Input: Great variations in antioxidant capacity, major phenolics, and nutritional parameters were observed among different rice varieties.

phenolics


Input: These Sri Lankan traditional red-grained rice varieties containing proanthocyanidins may be used as important genetic sources for rice breeding.

proanthocyanidins


Input: Hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether exhibits stronger intestinal anticarcinogenic potency and effects on transcript profiles compared to hydroxytyrosol.

Hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether

hydroxytyrosol


Input: The anticarcinogenic activity of hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether (HTy-Et) compared to its precursor hydroxytyrosol (HTy) has been studied in human Caco-2 colon adenocarcinoma cells.

hydroxytyrosyl ethyl ether

HTy-Et

hydroxytyrosol

HTy


Input: 451 and 977 genes were differentially expressed in Caco-2 cells exposed to HTy or HTy-Et for 24h, respectively, compared with untreated cells (P < 0. 005; FDR = 0), using Affymetrix microarrays.

HTy

HTy-Et


Input: Results showed that both HTy and HTy-Et inhibited cell proliferation and arrested the cell cycle by up-regulating p21 and CCNG2 and down-regulating CCNB1 protein expression.

HTy

HTy-Et


Input: HTy and HTy-Et also altered the transcription of specific genes involved in apoptosis, as suggested by the up-regulation of BNIP3, BNIP3L, PDCD4 and ATF3 and the activation of caspase-3.

HTy

HTy-Et


Input: Moreover, these polyphenols up-regulated xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes UGT1A10 and CYP1A1, enhancing carcinogen detoxification.

polyphenols


Input: In conclusion, these results highlight that HTy and its derivative HTy-Et modulate molecular mechanisms involved in colon cancer, with HTy-Et being more effective than HTy.

HTy

HTy-Et

HTy-Et

HTy


Input: Determination of ethyl carbamate in cacha c a produced from copper stills by HPLC.

ethyl carbamate

copper


Input: Ethyl carbamate (EC) is a common substance in fermented foods and drinks, and its quantification is important because of its carcinogenic nature and its usually presence in alcoholic beverages.

Ethyl carbamate


Input: The present work involved the development and validation of an analytical method for the evaluation of EC in cacha c a by HPLC-FLD after previous derivatization with xanthydrol.

xanthydrol


Input: The method presented a mean recovery of 94. 88%, an intra-day precision of 4. 19% (30. 0 mu gL (-1)) and 3. 32% (75. 0 mu gL (-1)), a coefficient of determination (r (2)) equal to 0. 9985, and limits of detection and quantification equal to 6. 39 and 21. 32 mu gL (-1), respectively.


Input: The results show that the analytical method is accurate, reproducible and linear over the concentration range from 5. 0 to 160 mu g of EC per litre.


Input: The method was applied to the analysis of EC in cacha c a, the analyses being rapid and efficient.


Input: Moisture diffusivity in food materials.


Input: This paper investigates whether moisture diffusion can be predicted for food materials.


Input: We focus especially on mixtures of glucose homopolymers and water.

glucose


Input: The predictions are based on three theories: (1) the Darken relation, linking the mutual diffusivity to the self diffusivities, (2) the generalised Stokes-Einstein relation for the solute self diffusivity, and (3) the free volume theory for water self diffusivity.


Input: Using literature data obtained for the whole class of glucose homopolymer, we show that these theories predict the moisture diffusivity for the whole range of volume fractions, from zero to one, and a broad range of temperatures.

glucose


Input: Furthermore, we show that the theories equally holds for other hydrophilic biopolymers one finds in food.


Input: In the concentrated regime, all experimental data collapse to a single curve.


Input: This universal behaviour arises because these biopolymers form a hydrogen bonded network, where water molecules move via rearrangement of the free volume.

hydrogen


Input: Investigation of the effect of gelatine, egg albumin and cross-flow microfiltration on the phenolic composition of Pinotage wine.

phenolic


Input: The effect of fining and cross-flow microfiltration on the phenolic composition of red wine was investigated.

phenolic


Input: Both gelatine (G) and egg albumin (EA) fining decreased the mean degree of polymerisation (mDP) of tannin significantly by 26. 4% and 25. 2%, respectively, compared to the control (C).

tannin


Input: Cross-flow microfiltration (CF) also decreased the mDP significantly by 25%.


Input: Thus, the fining agents and cross-flow microfiltration selectively removed the highly polymerised phenols.

phenols


Input: After 3. 5 months of bottle ageing, differences between the different treatments and the control decreased.


Input: CF had the most significant effect on the flavan-3-ol and polymeric phenol (tannin) content of the wines compared to the control followed by G fining.

polymeric phenol

tannin


Input: CF and EA treatments significantly decreased the total pigment content compared to C.


Input: CF was also the only treatment that could be distinguished from the other treatments by sensory analysis.


Input: All treatments improved clarity of the wines with cross-flow microfiltration having the largest effect.


Input: Iron and zinc bioavailability in Caco-2 cells: influence of caseinophosphopeptides.

Iron

zinc


Input: A study has been made of the influence of two pools of caseinophosphopeptides (CPPs) obtained from alpha (s)-and beta-casein (CN) fractions, and of three specific CPPs (beta-CN (1-25) 4P, alpha (s1)-CN (64-74) 4P and alpha (s2)-CN (1-19) 4P), on iron bioavailability (ferritin synthesis) and zinc bioavailability (retention, transport and uptake of zinc) in Caco-2 cells.

iron

zinc

zinc


Input: alpha-CPP and beta-CPP pools did not improve ferritin synthesis, but the three specific CPPs showed an increase in ferritin synthesis in Caco-2 cells versus iron sulphate, beta-CN (1-25) 4P being the most effective.

iron sulphate


Input: In relation to zinc bioavailability, alpha-CPPs, beta-CPPs, alpha (s1)-CN (64-74) 4P and beta-CN (1-25) 4P increased zinc uptake.

zinc

zinc


Input: However, this increase was of the same order as the increase due to the presence of zinc sulphate.

zinc sulphate


Input: The physical characteristics and emulsification properties of partially dephosphorylated bovine beta-casein.


Input: Bovine beta-casein was purified from phosphocasein by rennet coagulation and cold solubilisation from the resultant curd.


Input: beta-Casein was then dephosphorylated using potato acid phosphatase.


Input: Urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) of partially dephosphorylated beta-casein showed a number of bands, depending on the final level of phosphorylation.

Urea

polyacrylamide


Input: Dephosphorylating beta-casein increased its pH of minimum solubility from ~ pH 5 to 5. 5 and reduced its net negative charge from-30. 8 to-27. 0 mV.


Input: During the acidification of beta-casein solutions, partially dephosphorylated beta-casein failed to form a gel, unlike the phosphorylated (i. e., control) beta-casein.


Input: Use of partially dephosphorylated beta-casein to stabilise oil-in-water emulsions resulted in larger fat globules compared to control beta-casein, but such globules were less susceptible to aggregation in the presence of 15 or 30 mM CaCl (2).

CaCl (2)


Input: Overall, the dephosphorylation of beta-casein resulted in a protein similar to human beta-casein in terms of physicochemical functionality, with increased stability against calcium-induced aggregation.

calcium


Input: A rapid determination method for ethylenethiourea in potato and cucumber by modified QuEChERS-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

ethylenethiourea


Input: A rapid and sensitive analytical method for the determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) in potatoes and cucumbers is developed.

ethylenethiourea

ETU


Input: This method employs modified QuEChERS followed by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) analysis.


Input: ETU was extracted by alkaline acetonitrile (containing 1% NH (3). H (2) 0), separated on a ZIC-pHILIC column, confirmed by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode with electrospray ionisation source.

ETU

acetonitrile

NH (3). H (2) 0


Input: This modified procedure showed satisfactory recovery (90. 6-103. 5%) fortified at the range of 0. 005-0. 05 mg kg (-1) with relative standard deviation (RSD) < 7%.


Input: The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0. 002 mg kg (-1) and 0. 005 mg kg (-1), respectively.


Input: Matrix effect and HILIC retention mechanism were also evaluated.


Input: The method was finally applied to detect ETU in potato and cucumber samples collected at harvest period.

ETU


Input: Residues of ETU were detected in four cucumber samples with the level lower than LOQ.

ETU


Input: Multiple mutations of the critical amino acid residues for the sweetness of the sweet-tasting protein, brazzein.

amino acid


Input: We have previously identified critical residues important for sweetness of the sweet protein brazzein by site-directed mutagenesis (Yoon, Kong, Jo, & Kong, 2011).


Input: In order to elucidate the interaction mechanisms of brazzein with the sweet taste receptor, we made multiple mutations of three residues (His31 in loop 30-33, Glu36 in beta-strand III, and Glu41 in loop 40-43).


Input: We found that all double mutations (H31R/E36D, H31R/E41A and E36D/E41A) made the molecules sweeter than des-pE1M-brazzein and three single mutants.


Input: Moreover, the triple mutation (H31R/E36D/E41A) made the molecule significantly sweeter than three double mutants.


Input: These results strongly support the hypothesis that brazzein binds to the multisite surface of the sweet taste receptor.


Input: Our findings also suggest that mutations reducing the overall negative charge and/or increasing the positive charge favour sweet-tasting protein potency.


Input: Characterization of 3, 4-DHPEA-EDA oxidation products in virgin olive oil by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry.

3, 4-DHPEA-EDA


Input: Secoiridoid derivatives are the most important antioxidants of virgin olive oil (VOO), and their oxidation products could be used as molecular markers of VOO freshness to define the VOO autoxidation state.

Secoiridoid


Input: The aim of this research was to characterise the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol (3, 4-DHPEA-EDA) oxidation products to find analytical indicators that could be used as early evaluation index of the VOO autoxidation state.

dialdehydic

decarboxymethyl elenolic acid

hydroxytyrosol

3, 4-DHPEA-EDA


Input: 3, 4-DHPEA-EDA was oxidised by enzymatic and Fenton reactions.

3, 4-DHPEA-EDA


Input: Terpenic structure oxidation products accumulated in VOO during the autoxidation process, thus they may be used as early evaluation index of the VOO autoxidation state before fatty acids oxidation.

fatty acids


Input: Effects of Azocompost and urea on the herbage yield and contents and compositions of essential oils from two genotypes of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in two regions of Iran.

urea


Input: Dragonhead is an annual, herbaceous, balm-scented and spicy aromatic member of the family Lamiaceae.


Input: We examined effects of different sources of nitrogen on the content and composition of essential oils in two genotypes of dragonhead in two regions of Iran.

nitrogen


Input: The sources of nitrogen used were 100% urea (70 kg N ha (-1)), 75% urea (52. 5 kg N ha (-1)) + 25% Azocompost (3. 85 tonha (-1)), 50% urea (35 kg N ha (-1)) + 50% Azocompost (7. 77 tonha (-1)), 25% urea (17. 5 kg N ha (-1)) + 75% Azocompost (11. 55 tonha (-1)), and 100% Azocompost (15. 55 tonha (-1)).

nitrogen

urea

urea

urea

urea


Input: Optimal yield and content of essential oil at both locations for both genotypes were obtained by applying 50% urea + 50% Azocompost.

urea


Input: Geraniol, geranial, and geranyl acetate were the most abundant compounds.

Geraniol

geranial

geranyl acetate


Input: For both genotypes and both locations, application of 50% urea + 50% Azocompost increased levels of geraniol and geranial, and application of Azocompost alone increased levels of geranyl acetate.

urea

geraniol

geranial

geranyl acetate


Input: Overall, we conclude that the application of 50% urea with 50% Azocompost is recommended for optimising the content and composition of essential oils in dragonhead.

urea


Input: In vitro digestibility and starch content, predicted glycemic index and potential in vitro antidiabetic effect of lentil sprouts obtained by different germination techniques.


Input: The study focuses on changes in starch content and expected glycemic index (eGI) caused by different sprouting methods of lentil.


Input: On germination, a decrease was observed in total starch content (TS), alpha-amylase inhibitors activity (alpha AI) and eGI values.


Input: After elicitation, the highest TS content was determined in 3-day-old control sprouts (100. 9 mg/gf. m.), whereas the lowest was in 4-day-old sprouts induced with 300 mM NaCl (57. 8 mg/gf. m.).

NaCl


Input: Resistant starch (RS) content was most effectively increased by induction with 600 mM mannitol.

mannitol


Input: The highest eGI values were determined for 3-day-old sprouts induced with 300 mM NaCl, whereas the lowest were for 6-day-old sprouts induced with 100mM NaCl.

NaCl

NaCl


Input: In treated sprouts starch digestibility was connected with alpha AI activity and RS content.


Input: Sprouting conditions can modify starch content, its potential bioavailability and eGI values.


Input: Optimization of this process will allow for the maximum nutritional benefit.


Input: Molecular and functional properties of gelatin from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket as affected by extracting temperatures.


Input: Gelatins extracted from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket at different temperatures (45, 55, 65 and 75 degrees C) in the presence and the absence of soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI; 100 units/g pretreated skin) for 12h were characterised.

trypsin


Input: In general, the addition of SBTI resulted in the lower yield, regardless of extraction temperature.


Input: Higher yield was obtained when higher extraction temperature was used (P < 0. 05).


Input: Gelatin from skin extracted at 75 degrees C in the absence of SBTI showed the highest yield (10. 66 +/- 0. 41%) (based on dry weight).


Input: The highest alpha-amino group content was observed in gelatin extracted at 55 degrees C without SBTI incorporated.

alpha-amino


Input: The band intensity of beta-chain and alpha-chains increased as the extraction temperature increased, particularly above 55 degrees C.


Input: Gelatin extracted at 65 degrees C with and without SBTI incorporation exhibited the highest gel strength (178. 00 +/- 7. 50 g and 170. 47 +/- 1. 30 g, respectively).


Input: FTIR spectra indicated that a greater loss of molecular order of triple helix with a higher degradation was found in gelatin extracted at 55 degrees C in the absence SBTI.


Input: Gelatin extracted at 65 degrees C, either with or without SBTI, had the highest EAI and ESI with high foam expansion and stability.


Input: Thus, the extraction of gelatin from the skin of unicorn leatherjacket at temperature sufficiently high could render the gelatin with less degradation.


Input: Purification and identification of lipolysis-stimulating peptides derived from enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein.


Input: The aim of this study was to purify and identify lipolysis-stimulating peptides derived from Flavourzyme (R)-soy protein isolate (SPI) hydrolysate (F-SPIH).


Input: Glycerol release was employed as a marker for lipolysis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Glycerol


Input: A higher glycerol release represents a better lipolysis-stimulating activity.

glycerol


Input: The peptide fraction with highest glycerol release obtained from F-SPIH fractionated by sequential ultrafiltration membranes was further purified using gel filtration chromatography and two steps of reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

glycerol


Input: The peptides were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS).


Input: Three lipolysis-stimulating peptides were obtained, and the amino acid sequences were ILL, LLL and VHVV, respectively.

amino acid


Input: The in vitro effect of gastrointestinal proteases on lipolysis-stimulating activity of synthetic ILL, LLL and VHVV, respectively, was also investigated.


Input: The result suggested that the gastrointestinal protease did not affect lipolysis-stimulating activity of the three novel peptides, which reveals their potential to act as anti-obesity ingredients.


Input: Vitexin-2-O-xyloside, raphasatin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate synergistically affect cell growth and apoptosis of colon cancer cells.

raphasatin


Input: Cytotoxic effects of the combination of the food components vitexin-2-O-xyloside (X), raphasatin (4-methylsulphanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanates; G) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (E) were investigated in colon (LoVo and CaCo-2) and breast (MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7) cancer cells.

raphasatin

4-methylsulphanyl-3-butenyl isothiocyanates


Input: Breast cancer cells were more resistant than colon cells to X, G and E inhibition.


Input: On the contrary, marked synergistic effects among X, G and E on cell growth were found in both colon cancer cells.


Input: Further analysis revealed a G0/G1 arrest of the phase cell progression and apoptosis, linked to modulation of Bax, Bcl2, caspase-9 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase as well as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) generation in both colon cancer cells, whereas apoptosis and ROS were not significantly detected in normal human lymphocytes.

poly (ADP-ribose)

Oxygen


Input: We conclude that the X, G and E mixture might act by mitochondrial pathway activation of apoptosis, possibly elicited by ROS and the mixture may be effective in the chemoprevention of colon cancer.


Input: Absorption and urinary excretion of A-type procyanidin oligomers from Litchi chinensis pericarp in rats by selected ion monitoring liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

A-type procyanidin


Input: Intervention studies with A-type oligomeric procyanidins from litchi (Litchi chinensis) pericarp (LPOPC) suggested its protective effect against cardiovascular diseases.

procyanidins


Input: However, there is no consensus on the absorption and metabolism of LPOPC.


Input: It was demonstrated that the main components in LPOPC were (-)-epicatechin, A-type procyanidin dimers, trimers and tetramers.

(-)-epicatechin

A-type procyanidin


Input: Rats were orally administered different levels of LPOPC (150 and 300 mg/kgbw), the procyanidins and their microbial metabolites in urine were identified by HPLC-MS/MS analysis 18 h post-administration.

procyanidins


Input: Data indicated that seven aromatic acid metabolites excreted were significantly increased by 300 mg/kgbw of LPOPC (P < 0. 01).


Input: However, only (-)-epicatechin and its methylated derivatives were detected in rat plasma 1h after 300 mg/kgbw of LPOPC administration.

(-)-epicatechin


Input: The total EC content absorbed in plasma was only 2. 54 +/- 0. 53 mu mol/L, indicating that the biological properties of LPOPC should be probably explained by its microbial degraded phenolic acids.

phenolic acids


Input: Phenolics content and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of legume fractions.

Phenolics


Input: Two faba bean (Vicia faba L.) subspecies major and minor and lentil seeds grown in Algeria were separated into cotyledons and hulls.


Input: These fractions, together with their corresponding whole seeds, were extracted with two solvents, aqueous (70%) acetone and (80%) ethanol, and evaluated for antioxidant activity in relation to their phenolic contents.

acetone

ethanol

phenolic


Input: Acetone selectively extracted tannins from faba beans.

Acetone

tannins


Input: The hulls always exhibited high antioxidant activity, measured using the reducing power (RP), antiradical activity (DPPH) or oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assays.

DPPH

oxygen


Input: Aqueous ethanol (80%) extract of lentil hulls exhibited high antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities preferentially inhibiting 15-LOX (IC (50), 55 mu g/ml), with moderate COX-1 (IC (50), 66 mu g/ml) and COX-2 (IC (50), 119 mu g/ml) inhibitory effects on the COX pathway, whereas faba bean hull extracts exerted relatively mild LOX inhibitory activity.

ethanol


Input: Microbial metabolites, but not other phenolics derived from grape seed phenolic extract, are transported through differentiated Caco-2 cell monolayers.

phenolics


Input: Grape seed phenolic extract (GSE) is predicted to have health benefits, even though its bioavailability, including digestibility, permeability and ultimate metabolism, are still poorly understood.


Input: In vitro gastric and pancreatic digestion and in vitro ileal and faecal fermentation were combined with Caco-2 cell permeability studies for GSE samples.


Input: Qualitatively, there was no change in type/number of GSE compounds following gastric and pancreatic digestion and LC-MS analysis.


Input: However, the monomers were significantly (P < 0. 05) increased after gastric digestion, along with a significant (P < 0. 05) decrease in polymers.


Input: In addition, all forms of phenolic compounds decreased following pancreatic digestion.

phenolic


Input: However, none of the original GSE phenolic compounds passed the Caco-2 cell monolayer, since all were recovered in the apical compartment.

phenolic


Input: In contrast, the two intestinal microbiota metabolites with deprotonated molecular weights of [M-H]-165/121 and 193/175, that were found both in the ileal and faecal fermented samples, passed the Caco-2 cell monolayer.


Input: Enhancing the production of galacto-oligosaccharides by mutagenesis of Sulfolobus solfataricus beta-galactosidase.


Input: Galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS), an important class of functional food, are commonly produced from lactose using beta-galactosidase.

lactose


Input: In the present study, beta-galactosidase (LacS) from Sulfolobus solfataricus P2 was cloned and site-directed mutagenesis was performed to obtain two mutants, F359Q and F441Y.


Input: All of the wild-type enzyme and mutants were expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) and purified to homogeneity.


Input: The enzymatic properties and optimal condition for transglycosylation reaction of the enzymes were investigated in detail.


Input: Under their individual optimal conditions, yields of GOS could reach 50. 9% for wild-type enzyme, 58. 3% for F359Q, and 61. 7% for F441Y.


Input: In addition, the potential mechanism for this enhancement was analysed.


Input: Detection of adulteration in honey samples added various sugar syrups with 13C/12C isotope ratio analysis method.

sugar


Input: Honey can be adulterated in various ways.


Input: One of the adulteration methods is the addition of different sugar syrups during or after honey production.

sugar


Input: Starch-based sugar syrups, high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), glucose syrup (GS) and saccharose syrups (SS), which are produced from beet or canes, can be used for adulterating honey.

sugar

fructose

glucose

saccharose


Input: In this study, adulterated honey samples were prepared with the addition of HFCS, GS and SS (beet sugar) at a ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, 40% and 50% by weight.

sugar


Input: (13) C/(12) C analysis was conducted on these adulterated honey samples using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer in combination with an elemental analyser (EA-IRMS).

(13) C

(12) C


Input: As a result, adulteration using C (4) sugar syrups (HFCS and GS) could be detected to a certain extent while adulteration of honey using C (3) sugar syrups (beet sugar) could not be detected.

sugar

sugar

sugar


Input: Adulteration by using SS (beet sugar) still has a serious detection problem, especially in countries in which beet is used in manufacturing sugar.

sugar

sugar


Input: For this reason, practice and analysis methods are needed to meet this deficit and to detect the adulterations precisely in the studies that will be conducted.


Input: Effect of TiO2 photocatalytic activity in a HDPE-based food packaging on the structural and microbiological stability of a short-ripened cheese.


Input: A high density polyethylene (HDPE)/calcium carbonate (CaCO (3)) film containing TiO (2) was prepared via blown film extrusion process.

polyethylene

calcium carbonate

CaCO (3)

TiO (2)


Input: The photocatalytic properties of this film were evaluated by voltammetric, UV-Vis spectrophotometric and gas chromatographic measurements following the decomposition rate of suitably selected molecular probes, such as 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and methylene blue.

4-hydroxybenzoic acid

methylene blue


Input: The film containing 1% w/w of TiO (2) displayed a profitable and reproducible photoinduced degradation activity towards target organic compounds.

TiO (2)


Input: The effect of packaging photocatalytic activity on the structural and microbiological stability of a short-ripened cheese was studied.


Input: Cheese structure was assessed by dynamic, small deformation rheological tests.


Input: A container consisting of a multilayer material, where the layer brought in contact with the food, made from the HDPE + CaCO (3) + TiO (2) composite matrix, was able to provide a greater maintenance of the original cheese structure than a rigid container currently used, mainly due to the inhibition of lactic acid bacteria and coliforms.

CaCO (3)

TiO (2)

lactic acid


Input: Prediction of fatty acid composition in Camellia oleifera oil by near infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NITS).

fatty acid


Input: Under the serious circumstances of Camellia oleifera adulteration, the accurate examination for quality trait of C. oleifera oil is extremely urgent.


Input: For rapid determination of FA composition in C. oleifera oil, the feasibility of NITS was first studied.


Input: The quantitative models for FA were built based on PLS regression.


Input: NITS spectra is able to accurately predict for oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids (R (cv) > 0. 844, R (2) > 0. 886).

oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids


Input: R (cv) are 0. 91987, 0. 95755, and 0. 84447, and R (2) are 0. 9424, 0. 9682, 0. 8862 for NITS models of oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids, respectively.

oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acids


Input: But models for stearic and unsaturated acids are less accurate, with values of R (cv) from 0. 67440 to 0. 69114, and R (2) from 0. 6834 to 0. 7587.

stearic and unsaturated acids


Input: These results indicate that NITS will have potential to be used in predicting FA composition of C. oleifera oil.


Input: Cyto-genotoxic and oxidative effects of a continuous UV-C treatment of liquid egg products.


Input: UV-C treatment of food is a promising non-thermal processing technology to improve food safety and preservation.


Input: Most of the chemical constituents of food absorb UV-C light that can lead to chemical modifications and quality changes.


Input: This work investigated the effects of UV-C treatment of liquid egg products on lipid, protein oxidations and potential cyto-and genotoxic effects on intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.


Input: Egg preparations (egg white, yolk, liquid whole egg) were treated with UV-C (254 nm, volumetric doses between 0 and 115, 619 J L (-1)) using a commercial UV-C processing unit equipped with a Dean Flow reactor.


Input: UV-C treatment at high doses (from 32, 181 J L (-1), about 2 times higher than that needed to inactivate 5 log of relevant microorganisms) showed an increased lipid oxidation in egg yolk and slight effects in liquid whole eggs; this was confirmed by slightly but not statistically significant increased peroxide values.

peroxide


Input: UV-C induced also slight protein damage, characterised by the total sulfhydryl group reduction.

sulfhydryl


Input: These UV-C-induced oxidative modifications in egg preparations however did not cause any increase in the cyto-or genotoxic (DNA strand breaks) effects in intestinal Caco-2 cells.


Input: Purification and characterisation of a novel antioxidant peptide derived from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) protein hydrolysate.


Input: Protein derived from blue mussel (Mytilus edulis) was hydrolysed using four kinds of proteases (pepsin, papain, neutrase and alcalase), and the neutrase hydrolysate (BNH) obtained by 3-h hydrolysis exhibited the highest 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity compared to other hydrolysates.

2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH


Input: By using ultrafiltration, gel filtration chromatography and reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), a novel antioxidant peptide (BNH-P7) was isolated from BNH, and its amino acid sequence was identified as YPPAK (Tyr-Pro-Pro-Ala-Lys) with molecular weight of 574 Da.

amino acid

Tyr-Pro-Pro-Ala-Lys


Input: BNH-P7 exhibited good scavenging activity on DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, and superoxide anion radical with EC (50) of 2. 62, 0. 228, and 0. 072 mg/ml, respectively.

DPPH

hydroxyl

superoxide


Input: BNH-P7 was also effectively against lipid peroxidation in a linoleic acid model system.

linoleic acid


Input: The high activity of BNH-P7 was due to the small size and the presence of antioxidant and hydrophobic amino acid residues (Tyr and Pro) within its sequence.

amino acid

Tyr

Pro


Input: Volatile profiling of high quality hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.): chemical indices of roasting.


Input: The study proposes an investigation strategy to identify sensitive, robust and reliable chemical markers of hazelnut roasting.


Input: A fully-automated and validated analytical method, based on Headspace Solid Phase Microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric detection (GC-MS), for effective off-line monitoring of changes in the volatile profile of high-quality hazelnuts was developed.


Input: Samples from two different harvests were submitted to roasting, following different time/temperature protocols and different technologies, enabling chemical changes to be correlated with technological processing and sensory quality.


Input: Chemical indices, expressed as analyte response ratio, were defined and their trend observed across roasting profiles.


Input: Reliability and robustness of chemical indices were also evaluated, in view of their application to on-line monitoring with Mass Spectrometry-based electronic nose technology (MS-nose).


Input: Experiments, simulating on-line chemical characterisation of the volatile fraction, were performed through a fully-automated system.


Input: The results confirmed: (a) the effectiveness of single process indicators of roasting selected by the separative method (5-methylfurfural, 1 (H)-pyrrole, furfuryl alcohol, 1 (H)-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde, 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, dihydro-2 (3H)-furanone, 5-methyl-(E)-2-hepten-4-one, acetic acid, pyridine, furfural, pyrazine, and several alkyl-pyrazines); and, (b) the reliability of proposed chemical indices: 5-methylfurfural/2, 5-dimethylpyrazine, 5-methylfurfural/2-methylpyrazine, 2, 5-dimethylpyrazine/2, 3-dimethylpyrazine; these maintained a consistent trend versus harvest and sampling/analysis technology.

1 (H)-pyrrole

furfuryl alcohol

1 (H)-pyrrole-2-carboxaldehyde

dihydro-2 (3H)-furanone

acetic acid

pyridine

furfural

pyrazine

alkyl-pyrazines

2, 5-dimethylpyrazine

2, 5-dimethylpyrazine

2, 3-dimethylpyrazine


Input: Detection, isolation and characterisation of cyclolinopeptides J and K in ageing flax.

cyclolinopeptides J and K


Input: Methionine sulfone containing peptides CLs J (11) and K (12) may be produced from their reduced forms by oxidation but it is not known if these compounds occur in foods that contain flax.

Methionine sulfone


Input: These compounds have been reported to possess greater immunosuppressive activity than their reduced methionine sulfoxide peptide forms 4 and 6, respectively.

methionine sulfoxide


Input: Since 11 and 12 have not been detected in commercial flax oil and milled flax seed, we tested for their presence in flax food products.


Input: Here we report that 11 and 12 accumulate in ground flaxseed that is exposed to air and heat (100 degrees C) for more than 4h.


Input: Standards of 11 and 12 were prepared, isolated and extensively characterised using HPLC-MS/MS, 1D and 2D NMR methods.


Input: We also report the excellent thermal and oxidative stability of these peptides.


Input: Due to the harsh conditions required to produce 11 and 12, it is expected that their levels in flax based foods would be low and therefore their presence could serve as an indicative measure of severe oxidation of a food product.


Input: In vitro antioxidant properties of crude extracts and compounds from brown algae.


Input: Research on the bioactives from seaweeds has increased in recent years.


Input: Antioxidant activity is one of the most studied, due to the interest of these compounds both as preservatives and protectors against oxidation in food and cosmetics and also due to their health implications, mainly in relation to their potential as functional ingredients.


Input: Brown algae present higher antioxidant potential in comparison with red and green families and contain compounds not found in terrestrial sources.


Input: In vitro antioxidant chemical methods, used as a first approach to evaluate potential agents to protect from lipid oxidation in foods, confirmed that the brown algae crude extracts, fractions and pure components are comparatively similar or superior to synthetic antioxidants.


Input: Particular emphasis on the fucoidan and phlorotannin polymeric fractions is given, considering variations associated with the species, collection area, season, and extraction and purification technologies.


Input: Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like PCBs, PBDEs, and hexachlorobenzene in fat samples from cattle of different ages and gender in Korea.

PCDD/Fs

dioxin-like PCBs

PBDEs

hexachlorobenzene


Input: Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) concentrations were determined in abdominal fat samples from 30 cattle.

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

PCDD/Fs

dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls

DL-PCBs

polybrominated diphenyl ethers

PBDEs

hexachlorobenzene

HCB


Input: The relationships between chemicals, age, and gender were investigated.


Input: The concentration of PCDD/Fs ranged from 0. 01 to 1. 36 pg TEQ g (-1) fat, DL-PCBs ranged from 0. 17 to 1. 64 pg TEQ g (-1) fat, PBDEs ranged from 135 to 725 pgg (-1) fat, and HCB ranged from 25. 5 to 2061 pgg (-1) fat.

PCDD/Fs

DL-PCBs

PBDEs

HCB


Input: A comparison between cattle' s age and gender vs. the concentration of contaminants revealed higher concentrations of PCDD/Fs and DL-PCBs in cattle aged more than 3 years; no difference between genders was apparent.

PCDD/Fs

DL-PCBs


Input: Moreover, the concentrations of PBDEs in cattle fat did not correspond with the age of cattle.

PBDEs


Input: Relative to cattle 1. 5-2. 5 years of age, cattle aged 3 and 4 years had higher concentration of HCB but the concentration difference was not clear at age 5.

HCB


Input: Human exposures to these compounds from beef sources were calculated based on beef consumption.


Input: Effects of various pressing programs and yields on the antioxidant activity, antimicrobial activity, phenolic content and colour of pomegranate juices.

phenolic


Input: Pomegranate juice (PJ) samples were produced with three different pressing programs: (1) 1. 2-4. 8 bar for 25 min, (2) 1. 2-2. 4 bar for 15 min and (3) 1. 2-1. 8 bar for 5. 5 min.


Input: Respective juice yields were 39. 2%, 33. 2% and 27. 2%.


Input: Effects of pressing pressure-time and yield on total phenolic (TP) content, condensed tannin (CT) content, monomeric anthocyanin (MA) content, antioxidant activity (AOA) and antimicrobial activity (AMA) of the samples were determined.

phenolic

tannin

anthocyanin


Input: Strong positive linear correlations were found between the pressing pressure with AOA (r = 0. 973) and TP content (r = 0. 979), while negative logarithmic correlations were found between pressing pressure with the contents of CT (r =-0. 778) and MA (r =-0. 955).


Input: Among 12 microorganisms tested, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas sp. were found to be sensitive to juice samples.


Input: However, increasing pressing pressure and yield did not lead to a significant change on the AMAs of the juices.


Input: Evolution of flavonoids in Mourat o n berries taken from both bunch halves.

flavonoids


Input: Galicia (N. W. Spain) is a Spanish region with several old-traditional winegrowing areas.


Input: There are autochthonous grapevine varieties, such as Vitis vinifera L.


Input: cv.


Input: Mourat o n, considered a biodiversity resource in viticulture and an opportunity for Galician sustainable wine production.


Input: Therefore, it is necessary to assess the potential of traditional cultivars to produce quality red wines.


Input: In this work, anthocyanin and flavonol evolution was followed in red berries from V. vinifera L.

anthocyanin

flavonol


Input: cv.


Input: Mourat o n.


Input: The novelty of this study is that grapes were separately collected from two different positions (tips and shoulders) within the cluster, over ripening to examine the effects of berry position within the fruit cluster on the flavonoid compounds.

flavonoid


Input: Derivatives of five anthocyanins (malvidin, peonidin, petunidin, delphinidin and cyanidin) and derivatives of six flavonols (quercetin, myricetin, kaempherol, laricitrin isorhamnetin and syringetin) were detected in both positions within the cluster.

anthocyanins

malvidin

peonidin

petunidin

delphinidin

cyanidin

flavonols

quercetin

myricetin

kaempherol

laricitrin isorhamnetin

syringetin


Input: Dynamic of anthocyanins (from 819 mg/kg to 1206 mg/kg in tips; and from 786 mg/kg to 1077 mg/kg in shoulders) and dynamic of flavonols (from 25mg/kg to 41 mg/kg in tips; and from 18 mg/kg to 21 mg/kg in shoulders) confirmed their upward trends over ripening.

anthocyanins

flavonols


Input: Grapes located inside the shoulder bunch receive less sunlight radiation than those located inside the tip bunch and this fact could explain the different accumulation observed for both positions.


Input: These results can be useful for winemakers in order to obtain different final red wine quality.


Input: Influences of muscle composition and structure of pork from different breeds on stability and textural properties of cooked meat emulsion.


Input: The influences of composition and structure of meats from different pig breeds, including Duroc (D), Large White (LW), Landrace (LR), two-way cross (LR x LW) and three-way cross (D x [LR x LW]) on stability and textural characteristics of cooked meat emulsions were studied by using partial least squares (PLS) regression.


Input: Compared to other pig breeds, cooked meat emulsion from LW exhibited superior properties as indicated by lower water and fat released as well as higher chewiness, gumminess, cohesiveness, resilience, springiness and hardness.


Input: The univariate analyses of those selected properties indicated a significant correlation with higher contents of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins, smaller muscle fibre diameter and lower myofibril fragmentation of LW meat, as compared to other breeds.


Input: Therefore properties of cooked pork emulsion were influenced by composition and structure of meat, which varied according to the pig breeds.


Input: A traceability study on the Moscato wine chain.


Input: To address the growing interest of consumers for information on the provenance of foodstuffs, the production chain of world renowned Moscato d' Asti white wine has been studied using the distribution of lanthanides as chemical markers.

lanthanides


Input: From soil to must, upon every stage of the chain, samples have been taken and analysed with ICP-MS in order to verify whether the original fingerprint of soil is maintained or not along the chain.


Input: Results of this traceability study show clearly that lanthanides fingerprint is kept unaltered in the passage soil-grapes-must, while fractionation occurs upon wine clarifying with bentonites.

lanthanides

bentonites


Input: The second part of the work involves a study on 102 samples of Moscato d' Asti musts in order to verify how they reflect the features of the different geographical zones where they come from, and to build a basis to be able to identify possible adulterations performed by addition of foreign musts.


Input: Development of a standardised human in vitro digestion protocol based on macronutrient digestion using response surface methodology.


Input: Bioaccessibility studies should be taken into account when evaluating the physiological effects of ingested compounds at the intestine level.


Input: Several in vitro digestion protocols have been described, with a wide range of experimental conditions but no optimised protocol exists.


Input: In order to fill in this gap, we evaluated the influence of three continuous factors (pH, incubation time, and enzyme concentrations), in the range of values found in literature, on the digestion of standard macronutrients (starch, albumin, triolein) alone or in mixture.

triolein


Input: Three central composite designs, using response surface methodology, were employed to model the three abiotic steps of pre-colonic digestion.


Input: A validated in vitro digestion was eventually set up for the salivary step (pH 6. 9, 5 min, 3. 9 units alpha-amylase/ml), the gastric step (pH 2, 90 min, 71. 2 units pepsin/ml), and the abiotic duodenal step (pH 7, 150 min, 9. 2mg pancreatin and 55. 2mg bile extract/ml).


Input: Purification, properties and cDNA cloning of glutamate decarboxylase in germinated faba bean (Vicia faba L.).

glutamate


Input: Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a non-protein amino acid with bioactive functions in humans.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GABA

amino acid


Input: In this work, glutamate decarboxylase (EC 4. 1. 1. 15, GAD) which is key in the GABA bioformation was purified from 5-day germinated faba beans and characterized.

glutamate

GABA


Input: A single band was observed at 58 kDa using sodium dodecyl sulphate gel electrophoresis.

sodium dodecyl sulphate


Input: GAD optimal activity was at pH 6. 0 at 40 degrees C with a K (m) value for glutamic acid (Glu) of 2. 63 mM.

glutamic acid

Glu


Input: The enzyme was inhibited significantly by Cu (2 +), Fe (3 +), Mg (2 +), Ba (2 +), aminoxyacetate, EGTA, Na (2) EDTA, l-cysteine and beta-mercaptoethanol; and activated at low Ca (2 +) 0. 2mM.

Cu (2 +)

Fe (3 +)

Mg (2 +)

Ba (2 +)

aminoxyacetate

EGTA

Na (2) EDTA

l-cysteine

beta-mercaptoethanol

Ca (2 +)


Input: Using RT-PCR, the GAD cDNA was sequenced which indicated 1787 bp long, containing a 1527 bp open reading frame (ORF) that encoded 509 amino-acid peptides with a calculated molecular weight of 57. 74 kDa and a pI of 5. 41 (GenBank accession number: JX444699).

amino-acid


Input: Validation of methods for the detection and quantification of engineered nanoparticles in food.


Input: The potential impact of nanomaterials on the environment and on human health has already triggered legislation requiring labelling of products containing nanoparticles.


Input: However, so far, no validated analytical methods for the implementation of this legislation exist.


Input: This paper outlines a generic approach for the validation of methods for detection and quantification of nanoparticles in food samples.


Input: It proposes validation of identity, selectivity, precision, working range, limit of detection and robustness, bearing in mind that each " result " must include information about the chemical identity, particle size and mass or particle number concentration.


Input: This has an impact on testing for selectivity and trueness, which also must take these aspects into consideration.


Input: Selectivity must not only be tested against matrix constituents and other nanoparticles, but it shall also be tested whether the methods apply equally well to particles of different suppliers.


Input: In trueness testing, information whether the particle size distribution has changed during analysis is required.


Input: Results are largely expected to follow normal distributions due to the expected high number of particles.


Input: An approach of estimating measurement uncertainties from the validation data is given.


Input: Effects of fish protein hydrolysate and freeze-thaw treatment on physicochemical and gel properties of natural actomyosin from Pacific cod.


Input: The properties of natural actomyosin (NAM) containing 2% or 8% fish protein hydrolysate (FPH-2, FPH-8) or 8% sucrose-sorbitol blend (SuSo) were compared to control NAM before and after freeze-thaw treatment.

sucrose

sorbitol

SuSo


Input: Surface hydrophobicity of control and FPH-2 increased after freeze-thaw treatment, while that of FPH-8 did not change, which may be related to greater thermostability of actin and myosin in FPH-8 as observed by differential scanning calorimetry.


Input: The cooked gel of freeze-thawed control had 39% expressible moisture after an 8. 5% cook loss, whereas gels of freeze-thawed SuSo, FPH-2 and FPH-8 had significantly lower expressible moisture (15-22%) and no cook loss.

SuSo


Input: Gels of freeze-thawed FPH-2 and FPH-8 were similar to unfrozen control gel in hardness, cohesiveness and gumminess.


Input: This study demonstrates that FPH effectively stabilised NAM protein structure and function during freeze-thaw treatment.


Input: Rapid quantification of muscle fat content and subcutaneous adipose tissue in fish using MRI.


Input: The potentiality of MRI to quantify fat content in flesh and subcutaneous fat in fish cutlets was investigated.


Input: Low measurement time was aimed at in a view to handling large number of samples needed in selective breeding programs for example.


Input: Results on fresh and frozen-thawed cutlets were compared to assess this way of conservation.


Input: As MRI generates unwanted spatial variations of the signal, a correction method was developed enabling the measurement on several cutlets simultaneously in less than 3 min per sample.


Input: For subcutaneous fat, the results were compared with vision measurements.


Input: High correlations between both techniques were found (R (2) = 0. 77 and 0. 87 for the ventral and dorsal part).


Input: Fat in flesh was validated vs NMR measurements.


Input: No statistical difference was found between fresh and frozen-thawed cutlets.


Input: RMSE was respectively 0. 8% and 0. 89%.


Input: These results confirmed the potentiality of MRI for fat measurement in fish particularly for a large number of samples.


Input: Pesticide residues in market foods in Shaanxi Province of China in 2010.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the pesticide residues in market vegetables in Shaanxi Province of China.


Input: The concentrations of 33 pesticides were determined by gas chromatography (GC) in 285 samples.


Input: Ten organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) were found in concentrations ranging from 0. 004 to 0. 257 mg/kg.

organophosphorus


Input: The mean levels of omethoate, phorate, chlorpyrifos, methidathion, ethoprophos in vegetables exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) allowed by the Ministry of Health, of China.

omethoate

phorate

chlorpyrifos

methidathion

ethoprophos


Input: Other detectable OP pesticide residues levels were below their MRLs.


Input: Dicofol were detectable in green pepper and chives samples.

Dicofol


Input: Five pyrethroid pesticides (PYRs) were detectable in vegetable samples respectively.

pyrethroid


Input: The results provide useful information on the current contamination status of a key agricultural area in China, and point to the need for urgent action to control the excessive use of some chemicals.


Input: Colour and stability assessment of blue ferric anthocyanin chelates in liquid pectin-stabilised model systems.

ferric anthocyanin


Input: The formation of blue coloured ferric anthocyanin chelates and their colour stability during storage and thermal treatment were monitored in a pH range relevant to food (3. 6-5. 0).

ferric anthocyanin


Input: Liquid model systems were composed of different types of Citrus pectins, juices (J) and the respective phenolic extracts (E) from elderberry (EB), black currant (BC), red cabbage (RC) and purple carrot (PC) in the presence of ferric ions.

ferric


Input: For EB, BC and PC, pure blue colours devoid of a violet tint were exclusively observed for the phenolic extracts and at pH values >= 4. 5 in model systems containing high methoxylated and amidated pectins, respectively.


Input: Colour and its stability strongly depended on the amount of ferric ions and the plant source; however, colour decay could generally be described as a pseudo-first-order kinetics.

ferric


Input: Despite optimal colour hues for RC-E and RC-J, storage and heat stabilities were poor.


Input: Highest colour intensities and best stabilities were observed for model systems containing PC-E at a molar anthocyanin: ferric ion ratio of 1: 2.

anthocyanin

ferric


Input: Ascorbic and lactic acids interfered with ferric ions, thus significantly affecting blue colour evolution and stability.

Ascorbic and lactic acids

ferric


Input: Colour loss strongly depended on heat exposure with activation energies ranging between 60. 5 and 78. 4 kJ/mol.


Input: The comprehensive evaluation of the interrelationship of pigment source, pH conditions and pectin type on chelate formation and stability demonstrated that ferric anthocyanin chelates are promising natural blue food colourants.

ferric anthocyanin


Input: Combined effect of starter culture and temperature on phenolic compounds during fermentation of Taggiasca black olives.

phenolic


Input: The influence of two operative parameters on the fermentation process of table olives from Taggiasca cultivar were investigated.


Input: Laboratory scale fermentations were performed using Lactobacillus plantarum as the only starter and in combination with Saccharomyces cerevisiae at three different temperatures (23, 30 and 37 degrees C).


Input: Control tests used for each trial were fermented only by indigenous microflora.


Input: pH and phenolic compounds were monitored in the brine and olive flesh during the fermentation.

phenolic


Input: Higher temperatures (37 degrees C) enhanced notably the release of phenolic compounds in the brine.

phenolic


Input: High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of brines evidenced the complete hydrolysis of oleuropein after 100 days of fermentation at 37 degrees C for all treatments.

oleuropein


Input: The antioxidant power of the extracts was linearly correlated to their polyphenol contents.

polyphenol


Input: The results confirmed the efficiency of treatments compared with the control tests for debittering process of table black olives.


Input: Phenolic compounds in the brines can be then extracted and used in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

Phenolic


Input: Expression patterns of cell cycle proteins in the livers of rats treated with hepatocarcinogens for 28 days.


Input: Some hepatocarcinogens induce cytomegaly, which reflects aberrant cell cycling and increased ploidy, from the early stages of administration to animals.


Input: To clarify the regulatory molecular mechanisms behind cell cycle aberrations related to the early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, we performed gene expression analysis using microarrays and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction followed by immunohistochemical analysis in the livers of rats treated with the cytomegaly inducing hepatocarcinogens thioacetamide (TAA), fenbendazole, and methyleugenol, the cytomegaly non-inducing hepatocarcinogen piperonyl butoxide (PBO), or the non-carcinogenic hepatotoxicants acetaminophen and alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate, for 28 days.

thioacetamide

TAA

fenbendazole

methyleugenol

piperonyl butoxide

PBO

acetaminophen

alpha-naphthyl isothiocyanate


Input: Gene expression profiling showed that cell cycle-related genes, especially those of G (2)/M phase, were mostly upregulated after TAA treatment.

TAA


Input: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on cell cycle proteins that were upregulated by TAA treatment and on related proteins.

TAA


Input: All hepatocarcinogens, irrespective of their cytomegaly inducing potential, increased liver cells immunoreactive for p21 (Cip1), which acts on cells arrested in G (1) phase, and for Aurora B or Incenp, which is suggestive of an increase in a cell population with chromosomal instability caused by overexpression.


Input: PBO did not induce cell proliferation after 28-day treatment.

PBO


Input: Hepatocarcinogens that induced cell proliferation after 28-day treatment also caused an increase in p53 (+) cells in parallel with increased apoptotic cells, as well as increased population of cells expressing M phase-related proteins nuclear Cdc2, phospho-Histone H3, and HP1 alpha.


Input: These results suggest that hepatocarcinogens may increase cellular populations arrested in G (1) phase or showing chromosomal instability after 28-day treatment.


Input: Hepatocarcinogens that induce cell cycle facilitation may cause M phase arrest accompanied by apoptosis.


Input: End-faced waveguide mediated optical propulsion of microspheres and single cells in a microfluidic device.


Input: Single cell transport in microfluidic devices is a topic of interest as their utility is becoming appreciated by cell and molecular biologist.


Input: Cell transport should minimize mechanical stress due to friction or pressure gradients.


Input: Optical forces have the advantage of applying their forces across the cell volume and not only at the cell membrane and are thus preferable.


Input: Optical pushing by scattering force is a suitable candidate so highly dependent on the photon irradiance field inside the propagation capillary which in turn is determined by the waveguide properties delivering the radiation pressure.


Input: Here we present a numerical approach to predict the optical scattering force, speed and trajectory of cells as a function of waveguide and propagation capillary geometry.


Input: Experimental verification of the simulation approach is demonstrated using polystyrene microspheres and leukemia cells.

polystyrene


Input: Effects of optical fibre to waveguide alignment, capillary wall angle and temperature on the dynamic viscosity on speed and position of the microspheres and cells inside the propagation capillary are demonstrated.


Input: Adenosine 2A receptor modulates inflammation and phenotype in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Adenosine


Input: Activation of the adenosine 2A receptor (A (2A) R) reduces inflammation in models of acute injury but contribution in development of chronic abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) is unknown.

adenosine


Input: Elastase perfusion to induce AAA formation in A (2A) R-knockout (A (2A) RKO) and C57BL6/J wild-type (WT) mice resulted in nearly 100% larger aneurysms in A (2A) RKO compared to WT at d 14 (P < 0. 05), with evidence of greater elastin fragmentation, more immune cell infiltration, and increased matrix metallatoproteinase (MMP) 9 expression (P < 0. 05).


Input: Separately, exogenous A (2A) R antagonism in elastase-perfused WT mice also resulted in larger aneurysms (P < 0. 05), while A (2A) R agonism limited aortic dilatation (P < 0. 05).


Input: Activated Thy-1. 2 (+) T lymphocytes from WT mice treated in vitro with A (2A) R antagonist increased cytokine production, and treatment with A (2A) R agonist decreased cytokine production (P < 0. 05 for all).


Input: Primary activated CD4 (+) T lymphocytes from A (2A) RKO mice exhibited greater chemotaxis (P < 0. 05).


Input: A (2A) R antagonist increased chemotaxis of activated CD4 (+) cells from WT mice in vitro, and A (2A) R agonist reduced this effect (P < 0. 05).


Input: A (2A) R activation attenuates AAA formation partly by inhibiting immune cell recruitment and reducing elastin fragmentation.


Input: These findings support augmenting A (2A) R signaling as a putative target for limiting aneurysm formation.-Bhamidipati, C.


Input: M., Mehta, G.


Input: S., Moehle, C.


Input: W., Meher, A.


Input: K., Su, G., Vigneshwar, N.


Input: G., Barbery, C., Sharma, A.


Input: K., Kron, I.


Input: L., Laubach, V.


Input: E., Owens, G.


Input: K., Upchurch Jr., G.


Input: R., Ailawadi, G.


Input: Adenosine 2A receptor modulates inflammation and phenotype in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms.

Adenosine


Input: Spectroscopic characterization and constitutional and rotational isomerism of ClC (O) SCN and ClC (O) NCS.

ClC (O) SCN

ClC (O) NCS


Input: Chlorocarbonylthio-and isothiocyanate (ClC (O) SCN and ClC (O) NCS) have been isolated and characterized by IR (Ar matrix, gas), Raman (liquid), (13) C NMR and UV-visible spectroscopies.

Chlorocarbonylthio-and isothiocyanate

ClC (O) SCN

ClC (O) NCS

Ar

(13) C


Input: Vibrational and quantum chemical studies suggest the presence of the syn and anti conformers (SCN group with respect to the C = O bond) in the gas phase for both constitutional isomers.

SCN

C = O


Input: syn-ClC (O) SCN is preferred by Delta H degrees (anti/syn) = 1. 3 (0. 3) kcal mol (-1).

syn-ClC (O) SCN


Input: The solid-state structure of ClC (O) SCN has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis at low temperature.

ClC (O) SCN


Input: The crystalline solid consists exclusively of molecules in the syn conformation.


Input: On the other hand, the anti form is more stable for the ClC (O) NCS isomer.

ClC (O) NCS


Input: The structure of ClC (O) NCS and its conformational composition were determined by gas electron diffraction.

ClC (O) NCS


Input: An unusual low syn --> anti interconversion energy barrier of 0. 98 (0. 15) kcal mol (-1) was detected for ClC (O) NCS at cryogenic temperatures.

ClC (O) NCS


Input: The photochemistry of both constitutional isomers isolated in solid argon at 15 K was studied.

argon


Input: Rearrangement of ClC (O) SCN to ClC (O) NCS was observed in the neat liquid and under UV-vis irradiation of ClC (O) SCN isolated in solid argon.

ClC (O) SCN

ClC (O) NCS

ClC (O) SCN

argon


Input: Properties have been discussed in terms of the valence electronic structure, including the analysis of the He (I) photoelectron spectrum of ClC (O) SCN.

He (I)

ClC (O) SCN


Input: Potential-dependent interaction of DOPC liposomes with an octadecanol-covered Au (111) surface investigated using electrochemical methods coupled with in situ fluorescence microscopy.

DOPC

octadecanol

Au (111)


Input: The potential-controlled incorporation of DOPC liposomes (100 nm diameter) into an adsorbed octadecanol layer on Au (111) was studied using electrochemical and in situ fluorescence microscopy.

DOPC

octadecanol

Au (111)


Input: The adsorbed layer of octadecanol included a small amount of a lipophilic fluorophore-octadecanol modified with BODIPY-to enable fluorescence imaging.

octadecanol

octadecanol

BODIPY


Input: The deposited octadecanol layer was found not to allow liposomes to interact unless the potential was less than-0. 4 V/SCE, which introduces defects into the adsorbed layer.

octadecanol


Input: Small increases in the capacitance of the adsorbed layer were measured after introducing the defects, allowing the liposomes to interact with the defects and then annealing the defects at 0 V/SCE.


Input: A change in the adsorbed layer was also signified by a more positive desorption potential for the liposome-modified adsorbed layer as compared to that for an adsorbed layer that was porated in a similar fashion but without liposomes present in the electrolyte.


Input: These subtle changes in capacitance are difficult to interpret, so an in situ spectroscopic study was performed to provide a more direct measure of the interaction.


Input: The incorporation of liposomes should result in an increase in the fluorescence measured because the fluorophore should become further separated from the gold surface, reducing the efficiency of fluorescence quenching.


Input: No significant increase in the fluorescence of the adsorbed layer was observed during the potential pulses used in the poration procedure in the absence of liposomes.


Input: In the presence of liposomes, the fluorescence intensity was found to depend on the potential and time used for poration.


Input: At 0 V/SCE, no significant change in the fluorescence was observed for defect-free adsorbed layers.


Input: Changing the poration potential to-0. 4 V/SCE caused significant increases in the fluorescence and the appearance of new structural features in the adsorbed layers that were more easily observed during the desorption procedure.


Input: The extent of fluorescence changes was found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the adsorbed layer under investigation, which suggests that the poration and liposome interaction are dependent on the quality of the adsorbed layer and its ease of poration through changes in the electrode potential.


Input: Bifunctional electrophiles cross-link thioredoxins with redox relay partners in cells.


Input: Thioredoxin protects cells against oxidative damage by reducing disulfide bonds in improperly oxidized proteins.

disulfide


Input: Previously, we found that the baker' s yeast cytosolic thioredoxin Trx2 undergoes cross-linking to form several protein-protein complexes in cells treated with the bifunctional electrophile divinyl sulfone (DVSF).

divinyl sulfone

DVSF


Input: Here, we report that the peroxiredoxin Tsa1 and the thioredoxin reductase Trr1, both of which function in a redox relay network with thioredoxin, become cross-linked in complexes with Trx2 upon DVSF treatment.

DVSF


Input: Treatment of yeast with other bifunctional electrophiles, including diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DAD), mechlorethamine (HN2), and 1, 2, 3, 4-diepoxybutane (DEB), resulted in the formation of similar cross-linked complexes.

diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate

DAD

mechlorethamine

1, 2, 3, 4-diepoxybutane

DEB


Input: Cross-linking of Trx2 and Tsa1 to other proteins by DVSF and DAD is dependent on modification of the active site Cys residues within these proteins.

DVSF

DAD

Cys


Input: In addition, the human cytosolic thioredoxin, cytosolic thioredoxin reductase, and peroxiredoxin 2 form cross-linked complexes to other proteins in the presence of DVSF, although each protein shows different susceptibilities to modification by DAD, HN2, and DEB.

DVSF

DAD

DEB


Input: Taken together, our results indicate that bifunctional electrophiles potentially disrupt redox homeostasis in yeast and human cells by forming cross-linked complexes between thioredoxins and their redox partners.


Input: Bioanalytical LC separation techniques for quantitative analysis of free amino acids in human plasma.

amino acids


Input: The quantitative analysis of free amino acids in human plasma has become an important and essential analysis parameter in different areas of life sciences.

amino acids


Input: Free amino acid concentrations in human plasma samples are generally determined by means of GC or LC after chemical derivatization followed by UV, fluorescent or MS detection of the amino acid derivatives.

amino acid

amino acid


Input: Derivatization of free amino acids is done either pre-or post-column, and the amino acid derivatives obtained posess improved chromatographic behavior, increased detection sensitivity and selectivity compared with non-derivatized free amino acids.

amino acids

amino acid

amino acids


Input: This work gives an overview of different chemical derivatization methods applied and their liquid separation techniques in bioanalytical assays for quantitative free amino acid analysis in human plasma samples.

amino acid


Input: Important plasma preparation procedures, pre-and post-column derivatization, and different LC separation techniques are presented.


Input: Application of the compensated Arrhenius formalism to fluidity data of polar organic liquids.


Input: The temperature dependence of viscosity (the reciprocal of fluidity) in polar liquids has been studied for over a century, but the available theoretical models have serious limitations.


Input: Consequently, the viscosity is often described with empirical equations using adjustable fitting parameters that offer no insight into the molecular mechanism of transport.


Input: We have previously reported a novel approach called the compensated Arrhenius formalism (CAF) to describe ionic conductivity, self-diffusion, and dielectric relaxation in terms of molecular and system properties.


Input: Here the CAF is applied to fluidity data of pure n-acetates, 2-ketones, n-nitriles, and n-alcohols over the temperature range 5-85 degrees C.

n-acetates

n-nitriles

n-alcohols


Input: The fluidity is represented as an Arrhenius-like expression that includes a static dielectric constant dependence in the exponential prefactor.


Input: The dielectric constant dependence results from the dependence of mass and charge transport on the molecular dipole moment and the solvent dipole density.


Input: The CAF is the only self-consistent description of fluid transport in polar liquids written solely in terms of molecular and system parameters.


Input: A scaling procedure is used to calculate the activation energy for transport.


Input: We find that the activation energies for fluidity of the aprotic liquids are comparable in value, whereas a higher average E (a) value is observed for the n-alcohol data.

n-alcohol


Input: Finally, we contrast the molecular description of transport presented here with the conventional hydrodynamic model.


Input: Ester hydrolysis by a histidine-containing cavitein.

Ester

histidine


Input: We have used a template-assembled synthetic protein (TASP) to investigate catalytic function in ester hydrolysis.

ester


Input: A histidine-containing cavitein has been found to catalyze ester hydrolysis with a rate increase of 18 times that of background.

histidine

ester


Input: Triazolo and imidazo dihydropyrazolopyrimidine potassium channel antagonists.

Triazolo and imidazo dihydropyrazolopyrimidine potassium


Input: Previously disclosed C6 amido and benzimidazole dihydropyrazolopyrimidines were potent and selective blockers of IKur current.

amido and benzimidazole dihydropyrazolopyrimidines


Input: Syntheses and SAR for C6 triazolo and imidazo dihydropyrazolopyrimidines series are described.

triazolo and imidazo dihydropyrazolopyrimidines


Input: Trifluoromethylcyclohexyl N (1) triazole, compound 51, was identified as a potent and selective Kv1. 5 inhibitor with an acceptable PK and liability profile.

Trifluoromethylcyclohexyl N (1) triazole


Input: Discovery of a novel series of quinolone alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonists.

quinolone

acetylcholine


Input: High throughput screening led to the identification of a novel series of quinolone alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) agonists.

quinolone

acetylcholine


Input: Optimization of an HTS hit (1) led to 4-phenyl-1-(quinuclidin-3-ylmethyl) quinolin-2 (1H)-one, which was found to be potent and selective.

4-phenyl-1-(quinuclidin-3-ylmethyl) quinolin-2 (1H)-one


Input: Poor brain penetrance in this series was attributed to transporter-mediated efflux, which was in turn due to high pKa.


Input: A novel 4-fluoroquinuclidine significantly lowered the pKa of the quinuclidine moiety, reducing efflux as measured by a Caco-2 assay.

quinuclidine


Input: A genetic program promotes C. elegans longevity at cold temperatures via a thermosensitive TRP channel.


Input: Both poikilotherms and homeotherms live longer at lower body temperatures, highlighting a general role of temperature reduction in lifespan extension.


Input: However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.


Input: One prominent model is that cold temperatures reduce the rate of chemical reactions, thereby slowing the rate of aging.


Input: This view suggests that cold-dependent lifespan extension is simply a passive thermodynamic process.


Input: Here, we challenge this view in C. elegans by showing that genetic programs actively promote longevity at cold temperatures.


Input: We find that TRPA-1, a cold-sensitive TRP channel, detects temperature drop in the environment to extend lifespan.


Input: This effect requires cold-induced, TRPA-1-mediated calcium influx and a calcium-sensitive PKC that signals to the transcription factor DAF-16/FOXO.

calcium

calcium


Input: Human TRPA1 can functionally substitute for worm TRPA-1 in promoting longevity.


Input: Our results reveal a previously unrecognized function for TRP channels, link calcium signaling to longevity, and, importantly, demonstrate that genetic programs contribute to lifespan extension at cold temperatures.

calcium


Input: Beneficial effect of the non-psychotropic plant cannabinoid cannabigerol on experimental inflammatory bowel disease.

cannabigerol


Input: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incurable disease which affects millions of people in industrialized countries.


Input: Anecdotal and scientific evidence suggests that Cannabis use may have a positive impact in IBD patients.


Input: Here, we investigated the effect of cannabigerol (CBG), a non-psychotropic Cannabis-derived cannabinoid, in a murine model of colitis.

cannabigerol

CBG


Input: Colitis was induced in mice by intracolonic administration of dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS).

dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid

DNBS


Input: Inflammation was assessed by evaluating inflammatory markers/parameters (colon weight/colon length ratio and myeloperoxidase activity), by histological analysis and immunohistochemistry; interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma levels by ELISA, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) by western blot and RT-PCR; CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by a colorimetric assay.

nitric oxide

CuZn

superoxide


Input: Murine macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells were used to evaluate the effect of CBG on nitric oxide production and oxidative stress, respectively.

nitric oxide


Input: CBG reduced colon weight/colon length ratio, myeloperoxidase activity, and iNOS expression, increased SOD activity and normalized interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-10 and interferon-gamma changes associated to DNBS administration.

CBG

DNBS


Input: In macrophages, CBG reduced nitric oxide production and iNOS protein (but not mRNA) expression.

CBG

nitric oxide


Input: Rimonabant (a CB1 receptor antagonist) did not change the effect of CBG on nitric oxide production, while SR144528 (a CB2 receptor antagonist) further increased the inhibitory effect of CBG on nitric oxide production.

Rimonabant

CBG

nitric oxide

CBG

nitric oxide


Input: In conclusion, CBG attenuated murine colitis, reduced nitric oxide production in macrophages (effect being modulated by the CB2 receptor) and reduced ROS formation in intestinal epithelial cells.

CBG

nitric oxide


Input: CBG could be considered for clinical experimentation in IBD patients.

CBG


Input: ADAM17, shedding, TACE as therapeutic targets.


Input: ADAM17 has been molecularly cloned as the enzyme responsible for cleavage of the transmembrane protein TNF alpha (TNF alpha converting enzyme, TACE).


Input: Later it was realized that ADAM17 was also responsible for the processing of cell adhesion proteins, cytokine and growth factor receptors and many ligands of the EGF receptor.


Input: Since TNF alpha is a target of anti-inflammatory therapies, it was speculated that inhibition of ADAM17 might be a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of inflammation or inflammation associated cancer.


Input: Meanwhile it has been recognized that ADAM17 governs many vital functions in the body and loss of ADAM17 leads to severe defects in the skin and to high susceptibility of the intestine to inflammation.


Input: Here I summarize data on the physiologic role of ADAM17 and the feasibility of specific blockade of this enzyme.


Input: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 contributes to the balance between 7-keto-and 7-hydroxy-oxysterols in vivo.

11 beta-Hydroxysteroid

7-keto-and 7-hydroxy-oxysterols


Input: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11 beta HSD1; EC 1. 1. 1. 146) generates active glucocorticoids from inert 11-keto metabolites.

11 beta-Hydroxysteroid


Input: However, it can also metabolize alternative substrates, including 7 beta-hydroxy-and 7-keto-cholesterol (7 beta OHC, 7KC).

7 beta-hydroxy-and 7-keto-cholesterol

7 beta OHC


Input: This has been demonstrated in vitro but its consequences in vivo are uncertain.


Input: We used genetically modified mice to investigate the contribution of 11 beta HSD1 to the balance of circulating levels of 7KC and 7 beta OHC in vivo, and dissected in vitro the kinetics of the interactions between oxysterols and glucocorticoids for metabolism by the mouse enzyme.

7 beta OHC

oxysterols


Input: Circulating levels of 7KC and 7 beta OHC in mice were 91. 3 +/- 22. 3 and 22. 6 +/- 5. 7nM respectively, increasing to 1240 +/- 220 and 406 +/- 39nM in ApoE (-/-) mice receiving atherogenic western diet.

7 beta OHC


Input: Disruption of 11 beta HSD1 in mice increased (p < 0. 05) the 7KC/7 beta OHC ratio in plasma (by 20%) and also in isolated microsomes (2 fold).

7 beta OHC


Input: The 7KC/7 beta OHC ratio was similarly increased when NADPH generation was restricted by disruption of hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase.

7 beta OHC

NADPH


Input: Reduction and oxidation of 7-oxysterols by murine 11 beta HSD1 proceeded more slowly and substrate affinity was lower than for glucocorticoids. in vitro 7 beta OHC was a competitive inhibitor of oxidation of corticosterone (Ki = 0. 9 mu M), whereas 7KC only weakly inhibited reduction of 11-dehydrocorticosterone.

7 beta OHC

corticosterone


Input: However, supplementation of 7-oxysterols in cultured cells, secondary to cholesterol loading, preferentially slowed reduction of glucocorticoids, rather than oxidation.

cholesterol


Input: Thus, in mouse, 11 beta HSD1 influenced the abundance and balance of circulating and tissue levels of 7 beta OHC and 7KC, promoting reduction of 7KC.

7 beta OHC


Input: In health, 7-oxysterols are unlikely to regulate glucocorticoid metabolism.


Input: However, in hyperlipidaemia, 7-oxysterols may inhibit glucocorticoid metabolism and modulate signaling through corticosteroid receptors.

corticosteroid


Input: Amino acid derived quinazolines as Rock/PKA inhibitors.

Amino acid

quinazolines


Input: SAR and lead optimization studies for Rock inhibitors based on amino acid-derived quinazolines are described.

amino acid

quinazolines


Input: Studies demonstrated that these amino acid derived quinazolinones were mainly pan-Rock (I & II) inhibitors.

amino acid

quinazolinones


Input: While selectivity against other kinases could be achieved, selectivity for most of these compounds against PKA was not achieved.


Input: This is distinct from Rock inhibitors based on non-amino acid derived quinazolinones, where high selectivity against PKA could be obtained. (22) The inhibitors presented here in some cases possessed sub-nanomolar inhibition of Rock, nanomolar potency in ppMLC cell based assays, low to fair cytochrome P-450 inhibition, and good human microsomal stability.

amino acid

quinazolinones


Input: Aza-BODIPY: improved synthesis and interaction with soluble A beta 1-42 oligomers.

Aza-BODIPY


Input: Dye-binding assays that are used to evaluate anti-aggregation ability of small molecule inhibitors towards amyloids are known to be prone to false-positive effects due to spectral overlaps between the dye and the inhibitor.


Input: Aza-BODIPY dye, which has both excitation and emission maxima above 600nm, exhibits a significant increase in its fluorescence intensity in the presence of soluble oligomers of A beta 1-42.

Aza-BODIPY


Input: These results indicate that aza-BODIPY could serve as a near-IR probe for detecting conformational changes of A beta 1-42 soluble oligomers in vitro, and it should eliminate false-positive effects that are associated with currently utilized thioflavin T-based dyes.

aza-BODIPY

thioflavin T


Input: In addition, a facile synthesis of aza-BODIPY has been developed, which might further expand the applications of this dye.

aza-BODIPY


Input: Effects of lurasidone in behavioral models of depression.

lurasidone


Input: Role of the 5-HT7 receptor subtype.


Input: Major depression is a common psychiatric disorder associated with high symptomatic and functional burdens.


Input: Pharmacological treatment is often effective, but there remain substantial unmet needs in the form of non-responders, delayed onset of clinical effect, and side effects.


Input: Recent studies have positioned the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor as a new target for the treatment of depression.

serotonin


Input: Preclinical studies have shown that antagonists induce an antidepressant-like response, a phenotype that can also be observed in mice lacking the receptor.


Input: Lurasidone is a new atypical antipsychotic agent with very high affinity for the 5-HT7 receptor.

Lurasidone


Input: Patients in clinical trials have reported improved scores in depression ratings.


Input: We have tested lurasidone in both acute and chronic mouse models of depression.

lurasidone


Input: In the tail suspension and forced swim tests lurasidone decreased immobility, an antidepressant-like response.

lurasidone


Input: The effect required functional 5-HT7 receptors as it was absent in mice lacking the receptor.


Input: In the repeated open-space swim test lurasidone was able to reverse the despair induced by repeated swims in a manner similar to the commonly used antidepressant citalopram.

lurasidone

citalopram


Input: The results provide evidence that lurasidone can act as a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist and provide a possible explanation for the antidepressant effect data currently emerging from lurasidone clinical trials.

lurasidone

lurasidone


Input: Additionally, the results give further support for targeting the 5-HT7 receptor in the treatment of depression.


Input: It will be of interest to clinically evaluate lurasidone as an antidepressant either as monotherapy or as an adjunctive therapy to available drugs.

lurasidone


Input: Dexamethasone alters epithelium proliferation and survival and suppresses Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in developing cleft palate.

Dexamethasone


Input: Dexamethasone (Dex) contributes to a cleft palate, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for the deleterious effect on the developing palate are unclear.

Dexamethasone

Dex


Input: Wnt signaling is a causal mechanism of Dex-induced osteoporosis, so this study was conducted to determine whether Dex-induced cleft palate may result from altered Wnt signaling.

Dex

Dex


Input: Administration of Dex to mice completely inhibited canonical Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and altered cell proliferation and apoptosis of the craniofacial epithelium in developing embryos.

Dex


Input: Thus, downregulated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling was associated with Dex-induced cleft palate.

Dex


Input: Moreover, altered cell fate by Dex responsible for small palates, delaying shelf elevation and unfused palates was a crucial mechanism in cleft palate.

Dex


Input: Our findings help in elucidating the mechanisms of Dex-induced cleft palate.

Dex


Input: Cysteamine: an old drug with new potential.

Cysteamine


Input: Cysteamine is an amino thiol with the chemical formula HSCH2CH2NH2.

Cysteamine

amino thiol


Input: Endogenously, cysteamine is derived from coenzyme A degradation, although its plasma concentrations are low.

cysteamine

coenzyme A


Input: Most experience with cysteamine as a drug originates from the field of the orphan disease cystinosis, in which cysteamine is prescribed to decrease intralysosomal cystine accumulation.

cysteamine

cysteamine

cystine


Input: However, over the years, the drug has been used for several other applications both in vitro and in vivo.


Input: In this article, we review the different applications of cysteamine, ending with an overview of ongoing clinical trials for new indications, such as neurodegenerative disorders and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

cysteamine


Input: The recent development of an enteric-coated cysteamine formulation makes cysteamine more patient friendly and will extend its applicability for both old and new indications.

cysteamine

cysteamine


Input: Collaborative virtual organisation and infrastructure for drug discovery.


Input: A virtual organisation approach was applied to collaborative drug discovery integrating experimental and computational design approaches.


Input: Scientists Against Malaria was formed with the goal of designing novel antimalarial drug candidates.


Input: The collaboration of nine founding partners carried out computational and laboratory work that produced significant volumes of data and metadata, the interpretation for the analysis of which, as well as the related decision making, was challenging.


Input: During the first phase the partners developed this' green-field' project from initiation through to target selection and modelling, computational screening, biological materials and assay preparation, culminating in the completion of initial experimental testing.


Input: A support infrastructure involving a semantic collaborative laboratory framework, interoperating with a cloud of web services through an ontology describing the virtual and experimental screening data, was designed and tested.


Input: Modulation of melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in melanocytes by amikacin.

amikacin


Input: Amikacin is principally used to treat infections caused by microorganisms resistant to other aminoglycosides.

Amikacin

aminoglycosides


Input: Ototoxicity is one of the side effects of amikacin, but the causative mechanism of damage to the ear has not been fully established.

amikacin


Input: Thus, the aim of this work was to examine the impact of amikacin on the melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in cultured human normal melanocytes (HEMa-LP).

amikacin


Input: Amikacin induced the concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability.

Amikacin


Input: The value of EC50 was determined to be ~ 7. 5 mM.


Input: The analyzed antibiotic inhibited melanin biosynthesis in concentration-dependent manner.


Input: Increasing the amikacin concentration also resulted in a decrease in cellular tyrosinase activity.

amikacin


Input: To study the antioxidant defense system in melanocytes, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in cells exposed to amikacin were determined.

superoxide

glutathione

amikacin


Input: Significant changes in cellular antioxidant enzymes activities were observed.


Input: Modulation of melanogenesis and the antioxidant status of melanocytes resulting from the use of amikacin in vitro may explain a potential role of melanin and melanocytes in the mechanisms of aminoglycosides ototoxic effects in vivo.

amikacin

aminoglycosides


Input: Bioaccessibility of 12 trace elements in marine molluscs.


Input: We conducted a large scale investigation of the bioaccessibility of 12 trace elements from 11 marine mollusc species (scallop, oyster, clam, abalone, snail, and mussel) collected from five locations in Chinese coastal waters.


Input: The bioaccessibility of all the 12 trace elements was generally high, with the average values ranging from 42. 5% to 90. 7%.


Input: The highest bioaccessibility was observed for As, Cu, Ni and Se, and the lowest for Fe, Co and Pb.

As

Cu

Ni

Se

Fe

Co

Pb


Input: Steaming decreased the bioaccessibility of all 12 trace elements and thus diminished their risks.


Input: No correlation was observed between the bioaccessibility and the total concentration of the 12 elements.


Input: However, there was a significant correlation between the bioaccessibility of the 12 elements and their subcellular distribution.


Input: For most trace elements, a significantly negative relationship was demonstrated between the bioaccessibility and the elemental partitioning in the metal-rich granule fraction or in the cellular debris fraction, and a significantly positive correlation was observed between the bioaccessibility and the elemental partitioning in the heat-stable protein fraction and in the trophically available fraction.


Input: Hence, the elemental subcellular distribution, especially the elemental partitioning in the trophically available fraction, might be a good predictor of the bioaccessibility and risks of trace elements in molluscs.


Input: Ameliorating effects of casein glycomacropeptide on obesity induced by high-fat diet in male Sprague-Dawley rats.


Input: The effect of casein glycomacropeptide (GMP) as a specific regulating mediator in obese rats induced by high-fat (HF) diet was investigated.


Input: Male obese Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats induced by high-fat diet for 8weeks period were fed high-fat, high-fat with GMP of 100mg/kg BW (HFLG), 200mg/kg BW (HFMG) and 400mg/kg BW (HFHG) for 6weeks.


Input: Compared with the high-fat control (HFC) group GMP supplementation significantly decreased adipose tissue weight, activity of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH).

fatty acid


Input: Hepatic lipid droplet size, plasma and hepatic lipid levels markedly reduced.


Input: Moreover, GMP reduces plasma total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol as well as hepatic-cholesterol and triglycerides.

cholesterol

cholesterol

cholesterol

triglycerides


Input: The liver steatosis observed in obese rats was also prevented by GMP supplement.


Input: In addition, GMP significantly diminished mitochondrial and liver malondialdehyde (MDA) production, and obviously elevated the activities of mitochondrial and hepatic superoxidase dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).

malondialdehyde

MDA

glutathione

GSH


Input: Leptin production and proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion decreased.


Input: Taken together, GMP can reduce lipid accumulation and enhance antioxidant capability of obese rats.


Input: It suggests that GMP can counteract high-fat diet-induced obesity, which might make it a potential ingredient with anti-obesity activity.


Input: Central administration of angiotensin IV rapidly enhances novel object recognition among mice.

angiotensin IV


Input: Angiotensin IV (Val (1)-Tyr (2)-Ile (3)-His (4)-Pro (5)-Phe (6)) has demonstrated potential cognitive-enhancing effects.

Angiotensin IV

Val (1)-Tyr (2)-Ile (3)-His (4)-Pro (5)-Phe (6)


Input: The present investigation assessed and characterized: (1) dose-dependency of angiotensin IV' s cognitive enhancement in a C57BL/6J mouse model of novel object recognition, (2) the time-course for these effects, (3) the identity of residues in the hexapeptide important to these effects and (4) the necessity of actions at angiotensin IV receptors for procognitive activity.

angiotensin IV

hexapeptide

angiotensin IV


Input: Assessment of C57BL/6J mice in a novel object recognition task demonstrated that prior administration of angiotensin IV (0. 1, 1. 0, or 10. 0, but not 0. 01 nmol, i. c. v.) significantly enhanced novel object recognition in a dose-dependent manner.

angiotensin IV


Input: These effects were time dependent, with improved novel object recognition observed when angiotensin IV (0. 1 nmol, i. c. v.) was administered 10 or 20, but not 30 min prior to the onset of the novel object recognition testing.

angiotensin IV


Input: An alanine scan of the angiotensin IV peptide revealed that replacement of the Val (1), Ile (3), His (4), or Phe (6) residues with Ala attenuated peptide-induced improvements in novel object recognition, whereas Tyr (2) or Pro (5) replacement did not significantly affect performance.

alanine

angiotensin IV

Val

Ile

His

Phe

Ala

Tyr

Pro


Input: Administration of the angiotensin IV receptor antagonist, divalinal-Ang IV (20 nmol, i. c. v.), reduced (but did not abolish) novel object recognition; however, this antagonist completely blocked the procognitive effects of angiotensin IV (0. 1 nmol, i. c. v.) in this task.

angiotensin IV

divalinal-Ang IV

angiotensin IV


Input: Rotorod testing demonstrated no locomotor effects with any angiotensin IV or divalinal-Ang IV dose tested.

angiotensin IV

divalinal-Ang IV


Input: These data demonstrate that angiotensin IV produces a rapid enhancement of associative learning and memory performance in a mouse model that was dependent on the angiotensin IV receptor.

angiotensin IV

angiotensin IV


Input: Maternal exposure to airborne particulate matter causes postnatal immunological dysfunction in mice offspring.


Input: Evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to air pollution affects the ontogeny and development of the fetal immune system.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of maternal exposure to airborne particulate matter (PM) on immune function in postnatal offspring.


Input: Pregnant female ICR mice were intralaryngopharyngeally administered with 30 mu l of phosphate buffered solution (the control group) or resuspended PM of Standard Reference Material 1649a at 0. 09 (low), 0. 28 (medium), 1. 85 (high) or 6. 92 (overdose) mu g/mu l once every three days from day 0 to 18 of pregnancy (n = 8-10).

phosphate


Input: Offspring were sacrificed on postnatal day 30.


Input: Interleukin-4 and interferon-gamma levels in plasma and splenocytes, splenic lymphocyte proliferation, and expressions of GATA-3 and T-bet mRNA in the spleen were tested.


Input: The spleen and thymus were histopathologically examined.


Input: The offspring of the medium, high and overdose PM-exposed dams showed significantly suppressed splenocyte proliferation.


Input: Decreased interferon-gamma and increased interleukin-4 levels in the blood and splenocytes, and lowered T-bet and elevated GATA-3 mRNA expressions were found in the spleen in the medium, high and overdose groups when compared with the control or low dose group (P < 0. 05).


Input: Histopathology revealed prominent tissue damage in the spleen and thymus in the overdose group.


Input: These results suggest that exposure of pregnant mice to PM modulates the fetal immune system, resulting in postnatal immune dysfunction by exacerbation of Thl/Th2 deviation.


Input: This deviation is associated with altered T-bet and GATA-3 gene expressions.


Input: Dexamethasone antagonizes the in vivo myotoxic and inflammatory effects of Bothrops venoms.

Dexamethasone


Input: In the present work we investigated the toxic activities of two Bothrops snake venoms using in vivo and in vitro experimental protocols in mice and tested the protective effect of dexamethasone (DEXA) in different conditions, comparing it with the polyvalent antivenom.

dexamethasone

DEXA


Input: We also expanded the investigations on the antiophidic effect of the Eclipta prostrata (EP) crude extract.


Input: The administration of Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops jararacussu snake venoms induced muscle damage demonstrated in vivo by the elevation on plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity in mice and by the decrease in CK content in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle of these animals, and in vitro by the increase in the rate of CK release from the isolated EDL muscle.

creatine


Input: We also observed inflammatory response following perimuscular injection of B. jararacussu venom (1. 0 mg/kg).


Input: Treatment with DEXA (1. 0 mg/kg) preserved over 50% of the EDL muscle CK content in vivo when evaluated 24 and 72 h after the injection of B. jararacussu venom in mice, and likewise reduced about 20% of the edema induced by this venom.

DEXA


Input: DEXA reduced in 50% the presence of inflammatory cells and their activity in EDL muscle.

DEXA


Input: The EP extract (50 mg/kg) showed similar ability in preventing the induction of edema and the decrease in muscle CK content, and its association with DEXA showed additive effect.

DEXA


Input: EP reduced over 77% of the plasma CK activity induced by the B. jararacussu venom.


Input: In the in vitro experiments, DEXA was not able to change the rate of CK release from EDL muscles exposed to 25 mu g/mL of B. jararacussu venom, neither to prevent the fall in the amplitude of the indirectly evoked twitch at the phrenic-diaphragm preparation.

DEXA


Input: EP extract showed otherwise a protective effect on these protocols, reaching up to 100% of protection when concentrations of 50. 0 and 100. 0 mu g/mL were used.


Input: Altogether our results show that inflammation is at least in part responsible for the tissue damage induced by Bothrops snake venoms, once the steroidal anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone was able to decrease the myotoxic effects of these venoms, by reducing the inflammatory response to the venom injection.

dexamethasone


Input: Hypothetical physiological and molecular basis for the effect of acupuncture in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome.


Input: Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that acupuncture may be a safe alternative or complement in the treatment of endocrine and reproductive function in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).


Input: This review describes potential etiological factors of PCOS with the aim to support potential mechanism of action of acupuncture to relieve PCOS related symptoms.


Input: The theory that increased sympathetic activity contributes to the development and maintenance of PCOS is presented, and that the effects of acupuncture are, at least in part, mediated by modulation of sympathetic outflow.


Input: While there are no relevant randomized controlled studies on the use of acupuncture to treat metabolic abnormalities in women with PCOS, a number of experimental studies indicate that acupuncture may improve metabolic dysfunction.


Input: For each aspect of PCOS, it is important to pursue new treatment strategies that have fewer negative side effects than drug treatments, as women with PCOS often require prolonged treatment.


Input: Analyzing lead absorption by the sycamore tree species in the industrial park of Rasht, Iran.


Input: In this study, the subject of heavy metal concentration in soil, rock, sediment, surface water and groundwater, which can be caused by natural or man-posed pollution, was analyzed in the industrial park of Rasht.


Input: These concentrations were compared with the standard range of environmental data.


Input: Heavy metals are important environmental pollutants that can cause health hazards to humans, plants and microorganisms by entering food chain.


Input: This study aimed to investigate the absorption of lead by the leaves of sycamore tree species in the industrial park of Rasht.


Input: For this purpose, a sample of 32 sycamore tree species were randomly selected at a specified time, and the concentration of lead were measured using an atomic absorption device.


Input: Results showed that the amount of lead absorption by sycamore leaves is remarkable.


Input: The highest amount of lead absorption by sycamore leaves was detected at station 1 (Khazar Steel) and the lowest amount at station 2 (control station).


Input: Transcription forms and remodels supercoiling domains unfolding large-scale chromatin structures.


Input: DNA supercoiling is an inherent consequence of twisting DNA and is critical for regulating gene expression and DNA replication.


Input: However, DNA supercoiling at a genomic scale in human cells is uncharacterized.


Input: To map supercoiling, we used biotinylated trimethylpsoralen as a DNA structure probe to show that the human genome is organized into supercoiling domains.

biotinylated trimethylpsoralen


Input: Domains are formed and remodeled by RNA polymerase and topoisomerase activities and are flanked by GC-AT boundaries and CTCF insulator protein-binding sites.


Input: Underwound domains are transcriptionally active and enriched in topoisomerase I,' open' chromatin fibers and DNase I sites, but they are depleted of topoisomerase II.


Input: Furthermore, DNA supercoiling affects additional levels of chromatin compaction as underwound domains are cytologically decondensed, topologically constrained and decompacted by transcription of short RNAs.


Input: We suggest that supercoiling domains create a topological environment that facilitates gene activation, providing an evolutionary purpose for clustering genes along chromosomes.


Input: Evolution and dynamics of pancreatic cancer progression.


Input: Efficient metastasis is believed as the result of multiple genetic, epigenetic and/or post-translational events in the lifetime of a carcinoma.


Input: At the genetic level, these events may be categorized into those that occur during carcinogenesis, and those that occur during subclonal evolution.


Input: This review summarizes current knowledge of the genetics of pancreatic cancer from its initiation within a normal cell until the time that is has disseminated to distant organs, many features of which can be extrapolated to other solid tumor types.


Input: The implications of these findings to personalize genome analyses of an individual patient' s tumor are also discussed. Oncogene advance online publication, 18 February 2013; doi: 10. 1038/onc. 2013. 29.


Input: Hepatic growth hormone resistance after acute injury.


Input: Severe injury and infection are often followed by accelerated protein catabolism and acute insulin resistance.


Input: This results in several effects that complicate and prolong recovery, including weakness, immobility, impaired wound healing, and organ dysfunction.


Input: Recent studies have demonstrated the development of GH resistance during severe inflammation, providing a potential mechanism for the protein loss that follows injury and infection.


Input: To understand this GH resistance, we recently developed a murine model of acute injury.


Input: Mice were subjected to soft-tissue injury, alone or combined with hemorrhage, and injected iv with GH 30, 60, or 90 minutes later.


Input: Hepatic GH signaling was measured via Western analysis.