Input: GH-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation was decreased immediately after completion of the trauma procedure, and at 30 and 60 minutes, but further decreased by 90 minutes after trauma.


Input: Combined trauma and hemorrhage resulted in severely decreased GH-induced signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 phosphorylation compared with trauma alone, and this was true at all time points studied.


Input: Western analysis revealed an apparent decrease in the molecular weight of the hepatic GH receptor (GHR) after trauma and hemorrhage, but not trauma alone.


Input: Additional studies determined that the hemorrhage-induced decrease in receptor size was not due to changes in GHR N-linked glycosylation.

N


Input: These results suggest that GH sensitivity is rapidly impaired after acute injury and that trauma combined with hemorrhage results in a more severe form of GH resistance resulting from alteration or inactivation of hepatic GHR.


Input: The effects of an environmentally relevant 58-congener polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture on cardiac development in the chick embryo.

polychlorinated biphenyl

PCB


Input: Chicken (Gallus domesticus) embryonic exposure in ovo to a 58-congener polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) mixture resulted in teratogenic heart defects in chick embryos at critical heart developmental stages Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stages 10, 16, and 20.

polychlorinated biphenyl

PCB


Input: The 58-congener mixture contained relative proportions of primary congeners measured in belted sandpiper (Megaceryle alcyon) and spotted sandpiper (Actitis macularia) eggs collected along the upper Hudson River, New York, USA, and chicken doses were well below observed environmental exposure levels.


Input: Embryos were injected with 0. 08 micro g PCBs/g egg weight and 0. 50 micro g PCBs/g egg weight (0. 01 and 0. 064 ng toxic equivalent/g, respectively) at embryonic day 0, prior to incubation.

PCBs

PCBs


Input: Mortality of exposed embryos was increased at all developmental stages, with a marked rise in cardiomyopathies at HH16 and HH20 (p < 0. 05).


Input: Heart abnormalities occurred across all treatments, including abnormal elongation and expansion of the heart tube at HH10, improper looping and orientation, indentations in the emerging ventricular wall (HH16 and HH20), and irregularities in overall heart shape (HH10, HH16, and HH20).


Input: Histology was conducted on 2 cardiac proteins critical to embryonic heart development, ventricular myosin heavy chain and titin, to investigate potential mechanistic effects of PCBs on heart development, but no difference was observed in spatiotemporal expression.

PCBs


Input: Similarly, cellular apoptosis in the developing heart was not affected by exposure to the PCB mixture.

PCB


Input: Conversely, cardiomyocyte proliferation rates dramatically declined (p < 0. 01) at HH16 and HH20 as PCB exposure concentrations increased.

PCB


Input: Early embryonic cardiomyocyte proliferation contributes to proper formation of the morphology and overall thickness of the ventricular wall.


Input: Therefore, in ovo exposure to this 58-congener PCB mixture at critical stages adversely affects embryonic heart development.

PCB


Input: Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32: 1317-1324.


Input: (c) 2013 SETAC.


Input: Flock-Based Microfluidics.


Input: Flock-based microfluidics are created by depositing hydrophilic microfibers on an adhesive-coated substrate using an electric field.


Input: This enables the fabrication of self-powered microfluidics from one or more different kinds of fibers that form 2D and 3D flowpaths, which can wick 40 microliters of liquid per square centimeter.


Input: With this approach, large areas of functional wicking materials can be produced at extremely low cost.


Input: Hollow Multilayer Microcapsules for pH-/Thermally Responsive Drug Delivery using Aliphatic Poly (urethane-amine) as Smart Component.

Aliphatic Poly (urethane-amine)


Input: Hollow multilayer microcapsules made of aliphatic poly (urethane-amine) (PUA) and sodium poly (styrene sulfonate) (PSS), templated on PSS-doped CaCO3 particles, are prepared for pH-/thermally responsive drug delivery.

aliphatic poly (urethane-amine)

PUA

sodium poly (styrene sulfonate)

PSS

PSS


Input: The electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding under weak-acid conditions between aliphatic PUA and PSS contribute to the formation of multilayer microcapsules.

hydrogen

PUA

PSS


Input: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results demonstrate an obvious variation of the hollow multilayer microcapsules in response to changes in temperature and pH value.


Input: Drug-release behaviors using DOX as a model drug demonstrate that the drug release increases on decreasing the pH value because of the interaction weakness between aliphatic PUA and PSS in acidic conditions.

DOX

PUA

PSS


Input: Moreover, the drug release is higher at 55 degrees C than that at 37 degrees C for the sake of the shrinkage of aliphatic PUA above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST).

PUA


Input: BaSnO3 perovskite nanoparticles for high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells.

BaSnO3 perovskite


Input: The synthesis of highly crystalline perovskite BaSnO3 nanoparticles for use as photoanode materials in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is reported, and the photovoltaic properties of DSSCs based on BaSnO3 nanoparticles (BaSnO3 cells) are demonstrated.

perovskite BaSnO3


Input: The resulting DSSCs exhibit remarkably rapid charge collection and a DSSC fabricated with a BaSnO3 film thickness of 43 micro m leads to a high energy conversion efficiency of 5. 2%, which is one of the highest reported for ternary oxide-based DSSCs.

ternary oxide


Input: More importantly, the BaSnO3 cells show superior charge collection in nanoparticle films compared to TiO2 cells and could offer a breakthrough in the efficiencies of DSSCs.


Input: Incorporating Graphene Oxide and Gold Nanoclusters: A Synergistic Catalyst with Surprisingly High Peroxidase-Like Activity Over a Broad pH Range and its Application for Cancer Cell Detection.

Graphene Oxide


Input: A synergistic graphene oxide-gold nanocluster (GO-AuNC) hybrid has been constructed as an enzyme mimic that is able to show high catalytic activity over a broad pH range, especially at neutral pH.

graphene oxide


Input: Importantly, the target-functionalized hybrid has been applied as a robust nanoprobe for selective, quantitative, and fast colorimetric detection of cancer cells.


Input: Synthesis of heterocyclic terpenoids by promiscuous squalene-hopene cyclases.

heterocyclic terpenoids

squalene

hopene


Input: PROMISCUOUS ENZYMES: The substrate promiscuity of squalene-hopene cyclases has been explored and applied in the enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of heterocyclic terpenoids.

squalene

hopene

heterocyclic terpenoids


Input: Features of this work include cyclization reactions without pyrophosphate activation, and stereospecific ring closure of substrates of varying chain length and terminal nucleophile.

pyrophosphate


Input: This provides a biocatalytic alternative to traditional chemical catalysts.


Input: Engineered nanomaterials in water and soils: A risk quantification based on probabilistic exposure and effect modeling.


Input: The production and use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are increasing rapidly, and therefore, the need to assess their environmental exposure and associated risks has become increasingly important.


Input: Only a handful of studies have quantified the release and environmental concentrations of ENMs, but much work has been done to investigate the effects of these materials on organisms.


Input: The aim of the present study was to quantify probabilistically the environmental risks of ENMs, producing species sensitivity distributions that were then compared with probability distributions of predicted environmental concentrations.


Input: Five nanomaterials (nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, nano-ZnO, carbon nanotubes [CNTs], and fullerenes) and 4 environmental compartments (surface water, sewage treatment plant effluents, soils, and sludge-treated soils) were considered.

Ag

ZnO

carbon

fullerenes


Input: From 60 ecotoxicological studies, the authors extracted 112 single values to work with (25 values in 13 studies for nano-Ag, 17 values in 10 studies for CNTs, 7 values in 7 studies for fullerenes, 34 values in 23 studies for nano-TiO2, and 29 values in 17 studies for nano-ZnO).

Ag

fullerenes

ZnO


Input: The results indicate there is only a marginal risk for these metal-based nanomaterials in surface water (0. 7% risk for nano-Ag and < 0. 1% for nano-TiO2) and some risk in sewage treatment plant effluents (nano-Ag 39. 7%, nano-TiO2 18. 7%, and nano-ZnO 1. 1%).

Ag

Ag

ZnO


Input: Apart from a marginal value of < 0. 1% for nano-TiO2 in sludge-treated soils, no risk from the other evaluated ENMs in terrestrial compartments is currently predicted.


Input: The discussion of the results considers the influence of the effects of different forms of 1 ENM (coating, agglomeration state, and mineralogy), the test conditions (dissolution and agglomeration), and transformation reactions.


Input: Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32: 1278-1287.


Input: (c) 2013 SETAC.


Input: The Prevalence of Meeting A1C, Blood Pressure, and LDL Goals Among People With Diabetes, 1988-2010.


Input: OBJECTIVETo determine the prevalence of people with diabetes who meet hemoglobin A (1c) (A1C), blood pressure (BP), and LDL cholesterol (ABC) recommendations, and their current statin use, factors associated with goal achievement, and changes in the proportion achieving goals between 1988 and 2010. RESEARCH AND DESIGN METHODSData were cross-sectional from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) from 1988-1994, 1999-2002, 2003-2006, and 2007-2010.

cholesterol


Input: Participants were 4, 926 adults aged >= 20 years who self-reported a previous diagnosis of diabetes and completed the household interview and physical examination (n = 1, 558 for valid LDL levels).


Input: Main outcome measures were A1C, BP, and LDL cholesterol, in accordance with the American Diabetes Association recommendations, and current use of statins. RESULTSIn 2007-2010, 52. 5% of people with diabetes achieved A1C < 7. 0% (< 53 mmol/mol), 51. 1% achieved BP < 130/80 mmHg, 56. 2% achieved LDL < 100 mg/dL, and 18. 8% achieved all three ABCs.

cholesterol


Input: These levels of control were significant improvements from 1988 to 1994 (all P < 0. 05).


Input: Statin use significantly increased between 1988-1994 (4. 2%) and 2007-2010 (51. 4%, P < 0. 01).


Input: Compared with non-Hispanic whites, Mexican Americans were less likely to meet A1C and LDL goals (P < 0. 03), and non-Hispanic blacks were less likely to meet BP and LDL goals (P < 0. 02).


Input: Compared with non-Hispanic blacks, Mexican Americans were less likely to meet A1C goals (P < 0. 01).


Input: Younger individuals were less likely to meet A1C and LDL goals. CONCLUSIONSDespite significant improvement during the past decade, achieving the ABC goals remains suboptimal among adults with diabetes, particularly in some minority groups.


Input: Substantial opportunity exists to further improve diabetes control and, thus, to reduce diabetes-related morbidity and mortality.


Input: Simultaneous determination of evodiamine and evodine in Beagle dog plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.

evodiamine

evodine


Input: A sensitive, rapid, and specific liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay has been established and validated for the quantitation of evodiamine and evodine in Beagle dog plasma.

evodiamine

evodine


Input: Plasma samples of 0. 2 ml were processed by liquid-liquid extraction with n-hexane/ethyl acetate (2: 1, v/v).

n-hexane

ethyl acetate


Input: Chromatographic separations were done on a Symmetry C (18) column (100 mm x 4. 6 mm, ID, 5 mu m) at 35 degrees C with a linear gradient of methanol and 20 mM ammonium formate containing 0. 2% formic acid.

methanol

ammonium formate

formic acid


Input: Evodiamine, evodine, and glibenclamide [internal standard (IS)] were ionized with an electrospray ionization source operated in positive ion mode.

Evodiamine

evodine

glibenclamide


Input: The MS/MS transitions were m/z 304. 1 --> 161. 1 for evodiamine, m/z 471. 2 --> 425. 1 for evodine, and m/z 494. 1 --> 369. 1 for IS.

evodiamine

evodine


Input: Calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 0. 1-100 ng/ml for evodiamine and 0. 5-500 ng/ml for evodine.

evodiamine

evodine


Input: The mean extraction recoveries were 88. 10 +/- 3. 21% for evodiamine and 81. 24 +/- 4. 07% for evodine.

evodiamine

evodine


Input: The intra-and inter-day precisions were less than 11. 10% and 12. 81%, and the accuracy was within +/- 11. 76% for both analytes.


Input: Evodiamine and evodine were stable during storage and analytical periods.

Evodiamine

evodine


Input: The validated method has been successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of evodiamine and evodine in beagle dogs after oral administration.

evodiamine

evodine


Input: New alkaloid from Streptomyces koyangensis residing in Odontotermes formosanus.


Input: A new alkaloid was isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the culture of a termite-associated Streptomyces koyangensis BY-4.

ethyl acetate


Input: The structure of 1 was elucidated by using MS, NMR, electronic circular dichroism data, and computational approaches.


Input: Compound 1 showed weak antimicrobial activities against a panel of test microbes.


Input: Two new triterpenoids from the fungus Perenniporia maackiae.

triterpenoids


Input: Two new triterpenoids, 3 beta-(2-methoxy-oxalyloxy)-24-methylene-lanost-8-en-21-oic acid (1) and 3 beta-(2-methoxy-oxalyloxy)-15 alpha-hydroxy-24-methylene-lanost-8-en-21-oic acid (2), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Perenniporia maackiae, together with two previously known triterpenoids (3 and 4).

triterpenoids

3 beta-(2-methoxy-oxalyloxy)-24-methylene-lanost-8-en-21-oic acid

3 beta-(2-methoxy-oxalyloxy)-15 alpha-hydroxy-24-methylene-lanost-8-en-21-oic acid

triterpenoids


Input: Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR, and MS analyses.


Input: All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities on five tumor cell lines.


Input: Three new norlignans from Glechoma longituba.

norlignans


Input: Three new norlignans, glechomols A-C (1-3, respectively), together with a known compound, 4-ethylcatechol (4), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Glechoma longituba (NaKai) Kupr.

norlignans

glechomols A-C

ethyl acetate


Input: Their structures were elucidated by the detailed analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-MS data.


Input: Glechomols A-C were the first norlignans reported from genus Glechoma, and compound 4 was also isolated from genus Glechoma for the first time.

Glechomols A-C

norlignans


Input: Intracellular antioxidant assays showed that compounds 1-4 displayed significant protective effects on H (2) O (2)-induced cardiac cell injury.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Heterogeneous vapor bubble nucleation on a rough surface.


Input: Vapor bubble nucleation on a microrough surface wetted by a volatile, incompressible liquid has been analyzed.


Input: The work of formation of a critical nucleus in a surface cavity has been evaluated.


Input: Concave sites of a surface with negative curvature can decrease the height of the activation barrier for the formation of a critical nucleus.


Input: The average density of the nucleation sites has been evaluated for a surface whose (small) deviation from a plane is specified by a Gaussian random function.


Input: Charge screening between anionic and cationic surfactants in ionic liquids.


Input: The aggregation and interfacial behavior of mixtures of anionic (sodium dodecylsulfate, SDS) and cationic (dodecylammonium bromide, DTAB) surfactants were investigated.

sodium dodecylsulfate

SDS

dodecylammonium bromide

DTAB


Input: A room-temperature ionic liquid (IL) was explored as a solvent for the SDS/DTAB system and compared to water.

SDS

DTAB


Input: The critical micelle concentration (cmc) and composition in mixed micelles were determined for both solvents.


Input: Our experiments showed nearly ideal mixing of SDS/DTAB over the entire composition range and suggest that charge screening is prominent in ILs.

SDS

DTAB


Input: This behavior is in sharp contrast to the strong electrostatic attraction and a multiphase composition gap in water.


Input: Two models by Clint and Rubingh, which describe ideal and nonideal micellar behavior, respectively, are discussed on the basis of our results.


Input: According to Rubingh' s model, the composition of mixed micelles is gradually changing with the bulk composition in ILs but tends to be a 1: 1 ratio in water.


Input: The results here are further support of the strong charge screening in ionic liquids.


Input: Synthesis and characterization of hybrid hyaluronic Acid-gelatin hydrogels.


Input: Biomimetic hybrid hydrogels have generated broad interest in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.


Input: Hyaluronic acid (HA) and gelatin (hydrolyzed collagen) are naturally derived polymers and biodegradable under physiological conditions.


Input: Moreover, collagen and HA are major components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in most of the tissues (e. g., cardiovascular, cartilage, neural).


Input: When used as a hybrid material, HA-gelatin hydrogels may enable mimicking the ECM of native tissues.


Input: Although HA-gelatin hybrid hydrogels are promising biomimetic substrates, their material properties have not been thoroughly characterized in the literature.


Input: Herein, we generated hybrid hydrogels with tunable physical and biological properties by using different concentrations of HA and gelatin.


Input: The physical properties of the fabricated hydrogels including swelling ratio, degradation, and mechanical properties were investigated.


Input: In addition, in vitro cellular responses in both two and three-dimensional culture conditions were assessed.


Input: It was found that the addition of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) into HA methacrylate (HAMA) promoted cell spreading in the hybrid hydogels.

methacrylate

methacrylate


Input: Moreover, the hybrid hydrogels showed significantly improved mechanical properties compared to their single component analogs.


Input: The HAMA-GelMA hydrogels exhibited remarkable tunability behavior and may be useful for cardiovascular tissue engineering applications.


Input: Laponite nanodisks as an efficient platform for Doxorubicin delivery to cancer cells.

Laponite

Doxorubicin


Input: We report a facile approach to using laponite (LAP) nanodisks as a platform for efficient delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) to cancer cells.

laponite

LAP

doxorubicin

DOX


Input: In this study, DOX was encapsulated into the interlayer space of LAP through an ionic exchange process with an exceptionally high loading efficiency of 98. 3 +/- 0. 77%.

DOX

LAP


Input: The successful DOX loading was extensively characterized via different methods.

DOX


Input: In vitro drug release study shows that the release of DOX from LAP/DOX nanodisks is pH-dependent, and DOX is released at a quicker rate at acidic pH condition (pH = 5. 4) than at physiological pH condition.

DOX

LAP

DOX

DOX


Input: Importantly, cell viability assay results reveal that LAP/DOX nanodisks display a much higher therapeutic efficacy in inhibiting the growth of a model cancer cell line (human epithelial carcinoma cells, KB cells) than free DOX drug at the same DOX concentration.

LAP

DOX

DOX

DOX


Input: The enhanced antitumor efficacy is primarily due to the much more cellular uptake of the LAP/DOX nanodisks than that of free DOX, which has been confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometry analysis.

LAP

DOX

DOX


Input: The high DOX payload and enhanced antitumor efficacy render LAP nanodisks as a robust carrier system for different biomedical applications.

DOX

LAP


Input: Danshen mediates through estrogen receptors to activate Akt and inhibit apoptosis effect of Leu27IGF-II-induced IGF-II receptor signaling activation in cardiomyoblasts.

estrogen


Input: Post-menopausal women show dramatically increased cardiovascular disease morbidity (CVD).


Input: Danshen is used widely in China for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders, including coronary heart disease.


Input: Danshen possesses lipid-soluble biologically active components with a structure similar to 17 beta-estrodiol (E2).

17 beta-estrodiol


Input: This study assesses whether the cardio-protection exerted by Danshen is mediated through the ERs within H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells.


Input: Cardiomyoblast cells pretreated with Fulvestrant (ICI 182, 780), an estrogen receptor antagonist was applied to investigate the estrogenic activity of Danshen.

Fulvestrant

ICI 182, 780

estrogen


Input: The Danshen extract preventive effects on Leu27IGF-II-induced IGF-IIR signaling activator and H9c2 cell apoptosis were identified using TUNEL assay, JC-1 staining and Western blot assay.


Input: We found that Danshen extract treatments significantly enhanced phosphorylated Akt through estrogen receptor activation to inhibit Leu27IGF-II-induced calcineurin activation and block H9c2 cell apoptosis.

estrogen


Input: Danshen extracts suppressed the IGF-IIR signaling proteins, pro-apoptotic proteins and reversed the mitochondrial membrane instability induced by Leu27IGF-II.


Input: However, the cardioprotective properties of Danshen to inhibit Leu27IGF-II-induced cell apoptosis and promote cell survival were attenuated by applying ICI, which suggests that the Danshen cardioprotective effect is mediated through estrogen receptors.

estrogen


Input: All our data indicated that Danshen exerts strong estrogenic activity which can be considered a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) against IGF2R signaling that blocks cardiac apoptosis.

estrogenic


Input: Approach to distribution and accumulation of dibutyl phthalate in rats by immunoassay.

dibutyl phthalate


Input: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) is mainly taken up by the general population from food intake.

Dibutyl phthalate

DBP


Input: To estimate intake of phthalates, determining distribution and accumulation of DBP in biological materials was a critical need.

phthalates

DBP


Input: In this work, we set up two novel approaches with a monoclonal antibody specific to DBP to determine the distribution and accumulation of DBP in vivo.

DBP

DBP


Input: The contents of DBP in liver, kidney, stomach and testes were detected by immunofluorescence assays and indirect competitive ELISA.

DBP


Input: This data give directly evidence that indicates the distribution and accumulation of DBP in vivo.

DBP


Input: Double-label immunofluorescence assay provides with a visual approach to determination of the distribution and accumulation of DBP.

DBP


Input: It indicated that DBP accumulated in subcutaneous tissue such as sweat gland, hair follicle.

DBP


Input: Both of immunofluorescence assay and ELISA can be used to detect the content of DBP in biological materials.

DBP


Input: Our assays showed that DBP accumulated in viscera being rich in fat, such as liver, kidney and could overcome physiological barriers to penetrate testes.

DBP


Input: The date suggested that the accumulations of DBP exposed through dermal route were less than that of oral route and most of DBP was metabolized in 2 or 3days.

DBP

DBP


Input: Integrating clinical pharmacology concepts in individualized therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors.

tyrosine


Input: Tyrosine kinases have emerged as important tumor targets for the design of potent and selective inhibitors.

Tyrosine


Input: Eighteen of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have already been approved for the treatment of diseases that were previously essentially resistant to standard chemotherapy.

tyrosine


Input: Major efforts are ongoing that focus on the development of companion diagnostics for investigational and approved TKIs, as well as on integrating clinical pharmacology principles in clinical practice to decrease toxicity and improve efficacy.


Input: The state of clinical pharmacology today.


Input: It has been more than 40 years since a major position paper on clinical pharmacology was published by the World Health Organization (WHO).


Input: A recent publication, Clinical Pharmacology in Health Care, Teaching, and Research, provides a current vision of the discipline suitable for the twenty-first century.


Input: Uptake, retention and internalization of quantum dots in Daphnia is influenced by particle surface functionalization.


Input: Nanomaterials are a diverse group of compounds whose inevitable release into the environment warrants study of the fundamental processes that govern the ingestion, uptake and accumulation in aquatic organisms.


Input: Nanomaterials have the ability to transfer to higher trophic levels in aquatic ecosystems, and recent evidence suggests that the surface chemistry of both the nanoparticle and biological membrane can influence uptake kinetics.


Input: Therefore, our study investigates the effect of surface functionalization on uptake, internalization and depuration in Daphnia spp.


Input: Uncharged (polyethylene glycol; PEG), positively charged (amino-terminated: NH2) and negatively charged (carboxyl-modified; COOH) cadmium selenide/zinc sulfide quantum dots were used to monitor ingestion, uptake and depuration of nanometals in Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia over 24h of exposure.

polyethylene glycol

PEG

amino

carboxyl

COOH

cadmium selenide

zinc sulfide


Input: These studies demonstrated that particles with higher negative charge (COOH quantum dots) were taken up to a greater extent by Daphnia (259. 17 +/- 17. 70 RFU/20 Daphnia) than either the NH2 (150. 01 +/- 18. 91) or PEG quantum dots (95. 17 +/- 9. 78), however this is likely related to the functional groups attached to the nanoparticles as there were no real differences in zeta potential.

COOH

PEG


Input: Whole body fluorescence associates well with fluorescent microscopic images obtained at the 24h timepoint.


Input: Confocal and electron microscopic analysis clearly demonstrated that all three types of quantum dots could cross the intestinal epithelial barrier and be translocated to other cells.


Input: Upon cessation of exposure, elimination of all three materials was biphasic with rapid initial clearance that likely represents elimination of material remaining in the GI tract followed by a much slower elimination phase that likely represents elimination of internalized material.


Input: These studies demonstrate that daphnids can take up intact nanomaterial from the water column and that this uptake is strongly influenced by particle surface functionalization.


Input: In addition, the usefulness of using quantum dots as a proxy for other nanometals (no acute toxicity, clear visualization in electron microscopy), in conjunction with several different imaging techniques in assessing uptake and accumulation of nanoparticles in daphnids was demonstrated.


Input: A kavalactone derivative inhibits lipopolysaccharide-stimulated iNOS induction and NO production through activation of Nrf2 signaling in BV2 microglial cells.

kavalactone


Input: Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer' s diseases and Parkinson' s disease.


Input: Naturally derived kavalactones isolated from Piper methysticum (Piperaceae) have been shown to exhibit neuroprotective effects.

kavalactones


Input: We have previously reported that a chemically synthesized kavalactone derivative, 2', 6'-dichloro-5-methoxymethyl-5, 6-dehydrokawain (compound 1) protects against oxidative stress-induced neuronal cell death through activation of Nrf2 signaling.

kavalactone

2', 6'-dichloro-5-methoxymethyl-5, 6-dehydrokawain


Input: In the present study, we examined the effect of compound 1 on neuroinflammation.


Input: In BV2 microglial cells, compound 1 strongly inhibited LPS-stimulated iNOS induction and NO production, but did not affect LPS-stimulated induction of COX2.


Input: At 6h after LPS challenge, when iNOS induction was not clearly seen, treatment with LPS or compound 1 alone increased expression of heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) whose transcription is regulated by Nrf2.

heme


Input: When treated with both, compound 1 enhanced LPS-stimulated HO-1 induction, which was more evident at 24h after LPS treatment.


Input: Furthermore, LPS-stimulated activation of Nrf2 signaling and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 were potentiated by compound 1.


Input: The mechanism by which compound 1 activated Nrf2 signaling was supposed to be a covalent modification of the sulfhydryl groups of Keap1 by an alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl group present in the compound 1.

sulfhydryl

alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl


Input: Treatment with hemin, a HO-1 inducer, and with [Ru (CO) 3Cl2] 2, a CO donor, decreased LPS-stimulated iNOS induction and NO production.

hemin

[Ru (CO) 3Cl2] 2

CO


Input: In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of HO-1 expression reduced the inhibitory effect of compound 1 on LPS-stimulated iNOS induction and NO production.


Input: The compound 1 inhibited LPS-stimulated ERK phosphorylation after LPS treatment.


Input: Finally, compound 1 suppressed LPS/IFN-gamma-stimulated NO production in primary microglial cells.

NO


Input: These results suggest that compound 1 is capable of inhibiting LPS-stimulated iNOS induction and NO production via activation of Nrf2 signaling and HO-1 induction in microglial cells.


Input: Taken together, compound 1 has a potential to reduce neuroinflammation as well as oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases through activation of Nrf2 signaling.


Input: The protein corona mediates the impact of nanomaterials and slows amyloid beta fibrillation.


Input: Put your coat on: It is well recognized that the surfaces of nanomaterials in biological media are covered by various biomolecules (e. g., proteins).


Input: A) The protein corona creates a shell over different nanomaterials, regardless of their physicochemical properties (e. g., composition and shape), resulting in reduced levels of amyloid beta fibril formation.


Input: B) Pristine nanomaterials might have acceleratory effects on the fibrillation of amyloid beta.


Input: Effects of phosphate buffer in parenteral drugs on particle formation from glass vials.

phosphate


Input: The characteristics of inorganic particles generated in glass vials filled with phosphate buffer solutions were investigated.

phosphate


Input: During storage, particles were visually detected in the phosphate buffer solution in particular glass vials which pass compendial tests of containers for injectable drugs.

phosphate


Input: These particles were considered to be different from ordinal glass delamination, which has been reported in a number of papers because the particles were mainly composed of Al, P and O, but not Si.

Al

P

O

Si


Input: The formation of the particles accelerated at higher storage temperatures.


Input: Among the surface treatments tested for the glass vials, sulfur treatment showed a protective effect on the particle formation in the vials, whereas the SiO2 coating did not have any protective effects.

sulfur


Input: It was found that the elution ratio of Al and Si in the solution stored in the glass vials after the heating was similar to the ratio of Al and Si in borosilicate glass.

Al

Si

Al

Si

borosilicate


Input: However, the Al concentration decreased during storage (5 degrees C, 6 months), and consequently, particle formation was observed in the solution.

Al


Input: Adding citrate, which is a chelating agent for Al, effectively suppressed the particle formation in the heated solution.

citrate

Al


Input: When 50 ppb and higher concentrations of Al ion were added to the phosphate buffer solution, the formation of white particles containing Al, P and O was detected.

Al

phosphate

Al

P

O


Input: It is suggested that a phosphate buffer solution in a borosilicate glass vial has the ability to form particles due to interactions with the Al that is eluted from the glass during storage.

phosphate

borosilicate

Al


Input: Microengineered PEG Hydrogels: 3D Scaffolds for Guided Cell Growth.

PEG


Input: Designing three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds for selective manipulation of cell growth is of high relevance for applications in regenerative medicine.


Input: Especially, scaffolds with oriented morphologies bear high potential to guide the restoration of specific tissues.


Input: The fabrication of hydrogel scaffolds that support long-term survival, proliferation, and unidirectional growth of embedded cells is presented here.


Input: Parallel channel structures are introduced into the bulk hydrogels by uniaxial freezing, providing stable, and uniform porosity suitable for cell invasion (pore diameters of 5-15 micro m).


Input: In vitro assessment of the scaffolds with murine fibroblasts (NIH L929) shows a remarkable unidirectional movement along the channels, with the cells traveling several millimeters through the hydrogel.


Input: Parameterization of a reactive force field using a monte carlo algorithm.


Input: Parameterization of a molecular dynamics force field is essential in realistically modeling the physicochemical processes involved in a molecular system.


Input: This step is often challenging when the equations involved in describing the force field are complicated as well as when the parameters are mostly empirical.


Input: ReaxFF is one such reactive force field which uses hundreds of parameters to describe the interactions between atoms.


Input: The optimization of the parameters in ReaxFF is done such that the properties predicted by ReaxFF matches with a set of quantum chemical or experimental data.


Input: Usually, the optimization of the parameters is done by an inefficient single-parameter parabolic-search algorithm.


Input: In this study, we use a robust metropolis Monte-Carlo algorithm with simulated annealing to search for the optimum parameters for the ReaxFF force field in a high-dimensional parameter space.


Input: The optimization is done against a set of quantum chemical data for MgSO4 hydrates.

MgSO4 hydrates


Input: The optimized force field reproduced the chemical structures, the equations of state, and the water binding curves of MgSO4 hydrates.

MgSO4 hydrates


Input: The transferability test of the ReaxFF force field shows the extend of transferability for a particular molecular system.


Input: This study points out that the ReaxFF force field is not indefinitely transferable.


Input: (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Input: Co-delivery of 10-Hydroxycamptothecin with Doxorubicin Conjugated Prodrugs for Enhanced Anticancer Efficacy.

Doxorubicin


Input: Well-defined amphiphilic linear-dendritic prodrugs (MPEG-b-PAMAM-DOX) are synthesized by conjugating doxorubicin (DOX), to MPEG-b-PAMAM through the acid-labile hydrazone bond.

MPEG-b-PAMAM-DOX

doxorubicin

DOX

MPEG-b-PAMAM

hydrazone


Input: The amphiphilic prodrugs form self-assembled nanoparticles in deionized water and encapsulate the hydrophobic anticancer drug 10-hydroxycamptothecin (HCPT) with a high drug loading efficiency.

HCPT


Input: Studies on drug release and cellular uptake of the co-delivery system reveal that both drugs are released in a pH-dependent manner and effectively taken up by MCF-7 cells.


Input: In vitro methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assays and drug-induced apoptosis tests demonstrate the HCPT-loaded nanoparticles suppress cancer cell growth more efficiently than the MPEG-b-PAMAM-DOX prodrugs, free HCPT, and physical mixtures of MPEG-b-PAMAM-DOX and HCPT at equivalent DOX or HCPT doses.

methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium

MTT

HCPT

MPEG-b-PAMAM-DOX

HCPT

MPEG-b-PAMAM-DOX

HCPT

DOX

HCPT


Input: Rational Discovery of Dengue Type 2 Non-competitive Inhibitors.


Input: Various works have been carried out in developing therapeutics against dengue.


Input: However, to date, no effective vaccine or anti-dengue agent has yet been discovered.


Input: The development of protease inhibitors is considered as a promising option, but most previous works have involved competitive inhibition.


Input: In this study, we focused on rational discovery of potential anti-dengue agents based on non-competitive inhibition of DEN-2 NS2B/NS3 protease.


Input: A homology model of the DEN-2 NS2B/NS3 protease (using West Nile Virus NS2B/NS3 protease complex, 2FP7, as the template) was used as the target and pinostrobin, a flavanone, was used as the standard ligand.

pinostrobin

flavanone


Input: Virtual screening was performed involving a total of 13, 341 small compounds, with the backbone structures of chalcone, flavanone and flavone, available from the ZINC database.

chalcone

flavanone

flavone


Input: Ranking of the resulting compounds yielded compounds with higher binding affinities compared to the standard ligand.


Input: Inhibition assay of the selected top ranking compounds against DEN-2 NS2B/NS3 proteolytic activity resulted in significantly better inhibition compared to the standard and correlated well with in silico results.


Input: In conclusion, via this rational discovery technique, better inhibitors were identified.


Input: This method can be used in further work to discover lead compounds for anti-dengue agents.


Input: (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.


Input: Potential of nanocrystalline cellulose-fibrin nanocomposites for artificial vascular graft applications.


Input: The potential of synthesizing new nanocomposites from nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) and fibrin for small-diameter replacement vascular graft (SDRVG) application was demonstrated.


Input: Periodate oxidation of NCC can augment reactive carbonyl groups on NCC and facilitate its cross-linking with fibrin.

carbonyl


Input: NCC-fibrin nanocomposites were synthesized, composed of homogeneously dispersed oxidized NCC (ONCC) in a fibrin matrix, with fibrin providing elasticity and ONCC providing strength.


Input: The maximum strength and elongation of the nanocomposites were determined by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and compared with a native blood vessel.


Input: The manipulation of degree of oxidation of NCC and the NCC-to-fibrin ratio resulted in the variation of strength and elongation of the nanocomposites, indicating that the nanocomposites can be tailored to conform to the diverse mechanical properties of native blood vessels.


Input: A mechanistic understanding of the molecular interactions of ONCC and fibrin was illustrated.


Input: This study established fundamental information to utilizing NCC for SDRVG applications.


Input: Functional interactions between matrix metalloproteinases and glycosaminoglycans.


Input: Similar to most proteinases, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) do not recognize a consensus cleavage site.


Input: Thus, it is not surprising that, in a defined in vitro reaction, most MMPs can act on a wide range of proteins, including many extracellular matrix proteins.


Input: However, the findings obtained from in vivo studies with genetic models have demonstrated that individual MMPs act on just a few extracellular protein substrates, typically not matrix proteins.


Input: The limited, precise functions of an MMP imply that mechanisms have evolved to control the specificity of proteinase: substrate interactions.


Input: We discuss the possibility that interactions with the glycosaminoglycan chains of proteoglycans may function as allosteric regulators or accessory factors directing MMP catalysis to specific substrates.


Input: We propose that understanding how the activity of specific MMPs is confined to discreet compartments and targeted to defined substrates via interactions with other macromolecules may provide a means of blocking potentially deleterious MMP-mediated processes at the same time as sparing any beneficial functions.


Input: The pharmacokinetics and conversion of the lactone to the carboxylate forms of ginkgolide B in rat plasma.

lactone

carboxylate

ginkgolide B


Input: Ginkgolide B consists of three lactone groups, which may undergo hydrolysis, and lead to the rings opening in aqueous solution with different pHs.

Ginkgolide B

lactone


Input: From mechanisms of pharmacological activity in vivo, the lactone appears to be the active form of the drug.

lactone


Input: Pharmacokinetics of lactone form (GB-lac) and the total of the lactone and carboxylate form (GB-tot) of ginkgolide B were investigated after intravenous administration of a dose of 4 mg/kg ginkgolide B.

lactone

GB-lac

lactone

carboxylate

ginkgolide B

ginkgolide B


Input: The rate of lactone hydrolysis was also studied in plasma in vitro.

lactone


Input: After intravenous administration, ginkgolide B in the original form was converted to its carboxylate form under simulated physiological conditions.

ginkgolide B

carboxylate


Input: The AUC0-infinity of GB-lac constituted 63. 5 +/- 17. 4% of the AUC0-infinity of GB-tot.

GB-lac


Input: The ratio of average cumulation of excretion of lactone to carboxylate reached approximately 1 to 1 in urine.

lactone

carboxylate


Input: From the equilibrium of lactone hydrolysis in rat plasma in vitro, the k obs was-0. 0176 min (-1) and t 1/2 was 39. 38 min.

lactone


Input: In conclusion, the equilibrium existed between lactone of ginkgolide B and its carboxylate form in vivo at physiological pH, which suggested that more attention should be focused on the original and the ionization forms of ginkgolide B and the conversion of the lactone into carboxylate in vivo.

lactone

ginkgolide B

carboxylate

ginkgolide B

lactone

carboxylate


Input: Molecular orientation and dynamics of different sized organic radicals included in organic 1D nanochannels.


Input: The molecular orientation and dynamics of di-t-butylnitroxide (DTBN) and 4-oxo-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPONE) radicals in the organic 1D nanochannels of tris (o-phenylenedioxy) cyclotriphosphazene (TPP) were investigated by examining inclusion compounds (ICs) diluted by the co-inclusion of nonradicals using electron spin resonance (ESR).

di-t-butylnitroxide

DTBN

4-oxo-2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-1-oxyl

TEMPONE

tris (o-phenylenedioxy) cyclotriphosphazene

TPP


Input: Spectral simulation showed that the axial rotation of DTBN or TEMPONE molecules is excited in TPP nanochannels with activation energies of 3 and 10 kJ mol (-1), respectively.

DTBN

TEMPONE

TPP


Input: The rotation axes for both DTBN and TEMPONE were determined to be almost parallel to the principal y-axis of the g tensor, which agrees with the result reported for 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) in TPP nanochannels, which has the activation energy of 5 kJ mol (-1).

DTBN

TEMPONE

2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyl-1-oxyl

TEMPO

TPP


Input: These results indicate that the molecular orientations of guest nitroxide radicals are almost independent of the molecular sizes of the guest radicals in TPP nanochannels, although the molecular dynamics are dependent on the molecular sizes.

nitroxide

TPP


Input: Ethnobotanical study on traditional use of medicinal plants in South-Western Serbia, Zlatibor district.


Input: Ethnopharmacological relevance: This paper provides significant ethnobotanical information on medicinal plant uses in the Zlatibor district, South-Western Serbia.


Input: Materials and methods: A survey was performed using questionnaires with 220 informants (mean age 47, 79% female, 21% male).


Input: In addition, the use value and the relative importance of species were determined and the informant consensus factor was calculated for the medicinal plants included in the study.


Input: Intended plants usage was compared with previous ethnobotanical literature, with reference to the neighboring areas of Zlatibor district.


Input: Results: The informants provided data for 69 medicinal plants belonging to 36 families.


Input: Rosaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae were the predominant locally used families.


Input: The species with the highest use value were Mentha piperita, Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum and Achillea millefolium.


Input: The most frequently reported medicinal uses were ones for treating gastrointestinal ailments, respiratory problems and skin diseases.


Input: Usually, the administration was primarily oral followed by topical applications.


Input: All different plant parts were utilized, however leaves were the most exploited parts of the plants.


Input: Conclusions: Folk medicine in South-Western Serbia, Zlatibor district is intended mainly as a mode of primary health care in healing of minor illnesses.


Input: The results indicate a slight reduction in the ethnobotanical and medical knowledge in this area, when compared with neighboring regions.


Input: Recombinant streptavidin-C3bot for delivery of proteins into macrophages.


Input: We demonstrated previously that monocytes and macrophages are target cells for the Rho-modifying Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase.

ADP


Input: Here, we report the construction, expression and characterization of a recombinant streptavidin-C3 fusion protein which allows for delivery of biotin-labelled molecules into the cytosol of macrophages via enzymatically inactive C3bot1E174Q.

biotin


Input: The enzyme domain of diphtheria toxin was used as cargo to demonstrate proof of principle.


Input: This transport system could represent an attractive tool for experimental monocyte/macrophage pharmacology.


Input: Cardiovascular disease prevention: matching evidence-based algorithms with individualized care.


Input: The appropriate use of statins in primary prevention remains a matter of debate.


Input: Although statins reduce cardiovascular events at all levels of baseline risk, they are associated with rare but important side effects including incident diabetes.


Input: Herein, we review strategies for statin allocation ranging from strict " evidence-based " adherence to randomized controlled clinical trial (RCT) entry criteria to more " personalized " risk assessment using high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), coronary artery calcification (CAC), or genetic testing.


Input: Current guidelines advocate an unusual middle ground between an evidence-based approach and a personalized approach.


Input: Hedgehog-Gli Activators Direct Osteo-chondrogenic Function of Bone Morphogenetic Protein toward Osteogenesis in the Perichondrium.


Input: Specification of progenitors into the osteoblast lineage is an essential event for skeletogenesis.


Input: During endochondral ossification, cells in the perichondrium give rise to osteoblast precursors.


Input: Hedgehog (Hh) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) are suggested to regulate the commitment of these cells.


Input: However, properties of perichondrial cells and regulatory mechanisms of the specification process are still poorly understood.


Input: Here, we investigated the machineries by combining a novel organ culture system and single-cell expression analysis with mouse genetics and biochemical analyses.


Input: In a metatarsal organ culture reproducing bone collar formation, activation of BMP signaling enhanced the bone collar formation cooperatively with Hh input, whereas the signaling induced ectopic chondrocyte formation in the perichondrium without Hh input.


Input: Similar phenotypes were also observed in compound mutant mice, where signaling activities of Hh and BMP were genetically manipulated.


Input: Single-cell quantitative RT-PCR analyses showed heterogeneity of perichondrial cells in terms of natural characteristics and responsiveness to Hh input.


Input: In vitro analyses revealed that Hh signaling suppressed BMP-induced chondrogenic differentiation; Gli1 inhibited the expression of Sox5, Sox6, and Sox9 (SRY box-containing gene 9) as well as transactivation by Sox9.


Input: Indeed, ectopic expression of chondrocyte maker genes were observed in the perichondrium of metatarsals in Gli1 (-/-) fetuses, and the phenotype was more severe in Gli1 (-/-); Gli2 (-/-) newborns.


Input: These data suggest that Hh-Gli activators alter the function of BMP to specify perichondrial cells into osteoblasts; the timing of Hh input and its target populations are critical for BMP function.


Input: A novel mechanism by which SDF-1 beta protects cardiac cells from palmitate-induced ER stress and apoptosis via CXCR7 and AMPK/p38 MAPK-mediated IL-6 generation.

palmitate


Input: We studied the protective effect of stromal cell-derived factor-1beta (SDF-1 beta) on cardiac cells from lipotoxicity in vitro and diabetes in vivo.


Input: Exposure of cardiac cells to palmitate increased apoptosis by activating NADPH oxidase-associated nitrosative stress and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which abolished by pretreatment with SDF-1 beta via up-regulation of AMPK-mediated p38 MAPK phosphorylation and IL-6 production.

palmitate

NADPH


Input: The SDF-1 beta cardiac protection could be abolished by inhibition of AMPK, p38 MAPK or IL-6.


Input: Activation of AMPK or addition of recombinant IL-6 recaptured a similar cardiac protection.


Input: SDF-1 beta receptor CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100 or CXCR4 siRNA could not, but CXCR7 siRNA completely abolish SDF-1 beta' s protection from palmitate-induced apoptosis and activation of AMPK and p38 MAPK.

palmitate


Input: Administration of SDF-1 beta to diabetic rats, induced by high-fat-diet feeding with a small dose of streptozotocin, could significantly reduce cardiac apoptosis and increase in AMPK phosphorylation along with a prevention of diabetes-induced cardiac oxidative damage, inflammation, hypertrophy and remodeling.

streptozotocin


Input: These results showed that SDF-1 beta protects palmitate-induced cardiac apoptosis, which is mediated by NADPH oxidase-activated nitrosative damage and ER stress, via CXCR7 to activate AMPK/p38 MAPK-mediated IL-6 generation.

palmitate

NADPH


Input: The cardiac protection by SDF-1 beta from diabetes-induced oxidative damage, cell death and remodeling was also associated with AMPK activation.


Input: Modulation of cytochrome P450 1 (Cyp1) by vanadium in hepatic tissue and isolated hepatocyte of C57BL/6 mice.

vanadium


Input: The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of vanadium (V (5 +)) on Cyp1 expression and activity in C57BL/6 mice liver and isolated hepatocytes.

vanadium

V (5 +)


Input: For this purpose, C57BL6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with V (5 +) (5 mg/kg) in the absence and presence of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) (15 mu g/kg) for 6 and 24 h.

V (5 +)

2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

TCDD


Input: Furthermore, isolated hepatocytes from C57BL6 mice were treated with V (5 +) (5, 10, and 20 mu M) in the absence and presence of TCDD (1 nM) for 3, 6, 12, and 24 h.

V (5 +)

TCDD


Input: In vivo, V (5 +) alone did not significantly alter Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, or Cyp1b1 mRNA, protein, or catalytic activity levels.

V (5 +)


Input: Upon co-exposure to V (5 +) and TCDD, V (5 +) significantly potentiated the TCDD-mediated induction of the Cyp1a1, Cyp1a2, and Cyp1b1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels at 24 h.

V (5 +)

TCDD

V (5 +)

TCDD


Input: In vitro, V (5 +) decreased the TCDD-mediated induction of Cyp1a1 mRNA, protein, and catalytic activity levels.

V (5 +)

TCDD


Input: Furthermore, V (5 +) significantly inhibited the TCDD-induced AhR-dependent luciferase activity.

V (5 +)

TCDD


Input: V (5 +) also increased serum hemoglobin (Hb) levels in animals treated for 24 h.

V (5 +)


Input: Upon treatment of isolated hepatocytes with Hb alone or in the presence of TCDD, there was an increase in the AhR-dependent luciferase activity.

TCDD


Input: When isolated hepatocytes were treated for 2 h with V (5 +) in the presence of TCDD, followed by replacement of the medium with new medium containing Hb, there was further potentiation to the TCDD-mediated effect.

V (5 +)

TCDD

TCDD


Input: The present study demonstrates that there is a differential modulation of Cyp1a1 by V (5 +) in C57BL/6 mice livers and isolated hepatocytes and demonstrates Hb as an in vivo specific modulator.

V (5 +)


Input: Metabolic dephenylation of the rubber antioxidant N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine to carcinogenic 2-naphthylamine in rats.


Input: N-Phenyl-2-naphthylamine (P2NA) was widely used as oxidation inhibitor, particularly in rubber manufacturing.


Input: Technical-grade P2NA was contaminated with carcinogenic 2-naphthylamine (2NA), and bladder cancer risk in exposed workers was attributed to this impurity.


Input: Investigations in humans and mammalian species revealed that small amounts of 2NA are excreted into urine after exposure to P2NA.


Input: However, since 2NA per se is not carcinogenic and main downstream metabolites of 2NA have not been found in urine so far, it remained uncertain if 2NA derived from P2NA dephenylation is further activated to carcinogenic downstream metabolites.


Input: An experimental animal study was therefore designed to indicate if, and if yes to which extent, 2NA from P2NA dephenylation is accessible to the metabolic pathway that is held responsible for the carcinogenicity of 2NA.


Input: Groups of 5 male and female CD rats were dosed with P2NA (2-550 mg/kg b. w.) and 2NA (0. 075-75 mg/kg b. w.); 2NA-haemoglobin adducts and urinary 2NA excretion were determined applying GC-MS/MS.


Input: 2NA haemoglobin adducts originated dose-dependently after 2NA and P2NA dosing.


Input: To induce identical adduct concentrations, an approximately 100-200-fold higher dose of P2NA was necessary compared to 2NA.


Input: Since haemoglobin adducts are formed by the same pathway (N-hydroxylation) as the ultimate carcinogens from 2NA, the comparison of adduct concentrations after 2NA and P2NA dosage permits a quantitative estimate of the carcinogenicity of P2NA.

N


Input: The results show that 2NA derived from dephenylation of P2NA enters the carcinogenic downstream pathway of 2NA in rats.


Input: Hence, the bladder cancer risk after human exposures to P2NA must be re-evaluated.


Input: Effect of bisphenol-A on insulin signal transduction and glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle of adult male albino rat.

bisphenol-A

glucose


Input: The estrogenic monomer bisphenol-A (BPA) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical used in the production of epoxy resins, plastic food and beverage containers, leading to ubiquitous human exposure.

bisphenol-A

BPA

epoxy


Input: Environmentally relevant doses of BPA have profound effects on mice endocrine pancreas.

BPA


Input: It increases pancreatic insulin content and favors postprandial hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in male mice.


Input: Skeletal muscle plays a crucial role in maintaining systemic glucose metabolism.

glucose


Input: In the present study, we investigated the possible effects of BPA on insulin-signaling molecules and glucose oxidation in skeletal muscle of male rat.

BPA

glucose


Input: Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups.


Input: Group I: control (vehicle treated) and groups II and III were administered with BPA orally (20 and 200 mg/kg bw/day, respectively).

BPA


Input: Although there was no change in the levels of insulin receptor (IR), Akt (protein kinase B) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) messenger RNA, BPA significantly decreased the IR, Akt and GLUT4 protein levels (both plasma membrane and cytosolic fraction) of the gastrocnemius muscle.

glucose

BPA


Input: There was an increase in serum insulin and decrease in serum testosterone levels but fasting blood glucose level remained unaltered.

testosterone

glucose


Input: In conclusion, BPA has adverse effects on phosphorylation of Akt, GLUT4 translocation and (14) C-glucose oxidation.

BPA

(14) C-glucose


Input: Effects of the combined artesunate and mefloquine antimalarial drugs on rat embryos.

artesunate

mefloquine


Input: Artemisinins combination therapy (ACT) is the first choice therapy for falciparum malaria.

Artemisinins


Input: Data on the safety of ACTs in pregnancy are limited and controversial and the use is not recommended on the first trimester.


Input: To evaluate the effects of isolated and combined artesunate (AS)/mefloquine (MQ) on embryo rats, pregnant rats were treated orally with AS (15 and 40 mg/kg body weight (bwt)/day), MQ (30 and 80 mg/kg bwt/day) and AS/MQ (15/30 and 40/80 mg/kg bwt/day) on days 9-11 post coitum (pc).

artesunate

mefloquine


Input: The dams were euthanized on day 12 pc and gestational and embryos histological parameters were evaluated.


Input: Embryolethality and histopathological anomalies were significant when AS was given alone or combined with MQ.


Input: Combination of AS and MQ did not enhance their toxicity compared to their separate administrations; on the other side, there was a reduction in the toxic effects of the AS when combined with MQ.


Input: Isolated MQ did not induce developmental toxicity.


Input: Cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic potencies of oligorutins.


Input: Rutin has been enzymatically oligomerized by laccase from Trametes versicolor.

Rutin


Input: Five fractions of oligomers were obtained from the monomers having high solubility in water, which can reach 351-times that of rutin.

rutin


Input: Cytotoxicity of rutin and oligorutin fractions was evaluated towards K562 cells.

rutin


Input: Oligorutin fractions showed a lower antiproliferative effect compared with its monomer.


Input: The genotoxic potential of rutin and oligorutin fractions was assessed, at the limit of the solubility of each molecule, using the comet test.

rutin


Input: None of the tested concentrations of either rutin or oligorutin fractions has showed a genotoxic effect.

rutin


Input: Similarly, the antigenotoxic effect of these flavonoids was tested using the same assay.

flavonoids


Input: The obtained results showed a higher ability of oligorutin fractions to reduce the genotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide compared with monomeric rutin.

hydrogen peroxide

rutin


Input: Rheological properties and tunable thermoplasticity of phenolic rich fraction of pyrolysis bio-oil.


Input: In this work we report on the preparation, characterization, and properties of a thermally treated lignin-derived, phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) of wood pyrolysis bio-oil obtained by ethyl acetate extraction.

ethyl acetate


Input: The PRF was characterized for viscoelastic and rheological behavior using dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and cone and plate rheology.


Input: A unique thermoplastic behavior was evidenced.


Input: Heat-treated PRFs acquire high modulus but show low temperatures of thermal flow which can be systematically manipulated through the thermal pretreatment.


Input: Loss of volatiles, changes in molecular weight, and glass transition temperature (Tg) were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mass spectrometry (MS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), respectively.


Input: Underlying mechanisms for the thermal and rheological behavior are discussed with regard to interactions between pyrolytic lignin nanoparticles present in the system and the role of volatile materials on determining the properties of the material resembling in several aspects to colloidal suspension systems.


Input: Low thermal flow temperatures and reversible thermal effects can be attributed to association of pyrolytic lignin particles due to intermolecular interactions that are easily ruptured at higher temperatures.


Input: The thermoplastic behavior of PRF and its low Tg is of particular interest, as it gives opportunities for application of this fraction in several melt processing and adhesive technologies.


Input: Accurate semiexperimental structure of 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole by the mixed estimation method.

1, 3, 4-oxadiazole


Input: In order to determine an accurate equilibrium structure for 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole, microwave transitions and ground-state rotational constants are reported for the parent species and for the (18) O isotopologue measured in natural abundance.

1, 3, 4-oxadiazole

(18) O


Input: These rotational constants along with those of the (13) C, (15) N, and D1 species were used together with vibration-rotation constants calculated from a cubic force field calculated at the B3LYP/6-311 + G (3df, 2pd) level of theory to derive a semiexperimental equilibrium structure.

(13) C

(15) N


Input: However, the results of this fit were not satisfactory; therefore, the structure was later significantly improved by the mixed estimation method.


Input: In this method, internal coordinates from good-quality quantum chemical calculations (with appropriate uncertainties) are fitted simultaneously with moments of inertia of the full set of isotopologues.


Input: The accuracy of this structure has been confirmed by using an extrapolation technique.


Input: All elements of the (14) N nuclear quadrupole coupling tensor have been determined.

(14) N


Input: Antinociceptive effect of 7-methoxyflavone isolated from Zornia brasiliensis.


Input: In this study, we investigated the antinociceptive effect of 7-methoxyflavone (7MF) in mice using the following tests: acetic acid-induced writhing, glutamate-and formalin-induced nociception and hotplate.

acetic acid

glutamate

formalin


Input: 7MF (30, 50, 100 and 300 mu mol/kg, i. p.) reduced the number of writhes, with ID (50) = 82. 5 +/- 11. 7 mu mol/kg and E (max) = 58. 4%.


Input: 7MF treatment (100 mu mol/kg, i. p.) inhibited paw-licking time in the neurogenic phase of the formalin pain response (65. 6%) and did not decrease the nociceptive response in the inflammatory phase.

formalin


Input: In addition, in glutamate-induced nociception, 7MF inhibited 26% of the nociceptive answer.

glutamate


Input: On the other hand, 7MF did not increase the latency time of the animals in the hotplate test.


Input: These results suggest that 7MF has peripheral antinociceptive activity.


Input: Directed organization of DNA filaments in a soft matter template.


Input: We have developed a noninvasive, all-optical, holographic technique for permanently aligning liquid crystalline DNA filaments in a microperiodic template realized in soft-composite (polymeric) materials.


Input: By combining optical intensity holography with a selective microfluidic etching process, a channelled microstructure has been realized which enables self-assembly of DNA.


Input: The striking chemicophysical properties of the structure immobilize the DNA filaments within the microchannels without the need of any kind of surface chemistry or functionalization.


Input: Polarized optical, confocal, and electronic microscopies have been used for characterizing the DNA geometry inside the microchannels in terms of birefringence, fluorescence, and nanoscale organization properties.


Input: In particular, observation of a far-field diffraction pattern confirms a periodic organization of the DNA filaments inside the polymeric template.


Input: Self-assembly of morphology-tunable architectures from tetraarylmethane derivatives for targeted drug delivery.

tetraarylmethane


Input: Tetraarylmethane compounds consisting of two pyrogallol and two aniline units, namely, Ar2CAr' 2 {Ar = 3, 4, 5-C6H2 (OH) 3 and Ar' = 3, 5-R2-4-C6H2NH2 [R = Me (1), iPr (2)]} exhibit excellent self-assembly behavior.

Tetraarylmethane

pyrogallol

aniline

Ar2CAr' 2

3, 4, 5-C6H2 (OH) 3

3, 5-R2-4-C6H2NH2

iPr


Input: Compound 1 yields size-tunable hollow nanospheres (HNSs) with a narrow size distribution, and 2 yields various morphologies ranging from microtubules to microrods via self-assembly induced by hydrogen bonding and pi-pi stacking interactions.

hydrogen


Input: On the basis of the experimental results, a plausible mechanism for morphology tunability was proposed.


Input: As a means of utilizing the self-assembled HNSs for targeting controlled drug delivery, folic acid (FA) and rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) were grafted onto compound 1 to yield the FA-Rh6G-1 complex.

folic acid

rhodamine 6G


Input: The HNSs fabricated with FA-Rh6G-1 showed low cytotoxicity against human embryonic kidney 293T cells and CT26 colon carcinoma cells and good doxorubicin (DOX) loading capacity (9. 6 wt%).

doxorubicin

DOX


Input: The FA receptor-mediated endocytosis of FA-Rh6G-1 HNSs examined by using a confocal laser scanning microscope and a flow cytometer revealed that the uptake of FA-Rh6G-1 HNSs into CT26 cells was induced by FA receptor-mediated endocytosis.


Input: In vitro drug delivery tests showed that the DOX molecules were released from the resulting HNSs in a sustainable and pH-dependent manner, demonstrating a potential application for HNSs in targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy.

DOX


Input: Novel microwave assisted chemical synthesis of Nd 2 Fe 1 4 B hard magnetic nanoparticles.

Nd 2 Fe 1 4 B


Input: The high coercivity and excellent energy product of Nd2Fe14B hard magnets have led to a large number of high value added industrial applications.


Input: Chemical synthesis of Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles is challenging due to the large reduction potential of Nd (3 +) and the high tendency for Nd2Fe14B oxidation.

Nd (3 +)


Input: We report the novel synthesis of Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles by a microwave assisted combustion process.


Input: The process consisted of Nd-Fe-B mixed oxide preparation by microwave assisted combustion, followed by the reduction of the mixed oxide by CaH2.

Nd-Fe-B

oxide

oxide


Input: This combustion process is fast, energy efficient and offers facile elemental substitution.


Input: The coercivity of the resulting powders was ~ 8. 0 kOe and the saturation magnetization was ~ 40 emu g (-1).


Input: After removal of CaO by washing, saturation magnetization increased and an energy product of 3. 57 MGOe was obtained.

CaO


Input: A range of magnetic properties was obtained by varying the microwave power, reduction temperature and Nd to Fe ratio.

Nd

Fe


Input: A transition from soft to exchange coupled to hard magnetic properties was obtained by varying the composition of NdxFe1-xB8 (x varies from 7% to 40%).


Input: This synthesis procedure offers an inexpensive and facile platform to produce exchange coupled hard magnets.


Input: Acyl-CoA Synthetase 1 Is Induced by Gram-negative Bacteria and Lipopolysaccharide and Is Required for Phospholipid Turnover in Stimulated Macrophages.

Acyl-CoA


Input: The enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase 1 (ACSL1) is induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha) and PPAR gamma in insulin target tissues, such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue, and plays an important role in beta-oxidation in these tissues.

acyl-CoA


Input: In macrophages, however, ACSL1 mediates inflammatory effects without significant effects on beta-oxidation.


Input: Thus, the function of ACSL1 varies in different tissues.


Input: We therefore investigated the signals and signal transduction pathways resulting in ACSL1 induction in macrophages as well as the consequences of ACSL1 deficiency for phospholipid turnover in LPS-activated macrophages.


Input: LPS, Gram-negative bacteria, IFN-gamma, and TNF alpha all induce ACSL1 expression in macrophages, whereas PPAR agonists do not.


Input: LPS-induced ACSL1 expression is dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and its adaptor protein TRIF (Toll-like receptor adaptor molecule 1) but does not require the MyD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88) arm of TLR4 signaling; nor does it require STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) for maximal induction.


Input: Furthermore, ACSL1 deletion attenuates phospholipid turnover in LPS-stimulated macrophages.


Input: Thus, the regulation and biological function of ACSL1 in macrophages differ markedly from that in insulin target tissues.


Input: These results suggest that ACSL1 may have an important role in the innate immune response.


Input: Further, these findings illustrate an interesting paradigm in which the same enzyme, ACSL1, confers distinct biological effects in different cell types, and these disparate functions are paralleled by differences in the pathways that regulate its expression.


Input: CYP2C8 * 3 polymorphism and donor age are associated with allograft dysfunction in kidney transplant recipients treated with calcineurin inhibitors.


Input: Epoxieicosatrienoic acids (EETs) play a protective role against damaging processes in the kidney.

Epoxieicosatrienoic acids

EETs


Input: We have assessed the effect of polymorphisms in EETs-producing enzymes (CYP2C8 and CYP2J2) and other proteins involved in calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) disposition (CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and ABCB1) on graft function and clinical outcome in 166 renal transplant recipients treated with CNIs.

EETs


Input: Both CYP2C8 * 3 and donor age greater than 48 years were associated to a higher incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) [OR = 2. 01 (1. 1-4. 1), P =. 04 and 5. 14 (2. 4-10. 9), P <. 0001; respectively] and worse creatinine clearance 1 year after grafting (P <. 05 and P <. 001, respectively).

creatinine


Input: In addition, carrying 4-6 variants in the 3 ABCB1 loci and older donor age were individually associated to higher incidence of calcineurin-inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity [OR = 2. 38 (1. 1-5. 4), P =. 03 and OR = 1. 03 (1. 01-1. 06), P =. 038].


Input: Regression analyses confirmed the relevant effect of both CYP2C8 * 3 and donor age on graft dysfunction.


Input: Carrying the 2C8 * 3 allele and having a donor older than 48 years was defined as a high-risk status and observed to be highly related to DGF [OR = 3. 91 (1. 46-10. 48), P <. 01] and worse creatinine clearance (P =. 033).

creatinine


Input: Our results show that genetic and clinical parameters can be combined to identify risk factors for allograft dysfunction in renal transplant recipients.


Input: Dissecting the roles of the N-and C-flanking residues of acetyllysine substrates for SIRT1 activity.

N

C

acetyllysine


Input: SIRT1 specificity: The multispecific SIRT1 enzyme catalyzes the deacetylation of acetyllysine residues within protein targets.

acetyllysine


Input: However, little is known regarding the molecular basis for SIRT1 substrate recognition.


Input: Kinetic analysis of SIRT1 with a panel of peptide substrates shows the high importance of the region N-flanking the target acetyllysine and its high conservation through evolution.

N

acetyllysine


Input: Chromatin Remodeling by Rosuvastatin Normalizes TSC2-/meth Cell Phenotype through the Expression of Tuberin.

Rosuvastatin


Input: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a multi-systemic syndrome caused by mutations in TSC1 or TSC2 gene.


Input: In TSC2-null cells, Rheb, a member of the Ras family of GTPases, is constitutively activated.


Input: Statins inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase and block the synthesis of isoprenoid lipids with inhibition of Rheb farnesylation and RhoA geranylgeranylation.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A

isoprenoid


Input: The effects of rosuvastatin on the function of human TSC2 (-/-) and TSC2 (-/meth) alpha-actin smooth muscle (ASM) cells have been investigated.

rosuvastatin


Input: The TSC2 (-/-) and TSC2 (-/meth) ASM cells, previously isolated in our laboratory from the renal angiomyolipoma of two TSC patients, do not express tuberin and bear loss of heterozigosity caused by a double hit on TSC2 and methylation of TSC2 promoter, respectively.


Input: Exposure to rosuvastatin affected TSC2 (-/meth) ASM cell growth and promoted tuberin expression by acting as a demethylating agent.

rosuvastatin


Input: This occurred without changes in interleukin release.


Input: Rosuvastatin also reduced RhoA activation in TSC2 (-/meth) ASM cells, and it required coadministration with the specific mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitor rapamycin to be effective in TSC2 (-/-) ASM cells.

Rosuvastatin

rapamycin

rapamycin


Input: Rapamycin enhanced rosuvastatin effect in inhibiting cell proliferation in TSC2 (-/-) and TSC2 (-/meth) ASM cells.

Rapamycin

rosuvastatin


Input: Rosuvastatin alone did not alter phosphorylation of S6 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and at the higher concentration, rosuvastatin and rapamycin slightly decreased ERK phosphorylation.

Rosuvastatin

rosuvastatin

rapamycin


Input: These results suggest that rosuvastatin may potentially represent a treatment adjunct to the therapy with mTOR inhibitors now in clinical development for TSC.

rosuvastatin


Input: In particular, rosuvastatin appears useful when the disease is originated by epigenetic defects.

rosuvastatin


Input: PtCl2-Catalyzed Tandem Enyne Cyclization/1, 2 Ester Migration Reaction Controlled by Substituent Effects of All-Carbon 1, 6-Enynyl Esters.

Enyne

1, 2 Ester

All-Carbon 1, 6-Enynyl Esters


Input: On the move: A novel PtCl2-catalyzed tandem 1, 6-enyne cyclization/1, 2-acyloxy migration reaction was developed, which was shown to be controlled by substitution effects.

1, 6-enyne

1, 2-acyloxy


Input: Using this method, a series of substituted enol esters containing the cyclopentenyl motif were prepared in moderate to high yields.

enol esters

cyclopentenyl


Input: Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering on Non-SERS Active Substrates and In Situ Electrochemical Study based on a Single Gold Microshell.


Input: A single gold microshell, which was elaborately fabricated to carry numerous hot spots on its own surface, enabled the acquisition of the SERS spectra from the molecules on non-SERS active substrates such as Si/SiO2, ITO, and glass.

Si

ITO


Input: A self-assembled monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanols on the gold microshell offered an easy and reliable way to electrically insulate from the underlying flat Pt electrode and accomplish in situ monitoring the electrochemical reaction with minimal interference.

Pt


Input: Acute waterborne copper toxicity to the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa at different salinities: Influence of natural freshwater and marine dissolved organic matter.

copper


Input: The influence of natural dissolved organic matter (DOM) on acute waterborne Cu toxicity was evaluated in the euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa at 3 different water salinities.

Cu


Input: Three sources of freshwater DOM (extracted by reverse osmosis) and 2 sources of marine DOM (extracted using a solid-phase technique) were used.


Input: Artificial salt water was used to prepare the experimental media.


Input: Different combinations of Cu concentrations and DOM sources and concentrations were tested at salinities of 5, 15, and 30 ppt.

Cu


Input: Toxicity data (48-h median lethal concentration [LC50] values) were calculated based on dissolved Cu concentrations.

Cu


Input: In a broad view, data showed that increasing salinity was protective against the acute waterborne Cu toxicity.

Cu


Input: In general, Cu toxicity was also lower in the presence than in the absence of DOM.

Cu


Input: Toxicity (48-h LC50) values from all treatments at the same salinity showed a positive linear relationship with the dissolved organic carbon (DOC).

carbon


Input: Thus, the protective effect of DOM against the acute Cu toxicity seems to be dependent mainly on the DOM concentration.

Cu


Input: However, it seems also to be dependent to some extent on the source of DOM used.


Input: In summary, findings reported in the present study clearly indicate that both salinity and DOM (source and concentration) should be taken into account in the development of an estuarine version of the biotic ligand model.


Input: Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32: 1412-1419.


Input: (c) 2013 SETAC.


Input: Physical Properties and Erosion Behavior of Poly (trimethylene carbonate-co-epsilon-caprolactone) Networks.

Poly (trimethylene carbonate-co-epsilon-caprolactone)


Input: Form-stable resorbable networks are prepared by gamma irradiating trimethylene carbonate (TMC)-and epsilon-caprolactone (CL)-based (co) polymer films.

trimethylene carbonate

TMC

epsilon-caprolactone


Input: To evaluate their suitability for biomedical applications, their physical properties and erosion behavior are investigated.


Input: Homopolymer and copolymer networks that are amorphous at room temperature are flexible and rubbery with elastic moduli ranging from 1. 8 +/- 0. 3 to 5. 2 +/- 0. 4 MPa and permanent set values as low as 0. 9% strain.


Input: The elastic moduli of the semicrystalline networks are higher and range from 61 +/- 3 to 484 +/- 34 MPa.


Input: The erosion behavior of (co) polymer networks is investigated in vitro using macrophage cultures, and in vivo by subcutaneous implantation in rats.


Input: In macrophage cultures, as well as upon implantation, a surface erosion process is observed for the amorphous (co) polymer networks, while an abrupt decrease in the rate and a change in the nature of the erosion process are observed with increasing crystallinity.


Input: These resorbable and form-stable networks with tuneable properties may find application in a broad range of biomedical applications.


Input: Improvement of nanoprecipitation technique for preparation of gelatin nanoparticles and potential macromolecular drug loading.


Input: An optimum nanoprecipitation technique for gelatin nanoparticles is established, based on aqueous gelatin solution and ethanolic solution containing stabilizer.


Input: Crosslinking with glutaraldehyde results in stable gelatine nanoparticles.

glutaraldehyde


Input: Several factors such as the surfactant concentration, type of surfactant, type of nonsolvent and gelatin concentration are evaluated.


Input: Gelatin nanoparticles with 200-300 nm can be produced using 20-30 mg mL (-1) of gelatin and a minimum of 7% w/v stabilizer (Poloxamer 407 or 188).


Input: Furthermore, methanol and ethanol are good nonsolvents, whereas other nonsolvents such as acetone, isopropyl alcohol, and acetonitrile, result in phase separation and visible precipitates.

methanol

ethanol

acetone

isopropyl alcohol

acetonitrile


Input: The entrapment efficiency of fluorescein-isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran as model drug was determined to 50% with no substantial effect on particle size.

fluorescein-isothiocyanate

FITC


Input: 80% of the drug is only released after enzymatic digestion.


Input: Neural correlates of performance monitoring in chronic cannabis users and cannabis-naive controls.


Input: Chronic cannabis use is associated with residual negative effects on measures of executive functioning.


Input: However, little previous work has focused specifically on executive processes involved in performance monitoring in frequent cannabis users.


Input: The present study investigated event-related potential (ERP) correlates of performance monitoring in chronic cannabis users.


Input: The error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), ERPs sensitive to performance monitoring, were recorded from 30 frequent cannabis users (mean usage = 5. 52 days/week) and 32 cannabis-na i ve control participants during a speeded stimulus discrimination task.


Input: The " oddball " P3 ERP was recorded as well.


Input: Users and controls did not differ on the amplitude or latency of the ERN; however, Pe amplitude was larger among users.


Input: Users also showed increased amplitude and reduced latency of the P3 in response to infrequent stimuli presented during the task.


Input: Among users, urinary cannabinoid metabolite levels at testing were unrelated to ERP outcomes.


Input: However, total years of cannabis use correlated negatively with P3 latency and positively with P3 amplitude, and age of first cannabis use correlated negatively with P3 amplitude.


Input: The results of this study suggest that chronic cannabis use is associated with alterations in neural activity related to the processing of motivationally-relevant stimuli (P3) and errors (Pe).


Input: Expansion of Secretin-Like G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Their Peptide Ligands via Local Duplications Before and After Two Rounds of Whole-Genome Duplication.


Input: In humans, the secretin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family comprises 15 members with 18 corresponding peptide ligand genes.


Input: Although members have been identified in a large variety of vertebrate and nonvertebrate species, the origin and relationship of these proteins remain unresolved.


Input: To address this issue, we employed large-scale genome comparisons to identify genome fragments with conserved synteny and matched these fragments to linkage groups in reconstructed early gnathostome ancestral chromosomes (GAC).


Input: This genome comparison revealed that most receptor and peptide genes were clustered in three GAC linkage groups and suggested that the ancestral forms of five peptide subfamilies (corticotropin-releasing hormone-like, calcitonin-like, parathyroid hormone-like, glucagon-like, and growth hormone-releasing hormone-like) and their cognate receptor families emerged through tandem local gene duplications before two rounds (2R) of whole-genome duplication.


Input: These subfamily genes have, then, been amplified by 2R whole-genome duplication, followed by additional local duplications and gene loss prior to the divergence of land vertebrates and teleosts.


Input: This study delineates a possible evolutionary scenario for whole secretin-like peptide and receptor family members and may shed light on evolutionary mechanisms for expansion of a gene family with a large number of paralogs.


Input: Decompression-induced crystal polymorphism in a room-temperature ionic liquid, N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate.

N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate


Input: We explore the phase behavior of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) compressed under high pressure to determine whether they crystallize or hold a liquid state.


Input: RTILs have attractive supercooling properties compared with ordinary molecular liquids, which easily become a glassy state without crystallizing at ambient pressure.


Input: Thus, phase behavior under extreme stress, such as pressure, might yield interesting results.


Input: Here, we show that N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate ([DEME] [BF4]) could be crystallized upon compression, but it usually formed a superpressed liquid.

N, N-diethyl-N-methyl-N-(2-methoxyethyl) ammonium tetrafluoroborate

[DEME] [BF4]


Input: Alternatively, unusual crystallization could be induced by releasing the pressure on the superpressed liquid.


Input: Notably, crystal polymorphism was observed in the decompression process.


Input: These facts along with visual observations indicate the possibility of [DEME] [BF4] serving as a superpressurized glass.

[DEME] [BF4]


Input: Our findings may facilitate the development of a new range of applications for RTILs that have undergone high-pressure recrystallization.


Input: Excitons in conjugated polymers: a tale of two particles.


Input: Since the discovery of electroluminescence in the phenyl-based conjugated polymers in 1990, the field of polymer optoelectronics has matured to the extent that presently a wide class of devices have been commercialized.

phenyl


Input: These range from both miniature and wide-area light emitting devices to hybrid photovoltaic devices.


Input: Similarly, our understanding of the fundamental processes that determine these optoelectronic properties has also progressed.


Input: In particular, owing to insights from both experimental and theoretical investigations, the role of the primary excited states, i. e., excitons, is now considerably clearer.


Input: This review discusses these primary excited states and explains how the three key roles of electron-electron interactions, electron-nuclear coupling, and disorder determine their properties.


Input: We show that the properties of an exciton are more readily understood by decomposing it into two effective particles.


Input: First, a relative particle that describes the size and binding energy of the electron-hole pair.


Input: Second, a center-of-mass particle that describes the extent of the delocalization of the electron-hole pair.


Input: Disorder and coupling to the normal modes localizes the center-of-mass particle and provides a quantitative definition of chromophores in conjugated polymers, paving the way for a first-principles theory of exciton diffusion in these systems.


Input: Components of the Interleukin-6 transsignalling system are associated with the metabolic syndrome, endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness.


Input: OBJECTIVE: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an increasing epidemiologic challenge and cardiovascular risk factor.


Input: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a cytokine that exerts its biological function via a complex orchestration of soluble and membrane bound receptors.


Input: We have investigated associations between IL-6 and its soluble receptors, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6r) and soluble glycoprotein 130 (sGP130) and the metabolic syndrome.


Input: Furthermore, we have investigated possible associations with endothelial dysfunction and arterial stiffness.


Input: METHODS: A total of 563 subjects were included in this study.


Input: The Adult Treatment Panel III criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program were used for the definition of MetS.

Cholesterol


Input: We used commercially available ELISA to analyse circulating levels of the markers.


Input: Pulse wave propagation time (PWP) was determined to assess arterial stiffness.


Input: RESULTS: The criteria for having MetS were filled by 221 subjects.


Input: sGP130, sIL-6r and IL-6 levels were elevated in subjects with MetS (p < 0. 05 for all markers), and are associated with increasing components of MetS.


Input: Particularly hypertriglyceridaemia, hypertension and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) seem to carry this association.

glucose


Input: sGP130 (p < 0. 01), IL-6 (p < 0. 05) and partially sIL-6r (p < 0. 05) correlated with markers of endothelial function (E-selectin, I-CAM-1, V-CAM-1) and inversely with PWP after adjustment for relevant covariates.


Input: CONCLUSION: sGP130, sIL-6r and IL-6 were significantly elevated in subjects with MetS.


Input: In addition, sGP130, IL-6 and partially sIL-6r were associated with markers of endothelial function and arterial stiffness.


Input: This finding sheds new light on the role of these inflammatory cytokines in subjects with MetS and the development and progression of clinically silent atherosclerosis.


Input: Atorvastatin withdrawal elicits oxidative/nitrosative damage in the rat cerebral cortex.

Atorvastatin


Input: Statins are inhibitors of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, the rate-limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis.

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A

cholesterol


Input: Statins effectively prevent and reduce the risk of coronary artery disease through lowering serum cholesterol, and also exert anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects independently of changes in cholesterol levels.

cholesterol

cholesterol


Input: On the other hand, clinical and experimental evidence suggests that abrupt cessation of statin treatment (i. e. statin withdrawal) is associated with a deleterious rebound phenomenon.


Input: In fact, statin withdrawal increases the risk of thrombotic vascular events, causes impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation and facilitates experimental seizures.


Input: However, evidence for statin withdrawal-induced detrimental effects to the brain parenchyma is still lacking.


Input: In the present study adult male Wistar rats were treated with atorvastatin for seven days (10mg/kg/day) and neurochemical assays were performed in the cerebral cortex 30min (atorvastatin treatment) or 24h (atorvastatin withdrawal) after the last atorvastatin administration.

atorvastatin

atorvastatin

atorvastatin

atorvastatin


Input: We found that atorvastatin withdrawal decreased levels of nitric oxide and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activity, whereas increased NADPH oxidase activity and immunoreactivity for the protein nitration marker 3-nitrotyrosine in the cerebral cortex.

atorvastatin

nitric oxide

superoxide

NADPH


Input: Catalase, glutathione-S-transferase and xanthine oxidase activities were not altered by atorvastatin treatment or withdrawal, as well as protein carbonyl and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal immunoreactivity.

glutathione

S

xanthine

atorvastatin

carbonyl


Input: Immunoprecipitation of mitochondrial SOD followed by analysis of 3-nitrotyrosine revealed increased levels of nitrated mitochondrial SOD, suggesting the mechanism underlying the atorvastatin withdrawal-induced decrease in enzyme activity.

atorvastatin


Input: Altogether, our results indicate the atorvastatin withdrawal elicits oxidative/nitrosative damage in the rat cerebral cortex, and that changes in NADPH oxidase activity and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase activities may underlie such harmful effects.

atorvastatin

NADPH

superoxide


Input: Medical therapy of coronary artery disease after percutaneous intervention.


Input: Medical therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention aims at preventing first, coronary disease progression and its clinical manifestations, and finally, the two main complications of coronary stenting, stent thrombosis and restenosis.


Input: Prevention of in-stent restenosis is restricted to local drug delivery in the form of drug eluting stents (DES).


Input: Second generation DES have improved their efficacy and safety profile by innovations in drug coating, the polymer drug-delivery system and stent design.


Input: The mainstay of stent thrombosis prevention remains dual anti-platelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid and a platelet ADP-receptor blocker, traditionally clopidogrel.

acetylsalicylic acid

ADP

clopidogrel


Input: Two new drugs, prasugrel and ticagrelor, provide faster, greater, and more consistent platelet inhibition than clopidogrel, and have been shown to be more efficacious in preventing ischemic events after PCI in acute coronary syndrome patients.

prasugrel

ticagrelor

clopidogrel


Input: Oxysterol-binding proteins: Functions in cell regulation beyond lipid metabolism.

Oxysterol


Input: Oxysterol-binding (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) constitute a family of sterol and phosphoinositide binding/transfer proteins in eukaryotes from yeast to man.

Oxysterol

sterol

phosphoinositide


Input: While their functions have mainly been addressed in cellular lipid metabolism or sterol transport, increasing evidence points to more versatile regulatory roles in a spectrum of cellular regimes.

sterol


Input: In fact ORPs do not appear to be robust controllers of lipid homeostasis.


Input: Several ORPs localize at membrane contacts sites (MCS), where endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is apposed with other organelle limiting membranes.


Input: Apparently, ORPs have the capacity to control the formation of MCS or activity of enzymatic machineries at these sites.


Input: Thereby, ORPs most likely affect organelle membrane lipid compositions, with impacts on signaling and vesicle transport, but also cellular lipid metabolism.


Input: Moreover, an increasing number of protein interaction partners of ORPs have been identified, connecting these proteins with various aspects of cell regulation.


Input: Small molecular anti-proliferative compounds, ORPphilins, were recently found to target two members of the ORP family, OSBP and ORP4, revealing an essential function of ORPs in cancer cell proliferation and survival.


Input: Further functions assigned for ORPs include regulation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) activity (OSBP), control of ER-late endosome MCS and late endosome motility (ORP1L), regulation of beta 1-integrin activity (ORP3), modulation of hepatocyte insulin signaling and macrophage migration (ORP8), as well as post-Golgi vesicle transport, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling and nitrogen sensing (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Osh4p).

rapamycin

nitrogen


Input: These and other recent observations shed light on the ORPs as integrators of lipid signals with an unforeseen variety of vital cellular processes.


Input: Inhibitory effect of dihydroartemisinin against phorbol ester-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in macrophages.

dihydroartemisinin

phorbol ester


Input: Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a semi-synthetic derivative of artemisinin isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Artemisia annua L., has recently been shown to possess antitumor activity in various cancer cells.

Dihydroartemisinin

DHA

artemisinin


Input: However, the effect of anti-inflammatory potentials of DHA in murine macrophage RAW 264. 7 cells has not been studied.

DHA


Input: The present study investigated the effect of COX-2 and molecular mechanisms by DHA in PMA stimulated RAW 264. 7 cells.

DHA

PMA


Input: DHA dose-dependently decreased PMA-induced COX-2 expression and PGE2 production, as well as COX-2 promoter-driven luciferase activity.

DHA

PMA


Input: Additionally, DHA decreased luciferase activity of COX-2 regulation-related transcription factors including NF-kappa B, AP-1, C/EBP and CREB.

DHA


Input: DHA also remarkably reduced PMA-induced p65, C/EBP beta, c-jun and CREB nuclear translocation.

DHA

PMA


Input: Furthermore, DHA evidently inhibited PMA-induced phosphorylation of AKT and the MAP Kinases, such as ERK, JNK and p38.

DHA

PMA


Input: Taken together, our data indicated that DHA effectively attenuates COX-2 production via down-regulation of AKT and MAPK pathway, revealing partial molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory properties of DHA.

DHA

DHA


Input: Low-dose bisphenol A and estrogen increase ventricular arrhythmias following ischemia-reperfusion in female rat hearts.

bisphenol A

estrogen


Input: Bisphenol A (BPA) is an environmental estrogenic endocrine disruptor that may have adverse health impacts on a range of tissue/systems.

Bisphenol A

BPA


Input: In previous studies, we reported that BPA rapidly promoted arrhythmias in female rodent hearts through alteration of myocyte calcium handling.

BPA

calcium


Input: In the present study we investigated the acute effects of BPA on ventricular arrhythmias and infarction following ischemia-reperfusion in rat hearts.

BPA


Input: Rat hearts were subjected to 20min of global ischemia followed by reperfusion.


Input: In female, but not male hearts, acute exposure to 1nM BPA, either alone or combined with 1nM 17 beta-estradiol (E2), during reperfusion resulted in a marked increase in the duration of sustained ventricular arrhythmias.

BPA

17 beta-estradiol


Input: BPA plus E2 increased the duration ventricular fibrillation, and the duration of VF as a fraction of total duration of sustained ventricular arrhythmia.

BPA


Input: The pro-arrhythmic effects of estrogens were abolished by MPP combined with PHTPP, suggesting the involvements of both ER alpha and ER beta signaling.

estrogens

MPP

PHTPP


Input: In contrast to their pro-arrhythmic effects, BPA and E2 reduced infarction size, agreeing with previously described protective effect of estrogen against cardiac infarction.

BPA

estrogen


Input: In conclusion, rapid exposure to low dose BPA, particularly when combined with E2, exacerbates ventricular arrhythmia following IR injury in female rat hearts.

BPA


Input: Effects of maternally exposed coloring food additives on receptor expressions related to learning and memory in rats.


Input: Exposure to artificial food colors and additives (AFCAs) has been implicated in the induction and severity of some childhood behavioral and learning disabilities.


Input: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nACHRs) are thought to be effective in the learning and memory-generating process.

N-methyl-D-aspartate

acetylcholine


Input: In this study, we investigated the effects of intrauterine exposure to AFCAs on subunit concentrations of NMDARs and nAChRs isoforms in rats.


Input: We administered a mixture of AFCAs (Eritrosin, Ponceau 4R, Allura Red AC, Sunset Yellow FCF, Tartrazin, Amaranth, Brilliant Blue, Azorubin and Indigotin) to female rats before and during gestation.

Eritrosin

Ponceau 4R

Allura Red AC

Sunset Yellow FCF

Tartrazin

Amaranth

Brilliant Blue

Azorubin

Indigotin


Input: The concentration of NR2A and NR2B subunits and nAChR alpha 7, alpha 4 beta 2 isoforms in their offspring' s hippocampi were measured by Western Blotting.


Input: Expressions of NR2B and nAChR beta 2 were significantly increased (17% and 6. 70%, respectively), whereas expression of nAChR alpha 4 was significantly decreased (5. 67%) in male experimental group compared to the male control group (p < 0. 05).


Input: In the female experimental group, AFCAs caused a 14% decrease in NR2B expression when compared to the female control group (p < 0. 05).


Input: Our results indicate that exposure to AFCAs during the fetal period may lead to alterations in expressions of NMDARs and nAChRs in adulthood.


Input: These alterations were different between male and female genders.


Input: Metallothionein 1A polymorphisms may influence urine uric acid and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) excretion in chronic lead-exposed workers.

uric acid

N-acetyl


Input: Lead is a renal toxin, and susceptibility to lead varies between individuals.


Input: Metallothionein (MT) is known for its metal scavenging role.


Input: The aim of the study was to investigate the association of blood lead levels, urinary uric acid (UA) and N-acetyl-beta-d-glucosaminidase (NAG) in chronic occupational lead-exposed workers, and to study whether the association was influenced by MT1A gene polymorphisms.

uric acid

N-acetyl


Input: In this cross-sectional study, 412 lead-exposed workers participated.


Input: Their annual health examination data and renal function markers were collected after the Institutional Review Broad of Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital approved the study and consent letters were obtained.


Input: From the blood samples, DNA was extracted and used for real-time PCR typing of 2 MT1A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): rs11640851 and rs8052394 on exons 2 and 3.


Input: Descriptive analysis, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regressions were performed.


Input: There was a significant inverted relationship of creatinine-adjusted urine UA concentrations and the time-weighted index of cumulative blood lead levels (TWICL) that may be significantly influenced by the AC genotypes of rs11640851 in exon 2 and rs8052394 in exon 3.

creatinine