Input: Adipose-specific gene deletion in mice is crucial in determining gene function in adipocyte homeostasis and the development of obesity.


Input: We noted 100% mortality when the Hdac3 gene was conditionally deleted using Fabp4-Cre mice, the most commonly used model of adipose-targeted Cre recombinase.


Input: However, this surprising result was not reproduced using other models of adipose targeting of Cre, including a novel Retn-Cre mouse.


Input: These findings underscore the need for caution when interpreting data obtained using Fabp4-Cre mice and should encourage the use of additional or alternative adipose-targeting Cre mouse models before drawing conclusions about in vivo adipocyte-specific functions.


Input: High-dose resveratrol supplementation in obese men: an investigator-initiated, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of substrate metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and body composition.

resveratrol


Input: Obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia constitute risk factors for morbidity and premature mortality.


Input: Based on animal and in vitro studies, resveratrol reverts these risk factors via stimulation of silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (SIRT1), but data in human subjects are scarce.

resveratrol


Input: The objective of this study was to examine the metabolic effects of high-dose resveratrol in obese human subjects.

resveratrol


Input: In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, and parallel-group design, 24 obese but otherwise healthy men were randomly assigned to 4 weeks of resveratrol or placebo treatment.

resveratrol


Input: Extensive metabolic examinations including assessment of glucose turnover and insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp) were performed before and after the treatment.

glucose


Input: Insulin sensitivity, the primary outcome measure, deteriorated insignificantly in both groups.


Input: Endogenous glucose production and the turnover and oxidation rates of glucose remained unchanged.

glucose

glucose


Input: Resveratrol supplementation also had no effect on blood pressure; resting energy expenditure; oxidation rates of lipid; ectopic or visceral fat content; or inflammatory and metabolic biomarkers.

Resveratrol


Input: The lack of effect disagrees with persuasive data obtained from rodent models and raises doubt about the justification of resveratrol as a human nutritional supplement in metabolic disorders.

resveratrol


Input: Islet alpha-, beta-, and delta-cell development is controlled by the Ldb1 coregulator, acting primarily with the islet-1 transcription factor.


Input: Ldb1 and Ldb2 are coregulators that mediate Lin11-Isl1-Mec3 (LIM)-homeodomain (HD) and LIM-only transcription factor-driven gene regulation.


Input: Although both Ldb1 and Ldb2 mRNA were produced in the developing and adult pancreas, immunohistochemical analysis illustrated a broad Ldb1 protein expression pattern during early pancreatogenesis, which subsequently became enriched in islet and ductal cells perinatally.


Input: The islet-enriched pattern of Ldb1 was similar to pan-endocrine cell-expressed Islet-1 (Isl1), which was demonstrated in this study to be the primary LIM-HD transcription factor in developing and adult islet cells.


Input: Endocrine cell-specific removal of Ldb1 during mouse development resulted in a severe reduction of hormone + cell numbers (i. e., alpha, beta, and delta) and overt postnatal hyperglycemia, reminiscent of the phenotype described for the Isl1 conditional mutant.


Input: In contrast, neither endocrine cell development nor function was affected in the pancreas of Ldb2 (-/-) mice.


Input: Gene expression and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analyses demonstrated that many important Isl1-activated genes were coregulated by Ldb1, including MafA, Arx, insulin, and Glp1r.


Input: However, some genes (i. e., Hb9 and Glut2) only appeared to be impacted by Ldb1 during development.


Input: These findings establish Ldb1 as a critical transcriptional coregulator during islet alpha-, beta-, and delta-cell development through Isl1-dependent and potentially Isl1-independent control.


Input: Hyperglycemia slows embryonic growth and suppresses cell cycle via cyclin D1 and p21.


Input: In pregnant women, the diabetic condition results in a three-to fivefold increased risk for fetal cardiac malformations as a result of elevated glucose concentrations and the resultant osmotic stress in the developing embryo and fetus.

glucose


Input: Heart development before septation in the chick embryo was studied under two hyperglycemic conditions.


Input: Pulsed hyperglycemia induced by daily administration of glucose during 3 days of development caused daily spikes in plasma glucose concentration.

glucose

glucose


Input: In a second model, sustained hyperglycemia was induced with a single injection of glucose into the yolk on day 0.

glucose


Input: The sustained model raised the average plasma glucose concentration from 70 mg/dL to 180 mg/dL and led to decreased gene expression of glucose transporter GLUT1.

glucose

glucose


Input: Both models of hyperglycemia reduced embryo size, increased mortality, and delayed development.


Input: Within the heart outflow tract, reduced proliferation of myocardial and endocardial cells resulted from the sustained hyperglycemia and hyperosmolarity.


Input: The cell cycle inhibitor p21 was significantly increased, whereas cyclin D1, a cell cycle promoter, decreased in sustained hyperglycemia compared with controls.


Input: The evidence suggests that hyperglycemia-induced developmental delays are associated with slowed cell cycle progression, leading to reduced cellular proliferation.


Input: The suppression of critical developmental steps may underlie the cardiac defects observed during late gestation under hyperglycemic conditions.


Input: H2DB: a heritability database across multiple species by annotating trait-associated genomic loci.


Input: H2DB (http://tga. nig. ac. jp/h2db/), an annotation database of genetic heritability estimates for humans and other species, has been developed as a knowledge database to connect trait-associated genomic loci.


Input: Heritability estimates have been investigated for individual species, particularly in human twin studies and plant/animal breeding studies.


Input: However, there appears to be no comprehensive heritability database for both humans and other species.


Input: Here, we introduce an annotation database for genetic heritabilities of various species that was annotated by manually curating online public resources in PUBMED abstracts and journal contents.


Input: The proposed heritability database contains attribute information for trait descriptions, experimental conditions, trait-associated genomic loci and broad-and narrow-sense heritability specifications.


Input: Annotated trait-associated genomic loci, for which most are single-nucleotide polymorphisms derived from genome-wide association studies, may be valuable resources for experimental scientists.

nucleotide


Input: In addition, we assigned phenotype ontologies to the annotated traits for the purposes of discussing heritability distributions based on phenotypic classifications.


Input: PTMcode: a database of known and predicted functional associations between post-translational modifications in proteins.


Input: Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are involved in the regulation and structural stabilization of eukaryotic proteins.


Input: The combination of individual PTM states is a key to modulate cellular functions as became evident in a few well-studied proteins.


Input: This combinatorial setting, dubbed the PTM code, has been proposed to be extended to whole proteomes in eukaryotes.


Input: Although we are still far from deciphering such a complex language, thousands of protein PTM sites are being mapped by high-throughput technologies, thus providing sufficient data for comparative analysis.


Input: PTMcode (http://ptmcode. embl. de) aims to compile known and predicted PTM associations to provide a framework that would enable hypothesis-driven experimental or computational analysis of various scales.


Input: In its first release, PTMcode provides PTM functional associations of 13 different PTM types within proteins in 8 eukaryotes.


Input: They are based on five evidence channels: a literature survey, residue co-evolution, structural proximity, PTMs at the same residue and location within PTM highly enriched protein regions (hotspots).


Input: PTMcode is presented as a protein-based searchable database with an interactive web interface providing the context of the co-regulation of nearly 75 000 residues in > 10 000 proteins.


Input: The chemopreventive effect of beta-cryptoxanthin from mandarin on human stomach cells (BGC-823).

beta-cryptoxanthin


Input: beta-Cryptoxanthin, a provitaminic carotenoid, present in many fruits and vegetables, has been associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases, including cancer.

beta-Cryptoxanthin


Input: The influence of beta-cryptoxanthin derived from mandarin on the proliferation of the stomach tumor cell line BGC-823 was tested using MTT and cell count assay at 72 h and dose-response (from 0. 01 to 20 mu M).

beta-cryptoxanthin

MTT


Input: beta-Cryptoxanthin suppressed the cell migration by the scratch assay.

beta-Cryptoxanthin


Input: Furthermore, beta-cryptoxanthin induced an accumulation of cells in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle (as detected by flow cytometry), which was in accordance with an increased expression of p21 and down regulations of cyclin D1 and cyclin E, detected by Western blot analysis, and beta-cryptoxanthin increased the mRNA levels of retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR beta) with the treatment at 10 mu M for 24 h.

beta-cryptoxanthin

beta-cryptoxanthin

retinoic acid


Input: Collectively, the above findings suggest that beta-cryptoxanthin could be therapeutic in the treatment of stomach cancer cell in vitro.

beta-cryptoxanthin


Input: Edible and non-edible olive oils discrimination by the application of a sensory olfactory system based on tin dioxide sensors.

tin dioxide


Input: An array of semiconductor sensors has been developed to discriminate virgin olive oil samples based on their organoleptic characteristics.


Input: The multisensor, developed at laboratory, is composed by 14 sensing elements of tin dioxide thin layers (doped with Cr and In, and undoped) deposited by the reactive sputtering technique.

tin dioxide

Cr

In


Input: The sensors are stable and show good repeatability.


Input: Off-flavors and extra-virgin olive oil samples, taken at the outlet of the vertical centrifuge of a small experimental olive oil mill and sensory evaluated, have been used.


Input: A good discrimination of edible (extra-virgin and virgin) from non-edible (lampante) olive oils has been obtained through the statistical method of principal component analysis (PCA).


Input: Phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp of different cultivars cultivated in Southern China.


Input: The phenolic profiles and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp of 13 varieties were investigated.


Input: The free, bound and total phenolic contents were 66. 17-226. 03, 11. 18-40. 54, and 101. 51-259. 18 mg of gallic acid equivalents/100 g, respectively.

gallic acid


Input: The free, bound and total flavonoid contents were 16. 68-110. 33, 10. 48-22. 75, and 39. 43-129. 86 mg of catechin equivalents/100 g, respectively.

flavonoid

catechin


Input: Free phenolics and flavonoids contributed averagely 80. 1% and 75% to their total contents, respectively.

phenolics

flavonoids


Input: Six individual phenolics (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, caffeic acid, (-)-epicatechin, and rutin) were detected in litchi pulp by HPLC.

phenolics

gallic acid

chlorogenic acid

(+)-catechin

caffeic acid

(-)-epicatechin

rutin


Input: The contents of each compound in free and bound fractions were determined.


Input: Significant varietal discrepancy in antioxidant activity was also found by FRAP and DPPH scavenging capacity methods.

DPPH


Input: Antioxidant activity was significantly correlated with phenolic and flavonoid contents.

flavonoid


Input: Thus, phenolics and flavonoids exist mainly in the free form in litchi pulp.

phenolics

flavonoids


Input: There were significant varietal differences in phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of litchi pulp.


Input: Immunomodulatory effect of Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide on CT26 tumor-bearing mice.


Input: Ganoderma atrum has attracted great attention for its antitumor activity.


Input: However, the mechanism remains unclear.


Input: A G. atrum polysaccharide (PSG-1) showed pronounced antitumor activity in this study.


Input: PSG-1 did not kill CT26 cells directly, but inhibited the proliferation of CT26 cells via the activation of peritoneal macrophages (M Phi).


Input: In vivo, PSG-1 significantly suppressed the tumor growth in CT26 tumor-bearing mice.


Input: The treatment caused a significant increase in the immune organ index and the phagocytosis of macrophages.


Input: The production of TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and nitric oxide also increased.

nitric oxide


Input: Furthermore, we found that PSG-1 acted on Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, signaled through p38 MAPK pathway, then activated NF-kappa B and stimulated TNF-alpha production.


Input: We further found that PSG-1 increased the expression of TLR4 and NF-kappa B, the degradation of I kappa B alpha and the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK.


Input: In summary, we have demonstrated that PSG-1 could activate macrophages via TLR4-dependent signaling pathways, improve immunity and inhibit tumor growth.


Input: Identification of hydroxychavicol and its dimers, the lipase inhibitors contained in the Indonesian spice, Eugenia polyantha.

hydroxychavicol


Input: Inhibition of pancreatic lipase is effective for a prevention of obesity.


Input: Eugenia polyantha is a tropical tree whose leaves are known as a spice and also as an ingredient for Jamu, the traditional medicine of Indonesia.


Input: We found inhibitory activity against pancreatic lipase in the extract of E. polyantha leaves.


Input: Purification of the active principals resulted in isolation of hydroxychavicol, and two structurally new dimers.

hydroxychavicol


Input: All of the isolated compounds showed inhibitory activity against the porcine pancreatic lipase and high content of hydroxychavicol (1. 83 wt.%) indicated this compound to be responsible for the majority of inhibitory activity of E. polyantha extract.

hydroxychavicol


Input: Furthermore, hydroxychavicol is reported to possess anti-carcinogenic, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory activity which is related to traditional usage of this plant.

hydroxychavicol


Input: These results offer this plant as an attractive material for treating various health problems including obesity.


Input: Contents of dietary fibre components and their relation to associated bioactive components in whole grain wheat samples from the HEALTHGRAIN diversity screen.


Input: A large and diverse material collection of whole grain wheat samples (n = 129) was analysed for total dietary fibre (TDF) content and composition, including fructan (11. 5-15. 5%).


Input: Correlations between the dietary fibre components, associated bioactive components (e. g. tocols, sterols, phenolic acids and folates) and agronomic properties previously determined on the same samples were found with multivariate analysis (PCA).

tocols

sterols

phenolic acids

folates


Input: Samples from the same countries had similar characteristics.


Input: The first PC described variation in components concentrated in the starchy endosperm (e. g. starch, beta-glucan and fructan) and the dietary fibre components concentrated in the bran (e. g. TDF, arabinoxylan and cellulose).


Input: The second PC described the variation in kernel weight and other bran components such as alkylresorcinols, tocols and sterols.

alkylresorcinols

tocols

sterols


Input: Interestingly, there was no correlation among these different groups of bran components, which reflected their concentration in different bran tissues.


Input: The results are of importance for plant breeders who wish to develop varieties with health-promoting effects.


Input: Muscle composition slightly affects in vitro digestion of aged and cooked meat: identification of associated proteomic markers.


Input: Meat is an appropriate source of proteins and minerals for human nutrition.


Input: Technological treatments modify the physical-chemical properties of proteins, making them liable to decrease the nutritional potential of meat.


Input: To counteract this damage, antioxidants and chaperone proteins in muscle cells can prevent oxidation, restore the function of denatured proteins, and thus prevent aggregation.


Input: This study aimed to explore the impact of indoor vs outdoor-reared meat protein composition on digestion and to associate protein markers to in vitro digestion parameters.


Input: Indoor-reared meat tended to show less oxidation and denaturation than outdoor-reared meat and was characterised by an overexpression of contractile and chaperone proteins.


Input: Outdoor-reared meat showed amplification of antioxidant and detoxification metabolism defending against oxidised compounds.


Input: Impacts on digestion remained minor.


Input: Several protein markers of in vitro digestion parameters were found for aged and cooked meat, linked to the detoxification process and to muscle contraction.


Input: Determination of herb authenticity by low-field NMR.


Input: The safe use of herbal medicines requires prior authentication of the raw materials used to make them.


Input: This is an important step, since the ingestion of herbal preparations or extracts can cause serious health problems.


Input: Among the different analytical techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has the advantage of being non-invasive and therefore suitable for the characterization of natural products such as medicinal plants.


Input: This work presents a characterisation study of the samples of the popular plant Maytenus ilicifolia, obtained from different commercial producers.


Input: This plant is used for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, as it possesses antitumorigenic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.


Input: The differences in the chemical structure and molecular organisation detected by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were also investigated by proton nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry, in particular by fast field cycling (FFC) relaxometry, and relaxometry in the rotating frame.


Input: All results confirmed the similarity between the control sample and only one of the plant investigated.


Input: The differences detected between the samples could be related to their non-authenticity, due to the non recognise the plant due to the leaves similarity among plants from the same family and/or contamination, due to addition of similar other plants parts to the commercial ones, as they are mixed together this difficulties the acceptation of the plant.


Input: Monitoring of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in food samples using lectin based surface plasmon resonance biosensor.


Input: A novel surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor using lectin as bioreceptor was developed for the rapid detection of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157: H7.


Input: The selective interaction of lectins with carbohydrate components from bacterial cells surface was used as the recognition principle for the detection.

carbohydrate


Input: Five types of lectins from Triticum vulgaris, Canavailia ensiformis, Ulex europaeus, Arachis hypogaea, and Maackia amurensis, were employed to evaluate the selectivity of the approach for binding E. coli O157: H7 effectively.


Input: A detection limit of 3 x 10 (3) cfu mL (-1) was obtained for determination of E. coli O157: H7 when used the lectin from T. vulgaris as the binding molecule.


Input: Furthermore, the proposed biosensor was used to detect E. coli O157: H7 in real food samples.


Input: Results showed that the lectin based SPR biosensor was sensitive, reliable and effective for detection of E. coli O157: H7, which hold a great promise in food safety analysis.


Input: Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of six penicillin and three amphenicol antibiotics in gilthead seabream (Sparus Aurata) tissue according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC.

penicillin

amphenicol


Input: A confirmatory high performance liquid chromatography method for the determination of six penicillin antibiotics and three amphenicol antibiotics in gilthead seabream (Sparus Aurata) tissue was developed.

penicillin

amphenicol


Input: Ampicillin (AMP), penicillin G (PG), penicillin V (PV), oxacillin (OXA), cloxacillin (CLO), dicloxacillin (DICLO), thiamphenicol (TAP), florfenicol (FFC) and chloramphenicol (CAP) were separated on an Inertsil, C (8) (250 x 4 mm, 5 mu m) column by gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of ammonium acetate 0. 05 M and acetonitrile at 25 degrees C.

Ampicillin

AMP

penicillin G

penicillin V

oxacillin

OXA

cloxacillin

CLO

dicloxacillin

DICLO

thiamphenicol

TAP

florfenicol

FFC

chloramphenicol

CAP

ammonium acetate

acetonitrile


Input: Diode array detection with monitoring at 225 nm (for the determination of AMP, PG, PV, TAP and FFC), 240 nm (for OXA, CLO and DICLO) and 278 nm (for CAP) was applied.

AMP

TAP

FFC

OXA

CLO

DICLO

CAP


Input: Examined antibiotics were isolated from gilthead seabream tissue by liquid-liquid extraction and further clean-up was performed by solid phase extraction using Oasis HLB (200 mg/6 mL) cartridges.


Input: The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability and sensitivity according to the European Union Decision 2002/657/EC.


Input: Metabolite profiling of ginsenoside Re in rat urine and faeces after oral administration.

ginsenoside Re


Input: Following oral administration of ginsenoside Re, the compound and its metabolites were identified and quantified in rat urine and faeces by liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

ginsenoside Re


Input: Ginsenoside Re (200 mg/kg) was orally administered to rats by gastric intubation, and urine and faeces samples were then collected during the next 24 h using metabolic cages.

Ginsenoside Re


Input: Samples were prepared by solid phase extraction and analysed by LC-MS/MS.


Input: The precursor-product ion pairs used for LC-MS/MS analysis were: m/z 945 --> 475 for ginsenoside Re, 799 --> 637 for ginsenoside Rg1, 783 --> 475 for ginsenoside Rg2, 637 --> 475 for ginsenosides Rh1 and F1, 475 --> 391 for protopanaxatriol, and 779 --> 641 for digoxin (internal standard).

ginsenoside Re

ginsenoside Rg1

ginsenoside Rg2

ginsenosides Rh1 and F1

protopanaxatriol

digoxin


Input: The major ginsenosides excreted in urine were ginsenosides Re and Rg1, and only minimal amounts of ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1 were found.

ginsenosides

ginsenosides Re and Rg1

ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1


Input: Greater amounts of ginsenoside metabolites were detected in the faeces samples; biotransformation to ginsenoside Rg1 was predominant but further deglycosylated metabolites including ginsenoside F1 and protopanaxatriol were additionally detected.

ginsenoside

ginsenoside Rg1

ginsenoside F1

protopanaxatriol


Input: The total recovery of ginsenosides over 24 h was approximately 46%.

ginsenosides


Input: Characterization and identification of the chemical constituents from tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn) by high performance liquid chromatography/photodiode array detector/linear ion trap FTICR hybrid mass spectrometry.


Input: In recent years tartary buckwheat has become popular healthful food due to its antioxidant, antidiabetic and antitumor activities.


Input: However, its chemical constituents have not yet been fully characterized and identified.


Input: In this paper, a novel high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector and linear ion trap FTICR hybrid mass spectrometry (HPLC-PDA/LTQ-FTICRMS) method was established to characterize and identify a total of 36 compounds by a single run.


Input: The retention time, maximum UV absorption wavelength, accurate mass weight and characteristic fragment ions were collected on line.


Input: To confirm the structures, 11 compounds were isolated and identified by MS and NMR experiments.


Input: 1, 3, 6, 6'-tetra-feruloyl sucrose named taroside was a new phenlypropanoid glycoside, together with 3, 6-di-p-coumaroyl-1, 6'-di-feruloyl sucrose, 1, 6, 6'-tri-feruloyl-3-p-coumaroyl sucrose, N-trans-feruloyltyramine and quercetin-3-O-[beta-D-xyloxyl-(1 --> 2)-alpha-L-rhamnoside] were isolated for the first time from the Fagopyrum species.

1, 3, 6, 6'-tetra-feruloyl sucrose

phenlypropanoid glycoside

3, 6-di-p-coumaroyl-1, 6'-di-feruloyl sucrose

1, 6, 6'-tri-feruloyl-3-p-coumaroyl sucrose

N-trans-feruloyltyramine

quercetin-3-O-[beta-D-xyloxyl-(1 --> 2)-alpha-L-rhamnoside]


Input: The research enriched the chemical information of tartary buckwheat.


Input: Identification and thermal stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanins in aqueous solutions with various pH values and fruit juices.

anthocyanins


Input: Thirteen anthocyanins were identified in the purple-fleshed sweet potato cultivar Jihei No. 1.

anthocyanins


Input: The main anthocyanins were 3-sophoroside-5-glucoside derivatives from cyanidin and peonidin, acylated with p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, or caffeic acid.

anthocyanins

cyanidin

peonidin

p-hydroxybenzoic acid

ferulic acid

caffeic acid


Input: A unique anthocyanin, delphinidin-3, 5-diglucoside was also found.

anthocyanin

delphinidin-3, 5-diglucoside


Input: The thermal stability of purple-fleshed sweet potato anthocyanins (PSPAs) followed a first-order kinetics model.

anthocyanins


Input: Aqueous solutions with various pH (2, 3, 4, 5, and 6) and fruit juices (apple, pear, grapefruit, orange, tangerine, kiwifruit, and lemon) were coloured with PSPAs.


Input: The enrichment and degradation kinetics of anthocyanins in these matrices were investigated at 80, 90, and 100 degrees C.

anthocyanins


Input: A higher stability of anthocyanins was obtained in aqueous solutions with pH 3 and 4 and in apple and pear juices.

anthocyanins


Input: Moreover, the activation energies for PSPA degradation in aqueous solutions with various pH and fruit juices ranged from 66. 56 kJ/mol to 111. 57 kJ/mol and 46. 76 kJ/mol to 75. 68 kJ/mol, respectively.


Input: Rapid analysis of sugars in honey by processing Raman spectrum using chemometric methods and artificial neural networks.

sugars


Input: The aim of this study was to quantify glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose contents of honey samples using Raman spectroscopy as a rapid method.

glucose

fructose

sucrose

maltose


Input: By performing a single measurement, quantifications of sugar contents have been said to be unaffordable according to the molecular similarities between sugar molecules in honey matrix.

sugar

sugar


Input: This bottleneck was overcome by coupling Raman spectroscopy with chemometric methods (principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS)) and an artificial neural network (ANN).


Input: Model solutions of four sugars were processed with PCA and significant separation was observed.

sugars


Input: This operation, done with the spectral features by using PLS and ANN methods, led to the discriminant analysis of sugar contents.

sugar


Input: Models/trained networks were created using a calibration data set and evaluated using a validation data set.


Input: The correlation coefficient values between actual and predicted values of glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were determined as 0. 964, 0. 965, 0. 968 and 0. 949 for PLS and 0. 965, 0. 965, 0. 978 and 0. 956 for ANN, respectively.

glucose

fructose

sucrose

maltose


Input: The requirement of rapid analysis of sugar contents of commercial honeys has been met by the data processed within this article.

sugar


Input: Structural analysis of linear mixed-linkage glucooligosaccharides by tandem mass spectrometry.


Input: Dextrans and glucooligosaccharides (GLOS) are produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) during sourdough fermentation.

lactic acid


Input: The dextrans can act as hydrocolloids in sourdough bread, while the GLOS may have antistaling and prebiotic properties, depending on their structure.


Input: Development of high-throughput methods for screening the structural properties of dextrans and GLOS produced by different LAB in varying fermentation conditions is therefore of interest.


Input: In this study we explored the possibility of using electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS/MS) to unequivocally determine the structures of underivatised GLOS.


Input: The emphasis was on linear mixed linked model GLOS, especially those containing (1 --> 3) linkages that are common in dextrans.


Input: After evaluation of the model GLOS, the ESI-MS/MS method was used to determine the linkage positions of two mixed-linked tetrasaccharides obtained by hydrolysis of Weissella confusa and Leuconostoc citreum dextrans.

tetrasaccharides


Input: In positive mode, only the reducing end linkage could be determined because isomeric fragment ions, present in subsequent MS (n) cycles, hindered assignment of the remaining linkages.


Input: By contrast, it was possible to unambiguously assign all the linkages in each GLOS using the negative mode spectra.


Input: The present study thus shows that negative mode is the preferred method for ESI-MS/MS structural analysis of underivatised GLOS.


Input: In combination with liquid chromatography this method will enable rapid profiling of the structural variation of dextrans and prebiotic GLOS.


Input: Accumulation of heavy metals in edible parts of vegetables irrigated with waste water and their daily intake to adults and children, District Mardan, Pakistan.


Input: Green vegetable crops irrigated with wastewater are highly contaminated with heavy metals and are the main source of human exposure to the contaminants.


Input: In this study accumulation of eight heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Zn, Cr, Fe, Mn, Co and Pb) in green vegetables like Allium cepa, Allium sativum, Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum melongena, irrigated with wastewater in Mardan are studied using Atomic Absorption spectrophotometer.

Cu

Ni

Zn

Cr

Fe

Mn

Co

Pb


Input: The studied metals in vegetable grown on wastewater irrigated soil were significantly higher than those of tube well water irrigated soil and WHO/FAO permissible limits (P < 0. 05).


Input: The most heavily contaminated vegetable was wastewater irrigated A. cepa, where the accumulation of Mn (28. 05 mg kg (-1)) in the edible parts was 50-fold greater than A. cepa irrigated with tube well water irrigated soil.

Mn


Input: It may be concluded that both adults and children consuming these vegetables grown in wastewater irrigated soil ingest significant amount of these metals and thus can cause serious health problems.


Input: Principal component analysis of proteolytic profiles as markers of authenticity of PDO cheeses.


Input: The casein fraction of 13 Portuguese PDO cheeses were analysed using Urea-PAGE and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and then subjected to chemometric evaluation.

Urea


Input: The chemometric techniques of cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were used for the classification studies.


Input: Peptide mapping using Urea-PAGE followed by CA revealed two major clusters according to the similarity of the proteolytic profile of the cheeses.

Urea


Input: PCA results were in accordance with the grouping performed using CA.


Input: CA of RP-HPLC results of the matured cheeses revealed the presence of one major cluster comprising samples manufactured with only ovine milk or milk admixtures.


Input: When the results of CA technique were compared with the two PCA approaches performed, it was found that the grouping of the samples was similar.


Input: Both approaches, revealed the potential of proteolytic profiles (which is an essential aspect of cheese maturation) as markers of authenticity of PDO cheeses in terms of ripening time and milk admixtures not mentioned on the label.


Input: Isotopic analysis of eggs: evaluating sample collection and preparation.


Input: Egg traceability/authenticity is a worldwide concern.


Input: Stable isotope techniques have been suggested as a tool to address this issue.


Input: To further validate the use of these techniques, a research project was undertaken to evaluate what effect sample collection and preparation have on the measured isotopic composition of egg components.


Input: The timing of egg collection, the timing of egg preparation after collection, and the use of pasteurisation were investigated.


Input: The C, N, O, and S isotopic compositions of egg components from 7 different production systems were measured.

C

N

O

S


Input: Two sets of eggs were collected (4 months apart).


Input: It was found that the' isotopic fingerprint' of a particular production system was maintained over time, and that it may be possible to trace liquid egg products based on isotopic data from fresh eggs.


Input: The findings from this study support the integration of stable isotope techniques in egg traceability/authenticity systems.


Input: The application of Near-Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS) to detect melamine adulteration of soya bean meal.

melamine


Input: Soya bean products are used widely in the animal feed industry as a protein based feed ingredient and have been found to be adulterated with melamine.

melamine


Input: This was highlighted in the Chinese scandal of 2008.


Input: Dehulled soya (GM and non-GM), soya hulls and toasted soya were contaminated with melamine and spectra were generated using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (NIRS).

melamine


Input: By applying chemometrics to the spectral data, excellent calibration models and prediction statistics were obtained.


Input: The coefficients of determination (R (2)) were found to be 0. 89-0. 99 depending on the mathematical algorithm used, the data pre-processing applied and the sample type used.


Input: The corresponding values for the root mean square error of calibration and prediction were found to be 0. 081-0. 276% and 0. 134-0. 368%, respectively, again depending on the chemometric treatment applied to the data and sample type.


Input: In addition, adopting a qualitative approach with the spectral data and applying PCA, it was possible to discriminate between the four samples types and also, by generation of Cooman' s plots, possible to distinguish between adulterated and non-adulterated samples.


Input: Detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial honey using liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.

pyrrolizidine alkaloids


Input: Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are known secondary plant metabolites which can cause hepatotoxicity in both humans and livestock.

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids


Input: PAs can be consumed through the use of plants for food, medicinal purposes and as contaminants of agricultural crops and food.


Input: PA contaminated grain has posed the largest health risk, although any PA contamination in our food chain should be recognised as a potential health threat.


Input: For this purpose, retail honeys were tested by LC-MS/MS.


Input: The method allows for specific identification of toxic retronecine and otonecine-type PAs by comparison to reference compounds via a spectral library.

retronecine

otonecine


Input: In total, 50 honey samples were matched to the reference spectra within a set of tolerance parameters.


Input: Accurate data analysis and quick detection of positive samples was possible.


Input: Positive samples contained an average PA concentration of 1260 mu g kg (-1) of honey.


Input: Good linear calibrations were obtained (R (2) > 0. 991).


Input: LOD and LOQ ranged from 0. 0134 to 0. 0305 and 0. 0446 to 0. 1018 mu g mL (-1), respectively.


Input: Endocrine disruptor activity in bottled mineral and flavoured water.


Input: A panel of reporter gene assays (RGAs) coupled with a single solid phase extraction (SPE) step was developed and used to screen bottled mineral water for the presence of four classes of endocrine disruptors (EDs), oestrogens, androgens, progestagens and glucocorticoids.

oestrogens

androgens

progestagens


Input: Fourteen brands of bottled mineral water in triplicate (42 samples) were analysed.


Input: Overall, hormonal activity was found in 78% of the samples.


Input: Oestrogenic, androgenic, progestagenic and glucocorticoid activity was found in 38%, 38%, 36% and 55% of the samples, respectively at an average concentration of 10 ng/l 17 beta-estradiol equivalent (EEQ), 26 ng/l testosterone equivalent (TEQ), 123 ng/l progesterone equivalent (PEQ) and 13. 5 ng/l hydrocortisone equivalent (HEQ).

17 beta-estradiol

testosterone

progesterone

hydrocortisone


Input: The level of oestrogenic, androgenic and progestagenic activity observed is not considered a matter of concern for the consumers' health.


Input: It is unknown whether the glucocorticoid levels observed are safe.


Input: The ED source, long term exposure and mixture effects remain to be investigated.


Input: Comparison of consumer perception and acceptability for steaks cooked to different endpoints: validation of photographic approach.


Input: Photographs have been used to enhance consumer reporting of preference of meat doneness, however, the use of photographs has not been validated for this purpose.


Input: This study used standard cooking methods to produce steaks of five different degrees of doneness (rare medium, medium well, well done and very well done) to study the consumer' s perception of doneness, from both the external and internal surface of the cooked steak and also from corresponding photographs of each sample.


Input: Consumers evaluated each surface of the cooked steaks in relation to doneness for acceptability,' just about right' and perception of doneness.


Input: Data were analysed using a split plot ANOVA and least significant test.


Input: Perception scores (for both external and internal surfaces) between different presentation methods (steak samples and corresponding photos), were not significantly different (p > 0. 05).


Input: The result indicates that photographs can be used as a valid approach for assessing preference for meat doneness.


Input: Chrysin suppresses renal carcinogenesis via amelioration of hyperproliferation, oxidative stress and inflammation: plausible role of NF-kappa B.

Chrysin


Input: Flavonoid family is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds and hence possess strong antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties.

Flavonoid

polyphenolic


Input: The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of chrysin; a bio-active flavonoid as an anticancer agent.

chrysin

flavonoid


Input: Renal cancer was initiated by single intraperitoneal (i. p.) injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN 200 mg/kg BW body weight) and promoted by twice weekly administration of ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) 9 mg Fe/kg BW for 16 wk.

N-nitrosodiethylamine

DEN

ferric nitrilotriacetate

Fe-NTA

Fe


Input: In the present study, we report the chemopreventive effects of chrysin against (Fe-NTA) induced renal oxidative stress, inflammation, hyperproliferative response, and two-stage renal carcinogenesis.

chrysin

Fe-NTA


Input: To ascertain the molecular mechanism implicated in the antitumor promoting activity of chrysin, its effect was investigated on markers of tumor promotion and inflammation: ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression, and on levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and prostaglandin E (2) (PGE (2)).

chrysin

ornithine

nitric oxide

prostaglandin E (2)

PGE (2)


Input: Pretreatment of animals with chrysin at both doses (20 and 40 mg/kg body weight) markedly inhibited all.

chrysin


Input: Further, Fe-NTA enhances renal lipid peroxidation, with concomitant reduction in reduced glutathione content (GSH), antioxidant enzymes, and phase II metabolizing enzymes.

Fe-NTA

glutathione

GSH


Input: It induces serum toxicity markers, viz., blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).

urea nitrogen

creatinine

lactate


Input: Prophylactic treatment of animals with chrysin before the administration of Fe-NTA was effective in modulating oxidative and renal injury markers and resulted in the diminution of Fe-NTA mediated injury.

chrysin

Fe-NTA

Fe-NTA


Input: These results suggest chrysin as an effective chemopreventive agent having the capability to obstruct DEN initiated and Fe-NTA promoted renal cancer in the rat model.

chrysin

DEN

Fe-NTA


Input: Effect of blood-retinal barrier development on formation of selenite nuclear cataract in rat.

selenite


Input: Selenite cataract, as an experimental animal model of nuclear cataract to mimic human senile cataract, is produced only when overdose selenite is injected to neonatal rats before eyelid opening.

Selenite

selenite


Input: To clarify the cause of age differences on selenite cataract formation in rats, mRNA expression of GPx1, MsrA and MsrB1, as well as GPx activity in Wistar rat lens at different ages were assayed, level of lipid peroxidation, extent of lens damage induced by sodium selenite and barricade function of blood-retinal barrier (BRB) were investigated.

selenite

sodium selenite


Input: The results showed that mRNA expressions and activity of antioxidant enzymes in neonatal rat lens before eyelid opening were the highest and then decreased with age, and revealed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) using lanthanum hydroxide as tracer that higher selenite content entering eyes injured lens and resulted in cataract formation for immature BRB before eyelid opening, moreover, a little selenite content entering eyes was not enough to induce cataract formation after eyelid opening because of mature BRB.

lanthanum hydroxide

selenite

selenite


Input: The cucurbitacins E, D and I: investigation of their cytotoxicity toward human chondrosarcoma SW 1353 cell line and their biotransformation in man liver.

cucurbitacins E, D and I


Input: Cucurbitacins are a class of natural compounds known for their numerous potential pharmacological effects.

Cucurbitacins


Input: The purpose of this work was to compare the cytotoxicity of three cucurbitacins I, D, E on the chondrosarcoma SW 1353 cancer cell line and to investigate their biotransformation in man.

cucurbitacins I, D, E


Input: Cucurbitacins I and D showed a very strong cytotoxicity, which was higher than that of cytochalasin D, used as a drug reference.

Cucurbitacins I and D

cytochalasin D


Input: Almost 100% of the cells were apoptotic as observed by DNA fragmentation (TUNEL assay) after 12 h with cucurbitacins I and D (1 mu M) and cucurbitacin E (10 mu M).

cucurbitacins I and D

cucurbitacin E


Input: In terms of IC (50) values, cucurbitacins I and E presented a higher toxicity compared to that of cucurbitacin D (MTT assay).

cucurbitacins I and E

cucurbitacin D

MTT


Input: Cucurbitacin E was readily hydrolyzed by human hepatic microsomes, leading to cucurbitacin I (K (m) 22 mu M, V (max) 571 nmol/mg proteins/min).

Cucurbitacin E

cucurbitacin I


Input: On the other hand, the three cucurbitacins were hydroxylated at a very low extent, but they were sulfated and glucuronidated.

cucurbitacins


Input: In terms of V (max)/K (m), the cucurbitacin E was the best substrate of UDP-glucuronosyltransferases.

cucurbitacin E

UDP


Input: This study shows that cucurbitacins I, D and E present a potent cytotoxic activity toward the chondrosarcoma SW 1353 cell line and are metabolized as sulfate and glucuronide conjugates.

cucurbitacins I, D and E

sulfate

glucuronide


Input: alpha C helix displacement as a general approach for allosteric modulation of protein kinases.


Input: Owing to their crucial role in the modulation of cell pathways, protein kinases are important targets for several human diseases, including but not limited to cancer.


Input: The classic approach of targeting the ATP active site has recently come up against selectivity issues, which can be considerably reduced by following an allosteric modulation approach.

ATP


Input: Being closely related to protein kinase inactivation, allosteric targeting via displacement of the conserved structural alpha C helix enables a direct and specific modulation mechanism.


Input: A structure-based survey of the allosteric regulation of alpha C helix conformation in various kinase families is provided, highlighting key allosteric pockets and modulation mechanisms that appear to be more broadly conserved than was previously thought.


Input: Increased protein kinase A type I alpha regulatory subunit expression in parathyroid gland adenomas of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism.


Input: Protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory subunit type I alpha (RI alpha) is a major regulatory subunit that functions as an inhibitor of PKA kinase activity.


Input: We have previously demonstrated that elevated RI alpha expression is associated with diffuse-to-nodular transformation of hyperplasia in parathyroid glands of renal hyperparathyroidism.


Input: The aim of the current study was to determine whether or not RI alpha expression is increased in adenomas of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), because monoclonal proliferation has been demonstrated in both adenomas and nodular hyperplasia.


Input: Surgical specimens comprising 22 adenomas and 11 normal glands, obtained from 22 patients with PHPT, were analyzed.


Input: Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses were employed to evaluate RI alpha expression.


Input: PKA activities were determined in several adenomas highly expressing RI alpha.


Input: RI alpha expression was also separately evaluated in chief and oxyphilic cells using the " Allred score " system.


Input: Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), a proliferation marker, was also immunohistochemically examined.


Input: Western blot analysis revealed that 5 out of 8 adenomas highly expressed RI alpha, compared with normal glands.


Input: PKA activity in adenomas was significantly less than in normal glands.


Input: Immunohistochemical analysis further demonstrated high expression of RI alpha in 20 out of 22 adenomas.


Input: In adenomas, the greater RI alpha expression and more PCNA positive cells were observed in both chief and oxyphilic cells.


Input: The present study suggested that high RI alpha expression could contribute to monoclonal proliferation of parathyroid cells by impairing the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway.

cAMP


Input: Selenium (Se) seed priming induced growth and biochemical changes in wheat under water deficit conditions.

Selenium

Se


Input: Insufficient stand establishment at early growth stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) due to drought stress is a major problem that limits overall efficiency and yield of crop.


Input: Priming of seed is an effective method for raising seed performance and improving tolerance of crops to abiotic stresses especially drought.


Input: The seeds of two local wheat cultivars (Kohistan-97 and Pasban-90) were soaked in distilled water or sodium selenate solutions of 25, 50, 75, and 100 mu M for 1/2 or 1 h at 25 degrees C and later re-dried to their original moisture levels before sowing.

sodium selenate


Input: One-hour priming significantly increased root length stress tolerance index, dry matter stress tolerance index, and total biomass of seedlings; however, no significant effect of changing duration of Se seed priming was observed on plant height stress tolerance index and shoot/root ratio.

Se


Input: Among cultivars, Kohistan-97 was found to be more responsive to Se seed treatment as 1 h priming at 100 mu M significantly increased its total biomass by 43% as compared to control treatment.

Se


Input: Although biomass of seedlings was not affected with Se seed priming under normal conditions, but it increased significantly with increase in rates of Se under drought stress conditions.

Se

Se


Input: One-hour priming at 75 mu M increased the total sugar content and total free amino acids in both wheat cultivars.

sugar

amino acids


Input: A more significant decrease in soluble proteins of seedlings was observed by 1 h priming than 1/2 h priming under drought stress conditions.


Input: Bisphenol A inhibits voltage-activated Ca (2 +) channels in vitro: mechanisms and structural requirements.

Bisphenol A

Ca (2 +)


Input: Bisphenol A (BPA), a high volume production chemical compound attracts growing attention as a health-relevant xenobiotic in humans.

Bisphenol A

BPA


Input: It can directly bind to hormone receptors, enzymes, and ion channels to become biologically active.


Input: In this study we show that BPA acts as a potent blocker of voltage-activated Ca (2 +) channels.

BPA

Ca (2 +)


Input: We determined the mechanisms of block and the structural elements of BPA essential for its action.

BPA


Input: Macroscopic Ba (2 +)/Ca (2 +) currents through native L-, N-, P/Q-, T-type Ca (2 +) channels in rat endocrine GH (3) cells, mouse dorsal root ganglion neurons or cardiac myocytes, and recombinant human R-type Ca (2 +) channels expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells were rapidly and reversibly inhibited by BPA with similar potency (EC (50) values: 26-35 mu M).

Ba (2 +)

Ca (2 +)

Ca (2 +)

Ca (2 +)

BPA


Input: Pharmacological and biophysical analysis of R-type Ca (2 +) channels revealed that BPA interacts with the extracellular part of the channel protein.

Ca (2 +)

BPA


Input: Its action does not require intracellular signaling pathways, is neither voltage-nor use-dependent, and does not affect channel gating.


Input: This indicates that BPA interacts with the channel in its resting state by directly binding to an external site outside the pore-forming region.

BPA


Input: Structure-effect analyses of various phenolic and bisphenolic compounds revealed that 1) a double-alkylated (R-C (CH (3)) (2)-R, R-C (CH (3)) (CH (2) CH (3))-R), or double-trifluoromethylated sp (3)-hybridized carbon atom between the two aromatic rings and 2) the two aromatic moieties in angulated orientation are optimal for BPA' s effectiveness.

phenolic

bisphenolic

R-C (CH (3)) (2)-R

R-C (CH (3)) (CH (2) CH (3))-R

carbon

BPA


Input: Since BPA highly pollutes the environment and is incorporated into the human organism, our data may provide a basis for future studies relevant for human health and development.

BPA


Input: Electronic size effects in three-dimensional nanostructures.


Input: We show that bismuth nanostructures form three-dimensional patterns governed by two-dimensional electronic effects.

bismuth


Input: Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals that both the vertical and the lateral dimensions of the structures strongly favor certain values and that the preferred widths are substantially different for each preferred height.


Input: First-principles calculations demonstrate that this vertical-lateral correlation is governed by the Fermi surface topology and that this is itself sensitively dependent on the dimensions of the structure.


Input: Physicochemical analysis from real-time imaging of liposome tubulation reveals the characteristics of individual F-BAR domain proteins.


Input: The Fer-CIP4 homology-BAR (F-BAR) domain, which was identified as a biological membrane-deforming module, has been reported to transform lipid bilayer membranes into tubules.


Input: However, details of the tubulation process, the mechanism, and the properties of the generated tubules remain unknown.


Input: Here, we successfully monitored the entire process of tubulation and the behavior of elongated tubules caused by four different F-BAR domain family proteins (FBP17, CIP4, PSTPIP1, and Pacsin2) using direct real-time imaging of giant unilamellar liposomes with dark-field optical microscopy.


Input: FBP17 and CIP4 develop many protrusions simultaneously over the entire surface of individual liposomes, whereas PSTPIP1 and Pacsin2 develop only a few protrusions from a narrow restricted part of the surface of individual liposomes.


Input: Tubules formed by FBP17 or CIP4 have higher bending rigidities than those formed by PSTPIP1 or Pacsin2.


Input: The results provide striking evidence that these four F-BAR domain family proteins should be classified into two groups: one group of FBP17 and CIP4 and another group of PSTPIP1 and Pacsin2.


Input: This classification is consistent with the phylogenetic proximity among these proteins and suggests that the nature of the respective tubulation is associated with biological function.


Input: These findings aid in the quantitative assessment with respect to manipulating the morphology of lipid bilayers using membrane-deforming proteins.


Input: Polymethoxyflavones as agents that prevent formation of cataract: nobiletin congeners show potent growth inhibitory effects in human lens epithelial cells.

Polymethoxyflavones

nobiletin


Input: Posterior capsular opacification (PCO) is the most frequent complication and the primary reason for visual decrease after extracapsular cataract surgery.


Input: The proliferation and migration of leftover lens epithelial cells (LECs) after surgery may contribute to the development of PCO.


Input: To prevent PCO, a rational approach would be to inhibit both the proliferation and the migration of LECs using nontoxic xenobiotics.


Input: Nobiletin, one of the most abundant polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) in citrus peel, and its synthetic congeners displayed a potent inhibition of LEC proliferation.

Nobiletin

polymethoxyflavones

PMFs


Input: Structural features which enhance anti-proliferative activity have also been discussed.


Input: Structural studies on matrices of deacylated gellan with polydextrose.


Input: The effect of varying concentrations of co-solute (polydextrose) on thermomechanical and physicochemical properties of deacylated gellan matrices is presented.


Input: Modulated differential scanning calorimetry, micro differential scanning calorimetry, small deformation dynamic oscillation in shear, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, wide angle X-ray diffraction and environmental scanning electron microscopy have been used to investigate the structural transformations in aqueous, low-solid and condensed systems.


Input: There was a rise in values of storage modulus as the level of co-solute was increased, followed by a significant decline at intermediate concentrations, with high modulus values being regained as more of the co-solute was incorporated.


Input: These results confirm the hypothesis of a structural transformation from a highly enthalpic aggregated assembly in the aqueous/low-solid environment to a lightly cross linked polysaccharide network in the high solids regime.


Input: Time-temperature superposition (TTS) phenomena observed for amorphous synthetic polymers have been utilised to generate master curves of viscoelasticity, which afforded rationalisation of results on the basis of the free volume theory.


Input: Determination of lead in milk and yoghurt samples by solid phase extraction using a novel aminothioazole-polymeric resin.

aminothioazole


Input: A preconcentration method was developed by using a new aminothioazole-containing sulfonamide resin in solid phase extraction for the determination of lead and nickel in milk and yoghurt samples.

aminothioazole

sulfonamide

nickel


Input: The optimisation of experimental conditions was performed.


Input: The optimum parameters for Pb and Ni were found to be 3. 5, 30 min and 2. 5 mL for pH, contact time, eluate volume, respectively.

Pb

Ni


Input: After preconcentration step, atomic absorption spectrometry was used for the determinations.


Input: The enhancement of 350-and 50-fold in the sensitivity of Pb and Ni were achieved by combination of the slotted tube atom trap-atomic absorption spectrometry with the optimised preconcentration method, respectively.

Pb

Ni


Input: Limits of detection were found to be 0. 15 ng mL-(1) for Pb and 0. 75 ng mL-(1) for Ni.

Pb

Ni


Input: The lead concentrations in the studied samples were found to be in the range of 15-61 ng Pb mL-(1) for milk and 21-42 ng Pb g-(1) for yoghurt samples.

Pb

Pb


Input: Sitosterol as an antioxidant in frying oils.

Sitosterol


Input: The antioxidative effect of sitosterol at 1, 2 and 5% levels, in triolein, refined canola, high oleic sunflower and flaxseed oils, continuously heated for a period of up to 72 h at frying temperature of 180 degrees C, was studied.

sitosterol

triolein


Input: High Pressure Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) was used to monitor changes in peak areas of triacylglycerol (TG) polymer, monomer and ester hydrolysis products.

triacylglycerol

ester


Input: The presence of enhanced levels of sitosterol was found to significantly decrease TG polymer formation in triolein and the vegetable oil samples after heating at 180 degrees C for a period of 72 h.

sitosterol

triolein


Input: A corresponding increase in the level of intact TG monomer and the extent of TG ester hydrolysis was observed in all samples with enhanced levels of sitosterol.

TG ester

sitosterol


Input: Conversion of sterol to steradiene, by the 1, 2 elimination of water, may be responsible for the antioxidative effect of sitosterol at frying temperatures.

sterol

steradiene

sitosterol


Input: Identification of high beta-glucan oat lines and localization and chemical characterization of their seed kernel beta-glucans.


Input: Oat, (Avena sativa) is an excellent source of mixed linkage beta-glucans ((1 --> 3) (1 --> 4)-beta-D-glucan), a dietary fibre with cholesterol lowering properties.

cholesterol


Input: Using a mutagenized oat-population we screened 1700 different lines and identified ten lines that displayed beta-glucan levels above 6. 7% and 10 below 3. 6%. The extreme values were 1. 8% and 7. 5%.


Input: We chose six lines with an increased-and four lines with a reduced beta-glucan content for further study.


Input: By longitudinal-and cross-sections of seeds it was shown that localization of beta-glucan varied between the different lines.


Input: In addition, beta-glucan quality parameters like molecular weight and solubility were also determined.


Input: Although the selection was designed for quantitative differences, qualitative differences between the beta-glucans from the different lines were found.


Input: The high and low beta-glucan lines will now be used as a model system to study molecular regulation of beta-glucan biosynthesis as well as possible links between fibre quality and biological activity.


Input: Geographical provenance of palm oil by fatty acid and volatile compound fingerprinting techniques.

fatty acid


Input: Analytical methods are required in addition to administrative controls to verify the geographical origin of vegetable oils such as palm oil in an objective manner.


Input: In this study the application of fatty acid and volatile organic compound fingerprinting in combination with chemometrics have been applied to verify the geographical origin of crude palm oil (continental scale).

fatty acid


Input: For this purpose 94 crude palm oil samples were collected from South East Asia (55), South America (11) and Africa (28).


Input: Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to develop a hierarchical classification model by combining two consecutive binary PLS-DA models.


Input: First, a PLS-DA model was built to distinguish South East Asian from non-South East Asian palm oil samples.


Input: Then a second model was developed, only for the non-Asian samples, to discriminate African from South American crude palm oil.


Input: Models were externally validated by using them to predict the identity of new authentic samples.


Input: The fatty acid fingerprinting model revealed three misclassified samples.

fatty acid


Input: The volatile compound fingerprinting models showed an 88%, 100% and 100% accuracy for the South East Asian, African and American class, respectively.


Input: The verification of the geographical origin of crude palm oil is feasible by fatty acid and volatile compound fingerprinting.

fatty acid


Input: Further research is required to further validate the approach and to increase its spatial specificity to country/province scale.


Input: Fluorescent ligands for adenosine receptors.

adenosine


Input: Interest is increasing in developing fluorescent ligands for characterization of adenosine receptors (ARs), which hold a promise of usefulness in the drug discovery process.

adenosine


Input: The size of a strategically labeled AR ligand can be greatly increased after the attachment of a fluorophore.


Input: The choice of dye moiety (e. g. Alexa Fluor 488), attachment point and linker length can alter the selectivity and potency of the parent molecule.

Alexa Fluor 488


Input: Fluorescent derivatives of adenosine agonists and antagonists (e. g. XAC and other heterocyclic antagonist scaffolds) have been synthesized and characterized pharmacologically.

adenosine

XAC


Input: Some are useful AR probes for flow cytometry, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence polarization, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and scanning confocal microscopy.


Input: Thus, the approach of fluorescent labeled GPCR ligands, including those for ARs, is a growing dynamic research field.


Input: Investigating the binding interactions of galantamine with beta-amyloid peptide.

galantamine


Input: The anti-Alzheimer' s agent galantamine is known to possess anti-amyloid properties.

galantamine


Input: However the exact mechanisms are not clear.


Input: We studied the binding interactions of galantamine with amyloid peptide dimer (A beta (1-40)) through molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations.

galantamine


Input: Galantamine' s binding site within the amyloid peptide dimer was identified by docking experiments and the most stable complex was analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation.

Galantamine


Input: These studies show that galantamine was interacting with the central region of the amyloid dimer (Lys16-Ala21) and the C-terminal region (Ile31-Val36) with minimum structural drift of C alpha atom in those regions.

galantamine

C


Input: Strikingly, a significant drift was observed at the turn region from Asp23-Gly29 (C alpha atom RMSD = 9. 2 A and 11. 6 A at 50 fs and 100 fs respectively).


Input: Furthermore, galantamine' s binding mode disrupts the key pi-pi stacking interaction between aromatic rings of Phe19 (chain A) and Phe19 (chain B) and intermolecular hydrogen bonds seen in unbound peptide dimer.

galantamine

hydrogen


Input: Noticeably, the azepine tertiary nitrogen of galantamine was in close proximity to backbone CO of Leu34 (distance < 3. 5 A) to stabilize the dimer conformation.

azepine

nitrogen

galantamine

CO


Input: In summary, the results indicate that galantamine binding to amyloid peptide dimer leads to a significant conformational change at the turn region (Asp23-Gly29) that disrupts interactions between individual beta-strands and promotes a nontoxic conformation of A beta (1-40) to prevent the formation of neurotoxic oligomers.

galantamine


Input: Detection of designer steroid methylstenbolone in " nutritional supplement " using gas chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry: elucidation of its urinary metabolites.

steroid methylstenbolone


Input: The use of " nutritional supplements " containing unapproved substances has become a regular practice in amateur and professional athletes.


Input: This represents a dangerous habit for their health once no data about toxicological or pharmacological effects of these supplements are available.


Input: Most of them are freely commercialized online and any person can buy them without medical surveillance.


Input: Usually, the steroids intentionally added to the " nutritional supplements " are testosterone analogues with some structural modifications.

steroids

testosterone


Input: In this study, the analyzed product was bought online and a new anabolic steroid known as methylstenbolone (2, 17 alpha-dimethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one) was detected, as described on label.

steroid

methylstenbolone

2, 17 alpha-dimethyl-17 beta-hydroxy-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one


Input: Generally, anabolic steroids are extensively metabolized, thus in-depth knowledge of their metabolism is mandatory for doping control purposes.

steroids


Input: For this reason, a human excretion study was carried out with four volunteers after a single oral dose to determine the urinary metabolites of the steroid.

steroid


Input: Urine samples were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis of glucuconjugated metabolites followed by liquid-liquid extraction and analysis of the trimethylsilyl derivatives by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

trimethylsilyl


Input: Mass spectrometric data allowed the proposal of two plausible metabolites: 2, 17 alpha-dimethyl-16 xi, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one (S1), 2, 17 alpha-dimethyl-3 alpha, 16 xi, 17 beta-trihydroxy-5 alpha-androst-1-ene (S2).

2, 17 alpha-dimethyl-16 xi, 17 beta-dihydroxy-5 alpha-androst-1-en-3-one

2, 17 alpha-dimethyl-3 alpha, 16 xi, 17 beta-trihydroxy-5 alpha-androst-1-ene


Input: Their electron impact mass spectra are compatible with 16-hydroxylated steroids O-TMS derivatives presenting diagnostic ions such as m/z 231 and m/z 218.

16-hydroxylated steroids O-TMS


Input: These metabolites were detectable after one week post administration while unchanged methylstenbolone was only detectable in a brief period of 45 h.

methylstenbolone


Input: Tigecycline prevents LPS-induced release of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic mediators in neuronal cells.

Tigecycline


Input: Pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic mediators have been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases.


Input: Tigecycline (Tig), a glycylcycline antibiotic and an analog of Minocycline, is shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects that are distinct from its anti-microbial activity.

Tigecycline

Tig

glycylcycline

Minocycline


Input: Its neuroprotective mechanism is unknown.


Input: In this study, we investigated the direct protective mechanisms of tigecycline against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells.

tigecycline


Input: The results showed that tigecycline significantly attenuated the expression and the release of nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-kappa B), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1 beta), as well as nitric oxide (NO) levels in LPS-induced PC12 cells.

tigecycline

nitric oxide

NO


Input: In addition, tigecycline dose-dependently decreased cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activity.

tigecycline


Input: This later finding corroborated the results of decreased pro-apoptotic Bad, and increased anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 protein expression thus, confirming a neuroprotective effect of the drug in differentiated PC12 cells induced with LPS.


Input: The findings of our study suggest new targets for tigecycline and support the potential for tigecycline to be investigated as a therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders.

tigecycline

tigecycline


Input: Bradykinetic alcohol dehydrogenases make yeast fitter for growth in the presence of allyl alcohol.

alcohol

allyl alcohol


Input: Previous studies showed that fitter yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) that can grow by fermenting glucose in the presence of allyl alcohol, which is oxidized by alcohol dehydrogenase I (ADH1) to toxic acrolein, had mutations in the ADH1 gene that led to decreased ADH activity.

glucose

allyl alcohol

alcohol

acrolein


Input: These yeast may grow more slowly due to slower reduction of acetaldehyde and a higher NADH/NAD (+) ratio, which should decrease the oxidation of allyl alcohol.

acetaldehyde

NADH

NAD (+)

allyl alcohol


Input: We determined steady-state kinetic constants for three yeast ADHs with new site-directed substitutions and examined the correlation between catalytic efficiency and growth on selective media of yeast expressing six different ADHs.


Input: The H15R substitution (a test for electrostatic effects) is on the surface of ADH and has small effects on the kinetics.


Input: The H44R substitution (affecting interactions with the coenzyme pyrophosphate) was previously shown to decrease affinity for coenzymes 2-4-fold and turnover numbers (V/Et) by 4-6-fold.

pyrophosphate


Input: The W82R substitution is distant from the active site, but decreases turnover numbers by 5-6-fold, perhaps by effects on protein dynamics.


Input: The E67Q substitution near the catalytic zinc was shown previously to increase the Michaelis constant for acetaldehyde and to decrease turnover for ethanol oxidation.

zinc

acetaldehyde

ethanol


Input: The W54R substitution, in the substrate binding site, increases kinetic constants (Ks, by > 10-fold) while decreasing turnover numbers by 2-7-fold.


Input: Growth of yeast expressing the different ADHs on YPD plates (yeast extract, peptone and dextrose) plus antimycin to require fermentation, was positively correlated with the log of catalytic efficiency for the sequential bi reaction (V1/KiaKb = KeqV2/KpKiq, varying over 4 orders of magnitude, adjusted for different levels of ADH expression) in the order: WT =~ H15R > H44R > W82R > E67Q > W54R.

dextrose

antimycin


Input: Growth on YPD plus 10mM allyl alcohol was inversely correlated with catalytic efficiency.

allyl alcohol


Input: The fitter yeast are " bradytrophs " (slow growing) because the ADHs have decreased catalytic efficiency.


Input: Oligochitosan polyplexes as carriers for retinal gene delivery.


Input: Non-viral gene therapy represents a promising approach for the treatment of retinal diseases.


Input: However, the lack of an efficient carrier hampers the implementation of this therapy.


Input: In this study, we evaluated low molecular weight ultrapure oligochitosans for the delivery of the pCMS-EGFP plasmid into the rat retina cells after subretinal and intravitreal administrations.


Input: Polyplexes were technologically characterized.


Input: Resulting polyplexes based on ultrapure oligochitosans were slightly spherical, protected the plasmid against enzymatic digestion, and their charge and size values ranged from 8 to 14 millivolts and from 150 to 69 nm respectively depending on the N/P ratio.


Input: In HEK-293 cultured cells, transfection efficiency significantly increased from 12% to 30% when pH decreased from 7. 4 to 7. 1 (data normalized to Lipofectamine (TM) 2000).


Input: However, no significant transfection was detected in ARPE-19 cultured cells.


Input: Subretinal administrations transfected mainly the pigmented cells of the retinal pigment epithelium and the light sensitive photoreceptor cells, whereas intravitreal injections transfected cells in the ganglion cell layer, blood vessels in the inner layers of the retina and photoreceptors.


Input: These results support the potential use of oligochitosans for delivering genetic material into retinal cells in vivo.


Input: Effect of volume ratio of ultrafiltrate to sample solution on the analysis of free drug and measurement of free carbamazepine in clinical drug monitoring.

carbamazepine


Input: Traditional ultrafiltration (UF) usually has a large volume ratio of ultrafiltrate to sample solution, and this ratio cannot be well controlled.


Input: It can break the balance of protein-binding equilibrium and exert an influence on the analysis of free drug.


Input: In the present study, we evaluated the influence of volume ratio of ultrafiltrate to sample solution on the analysis of free drug in human plasma.


Input: We used carbamazepine as a model drug and studied the effect of different centrifugation times on ultrafitrate volume and the related effects on unbound carbamazepine measurement.

carbamazepine

carbamazepine


Input: Moreover, we compared the hollow fiber centrifugal ultrafiltration (HFCF-UF) with traditional UF.


Input: Our results showed that the ultrafiltrate volume was changed from 40 to 400 mu L with the increase of centrifugation time for the traditional UF, and the related changes in unbound concentration were significant.


Input: The rate of protein binding (BP) was changed from 40% to 70%.


Input: In contrast, a tiny and invariant ultrafiltrate yield (40 mu L) was obtained using the HFCF-UF method, and the BP rate was around 72%.


Input: In addition, with the HFCF-UF method, the volume ratio of ultrafiltrate to sample solution could be also well controlled by the inner diameters of both the glass tube and hollow fiber.


Input: The HFCF-UF method was a more accurate plasma pretreatment procedure, by which the in vivo balance of protein-binding equilibrium was hardly broken.


Input: Therefore, this method was successfully employed to quantify the free fraction of carbamazepine in clinical samples.

carbamazepine


Input: Determination of aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A and zearalenone in wheat and oat based bran supplements sold in the Spanish market.

aflatoxins

deoxynivalenol

ochratoxin A

zearalenone


Input: The aflatoxins (AFs), deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEA) are mycotoxins produced by fungal species which can contaminate, alone or simultaneously, cereal-based raw materials.

aflatoxins

deoxynivalenol

DON

ochratoxin A

OTA

zearalenone

ZEA


Input: Usually, the higher mycotoxins concentrations in cereals are found in the external layers of the grain (bran).


Input: Nowadays bran is increasingly consumed for its high fibre concentration.


Input: The objectives of this study were determining the concentration of these mycotoxins in bran samples intended for direct human consumption and to study the influence of some characteristics of the samples that may affect the mycotoxins content, there are not studies about fibre for direct human consumption.


Input: 67 bran samples from shops and supermarkets from two different Spanish cities were analyzed, being 37 samples of wheat bran and the remaining of oat bran.


Input: The results showed a major presence of DON in the analyzed samples, with levels above the EU legislation in some samples.

DON


Input: Presence of DON was more frequent in wheat samples, compared to oats ones (p < 0. 05).

DON


Input: Extruded or toasted samples, subjected to a heat treatment during processing, presented a significantly lower concentration of OTA, and differences between the organically and conventionally produced samples were also detected in OTA, which showed higher levels in the organic samples.

OTA

OTA


Input: Co-occurrence was frequently found between the Fusarium mycotoxins (ZEA and DON).

ZEA

DON


Input: Due to the high levels of DON in the analyzed samples, a calculation of DON intake has been made and it has been demonstrated that bran can account for an important percentage of DON exposure in the total diet.

DON

DON

DON


Input: Phyllanthus urinaria suppresses human osteosarcoma cell invasion and migration by transcriptionally inhibiting u-PA via ERK and Akt signaling pathways.


Input: Phyllanthus urinaria is widely used as anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anti-hepatotoxic medicines in almost every tropical country.


Input: However, scientific evidence supporting its use in cancer metastasis is limited, particularly osteosarcoma.


Input: We investigated the effect of P. urinaria extract (PUE) on cell viability, invasion, and migration in the human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell line, and looked at the impact of PUE on several relevant proteases and signaling pathways.


Input: This study demonstrates that PUE, at a range of concentrations (from 0 to 100 mu g/ml), concentration-dependently inhibited the migration/invasion capacities of Saos-2 without cytotoxic effects.


Input: Zymographic and western blot analyses revealed that PUE inhibited the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) enzyme activity, as well as protein expression.


Input: Western blot analysis also showed that PUE inhibits phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt.


Input: Testing of mRNA level, quantitative real-time PCR, and promoter assays evaluated the inhibitory effects of PUE on u-PA expression in Saos-2 cells.


Input: The chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was reactive to the transcription protein SP-1, which was inhibited by PUE.


Input: In conclusion, PUE suppresses human osteosarcoma Saos-2 cell invasion and migration by transcriptionally inhibiting u-PA via ERK and Akt signaling pathways.


Input: Therefore, PUE produces anti-metastatic activity in Saos-2 cells.


Input: Chronic exposure to paclobutrazol causes hepatic steatosis in male rockfish Sebastiscus marmoratus and the mechanism involved.

paclobutrazol


Input: Paclobutrazol (PBZ) is a triazole-containing fungicide which is widely used in agriculture.

Paclobutrazol

PBZ

triazole


Input: Acute toxicity can follow its extensive use but it is generally weaker than traditional pesticides such as organochlorine and organophosphorus.

organochlorine

organophosphorus


Input: However, its adverse effects on aquatic organisms need to be investigated.


Input: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of PBZ exposure on the hepatic lipid metabolism of Sebastiscus marmoratus.

PBZ


Input: After PBZ exposure for 50 days, hepatic lipid droplets were enlarged and the hepatic total lipid, triglyceride, total cholesterol and free fatty acid content had increased in a dose dependent manner compared to the control.

PBZ

triglyceride

cholesterol

free fatty acid


Input: The mRNA expression of lipid metabolism associated genes such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), androgen receptor, acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid bing protein 4, liver X receptor alpha (LXR alpha) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase were up-regulated by PBZ exposure.

androgen

acetyl-CoA

fatty acid

fatty acid

stearoyl-CoA

PBZ


Input: These results indicated that triazole-containing fungicides might affect the metabolism and health of fish via the multi-signal pathways of nuclear receptors such as PPARs and LXR.

triazole


Input: Hierarchical assembly of ultrathin hexagonal SnS2 nanosheets onto electrospun TiO2 nanofibers: enhanced photocatalytic activity based on photoinduced interfacial charge transfer.


Input: Well-designed hierarchical nanostructures with one dimensional (1D) TiO (2) nanofibers (120-350 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length) and ultrathin hexagonal SnS (2) nanosheets (40-70 nm in lateral size and 4-8 nm in thickness) were successfully synthesized by combining the electrospinning technique (for TiO (2) nanofibers) and a hydrothermal growth method (for SnS (2) nanosheets).

TiO (2)

SnS (2)

TiO (2)

SnS (2)


Input: The single-crystalline SnS (2) nanosheets with a 2D layered structure were uniformly grown onto the electrospun TiO (2) nanofibers consisted of either anatase (A) phase or anatase-rutile (AR) mixed phase TiO (2) nanoparticles.

SnS (2)

TiO (2)

anatase

anatase

rutile

TiO (2)


Input: The definite heterojunction interface between SnS (2) nanosheets and TiO (2) (A or R) nanoparticles were investigated by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

SnS (2)

TiO (2) (A or R)


Input: Moreover, the as-prepared SnS (2)/TiO (2) hierarchical nanostructures as nanoheterojunction photocatalysts exhibited excellent UV and visible light photocatalytic activities for the degradation of organic dyes (rhodamine B and methyl orange) and phenols (4-nitrophenol), remarkably superior to the TiO (2) nanofibers and the SnS (2) nanosheets, mainly owing to the photoinduced interfacial charge transfer based on the photosynergistic effect of the SnS (2)/TiO (2) heterojunction.

SnS (2)

TiO (2)

rhodamine B

methyl orange

phenols

TiO (2)

SnS (2)

SnS (2)

TiO (2)


Input: Significantly, the SnS (2)/TiO (2) (AR) hierarchical nanostructures as the tricomponent heterojunction system possessed stronger photocatalytic activity than the bicomponent heterojunction system of SnS (2)/TiO (2) (A) hierarchical nanostructures or TiO (2) (AR) nanofibers, which was discussed in terms of the three-way photosynergistic effect between SnS (2), TiO (2) (A) and TiO (2) (R) component in the SnS (2)/TiO (2) (AR) heterojunction resulting in the high separation efficiency of photoinduced electron-hole pairs, as evidenced by photoluminescence (PL) and surface photovoltage spectra (SPS).

SnS (2)

TiO (2) (AR)

SnS (2)

TiO (2) (A)

TiO (2) (AR)

SnS (2)

TiO (2) (A)

TiO (2) (R)

SnS (2)

TiO (2) (AR)


Input: Chronic arsenic exposure in nanomolar concentrations compromises wound response and intercellular signaling in airway epithelial cells.

arsenic


Input: Paracrine ATP signaling in the lung epithelium participates in a variety of innate immune functions, including mucociliary clearance, bactericide production, and as an initiating signal in wound repair.

ATP


Input: We evaluated the effects of chronic low-dose arsenic relevant to U. S. drinking water standards (i. e., 10 ppb [130nM]) on airway epithelial cells.

arsenic


Input: Immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (16HBE14o-) were exposed to 0, 130, or 330nM arsenic (as Na-arsenite) for 4-5 weeks and examined for wound repair efficiency and ATP-mediated Ca (2 +) signaling.

arsenic

Na-arsenite

ATP

Ca (2 +)


Input: We found that chronic arsenic exposure at these low doses slows wound repair and reduces ATP-mediated Ca (2 +) signaling.

arsenic

ATP

Ca (2 +)


Input: We further show that arsenic compromises ATP-mediated Ca (2 +) signaling by altering both Ca (2 +) release from intracellular stores (via metabotropic P2Y receptors) and Ca (2 +) influx mechanisms (via ionotropic P2X receptors).

arsenic

ATP

Ca (2 +)

Ca (2 +)

Ca (2 +)


Input: To better model the effects of arsenic on ATP-mediated Ca (2 +) signaling under conditions of natural exposure, we cultured tracheal epithelial cells obtained from mice exposed to control or 50 ppb Na-arsenite supplemented drinking water for 4 weeks.

arsenic

ATP

Ca (2 +)

Na-arsenite


Input: Tracheal epithelial cells from arsenic-exposed mice displayed reduced ATP-mediated Ca (2 +) signaling dynamics similar to our in vitro chronic exposure.

arsenic

ATP

Ca (2 +)


Input: Our findings demonstrate that chronic arsenic exposure at levels that are commonly found in drinking water (i. e., 10-50 ppb) alters cellular mechanisms critical to airway innate immunity.

arsenic


Input: Identification of ginkgolic acid (15: 1) metabolites in rats following oral administration by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry.

ginkgolic acid (15: 1)


Input: 1. In this article, metabolites of ginkgolic acid (GA) (15: 1) in rats plasma, bile, urine and faeces after oral administration have been investigated for the first time by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with the aid of on-line hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange technique and beta-glucuronidase hydrolysis experiments.

ginkgolic acid

hydrogen

deuterium

H

D


Input: 2. After oral administration of GA (15: 1, M0) to rats at a dose of 10 mg/kg, it was found that metabolites M1-M5 together with parent compound (M0) existed in rat plasma; parent compound (M0) and metabolites M2-M5 were observed in rat bile, and parent compound (M0) with metabolites M1 and M2 were discovered in rat faeces, and there was no parent compound and metabolite detectable in rat urine.


Input: 3. Two oxidative metabolites of GA (15: 1, M0) were identified as 2-hydroxy-6-(pentadec-8-enyl-10-hydroxy) benzoic acid (M1) and 2-hydroxy-6-(pentadec-8-enyl-11-hydroxy-13-carbonyl) benzoic acid (M2), respectively.

2-hydroxy-6-(pentadec-8-enyl-10-hydroxy) benzoic acid

2-hydroxy-6-(pentadec-8-enyl-11-hydroxy-13-carbonyl) benzoic acid


Input: Metabolites M3, M4 and M5 were identified as the mono-glucuronic acid conjugates of parent compound (M0), M1 and M2, respectively.

mono-glucuronic acid


Input: 4. The results indicated that M1 and M2 with parent compound (M0) were mainly eliminated in faeces and three glucuronide metabolites (M3, M4 and M5) excreted in bile as the predominant forms after oral administration of GA (15: 1) to rats.

glucuronide

GA (15: 1)


Input: Shear modulus property characterization of nanorods.


Input: We demonstrate an innovative technique for the direct measurement on the shear modulus of an individual nanorod.


Input: This measurement is based on atomic force microscopy (AFM) and microfabrication techniques.


Input: A nanorod is first aligned along the edge of a small trench in a silicon substrate, and then one end of the nanorod is fixed on the substrate.

silicon


Input: When an AFM tip scans over the nanorod in contact mode, the nanorod will be twisted by the comprehensive action from the force of the AFM tip, confinement from the trench edge and the fixing end.


Input: The shear deformation and the corresponding force that caused the deformation can be retrieved from topography and lateral force image, respectively.


Input: By small-angle approximation, the shear modulus of the ZnO NR, which has a radius of 166 nm and a length of 4 mu m, is measured to be 8. 1 +/- 1. 9 GPa.

ZnO


Input: This method can be applied directly to characterize the shear modulus of any nanowire/nanorod that possesses a polygon cross section.


Input: From an atypical wake-promoting agent to potent histamine-3 receptor inverse agonists.

histamine


Input: Utilizing atypical wake-promoting agent modafinil (inactive in both rH (3) and hH (3) binding assays) as a launching pad, a series of sulfinyl-and sulfone-derived H (3) receptor inverse agonists were developed.

modafinil

sulfinyl

sulfone


Input: Brain-permeable compound 27, a potent member of the series displayed excellent selectivity against related family members (H (1), H (2), and H (4) receptors).


Input: YopK controls both rate and fidelity of Yop translocation.


Input: Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague, utilizes a type III secretion system (T3SS) to intoxicate host cells.


Input: The injection of T3SS substrates must be carefully controlled, and dysregulation leads to altered infection kinetics and early clearance of Y. pestis.


Input: While the sequence of events leading up to cell contact and initiation of translocation has received much attention, the regulatory events that take place after effector translocation is less understood.


Input: Here we show that the regulator YopK is required to maintain fidelity of substrate specificity, in addition to controlling translocation rate.


Input: YopK was found to interact with YopD within targeted cells during Y. pestis infection, suggesting that YopK' s regulatory mechanism involves a direct interaction with the translocation pore.


Input: In addition, we identified a single amino acid in YopK that is essential for translocation rate regulation but is dispensable for maintaining fidelity of translocation.

amino acid


Input: Furthermore, we found that expression of YopK within host cells was sufficient to downregulate translocation rate, but it did not affect translocation fidelity.


Input: Together, our data support a model in which YopK is a bifunctional protein whose activities are genetically and spatially distinct such that fidelity control occurs within bacteria and rate control occurs within host cells.


Input: Highly efficient preparation of multiscaled quantum dot barcodes for multiplexed hepatitis B detection.


Input: Both disease diagnosis and therapeutic treatments require real-time information from assays capable of identifying multiple targets.


Input: Among various multiplexed biochips, multiplexed suspension assays of quantum dot (QD)-encoded microspheres are highly advantageous.


Input: This arises from the excellent fluorescent properties of the QDs incorporated into these microspheres, thus allowing them to serve as " QD barcodes ".


Input: QD barcodes can be prepared through various approaches.


Input: However, the formulation of improved synthetic techniques that may allow more efficient preparation of QD barcodes with better encoding accuracy still remains a challenge.


Input: In this report, we describe a combined membrane emulsification-solvent evaporation (MESE) approach for the efficient preparation of QD barcodes.


Input: By combining the advantages of the MESE approach in controlling the barcode sizes with accurate encoding, a three-dimensional barcode library that integrates the signals of the forward scattering, fluorescence 1, and fluorescence 4 channels was established via flow cytometry.


Input: The five indexes of hepatitis B viruses were chosen as diagnostic targets to examine the feasibility of the QD barcodes in high-throughput diagnosis.


Input: On the basis of showing that singleplex detection is feasible, we demonstrate the ability of these QD barcodes to simultaneously and selectively detect a multitude of diverse biomolecular targets.


Input: Identification of a novel benzimidazole derivative as a highly potent NPY Y5 receptor antagonist with an anti-obesity profile.

benzimidazole


Input: Optimization of HTS hit 1 for NPY Y5 receptor binding affinity, CYP450 inhibition, solubility and metabolic stability led to the identification of some orally available oxygen-linker derivatives for in vivo study.

oxygen


Input: Among them, derivative 4i inhibited food intake induced by the NPY Y5 selective agonist, and chronic oral administration of 4i in DIO mice caused a dose-dependent reduction of body weight gain.


Input: Testosterone positively associated with both male mating effort and paternal behavior in savanna baboons (Papio cynocephalus).

Testosterone


Input: Testosterone (T) is often positively associated with male sexual behavior and negatively associated with paternal care.

Testosterone


Input: These associations have primarily been demonstrated in species where investment in paternal care begins well after mating activity is complete, when offspring are hatched or born.


Input: Different patterns may emerge in studies of species where investment in mating and paternal care overlap temporally, for instance in non-seasonal breeders in which males mate with multiple females sequentially and may simultaneously have multiple offspring of different ages.


Input: In a 9-year data set on levels of T in male baboons, fecal concentrations of T (fT) were positively associated with both mate guarding (" consortship ")-a measure of current reproductive activity-and with the number of immature offspring a male had in his social group-a measure of past reproductive activity and an indicator of likely paternal behavior.


Input: To further examine the relationship between T and potential paternal behavior, we next drew on an intensive 8-month study of male behavior, and found that fathers were more likely to be in close proximity to their offspring than expected by chance.


Input: Because male baboons are known to provide paternal care, and because time in proximity to offspring would facilitate such care, this suggests that T concentrations in wild male baboons may be associated with both current reproductive activity and with current paternal behavior.


Input: These results are consistent with the predicted positive association between T and mating effort but not with a negative association between T and paternal care; in male baboons, high levels of T occur in males that are differentially associating with their offspring.


Input: Silexan, an essential oil from flowers of Lavandula angustifolia, is not recognized as benzodiazepine-like in rats trained to discriminate a diazepam cue.

benzodiazepine

diazepam


Input: Recently, an essential oil of selected quality produced from the flowering tops of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. by steam distillation (Silexan) has been approved in Germany for the treatment of restlessness in case of anxious mood.


Input: Based on the observed clinical effects, it has been speculated that lavender oil may exert benzodiazepine-like action including the known dependence and abuse potential of this class of drugs.

benzodiazepine


Input: Although no evidence for such an activity was generated during the long-standing medicinal use of lavender oil, further preclinical investigations were now conducted to evaluate this potential side effect in more detail.


Input: Twelve adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate the benzodiazepine drug diazepam (2 mg/kg i. p.) from saline using a two-lever operant procedure.

benzodiazepine

diazepam


Input: After approximately 40 training sessions the majority of rats learned the discrimination and pre-treatment with ascending doses of diazepam (0. 3-2 mg/kg i. p.) produced a dose related generalization to the diazepam cue.

diazepam

diazepam


Input: In these same animals Silexan was administered to see if animals recognized the drug as " diazepam-like " i. e. generalized to diazepam or " saline-like ".

diazepam

diazepam


Input: Silexan tested at doses 3-30 mg/kg i. p. produced almost exclusively (> 90%) saline-like responding.


Input: Also there was no effect of Silexan on response rate, i. e. rate of lever pressing, at any dose suggesting that the test article is well tolerated and does not exert a sedating effect.


Input: In sum, Silexan has no diazepam-like interoceptive property in adult, male rats.

diazepam


Input: This suggests that Silexan does not share the potential of benzodiazepines to induce the development of tolerance, dependence and addiction.

benzodiazepines


Input: Combination of phenylpropanoids with 5-fluorouracil as anti-cancer agents against human cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line.

phenylpropanoids


Input: Combination therapy is the most effective treatment strategy in cancer to overcome drug toxicity and drug induced resistance.


Input: The effect of eight phenylpropanoids in combination with 5-fluorouracil against the cervical cancer cells (HeLa) is reported here.

phenylpropanoids


Input: The cytotoxic activity of these phenylpropanoids against HeLa cells is in the order of eugenol > ferulic > cinnamic > caffeic > chlorogenic > p-coumaric > 3, 4-dimethoxycinnamic > 2, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamic acids.

phenylpropanoids

eugenol

ferulic

cinnamic

caffeic

chlorogenic

p-coumaric

3, 4-dimethoxycinnamic

2, 4, 5-trimethoxycinnamic acids


Input: Eugenol, ferulic and caffeic acids interacted synergistically with the drug, in bringing about a reduction in the amount of the latter.

Eugenol

ferulic and caffeic acids


Input: Flow cytometry results indicated that the combination of eugenol and 5-fluorouracil increased the number of cells in the S and G2/M phases when compared to treatment with the individual compounds alone.

eugenol


Input: This indicates that they possess different cell cycle targets and induce apoptosis in the cancer cells.


Input: In vitro hemolytic activity of phenylpropanoids on human erythrocytes showed that the compounds possessed minimum amount of hemolytic activity, indicating that they can be used as drugs without causing adverse toxicity.

phenylpropanoids


Input: 3D-quantitative structure activity relationship studies indicate the importance of electrostatic region near the substitutions present in the benzene ring and near the double bond of the compounds for anticancer and hemolytic activities, respectively.

benzene


Input: The models derived had good statistical predictive capability.


Input: Understanding the interactions between metabolites isolated from Achyrocline satureioides in relation to its antibacterial activity.


Input: As part of our ongoing research on the antibacterial activity of Achyrocline satureioides, this study seeks to better understand the interactions between the metabolites isolated from this plant.


Input: For this purpose, the combined effect of 23-methyl-6-O-desmethylauricepyrone (1), quercetin (2) and 3-O-methylquercetin (3), obtained through bioguided fractionation from A. satureioides ethanol extract, was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.

quercetin

ethanol


Input: In first place, the antibacterial effect of the combination of flavonols 2 and 3 was assessed, as these showed individual effectiveness lower than or equal to that of the fraction from which they were obtained.

flavonols


Input: When the flavonols were applied together at concentrations below their minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values, a synergistic effect (FICI < 0. 30) against S. aureus was observed.

flavonols


Input: In addition, compounds 2 and 3 in combination reduced 1000 times the MIC of compound 1, showing a clear synergistic interaction (FICI < 0. 15) in treatments against the Gram (+) bacterium.


Input: The most active combination against E. coli showed an additive interaction (FICI < 0. 62) between the three assayed compounds 1-3.


Input: These results indicated the existence of concerted action between these metabolites, evidence of the importance of the synergistic interactions between the components of plant-derived extracts for the control of pathogenic bacteria.


Input: pH-responsive composite microspheres based on magnetic mesoporous silica nanoparticle for drug delivery.

silica


Input: pH-responsive composite microspheres, consisting of a core of Fe3O4 nanoparticle, a sandwiched layer of mesoporous silica and a shell of crosslinked poly (methacrylic acid) (PMAA), were successfully synthesized via distillation precipitation polymerization.

silica

poly (methacrylic acid)

PMAA


Input: The pKa of the composite microsphere increased with the increase in the crosslinking density.


Input: Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was applied as a model drug, and the behavior of drug storage/release was investigated.

Doxorubicin hydrochloride

DOX


Input: The cumulative release of DOX-loaded composite microsphere in vitro showed that the drug release rate was much faster below its pKa than that of above its pKa.

DOX


Input: Because pH of most tumor tissues was lower than that of normal tissues, the pH-responsive composite microspheres are promising drug delivery system especially for cancer therapy.