Input: Nevertheless, MD simulations and free energy analysis predict that both syn-and anti-conformations of OTB-dG are equally stable in helices when paired opposite cytosine.

OTB-dG

cytosine


Input: These results indicate that the adduct will likely adopt a syn conformation in an isolated nucleoside and nucleotide, while a mixture of syn and anti conformations will be observed in DNA duplexes.

nucleoside

nucleotide


Input: Since the syn conformation could stabilize base mismatches upon DNA replication or Z-DNA structures with varied biological outcomes, future computational and experimental work should elucidate the consequences of the conformational preference of this potentially harmful DNA lesion.


Input: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a New Series of Hexahydro-2H-pyrano [3, 2-c] quinolines as Novel Selective sigma 1 Receptor Ligands.

Hexahydro-2H-pyrano [3, 2-c] quinolines


Input: The synthesis and pharmacological activity of a new series of hexahydro-2H-pyrano [3, 2-c] quinoline derivatives as potent sigma 1 receptor (sigma 1R) ligands are reported.

hexahydro-2H-pyrano [3, 2-c] quinoline


Input: This family, which does not contain the highly basic amino group usually present in other sigma 1R ligands, showed high selectivity over the sigma 2 receptor (sigma 2R).

amino


Input: The activity was shown to reside in only one of the four possible diastereoisomers, which exhibited a perfect match with known sigma 1R pharmacophores.


Input: A hit to lead program based on a high-throughput screening hit (8a) led to the identification of compound 32c, with substantially improved activity and physicochemical properties.


Input: Compound 32c also exhibited a good ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, toxicity) profile and was identified as a sigma 1R antagonist on the basis of its analgesic activity in the mouse capsaicin and formalin models of neurogenic pain.

capsaicin

formalin


Input: Mycoleptodiscins A and B, Cytotoxic Alkaloids from the Endophytic Fungus Mycoleptodiscus sp.

Mycoleptodiscins A and B


Input: Two novel reddish-orange alkaloids, mycoleptodiscin A (1) and mycoleptodiscin B (2), were isolated from liquid cultures of the endophytic fungus Mycoleptodiscus sp. that had been isolated from Desmotes incomparabilis in Panama.

mycoleptodiscin A

mycoleptodiscin B


Input: Elucidation of their structures was accomplished using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy in combination with IR spectroscopic and MS data.


Input: These compounds are indole-terpenes with a new skeleton uncommon in nature.

indole

terpenes


Input: Mycoleptodiscin B (2) was active in inhibiting the growth of cancer cell lines with IC50 values in the range 0. 60-0. 78 mu M.

Mycoleptodiscin B


Input: Altering colloidal surface functionalization using DNA encapsulated inside monodisperse gelatin microsphere templates.


Input: Soluble oligonucleotides are typically introduced to bulk solution to promote hybridization activity on DNA-functionalized surfaces.


Input: Here, an alternative approach is explored by encapsulating secondary target strands inside semipermeable colloidal satellite assemblies, then triggering their release at 37 degrees C for subsequent surface hybridization activity.


Input: To prepare DNA-loaded satellite assemblies, uniform gelatin microspheres are fabricated using microfluidics, loaded with 15 base-long secondary DNA targets, capped with a polyelectrolyte bilayer, and finally coated with a monolayer of polystyrene microspheres functionalized with duplexes comprised of immobilized probes and soluble, 13 base-long hybridization partner strands.

polystyrene


Input: Once warmed to 37 degrees C, secondary DNA targets are released from the gelatin template and then competitively displace the shorter, original hybridization partners on the polystyrene microspheres.

polystyrene


Input: Quantitating the Lattice Strain Dependence of Monolayer Pt Shell Activity toward Oxygen Reduction.

Pt

Oxygen


Input: Lattice strain of Pt-based catalysts reflecting d-band status is the decisive factor of their catalytic activity toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Pt

oxygen


Input: For the newly arisen monolayer Pt system, however, no general strategy to isolate the lattice strain has been achieved due to the short-range ordering structure of monolayer Pt shells on different facets of core nanoparticles.

Pt

Pt


Input: Herein, based on the extended X-ray absorption fine structure of monolayer Pt atoms on various single crystal facets, we propose an effective methodology for evaluating the lattice strain of monolayer Pt shells on core nanoparticles.

Pt

Pt


Input: The quantitative lattice strain establishes a direct correlation to monolayer Pt shell ORR activity.

Pt


Input: Antioxidant capacity of anthocyanins from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Ait.) and identification of the major anthocyanins.

anthocyanins

anthocyanins


Input: The anthocyanins in the fruits of Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (ACN) were extracted by 1% TFA in methanol, and then purified by X-5 resin column and C18 (SPE) cartridges.

anthocyanins

TFA

methanol


Input: The purified anthocyanin extract (ART) from the fruits of R. tomentosa showed strong antioxidant activities, including DPPH radical-scavenging capacity, ABTS radical scavenging capacity, reducing power and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC).

anthocyanin

DPPH

ABTS

oxygen


Input: The purified anthocyanin extract was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

anthocyanin


Input: The major anthocyanins were purified by semi-preparative HPLC and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and were identified as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, peonidin-3-O-glucoside, malvidin-3-O-glucoside, petunidin-3-O-glucoside, delphinidin-3-O-glucoside and pelargonidin-3-glucoside by HPLC-ESI/MS and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).

anthocyanins


Input: Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside was considered as the most abundant anthocyanin, which was 29. 4mg/100g dry weight of R. tomentosa fruits.

anthocyanin


Input: Additionally, all the major anthocyanins were identified from R. tomentosa fruit for the first time.

anthocyanins


Input: Dummy-template molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction for selective analysis of ractopamine in pork.

ractopamine


Input: Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for selective adsorption of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) were synthesised by an in situ method, in which salbutamol (SAL) was used as the dummy-template to avoid the template leakage.

ractopamine hydrochloride

RAC

salbutamol

SAL


Input: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), mercury porosimerty and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to investigate the physical and morphological characteristics of the dummy-template MIPs.


Input: The test of adsorption selectivity indicated that the dummy-template MIPs exhibited high selectivity to RAC.

RAC


Input: The saturated adsorption capacity for RAC on dummy-template MIPs was 90. 9 mu gg (-1).

RAC


Input: Based on the dummy-template polymers, a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was developed for the selective analysis of RAC in real pork samples.

RAC


Input: The averages of intra-and inter-day accuracy ranged from 78. 9% to 92. 2% and from 90. 7% to 93. 1%, respectively.


Input: The RSD% of repeatability ranged from 1. 9% to 6. 3%, and the RSD% of intermediate precision ranged from 3. 5% to 9. 2%, while the limit of detection (LOD) was 0. 02 mu gkg (-1).


Input: Plums (Prunus domestica L.) are a good source of yeasts producing organic acids of industrial interest from glycerol.

glycerol


Input: The production of organic acids from several yeasts isolated from mature plums on media containing glycerol as carbon source was analysed by HPLC-UV.

glycerol

carbon


Input: The yeasts isolated were identified by sequencing the 5. 8S internal transcribed spacer as Pichia fermentans, Wickerhamomyces anomalus and Candida oleophila.


Input: The organic acid profiles of these strains comprise acetic, citric, succinic and malic acids that qualitatively and quantitatively vary between different species as well as among strains from the same species.

acetic, citric, succinic and malic acids


Input: The production from glycerol of succinic, acetic, citric, malic and oxalic acids from C. oleophila and W. anomalus, and that of succinic, oxalic and acetic acids by P. fermentans is reported for the first time in this work, as is the production of oxalic acid from glycerol in yeasts.

glycerol

succinic, acetic, citric, malic and oxalic acids

succinic, oxalic and acetic acids

oxalic acid

glycerol


Input: Our results also showed that mature fruits can be a good source of new yeasts able to metabolise glycerol, producing different organic acids with industrial and biotechnological interest.

glycerol


Input: Active films based on cocoa extract with antioxidant, antimicrobial and biological applications.


Input: Novel films of ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH) containing flavonoid-rich cocoa were developed.

ethylene-vinyl alcohol

EVOH

flavonoid


Input: To understand their potential application as active packaging material, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the films were determined as well as the antioxidant activity of the release compounds in Caco-2 human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.


Input: Exposure of the films to aqueous food simulant showed antioxidant capacity.


Input: The release of cocoa extract components was dependent on the antioxidant concentration incorporated in the film and on temperature.


Input: Cocoa extract and the fraction obtained after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion presented antioxidant activity against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide in Caco-2 cells.

hydrogen peroxide


Input: Films with 10%, 15%, and 20% cocoa extract produced bactericidal effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica.


Input: The application of films to an infant milk formula, previously inoculated with L. monocytogenes, inhibited the growth of bacteria 1. 5log units the first day and showed sustained release, inhibiting 0. 52 and 0. 76log units, respectively, by the sixth day, while cocoa powder added directly did not produce any effect.


Input: In vivo and in vitro antioxidant activity and alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase inhibitory effects of flavonoids from Cichorium glandulosum seeds.

flavonoids


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant, anti-glucosidase and anti-amylase activities of total flavonoids (TFs) from Cichorium glandulosum seeds, and to analyse its chemical composition by HPLC-ESI/MS.

flavonoids


Input: In vitro study, radical scavenging IC50 values of TFs were 7. 33 +/- 0. 093, 9. 24 +/- 0. 100, 154. 33 +/- 11. 38 and 256. 7 +/- 4. 86 mu g/ml for DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide anion, respectively.

DPPH

ABTS

hydroxyl

superoxide


Input: In the 8-64mg/ml range, alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase were inhibited by TFs to a certain extent.


Input: In vivo, the treatment groups with TFs (100, 200, 400mg/kg) showed a significant decrease in the malondialdehyde level, the superoxide dismutase and glutathione levels were restored to almost normal levels, and the catalase and glutathione peroxidase levels significantly increased compared to the CCl4-intoxicated group in rats.

malondialdehyde

superoxide

glutathione

glutathione


Input: The present study suggests that C. glandulosum seeds should be given special attention because of their antioxidant and anti-glucosidase, anti-amylase activity.


Input: Distribution, antioxidant and characterisation of phenolic compounds in soybeans, flaxseed and olives.

phenolic


Input: The distribution of free and bound phenolic compounds present in soybean, flaxseed and olive were investigated.

phenolic


Input: The phenolic compounds were fractionated on the basis on their solubility characteristics in water, alcohol, dilute base and dilute acid.

phenolic

alcohol


Input: Reversed phase high pressure liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) were used for identification of individual components of phenolic compounds.

phenolic


Input: Antioxidant activity (AA%) of free and bound phenolic compounds was measured using the linoleic acid/beta-carotene assay.

phenolic

linoleic acid

beta-carotene


Input: The water-soluble phenolic compound fractions represented 68-81%, 50-72% and 46-56% of the total phenolic compounds measured in full-fat soybean, olive and flaxseed, respectively.

phenolic

phenolic


Input: Methanolic extraction of free phenolic compounds without heat, solubilised 21-56%, 42-62% and 34-51% of the total phenolic compounds measured in soybean, olive and flaxseed, respectively; methanol extraction of free phenolic compounds with heat solubilised a further 24-34%, 31-37% and 36-37% of phenolic compounds from soybean, olive and flaxseed, respectively.

phenolic

phenolic

methanol

phenolic

phenolic


Input: Further dilute alkali and dilute acid solubilised the remaining 10-40%, 1-21% and 12-29% of the total phenolic compounds from soybean, olive and flaxseed, respectively.

phenolic


Input: Results indicated that the full-fat meals of soybean, flaxseed and olive showed higher antioxidant activity compared to defatted meals.


Input: RP-HPLC and LC-MS/MS profil1 for soybean, flaxseed and olive indicate two classes of phenolic compounds designated as free and bound phenolic compounds.

phenolic

phenolic


Input: Maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) and the constituent delphinidin glycoside inhibit photoreceptor cell death induced by visible light.

delphinidin glycoside


Input: The protective effects of maqui berry (Aristotelia chilensis) extract (MBE) and its major anthocyanins [delphinidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside (D3G5G) and delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside (D3S5G)] against light-induced murine photoreceptor cells (661W) death were evaluated.

anthocyanins

delphinidin 3, 5-O-diglucoside

delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside-5-O-glucoside


Input: Viability of 661W after light treatment for 24h, assessed by the tetrazolium salt (WST-8) assay and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining, was improved by addition of MBE, D3G5G, and D3S5G.

tetrazolium

Hoechst 33342


Input: Intracellular radical activation in 661W, evaluated using the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive probe 5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2, 7-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate acetyl ester (CM-H2DCFDA), was reduced by MBE and its anthocyanins.

oxygen

5-(and-6)-chloromethyl-2, 7-dichlorodihydro fluorescein diacetate acetyl ester

anthocyanins


Input: The anti-apoptosis mechanism of MBE was evaluated by light-induced phosphorylation of p38.


Input: MBE significantly suppressed the light-induced phosphorylation of p38.


Input: These findings indicate that MBE and its anthocyanidins suppress the light-induced photoreceptor cell death by inhibiting ROS production, suggesting that the inhibition of phosphorylated-p38 may be involved in the underlying mechanism.

anthocyanidins


Input: Encapsulation of indole-3-carbinol and 3, 3'-diindolylmethane in zein/carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles with controlled release property and improved stability.

3, 3'-diindolylmethane

carboxymethyl


Input: Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3, 3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are two bioactive compounds from Cruciferous vegetables.

3, 3'-diindolylmethane

DIM


Input: The stability of these compounds is a major challenge for their pharmaceutical applications.


Input: In this study, zein and zein/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) nanoparticles were prepared to encapsulate I3C and DIM by a combined liquid-liquid phase separation and ionic gelation method.

carboxymethyl

DIM


Input: After zein nanoparticles were coated with CMCS, the zeta potential was decreased from around-10 to-20mV, and encapsulation efficiency was greatly improved.


Input: Both nanoparticle formulations provided controlled release of I3C and DIM in PBS medium.

DIM


Input: Zein and zein/CMCS nanoparticles demonstrated similar protection for both I3C and DIM against ultraviolet (UV) light, attributed mainly to the contribution of the zein protein.

DIM


Input: Compared with zein nanoparticles, zein/CMCS nanoparticles exhibited better protection of I3C against degradation and better inhibition against its oligomerization to DIM under thermal condition (37 degrees C).

DIM


Input: Based on our results, the encapsulation of hydrophobic bioactives in zein/CMCS nanoparticles is a promising approach to improve their stability against harsh conditions and provide controlled release for food/pharmaceutical applications.


Input: Sonicated pineapple juice as substrate for L. casei cultivation for probiotic beverage development: Process optimisation and product stability.


Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of sonicated pineapple juice as substrate for producing a probiotic beverage by Lactobacillus casei NRRL B442.


Input: Maximal microbial viability was found by cultivating L. casei at 31 degrees C and pH 5. 8 (optimised conditions).


Input: After fermentation, samples of sweetened and non-sweetened juice were stored.


Input: After 42days of storage under refrigeration (4 degrees C), the microbial viability was 6. 03LogCFU/mL in the non-sweetened sample and 4. 77LogCFU/mL in the sweetened sample.


Input: The pH of both samples decreased during storage due to lactic acid production (post acidification).

lactic acid


Input: The characteristic colour of the juice was maintained throughout the shelf life and no browning was observed.


Input: Sonicated pineapple juice was shown to be a suitable substrate for L. casei cultivation and for the development of an alternative non-dairy probiotic beverage.


Input: Ligands affecting silver antimicrobial efficacy on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica.

silver


Input: Although silver is being extensively used in food or other applications as the key component to control microbial proliferation, many factors affecting its real potential are still unknown.

silver


Input: In the present work, the presence of specific ligands or the contents in organic matter was correlated with silver speciation and its antibacterial performance.

silver


Input: Silver was found to be only active in form of free silver ions (FSI).

Silver

silver


Input: The presence of chloride ions produced an equilibrium of stable silver chloride complexes which were void of antimicrobial efficacy.

chloride

silver chloride


Input: However, even at relatively high concentrations of chlorides, a small fraction of FSI may still be present, producing a bactericidal effect with concentrations at the nanomolar level under optimum conditions.

chlorides


Input: Low concentrations of thiol groups completely inactivated silver, while methylsulphur groups only affected its efficacy at very high concentrations.

thiol

silver

methylsulphur


Input: Antibacterial performance revealed differences of about 1000-fold between results for environments with high organic matter content and results for aqueous salt buffers.


Input: Thiol groups were nonetheless not found directly associated with the decrease in antimicrobial performance in a nutrient rich environment.

Thiol


Input: These results point out the complexity of the antimicrobial systems based on silver and can have relevance in food or other applications of silver as an antimicrobial.

silver

silver


Input: Antioxidant capacity, polyphenolic content and tandem HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS profiling of phenolic compounds from the South American berries Luma apiculata and L. chequ e n.

polyphenolic

phenolic


Input: Native Myrtaceae fruits were gathered by South American Amerindians as a food source.


Input: At present, there is still some regional consume of the small berries from trees belonging to genus Luma that occurs in southern Chile and Argentina.


Input: The aerial parts and berries from Luma apiculata and Luma chequen were investigated for phenolic constituents and antioxidant capacity.

phenolic


Input: A high performance electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry method was developed for the rapid identification of phenolics in polar extracts from both species.

phenolics


Input: Thirty-one phenolic compounds were detected and 27 were identified or tentatively characterised based on photodiode array UV-vis spectra (DAD), ESI-MS-MS spectrometric data and spiking experiments with authentic standards.

phenolic


Input: Twelve phenolic compounds were detected in L. apiculata fruits and 12 in the aerial parts while L. chequen yielded 10 compounds in fruits and 16 in aerial parts, respectively.

phenolic


Input: From the compounds occurring in both Luma species, seven were identified as tannins or their monomers, 15 were flavonol derivatives and five were anthocyanins.

tannins

flavonol

anthocyanins


Input: The whole berry and aerial parts extracts presented high antioxidant capacity in the DPPH assay (IC50 of 10. 41 +/- 0. 02 and 2. 44 +/- 0. 03 mu g/mL for L. apiculata, 12. 89 +/- 0. 05 and 3. 22 +/- 0. 05 for L. chequen, respectively), which can be related to the diverse range of phenolics detected.

DPPH

phenolics


Input: The antioxidant capacity together with the high polyphenolic contents and compounds identified can support at least in part, their use as botanical drugs.

polyphenolic


Input: From the compounds identified in both species, 3-O-(6''-O-galloyl)-hexose derivatives of myricetin, quercetin, laricitrin and isorhamnetin are reported for the first time for the genus Luma.

myricetin

quercetin

laricitrin

isorhamnetin


Input: Structural characterisation of partially glycosylated whey protein as influenced by pH and heat using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.


Input: Maillard-induced glycosylation of whey protein improves solubility and thermal stability over a wide pH range.


Input: However, the relationship between structural changes and functional enhancement upon glycosylation is not well-characterized.


Input: Therefore, our objective was to characterise these structural changes and determine the protein conformation at various pH and thermal treatments, using surface-enhanced Raman-spectroscopy.


Input: The spectra of glycosylated protein revealed a new peak at 983cm (-1) that can be used as a Raman marker for the early stage glycosylation.


Input: Upon glycosylation, structural variations were significant at the disulfide, hydrophobic, amide III, amide II, and amide I regions.

disulfide

amide

amide

amide


Input: Ionisation of carboxyl groups at all tested pH values, and increased beta-sheet configuration were also observed.

carboxyl


Input: The noted structural modifications imparted molecular rigidity and a consequent resistance to denaturation upon thermal treatment over a wide pH range.


Input: These findings can be used to explain various functional enhancements of whey protein upon glycosylation.


Input: Changes in urocanic acid, histamine, putrescine and cadaverine levels in Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta) during storage at different temperatures.

urocanic acid

histamine

putrescine

cadaverine


Input: Histamine, putrescine cadaverine and cis-urocanic acid (UCA) have all been implicated or suggested in scombroid fish poisoning.

Histamine

putrescine cadaverine

cis-urocanic acid

UCA


Input: However, there is little information on UCA especially during storage.

UCA


Input: Changes in their contents during storage of whole Indian mackerel at 0, 3 +/- 1, 10 +/- 1 for up to 15days and 23 +/- 2 degrees C for up to 2days were monitored.


Input: Fresh muscles contained 14. 83mg/kg trans-UCA, 2. 23mg/kg cis-UCA and 1. 86mg/kg cadaverine.

trans-UCA

cis-UCA

cadaverine


Input: Histamine and putrescine were not detected.

Histamine

putrescine


Input: After 15days at 0 and 3 degrees C, trans-UCA content increased to 52. 83 and 189. 51mg/kg, respectively, and decreased to < 2mg/kg at the other two temperatures.

trans-UCA


Input: Storage at 10 degrees C also resulted in an increase in trans-UCA after 3days, only to decrease after 6days.

trans-UCA


Input: The concentration of cis-UCA increased nearly 13-fold after 15days at 0 and 3 degrees C, decreased at 10 degrees C and remained unchanged at 23 degrees C.

cis-UCA


Input: Histamine, putrescine and cadaverine levels increased significantly (P value < 0. 05) at all temperatures especially at 23 degrees C.

Histamine

putrescine

cadaverine


Input: Fundamental studies on the structural functionality of whey protein isolate in the presence of small polyhydroxyl compounds as co-solute.

polyhydroxyl


Input: The present work deals with the changing network morphology of whey protein isolate (15%, w/w) in the presence of glucose syrup (co-solute) with concentrations ranging from 0% to 65% (w/w) in 10mM CaCl2 solution, thus producing formulations with a total level of solids of up to 80% (w/w).

glucose


Input: Denaturation behaviour and aggregation of whey protein systems were investigated using small deformation dynamic oscillation on shear, micro and modulated differential scanning calorimetry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy.


Input: A progression in the mechanical strength of protein aggregates was observed resulting from enhanced protein-protein interactions in the presence of glucose syrup.

glucose


Input: Addition of the co-solute resulted in better thermal stability of protein molecules by shifting the process of denaturation to higher temperature, as observed by calorimetry.


Input: Observations are supported by micrographs showing coherent networks with reduced size of whey protein aggregates in the presence of high levels of glucose syrup, as opposed to thick and random clusters for systems of whey protein by itself.

glucose


Input: Glass transition phenomenon was observed for condensed protein/co-solute systems, which were treated with theoretical concepts adapted from synthetic polymer research to pinpoint the mechanical glass transition temperature.


Input: Croton lechleri M u ll.


Input: Arg.


Input: (Euphorbiaceae) stem bark essential oil as possible mutagen-protective food ingredient against heterocyclic amines from cooked food.

heterocyclic amines


Input: The Amazonian Croton lechleri stem bark essential oil was tested for its anti-mutagenic potential by performing the Ames test against heterocyclic amines (HCAs), in continuing research on applicative functional profile of this phytocomplex as food ingredient (Rossi et al., 2011).

heterocyclic amines

HCAs


Input: Salmonella typhimurium strain TA98 was used with and without metabolic activation (S9 mix).


Input: The anti-mutagenic properties was assayed with the following HCAs: 2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4, 5-f] quinoline (IQ), 2-amino-3, 4-dimethylimidazo-[4, 5-f] quinoline (MeIQ), 2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo-[4, 5-f] quinoxaline (MeIQx), the imidazoles 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-[1, 2-a: 3', 2'-d] imidazole (Glu-P-1) and 2-aminodipirydo-[1, 2-a: 3', 2'-d] imidazole (Glu-P-2).

HCAs

2-amino-3-methylimidazo-[4, 5-f] quinoline

2-amino-3, 4-dimethylimidazo-[4, 5-f] quinoline

MeIQ

2-amino-3, 8-dimethylimidazo-[4, 5-f] quinoxaline

MeIQx

imidazoles 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-[1, 2-a: 3', 2'-d] imidazole

2-aminodipirydo-[1, 2-a: 3', 2'-d] imidazole


Input: All HCAs with S9 induced mutagenicity at 10 (-10) mol/plate.

HCAs


Input: Without S9, IQ and MeIQ showed mutagenicity at 10 (-8) mol/plate, MeIQx and Glu-P-1 at 10 (-5) mol/plate, while Glu-P-2 was inactive.

MeIQ

MeIQx


Input: In presence of HACs (10 (-9) mol/plate), C. lechleri essential oil was tested for mutagen-protective properties (concentration range: 0. 01-0. 10mg/plate) taking the Highest Uneffective Dose (HUD) as threshold reference.

HACs


Input: With S9 mix, C. lechleri essential oil displayed a significant reduction of revertants at 0. 05mg/plate, from 21% to 34%.


Input: The essential oil showed mutagen-protective efficacy against IQ and MeIQ tested as direct mutagens (10 (-7) mol/plate), with a revertants percentage reduction of 39% and 40%, respectively.

MeIQ


Input: No anti-mutagen capacity was noted for MeIQx and Glu-P-1 (10 (-5) mol/plate).

MeIQx


Input: Since HACs are known as possible colon and liver cancer inducers, C. lechleri essential oil was tested for its cytotoxicity and anti-proliferative capacity against LoVo and HepG2 cancer cell lines showing IC50 of 74. 95 +/- 0. 05 mu g/ml (LoVo) and 82. 28 +/- 0. 03 mu g/ml (HepG2), displaying a promising role of this essential oil as a functional food ingredient with interesting mutagen preventing properties.

HACs


Input: Characterisation of non-polar dimers formed during thermo-oxidative degradation of beta-sitosterol.

beta-sitosterol


Input: Thermo-oxidative degradation of sterols at temperature typical for frying leads to the formation of oxidised derivatives, fragmented sterols and oligomers.

sterols

sterols


Input: Recent research on sterol oxidation focuses mainly on the oxysterol derivatives formation to the exclusion of compounds with high molecular mass.

sterol

oxysterol


Input: The aim of this work was to decipher the chemical structure of non-polar dimers formed during beta-sitosterol oxidation at 180 degrees C in the presence of oxygen.

beta-sitosterol

oxygen


Input: The dimer fraction was separated by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) after pre-fractionation on silica gel.

silica gel


Input: The chemical structure of the dimers was assessed by 1D and 2D NMR, IR, Raman and MS spectroscopies.


Input: NMR data confirmed that the predominant non-polar dimer formed during beta-sitosterol oxidative degradation has a configuration of 3 beta, 3 beta'-disitosteryl ether.

beta-sitosterol

3 beta, 3 beta'-disitosteryl ether


Input: Data from IR and Raman spectroscopies further proved it chemical structure.


Input: Applied analytical techniques also confirmed presence of dimers with different configuration than disteryl ethers.

disteryl ethers


Input: Proportions of A1, A2, B and C beta-casein protein variants in retail milk in the UK.


Input: The A1 variant protein of the beta-casein family has been implicated in various disease states although much evidence is weak or contradictory.


Input: The primary objective was to measure, for the first time, the proportions of the key beta-casein variant proteins in UK retail milk over the course of one year.


Input: In total, 55 samples of semi-skimmed milk were purchased from five supermarkets over the course of a year and the proportions of the A1, A2, B and C casein variant proteins were measured, using high resolution HPLC-MS.


Input: The results showed that beta-casein in UK retail milk comprises approximately 0. 58, 0. 31, 0. 07 and 0. 03 A2, A1, B and C protein variants, respectively.


Input: The proportion of A2 is higher than some early studies would predict although the reasons for this and any implications for health are unclear.


Input: RP-HPLC and chemometrics for wheat flour protein characterisation in an industrial bread-making process monitoring context.


Input: In the baking industry, a difficult task is to keep the quality perceived by the consumer as constant as possible, given the inner variability of flour, e. g. due to different wheat mixtures, harvesting time, etc.


Input: Here, we evaluated the influence of flour batches properties on bread quality, considering an industrial bread making process.


Input: In particular, flour composition in terms of protein fractions (gliadins, glutenins) has been determined by means of RP-HPLC, to assess the inter-and intra-batch variability of flour mixtures deliveries at a baking plant.


Input: Multivariate data analysis allowed evaluation of correlation between flour protein composition and technological properties.


Input: A great variability within different deliveries of a same flour batch emerged, as well as a considerable seasonal variability.


Input: Correlation models among protein sub-fractions, technological properties and bread quality are difficult to establish; however, the role of the protein profile on flour behaviour in bread making could be highlighted.


Input: Anthocyanins in the ripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miquel and their protective effect on neuronal PC-12 cells.

Anthocyanins


Input: Phenolics of the fresh ripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miquel were extracted and separated into anthocyanin and the non-anthocyanin fractions, which were used for the evaluation for antioxidant capacity and neuroprotective effects.

Phenolics

anthocyanin

anthocyanin


Input: The anthocyanin fraction accounted for approximately 47-55% of the total antioxidant capacity of the whole extract and had significantly higher free radical-scavenging capacity than the non-anthocyanin fraction.

anthocyanin

anthocyanin


Input: Furthermore, the anthocyanins alleviated intracellular oxidative stress, as assayed by in vitro fluorescent measurements.

anthocyanins


Input: The anthocyanins showed neuroprotective effects on PC-12 cells in vitro against oxidative stress in a dose-dependent manner.

anthocyanins


Input: Triple quadrupole LC/MS and Q-TOF LC/MS analyses revealed four major anthocyanins; cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-xylosylrutinoside, and cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside in increasing order of amounts.

anthocyanins

cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside

cyanidin 3-O-glucoside

cyanidin 3-O-xylosylrutinoside

cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside


Input: These results demonstrated that anthocyanins are the major components and contributors to the antioxidant capacity of ripe R. coreanus Miquel fruits.

anthocyanins


Input: Further studies are warranted to determine whether consumption of the fruits reduces oxidative stress in the brain and promotes health.


Input: Extraction and structural characterisation of rhamnogalacturonan I-type pectic polysaccharides from potato cell wall.


Input: Cell wall material from potato pulp by-product was used for the extraction of galactan-rich rhamnogalacturonan I (RG-I) type pectic polysaccharides using alkaline (NaOH and KOH) and enzymatic (endopolygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger) methods.

NaOH

KOH


Input: The extraction yield increased as the concentration of alkaline solution was increased from 0. 5M (22-24%) to 2M (53-56%).


Input: The yield of 38% obtained upon the enzymatic treatment was similar to those observed with 1M alkaline solutions.


Input: The results reveal the high debranching of arabinan side chains of RG I as compared to the galactan ones under harsh alkaline conditions.


Input: The molecular weight distribution shows that the enzymatic extraction led to the highest proportion of high-molecular weight polysaccharides (> 500kDa; 62. 2%).


Input: According to monosaccharide pattern, the weak acidic fractions of high alkaline (1-2M)-based polysaccharide extracts was the most enriched with galactan-rich RG I.


Input: Using milder conditions (enzyme and weak alkaline), two RG I populations with low and high linked homogalacturonan fragments were recovered in the weak and strong acidic fractions, respectively.


Input: The structure of galactan-rich RG I was confirmed by H (1) NMR spectroscopy analysis.

H (1)


Input: Distribution of carotenoids in endosperm, germ, and aleurone fractions of cereal grain kernels.


Input: To compare the distribution of carotenoids across the grain, non-corn and corn cereals were hand dissected into endosperm, germ and aleurone fractions.


Input: Total carotenoid content (TCC) and carotenoid composition were analysed using spectrophotometry and HPLC.


Input: Cereal carotenoid composition was similar; however, concentrations varied significantly (p < 0. 05).


Input: Endosperm fractions had TCC ranging from 0. 88 to 2. 27 and 14. 17 to 31. 35mg/kg in non-corn cereals and corn, respectively.


Input: TCC, lutein and zeaxanthin in germ fractions were higher in non-corn cereals than in corn.

lutein

zeaxanthin


Input: Lutein and zeaxanthin contents were lower in non-corn cereal endosperms.

Lutein

zeaxanthin


Input: The aleurone layer had zeaxanthin levels 2-to 5-fold higher than lutein among the cereals.

zeaxanthin

lutein


Input: Positive significant correlations (p < 0. 05) were found between TCC, carotenoids analysed by HPLC and DPPH results.

DPPH


Input: This study is the first to report on carotenoid composition of the aleurone layer.


Input: Our findings suggest that the aleurone of wheat, oat, corn and germ of barley have significantly enhanced carotenoid levels.


Input: Aluminium and other elements in selected herbal tea plant species and their infusions.

Aluminium


Input: The determination of Al, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, P, Zn and Ca, K, Mg by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) and flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS), respectively, in digests and infusions of Hibiscus sabdariffa (petals), Rosa canina (receptacles), Ginkgo biloba (leaves), Cymbopogon citratus (leaves), Aloe vera (leaves) and Panax ginseng (roots) was carried out in this study.

Al

B

Cu

Fe

Mn

Ni

P

Zn

Ca

K

Mg


Input: Particular attention has been given to Al and heavy metals for the identification of possible raw material contaminants, their transformation into the infusion and for predicting their eventual role in the human diet during daily consumption.

Al


Input: Additionally, Ion Chromatography (IC) speciation of Al in the leachates was carried out.

Al


Input: In dry herbs, hibiscus and ginkgo appeared to contain the greatest contents of Al, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Zn and B, Mg, P, respectively.

Al

Fe

K

Mn

Ni

Zn

B

Mg

P


Input: A. vera contained the highest amount of Ca and highest values of Cu and P were observed in ginseng.

Ca

Cu

P


Input: In infusions, the topmost concentrations of Al, B, Cu, Fe, P, K, Mn, Ni, Zn were detected in those prepared from hibiscus petals, Ca from aloe leaves and Mg from leaves of ginkgo.

Al

B

Cu

Fe

P

K

Mn

Ni

Zn

Ca

Mg


Input: According to a possible daily consumption exceeding 1L, hibiscus decoction was identified as potentially dietetically significant in the content of certain elements.


Input: It seems to be possibly one of the top contributors of B from food (up to 5. 5 +/- 0. 2mg/L).

B


Input: The Mg contained in the infusion (up to 106 +/- 5mg/L) may be a contributor in the attenuation of blood pressure.

Mg


Input: A high amount of accessible Mn (up to 17. 4 +/- 1. 1mg/L) can probably have an adverse effect in humans.

Mn


Input: The total Al allowance (up to 1. 2 +/- 0. 1mg/L) suggests that no more than 1L of the hibiscus infusion should be consumed per day by sensitive individuals including pregnant women and should be completely excluded from the diet of children under 6months of age and children with chronic renal failure.

Al


Input: Cultivar variations in antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties of pomelo pulp (Citrus grandis [L.] Osbeck) in Thailand.


Input: Pomelo (Citrus grandis L. Osbeck) is a native fruit of great economic importance in Southeast Asia.


Input: To provide experimental evidence for the antioxidant and antihyperlipidemic properties of pomelo, 6 cultivars, including Kao-Yai (KY), Thong-dee (TD), Kao-Tangkwa (KT), Kao-Numpueng (KN), Ta-Koi (TK), and Tubtim Siam (TS) were evaluated.


Input: KY had the highest phenolic content, and the strongest 1, 1-diphenyl-2-pireyhydrazyl radical scavenging capacity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity.

phenolic

1, 1-diphenyl-2-pireyhydrazyl

hydroxyl


Input: From the high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, naringin and naringenin were the major flavonoids in the KT and TK cultivars.

naringin

naringenin

flavonoids


Input: Six pomelo cultivars had antihyperlipidemic activities including the inhibition of pancreatic lipase and cholesterol esterase, as well as cholesterol micelle formation and bile acid binding.

cholesterol

cholesterol

bile acid


Input: Hierarchical clustering analysis showed that the 6 cultivars were separated into 2 classifications.


Input: In addition, the total phenolics of the pomelo cultivars were significantly correlated with ferric reducing antioxidant power and Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity.

phenolics

ferric

Trolox


Input: The results suggest that pomelo provides significant health benefits and may be used for developing functional foods.


Input: Identification and quantification of active alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus by liquid chromatography-ion trap mass spectrometry.


Input: Catharanthus roseus is an important dicotyledonous medicinal plant that produces anticancer compounds.


Input: The active alkaloids vinblastine, vindoline, ajmalicine, catharanthine, and vinleurosine were identified by direct-injection ion trap-mass spectrometry (IT-MS) for collecting MS (1-2) spectra.

vinblastine

vindoline

ajmalicine

catharanthine

vinleurosine


Input: The determinations of five alkaloids were accomplished by liquid chromatography (LC) with UV and MS detections.


Input: The analytes provided good signals corresponding to the protonated molecular ions [M + H] (+) and product ions.


Input: The precursor ions and product ions for quantification of vinblastine, vindoline, ajmalicine, catharanthine, and vinleurosine were m/z 825 --> 807, 457 --> 397, 353 --> 144, 337 --> 144 and 809 --> 748 by LC-IT-MS, respectively.

vinblastine

vindoline

ajmalicine

catharanthine

vinleurosine


Input: Two methods were used to evaluate a number of validation characteristics (repeatability, LOD, calibration range, and recovery).


Input: MS provided a high selectivity and sensitivity for determination of five alkaloids in positive mode.


Input: After optimisation of the methods, separation, identification and quantification of the five components in C. roseus were comprehensively accomplished by HPLC with UV and MS detection.


Input: Structures and reactions of compounds involved in pink discolouration of onion.


Input: In " pinking " of onion, E-(+)-S-(1-propenyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide is first cleaved by alliinase to yield colour developers (CDs), which react with amino acids, such as valine, to form pigment precursors (PPs).

E-(+)-S-(1-propenyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide

amino acids

valine


Input: The PPs react with naturally occurring carbonyls (NOCs) to form pigments.

carbonyls


Input: By inducing a PP from previously isolated cepathiolanes and l-valine, it was confirmed that cepathiolanes constitute at least a part of the CDs.

cepathiolanes

l-valine

cepathiolanes


Input: From the PP and formaldehyde as a NOC, two colourless and two pink compounds were derived.

formaldehyde


Input: The structure of one of the colourless compounds was established as 2-(2-(1-(1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl) methyl-3, 4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3-methylbutanoic acid.

2-(2-(1-(1-carboxy-2-methylpropyl)-3, 4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl) methyl-3, 4-dimethyl-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)-3-methylbutanoic acid


Input: The structures of the other colourless compound and the pink pigments were predicted based on their molecular formula and the MS (n) spectral data.


Input: A trimeric pigment structure was predicted for one of the pink pigments, which was believed to be the first to be reported in the literature.


Input: With these, a new reaction scheme for " pinking " of onion is proposed.


Input: Effect of floral sources on the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honeys in Taiwan.


Input: We evaluated the antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities of honey made from different floral sources, including the medicinal herb Bidens pilosa, fruit trees, Dimocarpus longan, Litchi chinensis, and Citrus maxima, the Taiwanese endemic plant Aglaia formosana, and a multifloral forest.


Input: The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the honey made from B. pilosa were significantly higher than those of the other honeys.

phenolic

flavonoid


Input: The honey from B. pilosa also had significantly greater scavenging activities for 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH.) and hydroxyl radical, and substantially more reducing power.

1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH.

hydroxyl


Input: In addition, the honey from B. pilosa showed greater antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


Input: However, B. pilosa honey showed little inhibitory activity against IL-8 secretion, whereas the other honeys did.


Input: These findings suggest that the levels of antioxidant and antibacterial activities are attributable to the total phenolic and flavonoid contents of honeys, while the IL-8 inhibition is attributable to components other than phenols.

phenolic

flavonoid

phenols


Input: Fatty acid profiling of the seed oils of some varieties of field peas (Pisum sativum) by RP-LC/ESI-MS/MS: Towards the development of an oilseed pea.

Fatty acid


Input: Reversed-phase liquid chromatography coupled to negative-ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (RP-LC/ESI-MS/MS) was used to study the fatty acid profile from the oil of harvested field pea (Pisum sativum) varieties as part of a research project to develop this legume as a commercial oilseed for Canada.

fatty acid


Input: The seed oils from pea samples contained palmitic and stearic acids as major saturated fatty acids.

palmitic and stearic acids

saturated fatty acids


Input: Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids were the major unsaturated fatty acids found.

Oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids

unsaturated fatty acids


Input: Small percentages of other long chain fatty acids were also detected.

fatty acids


Input: This profile suggests that the species of field pea investigated might have the potential to be used as raw materials to develop a future new oilseed crop for the food industry.


Input: Fatty acid extracts did not require further manipulation before final analysis by RP-LC/ESI-MS/MS, indicating the utility and relative simplicity of this technique for future screening studies.

Fatty acid


Input: Tert-butylhydroquinone recognition of molecular imprinting electrochemical sensor based on core-shell nanoparticles.

Tert-butylhydroquinone


Input: One novel electrochemistry-molecular imprinting sensor for determining tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) in foodstuff was developed.

tert-butylhydroquinone

TBHQ


Input: TBHQ-imprinted core-shell nanoparticles (TICSNs) were fabricated using silica nanoparticles as core material.

TBHQ

silica


Input: The silica nanoparticles were modified with (3-chloropropyl) trimethoxysilan and polyethylenimine, respectively, and polymerised to form the TICSNs with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker.

silica

(3-chloropropyl) trimethoxysilan

polyethylenimine

ethylene glycol dimethacrylate


Input: The specific core-shell structure demonstrates extremely high specific surface area which greatly increases the effective binding sites and improves the recognition capability for model molecules.


Input: Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of the calibration curve was 0. 1-50. 0mgkg (-1) with the detection limit of 0. 27mgkg (-1).


Input: The sensor has been successfully applied to the determination of TBHQ in food samples and achieved high sensitivity and selectivity.

TBHQ


Input: Curcumin inhibits invasion and metastasis in K1 papillary thyroid cancer cells.

Curcumin


Input: Curcumin, the active constituent of dietary spice turmeric, possesses a strong potential for cancer prevention and treatment.

Curcumin


Input: However, there is no study to address the effects of curcumin on invasion and metastasis of thyroid cancers.

curcumin


Input: Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of endocrine organs, and its incidence rates have steadily increased over recent decades.


Input: Although most indolent tumours can be effectively managed, metastatic tumours at distant secondary sites behave aggressively and currently there is no effective form of treatment.


Input: Here, for the first time it has been reported that curcumin inhibit multiple metastasis steps of K1 papillary thyroid cancer cells.

curcumin


Input: Curcumin dose-dependently suppressed viability of K1 cells as well as its cell attachment, spreading, migration and invasion abilities.

Curcumin


Input: Moreover, curcumin could also down-regulate the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9).

curcumin


Input: The findings showed that curcumin might be an effective tumouristatic agent for the treatment of aggressive papillary thyroid carcinomas.

curcumin


Input: The potential of solvent-minimized extraction methods in the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish oils.

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons


Input: Fish oil has been identified as one of the most important contributors to the level of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in feed products.


Input: The determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fish oils is complicated due to the fat matrix, which affects both extraction efficiency and analytical quality.

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAHs


Input: This article reviews and addresses two of the most relevant analytical methods for determining 11 mutagenic and carcinogenic PAHs, as well as two EPA indicator PAHs in fish oils.

PAHs

PAHs


Input: We discuss and critically evaluate two different extraction procedures, such as ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction (USAE) and ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction (USAEME).


Input: Clean-up of extracts was performed by solid-phase extraction using C18 and glass columns containing silica gel and florisil for USAE or only C18 for USAEME.

silica gel

florisil


Input: Detection of the selected PAHs was carried out by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection for determination.

PAHs


Input: Optimization of the variables affecting extraction by the selected extraction techniques was conducted and recoveries ranged from 70% to 100% by USAE and from 70% to 108% by USAEME with estimated quantification limits between 0. 020 and 2. 6 mu g/kg were achieved.


Input: Moreover, the applicability of the selected methods was evaluated by the analysis of real samples.


Input: To our knowledge, this is the first time that USAEME has been applied to the determination of PAHs in food matrices, such as oil fish samples.

PAHs


Input: The methods proposed were applied to the determination of the target PAHs in fish samples from different countries, and it was found that the low PAH contamination of the selected fish oils could mainly occur by atmospheric sources.

PAHs

PAH


Input: Non-enzymatic glycation of natural actomyosin (NAM) with glucosamine in a liquid system at moderate temperatures.

glucosamine


Input: Muscle protein functionality plays an important role in routine applications in the food industry.


Input: Glycation by the Maillard reaction is a naturally occurring process, which can be used to develop new ingredients with improved functionality using a food grade approach.


Input: Actomyosin was conjugated with glucose or glucosamine in a liquid system at moderate temperatures (40 degrees C).

glucose

glucosamine


Input: Sugar to protein conjugation was evident by UV-Vis spectral changes, with the glycation level determined by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry.

Sugar


Input: Parameters for glycation of muscle protein were optimised using the bidimensional hierarchical clustering analyses.


Input: The best glycation conditions were 40 degrees C for 8h at 1: 3 protein: sugar ratio.

sugar


Input: Solubility and emulsifying properties of glycoconjugates were significantly improved as compared to non-glycated proteins.


Input: At pH 7 glycated actomyosin was on average 31% more soluble compared to non-treated protein.


Input: Glucosamine was found to be more effective for glycation and provided higher protein functionality as compared to glucose.

Glucosamine

glucose


Input: Mechanisms of saccharide protection against epigallocatechin-3-gallate deterioration in aqueous solutions.

saccharide


Input: We investigated the mechanisms of the protection conferred by sugars to epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) against deterioration.

sugars

EGCG


Input: Additionally, we present a rapid method for evaluating the deterioration rate of EGCG using absorbance spectroscopy.

EGCG


Input: We found that various sugars provided different levels of protection at identical weight percentage, and the combination of sugars and beta-lactoglobulin nanocomplexes provided greater protection for EGCG than each protective component alone.

sugars

sugars

EGCG


Input: We suggest that the concentration-dependent protection by sugars resulted from a combination of mechanisms, including: (1) reduced aqueous O2 solubility, (2) scavenging of reactive oxygen species, and (3) chelation of traces of transition metal ions, which is suggested to be the main reason for the differences among the sugars.

sugars

oxygen

transition metal

sugars


Input: The observed protective effect of sugars can be easily applied by the industry in proper selection of sugars for enrichment of syrups or concentrates with EGCG and for the preparation of enriched beverages and foods for health promotion.

sugars

sugars

EGCG


Input: Combined impact of Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic alpha-amylase and surfactants on starch pasting and gelation properties.


Input: In baking applications involving starch gelatinisation, surfactants such as sodium stearoyl lactylate (SSL) and monoacylglycerols (MAG) and Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic alpha-amylase (BStA) can be used jointly.

sodium stearoyl lactylate

SSL

monoacylglycerols

MAG


Input: We here showed that SSL but not MAG delays wheat starch hydrolysis by BStA.

SSL

MAG


Input: The effects were explained in terms of different degrees of adsorption of the surfactants on the starch granule surface, retarded and/or decreased water uptake and delayed availability of gelatinised starch for hydrolysis by BStA.


Input: Additional experiments with waxy maize starch led to the conclusion that SSL impacts swelling power and carbohydrate leaching more by covering the starch granule surface than by forming amylose-lipid complexes.

SSL

carbohydrate


Input: SSL postponed starch hydrolysis by BStA, but this did not influence subsequent starch gelation.

SSL


Input: Finally, when adding SSL or MAG on top of BStA to starch suspensions, the effect of the surfactants on gel strength predominated over that of BStA.

SSL

MAG


Input: Polyphasic approach to the identification of Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Brazil nuts.


Input: The aim of this study was to use a polyphasic approach to identify Aspergillus section Flavi isolated from Brazil nuts collected in the Amazon forest: investigation of macro-and microscopic morphology, production of extrolites, heat-resistance fungi, and sequencing of DNA regions.


Input: The following Aspergillus section Flavi species were identified: Aspergillus flavus (75. 5%), Aspergillus nomius (22. 3%), and Aspergillus parasiticus (2. 2%).


Input: All A. nomius and A. parasiticus isolates produced aflatoxins B and G, but not cyclopiazonic acid (CPA).

aflatoxins B and G

cyclopiazonic acid

CPA


Input: A. flavus isolates were more diversified and a high frequency of mycotoxigenic strains was observed.


Input: The polyphasic approach permitted the reliable identification of section Flavi species.


Input: The rate of mycotoxigenic strains was high (92. 7%) and mainly included A. flavus strains producing elevated levels of aflatoxins and CPA.

aflatoxins

CPA


Input: These results highlight the possibility of co-occurrence of both toxins, increasing their potential toxic effect in this commodity.


Input: Flavour profiles of three novel acidic varieties of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.).


Input: Novel acidic varieties of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) are emerging onto the UK market.


Input: These melons contain almost twice the amount of citric acid compared to standard melons and are described as' zesty and fresh'.

citric acid


Input: This study compared the flavour components of three acidic varieties with a standard Galia-type melon.


Input: The volatile and semivolatile compounds were extracted, using dynamic headspace extraction (DHE) or solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and solid phase extraction (SPE), respectively, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O).


Input: More than 50 volatile and 50 semivolatile compounds were identified in the headspace and the SPE extracts, respectively.


Input: GC-O revealed 15 odour-active components in the headspace, with esters being consistently higher in the acidic variety.

esters


Input: This study showed quantitative and qualitative differences among all four varieties and key differences between acidic varieties and standard melons.


Input: Ostreol A: A new cytotoxic compound isolated from the epiphytic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea.

Ostreol A


Input: Ostreol A was isolated from cultures of the epiphytic dinoflagellate Ostreopsis cf. ovata from the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea.

Ostreol A


Input: The compound, a non-palytoxin derivative, has a polyhydroxy chain ending with the primary amino group and contains an amide bond, along with two tetrahydropyran rings in the chain.

polyhydroxy

primary amino

amide

tetrahydropyran


Input: Its chemical structure was elucidated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy methods and confirmed by mass analysis.


Input: The compound exhibited significant cytotoxicity in the brine shrimp lethality test at a concentration of 0. 9 mu g/mL.


Input: Arylsulfonamide pyrimidines as VLA-4 antagonists.

Arylsulfonamide pyrimidines


Input: A series of (S)-2-(2-(diethylamino)-5-(N-alkyl-N-sulfonamido) pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-3-(4-(carbamoyloxy) phenyl) propanoic acid is discovered as orally available VLA-4 antagonists.

(S)-2-(2-(diethylamino)-5-(N-alkyl-N-sulfonamido) pyrimidin-4-ylamino)-3-(4-(carbamoyloxy) phenyl) propanoic acid


Input: Representative compounds 11b and 11p showed efficacy in multiple in vivo animal models.


Input: The in vitro selectivity of 11p is also described.


Input: The fibroblast as a therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis.


Input: Significant advances have been made in the last 5 years that have finally allowed investigators to start targeting stromal cells such as fibroblasts in inflammatory disease.


Input: Rheumatoid arthritis is a prototype inflammatory disease, in which fibroblasts maintain the persistence of inflammation in the joint underpinned by a unique pathological phenotype driven by multiple epigenetic modifications.


Input: The step changes that are enabling the development of such therapies are an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which fibroblasts mediate persistence and the discovery of new markers that identify discrete functional subsets of fibroblast cells that have potential as disease-specific therapeutic targets.


Input: Melittin peptide kills Trypanosoma cruzi parasites by inducing different cell death pathways.


Input: Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are components of the innate immune response that represent desirable alternatives to conventional pharmaceuticals, as they have a fast mode of action, a low likelihood of resistance development and can act in conjunction with existing drug regimens.


Input: AMPs exhibit strong inhibitory activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, viruses, metazoans and other parasites, such as the protozoan Leishmania.


Input: Melittin is a naturally occurring AMP, which comprises 40-50% of the dry weight of Apis mellifera venom.


Input: Our group has recently shown that crude A. mellifera venom is lethal to Trypanosoma cruzi, the Chagas disease etiologic agent, and generates a variety of cell death phenotypes among treated parasites.


Input: Here, we demonstrate that the melittin affected all of T. cruzi developmental forms, including the intracellular amastigotes.


Input: The ultrastructural changes induced by melittin suggested the occurrence of different programmed cell death pathways, as was observed in A. mellifera-treated parasites.


Input: Autophagic cell death appeared to be the main death mechanism in epimastigotes.


Input: In contrast, melittin-treated trypomastigotes appeared to be dying via an apoptotic mechanism.


Input: Our findings confirm the great potential of AMPs, including melittin, as a potential source of new drugs for the treatment of neglected diseases, such as Chagas disease.


Input: TRP and ASIC channels mediate the antinociceptive effect of citronellyl acetate.

citronellyl acetate


Input: Background Citronellyl acetate (CAT), a monoterpene product of the secondary metabolism of plants, has been shown in the literature to possess several different biological activities.

Citronellyl acetate

CAT

monoterpene


Input: However, no antinociceptive abilities have yet been discussed.


Input: Here, we used acute pain animal models to describe the antinociceptive action of CAT.

CAT


Input: Methods The acetic acid-induced writhing test and the paw-licking test, in which paw licking was induced by glutamate and formalin, were performed to evaluate the antinociceptive action of CAT and to determine the involvement of PKC, PKA, TRPV1, TRPA1, TRPM8 and ASIC in its antinociceptive mechanism.

acetic acid

glutamate

formalin

CAT


Input: To do so, we induced paw-linking using agonists.


Input: Results CAT was administered intragastrically (25, 50, 75, 100 and 200mg/kg), and the two higher doses caused antinociceptive effects in the acetic acid model; the highest dose reduced pain for 4h after it was administered (200mg/kg).

CAT

acetic acid


Input: In the formalin test, two doses of CAT promoted antinociception in both the early and later phases of the test.

formalin

CAT


Input: The glutamate test showed that its receptors are involved in the antinociceptive mechanism of CAT.

glutamate

CAT


Input: Pretreatment with CAT did not alter locomotor activity or motor coordination.

CAT


Input: In an investigation into the participation of TRP channels and ASICs in CAT' s antinociceptive mechanism, we used capsaicin (2. 2 mu g/paw), cinnamaldehyde (10mmol/paw), menthol (1. 2mmol/paw) and acidified saline (2% acetic acid, pH 1. 98).

CAT

capsaicin

cinnamaldehyde

menthol

acetic acid


Input: The results showed that TRPV1, TRPM8 and ASIC, but not TRPA1, are involved in the antinociceptive mechanism.


Input: Finally, the involvement of PKC and PKA was also studied, and we showed that both play a role in the antinociceptive mechanism of CAT.

CAT


Input: Conclusion The results of this work contribute information regarding the antinociceptive properties of CAT on acute pain and show that, at least in part, TRPV1, TRPM8, ASIC, glutamate receptors, PKC and PKA participate in CAT' s antinociceptive mechanism.

CAT

glutamate

CAT


Input: Discovering and targeting the basic mechanism of neurodegeneration: The role of peptides from the C-terminus of acetylcholinesterase: Non-hydrolytic effects of ache: The actions of peptides derived from the C-terminal and their relevance to neurodegeneration.

C

C


Input: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is now well-established widely as a signalling molecule with non-hydrolytic functions including trophic activity in a diverse variety of situations in both neural and non-neural tissues.


Input: We have focussed on the observation that AChE, operating as a trophic agent independent of its enzymatic action, does indeed trigger calcium entry into neurons.

calcium


Input: It is possible that AChE has a dual non-classical action that ranges along a trophic-toxic axis, depending on amount, duration of availability and, most significantly, age.


Input: The neurodegenerative diseases could therefore be viewed as aberrant activation of developmental mechanisms with' non-cholinergic' AChE as a, perhaps the, pivotal molecule.


Input: We have identified two peptides that could be cleaved from the C-terminus of T-AChE, one (T14), within the other (T30), and which have a strong sequence homology to the comparable region of beta-amyloid whilst the inert residue within the T30 sequence (' T15') acts as a control, and is without effect.

C


Input: We have subsequently been able to ascribe the trophic-toxic actions of the both T14 and T30 peptides to the modulation of calcium influx via an allosteric site on the alpha-7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha 7-nAChR).

calcium

acetylcholine


Input: If the scenario described here is indeed the primary mechanism of neurodegeneration, then interception of the actions of the' non-cholinergic' AChE-peptides T14 and T30 at the alpha 7-nAChR, would be a promising novel therapy for arresting and stabilising cell loss in Alzheimer' s disease, whereas detection of the peptides ideally in the blood, could provide a sensitive surrogate marker.


Input: If the marker was sensitive enough to be detected pre-symptomatically in a routine blood test, then the medication for arresting further cell loss could be initiated at that time, and the symptoms would never appear.


Input: This dual approach of identifying the marker and then intercepting its further action, could thus amount to an effective treatment for Alzheimer' s and other neurodegenerative diseases.


Input: Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-hydroxyethylacrylamide) thermosensitive microspheres: The size of microgels dictates the pulsatile release mechanism.

Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-hydroxyethylacrylamide)


Input: Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-hydroxyethylacrylamide) (poly (NIPAAm-co-HEAAm)) was prepared as a new thermosensitive copolymer possessing a sharp phase transition around the human body temperature.

Poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-N-hydroxyethylacrylamide)

poly (NIPAAm-co-HEAAm)


Input: The effect of the copolymer concentration on the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) was determined under physiological conditions by cloud point (CP) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) methods.


Input: Then, thermosensitive microspheres were prepared from preformed copolymers by chemical cross-linking of hydroxyl groups with glutaraldehyde at a temperature situated slightly below LCST of the copolymer solution.

hydroxyl

glutaraldehyde


Input: The volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) of corresponding cross-linked microspheres was determined from swelling degree-temperature curve.


Input: The microspheres were loaded with model drug indomethacin by the solvent evaporation method.

indomethacin


Input: The DSC analysis proved that the drug is molecularly dispersed in the polymer network.


Input: Finally, the influence of the microsphere size on drug release was investigated.


Input: It was established that microspheres with the diameter ranging between 5 and 60 mu m release the drug with almost the same rate below (in the swollen state) and above the VPTT (in the collapsed state).


Input: On the contrary, microspheres with the diameter ranging between 125 and 220 mu m release a significantly higher amount of indomethacin below than above the VPTT.

indomethacin


Input: This different behavior is enough to assure a pulsatile release mechanism when the temperature changes cyclically below and above the VPTT.


Input: However, both small and large microspheres release a large amount of the drug during the collapsing process.


Input: Carboxymethyl starch and lecithin complex as matrix for targeted drug delivery: I.

Carboxymethyl


Input: Monolithic Mesalamine forms for colon delivery.

Mesalamine


Input: For drugs expected to act locally in the colon, and for successful treatment, a delivery device is necessary, in order to limit the systemic absorption which decreases effectiveness and causes important side effects.


Input: Various delayed release systems are currently commercialized; most of them based on pH-dependent release which is sensitive to gastrointestinal pH variation.


Input: This study proposes a novel excipient for colon delivery.


Input: This new preparation consists in the complexation between carboxymethyl starch (CMS) and Lecithin (L).

carboxymethyl


Input: As opposed to existing excipients, the new complex is pH-independent, inexpensive, and easy to manufacture and allows a high drug loading.


Input: FTIR, X-ray, and SEM structural analysis all support the hypothesis of the formation of a complex.


Input: By minor variation of the excipient content within the tablet, it is possible to modulate the release time and delivery at specific sites of the gastrointestinal tract.


Input: This study opens the door to a new pH-independent delivery system for mesalamine targeted administration.

mesalamine


Input: Our novel formulation fits well with the posology of mesalamine, used in the treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), which requires repeated administrations (1g orally four times a day) to maintain a good quality of life.

mesalamine


Input: Crystallization of poly (ethylene oxide) with acetaminophen-A study on solubility, spherulitic growth, and morphology.

poly (ethylene oxide)

acetaminophen


Input: A simple, sensitive, efficient, and novel method analyzing the number of spherulitic nuclei was proposed to estimate the solubility of a model drug acetaminophen (APAP) in poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO).

acetaminophen

APAP

poly (ethylene oxide)

PEO


Input: At high crystallization temperature (323K), 10% APAP-PEO had the same low number of spherulitic nuclei as pure PEO, indicating that APAP and PEO were fully miscible.

APAP

PEO

PEO

APAP

PEO


Input: At low crystallization temperature (303K), the number of nuclei for 10% APAP-PEO was significantly higher, suggesting that APAP was oversaturated and therefore recrystallized and acted as a nucleating agent.

APAP

PEO

APAP


Input: Based on the results obtained, the solubility of APAP in PEO is possibly between the concentration of 0. 1% and 1% at 303K.

APAP

PEO


Input: The spherulitic growth rate G of PEO was found to decrease with increasing APAP concentration, suggesting that APAP is most likely functioning as a chemical defect and is either rejected from or included in the PEO crystals during chain folding.

PEO

APAP

APAP

PEO


Input: APAP could possibly locate in the inter-spherulitic, inter-fibrillar, inter-lamellar, or intra-lamellar regions of PEO.

APAP

PEO


Input: At 323K, the morphology of 10% APAP-PEO is more dendritic than spherulitic with large unfilled space in between dendrites and spherulites, which is a sign of one or the combination of the four modes of segregation.

APAP

PEO


Input: An extensive spherulitic nucleation and growth kinetics study using the classical theoretical relationships, for example, the Hoffman-Lauritzen (HL) and Avrami theories, was conducted.


Input: Both microscopic and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis yielded similar values for the nucleation constant Kg as well as the fold surface free energy sigma e and work of chain folding q.


Input: The values of sigma e and q increased with APAP concentration, indicating that the chain folding of PEO was hindered by APAP.

APAP

PEO

APAP


Input: Hyaluronic acid/chitosan multilayer coatings on neuronal implants for localized delivery of siRNA nanoplexes.


Input: Binding, stabilizing and promoting cellular uptake of siRNA are all critical efforts in creating matrices for the localized delivery of siRNA molecules to target cells.


Input: In this study, we describe the generation of chitosan imidazole/siRNA nanoplexes (NPs) embedded in nano scope polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) composed of hyaluronic acid and chitosan for sustained and localized drug delivery.

imidazole


Input: Regular PEM build-up, successful integration of NPs and controlled release under physiological conditions were shown.


Input: Biological efficacy was evaluated in neuronal cell culture concerning cell adhesion, viability, NPs uptake and gene silencing.


Input: The additionally shown biological functionalization of neuronal implants possesses potential for future applications in the field of regenerative medicine and treatment of spinal cord injuries.


Input: Medicinal plants of genus Curculigo: Traditional uses and a phytochemical and ethnopharmacological review.


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: In the genus Curculigo, Curculigo orchioides Gaertn, Curculigo capitulata (Lour) O.


Input: Ktze and Curculigo pilosa (Schumach. & Thonn.) Engl are often used in traditional medicine.


Input: Curculigo orchioides is used for the treatment of impotence, limb limpness, arthritis of the lumbar and knee joints, and watery diarrhea in traditional Chinese medicine, and also used as a potent immunomodulator and aphrodisiac in the Ayurvedic medical system.


Input: Curculigo capitulata is used for the treatment of consumptive cough, kidney asthenia, impotence and spermatorrhea, hemorrhoids, asthma, jaundice, diarrhea, colic and gonorrhea in traditional Chinese and India medicine, and to treat urinary tract infection, acute renal pelvis and nephritis, nephritis-edema, cystitis, nephrolithiasis, hypertension and rheumatic arthritis in traditional Dai medicine.


Input: Curculigo pilosa are applied to treat gastrointestinal and heart diseases in Africa.


Input: AIM OF THE REVIEW: This review aims to exhibit up-to-date and comprehensive information about traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of medicinal plants in the genus Curculigo, and has an insight into the opportunities for the future research and development of Curculigo plant.


Input: METHODS: A bibliographic investigation was performed by analyzing the information available on Curculigo plant from worldwide accepted scientific databases (Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, SciFinder, Google Scholar, Yahoo).


Input: Furthermore, information also was obtained from some local and foreign books on ethnobotany and ethnomedicines.


Input: RESULTS: Curculigo orchioides, Curculigo capitulata and Curculigo pilosa have been used as traditional medicine to treat kinds of diseases such as impotence, limb limpness, gastrointestinal and heart diseases, etc.


Input: Phytochemical investigation of eight species of the genus Curculigo has resulted in identification of more than 110 compounds.


Input: The content of curculigoside is used as an indicator to evaluate the quality of rhizome of Curculigo orchioides.

curculigoside


Input: The medicinal plants have showed a wide spectrum pharmacological activities, including adaptive, immunostimulatory, taste-modifying and sweet-tasting, antioxidant, mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic and antiasthmatic, hepatoprotective and neuroprotective activity.


Input: Toxicological test indicated that Curculigo orchioides at the dose of 120g/kg after administrating rats for 180 days may cause injury of liver and kidney.


Input: CONCLUSION: The medicinal plants of genus Curculigo have emerged as a good source of the traditional medicines.


Input: Some uses of these plants in the traditional medicines have been validated by pharmacological investigation.


Input: However, the mechanism of their actions should be further elucidated; the particular constituent responsible for toxicity should be isolated and identified, and the target tissue and mechanism of toxic ingredients also deserve to be further investigated; more reference substances should be prepared, and sophisticated analytical technologies should be developed to comprehensively assess the quality of Curculigo herbs.


Input: These investigations will be helpful for further utilization of the plants of genus Curculigo.


Input: Anti-inflammatory activity of hexane extracts from bones and internal organs of Anguilla japonica suppresses cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin D2 generation in mast cells and anaphylaxis in mice.

hexane

prostaglandin D2


Input: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of n-hexane extracts from bones and internal organs of Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica (HEE), on cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-dependent prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) generation in stem cell factor (SCF), IL-10, plus LPS-induced mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) and on passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) in mice.

n-hexane

prostaglandin D2


Input: HEE suppressed SCF/IL-10/LPS-induced PGD2 generation, and concomitantly reduced COX-2 protein expression dose-dependently.


Input: To understand the mechanistic basis for the inhibition of PGD2 generation by HEE, we examined the effects of HEE on upstream signaling pathways essential for COX-2 induction.


Input: HEE was found to inhibit the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65 subunit to the nucleus and its DNA-binding ability through the inhibition of TAK1, IKK and I kappa B phosphorylation.


Input: Furthermore, HEE also attenuated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-mediated regulation of DNA binding of activator protein-1 (AP-1).


Input: Moreover, oral administration of HEE inhibited anti-dinitrophenyl (DNP) IgE-induced PCA in a dose dependent manner.

dinitrophenyl

DNP


Input: Taken together, the present study provides new insights into the anti-inflammatory activity of HEE, which could be a promising candidate to be used for an inflammatory therapy.


Input: Vinblastine-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells is mediated by Ras homologous A protein (Rho A) via mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms.

Vinblastine


Input: Despite the availability of melanoma treatment at the primary site, the recurrence of local melanoma can metastasize to any distant organ.


Input: Currently, the available therapies for the treatment of metastatic melanoma are of limited benefit.


Input: Thus, the functional analysis of conventional therapies may help to improve their efficiency in the treatment of metastatic melanoma.


Input: In the present study, the exposure of melanoma cells to vinblastine was found to trigger apoptosis as evidenced by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, the release of both cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor, activation of caspase-9 and 3, and cleavage of Poly (ADP-ribose)-Polymerase.

vinblastine

Poly (ADP-ribose)


Input: Also, vinblastine enhances the phosphorylation of Ras homologous protein A, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, the release of intracellular Ca (2 +), as well as the activation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1, c-jun-N-terminal kinase, p38, inhibitor of kappaB alpha (I kappa B alpha) kinase, and inositol requiring enzyme 1 alpha.

vinblastine

oxygen

Ca (2 +)

N

inositol


Input: In addition, vinblastine induces the DNA-binding activities of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, HSF1, AP-1, and ATF-2, together with the expression of HSP70 and Bax proteins.

vinblastine


Input: Moreover, inhibitory experiments addressed a central role for Rho A in the regulation of vinblastine-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells via mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial-dependent mechanisms.

vinblastine


Input: In conclusion, the present study addresses for the first time a central role for Rho A in the modulation of vinblastine-induced apoptosis of melanoma cells and thereby provides an insight into the molecular action of vinblastine in melanoma treatment.

vinblastine

vinblastine


Input: Gene expression profiling of three different stressors in the water flea Daphnia magna.


Input: Microarrays are an ideal tool to screen for differences in gene expression of thousands of genes simultaneously.


Input: However, often commercial arrays are not available.


Input: In this study, we performed microarray analyses to evaluate patterns of gene transcription following exposure to two natural and one anthropogenic stressor.


Input: cDNA microarrays compiled of three life stage specific and three stressor-specific EST libraries, yielding 1734 different EST sequences, were used.


Input: We exposed juveniles of the water flea Daphnia magna for 48, 96 and 144 h to three stressors known to exert strong selection in natural populations of this species i. e. a sublethal concentration of the pesticide carbaryl, infective spores of the endoparasite Pasteuria ramosa, and fish predation risk mimicked by exposure to fish kairomones.

carbaryl


Input: A total of 148 gene fragments were differentially expressed compared to the control.


Input: Based on a PCA, the exposure treatments were separated into two main groups based on the extent of the transcriptional response: a low and a high (144 h of fish or carbaryl exposure and 96 h of parasite exposure) stress group.

carbaryl


Input: Firstly, we observed a general stress-related transcriptional expression profile independent of the treatment characterized by repression of transcripts involved in transcription, translation, signal transduction and energy metabolism.


Input: Secondly, we observed treatment-specific responses including signs of migration to deeper water layers in response to fish predation, structural challenge of the cuticle in response to carbaryl exposure, and disturbance of the ATP production in parasite exposure.

carbaryl

ATP


Input: A third important conclusion is that transcription expression patterns exhibit stress-specific changes over time.


Input: Parasite exposure shows the most differentially expressed gene fragments after 96 h.


Input: The peak of differentially expressed transcripts came only after 144 h of fish exposure, while carbaryl exposure induced a more stable number of differently expressed gene fragments over time.

carbaryl


Input: Structure-Property Investigations of Substituted Triarylamines and Their Applications as Fluorescent pH Sensors.

Triarylamines


Input: Fourteen triphenylamine derivatives functionalized with fluorophenyl, methoxyphenyl, and pyridinyl groups as respective donors and acceptors were synthesized and characterized.

triphenylamine

fluorophenyl

methoxyphenyl

pyridinyl


Input: Their photophysical properties were systematically investigated in various solvents with different polarities.


Input: The solvent-dependent Stokes shifts of these compounds were observed and analyzed by the Lippert-Mataga equation.


Input: The synthesized compounds, especially tris (4-(pyridin-4-yl) phenyl) amine, presented pH-dependent absorptions and emissions, indicating that these compounds might be used as pH sensors.

tris (4-(pyridin-4-yl) phenyl) amine


Input: Twisted Signatures of GC-Biased Gene Conversion Embedded in an Evolutionary Stable Karyotype.


Input: The genomes of many vertebrates show a characteristic heterogeneous distribution of GC content, the so-called GC isochore structure.


Input: The origin of isochores has been explained via the mechanism of GC-biased gene conversion (gBGC).


Input: However, although the isochore structure is declining in many mammalian genomes, the heterogeneity in GC content is being reinforced in the avian genome.


Input: Despite this discrepancy, which remains unexplained, examinations of individual substitution frequencies in mammals and birds are both consistent with the gBGC model of isochore evolution.


Input: On the other hand, a negative correlation between substitution and recombination rate found in the chicken genome is inconsistent with the gBGC model.


Input: It should therefore be important to consider along with gBGC other consequences of recombination on the origin and fate of mutations, as well as to account for relationships between recombination rate and other genomic features.


Input: We therefore developed an analytical model to describe the substitution patterns found in the chicken genome, and further investigated the relationships between substitution patterns and several genomic features in a rigorous statistical framework.


Input: Our analysis indicates that GC content itself, either directly or indirectly via interrelations to other genomic features, has an impact on the substitution pattern.


Input: Further, we suggest that this phenomenon is particularly visible in avian genomes due to their unusually low rate of chromosomal evolution.


Input: Because of this, interrelations between GC content and other genomic features are being reinforced, and are as such more pronounced in avian genomes as compared with other vertebrate genomes with a less stable karyotype.


Input: Combinatorial Treatment of Tart Cherry Extract and Essential Fatty Acids Reduces Cognitive Impairments and Inflammation in the mu-p75 Saporin-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer' s Disease.

Fatty Acids


Input: Abstract Alzheimer' s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects more than five million Americans and is characterized by a progressive loss of memory, loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain, formation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and an increase in oxidative stress.


Input: Recent studies indicate that dietary supplements of antioxidants and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids may reduce the cognitive deficits in AD patients.

omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids


Input: The current study tested a combinatorial treatment of antioxidants from tart cherry extract and essential fatty acids from Nordic fish and emu oils for reducing cognitive deficits in the mu-p75 saporin (SAP)-induced mouse model of AD.

fatty acids


Input: Mice were given daily gavage treatments of Cerise ((R)) Total-Body-Rhythm (TM) (TBR; containing tart cherry extract, Nordic fish oil, and refined emu oil) or vehicle (methylcellulose) for 2 weeks before intracerebroventricular injections of the cholinergic toxin, mu-p75 SAP, or phosphate-buffered saline.

phosphate


Input: The TBR treatments continued for an additional 17 days, when the mice were tested on a battery of cognitive and motor tasks.


Input: Results indicate that TBR decreased the SAP-induced cognitive deficits assessed by the object-recognition, place-recognition, and Morris-water-maze tasks.


Input: Histological examination of the brain tissue indicated that TBR protected against SAP-induced inflammatory response and loss of cholinergic neurons in the area around the medial septum.


Input: These findings indicate that TBR has the potential to serve as an adjunctive treatment which may help reduce the severity of cognitive deficits in disorders involving cholinergic deficits, such as AD.


Input: Zhizhu decoction promotes gastric emptying and protects the gastric mucosa.


Input: Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the Zhizhu decoction on gastric emptying and gastric mucosal protection.


Input: The Zhizhu decoction is composed of Aurantii fructus and Atractylodes macrocephala Rhizoma.


Input: Results showed that oral administration of the Zhizhu decoction accelerated gastric emptying in mouse and protected gastric mucosa from ethanol-induced ulcers in rat.

ethanol


Input: Our investigations demonstrated that the Zhizhu decoction accelerated gastric emptying, at least in part, by activating the muscarinic and 5-HT3 receptors.


Input: The gastroprotective effect is involved in its antioxidant effects and increased vascular endothelial growth factor expression.


Input: The immunomodulation effect of aronia extract lacks association with its antioxidant anthocyanins.

anthocyanins


Input: Abstract Polyphenols comprise a diverse group of molecules with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities.

Polyphenols


Input: To compare the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capacity of Aronia melanocarpa berries (chokeberries), recognized for their high content of anthocyanins, a noncytotoxic isolation method was developed to obtain high-purity anthocyanins in the extract.

anthocyanins

anthocyanins


Input: The antioxidative activity of the extract, the anthocyanin-rich fraction (AF) was determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and ferric-reducing ability of plasma along with resveratrol as a reference.

anthocyanin

1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

ferric

resveratrol


Input: The immunomodulation properties were assessed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human monocytes mono mac 6.


Input: The isolated AF, containing six different anthocyanins, exhibited a stronger antioxidative capacity compared to resveratrol.

anthocyanins

resveratrol


Input: Resveratrol enhanced tumor necrosis factor-alpha and reduced interleukin-10 (IL-10) production by LPS, whereas AF only had a slight effect in reducing IL-10.

Resveratrol


Input: These results demonstrated that there was no major relationship between the antioxidative effect and immunomodulation capacities of AF and resveratrol.

resveratrol


Input: The immunomodulatory activity of the extract is associated with bioactive compounds in Aronia other than its anthocyanins.

anthocyanins


Input: Novel sulfonamide compounds for inhibition of metastatic tumor growth (WO2012021963).

sulfonamide


Input: A series of novel ureido-sulfonamides was prepared by reaction of aminobenzenesulfonamide with alkyl/aryl isocyanate.

ureido-sulfonamides

aminobenzenesulfonamide

alkyl/aryl isocyanate


Input: These compounds are claimed for use as therapeutic agents of metastatic tumors, which are poorly responsive to classical chemotherapies and constitute a conceptually novel approach for cancer treatment.


Input: High glucose, insulin and free fatty acid concentrations synergistically enhance perilipin 3 expression and lipid accumulation in macrophages.

glucose

free fatty acid


Input: OBJECTIVE: Perilipin (PLIN) 3, an intracellular lipid droplet (LD)-associated protein, is implicated in foam cell formation.


Input: Since metabolic derangements found in metabolic syndrome, such as high serum levels of glucose, insulin and free fatty acids (FFAs), are major risk factors promoting atherosclerosis, we investigated whether PLIN3 expression is affected by glucose, insulin and oleic acid (OA) using RAW264. 7 cells.

glucose

free fatty acids

FFAs

glucose

oleic acid


Input: METHODS: Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to detect PLIN3 or PLIN2 expression.


Input: Oil-red O staining and Lipid Analysis were employed to measure cellular content of triacylglycerides (TAG) and cholesterol.

Oil-red O

triacylglycerides

TAG

cholesterol


Input: RESULTS: PLIN3 mRNA was stimulated by high glucose or insulin concentrations individually, but not by OA.

glucose


Input: A combination of any two factors did not enhance PLIN3 expression any more than that evoked by glucose alone at 24h.

glucose


Input: Interestingly, however, simultaneous addition of all three factors synergistically enhanced the PLIN3 expression.


Input: This synergistic effect was not apparent for PLIN2 mRNA expression.


Input: Inhibitors of Src family tyrosine kinase and/or phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, both of which are activated by insulin and FFA signaling, partially suppressed PLIN3 expression induced by the combination of the three factors.

tyrosine

phosphatidylinositol

FFA


Input: While simultaneous addition of glucose, insulin and OA remarkably increased the cellular content of TAG and cholesterol, knocking-down of PLIN3 predominantly reduced TAG content.

glucose

TAG

cholesterol

TAG


Input: CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that PLIN3 expression is synergistically stimulated by high glucose, insulin and FFA concentrations, in parallel with TAG accumulation in macrophages.

glucose

FFA

TAG


Input: This finding raises new evidence of PLIN3 involvement in conversion of macrophages into foam cells.


Input: (1) H NMR-based metabonomic analysis of the serum and urine of rats following subchronic exposure to dichlorvos, deltamethrin, or a combination of these two pesticides.

(1) H

dichlorvos

deltamethrin


Input: Metabonomic analysis, clinical chemical analysis and histopathology were used to investigate the toxic effects of subchronic exposure to dichlorvos, deltamethrin, and a combination of these two pesticides, in rats.

dichlorvos

deltamethrin


Input: Weight loss, hind limb weakness and histopathological changes in kidney tissue were only observed in rats exposed to high doses of deltamethrin, or a combination of deltamethrin and dichlorvos.

deltamethrin

deltamethrin

dichlorvos


Input: Urinary metabonomic analysis indicated that exposure to a mixture of dichlorvos and deltamethrin was followed by increases in urinary lactate, dimethylamine, N-glycoprotein (NAC) and glycine similar to those observed in rats treated with either dichlorvos or deltamethrin alone.

dichlorvos

deltamethrin

lactate

dimethylamine

N

glycine

dichlorvos

deltamethrin


Input: Serum metabonomic analysis suggests that dichlorvos induced an increase in lactate and alanine and a decrease in dimethylglycine (DMG), NAC and very low-and low-density lipoprotein (VLDL/LDL).

dichlorvos

lactate

alanine

dimethylglycine

DMG


Input: High levels of lactate and low levels of NAC and VLDL/LDL were observed in the deltamethrin treatment group.

lactate

deltamethrin


Input: Treating rats with a mixture of dichlorvos and deltamethrin caused an increase in serum lactate, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), choline and alanine, with the highest levels of these metabolites observed in those that received the highest dose.

dichlorvos

deltamethrin

lactate

trimethylamine-N-oxide

TMAO

choline

alanine


Input: Exposure to a mixture of dichlorvos and deltamethrin also resulted in a decrease in serum acetone, DMG, NAC, and VLDL/LDL.

dichlorvos

deltamethrin

acetone

DMG


Input: Changes in serum TMAO, alanine, choline and acetone in this treatment group were higher than in rats treated with either dichlorvos or deltamethrin.

TMAO

alanine

choline

acetone

dichlorvos

deltamethrin


Input: These results suggest that exposing rats to subchronic doses of dichlorvos, deltamethrin, or a combination of these pesticides, disrupted the energy metabolism of the liver and reduced kidney function.

dichlorvos

deltamethrin


Input: Identification of active compounds from Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts suppressing IL-6 production in RAW 264. 7 cells by PLS.


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Caesalpinia sappan L.


Input: is distributed in Southeast Asia and also used as herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases such as burning sensations, leprosy, dysentery, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).


Input: The overproduction of IL-6 plays an important role in the prognosis of RA, but the active compounds from the extracts of Caesalpinia sappan L. suppressing IL-6 production remain unknown.


Input: AIMS OF THE STUDY: Identifying the main active compounds of Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts inhibiting the IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264. 7 cells by partial least squares (PLS).


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four samples with different proportions of compounds were prepared from Caesalpinia sappan L. by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction (SCFE) and refluxing.


Input: Each of 64 samples was applied to RAW 264. 7 cells with LPS to evaluate whether IL-6 production by LPS is affected by addition of each sample.


Input: The IL-6 production in medium was determined by ELISA and the inhibitory activity of each sample was analyzed.


Input: In addition, the fingerprints of these 64 samples were also established by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS).


Input: We used the PLS, a simplified method, to evaluate the results from IL-6 production and fingerprints.


Input: RESULTS: Each of 64 samples markedly suppressed LPS-induced IL-6 production in RAW cells.


Input: The fingerprints by UPLC-MS clearly revealed variations among 64 samples produced in different extract conditions.


Input: The PLS analysis with IL-6 production and fingerprints by UPLC-MS suggested that the peaks 71, 93, 150, 157, 168 have more influence on the inhibitory activity of Caesalpinia sappan L. extracts.


Input: The peaks 71, 93, 150 are likely representing sappanone A, protosappanin E and neoprotosappanin, respectively.

sappanone A

protosappanin E

neoprotosappanin


Input: The peaks 157 and 168 are still at large.


Input: CONCLUSION: This is the first report that sappanone A, protosappanin E, neoprotosappanin and two unidentified compounds can be considered as possible active compounds that might inhibit IL-6 production.

sappanone A

protosappanin E

neoprotosappanin


Input: Further studies are needed to confirm the effectiveness of these five compounds on IL-6 production and possible mechanism.


Input: Commonly used metal and crystalline salts in South African traditional medicine.


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional medicines in the form of plants, animals and/or minerals are used by millions of South Africans.


Input: There is currently no data regarding the commonly used mineral elements thus the potential benefits or hazards of such products remain unclear.


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: Metal and crystalline salts were purchased from a rural market (Nongoma, Zululand, South Africa).


Input: Information regarding the colloquial name, price and weight was recorded.


Input: Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was used to quantatively determine the unknown salts.


Input: RESULTS: Six widely available salts were analyzed.


Input: Ndonya, as it is colloquially known, refers to two products which look identical to the untrained eye-one is dyed table salt and the other is hexavalent chromium.

salt

hexavalent chromium


Input: A further product used medicinally, although not widely available, was identified as iron chromite ore.

iron chromite


Input: CONCLUSIONS: The array of substances documented, ranging from benign to carcinogenic, stresses the importance of documenting components used in traditional medicine and confirms the necessity to regulate South Africa traditional medicine.


Input: Healthcare workers should be aware of the complexities of using such metal salt.


Input: Real-time imaging and kinetics measurements of focused ultrasound-induced extravasation in skeletal muscle using SPECT/CT.


Input: Drugs need to overcome several biological barriers such as the endothelium and cellular membranes in order to reach their target.


Input: Promising new therapeutics, many of which are charged and macromolecular, are not able to passively extravasate, let alone cross cell membranes, and stay mainly in the blood pool upon intravenous injection until clearance.


Input: Using focused ultrasound (fUS) in combination with circulating microbubbles (MBs) leads to temporary localized tissue permeabilization allowing extravasation of (macro) molecules from the vascular system.


Input: Thus, fUS is a promising approach for localized drug delivery.


Input: However, little is known about the permeabilization kinetics in skeletal muscle.


Input: In this study, we used single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to characterize the kinetics of extravasation of (111) In-labeled bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model macromolecular drug, in muscle treated with fUS and MBs.

(111) In