Input: 3', 5'-Di-C-beta-glucopyranosylphloretin, naringin, hesperidin, nobiletin, and tangeretin are the five major flavonoids found in hot water extract with the levels of 6888 +/- 522, 2333 +/- 157, 1350 +/- 94, 165 +/- 13, and 8 +/- 4 mg/100 g dry basis, respectively.

3', 5'-Di-C-beta-glucopyranosylphloretin

naringin

hesperidin

nobiletin

tangeretin

flavonoids


Input: The contents of nobiletin and tangeretin increased after ripening.

nobiletin

tangeretin


Input: The hot water extract of immature calamondin peel was fractionated using a semi-preparative HPLC.


Input: Fraction VI showed the highest ORAC value (28. 02 +/- 2. 73 mmol Trolox equivalents (TE)/g fraction) and two compounds, naringin and hesperidin, were identified as the major active components attributed to the antioxidant activity.

Trolox

naringin

hesperidin


Input: Fraction V contained 3', 5'-di-C-beta-glucopyranosylphloretin, which revealed low ORAC value with 7. 43 mmol TE/g fraction.

3', 5'-di-C-beta-glucopyranosylphloretin


Input: However, it might also contribute to antioxidant activity in immature calamondin peel due to its greatest quantity.


Input: Temperature-dependent kinetics of grape seed phenolic compounds extraction: experiment and model.


Input: The kinetics of a batch solid-liquid extraction of total phenolic compounds (PC) from milled grape seed (Vitis vinifera L. cv. " Frankovka ") using 50% ethanol at different extraction temperatures (25-80 degrees C) was studied.

ethanol


Input: The maximum yield of PC was 0. 13 kg (GAE)/kg (db) after 200 min of extraction in agitated vessel at 80 degrees C.


Input: A new model based on the assumptions of a first order kinetics mechanism for the solid-liquid extraction and a linear equilibrium at the solid-liquid interface was developed.


Input: The model involves the concept of broken and intact cells in order to describe two successive extraction periods: a very fast surface washing process followed by slow diffusion of phenolic compounds from grape seeds to the solvent.


Input: The proposed model is suited to fit experimental data and to simulate the extraction of phenolic compounds, which was confirmed by the correlation coefficient (r >= 0. 965), the root mean square error (RMSE <= 0. 003 kg (GAE)/kg (db)) and the mean relative deviation modulus (E <= 2. 149%).


Input: The temperature influenced both equilibrium partition coefficients of phenolic compounds and transport properties, which is manifested by a relatively high value of activation energy (23-24) kJ/mol and by values of effective diffusivity in seed particles.


Input: Analysis of Anabaena vaginicola and Nostoc calcicola from Northern Iran, as rich sources of major carotenoids.


Input: Four major carotenoids of high nutritional significance, including beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin were determined in three isolates of heterocystous cyanobacteria, belonging to the genera Anabaena and Nostoc, isolated from Iranian terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, for the first time.

beta-carotene

lycopene

lutein

zeaxanthin


Input: The ultrasonically extracted carotenoids were identified and quantified by a rapid and sensitive isocratic HPLC method and identification was further confirmed by spiking authentic standards and the pattern of the UV-Vis spectra obtained from photo-diode array detector.


Input: The results showed that these isolates contain large amounts of four major carotenoids, especially lycopene (up to 24, 570 mu g/g dry weight, DW) which appears to be the highest reported amount until present; and beta-carotene (up to 8133 mu g/g DW) which is comparable with the best natural sources of beta-carotene.

lycopene

beta-carotene

beta-carotene


Input: Meanwhile, they are rich in the cis-isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene which is important in their bioavailability and health benefits.

cis-isomers of lycopene and beta-carotene


Input: Formation of carcinogenic 4 (5)-methylimidazole in caramel model systems: a role of sulphite.

4 (5)-methylimidazole

sulphite


Input: Aqueous caramel model systems consisted the D-glucose/NH (3)/sulphite were heated at 100 degrees C for 2 h and amounts of carcinogenic 4 (5)-methylimidazole (4-MI) formed were determined.

D-glucose

NH (3)

sulphite

4 (5)-methylimidazole


Input: The amount formed ranged from 7. 0 to 155. 0 ppm.


Input: A system with 0. 1 M sulphite yielded the greatest amount of 4-MI, which was 54% more than that yielded from a system without sulphite.

sulphite

sulphite


Input: When the amount of sulphite increased over 0. 1 M, the amount of 4-MI reduced.

sulphite


Input: The greatest reduction was achieved with 0. 2 M sulphite by 68% compared to 0 M sulphite, suggesting that sulphite plays an important role in the formation of carcinogenic 4-MI in caramel colour.

sulphite

sulphite

sulphite


Input: Also, a system with 0. 1 M sulphite yielded the most intense caramel colour but the other levels of sulphite did not change the colour intensity significantly.

sulphite

sulphite


Input: Sulphite contributed slightly to the level of flavour chemicals evaluated using pyrazine formation.

Sulphite

pyrazine


Input: The results suggest that sulphite addition at appropriate amount reduces 4-MI formation in caramel colour without sacrificing flavour and colour formation.

sulphite


Input: Podocarpane, isopimarane, and abietane diterpenoids from Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflorus.

Podocarpane

isopimarane

abietane diterpenoids


Input: Four new diterpenoids including two podocarpanes, graciliflorins A (1) and B (2), an isopimarane acetal, graciliflorin C (3), and a rearranged abietane, graciliflorin D (4) were isolated from the aerial parts of Isodon lophanthoides var. graciliflorus (Lamiaceae) along with podocarpa-8, 11, 13-triene-3 alpha, 13-diol (5) and micranthin B (6).

diterpenoids

podocarpanes

graciliflorins A (1) and B

isopimarane acetal

graciliflorin C

abietane

graciliflorin D

podocarpa-8, 11, 13-triene-3 alpha, 13-diol

micranthin B


Input: Their structures were elucidated based on the spectroscopic data.


Input: The in vitro cytotoxicity of compounds 1-4 and 6 against human carcinoma A549, MCF-7, and HeLa cell lines were evaluated using the MTT colourimetric assay.

MTT


Input: Micranthin B (6) showed moderate activity against all the cells with IC (50) values of 16. 29, 18. 20, and 22. 25 mu M, while compounds 1-4 were inactive (IC (50) > 50 mu g/ml).

Micranthin B


Input: Oxidative changes during ice storage of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fed different ratios of marine and vegetable feed ingredients.


Input: Recently fish meal and oil have increasingly been replaced with proteins and oils from vegetable sources in the diets of farmed salmonids, but the consequences for the oxidative stability of the resulting fish products have not been investigated.


Input: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of feeding regime on composition of rainbow trout fillets, as well as on lipid and protein oxidation during storage on ice.


Input: Rainbow trout were fed six different diets, which differed in their levels of marine oil and proteins vs. vegetable oil and protein.


Input: Fish fillets were characterised by measurement of fatty acid and amino acid composition, primary and secondary lipid oxidation products, astaxanthin and tocopherol content.

fatty acid

amino acid

astaxanthin

tocopherol


Input: Protein oxidation was assessed by measuring protein carbonyl content, oxidised amino acids, sulfhydryl groups and immuno-blotting against carbonyl groups.

carbonyl

amino acids

sulfhydryl

carbonyl


Input: Feeding regimes significantly influenced fatty acid composition.

fatty acid


Input: Replacement of fish oil with vegetable oil reduced formation of primary oxidation products, but the effect on secondary oxidation products differed between different types of volatiles.


Input: The differences in protein and amino acid composition were not significant, and there were no clear effects of diets on protein oxidation, but data indicated that compounds present in the marine ingredients might have had an effect on protein oxidation.

amino acid


Input: Development and characterisation of composite films made of kefiran and starch.


Input: In this study, new edible composite films were prepared by blending kefiran with corn starch.


Input: Film-forming solutions of different ratios of kefiran to corn starch (100/0, 70/30, 50/50, 30/70) were cast at room temperature.


Input: The effects of starch addition on the resulting films' physical, mechanical and water-vapor permeability (WVP) properties were investigated.


Input: Increasing starch content from 0% to 50% (v/v) decreased the WVP of films; however, with further starch addition the WVP increased.


Input: Also, this increase in starch content increased the tensile strength and extensibility of the composite films.


Input: However, these mechanical properties decreased at higher starch contents.


Input: Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) curves showed that addition of starch at all levels increased the glass transition temperature of films.


Input: The electron scanning micrograph for the composite film was homogeneous, without signs of phase separation between the components.


Input: Thus, it was observed that these two film-forming components were compatible, and that an interaction existed between them.


Input: Binding affinity between dietary polyphenols and beta-lactoglobulin negatively correlates with the protein susceptibility to digestion and total antioxidant activity of complexes formed.

polyphenols


Input: Non-covalent interactions between beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) and polyphenol extracts of teas, coffee and cocoa were studied by fluorescence and CD spectroscopy at pH values of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT).

polyphenol


Input: The biological implications of non-covalent binding of polyphenols to BLG were investigated by in vitro pepsin and pancreatin digestibility assay and ABTS radical scavenging activity of complexes formed.

polyphenols

ABTS


Input: The polyphenol-BLG systems were stable at pH values of the GIT.

polyphenol


Input: The most profound effect of pH on binding affinity was observed for polyphenol extracts rich in phenolic acids.

polyphenol

phenolic acids


Input: Stronger non-covalent interactions delayed pepsin and pancreatin digestion of BLG and induced beta-sheet to alpha-helix transition at neutral pH.


Input: All polyphenols tested protected protein secondary structure at an extremely acidic pH of 1. 2.

polyphenols


Input: A positive correlation was found between the strength of protein-polyphenol interactions and (a) half time of protein decay in gastric conditions (R (2) = 0. 85), (b) masking of total antioxidant capacity of protein-polyphenol complexes (R (2) = 0. 95).

polyphenol

polyphenol


Input: Recovery and characterisation of coloured phenolic preparations from apple seeds.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate whether complexly constituted phenolic extracts from apple seeds may be utilised for the recovery of natural coloured antioxidant preparations, which might serve as potential food or cosmetic ingredients.


Input: In a first step, the recovery of phenolic compounds was optimised by varying crucial extraction parameters.


Input: A single extraction step at 25 degrees C using an acetone-water mixture (60: 40, v/v) and a solid-to-solvent ratio of 1: 8 (w/v) for 1 h was found to be appropriate to achieve both high phenolic yields and antioxidant activities.

acetone


Input: In a second step, differently produced apple seed extracts and a phloridzin model solution were enzymatically treated by mushroom polyphenol oxidase to investigate the rate of pigment synthesis.

phloridzin

polyphenol


Input: Depending on the extraction procedure applied, synthesis rates, pigment yields and colour properties significantly differed.


Input: Compared to the phloridzin model solution, extracts recovered from the seeds showed comparable and even better results, thus indicating such preparations to be a promising alternative to synthetic yellow dyes.

phloridzin


Input: The nutritional supplement Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) has direct immunomodulatory actions on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages involving TLR/MyD88 and NF-kappa B/MAPK activation.

Hexose


Input: Active Hexose Correlated Compound (AHCC) is an immunostimulatory nutritional supplement.

Hexose


Input: AHCC effects and mechanism of action on intestinal epithelial cells or monocytes are poorly described.


Input: AHCC was added to the culture medium of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC18 and HT29 cells) and monocytes (THP-1 cells) and assessed the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by ELISA.


Input: Inhibitors of NF kappa B and MAPKs were used to study signal transduction pathways while TLR4 and MyD88 were silenced in IEC18 cells using shRNA.


Input: It was found that AHCC induced GRO alpha and MCP1 secretion in IEC18 and IL-8 in HT29 cells.


Input: These effects depended on NF kappa B activation, and partly on MAPKs activation and on the presence of MyD88 and TLR4.


Input: In THP-1 cells AHCC evoked IL-8, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha secretion.


Input: The induction of IL-8 depended on JNK and NF kappa B activation.


Input: Therefore, AHCC exerts immunostimulatory effects on intestinal epithelial cells and monocytes involving TLR4/MyD88 and NF kappa B/MAPK signal transduction pathways.


Input: Garlic oil attenuates the cardiac apoptosis in hamster-fed with hypercholesterol diet.


Input: Hypercholesterolemia is a well established risk factor for cardiac cell apoptosis.


Input: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of garlic oil on cardiac apoptosis induced by a hypercholesterol diet.


Input: Twenty-four male Golden-Syrian hamsters at 3 months of age were randomly divided into three groups, control, cholesterol and garlic oil groups received a chow diet, chow diet with 2% cholesterol, and chow diet with 2% cholesterol and 1% garlic oil for 8 weeks, respectively.

cholesterol

cholesterol

cholesterol


Input: The TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells, and several apoptotic proteins were significantly induced in the excised left ventricle in cholesterol group, whereas significant reduction was observed in cholesterol plus garlic oil group.

cholesterol

cholesterol


Input: The IGFI receptor dependent survival pathway was inhibited in cholesterol group whereas it was obviously reversed in cholesterol plus garlic oil group.

cholesterol

cholesterol


Input: Our results suggest that administration of garlic oil shows protective effects on cardiac apoptosis in rats with high cholesterol intake.

cholesterol


Input: Characterisation of tequila according to their major volatile composition using multilayer perceptron neural networks.


Input: Differentiation of silver, gold, aged and extra-aged tequila using 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol and furan derivatives like 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde has been carried out.

silver

ethyl acetate

furan


Input: The content of 1-propanol, ethyl acetate, 2-methyl-1-propanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol was determined by means of head space solid phase microextraction gas chromatography mass-spectrometry.

ethyl acetate


Input: 5-(Hydroxymethyl)-2-furaldehyde and 2-furaldehyde were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection.


Input: Kruskal-Wallis test was used to highlight significant differences between types of tequila.


Input: Principal component analysis was applied as visualisation technique.


Input: Linear discriminant analysis and multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks were used to construct classification models.


Input: The best classification performance was obtained when multilayer perceptron model was applied.


Input: Pulsed-electric-field-assisted extraction of anthocyanins from purple-fleshed potato.

anthocyanins


Input: The influence of pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment on the anthocyanin extraction yield (AEY) from purple-fleshed potato (PFP) at different extraction times (60-480 min) and temperatures (10-40 degrees C) using water and ethanol (48% and 96%) as solvents has been investigated.

anthocyanin

ethanol


Input: Response surface methodology was used to determine optimal PEF treatment and optimise anthocyanin extraction.

anthocyanin


Input: A PEF treatment of 3. 4 kV/cm and 105 mu s (35 pulses of 3 mu s) resulted in the highest cell disintegration index (Z (p) = 1) at the lowest specific energy requirements (8. 92 kJ/kg).


Input: This PEF treatment increased the AEY, the effect being higher at lower extraction temperature with water as solvent.


Input: After 480 min at 40 degrees C, the AEY obtained for the untreated sample using 96% ethanol as the solvent (63. 9 mg/100 g fw) was similar to that obtained in the PEF-treated sample using water (65. 8 mg/100 g fw).

ethanol


Input: Therefore, PEF was possible with water, a more environmental-friendly solvent than ethanol, without decreasing the AEY from PFP.

ethanol


Input: Production of medium chain saturated fatty acids with enhanced antimicrobial activity from crude coconut fat by solid state cultivation of Yarrowia lipolytica.

saturated fatty acids


Input: Fatty acids profiles and antimicrobial activity of crude coconut fat hydrolysates obtained in solid-state cultivation system with a selected yeast strain Yarrowia lipolytica RO13 were performed.

Fatty acids


Input: A preliminary step regarding extracellular lipase production and solid state enzymatic hydrolysis of crude fat at different water activity and time intervals up to 7 days was also applied.


Input: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis was used for quantification of medium chain saturated fatty acids (MCSFAs) and the results revealed a higher concentration of about 70% lauric acid from total fatty acids.

fatty acids

lauric acid

fatty acids


Input: Further, antimicrobial activity of fatty acids against some food-borne pathogens (Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Bacillus cereus) was evaluated.

fatty acids


Input: The minimum inhibitory concentration of the obtained hydrolysates varied from 12. 5 to 1. 56 ppm, significantly lower than values reported in literature.


Input: The results provide substantial evidence for obtaining biopreservative effects by coconut fat enzymatic hydrolysis.


Input: Method development and validation for boscalid in blueberries by solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography, and their degradation kinetics.


Input: Analytical method for the residues of boscalid in blueberries was developed.


Input: Fungicide residues were determined by solid-phase microextraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography with micro-electron capture (mu-ECD) detector.


Input: The effect of pH values and fiber coatings were studied.


Input: The SPME fiber coating selected was 100 mu m PDMS.


Input: The method is selective with adequate precision and high accuracy and sensitivity.


Input: Recoveries ranged within the 98-104% range, and detection and quantification limits were 1. 33 and 4. 42 mu g/kg, respectively.


Input: Statistical parameters indicated the occurrence of matrix effect; consequently calibration was performed on spiked samples.


Input: Degradation of boscalid was studied in a blueberry field located in Concordia, Argentina, with fruits from Emerald and Jewel varieties.

boscalid


Input: The degradation of boscalid in both blueberry varieties studied followed a first order rate kinetics and the half-life for boscalid was 5. 3 and 6. 3 days for Emerald and Jewel cultivars, respectively.

boscalid

boscalid


Input: Effect of dry heating with ionic gums on physicochemical properties of starch.


Input: Corn starch, potato starch, pea starch were impregnated with ionic gums (sodium alginate, CMC, and xanthan, 1% based on starch solids) and heat-treated in a dry state for 0, 2, or 4 h at 130 degrees C.

sodium


Input: Effects of the dry heating on paste viscosity (RVA), microstructure and thermal properties were examined.


Input: Dry heat treatment with ionic gums reduced the pasting temperature of the three starches.


Input: Heating with xanthan increased the paste viscosity of corn and potato starch.


Input: With heat treatment, the paste viscosity of all the starch-sodium alginate mixtures decreased.

sodium


Input: Heating with CMC increased the paste viscosity of potato starch, but decreased that of corn and pea starch.


Input: After dry-heating, To, Tp and Tc of potato starch with ionic gums decreased significantly.


Input: SEM of potato starch with CMC showed that the gel structure got compacter after drying-heating.


Input: Heat treatment obviously improved the functional properties of the three starches.


Input: Determination of acrylamide in local and commercial cultivar of potatoes from biological farm.

acrylamide


Input: This paper reports the results of a preliminary study on the characterization of parameters influencing formation of acrylamide in fried potatoes, from biological cultivation.

acrylamide


Input: The formation of acrylamide was investigated in relation to frying in biological extra virgin olive oil and commercial seed oil.

acrylamide


Input: Three different cultivars (Rossa di Colfiorito, Quarantina bianca genovese and Kennebec) were chosen.


Input: Asparagine, glucose, fructose and sucrose concentrations were determined in potato slice before frying, while acrylamide content was analysed by LC-ESI-MS/MS in the slices fried in seed and extra virgin olive oil.

Asparagine

glucose

fructose

sucrose

acrylamide


Input: The Kennebec cultivar showed differences in its potential for acrylamide formation, which was primarily related to its relatively high asparagine and reducing sugars contents, respect the other local cultivars (particulary Quarantina).

acrylamide

asparagine

sugars


Input: Values of acrylamide below detection limit (LOD) were found in Quarantina bianca genovese cultivar samples fried in extra virgin olive oil and peanuts seed oil and higher in peanuts seed oil fried potatoes of Kennebec cultivar.

acrylamide


Input: In vitro antibacterial, cytotoxicity and haemolytic activities and phytochemical analysis of seagrasses from the Gulf of Mannar, South India.


Input: It is essential to study the phytochemical constituents and toxicological properties of seagrasses when considering their food applications.


Input: Aqueous methanolic extracts of six seagrasses were evaluated for their antibacterial, cytotoxic (brine shrimp leathality assay) and haemolytic activity.


Input: Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and phytochemical analysis were used to compare the phytochemical profiles of six seagrasses.


Input: Among the six seagrasses examined, Halodule pinifolia and Cymodocea rotundata showed predominant growth inhibitory activity against all the tested human pathogens.


Input: Cytotoxicity of seagrass extracts against nauplii of Artemia salina revealed that Syringodium isoetifolium exhibited lesser toxicity with LC (50) value of 699. 096 mu g/ml.


Input: Of all the seagrasses tested, H. pinifolia recorded the minimum haemolytic activity of 2. 07 +/- 0. 63% at 1000 mu g/ml concentration.


Input: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of common plant chemical constituents which varied with respect to species.


Input: The present findings suggest the possible pharmacological applications of selected seagrasses that can be used as food ingredients.


Input: Adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm of Hg (II) from aqueous solutions using buckwheat hulls from Jiaodong of China.

Hg (II)


Input: The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms of buckwheat hulls in the region of Jiaodong, China (BHJC) for Hg (II) were investigated.

Hg (II)


Input: Results revealed that the adsorption kinetics of BHJC for Hg (II) were well described by a pseudo second-order reaction model, and the adsorption thermodynamic parameters Delta G, Delta H and Delta S were-5. 83 kJ mol (-1) (35 degrees C), 73. 1, and 256 JK (-1) mol (-1), respectively.

Hg (II)


Input: Moreover, Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherm models were applied to analyse the experimental data and to predict the relevant isotherm parameters.


Input: The best interpretation for the experimental data was given by the Langmuir isotherm equation, and the maximum adsorption capacity for Hg (II) is 243. 90 mg/g at 35 degrees C.

Hg (II)


Input: Furthermore, investigation of the adsorption selectivity showed that BHJC displayed strong affinity for mercury in the aqueous solutions and exhibited 100% selectivity for mercury in the presence of Zn (II) and Cd (II).

mercury

mercury

Zn (II)

Cd (II)


Input: Suitability of elemental fingerprinting for assessing the geographic origin of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. styriaca) seed oil.


Input: An analytical method was developed and validated for the classification of the geographical origin of pumpkin seeds and oil from Austria, China and Russia.


Input: The distribution of element traces in pumpkin seed and pumpkin seed oils in relation to the geographical origin of soils of several agricultural farms in Austria was studied in detail.


Input: Samples from several geographic origins were taken from parts of the pumpkin, pumpkin flesh, seeds, the oil extracted from the seeds and the oil-extraction cake as well as the topsoil on which the plants were grown.


Input: Plants from different geographical origin show variations of the elemental patterns that are significantly large, reproducible over the years and ripeness period and show no significant influence of oil production procedure, to allow to a discrimination of geographical origin.


Input: A successful differentiation of oils from different regions in Austria, China and Russia classified with multivariate data analysis is demonstrated.


Input: Comparison of sample preparation methods, validation of an UPLC-MS/MS procedure for the quantification of tetrodotoxin present in marine gastropods and analysis of pufferfish.

tetrodotoxin


Input: Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is one of the most potent marine neurotoxins reported.

Tetrodotoxin

TTX


Input: The global distribution of this toxin is spreading with the European Atlantic coastline now being affected.


Input: Climate change and increasing pollution have been suggested as underlying causes for this.


Input: In the present study, two different sample preparation techniques were used to extract TTX from Trumpet shells and pufferfish samples.

TTX


Input: Both extraction procedures (accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) and a simple solvent extraction) were shown to provide good recoveries (80-92%).


Input: A UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the analysis of TTX and validated following the guidelines contained in the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC for chemical contaminant analysis.

TTX


Input: The performance of this procedure was demonstrated to be fit for purpose.


Input: This study is the first report on the use of ASE as a mean for TTX extraction, the use of UPLC-MS/MS for TTX analysis, and the validation of this method for TTX in gastropods.

TTX

TTX

TTX


Input: Reversible inhibition of vasoconstriction by thiazolidinediones related to PI3K/Akt inhibition in vascular smooth muscle cells.

thiazolidinediones


Input: Thiazolidinediones (also referred to as glitazones), agonists for Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPAR gamma), are used for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus, where they decrease insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk.

Thiazolidinediones

glitazones


Input: Compounds bearing the thiazolidinedione structure have also been shown to inhibit phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K).

thiazolidinedione


Input: Here we tried to elucidate the poorly defined role of PI3K/Akt in the physiology of vascular smooth muscle cell contraction and tested the hypothesis that thiazolidinediones, by affecting the PI3K/Akt pathway, may influence vascular physiology.

thiazolidinediones


Input: Isolated rat femoral arteries segments were mounted in a wire myograph and challenged with 100mM KCl or phenylephrine (PE), in the absence or presence of troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and 10-DEBC (Akt inhibitor).

KCl

phenylephrine

troglitazone

rosiglitazone

pioglitazone


Input: All these compounds dose-dependently inhibited vasoconstriction to KCl or PE; their effect was reversible (after 60-120 min washout) and not affected by GW9662 (a PPAR gamma antagonist) or by N (G)-nitro-L-arginine (LNNA, an inhibitor of NO biosynthesis).

KCl

N (G)-nitro-L-arginine

LNNA

NO


Input: Analysis of phospho-Akt (ser 473) in lysates from rat arteries (by immunoblot) revealed that thiazolidinediones, LY294002 and 10-DEBC, at the same concentration and kinetics inhibiting vasoconstriction, produced a similar decrease of Akt phosphorylation.

ser

thiazolidinediones


Input: PI3K/Akt pathway therefore appears to be an important, fast acting, modulator of contraction of vascular smooth muscle.


Input: Thiazolidinediones decrease vasoconstriction of isolated vessels possibly by inhibiting PI3K/Akt pathway.

Thiazolidinediones


Input: Such an effect of glitazones, if occurring in vivo, may impact cardiovascular syndromes related to vasospasm in diabetic patients.

glitazones


Input: Neurotoxicity of " ecstasy " and its metabolites in human dopaminergic differentiated SH-SY5Y cells.

ecstasy


Input: " Ecstasy " (3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine or MDMA) is a widely abused recreational drug, reported to produce neurotoxic effects, both in laboratory animals and in humans.

Ecstasy

3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

MDMA


Input: MDMA metabolites can be major contributors for MDMA neurotoxicity.

MDMA

MDMA


Input: This work studied the neurotoxicity of MDMA and its catechol metabolites, alpha-methyldopamine (alpha-MeDA) and N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine (N-Me-alpha-MeDA) in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells differentiated with retinoic acid and 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate.

MDMA

catechol

alpha-methyldopamine

alpha-MeDA

N-methyl-alpha-methyldopamine

N-Me-alpha-MeDA

retinoic acid


Input: Differentiation led to SH-SY5Y neurons with higher ability to accumulate dopamine and higher resistance towards dopamine neurotoxicity.

dopamine

dopamine


Input: MDMA catechol metabolites were neurotoxic to SH-SY5Y neurons, leading to caspase 3-independent cell death in a concentration-and time-dependent manner.

MDMA catechol


Input: MDMA did not show a concentration-and time-dependent death.

MDMA


Input: Pre-treatment with the antioxidant and glutathione precursor, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), resulted in strong protection against the MDMA metabolites' neurotoxicity.

glutathione

N-acetylcysteine

NAC

MDMA


Input: Neither the superoxide radical scavenger, tiron, nor the inhibitor of the dopamine (DA) transporter, GBR 12909, prevented the metabolites' toxicity.

superoxide

dopamine

GBR 12909


Input: Cells exposed to alpha-MeDA showed an increase in intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, which, at the 48 h time-point, was not dependent in the activity increase of gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), revealing a possible transient effect.

alpha-MeDA

glutathione

GSH

gamma-glutamylcysteine


Input: Importantly, pre-treatment with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor of gamma-GCS, prevented alpha-MeDA induced increase in GSH levels, but did not augment this metabolite cytotoxicity.

buthionine sulfoximine

BSO

alpha-MeDA

GSH


Input: Even so, BSO pre-treatment abolished NAC protective effects against alpha-MeDA neurotoxicity, which were, at least partially, due to GSH de novo synthesis.

BSO

NAC

alpha-MeDA

GSH


Input: Inversely, pre-treatment of cells with BSO augmented N-Me-alpha-MeDA-induced neurotoxicity, but only slightly affected NAC neuroprotection.

BSO

N-Me-alpha-MeDA

NAC


Input: In conclusion, MDMA catechol metabolites promote differential toxic effects to differentiated dopaminergic human SH-SY5Y cells.

MDMA catechol


Input: Brain tumor immunotherapy: seeing the brain in the body.


Input: Brain tumor immunotherapy is often interpreted in terms of immune privilege and the blood-brain barrier (BBB), but a broader view is warranted.


Input: The delicate regulatory balance of the immune system is relevant at any site, as are the heterogeneity and plasticity of tumor growth.


Input: Criteria for tumor antigens, and often the antigens themselves, cut across tumor types.


Input: Here, this broader view, complemented by current understanding of privilege and the BBB, provides the context for review.


Input: Future success is likely to exploit simplified methods, used in combination; and similarities-more than differences-between the brain and other sites.


Input: Serine protease activity of calnuc: regulation by Zn2 + and G proteins.

Serine

Zn2 +


Input: The functions of calnuc, a novel Ca (2 +)-binding protein with multiple structural domains and diverse interacting partners, are yet unknown.

Ca (2 +)


Input: We demonstrate unknown facets of calnuc, which is a serine protease in which Ser-378 of GXSXG motif, Asp-328 of DTG motif, and His-339 form the " catalytic triad, " locating the enzyme active site in the C-terminal region.

serine

Ser

Asp

His

C


Input: Analogous to the active site of Zn (2 +) carboxypeptidases, calnuc has two high affinity (K (d) ~ 20 nm), well conserved Zn (2 +)-binding sites near its N terminus, although it is inactive as a peptidase.

Zn (2 +)

Zn (2 +)

N


Input: Zn (2 +) binding allosterically and negatively regulates the serine protease activity of calnuc, inhibition being caused by an " open to close " change in its conformation not seen upon Ca (2 +) binding.

Zn (2 +)

serine

Ca (2 +)


Input: Most strikingly, interaction with G protein alpha subunit completely inhibits the enzymatic activity of calnuc.


Input: We thus illustrate that G proteins and Zn (2 +) act as two " keys " that control enzymatic activity of calnuc, arresting it in " locked " state.

Zn (2 +)


Input: Calnuc, therefore, exists dynamically in two different forms, (i) as a Ca (2 +)-binding protein in Zn (2 +)-bound form and (ii) as a protease in Zn (2 +)-free form, commissioning it to perform multiple functions.

Ca (2 +)

Zn (2 +)

Zn (2 +)


Input: A specific and essential role for Na, K-ATPase alpha 3 in neurons co-expressing alpha 1 and alpha 3.

K


Input: Most neurons co-express two catalytic isoforms of Na, K-ATPase, the ubiquitous alpha 1, and the more selectively expressed alpha 3.

K


Input: Although neurological syndromes are associated with alpha 3 mutations, the specific role of this isoform is not completely understood.


Input: Here, we used electrophysiological and Na (+) imaging techniques to study the role of alpha 3 in central nervous system neurons expressing both isoforms.

Na (+)


Input: Under basal conditions, selective inhibition of alpha 3 using a low concentration of the cardiac glycoside, ouabain, resulted in a modest increase in intracellular Na (+) concentration ([Na (+)] (i)) accompanied by membrane potential depolarization.

ouabain

Na (+)

Na (+)


Input: When neurons were challenged with a large rapid increase in [Na (+)] (i), similar to what could be expected following suprathreshold neuronal activity, selective inhibition of alpha 3 almost completely abolished the capacity to restore [Na (+)] (i) in soma and dendrite.

Na (+)

Na (+)


Input: Recordings of Na, K-ATPase specific current supported the notion that when [Na (+)] (i) is elevated in the neuron, alpha 3 is the predominant isoform responsible for rapid extrusion of Na (+).

K

Na (+)

Na (+)


Input: Low concentrations of ouabain were also found to disrupt cortical network oscillations, providing further support for the importance of alpha 3 function in the central nervous system.

ouabain


Input: The alpha isoforms express a well conserved protein kinase A consensus site, which is structurally associated with an Na (+) binding site.

Na (+)


Input: Following activation of protein kinase A, both the alpha 3-dependent current and restoration of dendritic [Na (+)] (i) were significantly attenuated, indicating that alpha 3 is a target for phosphorylation and may participate in short term regulation of neuronal function.

Na (+)


Input: Laser synthesis of ligand-free bimetallic nanoparticles for plasmonic applications.


Input: A picosecond laser ablation approach has been developed for the synthesis of ligand-free AuAg bimetallic NPs where the relative amount of Ag is controlled in situ through a laser shielding effect.

AuAg

Ag


Input: Various measurements, such as optical spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, revealed the generation of homogenous 15 nm average size bimetallic NPs with different compositions and tunable localized surface plasmon resonance.


Input: Furthermore, ligand-free metallic nanoparticles with respect to chemically synthesized nanoparticles display outstanding properties, i. e. featureless Raman background spectrum, which is a basic requirement in many plasmonic applications such as Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy.


Input: Various molecules were chemisorbed on the nanoparticle and SERS investigations were carried out, by varying the laser wavelength.


Input: The SERS enhancement factor for AuAg bimetallic NPs shows an enhancement factor of about 5. 7 x 10 (5) with respect to the flat AuAg surface.

AuAg

AuAg


Input: RNF4 is required for DNA double-strand break repair in vivo.


Input: Unrepaired DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) cause genetic instability that leads to malignant transformation or cell death.


Input: Cells respond to DSBs with the ordered recruitment of signaling and repair proteins to the sites of DNA lesions.


Input: Coordinated protein SUMOylation and ubiquitylation have crucial roles in regulating the dynamic assembly of protein complexes at these sites.


Input: However, how SUMOylation influences protein ubiquitylation at DSBs is poorly understood.


Input: We show herein that Rnf4, an E3 ubiquitin ligase that targets SUMO-modified proteins, accumulates in DSB repair foci and is required for both homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining repair.


Input: To establish a link between Rnf4 and the DNA damage response (DDR) in vivo, we generated an Rnf4 allelic series in mice.


Input: We show that Rnf4-deficiency causes persistent ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage and signaling, and that Rnf4-deficient cells and mice exhibit increased sensitivity to genotoxic stress.


Input: Mechanistically, we show that Rnf4 targets SUMOylated MDC1 and SUMOylated BRCA1, and is required for the loading of Rad51, an enzyme required for HR repair, onto sites of DNA damage.


Input: Similarly to inactivating mutations in other key regulators of HR repair, Rnf4 deficiency leads to age-dependent impairment in spermatogenesis.


Input: These findings identify Rnf4 as a critical component of the DDR in vivo and support the possibility that Rnf4 controls protein localization at DNA damage sites by integrating SUMOylation and ubiquitylation events.


Input: Allosteric modulation of a chemogenetically modified G protein-coupled receptor.


Input: Designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs (DREADDs) are chemogenetically modified muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) that have minimal responsiveness to acetylcholine (ACh) but are potently and efficaciously activated by an otherwise inert synthetic ligand, clozapine-N-oxide (CNO).

acetylcholine

acetylcholine

ACh

clozapine-N-oxide

CNO


Input: DREADDs have been used as tools for selectively modulating signal transduction pathways in vitro and in vivo.


Input: Recent comprehensive studies have validated how the pharmacology of a CNO-bound DREADD mirrors that of an ACh-bound wild-type (WT) mAChR.

CNO

ACh


Input: However, nothing is known about whether this equivalence extends to the allosteric modulation of DREADDs by small molecules.


Input: To address this, we investigated the actions at an M (1) DREADD of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), a positive allosteric modulator of ACh binding and function that is known to behave according to a simple two-state mechanism at the WT receptor.

benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid

BQCA

ACh


Input: We found that allosteric modulation of the CNO-bound DREADD receptor is not equivalent to the corresponding modulation of the ACh-bound WT receptor.

CNO

ACh


Input: We also found that BQCA engenders stimulus bias at the M (1) DREADD, having differential types of cooperativity depending on the signaling pathway.

BQCA


Input: Furthermore, the modulation of ACh itself by BQCA at the DREADD is not compatible with the two-state model that we previously applied to the M (1) WT receptor.

ACh

BQCA


Input: Upregulation of Mer receptor tyrosine kinase signaling attenuated lipopolysaccharide-induced lung inflammation.

tyrosine


Input: Mer receptor tyrosine kinase (Mer) signaling plays a central role in the intrinsic inhibition of the inflammatory response to Toll-like receptor activation.

tyrosine


Input: Previously, we found that lung Mer protein expression decreased after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment due to enhanced Mer cleavage.


Input: The purpose of the present study was to examine whether pharmacologically restored membrane-bound Mer expression upregulates the Mer signaling pathways and suppresses lung inflammatory responses.


Input: Pretreatment with the ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase-17) inhibitor TAPI-0 (tumor necrosis factor alpha protease inhibitor-0) reduced LPS-induced production of soluble Mer protein in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, restored membrane-bound Mer expression, and increased Mer activation in alveolar macrophages and lungs after LPS treatment.


Input: TAPI-0 also enhanced Mer downstream signaling, including phosphorylation of protein kinase b, focal adhesion kinase, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 1.


Input: As expected from enhanced Mer signaling, TAPI-0 also augmented suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 and-3 mRNA and protein levels and inhibited nuclear factor kappa B activation at 4 and 24 hours after LPS treatment.


Input: TAPI-0 suppressed LPS-induced inflammatory cell accumulation, total protein level elevation in BAL fluid, and production of inflammatory mediators, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1 beta, and macrophage inflammatory protein-2.


Input: Additionally, the effects of TAPI-0 on the activation of Mer signaling and the production of inflammatory responses could be reversed by cotreatment with specific Mer-neutralizing antibody.


Input: Restored Mer protein expression by treatment with TAPI-0 efficiently prevents the inflammatory cascade during acute lung injury.


Input: Profluorogenic reductase substrate for rapid, selective, and sensitive visualization and detection of human cancer cells that overexpress NQO1.


Input: Achieving the vision of identifying and quantifying cancer-related events and targets for future personalized oncology is predicated on the existence of synthetically accessible and economically viable probe molecules fully able to report the presence of these events and targets in a rapid and highly selective and sensitive fashion.


Input: Delineated here are the design and evaluation of a newly synthesized turn-on probe whose intense fluorescent reporter signature is revealed only through probe activation by a specific intracellular enzyme present in tumor cells of multiple origins.


Input: Quenching of molecular probe fluorescence is achieved through unique photoinduced electron transfer between the naphthalimide dye reporter and a covalently attached, quinone-based enzyme substrate.

naphthalimide

quinone


Input: Fluorescence of the reporter dye is turned on by rapid removal of the quinone quencher, an event that immediately occurs only after highly selective, two-electron reduction of the sterically and conformationally restricted quinone substrate by the cancer-associated human NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase isozyme 1 (hNQO1).

quinone

quinone

quinone


Input: Successes of the approach include rapid differentiation of NQO1-expressing and-nonexpressing cancer cell lines via the unaided eye, flow cytometry, fluorescence imaging, and two-photon microscopy.


Input: The potential for use of the turn-on probe in longer-term cellular studies is indicated by its lack of influence on cell viability and its in vitro stability.


Input: Bioinspired and highly oriented clay nanocomposites with a xyloglucan biopolymer matrix: extending the range of mechanical and barrier properties.


Input: The development of clay bionanocomposites requires processing routes with nanostructural control.


Input: Moreover, moisture durability is a concern with water-soluble biopolymers.


Input: Here, oriented bionanocomposite coatings with strong in-plane orientation of clay platelets are for the first time prepared by continuous water-based processing.


Input: Montmorillonite (MTM) and a " new " unmodified biological polymer (xyloglucan (XG)) are combined.

Montmorillonite

MTM


Input: The resulting nanocomposites are characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, and XRD.


Input: XG adsorption on MTM is measured by quartz crystal microbalance analysis.

MTM

quartz


Input: Mechanical and gas barrier properties are measured, also at high relative humidity.


Input: The reinforcement effects are modeled.


Input: XG dimensions in composites are estimated using atomistic simulations.


Input: The nanostructure shows highly oriented and intercalated clay platelets.


Input: The reinforcement efficiency and effects on barrier properties are remarkable and are likely to be due to highly oriented and well-dispersed MTM and strong XG-MTM interactions.

MTM

MTM


Input: Properties are well preserved in humid conditions and the reasons for this are discussed.


Input: Hydrogen evolution from Pt/Ru-coated p-type WSe2 photocathodes.

Hydrogen

Pt

Ru


Input: Crystalline p-type WSe (2) has been grown by a chemical vapor transport method.


Input: After deposition of noble metal catalysts, p-WSe (2) photocathodes exhibited thermodynamically based photoelectrode energy-conversion efficiencies of > 7% for the hydrogen evolution reaction under mildly acidic conditions, and were stable under cathodic conditions for at least 2 h in acidic as well as in alkaline electrolytes.

hydrogen


Input: The open circuit potentials of the photoelectrodes in contact with the H (+)/H (2) redox couple were very close to the bulk recombination/diffusion limit predicted from the Shockley diode equation.

H (+)

H (2)


Input: Only crystals with a prevalence of surface step edges exhibited a shift in flat-band potential as the pH was varied.


Input: Spectral response data indicated effective minority-carrier diffusion lengths of ~ 1 mu m, which limited the attainable photocurrent densities in the samples to ~ 15 mA cm (-2) under 100 mW cm (-2) of Air Mass 1. 5G illumination.


Input: Triggered indistinguishable single photons with narrow line widths from site-controlled quantum dots.


Input: In this Letter, we present narrow line width (7 mu eV), nearly background-free single-photon emission (g ((2)) (0) = 0. 02) and highly indistinguishable photons (V = 0. 73) from site-controlled In (Ga) As/GaAs quantum dots.

In (Ga) As

GaAs


Input: These excellent properties have been achieved by combining overgrowth on ex situ pit-patterned substrates with vertical stacking of spectrally distinct quantum dot layers.


Input: Our study paves the way for large-scale integration of quantum dots into quantum photonic circuits as indistinguishable single-photon sources.


Input: Synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular modeling of glycyrrhizin derivatives as potent high-mobility group box-1 inhibitors with anti-heart-failure activity in vivo.

glycyrrhizin


Input: Novel glycyrrhizin (GL) derivatives were designed and synthesized by introducing various amine or amino acid residues into the carbohydrate chain and at C-30.

glycyrrhizin

amine

amino acid

carbohydrate


Input: Their inhibitory effects on high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) were evaluated using a cell-based lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) release study.


Input: Compounds 10, 12, 18-20, 23, and 24, which had substituents introduced at C-30, demonstrated moderate HMGB1 inhibition with ED 5 0 values ranging from 337 to 141 mu M, which are values comparable to that of the leading GL compound (1) (ED 5 0 = 70 mu M).


Input: Compounds 23 and 24 emerged as novel and interesting HMGB1 inhibitors.


Input: These compounds were able to extend the survival of mice with chronic heart failure (CHF) and acute heart failure (AHF), respectively.


Input: In addition, molecular modeling studies were performed to support the biological data.


Input: Ultrasensitive broadband probing of molecular vibrational modes with multifrequency optical antennas.


Input: Optical antennas represent an enabling technology for enhancing the detection of molecular vibrational signatures at low concentrations and probing the chemical composition of a sample in order to identify target molecules.


Input: However, efficiently detecting different vibrational modes to determine the presence (or the absence) of a molecular species requires a multispectral interrogation in a window of several micrometers, as many molecules present informative fingerprint spectra in the mid-infrared between 2. 5 and 10 mu m.


Input: As most nanoantennas exhibit a narrow-band response because of their dipolar nature, they are not suitable for such applications.


Input: Here, we propose the use of multifrequency optical antennas designed for operating with a bandwidth of several octaves.


Input: We demonstrate that surface-enhanced infrared absorption gains in the order of 10 (5) can be easily obtained in a spectral window of 3 mu m with attomolar concentrations of molecules, providing new opportunities for ultrasensitive broadband detection of molecular species via vibrational spectroscopy techniques.


Input: Production of 1-lactulose and lactulose using commercial beta-galactosidase from Kluyveromyces lactis in the presence of fructose.

lactulose

fructose


Input: Production of 1-lactulose and lactulose using commercial beta-galactosidase DSM Maxilact (R) 5000 in the presence of fructose was investigated.

lactulose

fructose


Input: Experiments were performed at 40 degrees C and pH 7. 5.


Input: Lactose starting concentration was constantly 250 g/l.

Lactose


Input: A novel transgalactosylation product 1-lactulose was detected besides lactulose.

lactulose


Input: Effects of fructose concentration, reaction time and enzyme concentration on transgalactosylation reactions were discussed.

fructose


Input: In all reactions, the yield ratio 1-lactulose: lactulose was close to 3: 1 due to the regioselectivity of beta-galactosidase.

lactulose


Input: The maximum production of 1-lactulose and lactulose was approximately 22 and 8 g/l, respectively, when fructose concentration was increased to 100 g/l.

lactulose

fructose


Input: Lactose hydrolysis was significantly retarded since fructose strongly attracted water molecules.

Lactose

fructose


Input: Higher enzyme concentration can accelerate transgalactosylation reactions without affecting the maximum production of transgalactosylation products.


Input: Fructose was a more preferred galactosyl acceptor than lactose, since the synthesis of galactooligosacchairdes was found to be absolutely inhibited in the presence of fructose.

Fructose

galactosyl

lactose

fructose


Input: Effects of chemical interesterification on the physicochemical, microstructural and thermal properties of palm stearin, palm kernel oil and soybean oil blends.

stearin


Input: Blends of palm stearin (PS), palm kernel oil (PKO) and soybean oil (SBO) at certain proportions were formulated using a mixture design based on simplex-lattice (Design Expert 8. 0. 4 Stat-Ease Inc., Minneapolis, 2010).

stearin


Input: All the 10 oil blends were subjected to chemical interesterification (CIE) using sodium methoxide as the catalyst.

sodium methoxide


Input: The solid fat content (SFC), triacylglycerol (TAG) composition, thermal properties (DSC), polymorphism and microstructural properties were studied.

triacylglycerol

TAG


Input: Palm-based trans-free table margarine containing ternary mixture of PS/PKO/SBO [49/20/31 (w/w)], was optimally formulated through analysis of multiple isosolid diagrams and was found to have quite similar SMP and SFC profile as compared to the commercial table margarine.


Input: This study has shown chemical interesterification are effective in modifying the physicochemical properties of palm stearin, palm kernel oil, soybean oil and their mixtures.

stearin


Input: Discrimination of cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) cultivars grown in different geographical areas using (1) H NMR-based metabolomics.

(1) H


Input: Cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) is one of the most popular foods in Asia and is widely cultivated in many countries for the production of lightly fermented vegetables.


Input: In this study, metabolomic analysis was performed to distinguish two cultivars of cabbage grown in different geographical areas, Korea and China, using (1) H NMR spectroscopy coupled with multivariate statistical analysis.

(1) H


Input: Principal component analysis (PCA) showed clear discrimination between extracts of cabbage grown in Korea and China for two different cultivars (Chunmyeong and Chunjung).


Input: The major biochemicals (metabolites) that contributed to discrimination between cabbages grown in the two regions were 4-aminobutyrate (GABA), acetate, asparagine, leucine, isoleucine, O-phosphocholine, phenylacetate, phenylalanine, succinate, sucrose, tyrosine, and valine.

GABA

acetate

asparagine

leucine

isoleucine

O-phosphocholine

phenylacetate

phenylalanine

succinate

sucrose

tyrosine

valine


Input: These results suggest that the levels of the major metabolites that differ significantly between cabbages grown in these two areas were influenced by environmental factors such as climate and geology.


Input: Our study demonstrates that (1) H NMR based on metabolomics, coupled with multivariate statistics, can be applied to identify the regions of cultivation of various cabbage cultivars.

(1) H


Input: Effect of red wines with different in vitro antioxidant activity on oxidative stress of high-fat diet rats.


Input: It is not known if there is a correlation between in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of wines.


Input: Thus, in the present study, rats were fed with a high-fat diet to induce inflammation and oxidative stress, and received supplementation (1. 0 mL/day) containing water or three red wine samples characterised by high (41. 1 mmol TE/L), medium (35. 7 mmol TE/L) and low (14. 4 mmol TE/L) in vitro antioxidant activity.


Input: A correlation was observed between in vitro antioxidant activity measured in the wines and in vivo antioxidant activity measured in plasma (r = + 0. 49, p = 0. 011).


Input: In liver, only the wine containing the highest in vitro antioxidant activity was able to reduce malondialdehyde concentration.

malondialdehyde


Input: Groups supplemented with wines containing lower in vitro antioxidant activity showed an increase in antioxidant enzyme activity.


Input: We concluded that the correlation between in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity depends on the biomarker selected to evaluate the oxidative stress.


Input: Determination of mercury in rice by MSFIA and cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry.

mercury


Input: In the present paper the use of a MSFIA system for determination of mercury in rice by cold vapour atomic fluorescence spectrometry (CV AFS) is proposed.

mercury


Input: The sample digestion is performed in a microwave oven using nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide.

nitric acid

hydrogen peroxide


Input: The experimental conditions for vapour generation were determined using a full two-level factorial design involving the following factors: nitric acid and tin chloride concentrations and sample flow rate.

nitric acid

tin chloride


Input: Employing the conditions optimised, the method allows the determination of mercury using the external calibration technique with aqueous standards.

mercury


Input: The reached limits of detection and quantification were 0. 48 and 1. 61 ng g-(1) respectively, and the precision (as relative standard deviation) was 3. 28% and 1. 56% for rice samples with a mercury content of 3. 63 and 5. 81 ng g-(1), respectively.

mercury


Input: The method accuracy was confirmed analysing a certified reference material of rice flour furnished by National Institute of Standard and Technology.


Input: The interference of nitrous acid and nitrous oxides are removed using potassium dichromate.

nitrous acid

nitrous oxides

potassium dichromate


Input: The method was applied to mercury determination in twelve rice samples acquired in Palma de Mallorca (Spain) between the months of January and April of 2012.

mercury


Input: The mercury content found varied from 2. 15 to 7. 25 ng g-(1).

mercury


Input: These results agree with those reported by others authors.


Input: Composition and distribution of the main active components in selenium-enriched fruit bodies of Cordyceps militaris link.

selenium


Input: Selenium-enriched Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies are industrially cultivated as functional food or medicinal food in China and southeast Asia.

Selenium


Input: However, composition of selenium compounds and distribution of the main bioactive components are still unknown.

selenium


Input: In the selenium-enriched fruit bodies, the main soluble selenium compounds of low molecular weight were identified as SeMet (selenomethionine), and the main selenium compounds bound in proteins were identified as SeMet and SeCys (methylselenocysteine).

selenium

selenium

SeMet

selenomethionine

selenium

SeMet

SeCys

methylselenocysteine


Input: Trace minerals as Se (selenium), Zn (zinc), Fe (iron) and the main active components as adenosine, cordycepin and carotenoids were mostly distributed in the terminal of fruit bodies, while P (phosphorus) and K (potassium) were evenly distributed in the fruit bodies.

Se

selenium

Zn

zinc

Fe

iron

adenosine

cordycepin

P

phosphorus

K

potassium


Input: The results indicated that terminal of the fruit bodies should be the better materials for production of advanced functional food.


Input: So cultivation of relatively short and thick fruit bodies with bigger terminals deserves further research.


Input: Detection of trace metal in distilled alcoholic drinks.

alcoholic


Input: The presence of trace metal cadmium assay was investigated with a copper immobilized on a graphite carbon electrode (GPC), the modified property of which was determined with handheld voltammetric systems.

cadmium

copper

graphite carbon


Input: Following the determination of the analytical stripping conditions of 0. 45 V amplitude, 30 Hz frequency,-1. 4 V initial potential, and 4. 0 mV increment potential, only a 60-s experimental accumulation time was used.


Input: Using these conditions, the analytical detection limit approached the nano range.


Input: At this condition, the analytical application was performed on distilled alcoholic drinks for food manufacturing systems.

alcoholic


Input: This developed technique is faster and less costly than the common voltammetric and spectrophotometric methods.


Input: Anti-inflammatory norditerpenoids from the soft coral Sinularia maxima.

norditerpenoids


Input: Chemical investigation of the soft coral Sinularia maxima resulted in the isolation of seven norditerpenoids, including two new compounds, 12-hydroxy-scabrolide A (2) and 13-epi-scabrolide C (6).

norditerpenoids

12-hydroxy-scabrolide A

13-epi-scabrolide C


Input: The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic evidence including Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and both one-and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR, respectively), in comparison with reported data.


Input: Compound 6 potently inhibited IL-12 and IL-6 production in LPS-stimulated bone marrow derived dendritic (BMDCs) with IC (50) values of 5. 30 +/- 0. 21 and 13. 12 +/- 0. 64 mu M, respectively.


Input: Compound 1 exhibited moderate inhibitory activity against IL-12 and IL-6 production with IC (50) values of 23. 52 +/- 1. 37 and 69. 85 +/- 4. 11 mu M, respectively.


Input: Further exploration of M 1 allosteric agonists: subtle structural changes abolish M 1 allosteric agonism and result in pan-mAChR orthosteric antagonism.


Input: This letter describes the further exploration of two series of M (1) allosteric agonists, TBPB and VU0357017, previously reported from our lab.

TBPB


Input: Within the TPBP scaffold, either electronic or steric perturbations to the central piperidine ring led to a loss of selective M (1) allosteric agonism and afforded pan-mAChR antagonism, which was demonstrated to be mediated via the orthosteric site.

TPBP

piperidine


Input: Additional SAR around a related M (1) allosteric agonist family (VU0357017) identified similar, subtle' molecular switches' that modulated modes of pharmacology from allosteric agonism to pan-mAChR orthosteric antagonism.


Input: Therefore, all of these ligands are best classified as bi-topic ligands that possess high affinity binding at an allosteric site to engender selective M (1) activation, but all bind, at higher concentrations, to the orthosteric ACh site, leading to non-selective orthosteric site binding and mAChR antagonism.


Input: Interactions of neuropathy inducers and potentiators/promoters with soluble esterases.


Input: Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) cause neurotoxic disorders through interactions with well-known target esterases, such as acetylcholinesterase and neuropathy target esterase (NTE).

Organophosphorus


Input: However, the OPs can potentially interact with other esterases of unknown significance.


Input: Therefore, identifying, characterizing and elucidating the nature and functional significance of the OP-sensitive pool of esterases in the central and peripheral nervous systems need to be investigated.


Input: Kinetic models have been developed and applied by considering multi-enzymatic systems, inhibition, spontaneous reactivation, the chemical hydrolysis of the inhibitor and " ongoing inhibition " (inhibition during the substrate reaction time).


Input: These models have been applied to discriminate enzymatic components among the esterases in nerve tissues of adult chicken, this being the experimental model for delayed neuropathy and to identify different modes of interactions between OPs and soluble brain esterases.


Input: The covalent interaction with the substrate catalytic site has been demonstrated by time-progressive inhibition during ongoing inhibition.


Input: The interaction of sequential exposure to an esterase inhibitor has been tested in brain soluble fraction where exposure to one inhibitor at a non inhibitory concentration has been seen to modify sensitivity to further exposure to others.


Input: The effect has been suggested to be caused by interaction with sites other than the inhibition site at the substrate catalytic site.


Input: This kind of interaction among esterase inhibitors should be considered to study the potentiation/promotion phenomenon, which is observed when some esterase inhibitors enhance the severity of the OP induced neuropathy if they are dosed after a non neuropathic low dose of a neuropathy inducer.


Input: Selective induction of glutathione S-transferases in round spermatids from the Brown-Norway rat by the chemotherapeutic regimen for testicular cancer.

glutathione S


Input: Chemotherapeutic drugs can affect DNA in male germ cells, thereby impacting on the integrity of the genome transmitted to offspring.


Input: Drug metabolizing enzymes can protect cells from xenobiotic insult.


Input: We analyzed the expression pattern of such enzymes in isolated round spermatids from rats exposed to drugs used to treat testicular cancer: bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP).

bleomycin

etoposide

cisplatin

BEP


Input: The number of isozymes expressed and the overall relative expression values were highest for the glutathione S-transferases (GSTs).

glutathione S


Input: Moreover, BEP treatment significantly increased the expression of 8 GSTs and 3 aldehyde dehydrogenases.

BEP

aldehyde


Input: Increased expression of GST isozymes was confirmed by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis.


Input: Although Gst genes can be targets for epigenetic modifications, promoter DNA methylation was not affected by BEP treatment.

BEP


Input: As GSTs are involved in drug resistance mechanisms, we hypothesize that BEP induction of GST expression may lead to the survival of damaged germ cells and the production of abnormal sperm.

BEP


Input: Resveratrol affects differently rat liver and brain mitochondrial bioenergetics and oxidative stress in vitro: investigation of the role of gender.

Resveratrol


Input: Resveratrol (3, 5, 4'-trihydroxy-trans stilbene) is commonly recognized by its antioxidant properties.

Resveratrol

3, 5, 4'-trihydroxy-trans stilbene


Input: Despite its beneficial qualities, the toxic effects of this natural compound are still unknown.


Input: Since mitochondria are essential to support the energy-dependent regulation of several cell functions, the objective of this study was to evaluate resveratrol effects on rat brain and liver mitochondrial fractions from male and females regarding oxidative stress and bioenergetics.

resveratrol


Input: No basal differences were observed between mitochondrial fractions from males and females, except in liver mitochondria, the generation of H (2) O (2) by the respiratory chain is lower for female preparations.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Resveratrol inhibited lipid peroxidation in preparations from both genders and organs.

Resveratrol


Input: Furthermore, brain mitochondria in both gender groups appeared susceptible to resveratrol as seen by a decrease in state 3 respiration and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential fluctuations during ADP phosphorylation.

resveratrol

ADP


Input: As opposed, liver mitochondria were less affected by resveratrol.

resveratrol


Input: Our data also demonstrates that resveratrol inhibits complex I activity in all mitochondrial preparations.

resveratrol


Input: The results suggest that brain mitochondria appear to be more susceptible to resveratrol effects, and gender appears to play a minor role.

resveratrol


Input: It remains to be determined if resveratrol effects on brain mitochondria contribute to deterioration of mitochondrial function or instead to mediate hormesis-mediated events.

resveratrol


Input: The role of efflux transporters on the transport of highly toxic aconitine, mesaconitine, hypaconitine, and their hydrolysates, as determined in cultured Caco-2 and transfected MDCKII cells.

aconitine

mesaconitine

hypaconitine


Input: Aconitum alkaloids including aconitine (AC), mesaconitine (MA), hypaconitine (HA), are highly toxic.

Aconitum alkaloids

aconitine

mesaconitine

hypaconitine


Input: Their hydrolysates, such as benzoylaconine (BAC), benzoylmesaconine (BMA), benzoylhypaconine (BHA), aconine, and mesaconine, are considerably less toxic.

benzoylaconine

BAC

benzoylmesaconine

BMA

benzoylhypaconine

BHA

aconine

mesaconine


Input: Efflux transporters, including P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein isoform 2 (MRP2), act as a first line of defence and play key roles in toxicity prevention.


Input: The aim of the present study was to determine the role of efflux transporters in the transport of Aconitum alkaloids using cultured Caco-2, MDR1-MDCKII and BCRP-MDCKII cells.

Aconitum alkaloids


Input: Bidirectional transport assays of the Aconitum alkaloids were performed with or without P-gp (cyclosporine A and verapamil), BCRP (Ko143) and MRP2 (MK571) inhibitors.

Aconitum alkaloids

cyclosporine A

verapamil


Input: The efflux ratios (Er) of AC, MA, and HA in Caco-2 cells were 34. 6 +/- 4. 2, 29. 7 +/- 2. 1, and 15. 6 +/- 2. 1, respectively; those of BAC, BMA, and BHA were approximately 4, and those of aconine and mesaconine were equal to 1.

BAC

BMA

BHA

aconine

mesaconine


Input: The Er values of AC, MA, and HA in MDR1-MDCKII and BCRP-MDCKII cells were significantly higher than those in parental MDCKII cells.


Input: Taken together the results of Er values and intracellular amounts in the presence of inhibitors, P-gp and BCRP were involved in the transport of AC, MA and HA; and MRP2 might transport AC, MA, HA, BAC, BMA and BHA.

BAC

BMA

BHA


Input: Inhibitory effect of 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3 on excretion of JBP485 via organic anion transporters in rats.

1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D 3


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic mechanism of interaction between JBP485 and 1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3) [1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)].

1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D (3)

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 0. 64 nmol/kg/day 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) in 1 ml/kg corn oil for 5 days.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: The plasma and urine concentrations of JBP485 after intravenous administration and the uptake of JBP485 in kidney slices in vitro were determined by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.


Input: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, immunohistochemical analysis and immunofluorescence were used to determine the changes in the expression of organic anion transporter (Oat) 1 and Oat3 in rat kidney in response to 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) treatment.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: The plasma concentrations and AUCs of JBP485 were significantly increased, while the renal clearance of JBP485 and uptake of JBP485 in kidney slices were significantly decreased after 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) treatment.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: These results confirmed that 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) inhibited renal excretion of JBP485.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: Moreover, 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) decreased expression of Oat1 and Oat3 in rat kidney.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: Our results are novel in demonstrating an interaction between JBP485 and 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) when they are co-administered.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: The mechanism of interaction between JBP485 and 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) could be explained at least in part by inhibitory effect of 1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3) on expression of Oats in rat kidney.

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)

1, 25 (OH) (2) D (3)


Input: Optimization of encapsulation of a synthetic long peptide in PLGA nanoparticles: low-burst release is crucial for efficient CD8 (+) T cell activation.

PLGA


Input: Overlapping synthetic long peptides (SLPs) hold great promise for immunotherapy of cancer.


Input: Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles (NPs) are being developed as delivery systems to improve the potency of peptide-based therapeutic cancer vaccines.

Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)

PLGA


Input: Our aim was to optimize PLGA NP for SLP delivery with respect to encapsulation and release, using OVA24, a 24-residue long synthetic antigenic peptide covering a CTL epitope of ovalbumin (SIINFEKL), as a model antigen.

PLGA


Input: Peptide-loaded PLGA NPs were prepared by a double emulsion/solvent evaporation technique.

PLGA


Input: Using standard conditions (acidic inner aqueous phase), we observed that either encapsulation was very low (1-30%), or burst release extremely high (> 70%) upon resuspension of NP in physiological buffers.


Input: By adjusting formulation and process parameters, we uncovered that the pH of the first emulsion was critical to efficient encapsulation and controlled release.


Input: In particular, an alkaline inner aqueous phase resulted in circa 330 nm sized NP with approximately 40% encapsulation efficiency and low (< 10%) burst release.


Input: These NP showed enhanced MHC class I restricted T cell activation in vitro when compared to high-burst releasing NP and soluble OVA24, proving that efficient entrapment of the antigen is crucial to induce a potent cellular immune response.


Input: Substrates of IAP ubiquitin ligases identified with a designed orthogonal E3 ligase, the NEDDylator.


Input: Inhibitors of Apoptosis Protein (IAPs) are guardian ubiquitin ligases that keep classic proapoptotic proteins in check.


Input: Systematic identification of additional IAP substrates is challenged by the heterogeneity and sheer number of ubiquitinated proteins (> 5, 000).


Input: Here we report a powerful catalytic tagging tool, the NEDDylator, which fuses a NEDD8 E2-conjugating enzyme, Ubc12, to the ubiquitin ligase, XIAP or cIAP1.


Input: This permits transfer of the rare ubiquitin homolog NEDD8 to the ubiquitin E3 substrates, allowing them to be efficiently purified for LC-MS/MS identification.


Input: We have identified > 50 potential IAP substrates of both cytosolic and mitochondrial origin that bear hallmark N-terminal IAP binding motifs.

N


Input: These substrates include the recently discovered protein phosphatase PGAM5, which we show is proteolytically processed, accumulates in cytosol during apoptosis, and sensitizes cells to death.


Input: These studies reveal mechanisms and antagonistic partners for specific IAPs, and provide a powerful technology for labeling binding partners in transient protein-protein complexes.


Input: Emerging role of primary cilia as mechanosensors in osteocytes.


Input: The primary cilium is a solitary, immotile microtubule-based extension present on nearly every mammalian cell.


Input: This organelle has established mechanosensory roles in several contexts including kidney, liver, and the embryonic node.


Input: Mechanical load deflects the cilium, triggering biochemical responses.


Input: Defects in cilium function have been associated with numerous human diseases.


Input: Recent research has implicated the primary cilium as a mechanosensor in bone.


Input: In this review, we discuss the cilium, the growing evidence for its mechanosensory role in bone, and areas of future study.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled " The Osteocyte ".


Input: Selectivity of kinases on the activation of tenofovir, an anti-HIV agent.

tenofovir


Input: Nucleoside analogues, used in HIV-therapy, need to be phosphorylated by cellular enzymes in order to become potential substrates for HIV reverse transcriptase.

Nucleoside


Input: After incorporation into the viral DNA chain, because of lacking of their 3'-hydroxyl groups, they stop the elongation process and lead to the death of the virus.


Input: Phosphorylation of the HIV-drug derivative, tenofovir monophosphate was tested with the recombinant mammalian nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), 3-phosphoglycerate kinase (PGK), creatine kinase (CK) and pyruvate kinase (PK).

tenofovir monophosphate

nucleoside diphosphate

creatine

pyruvate


Input: Among them, only CK was found to phosphorylate tenofovir monophosphate with a reasonable rate (about 45-fold lower than with its natural substrate, ADP), while PK exhibits even lower, but still detectable activity (about 1000-fold lower compared to the value with ADP).

tenofovir monophosphate

ADP

ADP


Input: On the other hand, neither NDPK nor PGK has any detectable activity on tenofovir monophosphate.

tenofovir monophosphate


Input: The absence of activity with PGK is surprising, since the drug tenofovir competitively inhibits both CK and PGK towards their nucleotide substrates, with similar inhibitory constants, K (I) of 2. 9 and 4. 8mM, respectively.

tenofovir

nucleotide


Input: Computer modelling (docking) of tenofovir mono-or diphosphate forms to these four kinases suggests that the requirement of large-scale domain closure for functioning (as for PGK) may largely restrict their applicability for phosphorylation/activation of pro-drugs having a structure similar to tenofovir monophosphate.

tenofovir mono-or diphosphate

tenofovir monophosphate


Input: Protective effects of sweroside on human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.

sweroside


Input: Herbal Fructus Corni is a folk medicine with a long history of safe use for treating osteoporosis in postmenopausal women or elderly men in Asia.


Input: Sweroside is a bioactive herbal ingredient isolated from Fructus Corni, which has been widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM).

Sweroside


Input: Unfortunately, the working mechanisms of this compound are difficult to determine and thus remain unclear.


Input: The aim of the study was performed to determine the potential molecular mechanism of the anti-osteoporotic effect of sweroside on the human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts.

sweroside


Input: 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) test was used to observe the effect of sweroside on cell proliferation.

3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

MTT

sweroside


Input: The activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the amount of osteocalcin were also assayed the cell differentiation.


Input: Sweroside significantly increased the proliferation of human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts (P < 0. 01).

Sweroside


Input: It increased the activity of ALP, and osteocalcin was also elevated in response to sweroside (P < 0. 05).

sweroside


Input: Of note, flowcytometer assay showed that sweroside can attenuate and inhibit apoptosis.

sweroside


Input: Sweroside has a direct osteogenic effect on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured human MG-63 cells and rat osteoblasts in vitro.

Sweroside


Input: These data will help in understanding the molecular mechanisms of therapeutic efficacy of sweroside, and highlight insights into drug discovery.

sweroside


Input: In the current study, sweroside has been suggested to be a promising osteoporosis therapeutic natural product.

sweroside


Input: Acute and subchronic toxicity as well as mutagenic evaluation of essential oil from turmeric (Curcuma longa L).


Input: The present study investigated the acute, subchronic and genotoxicity of turmeric essential oil (TEO) from Curcuma longa L.


Input: Acute administration of TEO was done as single dose up to 5 g of TEO per kg body weight and subchronic toxicity study for thirteen weeks was done by daily oral administration of TEO at doses 0. 1, 0. 25 and 0. 5 g/kg b. wt. in Wistar rats.


Input: There were no mortality, adverse clinical signs or changes in body weight; water and food consumption during acute as well as subchronic toxicity studies.


Input: Indicators of hepatic function such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were unchanged in treated animals compared to untreated animals.

aspartate

alanine amino


Input: Oral administration of TEO for 13 weeks did not alter total cholesterol, triglycerides, markers of renal function, serum electrolyte parameters and histopathology of tissues.

cholesterol

triglycerides


Input: TEO did not produce any mutagenicity to Salmonella typhimurium TA-98, TA-100, TA-102 and TA-1535 with or without metabolic activation.


Input: Administration of TEO to rats (1 g/kg b. wt.) for 14 days did not produce any chromosome aberration or micronuclei in rat bone marrow cells and did not produce any DNA damage as seen by comet assay confirming the non toxicity of TEO.


Input: New modified beta-cyclodextrin derivatives as detoxifying agents of chemical warfare agents (I).

beta-cyclodextrin


Input: Synthesis and preliminary screening: evaluation of the detoxification using a half-quantitative enzymatic assay.


Input: Current treatments of organophosphorus nerve agents poisoning are imperfect, and more efficient medical countermeasures need to be developed.

organophosphorus


Input: Chemical scavengers based on beta-cyclodextrin displayed promising results, but further investigations have to be performed to evaluate the possibility of application of substituted cyclodextrins as potential detoxification agents.

beta-cyclodextrin


Input: Herein, five new cyclodextrins scavengers were synthesized.


Input: New optimal conditions for regioselectively monosubstitution of beta-cyclodextrin at O-2 position were then studied to access to key intermediates.

beta-cyclodextrin


Input: After these optimizations, a new series of three permethylated derivatives was developed, and two compounds bearing an alpha-nucleophilic group via a three carbon atoms linker were prepared.

carbon


Input: The ability of these five scavengers to detoxify nerve agents (cyclosarin, soman, tabun and VX) was evaluated by a semi-quantitative biological assay.

cyclosarin


Input: All the modified cyclodextrins significantly decreased the inhibitory effect of chemical warfare G agents on acetylcholinesterase activity.


Input: For this purpose, we showed that the specific interactions between the organophosphorus compound and the oligosaccharidic moiety of the scavenger played a pivotal role in the detoxification process.

organophosphorus


Input: Raloxifene affects fatty acid oxidation in livers from ovariectomized rats by acting as a pro-oxidant agent.

Raloxifene

fatty acid


Input: Estrogen deficiency accelerates the development of several disorders including visceral obesity and hepatic steatosis.

Estrogen


Input: The predisposing factors can be exacerbated by drugs that affect hepatic lipid metabolism.


Input: The aim of the present work was to determine if raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used extensively by postmenopausal women, affects hepatic fatty acid oxidation pathways.

raloxifene

estrogen

fatty acid


Input: Fatty acids oxidation was measured in the livers, mitochondria and peroxisomes of ovariectomized (OVX) rats.

Fatty acids


Input: Mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation was inhibited by raloxifene at a concentration range of 2. 5-25 mu M.

raloxifene


Input: In perfused livers, raloxifene reduced the ketogenesis from endogenous and exogenous fatty acids and increased the beta-hydroxybutyrate/acetoacetate ratio.

raloxifene

fatty acids

beta-hydroxybutyrate

acetoacetate


Input: An increase in (1) 4 CO 2 production without a parallel increase in the oxygen consumption indicated that raloxifene caused a diversion of NADH from the mitochondrial respiratory chain to another oxidative reaction.

(1) 4 CO 2

oxygen

raloxifene

NADH


Input: It was found that raloxifene has a strong ability to react with H 2 O 2 in the presence of peroxidase.

raloxifene

H 2 O 2


Input: It is likely that the generation of phenoxyl radical derivatives of raloxifene in intact livers led to the co-oxidation of NADH and a shift of the cellular redox state to an oxidised condition.

phenoxyl

raloxifene

NADH


Input: This change can perturb other important liver metabolic processes dependent on cellular NADH/NAD + ratio.

NADH

NAD +


Input: Application of OECD Guideline 423 in assessing the acute oral toxicity of moniliformin.

moniliformin


Input: Moniliformin is a Fusarium mycotoxin highly prevalent in grains and grain-based products worldwide.

Moniliformin


Input: In this study, the acute oral toxicity of moniliformin was assessed in Sprague-Dawley male rats according to OECD Guideline 423 with a single-dose exposure.

moniliformin


Input: Clinical observations and histopathological changes were recorded together with the excretion of moniliformin via urine and feces, utilizing a novel liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method.

moniliformin


Input: According to our study, moniliformin is acutely toxic to rats with a rather narrow range of toxicity.

moniliformin


Input: Moniliformin can be classified into category 2 (LD (50) cut-off value 25 mg/kg b. w.), according to the Globally Harmonized System for the classification of chemicals.

Moniliformin


Input: The clinical observations included muscular weakness, respiratory distress and heart muscle damage.


Input: Pathological findings confirmed that heart is the main target tissue of acute moniliformin toxicity.

moniliformin


Input: A significant proportion (about 38%) of the administered moniliformin was rapidly excreted in urine in less than 6 h.

moniliformin


Input: However, the toxicokinetics of the majority of the administered dose still requires clarification, as the total excretion was only close to 42%.


Input: Considering the worldwide occurrence of moniliformin together with its high acute toxicity, research into the subchronic toxicity is of vital importance to identify the possible risk in human/animal health.

moniliformin


Input: Nanoparticle toxicity in Daphnia magna reproduction studies: the importance of test design.


Input: The increasing use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO (2)) inevitably results in their release into the environment, raising concerns about potential adverse effects in wildlife.

titanium dioxide

nTiO (2)


Input: By following standard test protocols, several studies investigated the ecotoxicity of nTiO (2) among others to Daphnia magna.

nTiO (2)


Input: These studies indicated a large variability-several orders of magnitude-in the response variables.


Input: However, other factors, like nanoparticle characteristics and test design, potentially triggering these differences, were largely ignored.


Input: Therefore, the present study assessed the chronic ecotoxicity of two nTiO (2) products with varying crystalline structure (A-100; P25) to D. magna.

nTiO (2)


Input: A semi-static and a flow-through exposure scenario were compared, ensuring that both contained environmentally relevant concentrations of dissolved organic carbon.

carbon


Input: Utilizing the semi-static test design, a concentration as low as 0. 06 mg/L A-100 (~ 330 nm) significantly reduced the reproduction of daphnia indicating environmental risk.


Input: In contrast, no implication in the number of released offspring was observed during the flow-through experiment with A-100 (~ 140 nm).


Input: Likewise, P25 (~ 130 nm) did not adversely affect reproduction irrespective of the test design utilized.


Input: Given the present study' s results, the particle size, the product composition, i. e. the crystalline structure, and the accumulation of nTiO (2) at the bottom of the test vessel-the latter is relevant for a semi-static test design-may be suggested as factors potentially triggering differences in nTiO (2) toxicity to D. magna.

nTiO (2)

nTiO (2)


Input: Hence, these factors should be considered to improve environmental risk assessment of nanoparticles.


Input: The ATPase domain of ISWI is an autonomous nucleosome remodeling machine.


Input: ISWI slides nucleosomes along DNA, enabling the structural changes of chromatin required for the regulated use of eukaryotic genomes.


Input: Prominent mechanistic models imply cooperation of the ISWI ATPase domain with a C-terminal DNA-binding function residing in the HAND-SANT-SLIDE (HSS) domain.

C


Input: Contrary to these models, we show by quantitative biochemical means that all fundamental aspects of nucleosome remodeling are contained within the compact ATPase module of Drosophila ISWI.


Input: This domain can independently associate with DNA and nucleosomes, which in turn activate ATP turnover by inducing a conformational change in the enzyme, and it can autonomously reposition nucleosomes.

ATP


Input: The role of the HSS domain is to increase the affinity and specificity for nucleosomes.


Input: Nucleosome-remodeling enzymes may thus have evolved directly from ancestral helicase-type motors, and peripheral domains have furnished regulatory capabilities that bias the remodeling reaction toward different structural outcomes.


Input: Observation of rates and products in the reaction of NO3 with submicron squalane and squalene aerosol.

squalane

squalene


Input: The reactive uptake coefficients gamma, for nitrate radical, NO (3), on ~ 100 nm diameter squalane and squalene aerosol were measured (1 atm pressure of N (2) and 293 K).

nitrate

NO (3)

squalane

squalene

N (2)


Input: For squalane, a branched alkane, gamma (NO (3)) of 2. 8 x 10 (-3) was estimated.

squalane

branched alkane

NO (3)


Input: For squalene which contains 6 double bonds, gamma (NO (3)) was found to be a function of degree of oxidation with an initial value of 0. 18 +/- 0. 03 on fresh particles increasing to 0. 82 +/- 0. 11 on average of over 3 NO (3) reactions per squalene molecule in the aerosol.

squalene

NO (3)

NO (3)

squalene


Input: Synchrotron VUV-ionization aerosol mass spectrometry was used to detect the particle phase oxidation products that include as many as 3 NO (3) subunits added to the squalene backbone.

NO (3)

squalene


Input: The fraction of squalene remaining in the aerosol follows first order kinetics under oxidation, even at very high oxidation equivalents, which suggests that the matrix remains a liquid upon oxidation.

squalene


Input: Our calculation indicates a much shorter chemical lifetime for squalene-like particle with respect to NO (3) than its atmospheric lifetime to deposition or wet removal.

squalene

NO (3)


Input: Metabolism of the plasticizer and phthalate substitute diisononyl-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate (DINCH ((R))) in humans after single oral doses.

phthalate

diisononyl-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate

DINCH


Input: Hexamoll ((R)) DINCH ((R)) (diisononyl-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate) is a new high-molecular-weight plasticizer and a phthalate substitute.

Hexamoll

DINCH

diisononyl-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate

phthalate


Input: In this study, the metabolism of DINCH ((R)) was investigated by oral dosage of three male volunteers with approximately 50 mg Hexamoll ((R)) DINCH ((R)) (resulting in individual doses between 0. 552 and 0. 606 mg/kg body weight).

DINCH

Hexamoll

DINCH


Input: Their urine samples were consecutively collected over 48 h.


Input: In analogy to di-iso-nonylphthalate (DINP) metabolism, we quantified the simple monoester mono-isononyl-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate (MINCH) and its secondary oxidized metabolites with HPLC-MS/MS via isotope dilution analysis.

di-iso-nonylphthalate

DINP

monoester mono-isononyl-cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylate

MINCH


Input: Additionally, we quantified the unspecific full breakdown product, cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid (CHDA), via standard addition.

cyclohexane-1, 2-dicarboxylic acid

CHDA


Input: All postulated metabolites were present in all samples analyzed.


Input: The unspecific CHDA was identified as the major urinary metabolite representing 23. 7% of the dose as the mean of the three volunteers (range 20. 0-26. 5%).

CHDA


Input: 14. 8% (11. 3-16. 7%) of the dose was excreted as monoesters with oxidative modifications, in particular OH-MINCH 10. 7% (7. 7-12. 9%), oxo-MINCH 2. 0% (1. 5-2. 6%) and carboxy-MINCH 2. 0% (1. 8-2. 3%).

monoesters

OH

MINCH

oxo

MINCH

carboxy

MINCH


Input: Less than 1% was excreted as the simple monoester MINCH.

monoester MINCH


Input: In sum, 39. 2% (35. 9-42. 4%) of the DINCH ((R)) dose was excreted as these metabolites in urine within 48 h.

DINCH


Input: Over 90% of the metabolites investigated were excreted within 24 h after application.


Input: The secondary oxidized metabolites, with elimination half-times between 10 and 18 h, proved to be apt and specific biomarkers to determine DINCH ((R)) exposure.

DINCH


Input: With this study, we provide reliable urinary excretion factors to calculate DINCH ((R)) intakes based on these metabolites in environmental and occupational studies.

DINCH


Input: EENdb: a database and knowledge base of ZFNs and TALENs for endonuclease engineering.


Input: We report here the construction of engineered endonuclease database (EENdb) (http://eendb. zfgenetics. org/), a searchable database and knowledge base for customizable engineered endonucleases (EENs), including zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) and transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).

zinc


Input: EENs are artificial nucleases designed to target and cleave specific DNA sequences.


Input: EENs have been shown to be a very useful genetic tool for targeted genome modification and have shown great potentials in the applications in basic research, clinical therapies and agricultural utilities, and they are specifically essential for reverse genetics research in species where no other gene targeting techniques are available.


Input: EENdb contains over 700 records of all the reported ZFNs and TALENs and related information, such as their target sequences, the peptide components [zinc finger protein-/transcription activator-like effector (TALE)-binding domains, FokI variants and linker peptide/framework], the efficiency and specificity of their activities.


Input: The database also lists EEN engineering tools and resources as well as information about forms and types of EENs, EEN screening and construction methods, detection methods for targeting efficiency and many other utilities.


Input: The aim of EENdb is to represent a central hub for EEN information and an integrated solution for EEN engineering.


Input: These studies may help to extract in-depth properties and common rules regarding ZFN or TALEN efficiency through comparison of the known ZFNs or TALENs.


Input: Identification of LasR ligands through a virtual screening approach.


Input: With the widespread occurrence of bacterial resistance to antibiotics, the development of new strategies beyond conventional treatments is a pursuit taken by public health institutions worldwide.


Input: LasR, a transcription factor that controls quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has emerged as an attractive therapeutic target for the next generation of antimicrobial agents.


Input: In the present study, a virtual screening workflow combining pharmacophore-and structure-based approaches was used to identify new LasR ligands.


Input: Five novel inducers and three inhibitors of LasR activity were validated experimentally by use of a cell-based assay.


Input: Interestingly, these compounds are molecularly distinct from the native signal molecule, N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone (OHN), and may serve as lead structures for the design of new drugs.

N-3-oxododecanoyl-L-homoserine lactone

OHN


Input: The binding modes of these compounds to the OHN binding site in LasR were predicted and used to identify the key interactions that contribute to the induction and inhibition of LasR activity.

OHN


Input: Mitogen-inducible gene 6 triggers apoptosis and exacerbates ER stress-induced beta-cell death.


Input: The increased insulin secretory burden placed on pancreatic beta-cells during obesity and insulin resistance can ultimately lead to beta-cell dysfunction and death and the development of type 2 diabetes.


Input: Mitogen-inducible gene 6 (Mig6) is a cellular stress-responsive protein that can negatively regulate the duration and intensity of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling and has been classically viewed as a molecular brake for proliferation.


Input: In this study, we used Mig6 heterozygous knockout mice (Mig6 (+/-)) to study the role of Mig6 in regulating beta-cell proliferation and survival.


Input: Surprisingly, the proliferation rate of Mig6 (+/-) pancreatic islets was lower than wild-type islets despite having comparable beta-cell mass and glucose tolerance.

glucose


Input: We thus speculated that Mig6 regulates cellular death.


Input: Using adenoviral vectors to overexpress or knockdown Mig6, we found that caspase 3 activation during apoptosis was dependent on the level of Mig6.


Input: Interestingly, Mig6 expression was induced during endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and its protein levels were maintained throughout ER stress.


Input: Using polyribosomal profiling, we identified that Mig6 protein translation was maintained, whereas the global protein translation was inhibited during ER stress.


Input: In addition, Mig6 overexpression exacerbated ER stress-induced caspase 3 activation in vitro.


Input: In conclusion, Mig6 is transcriptionally up-regulated and resistant to global translational inhibition during stressed conditions in beta-cells and mediates apoptosis in the form of caspase 3 activation.


Input: The sustained production of Mig6 protein exacerbates ER stress-induced beta-cell death.


Input: Thus, preventing the induction, translation, and/or function of Mig6 is warranted for increasing beta-cell survival.


Input: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P (1)) upregulation and amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by an S1P (1) antagonist.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate


Input: Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P (1)) is a G protein-coupled receptor that is critical for proper lymphocyte development and recirculation.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate


Input: Agonists to S1P (1) are currently in use clinically for the treatment of multiple sclerosis, and these drugs may act on both S1P (1) expressed on lymphocytes and S1P (1) expressed within the central nervous system.


Input: Agonists to S1P (1) and deficiency in S1P (1) both cause lymphocyte sequestration in the lymph nodes.


Input: In the present study, we show that S1P (1) antagonism induces lymphocyte sequestration in the lymph nodes similar to that observed with S1P (1) agonists while upregulating S1P (1) on lymphocytes and endothelial cells.


Input: Additionally, we show that S1P (1) antagonism reverses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice without acting on S1P (1) expressed within the central nervous system, demonstrating that lymphocyte sequestration via S1P (1) antagonism is sufficient to alleviate autoimmune pathology.


Input: Design, synthesis and structure-activity relationship of new arginine vasopressin analogues containing proline derivatives in position 2.

arginine vasopressin

proline


Input: In this study, we present the synthesis and pharmacological properties of new analogues of arginine vasopressin modified in the N-terminal part of the molecule with proline derivatives: indoline-2-carboxylic acid (Ica) and (2S, 4R)-4-(naphthalene-2-ylmethyl) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid.

arginine vasopressin

N

proline

indoline-2-carboxylic acid

Ica

(2S, 4R)-4-(naphthalene-2-ylmethyl) pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid


Input: All the peptides were tested for pressor, antidiuretic and in vitro uterotonic activities.


Input: We also determined their binding affinity to the human oxytocin receptor.

oxytocin