbII versus VEH-groups in both loading conditions.


Input: Serum sclerostin was higher in HLU-VEH (134 +/- 5 pg/mL) compared to CON-VEH (116 +/- 6 pg/mL, p < 0. 05).


Input: Serum osteocalcin was decreased by hindlimb suspension and increased by SclAbII treatment.


Input: Interestingly, the anabolic effects of sclerostin inhibition on some bone outcomes appeared to be enhanced by normal mechanical loading.


Input: Altogether, these results confirm the ability of SclAbII to abrogate disuse-induced bone loss and demonstrate that sclerostin antibody treatment increases bone mass by increasing bone formation in both normally loaded and underloaded environments.


Input: Effects of bisphenol A on growth and nitrogen nutrition of roots of soybean seedlings.

bisphenol A

nitrogen


Input: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental endocrine disruptor that seriously threatens ecological systems.

Bisphenol A

BPA


Input: Plants are the primary producers in ecological systems, but little information is available concerning the toxic effect of BPA on plants.

BPA


Input: In the present study, the effects of BPA on the growth and nitrogen nutrition of roots of soybean seedlings were investigated by using a root automatic scan apparatus and biochemical methods.

BPA

nitrogen


Input: It was found that when soybean seedlings were treated with 1. 5 mg/L BPA, the growth of roots was improved, the content of nitrate in roots was increased, the content of ammonium in roots was decreased, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in roots were not changed.

BPA

nitrate

ammonium

nitrate

nitrite


Input: The opposite effects were observed in roots treated with 17. 2 mg/L and 50. 0 mg/L BPA, except for an increase in the content of nitrate in roots treated with 17. 2 mg/L BPA and a decrease in the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in roots of soybeans seedlings.

BPA

nitrate

BPA

nitrate

nitrite


Input: Statistical analysis indicated that the change in the nitrogen nutrition of roots of soybean seedlings treated with BPA was one reason why the growth of roots was changed.

nitrogen

BPA


Input: The authors suggest that the potential environmental and ecological risk of BPA to plants should receive more consideration.

BPA


Input: Piccolo NuA4-catalyzed acetylation of nucleosomal histones: critical roles of an Esa1 Tudor/chromo barrel loop and an Epl1 enhancer of polycomb A (EPcA) basic region.


Input: Piccolo NuA4 is an essential yeast histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complex that targets histones H4 and H2A in nucleosome substrates.


Input: While Piccolo NuA4' s catalytic subunit Esa1 alone is unable to acetylate nucleosomal histones, its accessory subunits, Yng2 and Epl1, enable Esa1 to bind to and to act on nucleosomes.


Input: We previously determined that the Tudor domain of Esa1 and the EPcA homology domain of Epl1 play critical roles in Piccolo NuA4' s ability to act on the nucleosome.


Input: In this work, we pinpoint a loop within the Esa1 Tudor domain and a short basic region at the N terminus of the Epl1 EPcA domain as necessary for this nucleosomal HAT activity.

N


Input: We also show that this Esa1 Tudor domain loop region is positioned close to nucleosomal DNA and that the Epl1 EPcA basic region is in proximity to the N-terminal histone H2A tail, the globular region of histone H4, and also to nucleosomal DNA when Piccolo NuA4 interacts with the nucleosome.


Input: Since neither region identified is required for Piccolo NuA4 to bind to nucleosomes and yet both are needed to acetylate nucleosomes, these regions may function after the enzyme binds nucleosomes to disengage substrate histone tails from nucleosomal DNA.


Input: Highly predictive ligand-based pharmacophore and homology models of ABHD6.


Input: alpha/beta-Hydrolase domain-containing 6 (ABHD6) represents a potentially attractive therapeutic target for indirectly potentiating 2-arachidonoylglycerol signaling; however, the enzyme is currently largely uncharacterized.


Input: Here, we describe a five element, ligand-based pharmacophore model along with a refined homology model of ABHD6.


Input: Following a virtual screen of a modest database, both the pharmacophore and homology models were found to be highly predictive, preferentially identifying ABHD6 inhibitors over drug-like non-inhibitors.


Input: The models yield insight into the features required for optimal ligand binding to ABHD6 and the atomic structure of the binding site.


Input: In combination, the two models should be very helpful not only in high-throughput virtual screening, but also in lead optimization, and will facilitate the development of novel, selective ABHD6 inhibitors as potential drugs.


Input: Toosendanin induces apoptosis through suppression of JNK signaling pathway in HL-60 cells.

Toosendanin


Input: Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid isolated from Melia toosendan Sieb.

Toosendanin

TSN

triterpenoid


Input: et Zucc., has been found to suppress proliferation and induce apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cells.


Input: However, the mechanism how TSN induces apoptosis remains poorly understood.

TSN


Input: In this study, we examined the effects of TSN on the growth, cell cycle arrest, induction of apoptosis and the involved signaling pathway in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells.

TSN


Input: Proliferation of HL-60 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner with the IC (50 (48 h)) of 28 ng/mL.


Input: The growth inhibition was due primarily to the S phase arrest and cell apoptosis.


Input: Cell apoptosis induced by TSN was confirmed by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining.

TSN

FITC

propidium iodide


Input: The increase of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax, cleaved PARP and caspase-3, and the decrease of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 were observed.


Input: Western blot analysis indicated that TSN inhibits the CDC42/MEKK1/JNK pathway.

TSN


Input: Taken together, our study suggested, for the first time, that the pro-apoptotic effects of TSN on HL-60 cells were mediated through JNK signaling pathway.

TSN


Input: Griseofulvin inhibits the growth of adrenocortical cancer cells in vitro.

Griseofulvin


Input: Supernumerary centrosomes and aneuploidy are associated with a malignant phenotype of tumor cells.


Input: Centrosomal clustering is a mechanism used by cancer cells with supernumerary centrosomes to solve the threatening problem of multipolar spindles.


Input: Griseofulvin is an antifungal substance that interferes with the microtubule apparatus and inhibits centrosomal clustering.

Griseofulvin


Input: It has also been demonstrated that griseofulvin inhibits the growth of tumor cells in vitro and in vivo.

griseofulvin


Input: However, it is not yet known whether treatment with griseofulvin inhibits growth of adrenocortical tumor cells.

griseofulvin


Input: We studied the viability and antiproliferative effects of griseofulvin on cultured NCI-H295R adrenocortical carcinoma cells using Wst-1-, BrdUrd-, and [3H]-thymidine assays.

griseofulvin

BrdUrd


Input: For the detection of apoptosis we used a caspase 3/7 cleavage assay and light microscopy techniques.


Input: We observed that incubation with griseofulvin for 24-48 h leads to a decrease in the viability and proliferation of NCI-H295R cells in a dose-dependent manner.

griseofulvin


Input: Significant effects could be observed after incubation with griseofulvin as measured by Wst-1-, BrdUrd-, and [3H] dT-uptake assays.

griseofulvin

BrdUrd

[3H] dT


Input: Apoptosis of NCI-H295R cells was increased in a dose-dependent manner up to 4. 5-fold after incubation with griseofulvin 40 mu M for 24 h as shown by caspase 3/7 cleavage assay and light microscopy.

griseofulvin


Input: With regard to new treatment strategies for adrenocortical cancer, griseofulvin, and possibly other agents, which interfere with the microtubule apparatus and inhibit centrosomal clustering, may turn out to be interesting targets for further research.

griseofulvin


Input: Nano-titanium dioxide induces genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line, A549.

titanium dioxide


Input: The increased inhaled application of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO (2) NPs) increases the potential pulmonary health risks.

titanium dioxide

TiO (2)


Input: The present investigations were carried out to study the TiO (2) NPs-induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the human lung cancer cell line, A549, a widely used cell system for pulmonary toxicity studies.

TiO (2)


Input: Tetrazolium bromide salt and lactate dehydrogenase release assays were used to study the cytotoxicity.

Tetrazolium bromide salt

lactate


Input: The genotoxicity studies were carried out using cytokinesis block micronucleus assay.


Input: Apoptosis was confirmed by the formation of apoptotic bodies and altered expression (messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein) of markers such as P (53), P (21), Bax, Bcl (2) and cleaved caspase-3.


Input: Cells exposed to TiO (2) NPs (10 and 50 mu g/ml) for 6-24 h shows significant induction in oxidative stress, that is, the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde and decrease in the activity of catalase and glutathione.

TiO (2)

oxygen

malondialdehyde

glutathione


Input: TiO (2) NPs exposure also induces the formation of apoptotic bodies and micronucleus as marker of genotoxicity.

TiO (2)


Input: A significant up-regulation in the expression of apoptosis markers such as P (53), P (21) and cleaved caspase-3 was observed, while the levels were down-regulated for Bcl (2) at both mRNA and protein levels.


Input: TiO (2) NPs exposure could not pose significant effects on Bax expression.

TiO (2)


Input: Data indicate that nano-TiO (2) induces oxidative stress, genotoxicity and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line, A549.

TiO (2)


Input: Our result also identifies the mechanisms involved in TiO (2) NP-induced changes in A549 cells.

TiO (2)


Input: Perhaps, reporting for the first time, the association of TiO (2) NPs-induced genotoxicity and apoptosis at transcriptional and translational level in the human lung cancer cell line, A549 cells.

TiO (2)


Input: The antinociceptive effects of nicotinic receptors alpha 7-positive allosteric modulators in murine acute and tonic pain models.


Input: The alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtype is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system and in the periphery.

acetylcholine


Input: Recent evidence suggests that alpha 7 nAChR subtypes, which can be activated by an endogenous cholinergic tone, comprising acetylcholine and the alpha 7 nAChR agonist choline, play an important role in subchronic pain and inflammation.

acetylcholine

choline


Input: This study' s objective was to test whether alpha 7 nAChR positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) produce antinociception in in vivo mouse models of acute and persistent pain.


Input: Testing type I [N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-N'-[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl] (NS1738)] and type II [1-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl) (PNU-120596)] alpha 7 nAChR PAMs in acute and persistent pain, we found that, although neither reduced acute thermal pain, only PNU-120596 dose-dependently attenuated paw-licking behavior in the formalin test.

N-(5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-N'-[2-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl) phenyl

1-(5-chloro-2, 4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-3-(5-methyl-isoxazol-3-yl)

formalin


Input: The long-acting effect of PNU-120596 in this test was in discordance with its pharmacokinetic profile in mice, which suggests the involvement of postreceptor signaling mechanisms.


Input: Our results with selective mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase inhibitor 1, 4-diamino-2, 3-dicyano-1, 4-bis (o-aminophenylmercapto) butadiene monoethanolate (U0126) argues for an important role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 pathways activation in PNU-120596' s antinociceptive effects.

1, 4-diamino-2, 3-dicyano-1, 4-bis (o-aminophenylmercapto) butadiene monoethanolate


Input: The alpha 7 antagonist MLA, administered intrathecally, reversed PNU-120596' s effects, confirming PNU-120596' s action, in part, through central alpha 7 nAChRs.

MLA


Input: Importantly, tolerance to PNU-120596 was not developed after subchronic treatment of the drug.


Input: Surprisingly, PNU-120596' s antinociceptive effects were blocked by NS1738.


Input: Our results indicate that type II alpha 7 nAChR PAM PNU-120596, but not type I alpha 7 nAChR PAM NS1738, shows significant antinociception effects in persistent pain models in mice.


Input: A cyclometallated iridium (III) complex as a c-myc G-quadruplex stabilizer and down-regulator of c-myc oncogene expression.

cyclometallated iridium (III)


Input: A new cyclometallated iridium (III) complex with the 2, 2'-biquinoline N-donor ligand has been synthesized and characterized.

cyclometallated iridium (III)

2, 2'-biquinoline N


Input: The interaction and affinity of the complex towards c-myc G-quadruplex and duplex DNA have been investigated using UV/Vis spectroscopy and gel mobility shift assay.


Input: These studies revealed that complex 1 binds to c-myc G-quadruplexes (Pu22 and Pu27) with high affinity but does not interact with duplex DNA either by intercalation or groove binding.


Input: The ability of 1 to stabilize c-myc G-quadruplex DNA in vitro has also been examined through a PCR stop assay and a cell-based luciferase reporter assay.


Input: Complex 1 displays promising cytotoxic activity against the HeLa cell line with sub-micromolar potency.


Input: Platycodin D attenuates bile duct ligation-induced hepatic injury and fibrosis in mice.

Platycodin D


Input: Platycodin D (PD) is the major triterpene saponin in the root of Platycodon grandiflorum.

Platycodin D

triterpene saponin


Input: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the protective effects of PD on bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced cholestasis in mice.


Input: Mice were allocated to five groups: sham, BDL alone, and BDL with PD treatment at 1, 2, and 4mg/kg.


Input: PD was administered to the mice for 28 consecutive days after the BDL operation.


Input: PD treatment of BDL-operated mice decreased serum alanine aminotransferase, serum aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels by up to 37%, 31%, and 41%, respectively, in comparison with the levels in mice that underwent BDL alone.

alanine

aspartate

bilirubin


Input: PD treatment attenuated oxidative stress, as evidenced by an increase in anti-oxidative enzyme levels glutathione and superoxide dismutase together with a decrease in lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress indices levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide.

glutathione

superoxide

malondialdehyde

nitric oxide


Input: Histopathological studies further confirmed the protective effects of PD on cholestasis-induced hepatic injury and liver fibrosis in mice.


Input: In addition, nuclear factor-kappa B and inducible nitric oxide synthase levels significantly decreased after PD treatment, as did the levels of hepatocyte apoptosis.

nitric oxide


Input: Taken together, these results suggest that PD treatment might be beneficial in cholestasis-induced hepatotoxicity.


Input: Endocrine disruptive potential of endosulfan on the reproductive axis of Cichlasoma dimerus (Perciformes, Cichlidae).

endosulfan


Input: Endosulfan (ES), a persistent organochlorine pesticide, is widely used despite its toxicity to non-target animals.

Endosulfan

organochlorine


Input: Upon reaching water bodies, ES can cause negative effects on aquatic animals, including disruption of hormonal systems.


Input: However, the action of ES on fish reproductive axis has been hardly studied thus far.


Input: The aim of the present work was to assess the endocrine disruptive potential of endosulfan on the pituitary gonadotropins levels and on the testes function due to ES in the South American freshwater fish Cichlasoma dimerus, using in vitro and in vivo approaches.

endosulfan


Input: In vitro experiments showed that ES inhibited the LH-stimulated steroidogenesis in gonads; no change was observed in gonadotropins release from pituitaries in culture.


Input: Laboratory waterborne ES (0. 1, 0. 3 and 1 mu g/L) exposure for two months caused decrease in beta FSH pituitary content and gamma GT activity in the testes (Sertoli cell function marker).


Input: Testicular histology revealed pathologies such as scarce intermediate stages of spermatogenesis, release of immature germ cells into the lobular lumen, presence of foam cells and interstitial fibrosis.


Input: As FSH and FSH-mediated steroidogenesis regulate spermatogenesis and Sertoli cell function, the effect of ES on FSH could be responsible for the morphological alterations observed in testes.


Input: In vitro, ES disrupted steroidogenesis in gonads, therefore similar effects in vivo cannot be ruled out.


Input: Based on this evidence, ES exhibits an endocrine disruptive action on the reproductive axis of C. dimerus, causing disruption at the pituitary and/or at the gonad level.


Input: These effects could acquire ecological significance under prolonged exposure to the pesticide in nature.


Input: Antiarrhythmic effects of (-)-epicatechin-3-gallate, a novel sodium channel agonist in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes.

sodium


Input: (-)-Epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), a polyphenol extracted from green tea, has been proposed as an effective compound for improving cardiac contractility.

ECG

polyphenol


Input: However, the therapeutic potential of ECG on the treatment of arrhythmia remains unknown.

ECG


Input: We investigated the direct actions of ECG on the modulation of ion currents and cardiac cell excitability in the primary culture of neonatal rat ventricular myocyte (NRVM), which is considered a hypertrophic model for analysis of myocardial arrhythmias.

ECG


Input: By using the whole-cell patch-clamp configurations, we found ECG enhanced the slowly inactivating component of voltage-gated Na (+) currents (I (Na)) in a concentration-dependent manner (0. 1-100 mu M) with an EC (50) value of 3. 8 mu M.

ECG

Na (+)


Input: ECG not only shifted the current-voltage relationship of peak I (Na) to the hyperpolarizing direction but also accelerated I (Na) recovery kinetics.

ECG


Input: Working at a concentration level of I (Na) enhancement, ECG has no notable effect on voltage-gated K (+) currents and L-type Ca (2 +) currents.

ECG

K (+)

Ca (2 +)


Input: With culture time increment, the firing rate of spontaneous action potential (sAP) in NRVMs was gradually decreased until spontaneous early after-depolarization (EAD) was observed after about one week culture.


Input: ECG increased the firing rate of normal sAP about two-fold without waveform alteration.

ECG


Input: Interestingly, the bradycardia-dependent EAD could be significantly restored by ECG in fast firing rate to normal sAP waveform.

ECG


Input: The expression of dominant cardiac sodium channel subunit, Nav1. 5, was consistently detected throughout the culture periods.

sodium


Input: Our results reveal how ECG, the novel I (Na) agonist, may act as a promising candidate in clinical applications on cardiac arrhythmias.

ECG


Input: Acetylcholinesterase and agrin: Different functions, similar expression patterns, multiple roles.


Input: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and agrin play unique functional roles in the neuromuscular junction (NMJ).


Input: AChE is a cholinergic and agrin a synaptogenetic component.


Input: In spite of their different functions, they share several common features: their targeting is determined by alternative splicing; unlike most other NMJ components they are expressed in both, muscle and motor neuron and both reside on the synaptic basal lamina of the NMJ.


Input: Also, both were reported to play various nonjunctional roles.


Input: However, while the origin of basal lamina bound agrin is undoubtedly neural, the neural origin of AChE, which is anchored to the basal lamina with collagenic tail ColQ, is elusive.


Input: Hypothesizing that motor neuron proteins targeted to the NMJ basal lamina share common temporal pattern of expression, which is coordinated with the formation of basal lamina, we compared expression of agrin isoforms with the expression of AChE-T and ColQ in the developing rat spinal cord at the stages before and after the formation of NMJ basal lamina.


Input: Cellular origin of AChE-T and agrin was determined by in situ hybridization and their quantitative levels by RT PCR.


Input: We found parallel increase in expression of the synaptogenetic (agrin 8) isoform of agrin and ColQ after the formation of basal lamina supporting the view that ColQ bound AChE and agrin 8 isoform are destined to the basal lamina.


Input: Catalytic AChE-T subunit and agrin isoforms 19 and 0 followed different expression patterns.


Input: In accordance with the reports of other authors, our investigations also revealed various alternative functions for AChE and agrin.


Input: We have already demonstrated participation of AChE in myoblast apoptosis; here we present the evidence that agrin promotes the maturation of heavy myosin chains and the excitation-contraction coupling.


Input: These results show that common features of AChE and agrin extend to their capacity to play multiple roles in muscle development.


Input: Sodium/iodide symporter is expressed in the majority of seminomas and embryonal testicular carcinomas.

Sodium

iodide


Input: Testicular cancer is the most frequent cancer in young men.


Input: The large majority of patients have a good prognosis, but in a small group of tumors, the current treatments are not effective.


Input: Radioiodine is routinely used in the treatment of thyroid cancer and is currently investigated as a potential therapeutic tool even for extra-thyroid tumors able to concentrate this radioisotope.

Radioiodine


Input: Expression of Na (+)/I (-) symporter (NIS (SLC5A5)), the glycoprotein responsible for iodide transport, has been demonstrated in normal testicular tissue.

Na (+)

I (-)

iodide


Input: In this study, we analyzed NIS expression in a large series of testicular carcinomas.


Input: Our retrospective series included 107 patients operated for testicular tumors: 98 typical seminomas, six embryonal carcinomas, one mixed embryonal choriocarcinoma, and two Leydig cells tumors.


Input: Expression and regulation of NIS mRNA and protein levels were also investigated in human embryonal testicular carcinoma cells (NTERA) by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting respectively.


Input: Immunohistochemical analysis showed the presence of NIS in the large majority of seminomas (90/98) and embryonal carcinomas (5/7) of the testis but not in Leydig cell carcinomas.


Input: Expression of NIS protein was significantly associated with lymphovascular invasion.


Input: In NTERA cells treated with the histone deacetylase inhibitors SAHA and valproic acid, a significant increase in NIS mRNA (about 60-and 30-fold vs control, P < 0. 001 and P < 0. 01 respectively) and protein levels, resulting in enhanced ability to uptake radioiodine, was observed.

SAHA

valproic acid

radioiodine


Input: Finally, NIS expression in testicular tumors with the more aggressive behavior is of interest for the potential use of targeting NIS to deliver radioiodine in malignant cells.

radioiodine


Input: Evaluation of the relationship between sex, polymorphisms in CYP2C8 and CYP2C9, and pharmacokinetics of angiotensin receptor blockers.


Input: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are used to treat hypertension.


Input: Most ARBs are metabolized by CYP2C9.


Input: The aim of this study is to evaluate the possible association between sex, polymorphisms in the CYP2C8 and CYP2C9 genes, and the pharmacokinetics of losartan, valsartan, candesartan, and telmisartan.

losartan

valsartan

candesartan

telmisartan


Input: The study population comprised 246 healthy volunteers from seven single-dose clinical trials: 64 from two candesartan studies, 43 from a telmisartan study, 36 from a losartan study, and 103 from three valsartan studies.

candesartan

telmisartan

losartan

valsartan


Input: DNA was extracted from blood samples and single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the CYP2C8 (CYP2C8 * 2, CYP2C8 * 3, CYP2C8 * 4, CYP2C8 * 5) and CYP2C9 (CYP2C9 * 2, CYP2C9 * 3) genes were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.


Input: Sex only affected telmisartan pharmacokinetics, since women showed a higher telmisartan C (max) than men (590. 5 +/- 75. 8 ng/ml versus 282. 1 +/- 30. 8 ng/ml; P <= 0. 01).

telmisartan

telmisartan


Input: CYP2C9 variants were associated only with losartan pharmacokinetics: the half-life of losartan was higher in CYP2C9 * 3 allele carriers (3. 1 +/- 0. 4 hours) than in volunteers with the wild-type genotype (2. 3 +/- 0. 1 hours) (P <= 0. 05).

losartan

losartan


Input: CYP2C8 polymorphisms were associated only with valsartan pharmacokinetics, since * 2 allele carriers showed faster clearance (1. 07 +/- 0. 57 l/h. kg) than those with the wild-type genotype (0. 48 +/- 0. 72 l/h. kg; P <= 0. 01) and carriers of the * 3 allele (0. 35 +/- 0. 49 l/h. kg; P <= 0. 001).

valsartan


Input: These results suggest that genotypes for CYP2C9 and CYP2C8 are relevant to the pharmacokinetics of losartan and valsartan, respectively, but not the pharmacokinetics of candesartan or telmisartan.

losartan

valsartan

candesartan

telmisartan


Input: SpliceAid-F: a database of human splicing factors and their RNA-binding sites.


Input: A comprehensive knowledge of all the factors involved in splicing, both proteins and RNAs, and of their interaction network is crucial for reaching a better understanding of this process and its functions.


Input: A large part of relevant information is buried in the literature or collected in various different databases.


Input: By hand-curated screenings of literature and databases, we retrieved experimentally validated data on 71 human RNA-binding splicing regulatory proteins and organized them into a database called' SpliceAid-F' (http://www. caspur. it/SpliceAidF/).


Input: For each splicing factor (SF), the database reports its functional domains, its protein and chemical interactors and its expression data.


Input: Furthermore, we collected experimentally validated RNA-SF interactions, including relevant information on the RNA-binding sites, such as the genes where these sites lie, their genomic coordinates, the splicing effects, the experimental procedures used, as well as the corresponding bibliographic references.


Input: We also collected information from experiments showing no RNA-SF binding, at least in the assayed conditions.


Input: In total, SpliceAid-F contains 4227 interactions, 2590 RNA-binding sites and 1141' no-binding' sites, including information on cellular contexts and conditions where binding was tested.


Input: The data collected in SpliceAid-F can provide significant information to explain an observed splicing pattern as well as the effect of mutations in functional regulatory elements.


Input: Mapping of Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolites in fermenting wheat straight-dough reveals succinic acid as pH-determining factor.

succinic acid


Input: Fermenting yeast does not merely cause dough leavening, but also contributes to the bread aroma and might alter dough rheology.


Input: Here, the yeast carbon metabolism was mapped during bread straight-dough fermentation.

carbon


Input: The concentration of most metabolites changed quasi linearly as a function of fermentation time.


Input: Ethanol and carbon dioxide concentrations reached up to 60 mmol/100g flour.

Ethanol

carbon dioxide


Input: Interestingly, high levels of glycerol (up to 10 mmol/100g flour) and succinic acid (up to 1. 6 mmol/100g flour) were produced during dough fermentation.

glycerol

succinic acid


Input: Further tests showed that, contrary to current belief, the pH decrease in fermenting dough is primarily caused by the production of succinic acid by the yeast instead of carbon dioxide dissolution or bacterial organic acids.

succinic acid

carbon dioxide


Input: Together, our results provide a comprehensive overview of metabolite production during dough fermentation and yield insight into the importance of some of these metabolites for dough properties.


Input: Preparative separation and purification of sulforaphene from radish seeds by high-speed countercurrent chromatography.

sulforaphene


Input: Sulforaphene, a kind of isothiocyanates, derived from glucoraphenin which is the important ingredient of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds, has shown significant pharmacological activities.

Sulforaphene

isothiocyanates

glucoraphenin


Input: In this paper, the separation and purification of sulforaphene from radish seeds, was achieved by high-speed countercurrent chromatography (HSCCC).

sulforaphene


Input: A two-phase solvent system consisted of n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (35: 100: 35: 100, v/v/v/v) was applied.

n-hexane

ethyl acetate

methanol


Input: The revolution speed of the separation column, flow rate of the mobile phase and separation temperature were 800 rpm, 2 ml/min and 30 degrees C, respectively.


Input: From about 1000 mg amount of the crude plant extract, 249. 4 mg of pure sulforaphene was obtained by one-step separation on a 280 ml HSCCC column.

sulforaphene


Input: The purified sulforaphene was at a high purity of 96. 9% and the mass recovery was more than 95%.

sulforaphene


Input: The purity of sulforaphene was determined by HPLC analysis and its chemical structure was assessed by MS, (1) H NMR, (13) C NMR and DEPT-135 NMR.

sulforaphene

(1) H

(13) C


Input: Separation and quantification of water buffalo milk protein fractions and genetic variants by RP-HPLC.


Input: A RP-HPLC method, developed for the separation and quantification of the most common genetic variants of bovine milk proteins, was successfully applied to the analysis of water buffalo milk.


Input: All the most common buffalo casein and whey proteins fractions, as well as their genetic variants, were detected and separated simultaneously in 40 min.


Input: Purified buffalo proteins were used as calibration standards and a total of 536 individual milk samples were analysed for protein composition.


Input: alpha (S1)-, alpha (S2)-, beta gamma-, and kappa-casein were 32. 2%, 15. 8%, 36. 5%, and 15. 5%, respectively, of total casein content, whereas content of beta-Lactoglobulin was approximately 1. 3 times as high as that of alpha-Lactalbumin.


Input: The existence of a polymorphism of kappa-casein was demonstrated in Mediterranean water buffalo and alpha (S1)-and kappa-casein genetic variants were successfully detected by RP-HPLC.


Input: Lead and cadmium concentrations in goat, cow, sheep, and buffalo milks from different regions of Iran.

cadmium


Input: In total, 137 goat, cow, sheep, and buffalo milk samples were collected in different regions of Iran and analysed to determine concentrations of lead and cadmium by a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric method.

cadmium

graphite


Input: The mean recovery of the analytical method was 96. 3% and 104% for cadmium and lead, respectively.

cadmium


Input: The mean lead and cadmium contents obtained from 137 samples were 1. 93 +/- 1. 48 (range: 0. 18-6. 11 ng/ml) and 9. 51 +/- 4. 93 ng/ml (range: 1. 84 ng/ml-30. 50 ng/ml), respectively.

cadmium


Input: Lead concentration in 8. 1% of sheep and 1. 9% of cow milk samples was higher than the newly established Codex standard.


Input: The mean concentrations of cadmium and lead in animals aged <= 3 years (n = 80; 1. 40 +/- 1. 05 ng/ml and 7. 91 +/- 3. 60 ng/ml, respectively) were lower than in animals aged > 3 years (n = 58; 2. 69 +/- 1. 67 ng/ml and 11. 8 +/- 5. 71 ng/ml, respectively).

cadmium


Input: Purification and characterization of membrane-bound polyphenoloxidase (mPPO) from Snake fruit [Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss].


Input: Membrane-bound polyphenoloxidase (mPPO) an oxidative enzyme which is responsible for the undesirable browning reaction in Snake fruit (Salacca zalacca (Gaertn.) Voss) was investigated.


Input: The enzyme was extracted using a non-ionic detergent (Triton X-114), followed by temperature-induced phase partitioning technique which resulted in two separate layers (detergent-poor phase at the upper layer and detergent-rich phase at the lower layer).

Triton X-114


Input: The upper detergent-poor phase extract was subsequently fractionated by 40-80% ammonium sulfate and chromatographed on HiTrap Phenyl Sepharose and Superdex 200 HR 10/30.

ammonium sulfate

Phenyl


Input: The mPPO was purified to 14. 1 folds with a recovery of 12. 35%.


Input: A single prominent protein band appeared on native-PAGE and SDS-PAGE implying that the mPPO is a monomeric protein with estimated molecular weight of 38kDa.

SDS


Input: Characterization study showed that mPPO from Snake fruit was optimally active at pH 6. 5, temperature 30 degrees C and active towards diphenols as substrates.

diphenols


Input: The K (m) and V (max) values were calculated to be 5. 46 mM and 0. 98 U/ml/min, respectively, when catechol was used as substrate.

catechol


Input: Among the chemical inhibitors tested, l-cysteine showed the best inhibitory effect, with an IC (50) of 1. 3 +/- 0. 002 mM followed by ascorbic acid (1. 5 +/- 0. 06 mM), glutathione (1. 5 +/- 0. 07 mM), EDTA (100 +/- 0. 02 mM) and citric acid (186 +/- 0. 16 mM).

l-cysteine

ascorbic acid

glutathione

EDTA

citric acid


Input: Toona sinensis and its major bioactive compound gallic acid inhibit LPS-induced inflammation in nuclear factor-kappa B transgenic mice as evaluated by in vivo bioluminescence imaging.

gallic acid


Input: In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of a nutritious vegetable Toona sinensis (leaf extracts, TS) and its major bioactive compound gallic acid (GA) by analysing LPS-induced NF-kappa B activation in transgenic mice, using bioluminescence imaging.

gallic acid


Input: Mice were challenged intraperitoneally with LPS (1mg/kg) and treated orally with TS or GA (100 or 5mg/kg, respectively).


Input: In vivo and ex vivo imaging showed that LPS increased NF-kappa B luminescence in the abdominal region, which was significantly inhibited by TS or GA.


Input: Immunohistochemical and ELISA analyses confirmed that TS and GA inhibited LPS-induced NF-kappa B, interleukin-1 beta, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha expression.


Input: Microarray analysis revealed that biological pathways associated with metabolism and the immune responses were affected by TS or GA.


Input: Particularly, LPS-induced thioredoxin-like 4B (TXNL4B) 2 expression in the small intestine, and TXNL4B, iNOS, and COX-2 expression in RAW 264. 7 cells were significantly inhibited by TS or GA.


Input: Thus, the anti-inflammatory potential of TS was mediated by the downregulation of NF-kappa B pathway.


Input: HPLC confirmatory method development for the determination of seven quinolones in salmon tissue (Salmo salar L.) validated according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC.

quinolones


Input: A confirmatory high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of seven quinolone antibiotics in tissue of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was developed.

quinolone


Input: Ciprofloxacin (CIP), danofloxacin (DAN), enrofloxacin (ENR), sarafloxacin (SAR), oxolinic acid (OXO), nalidixic acid (NAL) and flumequine (FLU) were separated on a Perfectsil ODS-2 120 (250 mm x 4 mm, 5 mu m) column by gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of 0. 1% trifluoroacetic acid (pH = 1), acetonitrile and methanol at 25 degrees C within 22 min.

Ciprofloxacin

CIP

danofloxacin

DAN

enrofloxacin

ENR

sarafloxacin

SAR

oxolinic acid

OXO

nalidixic acid

NAL

flumequine

FLU

trifluoroacetic acid

acetonitrile

methanol


Input: Analytes were monitored at 255 nm (for the determination of OXO, NAL and FLU) and 275 nm (for CIP, DAN, ENR and SAR) by means of photodiode array detector.

OXO

NAL

FLU

CIP

DAN

ENR

SAR


Input: Examined quinolones were isolated from salmon tissue by extraction with citrate buffer solution (pH = 4. 7) and purified by solid phase extraction using Oasis HLB (200mg/6 mL) cartridges.

quinolones

citrate


Input: The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability and sensitivity according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC.


Input: The accuracy of the method was additionally proved by its application to certified reference material of salmon tissue (BCR (R) 725).


Input: Chemical analysis and anti-inflammatory comparison of the cell culture of Glycyrrhiza with its field cultivated variety.


Input: Suspended cells of Glycyrrhiza (CG) possessed a similar content of flavonoids and a lower content of triterpenes, when compared with its field cultivated equivalent (NG).

flavonoids

triterpenes


Input: Xylene-induced ear oedema and ovalbumin-induced mouse paw oedema were applied, to compare the effects of CG and NG on the acute inflammatory response.

Xylene


Input: Extracts of the cell culture of Glycyrrhiza possessed a similar anti-inflammatory effect to those of NG, through the enhancement of the SOD activity of plasma and liver tissues.


Input: The use of a cell culture of liquorice instead of field cultivation would be potentially profitable.


Input: Antiproliferative and immunoactivatory ability of an enzymatic extract from rice bran.


Input: The validation of natural products as source of functional foods or nutraceuticals has become an important issue in current health research.


Input: Thus, the present work has tested on MOLT-4 cells (human T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemic) the antiproliferative effect of a water-soluble enzymatic extract from rice bran (EERB).


Input: Present work shows that EERB induces cellular death in MOLT-4 cells in a dose-dependent way (0-10mg/mL) but not in non-tumoral lymphocytes.


Input: Flow cytometric analysis of MOLT-4 cells treated with EERB showed the presence of death cells by apoptosis rather than necrosis.


Input: Additionally, EERB also exerts an immunoactivatory effect on N13 microglia cells, by inducing TNF-alpha (tumour necrosis factor-alpha) expression, which plays a key role in the innate immune response to infection.


Input: Accordingly, we can propose EERB as a useful natural standardized extract with antiproliferative and immunoactivatory ability that would be beneficial to apply in the functional food field.


Input: Effect of extrusion conditions on physicochemical and sensorial properties of corn-broad beans (Vicia faba) spaghetti type pasta.


Input: Corn-broad bean spaghetti type pasta was made with a corn/broad bean flour blend in a 70: 30 ratio, through an extrusion-cooking process (Brabender 10 DN single-screw extruder with a 3: 1 compression ratio).


Input: The effect of temperature (T = 80, 90 and 100 degrees C) and moisture (M = 28%, 31% and 34%) on the extrusion responses (specific consumption of mechanical energy and pressure) and the quality of this pasta-like product (expansion, cooking-related losses, water absorption, firmness and stickiness) was assessed.


Input: The structural changes of starch were studied by means of DSC and XRD.


Input: The extrusion-cooking process, at M = 28% and T = 100 degrees C, is appropriate to obtain corn-broad bean spaghetti-type pasta with high protein and dietary fibre content and adequate quality.


Input: The cooking characteristics and resistance to overcooking depended on the degree of gelatinisation and formation of amylose-lipid complexes.


Input: The critical gelatinisation point was 46. 55%; beyond that point, the quality of the product declines.


Input: Quantitative determination of fatty acid chain composition in pork meat products by high resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy.

fatty acid


Input: High resolution (1) H NMR spectroscopy was proposed for the determination of the fatty acid chain profile of lipids in pork meat products during ripening.

(1) H

fatty acid


Input: Two typical Mediterranean PDO salami produced in Calabria, a region in the Southern Italy, were chosen as a case of study.


Input: Quantitative NMR analysis provided the fatty acid chain profiles of total lipid extracts.

fatty acid


Input: The transesterification of total lipid extracts furnished FAME mixtures that enabled quantitation of fatty acid acyl chains in the acylglycerol and FFA portions.

FAME

fatty acid acyl

acylglycerol


Input: In all cases, oleyl chains were predominant, and high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acid chains were observed.

oleyl

polyunsaturated fatty acid


Input: The proposed spectroscopic method allowed also the estimation of the most important nutritional parameters of dry fermented meat products.


Input: Identification of a novel phenolic compound in litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) pericarp and bioactivity evaluation.

phenolic


Input: Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a delicious fruit widely accepted by consumers all over the world.


Input: In this work, phytochemical investigation of litchi pericarp methanol extracts led to the isolation of a novel phenolic, 2-(2-hydroxyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl) phenoxy) benzoic acid, together with kaempferol, isolariciresinol, stigmasterol, butylated hydroxytoluene, 3, 4-dihydroxyl benzoate, methyl shikimate and ethyl shikimate.

methanol

phenolic

2-(2-hydroxyl-5-(methoxycarbonyl) phenoxy) benzoic acid

kaempferol

isolariciresinol

stigmasterol

butylated hydroxytoluene

3, 4-dihydroxyl benzoate

methyl shikimate

ethyl shikimate


Input: Most were found in litchi pericarp for the first time.


Input: Their structures were mainly elucidated by NMR and MS evidences.


Input: Antioxidant activities of the eight compounds were determined by a DPPH radical scavenging assay and the results showed that 2-(2-hydroxy-5-(methoxycarbonyl) phenoxy) benzoic acid, kaempferol, isolariciresinol, butylated hydroxytoluene and 3, 4-dihydroxy benzoate exhibited good antioxidant activities.

DPPH

2-(2-hydroxy-5-(methoxycarbonyl) phenoxy) benzoic acid

kaempferol

isolariciresinol

butylated hydroxytoluene

3, 4-dihydroxy benzoate


Input: An interesting finding was that butylated hydroxytoluene was detected as a natural antioxidant in this work, which was usually taken as a synthesized antioxidant.

butylated hydroxytoluene


Input: Furthermore, the novel compound exhibited no inhibitory effects against tyrosinase and alpha-glucosidase activities.


Input: Rapid resolution liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry method for identification of chemical constituents in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium.


Input: Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium (CRP) is one of the most commonly used traditional Chinese medicines with great medicinal and dietary values.


Input: In this work, we developed an approach utilising rapid resolution liquid chromatography/electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (RRLC-ESI-MS/MS) for the identification and profiling of chemical composition in CRP.


Input: On the basis of RRLC retention times, cochromatography with available authentic standards, mass spectral fragmentation patterns and literature information, a total of 41 chemical compounds, including 4 flavone-C-glycosides, 7 flavonoid-O-glycosides and 19 polymethoxyflavones were unambiguously identified or tentatively characterised in CRP.

flavone-C-glycosides

flavonoid-O-glycosides

polymethoxyflavones


Input: The occurrence of 1 flavone-C-glycoside and 3 cyclic peptides in particular has not yet been described.

flavone-C-glycoside


Input: The results indicated that the developed method could serve as a rapid, effective tool for structural characterisation of chemical constituents in CRP.


Input: Resveratrols in Vitis berry skins and leaves: their extraction and analysis by HPLC.

Resveratrols


Input: An orthogonal L (36) (6) (5) test design was applied to select the optimum conditions for extracting resveratrols from grape berry skins and leaves.

resveratrols


Input: Solvent choice was the most important factor in the extraction of resveratrols, and mixed methanol and ethyl acetate [50: 50 (v/v)] had much higher extraction efficiency than the other five solvents tested.

resveratrols

methanol

ethyl acetate


Input: For extracting resveratrols, 1g of berry skins or leaf tissue extracted in 10 mL methanol and ethyl acetate [50: 50 (v/v)] for 24h at 25 degrees C in darkness was the optimized extraction condition.

resveratrols

methanol

ethyl acetate


Input: The optimized analytical method for HPLC was a multi-step gradient elution using acetonitrile and water.

acetonitrile


Input: The optimized method was used to determine resveratrols among three different cultivars.

resveratrols


Input: The cultivar' Zhi 168' had the highest total resveratrols in berry skins while' Saint-Emilion' had the lowest resveratrols.

resveratrols

resveratrols


Input: The resveratrol content of' Beta' was between that of' Zhi 168' and' Saint-Emilion'.

resveratrol


Input: Electronic nose and GC-MS analysis of volatile compounds in Tuber magnatum Pico: evaluation of different storage conditions.


Input: The characteristic aromatic composition of white truffles (Tuber magnatum Pico) determines its culinary and commercial value.


Input: However modifications of truffle organoleptic proprieties occur during preservation.


Input: A study of headspace of white truffles by using Electronic nose (E-nose), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and sensory analyses was performed.


Input: Truffles were stored at different conditions for 7 days: + 4 and + 8 degrees C wrapped in blotting paper or covered by rice or none of the above.


Input: Headspace E-nose measurements and sensory analyses were performed each day.


Input: Statistical multivariate analysis of the data showed the capability of E-nose to predict sensorial analysis scores and to monitor aroma profile changes during storage.


Input: Truffle' s volatile molecules were also extracted by headspace solid phase microextraction technique and separated and identified by GC-MS.


Input: Partial Components Analysis of data was performed.


Input: E-nose and GC-MS results were in agreement and showed that truffle storage in paper at + 8 degrees C seemed to be the best storage condition.


Input: Comparison of different methods to quantify fat classes in bakery products.


Input: The definition of fat differs in different countries; thus whether fat is listed on food labels depends on the country.


Input: Some countries list crude fat content in the' Fat' section on the food label, whereas other countries list total fat.


Input: In this study, three methods were used for determining fat classes and content in bakery products: the Folch method, the automated Soxhlet method, and the AOAC 996. 06 method.


Input: The results using these methods were compared.


Input: Fat (crude) extracted by the Folch and Soxhlet methods was gravimetrically determined and assessed by fat class using capillary gas chromatography (GC).


Input: In most samples, fat (total) content determined by the AOAC 996. 06 method was lower than the fat (crude) content determined by the Folch or automated Soxhlet methods.


Input: Furthermore, monounsaturated fat or saturated fat content determined by the AOAC 996. 06 method was lowest.


Input: Almost no difference was observed between fat (crude) content determined by the Folch method and that determined by the automated Soxhlet method for nearly all samples.


Input: In three samples (wheat biscuits, butter cookies-1, and chocolate chip cookies), monounsaturated fat, saturated fat, and trans fat content obtained by the automated Soxhlet method was higher than that obtained by the Folch method.


Input: The polyunsaturated fat content obtained by the automated Soxhlet method was not higher than that obtained by the Folch method in any sample.


Input: Nutrients, phytochemicals and bioactivity of wild Roman chamomile: a comparison between the herb and its preparations.


Input: Roman chamomile, Chamaemelum nobile L.


Input: (Asteraceae), has been used for medicinal applications, mainly through oral dosage forms (decoctions and infusions).


Input: Herein, the nutritional characterisation of C. nobile was performed, and herbal material and its decoction and infusion were submitted to an analysis of phytochemicals and bioactivity evaluation.


Input: The antioxidant activity was determined by free radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation, the antitumour potential was tested in human tumour cell lines (breast, lung, colon, cervical and hepatocellular carcinomas), and the hepatotoxicity was evaluated using a porcine liver primary cell culture.


Input: C. nobile proved to be an equilibrated valuable herb rich in carbohydrates and proteins, and poor in fat, providing tocopherols, carotenoids and essential fatty acids (C18: 2n6 and C18: 3n3).

carbohydrates

tocopherols

fatty acids


Input: Moreover, the herb and its infusion are a source of phenolic compounds (flavonoids such as flavonols and flavones, phenolic acids and derivatives) and organic acids (oxalic, quinic, malic, citric and fumaric acids) that showed antioxidant and antitumour activities, without hepatotoxicity.

phenolic

flavonoids

flavonols

flavones

phenolic acids

oxalic, quinic, malic, citric and fumaric acids


Input: The most abundant compounds in the plant extract and infusion were 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid and an apigenin derivative.

5-O-caffeoylquinic acid

apigenin


Input: These, as well as other bioactive compounds, are affected in C. nobile decoction, leading to a lower antioxidant potential and absence of antitumour potential.


Input: The plant bioactivity could be explored in the medicine, food, and cosmetic industries.


Input: ' Emerging' mycotoxins in cereals processing chains: changes of enniatins during beer and bread making.

enniatins


Input: Enniatins represent an emerging food safety issue because of their extensive incidence, documented in recent decades, in various small grain cereals.

Enniatins


Input: This study was concerned with the fate of these Fusarium mycotoxins within malting, brewing, milling and baking, when employed for the processing of contaminated barley and wheat.


Input: Besides enniatins A, A1, B and B1, also deoxynivalenol and its conjugated form (deoxynivalenol-3-glucoside) were determined in almost all tested cereal-based samples.

enniatins A, A1, B and B1

deoxynivalenol


Input: Significant decline of enniatins occurred within all technologies, with the largest drop in their concentrations observed in the brewing process.

enniatins


Input: While enniatins were not detectable in final beers, they were almost quantitatively transferred to spent grains, probably because of their limited water solubility.

enniatins


Input: Regarding bread baking, levels of enniatins decreased down to 30% of their concentration in the initial flour used for baking.

enniatins


Input: In this case, degradation at higher temperatures might be assumed.


Input: Dietary Monascus adlay supplements facilitate suppression of cigarette smoke-induced pulmonary endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, apoptosis and emphysema-related PLGF in the rat.


Input: Cigarette smoke (CS) exposure may cause oxidative stress in the lung, leading to cell death and long-term injury.


Input: Monascus adlay (MA) with antioxidant components produced by inoculating adlay (Cois lachrymal-jobi L. var. ma-yuen Stapf) with Monascus purpureus may protect lung against CS-induced lung injuries in rats.


Input: MA and lovastatin had higher antioxidant activities than either M. purpureus or adlay.

lovastatin


Input: CS exposure caused significant lung damage, as evidenced by higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), neutrophil infiltration, dityrosine and 4-HNE, as well as lower levels of Mn-superoxide dismutase and catalase expression.

oxygen

dityrosine

Mn

superoxide


Input: Lung tissues with CS exposure had higher levels of ER stress, apoptosis, autophagy and emphysema-related placenta growth factor (PlGF) expressions.


Input: All CS-induced injuries were significantly suppressed by MA supplements.


Input: MA would be a beneficial nutritional therapy to ameliorate CS-induced lung injury via preserving antioxidant defense mechanisms, decreasing oxidative stress and inhibiting ER stress, autophagy, apoptosis and emphysema-related risk factor.


Input: An extract procedure for studying the free and glycosilated aroma compounds in grapes.


Input: In this study seven published methods of extraction of skin free and bound volatile compounds have been compared.


Input: The free and bound volatiles were separated by solid phase extraction (SPE) and then analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS).


Input: The results showed that the extraction of volatile compounds from grapes is highly affected by extraction solution features.


Input: The solution at pH 3. 2 and 0% ethanol resulted the most effective as it led to the extraction of a higher number and amount of free and glycosilated volatile compounds.

ethanol


Input: The selected extraction method of grape skin and the process of pulp juice were validated for quantitative determination of a wide range of grape aroma compounds.


Input: A total of 37 free and bound grape aroma compounds were quantified by GC-MS in selective ion monitoring modality (SIM).


Input: Among them, 26 volatile compounds resulted validated in grape skin and pulp juice.


Input: One-step purification of lactoperoxidase from bovine milk by affinity chromatography.


Input: Sulphanilamide was determined to be a new inhibitor of lactoperoxidase (LPO) with an IC (50) of 0. 848. 10 (-5) M.

Sulphanilamide


Input: The K (i) for sulphanilamide was determined to be 3. 57. 10 (-5) M and sulphanilamide showed competitive inhibition, which makes it a suitable ligand for constructing a Sepharose 4B-L-tyrosine affinity matrix.

sulphanilamide

sulphanilamide

Sepharose 4B

L-tyrosine


Input: The affinity matrix was synthesised by coupling sulphanilamide as the ligand and L-tyrosine as the spacer arm to a cyanogen bromide (CNBr)-activated-Sepharose 4B matrix.

sulphanilamide

L-tyrosine

cyanogen bromide

CNBr

Sepharose 4B


Input: Lactoperoxidase was purified 409-fold from the synthesized affinity matrix in a single step, with a yield of 62. 3% and a specific activity of 40. 9 EU/mg protein.


Input: The enzyme activity was measured using ABTS as a chromogenic substrate (pH 6. 0).

ABTS


Input: The degree of LPO purification was monitored by SDS-PAGE and its R (z) (A (412)/A (280)) value.

SDS


Input: The R (z) value for the purified LPO was found to be 0. 7.


Input: Maximum binding was achieved and K (m) and V (max) values were determined.


Input: Infusion and decoction of wild German chamomile: bioactivity and characterization of organic acids and phenolic compounds.

phenolic


Input: Natural products represent a rich source of biologically active compounds and are an example of molecular diversity, with recognised potential in drug discovery.


Input: Herein, the methanol extract of Matricaria recutita L.

methanol


Input: (German chamomile) and its decoction and infusion (the most consumed preparations of this herb) were submitted to an analysis of phytochemicals and bioactivity evaluation.


Input: The antioxidant activity was determined by free radicals scavenging activity, reducing power and inhibition of lipid peroxidation; the antitumour potential was tested in human tumour cell lines (breast, lung, colon, cervical and hepatocellular carcinomas), and the hepatotoxicity was evaluated using a porcine liver primary cell culture (non-tumour cells).


Input: All the samples revealed antioxidant properties.


Input: The decoction exhibited no antitumour activity (GI (50) > 400 mu g/mL) which could indicate that this bioactivity might be related to compounds (including phenolic compounds) that were not extracted or that were affected by the decoction procedure.

phenolic


Input: Both plant methanol extract and infusion showed inhibitory activity to the growth of HCT-15 (GI (50) 250. 24 and 298. 23 mu g/mL, respectively) and HeLa (GI (50) 259. 36 and 277. 67 mu g/mL, respectively) cell lines, without hepatotoxicity (GI (50) > 400 mu g/mL).

methanol


Input: Infusion and decoction gave higher contents of organic acids (24. 42 and 23. 35 g/100g dw).


Input: Otherwise, the plant methanol extract contained the highest amounts of both phenolic acids (3. 99 g/100g dw) and flavonoids (2. 59 g/100g dw).

methanol

phenolic acids

flavonoids


Input: The major compound found in all the preparations was luteolin O-acylhexoside.

luteolin O-acylhexoside


Input: Overall, German chamomile contains important phytochemicals with bioactive properties (mainly antitumour potential selective to colon and cervical carcinoma cell lines) to be explored in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetics industries.


Input: Authentication of beeswax (Apis mellifera) by high-temperature gas chromatography and chemometric analysis.


Input: Chemical characterization and authentication of beeswax of Apis mellifera was performed by high temperature capillary gas chromatography coupled to electron impact mass spectrometry or to flame ionisation detection and chemometric analysis.


Input: Many major components (> 50) of beeswax, odd and even hydrocarbons, oleofin, palmitate, oleate and hydroxypalmitate monoesters were detected, and for the first time palmitate and oleate monoesters esterified with 1-octadecanol and 1-eicosanol are reported to be present in beeswax.

hydrocarbons

oleofin

palmitate

oleate

hydroxypalmitate monoesters

palmitate and oleate monoesters


Input: Unsupervised pattern recognition procedures, cluster analysis and principal component analysis, were used to find data patterns and successfully differentiate authentic and paraffin adulterated beeswax based on the chemical profile obtained.

paraffin


Input: Independent assessment of beeswax quality and performance of the unsupervised classification methods were performed using classical analytical parameters.


Input: The discrimination power of the chemometric unsupervised methods for detection of paraffin adulterated beeswax was superior to the discriminating power of classical analytical parameters.

paraffin


Input: Using linear discriminant analysis, classification rules for authentic and paraffin adulterated beeswax samples were developed.

paraffin


Input: The model was validated by leave-one-out cross validation and showed good recognition and prediction abilities, 100% and 99%, respectively.


Input: Antioxidant activity comparison between [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium salt and the related racemate form.

[6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid calcium


Input: Folates, such as [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid, have been introduced in the market both in vitamin pills and in fortified foods.

Folates

[6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid


Input: Their antioxidant activity has been evaluated, but stereoisomer influence on activity has not been proven.


Input: In this study, a comparison between [6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (5-MTHF) and its racemate [6R, S] form was made by TEAC assay at different pHs, FRAP assay, and ORAC assay.

[6S]-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid


Input: The results showed that the [6S] form had higher antioxidant activity than its racemate form in the TEAC assay at all pHs, with similar values in the FRAP and ORAC assays.


Input: Results suggest that stereoisomeric difference could influence the antioxidant activity of 5-MTHF and hence should be taken into account when folates are added to foodstuffs to improve their nutritional value.

folates


Input: Use of viscera extract from hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x Clarias gariepinus) for the production of protein hydrolysate from toothed ponyfish (Gazza minuta) muscle.


Input: Proteolytic activity of viscera extract from hybrid catfish (Clarias macrocephalus x Clarias gariepinus) was studied.


Input: The optimal pH and temperature were 9. 0 and 50 degrees C, respectively, when toothed ponyfish (Gazza minuta) muscle was used as a substrate.


Input: When viscera extract from hybrid catfish was used for the production of protein hydrolysate from toothed ponyfish muscle, extract concentration, reaction time, and fish muscle/buffer ratio affected the hydrolysis and nitrogen recovery (NR) (p < 0. 05).

nitrogen


Input: Optimum conditions for toothed ponyfish muscle hydrolysis were 3. 5% hybrid catfish viscera extract, 15 min reaction time and fish muscle/buffer ratio of 1: 3 (w/v).


Input: High correlation between the degree of hydrolysis (DH) and NR (R (2) = 0. 974) was observed.


Input: Freeze-dried hydrolysate had a high protein content (89. 02%, dry weight basis) and it was brownish yellow in colour (L (*) = 63. 67, a (*) = 6. 33, b (*) = 22. 41).


Input: The protein hydrolysate contained a high amount of essential amino acids (48. 22%) and had arginine and lysine as the dominant amino acids.

amino acids

arginine

lysine

amino acids


Input: Simultaneous separation and purification of total polyphenols, chlorogenic acid and phlorizin from thinned young apples.

polyphenols

chlorogenic acid

phlorizin


Input: An efficient preparative separation of polyphenols from thinned young apples (TYA) has been developed in the present study.

polyphenols


Input: X-5 resin was verified to offer the best adsorption capacity and desorption ratio for total polyphenols among the eight macroporous resins investigated.

polyphenols


Input: Influential factors, such as pH value and concentration of feeding solution, strippant, and adsorption isotherm to the separation of total polyphenols, were successively investigated on X-5 resin.

polyphenols


Input: After one run treatment, the phenolic content was increased 2. 12-fold from 35. 17% to 74. 64%, with a recovery yield of 89. 35%.

phenolic


Input: Chlorogenic acid and phlorizin were selectively purified using X-5 and polyamide resins.

Chlorogenic acid

phlorizin

polyamide


Input: The contents of chlorogenic acid and phlorizin were 15. 20% and 97. 52% with recovery yields of 89. 16% and 64. 95%, respectively.

chlorogenic acid

phlorizin


Input: The method developed will provide a potential approach for its wide industrial and pharmaceutical use.


Input: Antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of liquid and solid state fermented lentils.


Input: The effect of liquid (LSF) and solid state fermentation (SSF) of lentils for production of water-soluble fractions with antioxidant and antihypertensive properties was studied.


Input: LSF was performed either spontaneously (NF) or by Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) while SSF was performed by Bacillus subtilis (BS).


Input: Native lactic flora in NF adapted better than L. plantarum to fermentative broth and BS counts increased 4. 0 logCFU/g up to 48 h of SSF.


Input: LSF water-soluble fractions had higher (P <= 0. 05) free amino groups, GABA content, antioxidant and angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEI) activities than SSF.

amino

GABA


Input: In addition, GABA and ACEI activity of LSF increased in a time-dependent manner.

GABA


Input: Proteolysis by BS was limited, with slight changes in free amino groups, while GABA, total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity increased throughout fermentation.

amino

GABA

phenolic


Input: Higher antihypertensive potential was observed in NF (96 h) characterised by the highest GABA content (10. 42 mg/g extract), ACE-inhibitory potency (expressed as IC (50)) of 0. 18 mg protein/ml and antioxidant capacity of 0. 26 mmol Trolox equivalents/g extract.

GABA

Trolox


Input: Therefore, water-soluble fermented lentil extracts obtained by LSF are particularly promising as functional ingredients in preventing hypertension.


Input: Fucoxanthin content and antioxidant properties of Undaria pinnatifida.

Fucoxanthin


Input: This study investigated the fucoxanthin content of New Zealand (NZ) Undaria pinnatifida harvested from two locations in the Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand across its growing season.

fucoxanthin


Input: Fucoxanthin content and antioxidant properties of processed New Zealand U. pinnatifida and commercial wakame from Japan and Korea were further compared.

Fucoxanthin


Input: Results showed that U. pinnatifida harvested from Port Underwood had higher fucoxanthin content in the blade compared to Pelorus Sound.

fucoxanthin


Input: The sporophyll also contained a significant amount of fucoxanthin throughout the harvest season, although lower than in the blade.

fucoxanthin


Input: Two antioxidant measurement methods, DPPH and CUPRAC, were utilised to measure antioxidant activities.

DPPH


Input: Processed NZ U. pinnatifida had a lower fucoxanthin content and antioxidant activity than freeze-dried Undaria.

fucoxanthin


Input: Fucoxanthin content and antioxidant activities of NZ processed U. pinnatifida were not significantly different from other commercial samples from Japan and Korea.

Fucoxanthin


Input: In conclusion, U. pinnatifida in New Zealand has a great potential to be a food and nutraceutical resource.


Input: Structure and composition of model cheeses influence sodium NMR mobility, kinetics of sodium release and sodium partition coefficients.

sodium

sodium

sodium


Input: The mobility and release of sodium ions were assessed in model cheeses with three different lipid/protein ratios, with or without added NaCl.

sodium

NaCl


Input: The rheological properties of the cheeses were analysed using uniaxial compression tests.


Input: Microstructure was characterised by confocal laser scanning microscopy.


Input: (23) Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy was used to study the molecular mobility of sodium ions in model cheeses through measurements of the relaxation and creation times.

(23) Na

sodium


Input: Greater mobility was observed in cheeses containing a lower protein content and with added NaCl.

NaCl


Input: The kinetics of sodium release from the cheese to an aqueous phase was correlated with the mobility of sodium ions.

sodium

sodium


Input: The highest rates of sodium release were observed with a lower protein content and with added NaCl.

sodium

NaCl


Input: The water/cheese partition coefficients of sodium increased when NaCl was added or the protein content was higher.

sodium

NaCl


Input: The study highlighted the effect of model cheese characteristics on molecular and macroscopic behaviours of sodium.

sodium


Input: A combination of [+] and [-]-Huperzine A improves protection against soman toxicity compared to [+]-Huperzine A in guinea pigs.

[+] and [-]-Huperzine A

[+]-Huperzine A


Input: The neuropathologic mechanisms after exposure to lethal doses of nerve agent are complex and involve multiple biochemical pathways.


Input: Effective treatment requires drugs that can simultaneously protect by reversible binding to the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and blocking cascades of seizure related brain damage, inflammation, neuronal degeneration as well as promoting induction of neuroregeneration.


Input: [-]-Huperzine A ([-]-Hup A), is a naturally occurring potent reversible AChE inhibitor that penetrates the blood-brain barrier.

[-]-Huperzine A

[-]-Hup A


Input: It also has several neuroprotective effects including modification of beta-amyloid peptide, reduction of oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and induction and regulation of nerve growth factor.


Input: Toxicities at higher doses restrict the neuroporotective ability of [-]-Hup A for treatment.

[-]-Hup A


Input: The synthetic stereoisomer, [+]-Hup A, is less toxic due to poor AChE inhibition and is suitable for both pre-/post-exposure treatments of nerve agent toxicity.

[+]-Hup A


Input: [+]-Hup A block the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA)-induced seizure in rats, reduce excitatory amino acid induced neurotoxicity and also prevent soman induced toxicity with minimum performance decrement.

[+]-Hup A

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NMDA

amino acid


Input: Unique combinations of two stereo-isomers of Hup A may provide an excellent pre/post-treatment drug for the nerve agent induced seizure/status epilepticus.

Hup A


Input: We investigated a combination of [+]-Hup A with a small dose of [-]-Hup A ([+] and [-]-Hup A) against soman toxicity.

[+]-Hup A

[-]-Hup A

[+] and [-]-Hup A

soman


Input: Our data showed that pretreatment with a combination [+] and [-]-Hup A significantly increased the survival rate and reduced behavioral abnormalities after exposure to 1. 2 x LD50 soman compared to [+]-Hup A in guinea pigs.

[+] and [-]-Hup A

[+]-Hup A


Input: In addition, [+] and [-]-Hup A pretreatment inhibited the development of high power of EEG better than [+]-Hup A pretreatment alone.

[+] and [-]-Hup A

[+]-Hup A


Input: These data suggest that a combination of [+] and [-]-Hup A offers better protection than [+]-Hup A and serves as a potent medical countermeasure against lethal dose nerve agent toxicity in guinea pigs.

[+] and [-]-Hup A

[+]-Hup A


Input: Organophosphorus compound esterase profiles as predictors of therapeutic and toxic effects.

Organophosphorus


Input: Certain organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) inhibit various serine esterases (EOHs) via phosphorylation of their active site serines.

organophosphorus

serine

serines


Input: We focused on 4 EOHs of particular toxicological interest: acetylcholinesterase (AChE: acute neurotoxicity; cognition enhancement), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE: inhibition of drug metabolism and/or stoichiometric scavenging of EOH inhibitors; cognition enhancement), carboxylesterase (CaE: inhibition of drug metabolism and/or stoichiometric scavenging of EOH inhibitors), and neuropathy target esterase (NTE: delayed neurotoxicity, OPIDN).


Input: The relative degree of inhibition of these EOHs constitutes the " esterase profile " of an OPC and serves as a major determinant of its net physiological effects.


Input: Thus, understanding and controlling the esterase profile of OPC activity and selectivity toward these 4 target enzymes is a significant undertaking.


Input: In the present study, we analyzed the inhibitor properties of 52 OPCs against the 4 EOHs, along with pairwise and multitarget selectivities between them, using 2 QSAR approaches: Hansch modeling and Molecular Field Topology Analysis (MFTA).


Input: The general formula of the OPCs was (RO) 2P (O) X, where R = alkyl, X =-SCH (Hal) COOEt (Hal = Cl, Br),-SCHCl2,-SCH2Br,-OCH (CF3) R (1) (R (1) = C6H5, CF3, COOEt, COOMe).

(RO) 2P (O) X

alkyl

SCH (Hal) COOEt

Hal

Cl

Br

OCH (CF3) R (1)

COOEt

COOMe


Input: The Hansch model showed that increasing neuropathic potential correlated with rising R hydrophobicity; moreover, OPC binding to scavenger EOHs (BChE and CaE) had different effects on potential acute and delayed neurotoxicity.


Input: Predicted protective roles of BChE and CaE against acute toxicity were enhanced with increasing hydrophobicity, but projected protection against OPIDN was decreased.


Input: Next, Molecular Field Topology Analysis (MFTA) models were built, considering atomic descriptors, e. g., effective charge, van der Waals radius of environment, and group lipophilicity.


Input: Activity/selectivity maps confirmed predictions from Hansch models and revealed other structural factors affecting activity and selectivity.


Input: Virtual screening based on multitarget selectivity MFTA models was used to design libraries of OPCs with favorable esterase profiles for potential application as selective inhibitors of CaE without untoward side effects.


Input: New tools in diagnosis and biomonitoring of intoxications with organophosphorothioates: Case studies with chlorpyrifos and diazinon.

organophosphorothioates

chlorpyrifos

diazinon


Input: Organophosphate (OP) pesticides are neurotoxic compounds that are widely used in agriculture.

Organophosphate


Input: Classical methods for monitoring OP exposure comprise the measurement of intact OP, its metabolites or cholinesterase activity.


Input: Newly developed methods focus on the analysis of the OP adduct bound to proteins such as butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) and albumin.


Input: These adducts can be analyzed by means of fluoride reactivation or by analysis with LC-MS/MS of the pepsin or pronase digest of butyrylcholinesterase and albumin, respectively.

fluoride


Input: The utility of these methods is illustrated through the analysis of plasma samples obtained from patients taken 1-49days after ingestion of the organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and/or diazinon.

organophosphate

chlorpyrifos

diazinon


Input: Thus, in this particular case several independent methodologies were applied to the biomedical samples, all pointing to the same exposure.


Input: Strategies for the selection of catalytic antibodies against organophosphorus nerve agents.

organophosphorus


Input: Among the strategies aimed at biocompatible means for organophosphorus nerve agents neutralization, immunoglobulins have attracted attention in the 1990' s and 2000' s both for their ability to immobilize the toxicants, but also for their ability to be turned into enzymatically active antibodies known as catalytic antibodies or abzymes (antibodies-enzymes).

organophosphorus


Input: We will present here a critical review of the successive strategies used for the selection of these nerve agent-hydrolyzing abzymes, based on hapten design, namely antibodies raised against a wide variety of transition state analogs, and eventually the strategies based on anti-idiotypic antibodies and reactibodies.


Input: Reduced in vitro and in vivo toxicity of siRNA-lipoplexes with addition of polyglutamate.

polyglutamate


Input: We previously designed a new siRNA vector that efficiently silences genes in vitro and in vivo.


Input: The vector originality is based on the fact that, in addition to the siRNA molecule, it contains two components: 1) a cationic liposome that auto-associates with the siRNA to form particles called " lipoplexes " and, 2) an anionic polymer which enhances the lipoplex' s efficiency.


Input: This anionic polymer can be a nucleic acid, a polypeptide or a polysaccharide.


Input: We show here how the nature of the added anionic polymer into our siRNA delivery system impacts the toxic effects induced by siRNA lipoplexes.


Input: We first observed that: (i) siRNA lipoplexes-induced toxicity was cell line dependent, tumoral cell lines being the more sensitive; and (ii) plasmid DNA-containing siRNA lipoplexes were more toxic than polyglutamate-containing ones or cationic liposomes.

polyglutamate


Input: We next determined that the toxicity induced by plasmid-containing lipoplexes is a long-lasting effect that decreased cell survival capacity for several generations.


Input: We also found that treated cells underwent death following apoptosis pathway.


Input: Systemic injection to mice of siRNA lipoplexes, rather than of cationic liposome, triggered a production of several cytokines in mice and replacement of plasmid by polyglutamate reduced the elevation of all assayed cytokines.

polyglutamate


Input: In order to enhance siRNA lipoplexes efficiency, the addition of polyglutamate as anionic polymer should be preferred to plasmid DNA as far as in vitro as well as in vivo toxicity is concerned.

polyglutamate


Input: Helenalin-induced apoptosis is dependent on production of reactive oxygen species and independent of induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress in renal cell carcinoma.

Helenalin

oxygen


Input: Helenalin, a sesquiterpene lactone, exhibits anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities.

Helenalin

sesquiterpene lactone


Input: Here, we investigated whether helenalin could induce apoptosis in human renal carcinoma Caki cells.

helenalin


Input: Helenalin increased apoptosis in dose dependent manner in Caki cells, and also induced apoptosis in other carcinoma cells, such as human renal carcinoma ACHN cells, human colon carcinoma HT29 and HCT116 cells.

Helenalin


Input: We found that helenalin markedly induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related genes, such as regulated in development and DNA damage responses (REDD) 1, activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4) and/or the CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP).

helenalin


Input: However, down-regulation of ATF4 and/or CHOP expression by siRNA had no effect on helenalin-induced apoptosis in Caki and HCT116 cells.

helenalin


Input: Helenalin increased production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Helenalin

oxygen


Input: Furthermore, ROS scavengers, N-acetylcystine (NAC), and glutathione ethyl ester (GEE), reduced helenalin-induced apoptosis.

N-acetylcystine

NAC

glutathione ethyl ester

GEE

helenalin


Input: Taken together, helenalin induced apoptosis via ROS generation in human renal carcinoma Caki cells.

helenalin


Input: Dietary quercetin ameliorates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis induced by a high-fat diet in gerbils.

quercetin


Input: Dietary quercetin is highly abundant in edible plants, which possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties.

quercetin


Input: This study was to investigate hepatoprotective effects of quercetin in the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) gerbils induced by a high-fat diet (HFD), and to evaluate its regulatory mechanism on hepatic inflammatory response.

quercetin


Input: The gerbils were fed with HFD for 28 days to induce NASH.


Input: From 15th day to 28th day, the treated drugs were given daily to each animal, respectively.


Input: The lipid profiles and biochemical markers were determined at the end of the experiment.


Input: The expressions of Sirt1, NF-kappa B p65 and iNOS were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis.


Input: The results showed that oral administration of quercetin at doses of 30-60 mg/kg to hyperlipidemia rats for 14 days were highly effective in decreasing the levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST).

quercetin

cholesterol

triglycerides

cholesterol

alanine

aspartate


Input: It could decrease lipid accumulation in the hepatocytes, and reduce serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 via regulating the expressions of Sirt1, NF-kappa B p65 and iNOS.


Input: Thus, dietary quercetin had significant therapeutic benefits and could be explored as a potential promising candidate for the prevention of NASH.

quercetin


Input: Neuroprotective role of ATP-sensitive potassium channels in cerebral ischemia.

ATP

potassium


Input: ATP-sensitive potassium (K (ATP)) channels are weak, inward rectifiers that couple metabolic status to cell membrane electrical activity, thus modulating many cellular functions.

ATP

potassium

K

ATP


Input: An increase in the ADP/ATP ratio opens K (ATP) channels, leading to membrane hyperpolarization.

ADP

ATP

K

ATP


Input: K (ATP) channels are ubiquitously expressed in neurons located in different regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and cortex.

K

ATP


Input: Brief hypoxia triggers membrane hyperpolarization in these central neurons.


Input: In vivo animal studies confirmed that knocking out the Kir6. 2 subunit of the K (ATP) channels increases ischemic infarction, and overexpression of the Kir6. 2 subunit reduces neuronal injury from ischemic insults.

ATP


Input: These findings provide the basis for a practical strategy whereby activation of endogenous K (ATP) channels reduces cellular damage resulting from cerebral ischemic stroke.

K

ATP


Input: K (ATP) channel modulators may prove to be clinically useful as part of a combination therapy for stroke management in the future.

K

ATP


Input: The kinase activity of EphA4 mediates homeostatic scaling-down of synaptic strength via activation of Cdk5.


Input: Neurons within a network have the ability to homeostatically scale-down their excitatory synaptic strength under conditions of persistent neuronal activity elevation, a process pivotal to neural circuit stability.


Input: How this homeostatic regulation is achieved at the molecular level in developing neural circuits, which face gradually elevated neuronal activity as part of circuit wiring, is not well-understood.


Input: Using dissociated hippocampal neuronal cultures, we identified a critical and cell autonomous role for the receptor tyrosine kinase EphA4 in mediating activity-induced homeostatic down-regulation of excitatory synaptic strength.

tyrosine


Input: Reducing the endogenous level of EphA4 in individual neurons by RNAi effectively blocked activity-induced scaling-down of excitatory synaptic strength, while co-transfection of RNAi resistant EphA4 rescued this effect.


Input: Furthermore, interfering with EphA4 forward signaling using EphA4-Fc blocked activity-induced homeostatic synaptic scaling-down, while direct activation of EphA4 with its ligand EphrinA1 weakened excitatory synaptic strength.


Input: Up-or down-regulating EphA4 function in individual neurons also did not affect the density of excitatory synapses.


Input: The kinase activities of EphA4 and its downstream effector Cdk5 were both required for homeostatic synaptic scaling, as overexpression of EphA4 with constitutively active kinase activity reduced excitatory synaptic strength, while interfering with either the kinase activity of EphA4 or Cdk5 blocked activity-induced synaptic scaling.


Input: Consistently, the activities of EphA4 and Cdk5 increased significantly during global and persistent activity elevation.


Input: Together, our work demonstrated that the kinase activity of EphA4, via activation of downstream Cdk5 activity, mediates the scaling-down of excitatory synaptic strength under conditions of global activity elevation.


Input: A missense polymorphism (rs11466653, Met326Thr) of toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10) is associated with tumor size of papillary thyroid carcinoma in the Korean population.


Input: Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important components of innate immune response.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate whether TLR gene cluster (TLR10-TLR1-TLR6) polymorphisms are associated with the etiology of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and its clinicopathologic characteristics.


Input: We recruited 94 PTC patients and 325 control subjects.


Input: Genotypes for each SNP were determined by direct sequencing.


Input: SNPStats and SPSS 18. 0 were used to evaluate odds ratios (ORs), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P values.


Input: Multiple logistic regression analyzes of genetic data were performed.


Input: The missense SNP rs11466653 was associated with small tumor size (< 1 cm) in PTC.


Input: The frequency of the rs11466653 T allele was higher in PTC patients with tumors < 1 cm in size than in the control group (95. 8 vs. 87. 2%; P = 0. 021, OR = 0. 30, 95% CI = 0. 11-0. 83).


Input: The T allele of rs11466653 (T/C, Met326Thr) in TLR10 may be a risk factor for the development of tumors in PTC in the Korean population.


Input: First-principles calculations of lithium-ion migration at a coherent grain boundary in a cathode material, LiCoO (2).

lithium

LiCoO (2)


Input: Results of theoretical calculations are reported, examining the effect of a coherent twin boundary on the electrical properties of LiCoO (2).

LiCoO (2)


Input: This study suggests that internal interfaces in LiCoO (2) strongly affect the battery voltage, battery capacity, and power density of this material, which is of particular concern if it is used in all-solid-state Li-ion batteries.

LiCoO (2)

Li


Input: Cross-species transcriptomic analysis of mouse and rat lung exposed to chloroprene.

chloroprene


Input: beta-Chloroprene (2-chloro-1, 3-butadiene), a monomer used in the production of neoprene elastomers, is of regulatory interest due to the production of multiorgan tumors in mouse and rat cancer bioassays.

beta-Chloroprene

2-chloro-1, 3-butadiene

neoprene


Input: A significant increase in female mouse lung tumors was observed at the lowest exposure concentration of 12. 8 ppm, whereas a small, but not statistically significant increase was observed in female rats only at the highest exposure concentration of 80 ppm.


Input: The metabolism of chloroprene results in the generation of reactive epoxides, and the rate of overall chloroprene metabolism is highly species dependent.

chloroprene

epoxides

chloroprene


Input: To identify potential key events in the mode of action of chloroprene lung tumorigenesis, dose-response and time-course gene expression microarray measurements were made in the lungs of female mice and female rats.

chloroprene


Input: The gene expression changes were analyzed using both a traditional ANOVA approach followed by pathway enrichment analysis and a pathway-based benchmark dose (BMD) analysis approach.


Input: Pathways related to glutathione biosynthesis and metabolism were the primary pathways consistent with cross-species differences in tumor incidence.

glutathione


Input: Transcriptional BMD values for the pathway were more similar to differences in tumor response than were estimated target tissue dose surrogates based on the total amount of chloroprene metabolized per unit mass of lung tissue per day.

chloroprene


Input: The closer correspondence of the transcriptional changes with the tumor response is likely due to their reflection of the overall balance between metabolic activation and detoxication reactions, whereas the current tissue dose surrogate reflects only oxidative metabolism.


Input: Trans-chromosomic mice containing a human CYP3A cluster for prediction of xenobiotic metabolism in humans.


Input: Human CYP3A is the most abundant P450 isozyme present in the human liver and small intestine, and metabolizes around 50% of medical drugs on the market.


Input: The human CYP3A subfamily comprises four members (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, CYP3A43) encoded on human chromosome 7.


Input: However, transgenic mouse lines carrying the entire human CYP3A cluster have not been constructed because of limitations in conventional cloning techniques.


Input: Here, we show that the introduction of a human artificial chromosome (HAC) containing the entire genomic human CYP3A locus recapitulates tissue-and stage-specific expression of human CYP3A genes and xenobiotic metabolism in mice.


Input: About 700 kb of the entire CYP3A genomic segment was cloned into a HAC (CYP3A-HAC), and trans-chromosomic (Tc) mice carrying a single copy of germline-transmittable CYP3A-HAC were generated via a chromosome-engineering technique.


Input: The tissue-and stage-specific expression profiles of CYP3A genes were consistent with those seen in humans.


Input: We further generated mice carrying the CYP3A-HAC in the background homozygous for targeted deletion of most endogenous Cyp3a genes.


Input: In this mouse strain with' fully humanized' CYP3A genes, the kinetics of triazolam metabolism, CYP3A-mediated mechanism-based inactivation effects and formation of fetal-specific metabolites of dehydroepiandrosterone observed in humans were well reproduced.

triazolam

dehydroepiandrosterone


Input: Thus, these mice are likely to be valuable in evaluating novel drugs metabolized by CYP3A enzymes and in studying the regulation of human CYP3A gene expression.


Input: Furthermore, this system can also be used for generating Tc mice carrying other human metabolic genes.


Input: FlyBase: improvements to the bibliography.


Input: An accurate, comprehensive, non-redundant and up-to-date bibliography is a crucial component of any Model Organism Database (MOD).


Input: Principally, the bibliography provides a set of references that are specific to the field served by the MOD.


Input: Moreover, it serves as a backbone to which all curated biological data can be attributed.


Input: Here, we describe the organization and main features of the bibliography in FlyBase (flybase. org), the MOD for Drosophila melanogaster.


Input: We present an overview of the current content of the bibliography, the pipeline for identifying and adding new references, the presentation of data within Reference Reports and effective methods for searching and retrieving bibliographic data.


Input: We highlight recent improvements in these areas and describe the advantages of using the FlyBase bibliography over alternative literature resources.


Input: Although this article is focused on bibliographic data, many of the features and tools described are applicable to browsing and querying other datasets in FlyBase.


Input: Enhancement on oral absorption of paclitaxel by multifunctional pluronic micelles.

paclitaxel


Input: The aim of the present study is to synthesize Pluronic F127-polyethylenimine-folate (PF127-PEI-FA) copolymer, construct a mixed micelle system with PF127-PEI-FA copolymer and Pluronic P123 (PP123) and to evaluate the potential of these mixed micelles as an oral drug delivery system for paclitaxel (PTX).

Pluronic F127-polyethylenimine-folate

Pluronic P123

paclitaxel

PTX


Input: The results of intestinal absorption revealed that the PTX-loaded micelles displayed superior permeability across intestinal barrier than free drug and PF127-PEI-FA/PP123 mixed micelles exhibited the strongest permeability across intestinal barrier.

PTX


Input: These results were also proved by the studies on cytotoxicity and cell uptake tests.


Input: The mechanism was demonstrated in connection with inhibition of the efflux mediated by intestinal P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and enhancement of the electrostatic interaction of positive micelles with the negative intestinal epithelial cells, thereby promoting the permeation across the intestinal wall.


Input: The presence of verapamil and Pluronic both improved the intestinal absorption of PTX, which further certified the effect of Pluronic on P-gp inhibition.

verapamil

Pluronic

PTX

Pluronic


Input: Pharmacokinetic study demonstrated that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC (0 --> 36 h)) of PTX-loaded micelles was three times greater than the PTX solution (dissolved in a 50/50 (vol/vol) mixture of Cremophore EL/dehydrated ethanol) (p < 0. 05).

PTX

PTX

ethanol


Input: In general PF127-PEI-FA/PP123 mixed micelles were proved to be potential oral drug delivery system for PTX.

PTX


Input: Is polycystic ovary syndrome, a state of relative estrogen excess, a real risk factor for estrogen-dependant malignancies?

estrogen

estrogen


Input: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy affecting women of fertile age.


Input: It is associated with several risk factors and long-term health consequences.


Input: Chronic anovulation combined with relative estrogen excess and consequent prolonged stimulatory effect on the endometrium can lead to the pathogenesis of hormonal dependant carcinoma.

estrogen


Input: PCOS is thus traditionally reported to be associated with increased risk of endometrial, as well as breast and ovarian cancers.


Input: This article provides a critical literature review of the relationship between PCOS and the incidence of estrogen-dependant gynecological tumours, and it then discusses whether the commonly cited risk factor association can be substantiated by high quality studies which comply with the requirements of " evidence-based medicine. "

estrogen


Input: Distribution, fate and histopathological effects of ethion insecticide on selected organs of the crayfish, Procambarus clarkii.

ethion


Input: This study aims to investigate the fate and histopathological effects of ethion on selected organs of the crayfish, Procamabrus clarkii.

ethion


Input: Crayfish were exposed to 1 mg l (-1) (14) C-ethion and the concentrations of ethion and its possible degradation products were measured in water and different organs of the crayfish over both the exposure and recovery periods.

(14) C-ethion

ethion


Input: Chromatographic analysis revealed that ethion was degraded into ethion monooxon, ethion dioxon, O, O-diethyl phosphorothioate, O-ethyl phosphorothioate and one unknown compound.

ethion

ethion monooxon

ethion dioxon

O, O-diethyl phosphorothioate

O-ethyl phosphorothioate


Input: At the end of exposure period, ethion was accumulated in different organs of the crayfish especially in the hepatopancreas and gills.

ethion


Input: Following the transfer of crayfish to clean water for seven days, the concentration of insecticide residues were decreased in both the hepatopancreas and gills suggesting that these organs play an important role in elimination of ethion.

ethion


Input: On the other hand, the exposure of the crayfish to (1/4) 96 h-LC (50) (0. 36 mg l (-1)) of ethion caused extensive ultrastructural alterations to both hepatopancreas and gill epithelial cells.

ethion


Input: In the hepatopancreas, the most notable pathological features included vacuolation, degradation and distinct cell lysis.


Input: In the gill epithelium, the histopathological alterations included infiltration of hemocytes, cytoplasmic vacuolation and a decrease in the number of basal plasma membrane infoldings.


Input: Synthesis and antitumor activity of N-sulfonyl-3, 7-dioxo-5 beta-cholan-24-amides, ursodeoxycholic acid derivatives.

N-sulfonyl-3, 7-dioxo-5 beta-cholan-24-amides

ursodeoxycholic acid


Input: A series of N-sulfonyl-3, 7-dioxo-5 beta-cholan-24-amides, ursodeoxycholic acid derivatives, have been designed and synthesized in nine steps starting from ursodeoxycholic acid.

N-sulfonyl-3, 7-dioxo-5 beta-cholan-24-amides

ursodeoxycholic acid

ursodeoxycholic acid


Input: The in vitro antitumor activity of the target compounds has been evaluated against HCT-116, MCF-7, K562, and SGC-7901 cell lines.


Input: The pharmacological results showed that most of the prepared compounds display excellent selective cytotoxicity toward HCT-116, MCF-7, and K562 cell lines.


Input: Particularly, compounds 10c, 10f and 10g show high inhibitory activity on these human cancer cell lines (IC50: 2. 39-9. 34 mu M).


Input: Conversely, all compounds are generally inactive against SGC-7901, with only 10b having IC 5 0 below 50 mu M.


Input: Precipitation of Ibuprofen Sodium using compressed carbon dioxide as antisolvent.

Ibuprofen Sodium

carbon dioxide


Input: Precipitation with compressed antisolvent (PCA) process was used to produce fine particles of Ibuprofen Sodium with the ultimate goal of obtaining controlled particle size and size distribution of this non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Ibuprofen Sodium


Input: This systematic investigation shows that particle size and size distribution of the final product can be controlled reproducibly by varying a number operating parameters such as antisolvent addition rate, temperature, concentration, and solution addition rate.


Input: The mechanisms that control particle size and particle size distribution were explained by invoking the differences in the relative weight of primary, secondary nucleation and growth kinetic phenomena.


Input: A number of techniques were used for the characterization of the generated particles.


Input: In addition to scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic light scattering measurements were conducted to determine the size of the particles in terms of number-weighted size distribution.


Input: The influence of process parameters on the Ibuprofen Sodium crystallinity was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD).

Ibuprofen Sodium


Input: Moreover, the'' in vitro'' drug performance was tested.


Input: The results showed an improvement of the PCA processed Ibuprofen Sodium'' in vitro'' drug activity.

Ibuprofen Sodium


Input: In addition, dissolution investigations demonstrated that the flow rate, in combination with the particle size distribution, substantially influence the drug " in vitro " dissolution.