Input: This line expressed firefly luciferase under the control of the neural cell-specific tubulin alpha promoter (TUBA1A), and renilla luciferase under the control of the ubiquitous translation elongation factor 1-alpha-1 (EEF1A1) promoter.


Input: During neural differentiation, TUBA1A activity increased, while EEF1A1 activity decreased.


Input: We first validated our test system using the known neurotoxin methyl mercury.

methyl mercury


Input: This compound altered expression of both reporter genes, with ESC-derived neural precursors being affected at markedly lower concentrations than undifferentiated ESCs.


Input: Analysis of a library of 1040 bioactive compounds picked up 127 compounds with altered EEF1A1 and/or TUBA1A promoter activity, which were classified in 4 clusters.


Input: Cluster 1 (low EEF1A1 and TUBA1A) was the largest cluster, containing many cytostatic drugs, as well as known neurodevelopmental toxicants, psychotropic drugs and endocrine disruptors.


Input: Cluster 2 (high EEF1A1, stable TUBA1A) was limited to three sulfonamides.

sulfonamides


Input: Cluster 3 (high EEF1A1 and TUBA1A) was small, but markedly enriched in neuroactive and neurotoxic compounds.


Input: Cluster 4 (stable EEF1A1, high TUBA1A) was heterogeneous, containing endocrine disruptors, neurotoxic and cytostatic drugs.


Input: The dual reporter gene assay described here might be a useful addition to in vitro drug testing panels.


Input: Our two-dimensional testing strategy provides information on complex response patterns, which could not be achieved by a single marker approach.


Input: Discovery, synthesis, and structure-based optimization of a series of N-(tert-butyl)-2-(N-arylamido)-2-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamides (ML188) as potent noncovalent small molecule inhibitors of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL protease.

N-(tert-butyl)-2-(N-arylamido)-2-(pyridin-3-yl) acetamides


Input: A high-throughput screen of the NIH molecular libraries sample collection and subsequent optimization of a lead dipeptide-like series of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) main protease (3CLpro) inhibitors led to the identification of probe compound ML188 (16-(R), (R)-N-(4-(tert-butyl) phenyl)-N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl) ethyl) furan-2-carboxamide, Pubchem CID: 46897844).

dipeptide

(R)-N-(4-(tert-butyl) phenyl)-N-(2-(tert-butylamino)-2-oxo-1-(pyridin-3-yl) ethyl) furan-2-carboxamide

CID: 46897844


Input: Unlike the majority of reported coronavirus 3CLpro inhibitors that act via covalent modification of the enzyme, 16-(R) is a noncovalent SARS-CoV 3CLpro inhibitor with moderate MW and good enzyme and antiviral inhibitory activity.


Input: A multicomponent Ugi reaction was utilized to rapidly explore structure-activity relationships within S (1'), S (1), and S (2) enzyme binding pockets.


Input: The X-ray structure of SARS-CoV 3CLpro bound with 16-(R) was instrumental in guiding subsequent rounds of chemistry optimization.


Input: 16-(R) provides an excellent starting point for the further design and refinement of 3CLpro inhibitors that act by a noncovalent mechanism of action.


Input: Hydrogel-based scaffolds for enclosing encapsulated therapeutic cells.


Input: Cell encapsulation technology holds promise for the sustained and controlled delivery of different therapeutic proteins.


Input: Alginate-poly-L-lysine-alginate (APA) microcapsules represent one of the most widely studied alginate-polycation microcapsules.

poly-L-lysine


Input: On the basis of this technology, two types of hydrogel-based scaffolds have been developed and analyzed with the aim of improving the retention and the retrieval of erythropoietin (Epo) secreting cell-loaded microcapsules in the tissue where they are implanted.


Input: Furthermore, these hydrogels may help to reduce the post-transplant inflammation and pericapsular fibrotic overgrowth typically observed around capsules.


Input: The hydrogel-based scaffolds could be administered as implantable forms (preformed scaffolds) or injectable forms (in situ formed scaffolds).


Input: The in vitro studies confirmed the correct adaptation of the enclosed cells to the scaffolds in terms of viability and protein expression.


Input: The posterior implantation of the cell-loaded capsules containing hydrogel-based scaffolds in mice revealed that the hematocrit levels were maintained up to 80% for at least 2 months.


Input: The histological analysis of the explanted microcapsules performed at that point showed that pericapsular overgrowth was reduced when cell-loaded microcapsules were enclosed in the hydrogels scaffolds.


Input: Incorporating microencapsulated cells within hydrogel-based scaffolds may help to improve their administration protocol and retention while reducing post-transplantation inflammation.


Input: Dopamine facilitates dendritic spine formation by cultured striatal medium spiny neurons through both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors.

Dopamine

dopamine


Input: Variations of dopamine (DA) levels induced by drugs of abuse or in the context of Parkinson' s disease modulate the number of dendritic spines in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, showing that DA plays a major role in the structural plasticity of MSNs.

dopamine


Input: However, little is presently known regarding early spine development in MSNs occurring before the arrival of cortical inputs and in particular about the role of DA and D1 (D1R) and D2 (D2R) DA receptors.


Input: A cell culture model reconstituting early cellular interactions between MSNs, intrinsic cholinergic interneurons and DA neurons was used to study the role of DA in spine formation.


Input: After 5 or 10 days in vitro, the presence of DA neurons increased the number of immature spine-like protrusions.


Input: In MSN monocultures, chronic activation of D1R or D2R also increased the number of spines and spinophilin expression in MSNs, suggesting a direct role for these receptors.


Input: In DA-MSN cocultures, chronic blockade of D1R or D2R reduced the number of dendritic spines.


Input: Interestingly, the combined activation or blockade of both D1R and D2R failed to elicit more extensive spine formation, suggesting that both receptors act through a mechanism that is not additive.


Input: Finally, we found increased ionotropic glutamate receptor responsiveness and miniature excitatory postsynaptic current (EPSC) frequency in DA-MSN co-cultures, in parallel with a higher number of spines containing PSD-95, suggesting that the newly formed spines present functional post-synaptic machinery preparing the MSNs to receive additional glutamatergic contacts.


Input: These results represent a first step in the understanding of how dopamine neurons promote the structural plasticity of MSNs during the development of basal ganglia circuits.

dopamine


Input: Selective and potent adenosine A3 receptor antagonists by methoxyaryl substitution on the N-(2, 6-diarylpyrimidin-4-yl) acetamide scaffold.

adenosine

methoxyaryl

N-(2, 6-diarylpyrimidin-4-yl) acetamide


Input: The influence of diverse methoxyphenyl substitution patterns on the N-(2, 6-diarylpyrimidin-4-yl) acetamide scaffold is herein explored in order to modulate the A (3) adenosine receptor antagonistic profile.

methoxyphenyl

N-(2, 6-diarylpyrimidin-4-yl) acetamide

adenosine


Input: As a result, novel ligands exhibiting excellent potency (K (i) on A (3) AR < 20 nM) and selectivity profiles (above 100-fold within the adenosine receptors family) are reported.

adenosine


Input: Moreover, our joint theoretical and experimental approach allows the identification of novel pharmacophoric elements conferring A (3) AR selectivity, first established by a robust computational model and thereafter characterizing the most salient features of the structure-activity and structure-selectivity relationships in this series.


Input: Small molecule amides as potent ROR-gamma selective modulators.

amides


Input: The structure-activity relationship study of a diphenylpropanamide series of ROR-gamma selective modulators is reported.

diphenylpropanamide


Input: Compounds were screened using chimeric receptor Gal4 DNA-binding domain (DBD)-NR ligand binding domain cotransfection assay in a two-step format.


Input: Three different regions of the scaffold were modified to assess the effects on repression of ROR-gamma transcriptional activity and potency.


Input: The lead compound 1 exhibits modest mouse pharmacokinetics and an acceptable in vitro profile which makes it a suitable in vivo probe to interrogate the functions of ROR-gamma in animal models of disease.


Input: Cynaropicrin from Cynara scolymus L. suppresses photoaging of skin by inhibiting the transcription activity of nuclear factor-kappa B.

Cynaropicrin


Input: Aging of skin is characterized by skin wrinkling, laxity, and pigmentation induced by several environmental stress factors.


Input: Histological changes during the photoaging of skin include hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes causing skin wrinkles and pigmentation.


Input: Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is one of the representative transcription factors active in conjunction with inflammation.


Input: NF-kappa B is activated by stimulation such as ultraviolet rays and inflammatory cytokines and induces the expression of various genes such as those of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and matrix metalloprotease-1 (MMP-1).


Input: We screened several plant extracts for their possible inhibitory effect on the transcriptional activity of NF-kappa B.


Input: One of them, an extract from Cynara scolymus L., showed a greatest effect on the suppression of NF-kappa B transactivation.


Input: As a result, we found that cynaropicrin, which is a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibited the NF-kappa B-mediated transactivation of bFGF and MMP-1.

cynaropicrin

sesquiterpene lactone


Input: Furthermore, it was confirmed that in an in vivo mouse model cynaropicrin prevented skin photoaging processes leading to the hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and melanocytes.

cynaropicrin


Input: These findings taken together indicate that cynaropicrin is an effective antiphotoaging agent that acts by inhibiting NF-kappa B-mediated transactivation.

cynaropicrin


Input: Analysis and characterization of eight estradiol inducible genes and a strong promoter from the steroid degrading marine bacterial strain S19-1.

estradiol

steroid


Input: Buttiauxella strain S19-1 is a new marine bacterium, isolated from the Baltic Sea, which can degrade steroids.

steroids


Input: In this report, a meta-genomic approach was used to isolate estradiol inducible genes from S19-1.

estradiol


Input: SalI-fragments from the chromosomal DNA of S19-1 were ligated into plasmid pKEGFP2 bearing an EGFP gene as the reporter system.


Input: All resulting plasmids harboring SalI-fragments were transformed into Escherichia coli HB101 to measure the relative fluorescent units (RFU).


Input: E. coli cells showing higher RFU after estradiol induction than those without estradiol induction, were selected and the respective plasmids were sequenced.

estradiol

estradiol


Input: Sequences of 8 positive plasmids were analyzed and aligned by BLAST.


Input: Among the predicted genes we found similarities to the major facilitator superfamily, glycerol dehydratase activator, formate acetyltransferase activating enzyme, histidinol-phosphate/aromatic aminotransferase, ABC-transporter, transcriptional regulator nadR, lipoate-protein ligase A, and alcohol phosphatidyl-transferase.

glycerol

formate

histidinol-phosphate

alcohol


Input: Interestingly, one of the E. coli cell clones (containing plasmid p302) showed up in green color by normal light microscopy, which indicated that a strong promoter was present in this plasmid.


Input: Sequencing and deletion-mutagenesis revealed that the putative promoter comprises a 108 bp DNA fragment within p302, from which the putative-10 and-35 regions are TTTGAT and TTGGTT, respectively.


Input: The promoter might be used to construct S19-1 mutants in which steroid degradation occurs at high levels.

steroid


Input: Energetic constraints and parental care: is corticosterone indicative of energetic costs of incubation in a precocial bird?

corticosterone


Input: Suppression of the adrenocortical response (e. g., corticosterone release) to an acute stressor is a physiological adjustment thought to decrease the likelihood of avian parents abandoning their nests.

corticosterone


Input: However, some periods of parental care, like incubation, are energetically costly, thus corticosterone could increase during these stages to allow incubating parents to utilize energy reserves.

corticosterone


Input: Wood ducks (Aix sponsa) have ~ 30 day incubation periods and only the female incubates the eggs.


Input: We hypothesized that corticosterone would be important in regulating energy availability during incubation in this species.

corticosterone


Input: Because resources invested in reproduction increase with clutch size, we also hypothesized that clutch size would influence plasma corticosterone during incubation.

corticosterone


Input: We measured baseline and stress-induced corticosterone in incubating females during early and late stages of incubation.

corticosterone


Input: At both stages of incubation all hens had low baseline corticosterone levels.

corticosterone


Input: However, we found that stress-induced corticosterone was 105% greater late in incubation than early in incubation.

corticosterone


Input: We also detected a significant negative correlation between female body mass and stress-induced corticosterone late in incubation, but not during the early stages of incubation.

corticosterone


Input: Furthermore, we found a significant positive relationship between stress-induced corticosterone and clutch size.

corticosterone


Input: These lines of evidence support the hypothesis that incubation in wood ducks is energetically costly and corticosterone is important in supporting the energetic demands of incubating hens.

corticosterone


Input: Our findings suggest that corticosterone' s role in supporting parental care behaviors are dynamic and are influenced by several factors and that there is a greater physiological cost associated with incubating larger clutches.

corticosterone


Input: Toxicity of organotin compounds: shared and unshared biochemical targets and mechanisms in animal cells.

organotin


Input: Most biochemical effects of organotin compounds leading to toxicity are astonishingly similar in different animal species.

organotin


Input: In vitro tests, designed to explore organotin action modes at cell level by minimizing interfering factors, point out akin responses to these man-made environmental pollutants from prokaryotes to mammals.

organotin


Input: On the other hand, a broad susceptibility range to organotin toxicants of animal cells and variegated action mechanisms of these compounds have been reported both in vitro and in vivo studies.

organotin


Input: Endocrine and lipid homeostasis perturbations span from mollusks to mammals, in which organotins mainly favor fat accumulation.

organotins


Input: Lipid changes were also found in Bacteria.


Input: Organotin are immunotoxic both in invertebrates and humans.

Organotin


Input: Mitochondria and membrane functions seem to be a preferred target of these lipophilic pollutants.


Input: The inhibition of key membrane-bound enzyme complexes such as Na, K-and F0F1-ATPases, accompanied by perturbation of hydromineral balance, membrane potential and bioenergetics, has been widely reported.

K


Input: Highly conserved mechanisms could be involved in organotin binding to nuclear receptors, membrane components and intracellular proteins as well as in promoting DNA damage, all widely shared action modes of these toxicants.

organotin


Input: Accordingly, the different responsiveness/refractoriness to organotins, here overviewed, may mirror the biochemical-physiological selectivity of biomembranes, signalling pathways and intracellular protein components.

organotins


Input: Integration of pre-aligned liquid metal electrodes for neural stimulation within a user-friendly microfluidic platform.


Input: Electrical stimulation of nervous tissue is used clinically for the treatment of multiple neurological disorders and experimentally for basic research.


Input: With the increase of optical probes to record neuronal activity, simple and user-friendly methods are desired to stimulate neurons and their subcellular compartments for biological experimentation.


Input: Here we describe the novel integration of liquid metal electrodes with microfluidic culture platforms to accomplish this goal.


Input: We integrated electrode and cell channels into a single poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chip, eliminating entirely the need to align electrodes with microchannels.

poly (dimethylsiloxane)

PDMS


Input: We designed the electrode channels such that the metal can be injected by hand and when the device is non-covalently bound to glass.


Input: We demonstrated the biocompatibility of the electrodes for long-term cultures (12 days) using hippocampal neurons.


Input: We demonstrated the use of these electrodes to depolarize neurons and recorded neuronal activity using the calcium indicator dye, Fluo-4.

calcium


Input: We established optimal stimulation parameters that induce neuronal spiking without inducing damage.


Input: We showed that the liquid metal electrode evoked larger calcium responses in somata than bath electrodes using the same stimulus parameters.

calcium


Input: Lastly we demonstrated the use of these liquid metal electrodes to target and depolarize axons.


Input: In summary, the integration of liquid metal electrodes with neuronal culture platforms provides a user-friendly and targeted method to stimulate neurons and their subcellular compartments, thus providing a novel tool for future biological investigations.


Input: Density functional theory study of the structure and vibrational modes of acrylonitrile adsorbed on Cu (100).

acrylonitrile

Cu (100)


Input: We present a theoretical study of the structure and vibrations of acrylonitrile adsorbed on a Cu (100) metal surface.

acrylonitrile

Cu (100)


Input: Simulations have been carried out by means of the density functional theory adopting periodic boundary conditions and including van der Waals dispersion forces.


Input: The two most stable structures (which are almost degenerate in energy) correspond to the molecule adsorbed parallel to the metal surface.


Input: In both geometries, the vinyl (C = C) and the cyano (C = N) groups are the anchorage sites to the surface atoms.

vinyl

C = C

cyano

C = N


Input: Low energy transition barriers allow fast isomerization between both structures.


Input: Molecular adsorption shifts some of their vibrational frequencies with respect to the gas phase, mainly the C = C and the C = N stretching modes, in agreement with recent experimental measurements [Tornero et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2011, 13, 8475].

C = C

C = N


Input: Synthesis and NIR optical properties of hollow gold nanospheres with LSPR greater than one micrometer.


Input: Optical analysis in the near infrared region is of significant biological importance due to better tissue penetration and reduced autofluorescence.


Input: In this work, an improved synthesis of hollow gold nanospheres (HGNs), which provides a tunable localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) from 610 nm up to 1320 nm, is demonstrated.


Input: The scattering properties of these nanoparticles are shown using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at 1064 nm excitation wavelength and are compared to citrate reduced gold and silver nanoparticles of similar physical sizes and surface properties.

citrate

silver


Input: After the addition of salts, a strong signal was observed from hollow gold with a LSPR of 650 nm and a weaker, yet observable, signal from HGNs with a LSPR of 775 nm.


Input: However, no obvious signals were observed in the case of standard citrate reduced gold, silver or HGNs with a LSPR of 1080 nm.

citrate

silver


Input: The absorption properties of HGNs were investigated by monitoring their photothermal activity.


Input: In this case, different nanoparticle suspensions including citrate reduced gold, silver, and HGNs were illuminated by a continuous laser at 785 nm excitation wavelength and the absorption efficiency of HGNs with a LSPR of 775 nm was calculated to be 0. 81% which is more than 5 times higher than the absorption efficiency of citrate reduced gold nanoparticles under similar conditions.

citrate

silver

citrate


Input: Determining and reporting purity of organic molecules: why qNMR.


Input: Although NMR has been routinely used to determine/estimate relative number of protons for structure elucidation, it has been rarely used to determine and report the purity of organic compounds.


Input: Through this paper, we want to emphasize on routine use of quantitative NMR (qNMR) for this purpose.


Input: The results of qNMR can be routinely considered as documentation of purity much like other established methods (HPLC, elemental analysis and differential scanning calorimetry).


Input: qNMR is a fast, easy, accurate and non-destructive alternate to speed up the whole analytical process and serves the purpose of both identification and purity determination of compounds using single technique.


Input: In vitro transfection mediated by dendrigraft poly (L-lysines): the effect of structure and molecule size.

poly (L-lysines)


Input: Dendritic poly (L-lysines) (DGL) constitute promising nanomaterials applicable as a nonviral gene-delivery vector.

Dendritic poly (L-lysines)

DGL


Input: In this study, we evaluate the transfection abilities of four DGL generations with special emphasis on the systematic description of the relationship of how generation (i. e., molecule size) affects the transfection efficacy.

DGL


Input: Using Hep2 cells, we demonstrated that the capability of unmodified DGL to deliver plasmid is of a magnitude lower than that of jetPEI.

DGL

jetPEI


Input: On the other hand, employing the Hep2 cell line stably transduced with eGFP, we observed that DGL G5 delivers the siRNA oligonucleotide with the same efficiency as Lipofectamine 2000.

DGL


Input: In further experiments, it was shown that DGL affords excellent ability to bind DNA, protect it against DNase I attack, and internalize it into cells.

DGL


Input: Synthesis and SAR of novel Re/99mTc-labeled benzenesulfonamide carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitors for molecular imaging of tumor hypoxia.

Re

benzenesulfonamide


Input: Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX) is upregulated in cancer in response to the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, making it an attractive molecular target for the detection of hypoxic solid tumors.


Input: A series of small molecule benzenesulfonamide based CA-IX inhibitors containing novel tridentate chelates complexed with the M (CO) (3) core (M = Re or (99m) Tc) were designed and synthesized.

benzenesulfonamide

M (CO) (3)

Re

(99m) Tc


Input: The in vitro binding affinity of the benzenesulfonamide rhenium complexes yielded IC (50) values ranging from 3 to 116 nM in hypoxic CA-IX expressing HeLa cells.

benzenesulfonamide rhenium


Input: One of the most potent compounds, 3d (IC (50) = 9 nM), was radiolabeled with technetium tricarbonyl ({(99m) Tc (CO) (3)} (+)) to afford the {(99m) Tc (CO) (3)} (+) complex in excellent yield and high purity.

technetium tricarbonyl

{(99m) Tc (CO) (3)} (+)

(99m) Tc (CO) (3)} (+)


Input: (99m) Tc (CO) (3)-3d bound specifically to CA-IX expressing hypoxic HeLa cells.

(99m) Tc (CO) (3)


Input: This effort led to the identification of a diverse series of promising high affinity {(99m) Tc (CO) (3)} (+) radiolabeled CA-IX inhibitors with the potential to significantly impact diagnosis, staging, and treatment selection of hypoxic solid tumors.

{(99m) Tc (CO) (3)} (+)


Input: Influence of surface groups on poly (propylene imine) dendrimers antiprion activity.

poly (propylene imine)


Input: Prion diseases are characterized by the accumulation of PrP (Sc), an aberrantly folded isoform of the host protein PrP (C).


Input: Specific forms of synthetic molecules known as dendrimers are able to eliminate protease-resistant PrP (Sc) in both an intracellular and in vitro setting.


Input: The properties of a dendrimer which govern this ability are unknown.


Input: We addressed the issue by comparing the in vitro antiprion ability of numerous modified poly (propylene-imine) dendrimers, which varied in size, structure, charge, and surface group composition.

poly (propylene-imine)


Input: Several of the modified dendrimers, including an anionic glycodendrimer, reduced the level of protease resistant PrP (Sc) in a prion strain-dependent manner.


Input: This led to the formulation of a new working model for dendrimer/prion interactions which proposes dendrimers eliminate PrP (Sc) by destabilizing the protein and rendering it susceptible to proteolysis.


Input: This ability is not dependent on any particular charge of dendrimer, but does require a high density of reactive surface groups.


Input: Hybrid carbon nanotube networks as efficient hole extraction layers for organic photovoltaics.

carbon


Input: Transparent, highly percolated networks of regioregular poly (3-hexylthiophene) (rr-P3HT)-wrapped semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWNTs) are deposited, and the charge transfer processes of these nanohybrids are studied using spectroscopic and electrical measurements.

poly (3-hexylthiophene)

carbon


Input: The data disclose hole doping of s-SWNTs by the polymer, challenging the prevalent electron-doping hypothesis.


Input: Through controlled fabrication, high-to low-density nanohybrid networks are achieved, with low-density hybrid carbon nanotube networks tested as hole transport layers (HTLs) for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic photovoltaics (OPV).

carbon


Input: OPVs incorporating these rr-P3HT/s-SWNT networks as the HTL demonstrate the best large area (70 mm (2)) carbon nanotube incorporated organic solar cells to date with a power conversion efficiency of 7. 6%.

carbon


Input: This signifies the strong capability of nanohybrids as an efficient hole extraction layer, and we believe that dense nanohybrid networks have the potential to replace expensive and material scarce inorganic transparent electrodes in large area electronics toward the realization of low-cost flexible electronics.


Input: Reporter ligand NMR screening method for 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase inhibitors.


Input: The human 2-oxoglutarate (2OG) dependent oxygenases belong to a family of structurally related enzymes that play important roles in many biological processes.


Input: We report that competition-based NMR methods, using 2OG as a reporter ligand, can be used for quantitative and site-specific screening of ligand binding to 2OG oxygenases.


Input: The method was demonstrated using hypoxia inducible factor hydroxylases and histone demethylases, and K (D) values were determined for inhibitors that compete with 2OG at the metal center.


Input: This technique is also useful as a screening or validation tool for inhibitor discovery, as exemplified by work with protein-directed dynamic combinatorial chemistry.


Input: Strontium Ranelate affects signaling from mechanically-stimulated osteocytes towards osteoclasts and osteoblasts.

Strontium Ranelate


Input: Strontium Ranelate (SrRan) is used to decrease the risk of bone fractures.

Strontium Ranelate

SrRan


Input: Any factor that alters the release of paracrine signals by osteocytes in response to mechanical stimuli potentially affects bone mass and structure, and thus fracture resistance.


Input: We hypothesized that SrRan affects paracrine signaling from mechanically-stimulated osteocytes towards osteoclast-precursors and osteoblasts.

SrRan


Input: MLO-Y4 osteocytes were cultured for 24h with SrRan (0. 1-3mM) and either or not mechanically stimulated by pulsating fluid flow (PFF; 0. 7 +/- 0. 3 Pa, 5 Hz) for 60 min.

SrRan


Input: Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E (2) (PGE (2)) release, and expression of mechanoresponsive genes were quantified.

Nitric oxide

NO

prostaglandin E (2)

PGE (2)


Input: Conditioned medium (CM) from osteocytes was added to mouse bone marrow cells for 7 days to assess osteoclastogenesis, or MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts for 4-16 days to measure osteogenic gene expression.


Input: SrRan (3mM) enhanced NO and PGE (2) release to the same extent in static osteocytes (NO: 1. 6-fold; PGE (2): 2. 8-fold) and PFF-stimulated osteocytes (NO: 1. 3-fold; PGE (2): 2. 6-fold).

SrRan

NO

PGE (2)

NO

PGE (2)

NO

PGE (2)


Input: CM from PFF-treated osteocytes without SrRan enhanced Ki67 expression but reduced Runx2 and Ocn expression in osteoblasts.

SrRan


Input: This effect on gene expression was not observed with CM obtained from osteocytes treated with the combination of PFF and 3mM SrRan.

SrRan


Input: CM from PFF-treated osteocytes inhibited osteoclastogenesis by 1. 9-fold.


Input: The combination of PFF and 3mM SrRan reduced osteocyte-stimulated osteoclastogenesis even more strongly (4. 3-fold).

SrRan


Input: In conclusion, SrRan affects paracrine signaling between mechanically-stimulated MLO-Y4 osteocytes and both osteoblasts and osteoclast precursors.

SrRan


Input: The positive effects of SrRan on bone fracture resistance may thus be partly explained by altered paracrine signaling by osteocytes.

SrRan


Input: Influence of carboxylic acid functionalities in ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes on DNA binding, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity: synthesis, structure and in vitro anticancer activity.

carboxylic acid

ruthenium (II) polypyridyl complexes


Input: Four new Ru (II) complexes [RuHCl (bpy) (PPh (3)) (CO)] (1), [RuHCl (bpy) (AsPh (3)) (CO)] (2) (bpy = 2, 2'-bipyridine), [RuCl (HL) (PPh (3)) (2) (CO)] (3) and [RuCl (HL) (AsPh (3)) (2) (CO)] (4) (HL = 2, 2'-bipyridine-4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid) were synthesized and characterized.

Ru (II)

[RuHCl (bpy) (PPh (3)) (CO)]

[RuHCl (bpy) (AsPh (3)) (CO)]

bpy

2, 2'-bipyridine

[RuCl (HL) (PPh (3)) (2) (CO)]

[RuCl (HL) (AsPh (3)) (2) (CO)]

2, 2'-bipyridine-4, 4'-dicarboxylic acid


Input: X-ray diffraction was used to characterize 3 in solid state.


Input: The interactions of these complexes with DNA were explored by different techniques which revealed that the complexes could bind to CT-DNA through non-intercalation.


Input: The in vitro cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the complexes validated against a panel of cancer cell lines and free radicals showed that 3 and 4 possess quite high anticancer and antioxidant activities over 1, 2 and standard drugs.


Input: An apparent dependence of biological activities on incorporation of COOH in bipyridine moiety was noticed: Inclusion of COOH caused significant differences in DNA binding, cytotoxicity and antioxidant activity.

COOH

bipyridine

COOH


Input: Mast cells produce novel shorter forms of perlecan that contain functional endorepellin: a role in angiogenesis and wound healing.


Input: Mast cells are derived from hematopoietic progenitors that are known to migrate to and reside within connective and mucosal tissues, where they differentiate and respond to various stimuli by releasing pro-inflammatory mediators, including histamine, growth factors, and proteases.

histamine


Input: This study demonstrated that primary human mast cells as well as the rat and human mast cell lines, RBL-2H3 and HMC-1, produce the heparan sulfate proteoglycan, perlecan, with a molecular mass of 640 kDa as well as smaller molecular mass species of 300 and 130 kDa.

sulfate


Input: Utilizing domain-specific antibodies coupled with N-terminal sequencing, it was confirmed that both forms contained the C-terminal module of the protein core known as endorepellin, which were generated by mast cell-derived proteases.

N

C


Input: Domain-specific RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that transcripts corresponding to domains I and V, including endorepellin, were present; however, mRNA transcripts corresponding to regions of domain III were not present, suggesting that these cells were capable of producing spliced forms of the protein core.


Input: Fractions from mast cell cultures that were enriched for these fragments were shown to bind endothelial cells via the alpha (2) beta (1) integrin and stimulate the migration of cells in " scratch assays, " both activities of which were inhibited by incubation with either anti-endorepellin or anti-perlecan antibodies.


Input: This study shows for the first time that mast cells secrete and process the extracellular proteoglycan perlecan into fragments containing the endorepellin C-terminal region that regulate angiogenesis and matrix turnover, which are both key events in wound healing.

C


Input: First crystal structure of a fungal high-redox potential dye-decolorizing peroxidase: substrate interaction sites and long-range electron transfer.


Input: Dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) belong to the large group of heme peroxidases.

heme


Input: They utilize hydrogen peroxide to catalyze oxidations of various organic compounds.

hydrogen peroxide


Input: AauDyPI from Auricularia auricula-judae (fungi) was crystallized, and its crystal structure was determined at 2. 1 A resolution.


Input: The mostly helical structure also shows a beta-sheet motif typical for DyPs and Cld (chlorite dismutase)-related structures and includes the complete polypeptide chain.

chlorite


Input: At the distal side of the heme molecule, a flexible aspartate residue (Asp-168) plays a key role in catalysis.

heme

aspartate

Asp


Input: It guides incoming hydrogen peroxide toward the heme iron and mediates proton rearrangement in the process of Compound I formation.

hydrogen peroxide

heme iron


Input: Afterward, its side chain changes its conformation, now pointing toward the protein backbone.


Input: We propose an extended functionality of Asp-168, which acts like a gatekeeper by altering the width of the heme cavity access channel.

Asp

heme


Input: Chemical modifications of potentially redox-active amino acids show that a tyrosine is involved in substrate interaction.

amino acids

tyrosine


Input: Using spin-trapping experiments, a transient radical on the surface-exposed Tyr-337 was identified as the oxidation site for bulky substrates.

Tyr


Input: A possible long-range electron transfer pathway from the surface of the enzyme to the redox cofactor (heme) is discussed.

heme


Input: Computational study of the spin-state energies and UV-Vis spectra of bis (1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane) complexes of some first-row transition metal cations.

bis (1, 4, 7-triazacyclononane)

transition metal


Input: We report here computed spin-state energies and UV-Vis spectra for several transition metal complexes with a triazacyclononane ligand.

transition metal

triazacyclononane


Input: Our results show that the spin ground-state is correctly obtained with either OPBE or SSB-D, except for the high-spin ground-state of the Co (ii) complex that was properly described only by SSB-D.

Co (ii)


Input: The UV-Vis spectra from TD-DFT reproduce in general rather well the experimental spectra, but in cases of the Cr (iii) and Co (ii) complexes it clearly failed.

Cr (iii)

Co (ii)


Input: Better results for the UV-Vis spectra have been obtained by using Ligand Field DFT.


Input: Particle shape optimization by changing from an isotropic to an anisotropic nanostructure: preparation of highly active and stable supported Pt catalysts in microemulsions.

Pt


Input: We recently introduced a new method to synthesize an active and stable Pt catalyst, namely thermo-destabilization of microemulsions (see R. Y. Parapat, V. Parwoto, M. Schwarze, B. Zhang, D. S. Su and R. Schom a cker, J. Mater. Chem., 2012, 22 (23), 11605-11614).

Pt


Input: We are able to produce Pt nanocrystals with a small size (2. 5 nm) of an isotropic structure i. e. truncated octahedral and deposit them well on support materials.

Pt


Input: Although we have obtained good results, the performance of the catalyst still needed to be improved and optimized.


Input: We followed the strategy to retain the small size but change the shape to an anisotropic structure of Pt nanocrystals which produces more active sites by means of a weaker reducing agent.

Pt


Input: We found that our catalysts are more active than those we reported before and even show the potential to be applied in a challenging reaction such as hydrogenation of levulinic acid.

levulinic acid


Input: Influence of glass scaffolds macroporosity on the bioactive process.


Input: Little is known about the ideal morphology for three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds to be used in bone tissue engineering.


Input: The present study will supply useful data about the dependence of the mineralization process upon macroporous features of bioactive glass scaffolds.


Input: It also points out the difficulty in distinguishing between the bioactive properties of scaffolds if using common characterization techniques often considered as standard techniques to assess in vitro bioactivity.


Input: Here, two bioactive glass foams with different porosities (porous diameters and interconnection sizes) were successfully synthesized by varying the surfactant quantity in the sol-gel foaming process.


Input: The two foams had porosities apparently sufficient to serve as a bone tissue engineering scaffold and exhibited no significant difference when studied for the releasing or the taking up of ionic species when immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF).


Input: However, thanks to microion beam analysis, it was possible to highlight key differences in the mineralization reaction taking place at the surface of the pores.


Input: It is clearly evident that the homogeneity of reaction inside the 3D-scaffolds is particularly dependent upon porosity.


Input: In particular, it is demonstrated that inadequate porous features can result in limited circulation of the fluid inside the pores.


Input: Careful attention must be paid to the pore size distribution and interconnection sizes when designing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, in order to induce homogeneous mineralization inside the porous material and for the scaffold to be efficiently alimented with nutrients or growth factors while allowing a free circulation of the bone cells.


Input: Tuning the light emission from GaAs nanowires over 290 meV with uniaxial strain.

GaAs


Input: Strain engineering has been used to increase the charge carrier mobility of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors as well as to boost and tune the performance of optoelectronic devices, enabling wavelength tuning, polarization selectivity and suppression of temperature drifts.


Input: Semiconducting nanowires benefit from enhanced mechanical properties, such as increased yield strength, that turn out to be beneficial to amplify strain effects.


Input: Here we use photoluminescence (PL) to study the effect of uniaxial stress on the electronic properties of GaAs/Al0. 3Ga0. 7As/GaAs core/shell nanowires.

GaAs

GaAs


Input: Both compressive and tensile mechanical stress were applied continuously and reversibly to the nanowire, resulting in a remarkable decrease of the bandgap of up to 296 meV at 3. 5% of strain.


Input: Raman spectra were measured and analyzed to determine the axial strain in the nanowire and the Poisson ratio in the < 111 > direction.


Input: In both PL and Raman spectra, we observe fingerprints of symmetry breaking due to anisotropic deformation of the nanowire.


Input: The shifts observed in the PL and Raman spectra are well described by bulk deformation potentials for band structure and phonon energies.


Input: The fact that exceptionally high elastic strain can be applied to semiconducting nanowires makes them ideally suited for novel device applications that require a tuning of the band structure over a broad range.


Input: Magnetic assembly and patterning of general nanoscale materials through nonmagnetic templates.


Input: Applied magnetic field represents an effective tool to rapidly assemble micro-and nanoscale magnetic objects into defined structures.


Input: Ordered assembly is typically achieved by using magnetic micropatterns, for which the downside is that they require advanced microfabrication techniques to produce.


Input: In addition, most conventional magnetic assembly strategies are restricted to target objects that possess magnetic properties.


Input: Herein we present a general strategy that allows convenient magnetically driven assembly of nonmagnetic objects in defined locations with high spatial resolution.


Input: The process involves immersing a polymer relief pattern in a uniformly magnetized ferrofluid, which modulates the local magnetic fields around the pattern.


Input: Nonmagnetic target objects dispersed in the same ferrofluid can then be magnetically assembled at positions defined by the polymer pattern.


Input: As the nonmagnetic polymer patterns can be conveniently fabricated at low cost through photolithography and soft-lithography processes, our method provides a general yet very effective means to assemble a wide range of nonmagnetic objects with controlled spatial distribution, paving the way toward patterning functional microstructures.


Input: Light-triggered biocatalysis using thermophilic enzyme-gold nanoparticle complexes.


Input: The use of plasmonic nanoparticle complexes for biomedical applications such as imaging, gene therapy, and cancer treatment is a rapidly emerging field expected to significantly improve conventional medical practices.


Input: In contrast, the use of these types of nanoparticles to noninvasively trigger biochemical pathways has been largely unexplored.


Input: Here we report the light-induced activation of the thermophilic enzyme Aeropyrum pernix glucokinase, a key enzyme for the decomposition of glucose via the glycolysis pathway, increasing its rate of reaction 60% with light by conjugating the enzyme onto Au nanorods.

glucose

Au


Input: The observed increase in enzyme activity corresponded to a local temperature increase within a calcium alginate encapsulate of ~ 20 degrees C when compared to the bulk medium maintained at standard, nonthermophilic temperatures.

calcium


Input: The encapsulated nanocomplexes were reusable and stable for several days, making them potentially useful in industrial applications.


Input: This approach could significantly improve how biochemical pathways are controlled for in vitro and, quite possibly, in vivo use.


Input: Slip flow through colloidal crystals of varying particle diameter.


Input: Slip flow of water through silica colloidal crystals was investigated experimentally for eight different particle diameters, which have hydraulic channel radii ranging from 15 to 800 nm.

silica


Input: The particle surfaces were silylated to be low in energy, with a water contact angle of 83 degrees, as determined for a silylated flat surface.


Input: Flow rates through centimeter lengths of colloidal crystal were measured using a commercial liquid chromatograph for accurate comparisons of water and toluene flow rates using pressure gradients as high as 10 (10) Pa/m.


Input: Toluene exhibited no-slip Hagen-Poiseuille flow for all hydraulic channel radii.


Input: For water, the slip flow enhancement as a function of hydraulic channel radius was described well by the expected slip flow correction for Hagen-Poiseuille flow, and the data revealed a constant slip length of 63 +/- 3 nm.


Input: A flow enhancement of 20 +/- 2 was observed for the smallest hydraulic channel radius of 15 nm.


Input: The amount of slip flow was found to be independent of shear rate over a range of fluid velocities from 0. 7 to 5. 8 mm/s.


Input: The results support the applicability of the slip flow correction for channel radii as small as 15 nm.


Input: The work demonstrates that packed beds of submicrometer particles enable slip flow to be employed for high-volume flow rates.


Input: Cycloheximide stimulates suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway.

Cycloheximide


Input: Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-3 can act as a regulator of energy metabolism and cytokine signaling in fat cells.


Input: It is regulated by hormones and toxicological factors.


Input: However, the action of cycloheximide on expression of adipocyte SOCS-3 gene is unknown.

cycloheximide


Input: Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found that cycloheximide up-regulated SOCS-3 mRNA expression in dose-and time-dependent manners.

cycloheximide


Input: Treatment with actinomycin D prevented cycloheximide-stimulated SOCS-3 mRNA expression, suggesting that the effect of cycloheximide requires new mRNA synthesis.

actinomycin D

cycloheximide

cycloheximide


Input: While cycloheximide was shown to increase activities of MEK1 and JNK, signaling was demonstrated to be inhibited by pretreatment with either MEK1 inhibitors U0126 and PD98059, or with the JNK inhibitor SP600125.

cycloheximide


Input: U0126 and PD98059, respectively, reduced cycloheximide-stimulated SOCS-3 mRNA expression, but SP600125 did not antagonize cycloheximide effect.

cycloheximide

cycloheximide


Input: Moreover, cycloheximide was observed to up-regulate expression of other SOCS family members, such as SOCS-1,-2,-4,-5,-6,-7, and cytokine-inducible SH2-containing protein (CIS)-1 mRNAs.

cycloheximide


Input: Such effects varied with the dosage and duration of cycloheximide treatment.

cycloheximide


Input: These results imply the functional MEK1/ERK-mediated pathway is necessary for the cycloheximide stimulation of SOCS-3 gene expression.

cycloheximide


Input: Inhibition of homologous recombination by hyperthermia shunts early double strand break repair to non-homologous end-joining.


Input: In S and G2 phase mammalian cells DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) can potentially be repaired by homologous recombination (HR) or non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ).


Input: Results of several studies suggest that these two mechanistically distinct repair pathways can compete for DNA ends.


Input: Because HR and NHEJ differ with respect to error susceptibility, generation of chromosome rearrangements, which are potentially carcinogenic products of DSB repair, may depend on the pathway choice.


Input: To investigate this hypothesis, the influence of HR and NHEJ inhibition on the frequencies of chromosome aberrations in G2 phase cells was investigated.


Input: SW-1573 and RKO cells were treated with mild (41 degrees C) hyperthermia in order to disable HR and/or NU7441/cisplatin to inactivate NHEJ and frequencies of chromosomal fragments (resulting from unrepaired DSBs) and translocations (products of erroneous DSB rejoining) were studied using premature chromosome condensation (PCC) combined with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

cisplatin


Input: It is shown here that temporary inhibition of HR by hyperthermia results in increased frequency of ionizing-radiation (IR)-induced chromosomal translocations and that this effect is abrogated by NU7441-or cisplatin-mediated inhibition of NHEJ.

cisplatin


Input: The results suggest that in the absence of HR, DSB repair is shifted to the error-prone NHEJ pathway resulting in increased frequencies of chromosomal rearrangements.


Input: These results might be of consequence for clinical cancer treatment approaches that aim at inhibition of one or more DSB repair pathways.


Input: Lignans from Schisandra sphenathera Rehd.

Lignans


Input: et Wils. and semisynthetic schisantherin A analogues: absolute configuration, and their estrogenic and anti-proliferative activity.

schisantherin A


Input: A new dibenzocyclooctene-type lignan, named schisandrin A1 (1), together with nine known lignans (2-10), was isolated from the stems of Schisandra sphenathera.

dibenzocyclooctene

lignan

schisandrin A1


Input: The structure of schisandrin A1, which contains a spirocyclic epoxy unit, was established by means of spectroscopic methods.

schisandrin A1

epoxy


Input: The absolute configurations of schisandrin A1 (1) and schisantherin A (2) were determined by electronic circular dichroism (CD) and TDDFT calculations, with 2 further confirmed by X-ray crystallographic data.

schisandrin A1

schisantherin A


Input: Ten new schisantherin A derivatives (11-20) and 6, 7-secoschisantherol A (2b) were synthesized.

schisantherin A

6, 7-secoschisantherol A


Input: In addition, natural lignans and semisynthetic schisantherin A derivatives showed the antiproliferative activity on four human cancer cell lines and Id1 (an inhibitor of DNA binding protein) and estrogenic potency.

lignans

schisantherin A


Input: Compounds 5, 7, and 8 exhibited very potent estrogenic activity.


Input: Four new triterpenoid saponins from the leaves of Panax japonicus grown in southern Miyazaki Prefecture (4).

triterpenoid saponins


Input: Four new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins such as chikusetsusaponin LM3 (1), chikusetsusaponin LM4 (2), chikusetsusaponin LM5 (3), chikusetsusaponin LM6 (4), and twenty known triterpenoid saponins such as ginsenoside Rb3 (5), ginsenoside Rc (6), ginsenoside Rd (7), ginsenoside Re (8), ginsenoside Rg1 (9), ginsenoside F3 (10), ginsenoside F5 (11), ginsenoside F6 (12), chikusetsusaponin IVa (13), chikusetsusaponin V (14), chikusetsusaponin L5 (15), chikusetsusaponin L9a (16), chikusetsusaponin L9bc (17), chikusetsusaponin L10 (18), chikusetsusaponin FK2 (19), chikusetsusaponin FK6 (20), chikusetsusaponin FK7 (21), chikusetsusaponin FT1 (22), chikusetsusaponin LM1 (23), and chikusetsusaponin LM2 (24), were isolated from the leaves of Panax japonicus C.

dammarane

triterpenoid saponins

chikusetsusaponin LM3

chikusetsusaponin LM4

chikusetsusaponin LM5

chikusetsusaponin LM6

triterpenoid saponins

ginsenoside Rb3

ginsenoside Rc

ginsenoside Rd

ginsenoside Re

ginsenoside Rg1

ginsenoside F3

ginsenoside F5

ginsenoside F6

chikusetsusaponin IVa

chikusetsusaponin V

chikusetsusaponin L5

chikusetsusaponin L9a

chikusetsusaponin L9bc

chikusetsusaponin L10

chikusetsusaponin FK2

chikusetsusaponin FK6

chikusetsusaponin FK7

chikusetsusaponin FT1

chikusetsusaponin LM1

chikusetsusaponin LM2


Input: A.


Input: MEYER collected in Miyazaki prefecture, Japan.


Input: The structures of new chikusetsusaponins were elucidated on the basis of spectral and physicochemical evidences.

chikusetsusaponins


Input: Mutagenic/recombinogenic effects of four lipid peroxidation products in Drosophila.


Input: The human diet is an important factor in the development of different diseases.


Input: Lipid peroxidation during frying in edible vegetable liquid oils of food components is a mechanism leading to the formation of free radicals.


Input: Such radicals induce tissue damage and are implicated in diverse pathological conditions, including aging, atherosclerosis, brain disorders, cancer, lung disorders and various liver disorders.


Input: In the present study, we decided to investigate the genotoxic effects of four lipid peroxidation products in the in vivo Drosophila wing somatic mutation and recombination test.


Input: In this test, point mutation, chromosome breakage and mitotic recombination produce single spots; while twin spots are produced only by mitotic recombination.


Input: Drosophila is a suitable eukaryotic organism for mutagenicity studies and also its metabolism is quite similar to that of mammalians.


Input: Since conflicting data exist on the possible risk of several lipid peroxidation products for humans, we have selected four of them, namely acrolein, crotonaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-hexenal (4-HHE) and 4-oxo-2-nonenal (4-ONE).

acrolein

crotonaldehyde


Input: Especially at the highest concentrations tested all exert both mutagenic and recombinogenic effects in the Drosophila SMART assay, showing a direct dose-effect relationship.


Input: This is the first study reporting genotoxicity data in Drosophila for these compounds.


Input: Chemical assessment and antioxidant capacity of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seeds.


Input: Capsicum annuum L.


Input: is reported to be the most widely cultivated species.


Input: Recently, waste of vegetable processing, like seeds, has been the subject of many studies as an attempt to find new, alternative and cheap resources of bioactive compounds with application in several industries.


Input: Despite their chemical, biological and ecological importance, C. annuum seeds are still poorly studied.


Input: To improve the knowledge on the metabolic profile of this matrix, a targeted metabolite analysis was performed in " sweet Italian " and " Reus long pairal " pepper seeds.


Input: Sterols, triterpenes, organic acids, fatty acids and volatile compounds were determined by different chromatographic methods.

Sterols

triterpenes

fatty acids


Input: The antioxidant activity was assessed against DPPH (.), superoxide and nitric oxide radicals.

DPPH (.)

superoxide

nitric oxide


Input: A concentration-dependent activity was noticed against all radicals.


Input: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitory capacity was also evaluated, but no effect was found.


Input: Data provide evidence of great similarities between " sweet Italian " and " Reus long pairal " pepper seeds.


Input: The present study indicates that C. annuum seeds are a potential source of valuable bioactive compounds that could be used in food industry.


Input: New insight into the ZnO sulfidation reaction: mechanism and kinetics modeling of the ZnS outward growth.

ZnO

ZnS


Input: Zinc oxide based materials are commonly used for the final desulfurization of synthesis gas in Fischer-Tropsch based XTL processes.

Zinc oxide


Input: Although the ZnO sulfidation reaction has been widely studied, little is known about the transformation at the crystal scale, its detailed mechanism and kinetics.

ZnO


Input: A model ZnO material with well-determined characteristics (particle size and shape) has been synthesized to perform this study.

ZnO


Input: Characterizations of sulfided samples (using XRD, TEM and electron diffraction) have shown the formation of oriented polycrystalline ZnS nanoparticles with a predominant hexagonal form (wurtzite phase).

ZnS

wurtzite


Input: TEM observations also have evidenced an outward development of the ZnS phase, showing zinc and oxygen diffusion from the ZnO-ZnS internal interface to the surface of the ZnS particle.

ZnS

zinc

oxygen

ZnO

ZnS

ZnS


Input: The kinetics of ZnO sulfidation by H (2) S has been investigated using isothermal and isobaric thermogravimetry.

ZnO

H (2) S


Input: Kinetic tests have been performed that show that nucleation of ZnS is instantaneous compared to the growth process.

ZnS


Input: A reaction mechanism composed of eight elementary steps has been proposed to account for these results, and various possible rate laws have been determined upon approximation of the rate-determining step.


Input: Thermogravimetry experiments performed in a wide range of H (2) S and H (2) O partial pressures have shown that the ZnO sulfidation reaction rate has a nonlinear variation with H (2) S partial pressure at the same time no significant influence of water vapor on reaction kinetics has been observed.

H (2) S

H (2) O

ZnO

H (2) S


Input: From these observations, a mixed kinetics of external interface reaction with water desorption and oxygen diffusion has been determined to control the reaction kinetics and the proposed mechanism has been validated.

oxygen


Input: However, the formation of voids at the ZnO-ZnS internal interface, characterized by TEM and electron tomography, strongly slows down the reaction rate.

ZnO

ZnS


Input: Therefore, the impact of the decreasing ZnO-ZnS internal interface on reaction kinetics has been taken into account in the reaction rate expression.

ZnO

ZnS


Input: In this way the void formation at the interface has been modeled considering a random nucleation followed by an isotropic growth of cavities.


Input: Very good agreement has been observed between both experimental and calculated rates after taking into account the decrease in the ZnO-ZnS internal interface.

ZnO

ZnS


Input: Possible presence of hydrophilic SO3H nanoclusters on the surface of dry ultrathin Nafion (R) films: a positron annihilation study.

Nafion


Input: Solutions of Nafion (R) with an ion exchange capacity (IEC) of 0. 91 meq g (-1), which are on the verge of the formation of SO (3) H nanoclusters, were spin coated on silicon (Si), glassy carbon (GC) and platinum/silicon (Pt/Si) substrates to form films of up to 256 nm thickness.

Nafion

SO (3) H

silicon

Si

glassy carbon

platinum

silicon

Pt

Si


Input: Nanostructure of the films was studied using Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation (DBAR), positron annihilation lifetime (PAL), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), an atomic force microscope (AFM) and contact angle measurements.


Input: Contact angles as low as 10 degrees indicate that the surface of dry ultrathin Nafion (R) films on Si is highly hydrophilic.

Nafion

Si


Input: XPS data of 10 nm thick, ultrathin film on Si show that oxygen concentration is enhanced and the SO (3) H group concentration, in other words, IEC on the surface is much higher than other films.

Si

oxygen

SO (3) H


Input: The S parameter measured by DBAR of an ultrathin Nafion (R) film on Si is much higher than that of the films on the other substrates.

Nafion

Si


Input: We consider that a large number of hydrophilic, reversed micelle like SO (3) H groups are on the surface of the ultrathin Nafion (R) film on Si but not on the surface of other films.

SO (3) H

Nafion

Si


Input: Positrons implanted into the film are trapped by the SO (3) H clusters, annihilating with the electrons of oxygen and exhibit the high S parameter.

SO (3) H

oxygen


Input: The SO (3) H concentration on the surface of thin Nafion (R) films on GC and Pt/Si substrates may not be so high as the threshold for the formation of a large number of SO (3) H clusters.

SO (3) H

Nafion

Pt

Si

SO (3) H


Input: Positrons implanted into the films annihilate mostly with fluorine atoms, resulting in a low S parameter.

fluorine


Input: The film-substrate interaction plays an essential role in nanostructuring of Nafion (R) thin films, which may also be the case for Nafion (R) on the catalysts of polymer electrolyte fuel cells.

Nafion

Nafion


Input: Dietary intake of magnesium may modulate depression.

magnesium


Input: Depressive symptoms are frequent in students and may lead to countless problems.


Input: Several hypotheses associate magnesium with depression because of the presence of this mineral in several enzymes, hormones, and neurotransmitters, which may play a key role in the pathological pathways of depression.

magnesium


Input: The aim of this study was to assess whether magnesium intake could modulate depressive symptoms.

magnesium


Input: A cross-sectional study was conducted on a convenience sample of 402 Iranian postgraduate students studying in Malaysia to assess the relationship between magnesium intake and depressive symptoms.

magnesium


Input: The mean age of the participants was 32. 54 +/- 6. 22 years.


Input: The results of the study demonstrated an inverse relationship between magnesium intake and depressive symptoms, which persisted even after adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, monthly expenses, close friends, living on campus, smoking (current and former), education, physical activity, and marital status.

magnesium


Input: Acute Macrovascular Dysfunction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Induced by Ingestion of Advanced Glycated beta-Lactoglobulins.


Input: OBJECTIVE Recent evidence indicates that heat-enhanced food advanced glycation end products (AGEs) adversely affect vascular function.


Input: The aim of this study was to examine the acute effects of an oral load of heat-treated, AGE-modified beta-lactoglobulins (AGE-BLG) compared with heat-treated, nonglycated BLG (C-BLG) on vascular function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).


Input: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a double-blind, controlled, randomized, crossover study, 19 patients with T2DM received, on two different occasions, beverages containing either AGE-BLG or C-BLG.


Input: We measured macrovascular [brachial ultrasound of flow-mediated dilatation (FMD)] and microvascular (laser-Doppler measurements of reactive hyperemia in the hand) functions at baseline (T0), 90 (T90), and 180 (T180) min.


Input: RESULTS Following the AGE-BLG, FMD decreased at T90 by 80% from baseline and remained decreased by 42% at T180 (P < 0. 05 vs. baseline, P < 0. 05 vs. C-BLG at T90).


Input: By comparison, following C-BLG, FMD decreased by 27% at T90 and 51% at T180 (P < 0. 05 vs. baseline at T180).


Input: A significant decrease in nitrite (T180) and nitrate (T90 and T180), as well as a significant increase in N (epsilon)-carboxymethyllisine, accompanied intake of AGE-BLG.

nitrite

nitrate

N (epsilon)-carboxymethyllisine


Input: There was no change in microvascular function caused by either beverage.


Input: CONCLUSIONS In patients with T2DM, acute oral administration of a single AGE-modified protein class significantly though transiently impaired macrovascular function in concert with decreased nitric oxide bioavailability.

nitric oxide


Input: These AGE-related changes were independent of heat treatment.


Input: Acute-Phase Serum Amyloid A Protein and Its Implication in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in the KORA S4/F4 Study.


Input: OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate whether elevated levels of acute-phase serum amyloid A (A-SAA) protein precede the onset of type 2 diabetes independently of other risk factors, including parameters of glucose metabolism.

glucose


Input: RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Within the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) S4 study, we measured A-SAA concentrations in 836 initially nondiabetic subjects (55-74 years of age) without clinically overt inflammation who participated in a 7-year follow-up examination including an oral glucose tolerance test.

glucose


Input: RESULTS A-SAA concentrations were significantly associated with incident type 2 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] for a one-SD increase of A-SAA adjusted for age and sex = 1. 28 [95% CI 1. 08-1. 53], P = 0. 005), particularly in younger subjects (P value for interaction = 0. 047).


Input: The association attenuated when adjusting for parameters of glucose metabolism (fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HbA1c, and 2-h glucose; OR 1. 16 [0. 95-1. 42], P = 0. 15).

glucose

glucose

glucose


Input: Similar analyses for high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) yielded the following ORs: 1. 39 (1. 10-1. 68, P = 0. 0006) and 1. 13 (0. 88-1. 45, P = 0. 34), respectively.


Input: In contrast, A-SAA concentrations were significantly associated with 2-h glucose levels at follow-up even after adjustment for parameters of glucose metabolism (P = 0. 008, n = 803).

glucose

glucose


Input: CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate similarly strong prospective associations with type 2 diabetes for A-SAA and hs-CRP and suggest a potential causal link via postchallenge hyperglycemia.


Input: The influence of sex, ethnicity, and CYP2B6 genotype on bupropion metabolism as an index of hepatic CYP2B6 activity in humans.

bupropion


Input: The effects of sex, ethnicity, and genetic polymorphism on hepatic CYP2B6 (cytochrome P450 2B6) expression and activity were previously demonstrated in vitro.


Input: Race/ethnic differences in CYP2B6 genotype and phenotype were observed only in women.


Input: To identify important covariates associated with interindividual variation in CYP2B6 activity in vivo, we evaluated these effects in healthy volunteers using bupropion (Wellbutrin SR GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC) as a CYP2B6 probe substrate.

bupropion

Wellbutrin SR


Input: A fixed 150-mg oral sustained-release dose of bupropion was administered to 100 healthy volunteers comprising four sex/ethnicity cohorts (n = 25 each): Caucasian men and Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic women.

bupropion


Input: Blood samples were obtained at 0 and 6 hours postdose for the measurement of serum bupropion (BU) and hydroxybupropion (HB) concentrations.

bupropion

hydroxybupropion


Input: Whole blood was obtained at baseline for CYP2B6 genotyping.


Input: To characterize the relationship between CYP2B6 activity and ethnicity, sex, and genotype when accounting for serum BU concentrations (dose-adjusted log (10)-transformed), analysis of covariance model was fitted in which the dependent variable was CYP2B6 activity represented as the log (10)-transformed, metabolic ratio of HB to BU concentrations.


Input: Several CYP2B6 polymorphisms were associated with CYP2B6 activity.


Input: Evidence of dependence of CYP2B6 activity on ethnicity or genotype-by-ethnicity interactions was not detected in women.


Input: These results suggest that CYP2B6 genotype is the most important patient variable for predicting the level of CYP2B6 activity in women, when measured by the metabolism of bupropion.

bupropion


Input: The bupropion metabolic ratio appears to detect known differences in CYP2B6 activity associated with genetic polymorphism, across different ethnic groups.

bupropion


Input: Prospective studies will be needed to validate the use of bupropion as a probe substrate for clinical use.

bupropion


Input: Snake (Walterinnesia aegyptia) venom-loaded silica nanoparticles induce apoptosis and growth arrest in human prostate cancer cells.

silica


Input: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men.


Input: The progression and invasion of PCa are normally mediated by the overexpression of chemokine receptors (CKRs) and the interaction between CKRs and their cognate ligands.


Input: We recently demonstrated that venom extracted from Walterinnesia aegyptia (WEV) either alone or in combination with silica nanoparticles (WEV + NP) mediated the growth arrest and apoptosis of breast cancer cells.

silica


Input: In the present study, we evaluated the impact of WEV alone and WEV + NP on the migration, invasion, proliferation and apoptosis of prostate cancer cells.


Input: We found that WEV alone and WEV + NP decreased the viability of all cell types tested (PCa cells isolated from patient samples, PC3 cells and LNCaP cells) using an MTT assay.

MTT


Input: The IC (50) values were determined to be 10 and 5 mu g/mL for WEV alone and WEV + NP, respectively.


Input: WEV + NP decreased the surface expression of the CKRs CXCR3, CXCR4, CXCR5 and CXCR6 to a greater extent than WEV alone and subsequently reduced migration and the invasion response of the cells to the cognate ligands of the CKRs (CXCL10, CXCL12, CXCL13 and CXCL16, respectively).


Input: Using a CFSE proliferation assay, we found that WEV + NP strongly inhibited epidermal growth factor-mediated PCa cell proliferation.

CFSE


Input: Furthermore, analysis of the cell cycle indicated that WEV + NP strongly altered the cell cycle of PCa cells and enhanced the induction of apoptosis.


Input: Finally, we demonstrated that WEV + NP robustly decreased the expression of anti-apoptotic effectors, such as B cell Lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), B cell Lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-(XL)) and myeloid cell leukemia sequence-1 (Mcl-1), and increased the expression of pro-apoptotic effectors, such as Bcl-2 homologous antagonist/killer (Bak), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim).


Input: WEV + NP also altered the membrane potential of mitochondria in the PCa cells.


Input: Our data reveal the potential of nanoparticle-sustained delivery of snake venom as effective treatments for prostate cancer.


Input: Poly-Ortho-Functionalizable Tetraarylporphycene Platform-Synthesis of Octacationic Derivatives Towards the Layer-by-Layer Design of Versatile Graphene Oxide Photoelectrodes.

Poly-Ortho-Functionalizable Tetraarylporphycene

Octacationic

Graphene Oxide


Input: The most highly charged water-soluble poly-ortho-substituted tetraarylporphycene (Pc (8 +)) has been synthetized.

poly-ortho-substituted tetraarylporphycene

Pc (8 +)


Input: The latter, which interacts in aqueous solutions with graphene oxide (GO) forming a photoactive ensemble Pc (8 +)/GO, is immobilized by means of the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique onto ITO electrodes to afford novel solar energy conversion devices.

graphene oxide

Pc (8 +)


Input: Perspectives and potential applications of nanomedicine in breast and prostate cancer.


Input: Nanomedicine is a branch of nanotechnology that includes the development of nanostructures and nanoanalytical systems for various medical applications.


Input: Among these applications, utilization of nanotechnology in oncology has captivated the attention of many research endeavors in recent years.


Input: The rapid development of nano-oncology raises new possibilities in cancer diagnosis and treatment.


Input: It also holds great promise for realization of point-of-care, theranostics, and personalized medicine.


Input: In this article, we review advances in nano-oncology, with an emphasis on breast and prostate cancer because these organs are amenable to the translation of nanomedicine from small animals to humans.


Input: As new drugs are developed, the incorporation of nanotechnology approaches into medicinal research becomes critical.


Input: Diverse aspects of nano-oncology are discussed, including nanocarriers, targeting strategies, nanodevices, as well as nanomedical diagnostics, therapeutics, and safety.


Input: The review concludes by identifying some limitations and future perspectives of nano-oncology in breast and prostate cancer management.


Input: Gold nanoparticles produced in situ mediate bioelectricity and hydrogen production in a microbial fuel cell by quantized capacitance charging.

hydrogen


Input: Oppan quantized style: By adding a gold precursor at its cathode, a microbial fuel cell (MFC) is demonstrated to form gold nanoparticles that can be used to simultaneously produce bioelectricity and hydrogen.

hydrogen


Input: By exploiting the quantized capacitance charging effect, the gold nanoparticles mediate the production of hydrogen without requiring an external power supply, while the MFC produces a stable power density.

hydrogen


Input: Synthesis of maleimide-functionalyzed HPMA-copolymers and in vitro characterization of the aRAGE-and human immunoglobulin (huIgG)-polymer conjugates.

maleimide

HPMA


Input: Herein the synthesis of antibody-polymer conjugates, with a quite narrow dispersity based on the polymer HPMA, are reported.

HPMA


Input: These conjugates are synthesized by coupling antibodies to maleimide-functionalized poly (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide) (poly-HPMA) copolymers derived through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of pentafluorophenyl methacrylate via the intermediate step of an activated ester polymer.

maleimide

poly (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide)

poly-HPMA

pentafluorophenyl methacrylate

ester


Input: We develop a protocol that allows the attachment of two different model antibodies, monoclonal anti-RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products) antibody, and polyclonal human immunoglobulin (huIgG).


Input: Modification of the antibody and conjugation is monitored by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis.

SDS


Input: Preserved affinity is demonstrated by Western Blott and cell-uptake analysis, for example, to cells of the immune system.


Input: Differentiation of opioid drug effects by hierarchical multi-site phosphorylation.


Input: Differences in the ability of opioid drugs to promote regulated endocytosis of mu-opioid receptors are related to their tendency to produce drug tolerance and dependence.


Input: Here we show that drug-specific differences in receptor internalization are determined by a conserved, 10-residue sequence in the receptor' s carboxyl-terminal cytoplasmic tail.

carboxyl


Input: Diverse opioids induce receptor phosphorylation at serine (S) 375, present in the middle of this sequence, but opioids differ markedly in their ability to drive higher-order phosphorylation on flanking residues [threonine (T) 370, T376, and T379].

serine

threonine


Input: Multi-phosphorylation is required for the endocytosis-promoting activity of this sequence and occurs both sequentially and hierarchically, with S375 representing the initiating site.


Input: Higher-order phosphorylation involving T370, T376, and T379 specifically requires GRK2/3 isoforms, and the same sequence controls opioid receptor internalization in neurons.


Input: These results reveal a biochemical mechanism differentiating the endocytic activity of opioid drugs.


Input: High performance multilayer MoS2 transistors with scandium contacts.

scandium


Input: While there has been growing interest in two-dimensional (2-D) crystals other than graphene, evaluating their potential usefulness for electronic applications is still in its infancy due to the lack of a complete picture of their performance potential.

graphene


Input: The focus of this article is on contacts.


Input: We demonstrate that through a proper understanding and design of source/drain contacts and the right choice of number of MoS (2) layers the excellent intrinsic properties of this 2-D material can be harvested.

MoS (2)


Input: Using scandium contacts on 10-nm-thick exfoliated MoS (2) flakes that are covered by a 15 nm Al (2) O (3) film, high effective mobilities of 700 cm (2)/(V s) are achieved at room temperature.

scandium

MoS (2)

Al (2) O (3)


Input: This breakthrough is largely attributed to the fact that we succeeded in eliminating contact resistance effects that limited the device performance in the past unrecognized.


Input: In fact, the apparent linear dependence of current on drain voltage had mislead researchers to believe that a truly Ohmic contact had already been achieved, a misconception that we also elucidate in the present article.


Input: Porosity of pillared clays studied by hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopy and Xe adsorption isotherms.

Xe


Input: The influence of the layer charge on the microstructure was studied for a series of three hybrid pillared interlayered clays based on the organic dication Me (2) DABCO (2 +) and charge reduced synthetic fluorohectorites.

Me (2) DABCO (2 +)


Input: To get a detailed picture of the local arrangements within the interlayer space, multinuclear solid-state NMR spectroscopy was performed in conjunction with high-resolution (129) Xe MAS NMR, temperature-dependent wide-line 1D and 2D (129) Xe NMR, and Ar/Ar (l) and Xe/Xe (l) physisorption measurements.

(129) Xe

(129) Xe

Ar

Ar (l)

Xe

Xe (l)


Input: The resulting layer charge (x) for the three samples are 0. 48, 0. 44, and 0. 39 per formula unit (pfu).


Input: The samples exhibit BET equivalent surfaces between 150 and 220 m (2)/g and pore volumes which increase from 0. 06 to 0. 11 cm (3)/g while the layer charge reduces.


Input: 1D and 2D (1) H, (13) C, (19) F, and (29) Si MAS data reveal that the postsynthetic charge reduction induces regions with higher defect concentrations within the silicate layers.

(1) H

(13) C

(19) F

(29) Si


Input: Although the pillars tend to avoid these defect-rich regions, a homogeneous and regular spacing of the Me (2) DABCO (2 +) pillars is established.

Me (2) DABCO (2 +)


Input: Both the Ar/Ar (l) physisorption and (129) Xe NMR measurements reveal comparable pore dimensions.

Ar

Ar (l)

(129) Xe


Input: The trend of the temperature-dependent wide-line (129) Xe spectra as well as the exchange in the EXSY spectra is typical for a narrow 2D pore system.

(129) Xe


Input: (129) Xe high-resolution experiments allow for a detailed description of the microstructure.

(129) Xe


Input: For x = 0. 48 a bimodal distribution with pore diameters between 5. 9 and 6. 4 A is observed.


Input: Reducing the layer charge leads to a more homogeneous pore structure with a mean diameter of 6. 6 A (x = 0. 39).


Input: The adsorption enthalpies Delta H (ads) determined from the temperature-dependent (129) Xe chemical shift data fit well to the ones derived from the Xe/Xe (l) physisorption measurements in the high-pressure limit while the magnitude of Delta H (ads) in the low-pressure limit is significantly larger.

(129) Xe

Xe

Xe (l)


Input: Thus, the (129) Xe data are influenced by adsorbate-adsorbent as well as adsorbate-adsorbate interactions.

(129) Xe


Input: Anharmonic motion in experimental charge density investigations.


Input: In the charge density study of 9-diphenylthiophosphinoylanthracene the thermal motion of several atoms needed an anharmonic description via Gram-Charlier coefficients even for data collected at 15 K.


Input: As several data sets at different temperatures were measured, this anharmonic model could be proved to be superior to a disorder model.


Input: Refinements against theoretical data showed the resemblance of an anharmonic model and a disorder model with two positions very close to each other (~ 0. 2 A), whereas these two models could be clearly distinguished if the second position is 0. 5 A apart.


Input: The refined multipole parameters were distorted when the anharmonic motion was not properly refined.


Input: Therefore, this study reveals the importance of detecting and properly handling anharmonic motion.


Input: Unrefined anharmonic motion leads to typical shashlik-like residual density patterns.


Input: Therefore, careful analysis of the residual density and the derived probability density function after the refinement of the Gram-Charlier coefficients proved to be the most useful tools to indicate the presence of anharmonic motion.


Input: Pseudostatic and dynamic nanomechanics of the tunica adventitia in elastic arteries using atomic force microscopy.


Input: Tunica adventitia, the outer layer of blood vessels, is an important structural feature, predominantly consisting of collagen fibrils.


Input: This study uses pseudostatic atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation at physiological conditions to show that the distribution of indentation modulus and viscous creep for the tunica adventitia of porcine aorta and pulmonary artery are distinct.


Input: Dynamic nanoindentation demonstrates that the viscous dissipation of the tunica adventitia of the aorta is greater than the pulmonary artery.


Input: We suggest that this mechanical property of the aortic adventitia is functionally advantageous due to the higher blood pressure within this vessel during the cardiac cycle.


Input: The effects on pulsatile deformation and dissipative energy losses are discussed.


Input: Biomolecular Interactions of small-molecule inhibitors affecting the YopH protein tyrosine phosphatase.

tyrosine


Input: We have developed competitive and direct binding methods to examine small-molecule inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity.

tyrosine


Input: Focusing on the Yersinia pestis outer protein H, a potent bacterial protein tyrosine phosphatase, we describe how an understanding of the kinetic interactions involving Yersinia pestis outer protein H, peptide substrates, and small-molecule inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity can be beneficial for inhibitor screening, and we further translate these results into a microarray assay for high-throughput screening.

tyrosine

tyrosine


Input: Information hierarchies optimize patient-centered solutions.


Input: Enabling science and information technologies has catalyzed a surge of biological, clinical, demographic, health services, and comparative-effectiveness data.


Input: While accelerating the deconvolution of complex pathophysiological, medical, social, and environmental networks and systems, these platforms have produced informational quanta devoid of contextualization.


Input: Therapeutic innovation is thus now challenged with moving beyond knowledge generation and curation to integrated solution-seeking paradigms that organize functionally related information, producing system-level insights into health and disease for optimized patient-centered outcomes.


Input: This annual issue on therapeutics innovations highlights emerging considerations for the generation and hierarchical organization of scientific and clinical information and its translation to advancing next-generation disease management.


Input: Sponge-like Ni (OH) 2-NiF2 composite film with excellent electrochemical performance.

Ni (OH) 2


Input: Sponge-like porous Ni (OH) (2)-NiF (2) composite (PNC) film was successfully synthesized by the anodization of nickel in a NH (4) F and H (3) PO (4) containing electrolyte.

Ni (OH) (2)

NiF (2)

nickel

NH (4) F

H (3) PO (4)


Input: Thanks to the good conductivity and the highly porous architecture, PNC exhibited not only a high specific capacitance, but also a superior rate capability and a good cyclability (2090 F g (-1) at 10 mV s (-1), capacitance > 1200 F g (-1) at 100 A g (-1) after 2000 cycles).


Input: Anodization of nickel is proven to be fast and facile and can be easily scaled up.

nickel


Input: The method described here is promising for the fabrication of supercapacitor electrodes with excellent performance.


Input: Gas-phase dissociative electron attachment to flavonoids and possible similarities to their metabolic pathways.

flavonoids


Input: The gas-phase empty-level structures and formation of anion states via resonance attachment of low-energy electrons to the flavonoids naringenin (III), quercetin (IV) and myricetin (V) and the smaller reference molecules chromone (I) and flavone (II) are investigated experimentally for the first time.

flavonoids naringenin

quercetin

myricetin

chromone

flavone


Input: Dissociative electron attachment spectroscopy (DEAS) is used to measure the fragment anion currents generated through dissociative decay channels of the molecular anions of compounds I-V, detected with a mass filter as a function of the incident electron energy in the 0-14 eV energy range.


Input: Due to the insufficient volatility of flavonoids III-V, the energies of vertical electron attachment associated with temporary occupation of the lower-lying virtual orbitals are measured with electron transmission spectroscopy (ETS) only in the smaller reference molecules I and II.

flavonoids


Input: The experimental findings are interpreted with the support of appropriate density functional theory calculations with the B3LYP functional.


Input: The experimental vertical electron attachment energies measured in the ET spectra of I and II are compared with the orbital energies of the neutral molecules scaled using an empirically calibrated linear equation.


Input: The vertical and adiabatic electron affinities are evaluated at the B3LYP/6-31 + G (d) level as the anion/neutral total energy difference.


Input: The latter theoretical method is also used for evaluation of the most stable conformers of the neutral molecules, O-H bond dissociation energies and thermodynamic energy thresholds for production of the anion fragments observed in the DEA spectra.

O-H


Input: A possible role played by loss of an H (2) molecule from the parent molecular anion in vivo in the mitochondrial respiratory chain is briefly discussed.

H (2)


Input: Generic methods for micrometer-and nanometer-scale surface derivatization based on photochemical coupling of primary amines to monolayers of aryl azides on gold and aluminum oxide surfaces.

primary amines

aryl azides

aluminum oxide


Input: A series of aryl azide terminated thiols and phosphonic acids has been synthesized, and used to prepare self-assembled monolayers on (respectively) gold and aluminum oxide surfaces.

aryl azide

thiols

phosphonic acids

aluminum oxide


Input: The rates of photoactivation were determined using contact angle measurement and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).


Input: The behavior of a diazirine functionalized aryl thiol was also studied.

diazirine

aryl thiol


Input: The rates of activation were found to be similar for all five adsorbates.


Input: However, the extent of photochemical coupling of a primary amine was significantly greater for the aryl azides than for the diazirine.

primary amine

aryl azides

diazirine


Input: A range of primary amines was successfully coupled to all of the azides with high yield.

primary amines

azides


Input: Little difference in reactivity was observed following perfluorination of the aromatic ring.


Input: Micrometer-scale patterns were fabricated by carrying out exposures of the aryl azide terminated SAMs through a mask submerged under a film of primary amine.

aryl azide

primary amine


Input: Contrasting amines could be introduced to unreacted regions in a subsequent maskless step.

amines


Input: A scanning near-field optical microscope was used to fabricate nanopatterns.


Input: Exposure of the azides to irradiation at 325 nm in air enabled selective deactivation of azides.

azides

azides


Input: The surrounding surface was functionalized with a primary amine in a maskless process; when a protein-resistant oligo (ethylene glycol) functionalized amine was used it was possible to produce protein nanopatterns, by adsorbing protein to features defined using near-field exposure.

primary amine

oligo (ethylene glycol)

amine


Input: Medicinal chemistry meets proteomics: fractionation of the human plasma proteome.


Input: Human plasma and its fractions/derivatives are frequently used materials in biomedicine as it contains thousands and thousands of proteins representing the majority of human proteome.


Input: Several important methods were developed in the past for the fractionation of this important biological fluid and its use for medicinal purposes.


Input: One of the greatest challenges is the very large dynamic range of plasma proteins ranging up to 10-12 orders of magnitude.


Input: Early attempts were mainly based on methods such as salting out or cold ethanol precipitation, as well as chromatography utilizing affinity, size exclusion, ion exchange and hydrophobic interaction techniques.

ethanol


Input: More recently, fractionation applications started with the depletion of the high abundant plasma components, such as serum albumin and immunoglobulins, before isolating lower abundant proteins of interest.


Input: Plasma volumes were utilized from the milliliter scale for diagnostic applications to hundreds of liters for industrial scale plasma fractionation (e. g., medicinal product manufacturing).


Input: In this paper we review this important part of medicinal chemistry, highlighting the traditional methods along with some of their variations as well as the most significant recent achievements of the field.


Input: Proton ion-microbeam elemental analysis for inhaled particle-induced pulmonary diseases: application for diagnosis and assessment of progression.


Input: Elemental analysis can be applied in the medical field to investigate the causes of disease.


Input: In patients with some pulmonary diseases, elements can be found in the exogenous dust deposited in the lungs and are also accumulated through the loss of cell homeostasis.


Input: Diseases induced by inhalation of dust typically affect the lungs.


Input: Although there are many pulmonary diseases induced by dust inhalation, it is often difficult to clarify the exact cause.


Input: In-air microparticle induced X-ray emission (in-air micro-PIXE) analysis is a method of elemental analysis that employs a proton ion-beam to directly measure the content of elements and their distribution in frozen sections or paraffin sections of tissue.


Input: We constantly inhale particles while breathing, but most of us do not develop pulmonary disease.


Input: Because in-air micro-PIXE analysis can determine the two-dimensional localization and content of particles in tissue, we can clarify the relationship between inhaled particles and diseases based on such analysis and the immunohistochemical expression of disease-related proteins.


Input: Elemental analysis methods like in-air micro-PIXE analysis may be useful for making precise diagnosis amd assesing disease progression to overcome threat such as occupational or environmental exposure.


Input: Catalase-like and peroxidase-like catalytic activities of silicon nanowire arrays.

silicon


Input: Silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWAs) were found to have catalytic activities similar to those of biological enzymes catalase and peroxidase.

Silicon


Input: Thus not only can these materials catalyze the decomposition reaction of H (2) O (2) into water and oxygen, but they can also catalyze the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine (OPD), a common substrate for peroxidases, by H (2) O (2).

H (2) O (2)

oxygen

o-phenylenediamine

OPD

H (2) O (2)


Input: The presence of Si-H bonds and the morphology of the SiNWAs are found to be crucial to the occurrence of such catalytic activity.

Si

H


Input: When the SiNWAs are reacted with H (2) O (2), the data from Raman spectroscopy suggests the formation of (Si-H) (2)... (O species) ((Si-H) (2)... Os), which is presumably responsible for the catalytic activity.

H (2) O (2)

(Si-H) (2)

O

(Si-H) (2)


Input: These findings suggest the potential use of SiNWAs as enzyme mimics in medicine, biotechnology, and environmental chemistry.


Input: Synthesis of acylated glycoconjugates as templates to investigate in vitro biopharmaceutical properties.


Input: A series of novel glycopyranosyl azides were synthesised wherein the carbohydrate moiety was peracylated with four acetyl, propionyl, butanoyl, pentanoyl (valeryl) or 3-methylbutanoyl (isovaleryl) ester linked groups.

glycopyranosyl azides

carbohydrate

acetyl

propionyl

butanoyl

pentanoyl

valeryl

isovaleryl

ester


Input: A panel of glycoconjugates was synthesised from these glycopyranosyl azides using copper-catalysed azide-alkyne cycloaddition.

glycopyranosyl azides

copper

azide

alkyne


Input: The in vitro metabolic stability, plasma stability and plasma protein binding was then measured to establish the impact of the different acyl group when presented on a common scaffold.

acyl


Input: The acetyl, propionyl and butanoyl esters exhibited metabolism consistent with esterase processing, and various mono-, di-and tri-acylated hydrolysis products as well as the fully hydrolysed compound were detected.

acetyl, propionyl and butanoyl esters

mono-, di-and tri-acylated


Input: In contrast, the pentanoyl and 3-methylbutanoyl esters were stable.

pentanoyl and 3-methylbutanoyl esters


Input: Synthesis of perylene bisimide-centered glycodendrimer and its interactions with concanavalin A.

perylene bisimide


Input: A novel glycodendrimer based on 18 peripheral alpha-D-mannoses functionalized perylene bisimide derivative PBI-18-Man was synthesized and its selectively binding interactions for Con A were investigated by CD spectra and turbidity assay, which exhibited strong binding affinity for Con A with the binding constant of 1. 3 x 10 (8) M (-1) (7. 2 x 10 (6) M (-1) for monomeric mannose, valency corrected), 3 orders of magnitude higher affinity than the monovalent mannose ligand.

alpha-D-mannoses

perylene

mannose

mannose


Input: Furthermore, the inhibitory activity for Con A was studied by ELLA experiment, showed 2 times inhibitor activity than the reference compound (alpha-MMP).


Input: Overcoming acquired resistance to kinase inhibition: the cases of EGFR, ALK and BRAF.


Input: In the past decade, several kinase inhibitors have been approved based on their clinical benefit for cancer patients.


Input: Unfortunately, in many cases, patients develop resistance to these agents via secondary mutations and alternative mechanisms.


Input: This review will focus on the cases of acquired resistance to EGFR and ALK inhibitors for non-small cell lung cancer patients and BRAF inhibitors for melanoma patients.


Input: I will overview the main causes of acquired resistance, and explore the chemical scaffolds as well as combination of drugs, used to tackle these major causes of resistance.


Input: Exonuclease 1 preferentially repairs mismatches generated by DNA polymerase alpha.


Input: The Saccharomyces cerevisiae EXO1 gene encodes a 5' exonuclease that participates in mismatch repair (MMR) of DNA replication errors.


Input: Deleting EXO1 was previously shown to increase mutation rates to a greater extent when combined with a mutator variant (pol3-L612M) of the lagging strand replicase, DNA polymerase delta (Pol delta), than when combined with a mutator variant (pol2-M644G) of the leading strand replicase, DNA polymerase epsilon (Pol epsilon).


Input: Here we confirm that result, and extend the approach to examine the effect of deleting EXO1 in a mutator variant (pol1-L868M) of Pol alpha, the proofreading-deficient and least accurate of the three nuclear replicases that is responsible for initiating Okazaki fragment synthesis.


Input: We find that deleting EXO1 increases the mutation rate in the Pol alpha mutator strain to a significantly greater extent than in the Pol delta or Pol epsilon mutator strains, thereby preferentially reducing the efficiency of MMR of replication errors generated by Pol alpha.


Input: Because these mismatches are closer to the 5' ends of Okazaki fragments than are mismatches made by Pol delta or Pol epsilon, the results not only support the previous suggestion that Exo1 preferentially excises lagging strand replication errors during mismatch repair, they further imply that the 5' ends serve as entry points for 5' excision of replication errors made by Pol alpha, and possibly as strand discrimination signals for MMR.


Input: Nonetheless, mutation rates in the Pol alpha mutator strain are 5-to 25-fold lower in an exo1 Delta strain as compared to an msh2 Delta strain completely lacking MMR, indicating that in the absence of Exo1, most replication errors made by Pol alpha can still be removed in an Msh2-dependent manner by other nucleases and/or by strand displacement.


Input: Ribonucleotide incorporation, proofreading and bypass by human DNA polymerase delta.

Ribonucleotide


Input: In both budding and fission yeast, a large number of ribonucleotides are incorporated into DNA during replication by the major replicative polymerases (Pols alpha, delta and epsilon).

ribonucleotides


Input: They are subsequently removed by RNase H2-dependent repair, which if defective leads to replication stress and genome instability.


Input: To extend these studies to humans, where an RNase H2 defect results in an autoimmune disease, here we compare the ability of human and yeast Pol delta to incorporate, proofread, and bypass ribonucleotides during DNA synthesis.

ribonucleotides


Input: In reactions containing nucleotide concentrations estimated to be present in mammalian cells, human Pol delta stably incorporates one rNTP for approximately 2000 dNTPs, a ratio similar to that for yeast Pol delta.

nucleotide

rNTP

dNTPs


Input: This result predicts that human Pol delta may introduce more than a million ribonucleotides into the nuclear genome per replication cycle, an amount recently reported to be present in the genome of RNase H2-defective mouse cells.

ribonucleotides


Input: Consistent with such abundant stable incorporation, we show that the 3'-exonuclease activity of yeast and human Pol delta largely fails to edit ribonucleotides during polymerization.

ribonucleotides


Input: We also show that, like yeast Pol delta, human Pol delta pauses as it bypasses ribonucleotides in DNA templates, with four consecutive ribonucleotides in a DNA template being more problematic than single ribonucleotides.

ribonucleotides

ribonucleotides

ribonucleotides


Input: In conjunction with recent studies in yeast and mice, this ribonucleotide incorporation may be relevant to impaired development and disease when RNase H2 is defective in mammals.

ribonucleotide


Input: As one tool to investigate ribonucleotide incorporation by Pol delta in human cells, we show that human Pol delta containing a Leu606Met substitution in the polymerase active site incorporates 7-fold more ribonucleotides into DNA than does wild type Pol delta.

ribonucleotide

ribonucleotides


Input: UPLC-Q-TOF/HSMS/MS (E)-based metabonomics for adenine-induced changes in metabolic profiles of rat faeces and intervention effects of ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one.

adenine

ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one


Input: Ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one (ergone), isolated from the medicinal fungus Polyporus umbellatus, has been proven to prevent the progression of renal injury and the subsequent renal fibrosis.

Ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one

ergone


Input: Ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight high-sensitivity mass spectrometry and a novel mass spectrometry (Elevated Energy) (MS (E)) data collection technique was employed to investigate metabonomic characters of chronic renal failure (CRF) induced adenine and the protective effects of ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one (ergone).

adenine

ergosta-4, 6, 8 (14), 22-tetraen-3-one

ergone


Input: Coupled with blood biochemistry and kidney histopathology results, the significant difference in metabolic profiling between adenine-induced CRF group and ergone-treated CRF group by using pattern recognition analysis indicated that changes in global faecal metabolites were occurred.

adenine

ergone


Input: Seven endogenous metabolites were identified by using metabonomic method combined with multivariate data analysis, the accurate mass, isotopic pattern, MS (E) fragments information and MassLynx i-FIT algorithm.


Input: These biochemical changes in faecal metabolites are related to the perturbations of bile acid metabolism and phospholipid metabolism, which may be helpful to further understand the CRF and therapeutic mechanisms of ergone.

bile acid

ergone


Input: This research proved that MS (E) can simultaneous acquire precursor ion information and fragment ion data at high and low collision energy in one analytical run, which facilitated the fast structural characterization of metabolites.


Input: Integration-dependent bacteriophage immunity provides insights into the evolution of genetic switches.


Input: Genetic switches are critical components of developmental circuits.


Input: Because temperate bacteriophages are vastly abundant and greatly diverse, they are rich resources for understanding the mechanisms and evolution of switches and the molecular control of genetic circuitry.


Input: Here, we describe a new class of small, compact, and simple switches that use site-specific recombination as the key decision point.