Input: Here, we show that the combination of SAXS and SANS data can help to refine structural models obtained from data-driven docking using HADDOCK based on sparse NMR data.


Input: The approach is demonstrated with the ternary protein-protein-RNA complex involving two RNA recognition motif (RRM) domains of Sex-lethal, the N-terminal cold shock domain of Upstream-to-N-Ras, and msl-2 mRNA.


Input: Based on chemical shift perturbations we have mapped protein-protein and protein-RNA interfaces and complemented this NMR-derived information with SAXS data, as well as SANS measurements on subunit-selectively deuterated samples of the ternary complex.


Input: Our results show that, while the use of SAXS data is beneficial, the additional combination with contrast variation in SANS data resolves remaining ambiguities and improves the docking based on chemical shift perturbations of the ternary protein-RNA complex.


Input: OsSNDP1, a Sec14-nodulin domain-containing protein, plays a critical role in root hair elongation in rice.


Input: Rice is cultivated in water-logged paddy lands.


Input: Thus, rice root hairs on the epidermal layers are exposed to a different redox status of nitrogen species, organic acids, and metal ions than root hairs growing in drained soil.

nitrogen


Input: To identify genes that play an important role in root hair growth, a forward genetics approach was used to screen for short-root-hair mutants.


Input: A short-root-hair mutant was identified and isolated by using map-based cloning and sequencing.


Input: The mutation arose from a single amino acid substitution of OsSNDP1 (Oryza sativa Sec14-nodulin domain protein), which shows high sequence homology with Arabidopsis COW1/AtSFH1 and encodes a phosphatidylinositol transfer protein (PITP).

amino acid

phosphatidylinositol


Input: By performing complementation assays with Atsfh1 mutants, we demonstrated that OsSNDP1 is involved in growth of root hairs.


Input: Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was utilized to further characterize the effect of the Ossndp1 mutation on root hair morphology.


Input: Aberrant morphogenesis was detected in root hair elongation and maturation zones.


Input: Many root hairs were branched and showed irregular shapes due to bulged nodes.


Input: Many epidermal cells also produced dome-shaped root hairs, which indicated that root hair elongation ceased at an early stage.


Input: These studies showed that PITP-mediated phospholipid signaling and metabolism is critical for root hair elongation in rice.


Input: Hierarchical porous surface for efficiently controlling microdroplets' self-removal.


Input: Superhydrophobic porous surfaces with hydrophilic polymers adsorbed in pores are designed to control the coalescing behavior of microdroplets as well as their quick self-removal.


Input: The combination of chemical composition and surface structure are greatly important in the design of new materials for heat exchange, antifogging, and anti-icing.


Input: Life-threatening hypoglycemia associated with intentional insulin ingestion.


Input: There are reports of insulin overdose by injection, yet little is known regarding the potential harms of intentional oral ingestion of insulin.


Input: In this report, we describe a case of massive insulin ingestion and ensuing hypoglycemia.


Input: To our knowledge, there are no previously published cases of hypoglycemia caused by intentional insulin ingestion.


Input: A 51-year-old man intentionally ingested three 10-ml vials (total of 3000 units) of various insulins: one vial each of insulin aspart, lispro, and glargine.


Input: Four symptomatic hypoglycemic episodes, with blood glucose levels of 48, 25, 34, and 40 mg/dl, occurred approximately 1, 3, 4, and 5 hours, respectively, after ingestion.

glucose


Input: The hypoglycemia could not be explained other than the ingestion of the insulins.


Input: The patient was admitted for observation, and euglycemia occurred within 24 hours without any additional hypoglycemic episodes.


Input: Hypoglycemia treatment is reviewed in this case report, and factors that may affect systemic response of orally ingested insulin, including gastrointestinal absorption and insulin sensitivity, are discussed.


Input: In addition, the findings of our case report may provide useful insight into the development of novel oral insulin products that are currently in research.


Input: Despite poor bioavailability (1%) when taken orally, insulin may produce symptomatic hypoglycemia with a massive ingestion.


Input: Vigilant blood glucose monitoring, supportive care with glucose replacement therapy, and admission to the hospital for observation may be required.

glucose

glucose


Input: Effects of Urtica dioica on oxidative stress, proliferation and apoptosis after partial hepatectomy in rats.


Input: The present study was performed to investigate the effect of Urtica dioica (UD) on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats.


Input: A total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups: sham-operated, PH and PH + UD; each group contains eight animals.


Input: The rats in UD-treated groups were given UD oils (2 ml/kg/day) once a day orally for 7 days starting 3 days prior to hepatectomy operation.


Input: At day 7 after resection, liver samples were collected.


Input: The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) were estimated in liver homogenates.

malondialdehyde

MDA

superoxide

glutathione

GSH


Input: Moreover, histopathological examination, mitotic index (MI), proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling, proliferation index (PI), transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling assay, apoptotic index (AI) were evaluated at day 7 after hepatectomy.

deoxyuridine triphosphate


Input: As a result, UD significantly increased MI and PI, significantly decreased AI and also attenuated hepatic vacuolar degeneration and sinusoidal congestion in PH rats.


Input: UD treatment significantly decreased the elevated tissue MDA level and increased the reduced SOD activity and GSH level in the tissues.

MDA

GSH


Input: These results suggest that UD pretreatment was beneficial for rat liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy.


Input: A novel model approach for esophageal burns in rats: A comparison of three methods.


Input: BACKGROUND: Corrosive esophageal injury causes serious clinical problems.


Input: We aimed to create a new experimental esophageal burn model using a single catheter without a surgical procedure.


Input: Materials and methods: We conducted the study with two groups of 12 male rats that fasted for 12 h before application.


Input: A modified Foley balloon catheter was inserted into the esophageal lumen.


Input: The control group was given 0. 9% sodium chloride, while the experimental group was given 37. 5% sodium hydroxide with the other part of the catheter.

sodium chloride

sodium hydroxide


Input: After 60s, esophagus was washed with distilled water.


Input: The killed rats were examined using histopathological methods after 28 days.


Input: RESULTS: In comparison with the histopathological changes experienced by the study groups, the control groups were observed to have no pathological changes.


Input: Basal cell degeneration, dermal edema, and a slight increase in the keratin layer and collagen density of submucosa due to stenosis were all observed in the group subjected to esophageal corrosion.


Input: CONCLUSION: A new burn model can thus, we believe, be created without the involvement of invasive laparoscopic surgery and general anesthesia.


Input: The burn in our experiment was formed in both the distal and proximal esophagus, as in other models; it can also be formed optionally in the entire esophagus.


Input: The effect of rosiglitazone on bone mass and fragility is reversible and can be attenuated with alendronate.

rosiglitazone

alendronate


Input: Rosiglitazone (RSG) is an anti-diabetic drug that has been associated with increased peripheral fractures primarily in postmenopausal women.

Rosiglitazone

RSG


Input: In this report, we investigated the underlying mechanisms of RSG-associated bone loss in ovariectomized (OVX) rats and determine whether changes in bone parameters associated with RSG administration are reversible on treatment cessation or preventable by co-administration with an antiresorptive agent.

RSG

RSG


Input: Nine-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent OVX or sham operation.


Input: Sham-operated rats received oral vehicle only; OVX animals were randomized to receive vehicle, RSG, alendronate (ALN) or RSG plus ALN for 12 weeks.

RSG

alendronate

ALN

RSG

ALN


Input: All treatment started the day after ovariectomy.


Input: After the 12 week treatment period, the OVX and RSG groups also underwent an 8-week treatment-free recovery period.

RSG


Input: Bone densitometry measurements, bone turnover markers, biomechanical testing and histomorphometric analysis were conducted.


Input: Micro-computed tomography was also used to investigate changes in microarchitecture.


Input: RSG significantly increased deoxypyridinoline levels compared with OVX.

RSG

deoxypyridinoline


Input: Significant exacerbation of OVX-induced loss of bone mass, strength and microarchitectural deteriorations was observed in RSG-treated OVX animals compared with OVX controls.

RSG


Input: These effects were observed predominantly at sites rich in trabecular bone with less pronounced effects in cortical bone.


Input: Co-administration of RSG and ALN prevented the bone loss associated with RSG treatment.

RSG

ALN

RSG


Input: Following cessation of RSG treatment, effects on bone mass and strength showed evidence of reversal.

RSG


Input: Thus, treatment of OVX rats with RSG results in loss of bone mass and strength, primarily at sites rich in trabecular bone mainly due to increased bone resorption.

RSG


Input: These effects can be prevented by concomitant treatment with ALN and may be reversed following discontinuation of RSG.

ALN

RSG


Input: (c) 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.


Input: Plasminogen plays a crucial role in bone repair.


Input: The further development in research of bone regeneration is necessary to meet the clinical demand for bone reconstruction.


Input: Plasminogen is a critical factor of the tissue fibrinolytic system, which mediates tissue repair in the skin and liver.


Input: However, the role of the fibrinolytic system in bone regeneration remains unknown.


Input: Herein, we investigated bone repair and ectopic bone formation using plasminogen deficient (Plg (-/-)) mice.


Input: Bone repair of the femur is delayed in Plg (-/-) mice, unlike that in the wild-type (Plg (+/+)) mice.


Input: The deposition of cartilage matrix and osteoblast formation were both decreased in Plg (-/-) mice.


Input: Vessel formation, macrophage accumulation, and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) were decreased at the site of bone damage in Plg (-/-) mice.


Input: Conversely, heterotopic ossification was not significantly different between Plg (+/+) and Plg (-/-) mice.


Input: Moreover, angiogenesis, macrophage accumulation, and the levels of VEGF and TGF-beta were comparable between Plg (+/+) and Plg (-/-) mice in heterotopic ossification.


Input: Our data provide novel evidence that plasminogen is essential for bone repair.


Input: The present study indicates that plasminogen contributes to angiogenesis related to macrophage accumulation, TGF-beta, and VEGF, thereby leading to the enhancement of bone repair.


Input: (c) 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.


Input: [18F] FDG-PET as an Imaging Biomarker to NMDA Receptor Antagonist-Induced Neurotoxicity.

[18F] FDG

NMDA


Input: Positron emission tomography (PET) is an effective tool for noninvasive examination of the body and provides a range of functional information.


Input: PET imaging with [(18) F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(18) F] FDG) has been used to image alterations in glucose metabolism in brain or cancer tissue in the field of clinical diagnosis but not in the field of toxicology.

[(18) F] fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose

[(18) F] FDG

glucose


Input: A single dose of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist induces neuronal cell degeneration/death in the rat retrosplenial/posterior cingulate (RS/PC) cortex region.

N-methyl-d-aspartate

NMDA


Input: These antagonists also increase local cerebral glucose utilization.

glucose


Input: Here, we examined the potential of [(18) F] FDG-PET as an imaging biomarker of neurotoxicity induced by an NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801.

[(18) F] FDG

NMDA


Input: Using [(18) F] FDG-PET, we determined that increased glucose utilization involved the neurotoxicity induced by MK-801.

[(18) F] FDG

glucose


Input: The accumulation of [(18) F] FDG was increased in the rat RS/PC cortex region showing neuronal cell degeneration/death and detected before the onset of neuronal cell death.

[(18) F] FDG


Input: This effect increased at a dose level at which neuronal cell degeneration recovered 24h after MK-801 administration.


Input: Scopolamine prevented the neurotoxicity and [(18) F] FDG accumulation induced by MK-801.

Scopolamine

[(18) F] FDG


Input: Furthermore, in cynomolgus monkeys that showed no neuronal cell degeneration/death when treated with MK-801, we noted no differences in [(18) F] FDG accumulation between test and control subjects in any region of the brain.

[(18) F] FDG


Input: These findings suggest that [(18) F] FDG-PET, which is available for clinical trials, may be useful in generating a predictive imaging biomarker for detecting neurotoxicity against NMDA receptor antagonists with the same pharmacological activity as MK-801.

[(18) F] FDG

NMDA


Input: Harnessing plasmon-induced ionic noise in metallic nanopores.


Input: The ionic properties of a metal-coated silicon nanopore were examined in a nanofluidic system.

silicon


Input: We observed a strong increase of the ionic noise upon laser light illumination.


Input: The effect appeared to be strongly mediated by the resonant excitation of surface plasmons in the nanopore as was demonstrated by means of ionic mapping of the plasmonic electromagnetic field.


Input: Evidence from both simulations and experiments ruled out plasmonic heating as the main source of the noise, and point toward photoinduced electrochemical catalysis at the semiconductor-electrolyte interface.


Input: This ionic mapping technique described is opening up new opportunities on noninvasive applications ranging from biosensing to energy conversion.


Input: Counterion condensation on heparin oligomers.


Input: The electropherogram of native heparin shows a broad distribution of mobilities mu, which truncates abruptly at a notably high mu = 4. 7 x 10 (-4) cm (2) V (-1) s (-1).


Input: This highly skewed mobility distribution is also found for the 20-saccharide chain, which shows from mass spectrometry a more uniform (symmetrical) with respect to sulfation level.

saccharide


Input: Since a partially degraded heparin exhibits oligomer peaks with mu > 5 x 10 (-4) cm (2) V (-1) s (-1) (appearing to escape the limitation of the mobility value for native heparin), we examined the electrophoretic behavior of chain-length monodisperse heparin oligomers.


Input: Their mobilities varied inversely with the logarithm of the contour length, L, for L from 3 to 10 nm and reached an asymptotic limit for L > 20 nm.


Input: The generality of this effect was indicated by similar behavior for oligomers of poly (styrene sulfonate).

poly (styrene sulfonate)


Input: A recent theory of polyelectrolyte end effects (Manning, G. S. Macromolecules2008, 41, 6217-6227), in which chain termini exhibit reduced counterion condensation was found to quantitatively account for these results.


Input: A qualitative explanation for the anomalously high value of mu of native heparin, 10-20% higher than those seen for synthetic polyelectrolytes of higher linear charge density, is suggested on the basis of similar junction effects (Manning, G. S. Macromolecules2008, 41, 6217-6227), which reduce counterion condensation at the interfaces of regions of high and low sulfation.


Input: We suggest that these effects should be considered in models for the biofunctionality of the regulated high and low sulfation (NS/NA) domains of heparan sulfate.


Input: Thermoresponsive Bacterial Cellulose Whisker/Poly (NIPAM-co-BMA) Nanogel Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Evaluation.

Poly (NIPAM-co-BMA)


Input: Dispersions of poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate) (PNB) nanogels are known to exhibit reversible thermosensitive sol-gel phase behavior and can consequently be used in a wide range of biomedical applications.

poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl methacrylate)

PNB


Input: However, some dissatisfactory mechanical properties of PNB nanogels can limit their applications.

PNB


Input: In this paper, bacterial cellulose (BC) whiskers were first prepared by sulfuric acid hydrolysis and then nanosized by high-pressure homogenization for subsequent use in the preparation of BC whisker/PNB nanogel complexes (designated as BC/PNB).

sulfuric acid

PNB

PNB


Input: The mechanical properties of PNB was successfully enhanced, resulting in good biosafety.

PNB


Input: The BC/PNB nanogel dispersions exhibited phase transitions from swollen gel to shrunken gel with increasing temperature.

PNB


Input: In addition, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data showed that the thermosensitivity of PNB nanogels was retained.

PNB


Input: Rheological tests also indicated that BC/PNB nanogel complexes had stronger gel strengths when compared with PNB nanogels.

PNB

PNB


Input: The concentrated dispersions showed shear thinning behavior and improved toughness, both of which can play a key role in the medical applications of nanogel complexes.


Input: Furthermore, the BC/PNB nanogel complexes were noncytotoxic according to cytotoxicity and hemolysis tests.

PNB


Input: Concentrated BC/PNB nanogel dispersion displayed gel a forming capacity in situ by catheter injection, which indicates potential for a wide range of medical applications.

PNB


Input: PET studies in nonhuman primate models of cocaine abuse: Translational research related to vulnerability and neuroadaptations.

cocaine


Input: The current review highlights the utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging to study the neurobiological substrates underlying vulnerability to cocaine addiction and subsequent adaptations following chronic cocaine self-administration in nonhuman primate models of cocaine abuse.

cocaine

cocaine

cocaine


Input: Environmental (e. g., social rank) and sex-specific influences on dopaminergic function and sensitivity to the reinforcing effects of cocaine are discussed.

cocaine


Input: Cocaine-related cognitive deficits have been hypothesized to contribute to high rates of relapse and are described in nonhuman primate models.

Cocaine


Input: Lastly, the long-term consequences of cocaine on neurobiology are discussed.

cocaine


Input: PET imaging and longitudinal, within-subject behavioral studies in nonhuman primates have provided a strong framework for designing pharmacological and behavioral treatment strategies to aid drug-dependent treatment seekers.


Input: Non-invasive PET imaging will allow for individualized treatment strategies.


Input: Recent advances in radiochemistry of novel PET ligands and other imaging modalities can further advance our understanding of stimulant use on the brain.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Neuroimaging'.


Input: Targeting mitochondria for cardiac protection.


Input: The critical role of mitochondria in cardiomyocyte survival and death has become an exciting field of research in cardiac biology.


Input: Indeed, it is accepted that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of multiple cardiac diseases.


Input: Besides the obvious relevance of mitochondria in energy production, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, new processes like mitochondrial fusion/fission, phosphorylation and nitrosylation modifications in mitochondrial proteins have been suggested to form part of a cast of key players in cardiac disease.

oxygen


Input: This review describes currently studied drugs and compounds that target mitochondria in the scenario of cardiovascular diseases.


Input: Raman spectroscopy and imaging: promising optical diagnostic tools in pediatrics.


Input: This review focuses on the use of Raman spectroscopy, an analytical technique based on the inelastic scattering of harmless laser light with biological tissues, as an innovative diagnostic tool in pediatrics.


Input: After a brief introduction to explain the fundamental concepts behind Raman spectroscopy and imaging, a short summary is given of the most important and common issues arising when handling spectral data with multivariate statistics.


Input: Then, the most relevant papers in which Raman spectroscopy or imaging has been applied with diagnostic purposes to pediatric patients are reviewed, and grouped according to the type of pathology: neoplastic, inflammatory, allergic, malformative as well as other kinds.


Input: Raman spectroscopy has been used both in vivo, mostly using optical fibers for tissue illumination, as well as on ex vivo tissue sections in a microscopic imaging approach defined as " spectral histopathology ".


Input: According to the results reported so far, this technique showed a huge potential for mini-or non-invasive real-time, bedside and intra-operatory diagnosis, as well as for an ex vivo imaging tool in support to pathologists.


Input: Despite many studies are limited by the small sample size, this technique is extremely promising in terms of sensitivity and specificity.


Input: MDM2 Non-Genotoxic Inhibitors as Innovative Therapeutic Approaches for the Treatment of Pediatric Malignancies.


Input: Since the discovery of p53 as " guardian of the genome ", a large number of efforts have been put in place in order to find molecular strategies aiming to restore p53 wild-type functions, particularly in the light of the fact that its pathway results ineffective in most tumors even though they have non-mutated p53.


Input: In this context, pediatric cancers, that are mostly p53 wild-type at the time of diagnosis, represent an ideal target for such therapeutic approach.


Input: Within the several mechanisms and proteins ruling p53 activity, the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) is its crucial negative regulator, frequently found overexpressed in p53-wild-type tumors.


Input: The development of new technologies such as nuclear magnetic resonance structure analyses, computational structure-based design studies, and library peptides screening have recently led to the discovery and characterization of a large number of compounds belonging to different chemical families that are able to target the interaction p53-MDM2, rescuing the p53 wild-type pathway with an overall pro-apoptotic and anticancer activity.


Input: Within the preclinical assessment of these molecules, the cis-imidazoline analogue Nutlin-3 has definitely attracted great interest for its in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity in several pediatric cancer models, either as single agent on in combination with standard chemotherapy.

cis-imidazoline


Input: In this light, the aim of this review is to summarize the main preclinical evidences of the potential of MDM2 inhibitors for the treatment of childhood cancers and the key suggestions coming from their assessment in the treatment of adult cancers as proof of concept for future pediatric clinical studies.


Input: Luminescent silica nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis.

silica


Input: Fluorescence imaging techniques are becoming essential for preclinical investigations, necessitating the development of suitable tools for in vivo measurements.


Input: Nanotechnology entered this field to help overcome many of the current technical limitations, and luminescent nanoparticles (NPs) are one of the most promising materials proposed for future diagnostic implementation.


Input: NPs also constitute a versatile platform that can allow facile multi-functionalization to perform multimodal imaging or theranostics (simultaneous diagnosis and therapy).


Input: In this contribution we have mainly focused on dye doped silica or silica-based NPs conjugated with targeting moieties to enable imaging of specific cancer cells.

silica

silica


Input: We also cite and briefly discuss a few non-targeted systems for completeness.


Input: We summarize common synthetic approaches to these materials, and then survey the most recent imaging applications of silica-based nanoparticles in cancer.

silica


Input: The field of theranostics is particularly important and stimulating, so, even though it is not the central topic of this paper, we have included some significant examples.


Input: We conclude with a short section on NP-based systems already in clinical trials and examples of specific applications in childhood tumors.


Input: This review aims to describe and discuss, through focused examples, the great potential of these materials in the medical field, with the aim to encourage further research to implement applications, which today are still rare.


Input: Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of highly potent small molecule-peptide conjugates as new HIV-1 fusion inhibitors.


Input: The small molecule fusion inhibitors N-(4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 5-dimethylpyrrole (NB-2) and N-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 5-dimethylpyrrole (A12) target a hydrophobic pocket of HIV-1 gp41 and have moderate anti-HIV-1 activity.

N-(4-carboxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 5-dimethylpyrrole

N-(3-carboxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-2, 5-dimethylpyrrole


Input: In this paper, we report the design, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of a group of hybrid molecules in which the pocket-binding domain segment of the C34 peptide was replaced with NB-2 and A12 derivatives.


Input: In addition, the synergistic effect between the small molecule and peptide moieties was analyzed, and lead compounds with a novel scaffold were discovered.


Input: We found that either the nonpeptide or peptide part alone showed weak activity against HIV-1-mediated cell-cell fusion, but the conjugates properly generated a strong synergistic effect.


Input: Among them, conjugates Aoc-beta Ala-P26 and Noc-beta Ala-P26 exhibited a low nanomolar IC50 in the cell-cell fusion assay and effectively inhibited T20-sensitive and-resistant HIV-1 strains.


Input: Furthermore, the new molecules exhibited better stability against proteinase K digestion than T20 and C34.


Input: Concentration-dependent inhibitory effects of baicalin on the metabolism of dextromethorphan, a dual probe of CYP2D and CYP3A, in rats.

baicalin

dextromethorphan


Input: Baicalin has been shown to possess many pharmacological effects, including antiviral, antioxidant, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties.

Baicalin


Input: In the current study, we reveal the inhibitory effects of baicalin on the metabolism of dextromethorphan (DXM), a dual probe substrate of CYP2D and CYP3A, in rats.

baicalin

dextromethorphan

DXM


Input: Lineweaver-Burk plots demonstrated that baicalin inhibited the activities of CYP2D and CYP3A in a non-competitive manner in rat liver microsomes (RLMs).

baicalin


Input: Concomitant administration of baicalin (0. 90g/kg, i. v.) and DXM (10mg/kg, i. v.) increased the maximum drug concentration (Cmax) (37%) and the area under concentration-time curve (AUC) (42%) and decreased the clearance (CL) (27%) of DXM in a randomised, crossover study in rats (P < 0. 01).

baicalin

DXM

DXM


Input: The change in the AUC of DXM was significantly correlated with the Cmax and AUC of baicalin (P < 0. 05).

DXM

baicalin


Input: The inhibitory effects of multiple doses of baicalin (0. 90g/kg, i. v., 12days) on the metabolism of DXM were similar to those observed following a single dose in rats.

baicalin

DXM


Input: The activity of CYP3A in excised liver samples from rats following multiple baicalin treatment was significantly decreased compared to that of the control group (P < 0. 05), whereas multiple doses of baicalin had no obvious effect on the activity of CYP2D.

baicalin

baicalin


Input: Taken together, these data demonstrate that baicalin inhibits the metabolism of DXM in a concentration-dependent manner in rats, possibly through inhibiting hepatic CYP2D and CYP3A activities.

baicalin

DXM


Input: Increased vulnerability to beta-cell destruction and diabetes in mice lacking NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase 1.

NAD (P) H

quinone


Input: NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) has been known to protect cells against stressors, including the diabetogenic reagent streptozotocin (STZ).

NAD (P) H

quinone

streptozotocin

STZ


Input: The present study demonstrated that NQO1 deficiency resulted in increased pancreatic beta-cell death induced by multiple low dose of STZ (MLDS) injections.

STZ


Input: NQO1 knockout (KO) mice showed hyperglycemia, body weight loss, impaired glucose clearance rate and a lower plasma insulin level after MLDS treatment.

glucose


Input: Moreover, beta-cell mass and pancreatic insulin content were significantly lower in KO mice than in wild-type (WT) mice after MLDS treatment.


Input: Five days after the first STZ treatment, the islets of KO mice had substantially more TUNEL-positive beta-cells than those of WT mice, but there was no difference in the regeneration of beta-cells between KO mice and WT mice.

STZ


Input: At the same time, MLDS-treated KO mice showed significantly increased apoptotic markers in beta-cells, including cleaved caspase 3, Smac/DIABLO and AIF (apoptosis inducing factor) in the cytoplasm.


Input: These results suggest that mice deficient in NQO1 are vulnerable to MLDS-induced beta-cell destruction and diabetes, caused by increase of beta-cell apoptosis in pancreas.


Input: Effects of sodium fluoride on reproductive function in female rats.

sodium fluoride


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on female reproductive function and examine the morphology of the ovaries and uteri of rats exposed to NaF.

sodium fluoride

NaF

NaF


Input: Eighty female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided randomly into four groups of 20: one control group and three NaF treated groups.

NaF


Input: The three NaF treated groups received 100, 150, and 200ppm, respectively, of NaF for 6months via their drinking water, while the control group (GC) received distilled water.

NaF

NaF


Input: The levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone (T), progesterone (P) and estradiol (E2) were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

testosterone

progesterone

estradiol


Input: Pathomorphological evaluation of the uteri and ovaries was conducted after staining with hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry.

hematoxylin

eosin


Input: The rate of successful pregnancy in the NaF-treated groups declined in a dose-dependent manner.

NaF


Input: The concentration of reproductive hormones was significantly lower in the three NaF-treated groups, and the endometrium was damaged.

NaF


Input: The maturation of follicles was inhibited.


Input: In addition, the total number of follicles of all types was significantly lower in the NaF-treated groups.

NaF


Input: These results suggest that female reproductive function is inhibited by NaF and that exposure to NaF causes ovarian and uterine structural damage.

NaF

NaF


Input: NaF may thus significantly reduce the fertility of female rats.

NaF


Input: Ninety-day dietary toxicity study of apple polyphenol extracts in Crl: CD (SD) rats.


Input: To examine the safety of Dietary Applephenon (R) (AP) in feed, Crl: CD (SD) rats of each sex were divided into four groups and given diets containing AP at 0%, 1. 25%, 2. 5%, or 5. 0% for 90days.


Input: All rats survived and toxic changes were not observed throughout the study.


Input: Body weight and food efficiency in the 5. 0% AP group of both sexes were significantly decreased compared with that in controls.


Input: These changes were considered to be caused by the physiological effects of AP (including the inhibitory effects on pancreatic lipase activity).


Input: Slight hypertrophy in acinar cells in the parotid and submandibular glands appeared in the 2. 5% and 5. 0% groups.


Input: These were suggested not to be toxicological but physiologic adaptive responses to oral stimuli by the lower pH of AP-containing diets.


Input: In conclusion, dietary AP in feed, up to a maximum level of 5. 0% for 90days, given to rats did not induce toxicological effects.


Input: Comparative Analysis of the Symbiotic Efficiency of Medicago truncatula and Medicago sativa under Phosphorus Deficiency.

Phosphorus


Input: Phosphorus (P)-deficiency is a major abiotic stress that limits legume growth in many types of soils.

Phosphorus

P


Input: The relationship between Medicago and Sinorhizobium, is known to be affected by different environmental conditions.


Input: Recent reports have shown that, in combination with S. meliloti 2011, Medicago truncatula had a lower symbiotic efficiency than Medicago sativa.


Input: However, little is known about how Medicago-Sinorhizobium is affected by P-deficiency at the whole-plant level.

P


Input: The objective of the present study was to compare and characterize the symbiotic efficiency of N2 fixation of M. truncatula and M. sativa grown in sand under P-limitation.

P


Input: Under this condition, M. truncatula exhibited a significantly higher rate of N2 fixation.


Input: The specific activity of the nodules was much higher in M. truncatula in comparison to M. sativa, partially as a result of an increase in electron allocation to N2 versus H +.

H +


Input: Although the main organic acid, succinate, exhibited a strong tendency to decrease under P-deficiency, the more efficient symbiotic ability observed in M. truncatula coincided with an apparent increase in the content of malate in its nodules.

succinate

P


Input: Our results indicate that the higher efficiency of the M. truncatula symbiotic system is related to the ability to increase malate content under limited P-conditions.

P


Input: Arraying Cell Cultures Using PEG-DMA Micromolding in Standard Culture Dishes.

PEG-DMA


Input: A robust and effortless procedure is presented, which allows for the microstructuring of standard cell culture dishes.


Input: Cell adhesion and proliferation are controlled by three-dimensional poly (ethylene glycol)-dimethacrylate (PEG-DMA) microstructures.

poly (ethylene glycol)-dimethacrylate

PEG-DMA


Input: The spacing between microwells can be extended to millimeter size in order to enable the combination with robotic workstations.


Input: Cell arrays of microcolonies can be studied under boundary-free growth conditions by lift-off of the PEG-DMA layer in which the growth rate is accessible via the evolution of patch areas.

PEG-DMA


Input: Alternatively, PEG-DMA stencils can be used as templates for plasma-induced patterning.

PEG-DMA


Input: Thermoplastic Polyurethanes From Undecylenic Acid-Based Soft Segments: Structural Features and Release Properties.

Polyurethanes

Undecylenic Acid


Input: A set of thermoplastic polyurethanes is synthesized, combining undecylenic acid-derived telechelic diols as soft segments and 1, 4-butanediol/4, 4'-methylenebis (phenylisocyanate) as a hard segment (HS).

polyurethanes

undecylenic acid

telechelic diols

1, 4-butanediol

4, 4'-methylenebis (phenylisocyanate)


Input: These polymers are fully chemically and physically characterized by means of NMR and Fourier transform IR (FTIR) spectroscopy, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), DSC, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile testing, and contact angle measurements.


Input: The obtained results reveal that both the molecular weight of the diol and the HS content greatly influence the physical and mechanical properties of these polymers.

diol


Input: In addition, given the potential use of these materials for biomedical applications, hydrolytic degradation, their biocompatibility using a human fibroblast cell line, and performance as drug delivery carriers are evaluated.


Input: Association of polymorphisms in the leptin and leptin receptor genes with inflammatory mediators in patients with osteoporosis.


Input: Bone mass and inflammation are implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis.


Input: We hypothesized that leptin and leptin receptor gene might be associated with osteoporosis by activating the inflammatory pathway.


Input: Therefore, we analyzed polymorphisms of the leptin (gene symbol, LEP) and leptin receptor (gene symbol, LEPR) genes and determined their associations with proinflammatory cytokine levels in patients with osteoporosis.


Input: We assessed polymorphisms in LEP (-2548G > A) and LEPR (Lys109Arg, Gln223Arg, and Lys656Asn) and calculated odds ratios for the genotype and allele distributions between patients and controls.


Input: Serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, IL-7, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and were verified by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays and ELISAs.


Input: We found a higher frequency of the A allele for LEP at-2548 in patients with osteoporosis compared with the control group.


Input: The A allele was associated with differences in serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF levels compared with the wild-type G allele (p < 0. 05).


Input: The G allele in Lys109Arg and Gln223Arg was associated with increased risk of osteoporosis and with differences in serum leptin, soluble leptin receptor, IL-1, IL-6, and TNF levels compared with the wild-type A allele (p < 0. 05).


Input: The Lys656Asn genotype was not associated with the risk of osteoporosis.


Input: In vitro lymphocyte proliferation assays and ELISAs confirmed these results.


Input: Polymorphisms in LEP and LEPR are associated with increased risk of osteoporosis, possibly by increasing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines.


Input: Mechanisms Underlying the Varied Mammary Carcinogenicity of the Environmental Pollutant 6-Nitrochrysene and Its Metabolites (-)-[R, R]-and (+)-[S, S]-1, 2-Dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydro-6-nitrochrysene in the Rat.

(-)-[R, R]-and (+)-[S, S]-1, 2-Dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydro-6-nitrochrysene


Input: The mechanisms that can account for the remarkable mammary carcinogenicity of the environmental pollutant 6-nitrochrysene (6-NC) in the rat remain elusive.


Input: In our previous studies, we identified several 6-NC-derived DNA adducts in the rat mammary gland; one major adduct was derived from (+/-)-trans-1, 2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydro-6-nitrochrysene (1, 2-DHD-6-NC).

(+/-)-trans-1, 2-dihydroxy-1, 2-dihydro-6-nitrochrysene

1, 2-DHD-6-NC


Input: In the present study, we resolved the racemic (+/-)-1, 2-DHD-6-NC into (-)-[R, R]-and (+)-[S, S]-1, 2-DHD-6-NC and compared their in vivo mutagenicity and carcinogenicity in the mammary glands of female transgenic (BigBlue F344 x Sprague-Dawley) F1 rats harboring lacI/cII and Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively.

(+/-)-1, 2-DHD-6-NC

(-)-[R, R]-and (+)-[S, S]-1, 2-DHD-6-NC


Input: Both [R, R]-and [S, S]-isomers exerted similar mutagenicity and carcinogenicity but were less potent than 6-NC.


Input: Additional in vivo and in vitro studies were then performed to explore possible mechanisms that can explain the higher potency of 6-NC than 1, 2-DHD-6-NC.

1, 2-DHD-6-NC


Input: Using ELISA, we found that neither 6-NC nor 1, 2-DHD-6-NC increased the levels of several inflammatory cytokines in plasma obtained from rats 24 h after treatment.

1, 2-DHD-6-NC


Input: In MCF-7 cells, as determined by immunoblotting, the effects of 6-NC and 1, 2-DHD-6-NC on protein expression (p53, Akt, p38, JNK, c-myc, bcl-2, PCNA, and ER beta) were comparable; however, the expressions of AhR and ER alpha proteins were decreased by 6-NC but not 1, 2-DHD-6-NC.

1, 2-DHD-6-NC

1, 2-DHD-6-NC


Input: The expression of both receptors was decreased in mammary tissues of rats treated with 6-NC.


Input: Our findings suggest that the differential effects of 6-NC and 1, 2-DHD-6-NC on AhR and ER alpha could potentially account for the higher carcinogenicity of 6-NC in the rat mammary gland.

1, 2-DHD-6-NC


Input: Vibronic and Vibrational Coherences in Two-Dimensional Electronic Spectra of Supramolecular J-Aggregates.


Input: In J-aggregates of cyanine dyes, closely packed molecules form mesoscopic tubes with nanometer-diameter and micrometer-length.

cyanine


Input: Their efficient energy transfer pathways make them suitable candidates for artificial light harvesting systems.


Input: This great potential calls for an in-depth spectroscopic analysis of the underlying energy deactivation network and coherence dynamics.


Input: We use two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy with sub-10 fs laser pulses in combination with two-dimensional decay-associated spectra analysis to describe the population flow within the aggregate.


Input: Based on the analysis of Fourier-transform amplitude maps, we distinguish between vibrational or vibronic coherence dynamics as the origin of pronounced oscillations in our two-dimensional electronic spectra.


Input: Tough Germanium Nanoparticles under Electrochemical Cycling.

Germanium


Input: Mechanical degradation of the electrode materials during electrochemical cycling remains a serious issue that critically limits the capacity retention and cyclability of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries.

lithium


Input: Here we report the highly reversible expansion and contraction of germanium nanoparticles under lithiation-delithiation cycling with in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

germanium


Input: During multiple cycles to the full capacity, the germanium nanoparticles remained robust without any visible cracking despite ~ 260% volume changes, in contrast to the size-dependent fracture of silicon nanoparticles upon the first lithiation.

germanium

silicon


Input: The comparative in situ TEM study of fragile silicon nanoparticles suggests that the tough behavior of germanium nanoparticles can be attributed to the weak anisotropy of the lithiation strain at the reaction front.

silicon

germanium


Input: The tough germanium nanoparticles offer substantial potential for the development of durable, high-capacity, and high-rate anodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries.

germanium

lithium


Input: Facile synthesis of silver nanoparticles stabilized by cationic polynorbornenes and their catalytic activity in 4-nitrophenol reduction.

silver

polynorbornenes


Input: We report the facile one-pot single-phase syntheses of silver nanoparticles stabilized by norbornene type cationic polymers.

silver

norbornene


Input: Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized by polyguanidino oxanorbornenes (PG) at 5 and 25 kDa and polyamino oxanorbornenes (PA) at 3 and 15 kDa have been synthesized by the reduction of silver ions with NaBH4 in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature.

Silver

polyguanidino oxanorbornenes

polyamino oxanorbornenes

silver


Input: The four different silver nanoparticles have been characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for their particle size distributions.

silver


Input: Interestingly, PG stabilizes the silver nanoparticles better than PA as evident from our spectroscopic data.

silver


Input: Furthermore, the AgNP-PG-5K (5K = 5 kDa) was found to serve as an effective catalyst for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol in the presence of NaBH4.


Input: The reduction has a pseudo-first-order rate constant of 5. 50 x 10 (-3) s (-1) and an activity parameter of 1375 s (-1) g (-1), which is significantly higher than other systems reported in the literature.


Input: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 directly regulates human ORMDL3 expression.


Input: Orosomucoid-like 3 (ORMDL3) has been associated with asthma and a series of autoimmune disorders, and is involved in endoplasmic reticulum-mediated inflammatory responses.


Input: However, its clinical significance and the molecular mechanism underlying its expression are still largely unclear.


Input: To elucidate the mechanisms of human ORMDL3 transcriptional regulation, we cloned a 1. 5 kb genomic DNA fragment containing the putative promoter region and evaluated its transcriptional activity in a luciferase reporter system by deletion analysis.


Input: We identified a 68 bp region that functions as a minimal promoter.


Input: Bioinformatics analysis predicted that the-64 to-56 bp region contained a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) binding site.


Input: Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation demonstrated that STAT6 bound to its binding site within the ORMDL3 promoter.


Input: STAT6 over-expression or knockdown trans-activated or trans-inhibited, respectively, the ORMDL3 promoter containing the STAT6-binding motif.


Input: Treatment with interleukins 4 or 13 increased ORMDL3 promoter activity as well as endogenous ORMDL3 expression.


Input: Immunoprecipitation and ChIP/Re-ChIP assays revealed that STAT6 and p300 exist in the same protein complex that binds to the ORMDL3 promoter.


Input: Our study confirmed that STAT6 plays important roles in regulating the expression of human ORMDL3 by directly binding to the promoter region, which may shed light on a possible role in various human diseases.


Input: STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT: p300 physically interacts with STAT6 by anti bait coimmunoprecipitation (View Interaction: 1, 2).


Input: Serum free fatty acid levels in PCOS patients treated with glucophage, magnesium oxide and spironolactone.

fatty acid

magnesium oxide

spironolactone


Input: Abstract To assess the effect of glucophage, magnesium oxide and spironolactone in altering free fatty acids (FFAs), 36 PCOS women were randomly divided into three groups.

magnesium oxide

spironolactone

fatty acids


Input: Group 1 (n = 14) was treated with 500 mg glucophage po bid, group 2 (n = 10) was treated with 400 mg magnesium oxide po bid and group 3 (n = 12) was treated with 50 mg spironolactone po bid for 12 weeks.

magnesium oxide

spironolactone


Input: A glucose tolerance test with 75 g glucose load was performed before and after treatment, collecting blood at 0, 1 and 2 h for insulin, glucose, FFA and aldosterone.

glucose

glucose

glucose

aldosterone


Input: Amount of FFA before and after treatment were compared by repeated measure ANOVA and represented as area under the curve.


Input: FFA levels before treatment were 0. 83 +/- 0. 23, 0. 77 +/- 0. 15 and 0. 85 +/- 0. 28 and after treatment were 0. 77 +/- 0. 48, 0. 71 +/- 0. 18 and 0. 66 +/- 0. 25 for glucophage, magnesium oxide and spironolactone-treated patients, respectively.

magnesium oxide

spironolactone


Input: The FFA levels were unchanged in the groups treated with glucophage and magnesium oxide but were significantly (p < 0. 03) decreased in the group treated with spironolactone.

magnesium oxide

spironolactone


Input: Since FFAs are known to be involved in the development of insulin resistance, these results suggest that spironolactone may be useful for lowering insulin resistance in PCOS patients.

spironolactone


Input: Theoretical Characterization of Galanin Receptor Type 3 (Gal3) and Its Interaction with Agonist (GALANIN) and Antagonists (SNAP 37889 and SNAP 398299): An In Silico Analysis.


Input: In this study, we report on modeling of galanin receptor type 3 and its interaction with agonist and antagonists using in silico methodologies.


Input: Comparative structural modeling of galanin receptor type 3 was based on multiple templates.


Input: With the availability of reported selective galanin receptor type 3 antagonists, docking was carried out into the predicted binding site.


Input: Similarly, galanin, a reported agonist, was also modeled and then docked into the receptor' s active site.


Input: CoMFA models were developed using ligand-based (q (2) = 0. 537, r (2) = 0. 961, noc = 5), and receptor-guided (docked mode 1: q (2) = 0. 574, r (2) = 0. 946, noc = 5), (docked mode 2: q (2) = 0. 499, r (2) = 0. 954, noc = 5) alignment schemes.


Input: CoMFA contour analysis revealed that bulky substitution around the meta position of the phenyl ring, as well as optimal substitution (para) of the phenyl ring, could produce molecules with improved activity.

phenyl

phenyl


Input: We also found that Gln79, Ile82, Asp86, Trp88, His99, Ile102, Tyr103, Glu170, Pro174, Ala175, Asp185, Arg273, His277, and Tyr281 are crucial, and mutational studies on these residues could be helpful.


Input: The results obtained from this study can further be exploited for structure-based drug design and also help the researchers to identify novel antagonists targeting galanin receptor type 3.


Input: Effects of seaweed-restructured pork diets enriched or not with cholesterol on rat cholesterolaemia and liver damage.

cholesterol


Input: Seaweed enriched-restructured pork (RP) is a potential functional food.


Input: However, indications of adverse effects associated with herbal medications, which include among others liver failure, toxic hepatitis, and death have been reported.


Input: Cholesterol feeding produces hepatomegalia and fat liver infiltration.

Cholesterol


Input: The effect of seaweed-RP diet, cholesterol-enriched or not, on plasma cholesterol, liver damage markers, structure, and cytochrome CYP4A-1 were evaluated after 5wk.

cholesterol

cholesterol


Input: Eight rat groups were fed a mix of 85% AIN-93M rodent-diet plus 15% RP.


Input: The Cholesterol-control (CC), Cholesterol-Wakame (CW), Cholesterol-Nori (CN) and Cholesterol-Sea Spaghetti (CS) groups respectively consumed similar diets to control (C), Wakame (W), Nori (N), and Sea Spaghetti (S) but as part of hypercholesterolaemic diets.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol

Cholesterol

Cholesterol


Input: CN and CS significantly blocked the hypercholesterolaemic effect observed in CC group.


Input: After 5-wk, N and S diets increased the CYP4A-1 expression.


Input: However, seaweed-RPs were unable to reduce the histological liver alterations observed in CC group.


Input: Larger and more abundant hepatocellular alterations were found in CS and CN rats suggesting that the hypocholesterolaemic effects of these seaweed-RPs seem to be a two-edged sword as they increased liver damage.


Input: Future studies are needed to understand the involved mechanisms.


Input: Identification of nuclear factor-kappa B sites in the Slc2a4 gene promoter.


Input: Glucose transporter GLUT4 protein, codified by Slc2a4 gene plays a key role in glycemic homeostasis.

Glucose


Input: Insulin resistance, as in obesity, has been associated to inflammatory state, in which decreased GLUT4 is a feature.


Input: Inflammatory NF-kappa B transcriptional factor has been proposed as a repressor of Slc2a4; although, the binding site (s) in Slc2a4 promoter and the direct repressor effect have never been reported yet.


Input: A motif-based sequence analysis of mouse Slc2a4 promoter revealed two putative kappa B sites located inside-83/-62 and-134/-113bp.


Input: Eletrophoretic mobility assay showed that p50 and p65 NF-kappa B subunits bind to both putative kappa B sites.


Input: Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay using genomic DNA from adipocytes confirmed p50-and p65-binding to Slc2a4 promoter.


Input: Moreover, transfection experiments revealed that NF-kappa B binds to the-134/-113bp region of the mouse Slc2a4 gene promoter, inhibiting the Slc2a4 gene transcription.


Input: The current findings demonstrate the existence of two kappa B sites in Slc2a4 gene promote, and that NF-kappa B has a direct repressor effect upon the Slc2a4 gene, providing an important link between insulin resistance and inflammation.


Input: In vitro evaluation of the therapeutic potential of nevirapine in treatment of human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma.

nevirapine


Input: Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a severe thyroid malignancy with poor prognosis, due to its early metastasis and unresponsiveness to both radiation and chemotherapy.


Input: Nevirapine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, has been used as a re-differentiation agent to treat cancers in several human cancer models.

Nevirapine


Input: So far, the effects of nevirapine on human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma cells have not been documented.

nevirapine


Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of nevirapine in treatment of human thyroid anaplastic carcinoma.

nevirapine


Input: Cell proliferation was determined by methly thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay.

methly thiazolyl tetrazolium

MTT


Input: Cell apoptosis was analyzed by Hoechst 33258 staining.

Hoechst 33258


Input: The mRNA expression of NIS and TSHR was determined by real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real time RT-PCR).


Input: Iodine uptake was determined by (125) I radioactivity assay.

Iodine

(125) I


Input: At all doses (100, 200, 350, 500 mu mol/L) tested, nevirapine significantly inhibited cell proliferation after 48h treatment.

nevirapine


Input: At high dose (500 mu mol/L), nevirapine significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells compared with control (P < 0. 01).

nevirapine


Input: At lower doses (200 mu mol/L and 350 mu mol/L), nevirapine did not induce cell apoptosis, but up-regulated NIS and THSR mRNA expression in a dose-dependent manner.

nevirapine


Input: In FRO cells pre-treated with nevirapine, the increase in NIS expression had no obvious effect on iodine uptake.

nevirapine

iodine


Input: These findings indicate that nevirapine has an anti-proliferative effect on FRO cells, which correlates with an induction of cell differentiation.

nevirapine


Input: Anti-secretory and cyto-protective effects of chebulinic acid isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula on gastric ulcers.

chebulinic acid


Input: In continuation of our drug discovery program on Indian medicinal plants, the gastro protective mechanism of chebulinic acid isolated from Terminalia chebula fruit was investigated.

chebulinic acid


Input: Chebulinic acid was evaluated against cold restraint (CRU), aspirin (AS), alcohol (AL) and pyloric ligation (PL) induced gastric ulcer models in rats.

Chebulinic acid

aspirin

alcohol


Input: Potential anti-ulcer activity of chebulinic acid was observed against CRU (62. 9%), AS (55. 3%), AL (80. 67%) and PL (66. 63%) induced ulcer models.

chebulinic acid


Input: The reference drug omeprazole (10mg/kg, p. o.) showed 77. 73% protection against CRU, 58. 30% against AS and 70. 80% against PL model.

omeprazole


Input: Sucralfate, another reference drug (500mg/kg, p. o.) showed 65. 67% protection in AL induced ulcer model.

Sucralfate


Input: Chebulinic acid significantly reduced free acidity (48. 82%), total acidity (38. 29%) and upregulated mucin secretion by 59. 75% respectively.

Chebulinic acid


Input: Further, chebulinic acid significantly inhibited H (+) K (+)-ATPase activity in vitro with IC50 of 65. 01 mu g/ml as compared to the IC50 value of omeprazole (30. 24 mu g/ml) confirming its anti-secretory activity.

chebulinic acid

H (+) K (+)

omeprazole


Input: A Chinese herb formula decreases the monocarboxylate transporter-mediated absorption of valproic acid in rats.

monocarboxylate

valproic acid


Input: Huang-Qin-Tang (HQT), a Chinese medicine prescription containing Scutellariae Radix (SR), Paeoniae Radix (PR), Glycyrrhizae Radix (GR) and JuJubae Fructus (JF), was used for the treatments of cold with symptoms of abdominalgia and diarrhea.


Input: Valproic acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic drug with narrow therapeutic window.

Valproic acid

VPA


Input: This study investigated the effect of coadministration of HQT on the pharmacokinetics of VPA, a probe drug for monocarboxylate transporter (MCT).

VPA

monocarboxylate


Input: Rats were administered VPA alone (200. 0mg/kg) and coadministered HQT (8. 0g/kg) at 0. 5h before VPA and 1. 5h after VPA in crossover designs.

VPA

VPA

VPA


Input: In addition, the chronic effect of HQT was also evaluated by coadministration of the 7th dose at 0. 5h before VPA.

VPA


Input: The serum concentration of VPA was determined by a fluorescence polarization immunoassay.

VPA


Input: The results showed that coadministration of HQT at 0. 5h before VPA significantly decreased the AUC0-t and Cmax by 62% and 77%, respectively, whereas coadministration of HQT at 1. 5h after VPA exerted no significant influence.

VPA

VPA


Input: When the 7th dose of HQT was given at 0. 5h before VPA, the AUC0-t and Cmax of VPA were markedly decreased by 65% and 82%, respectively.

VPA

VPA


Input: Mechanism study revealed that the MCT-mediated uptake of fluorescein was inhibited by HQT and each component herbs.

fluorescein


Input: In conclusion, the MCT-mediated absorption of VPA was significantly decreased by concomitant administration of HQT.

VPA


Input: The Beneficial Role of Thiamine in Parkinson Disease.

Thiamine


Input: Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common form of neurodegeneration among elderly individuals.


Input: PD is clinically characterized by tremors, rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural imbalance.


Input: In this paper, we review the evidence for an association between PD and thiamine.

thiamine


Input: Interestingly, a significant association has been demonstrated between PD and low levels of serum thiamine, and thiamine supplements appear to have beneficial clinical effects against PD.

thiamine

thiamine


Input: Multiple studies have evaluated the connection between thiamine and PD pathology, and candidate pathways involve the transcription factor Sp1, p53, Bcl-2, caspase-3, tyrosine hydroxylase, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, vascular endothelial growth factor, advanced glycation end products, nuclear factor kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

thiamine

tyrosine

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate


Input: Thus, a review of the literature suggests that thiamine plays a role in PD, although further investigation into the effects of thiamine in PD is needed.

thiamine

thiamine


Input: Absence of cell-surface EpCAM in congenital tufting enteropathy.


Input: Mutations in the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; CD326) gene are causal for congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE), a disease characterized by intestinal abnormalities resulting in lethal diarrhea in newborns.


Input: Why the different mutations all lead to the same disease is not clear.


Input: Here, we report that most mutations, including a novel intronic variant, will result in lack of EpCAM' s transmembrane domain, whereas two mutations allow transmembrane localization.


Input: We find that these mutants are not routed to the plasma membrane, and that truncated mutants are secreted or degraded.


Input: Thus, all epcam mutations lead to loss of cell-surface EpCAM, resulting in CTE.


Input: Ribosome-inactivating proteins: From toxins to useful proteins.


Input: Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) either single-chain (type 1) or two-chain (type 2) are frequent in plants, often in multiple forms.


Input: They are RNA N-glycosidases, have antiviral, antifungal and insecticidal activity.


Input: Their expression in plants is increased under stressful conditions.


Input: They are investigated for practical applications in medicine and in agriculture.


Input: In medicine, RIPs have been linked to, or fused with, appropriate antibodies or other carriers to form " immunotoxins " or other conjugates specifically toxic to the cells target of the carrier, with the aim of eliminating malignant or other undesired cells.


Input: In agriculture, it has been observed that an enhanced expression of RIPs confers to plants an increased resistance to viruses, fungi, insects, and also to drought and salinity.


Input: Non-front-fanged colubroid snakes: A current evidence-based analysis of medical significance.


Input: Non-front-fanged colubroid snakes (NFFC; formerly and artificially taxonomically assembled as " colubrids ") comprise about 70% of extant snake species and include several taxa now known to cause lethal or life threatening envenoming in humans.


Input: Although the medical risks of bites by only a handful of species have been documented, a growing number of NFFC are implicated in medically significant bites.


Input: The majority of these snakes have oral products (Duvernoy' s secretions, or venoms) with unknown biomedical properties and their potential for causing harm in humans is unknown.


Input: Increasingly, multiple NFFC species are entering the commercial snake trade posing an uncertain risk.


Input: Published case reports describing NFFC bites were assessed for evidence-based value, clinical detail and verified species identification.


Input: These data were subjected to meta-analysis and a hazard index was generated for select taxa.


Input: Cases on which we consulted or personally treated were included and subjected to the same assessment criteria.


Input: Cases involving approximately 120 species met the selection criteria, and a small subset designated Hazard Level 1 (most hazardous), contained 5 species with lethal potential.


Input: Recommended management of these cases included antivenom for 3 species, Dispholidus typus, Rhabdophis tiginis, Rhabdophis subminiatus, whereas others in this subset without commercially available antivenoms (Thelotornis spp.) were treated with plasma/erythrocyte replacement therapy and supportive care.


Input: Heparin, antifibrinolytics and/or plasmapheresis/exchange transfusion have been used in the management of some Hazard Level 1 envenomings, but evidence-based analysis positively contraindicates the use of any of these interventions.


Input: Hazard Level 2/3 species were involved in cases containing mixed quality data that implicated these taxa (e. g. Boiga irregularis, Philodryas olfersii, Malpolon monspessulanus) with bites that caused rare systemic effects.


Input: Recommended management may include use of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e. g. neostigmine) and wound care on a case-by-case basis.

neostigmine


Input: Hazard level 3 species comprised a larger group capable of producing significant local effects only, often associated with a protracted bite (eg Heterodon nasicus, Borikenophis (Alsophis) portoricensis, Platyceps (Coluber) rhodorachis).


Input: Management is restricted to wound care.


Input: Bites by Hazard level 4 species comprised the majority of surveyed taxa and these showed only minor effects of no clinical importance.


Input: This study has produced a comprehensive evidence-based listing of NFFC snakes tabulated against medical significance of bites, together with best-practice management recommendations.


Input: This analysis assumes increasing importance, as there is growing exposure to lesser-known NFFC snakes, particularly in captive collections that may uncover further species of significance in the future.


Input: Careful and accurate documentation of bites by verified species of NFFC snakes is required to increase the evidence base and establish the best medical management approach for each species.


Input: Cooperative activation of gene expression by agonists and antagonists mediated by estrogen receptor heteroligand dimer complexes.

estrogen


Input: Estrogen receptor (ER) antagonists are generally thought to inhibit estrogen action through competitive inhibition, resulting in receptor binding to antagonist rather than agonist.

Estrogen

estrogen


Input: However, microarray analyses reveal a group of genes for which ER agonist and antagonist cooperatively regulate expression, suggesting additional models of combined agonist/antagonist action must exist.


Input: In conjunction with a chimeric reporter gene and two modified ERs, one [ER alpha (GSCKV)] with a mutation in the DNA-binding domain and the other (ER alpha-G521R) with a ligand-binding specificity mutation, we herein demonstrate that ER agonist and antagonist cooperatively activate gene expression through an ER heteroligand dimer complex (ER-HLD) consisting of one subunit of the receptor dimer bound to agonist and another occupied by antagonist.


Input: Coimmunoprecipitation experiments confirmed interaction between the agonist-bound and antagonist-bound receptors.


Input: This cooperative activation of gene expression was enhanced by steroid receptor coactivator 3 coactivator, and required each ligand-bound subunit of the dimer to bind to DNA, as well as both activation function 1 domains for maximal transcriptional activity.


Input: Ligand combinations able to induce ER-HLD transcriptional activity include the agonists 17 beta-estradiol or conjugated estrogens with the antagonists tamoxifen, raloxifene, bazedoxifene, or fulvestrant.

17 beta-estradiol

tamoxifen

raloxifene

bazedoxifene

fulvestrant


Input: Moreover, ER-HLD can activate transcription in the context of a natural promoter.


Input: Taken together, these findings broaden our understanding of the complex relationship between ER agonist and antagonist, and suggest a novel model by which cell and tissue selective effects of antiestrogens may be achieved.


Input: Exenatide-Induced Reduction in Energy Intake Is Associated With Increase in Hypothalamic Connectivity.


Input: OBJECTIVEGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists like exenatide are known to influence neural activity in the hypothalamus of animals and to reduce energy intake.


Input: In humans, however, significant weight loss has been observed in only a subgroup of patients.


Input: Why only some individuals respond with weight loss and others do not remains unclear.


Input: In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we investigated differences in hypothalamic connectivity between " responders " (reduction in energy intake after exenatide infusion) and " nonresponders. " RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSWe performed a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, cross-over fMRI study with intravenous administration of exenatide in obese male volunteers.


Input: During brain scanning with continuous exenatide or placebo administration, participants rated food and nonfood images.


Input: After each scanning session, energy intake was measured using an ad libitum buffet.


Input: Functional hypothalamic connectivity was assessed by eigenvector centrality mapping, a measure of connectedness throughout the brain. RESULTSResponders showed significantly higher connectedness of the hypothalamus, which was specific for the food pictures condition, in the exenatide condition compared with placebo.


Input: Nonresponders did not show any significant exenatide-induced changes in hypothalamic connectedness. CONCLUSIONSOur results demonstrate a central hypothalamic effect of peripherally administered exenatide that occurred only in the group that showed an exenatide-dependent anorexigenic effect.


Input: These findings indicate that the hypothalamic response seems to be the crucial factor for the effect of exenatide on energy intake.


Input: Significant Coronary Stenosis in Asymptomatic Chinese With Different Glycemic Status.


Input: OBJECTIVE To evaluate coronary artery stenosis in early diabetes or prediabetes asymptomatic of myocardial ischemia in community-dwelling Chinese adults. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Age-and sex-matched participants with normal glucose regulation (NGR), prediabetes, or diabetes diagnosed within 5 years, asymptomatic of coronary artery disease (CAD), were randomly selected from a community-dwelling Chinese population aged 40-60 years.

glucose


Input: Dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography was used to evaluate the existence and extent of coronary stenosis, which was considered significant if > 50% narrowing of vessel lumen was detected. RESULTS After excluding uninterpretable segments attributable to motion artifacts, a total of 135 participants with NGR, 132 with prediabetes, and 134 with diabetes participated in data analysis.


Input: Significant coronary stenosis was detected in 10 (7. 4%), 10 (7. 6%), and 22 (16. 4%) individuals with NGR, prediabetes, and diabetes, respectively (P for trend = 0. 029).


Input: Diabetes, rather than prediabetes, was associated with a significant 2. 34-fold elevated risk [odds ratio (OR) 2. 34 (95% CI 1. 01-5. 43); P = 0. 047] of significant coronary stenosis as compared with that associated with NGR.


Input: Levels of glucose evaluation were independently and significantly associated with risks of significant coronary stenosis in diabetes.

glucose


Input: Each 1-SD increase in fasting plasma glucose, 2-h postload plasma glucose, and HbA1c conveyed 2. 11-fold, 1. 73-fold, and 1. 81-fold higher risks of significant coronary stenosis, respectively, after adjustment for other conventional cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONSUsing a noninvasive CAD diagnostic modality such as dual-source computed tomography coronary angiography, we detected a markedly elevated risk of significant coronary stenosis with early diabetes in asymptomatic Chinese adults.

glucose

glucose


Input: Determination of robenidine residues in chicken muscle by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection.

robenidine


Input: A simple, robust and reliable method for the determination of residual robenidine in chicken muscle using high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet (UV) detection was developed and validated according to the Codex Alimentarius Commission guidelines.

robenidine


Input: Chicken muscle was extracted by acetonitrile/formic acid (98: 2, v/v) and defatted with hexane.

acetonitrile

formic acid

hexane


Input: Analytes were isocratically separated on a Luna C18 column (4. 6 x 150 mm, 5 mu m) using 70% methanol in water containing 0. 1% trifluoroacetic acid at a flow rate of 1. 0 mL/min at 30 degrees C.

methanol

trifluoroacetic acid


Input: UV detection was performed at 312 nm.


Input: The method was validated by assessing performance parameters including selectivity, linearity, limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, recovery, stability and robustness.


Input: A calibration curve that was constructed over 0. 05-0. 5 mu g/g showed correlation coefficients of more than 0. 999.


Input: The intra-and inter-day precisions (as coefficient of variation) were 1. 45-3. 32 and 2. 63-4. 99%, respectively.


Input: The intra-and inter-day accuracies were 99. 4-105. 3 and 98. 3-101. 6%, respectively.


Input: The recoveries were in the range of 76. 6-81. 8% and the LOQ was 0. 05 mu g/g.


Input: The developed method showed suitable performance for the determination of robenidine residues in chicken muscle.

robenidine


Input: Formulation and pharmacokinetic evaluation of once-daily sustained-released system of nifedipine with solid dispersion and coating techniques.

nifedipine


Input: A novel sustained-release system was developed for poorly water-soluble drugs by applying solid dispersion (SD) technique to improve the solubility.


Input: The SD systems composed of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and stearic acid could not control the release of nifedipine.

polyvinyl pyrrolidone

stearic acid

nifedipine


Input: When the above SD granules were coated with ethylcellolulose (EC10, 45 and 100cp), the dissolution rate extended from 16 to 20 h.


Input: When the concentration of EC100cp was increased to 4-6%, the sustained-release formulation F7 and F8 prepared with 4% EC100cp and 6% EC100cp, respectively, could control the drug release in a better manner, namely, they could control drug release in the initial hours with a high cumulative amount of drug at 24 h.


Input: The mechanism of drug release from F7 and F8 was diffusion coupled with erosion.


Input: When immediate-release capsules was orally administered to rabbits, its absorption was very rapid with a short elimination half-life, while a prolonged maintenance of the plasma drug level up to 24 h was obtained for F7 and F8.


Input: Furthermore, the oral bioavailability of F7 and F8 was significantly improved.


Input: The results suggested that this novel sustained-release system would be a promising system to improve the solubility and sustain the absorption of poorly water-soluble drugs.


Input: Effects of dried Citrus unshiu peels on gastrointestinal motility in rodents.


Input: Aqueous extracts of the dried mature (ANP-W) and immature Citrus unshiu peels (CUP-W) have been used as a traditional folk medicine for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders in Korea.


Input: In the present study, neither ANP-W nor CUP-W exhibited significant toxicity even at an oral dose of 5 g/kg to mice.


Input: The effects of ANP-W and CUP-W on GI motor function were investigated by measuring the intestinal transit rate (ITR) of Evans blue in normal mice and rats with experimental GI motility dysfunctions (GMDs).


Input: In normal mice, the ITR was significantly increased by ANP-W (0. 1-1 g/kg) in a dose dependent manner, whereas CUP-W elicited no significant change.


Input: GMD was induced by appropriate surgery or an intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid to the rats.

acetic acid


Input: The ITR in the GMD rats was significantly retarded compared to that in normal rats.


Input: However, the retardation was significantly inhibited by ANP-W (0. 1-1 g/kg) in a dose dependent manner.


Input: The above results suggest that ANP-W has the potential for development as a prokinetic agent that may prevent or alleviate GMD in human patients.


Input: Transparent stretchable single-walled carbon nanotube-polymer composite films with near-infrared fluorescence.

carbon


Input: We report transparent stretchable single-walled carbon nanotube-polymer composite films that emit pronounced Raman and near-infrared fluorescence with a fine spatial resolution.

carbon


Input: The independent modulation in Raman and fluorescence spectra is demonstrated in response to touch and temperature.


Input: The optical signal transduction of transparent stretchable optoelectronic films may enable a paradigm shift in touch-sensing devices eliminating electrical interconnects.


Input: All-graphene core-sheath microfibers for all-solid-state, stretchable fibriform supercapacitors and wearable electronic textiles.

graphene


Input: Unique all-graphene core-sheath fibers composed of a graphene fiber core with a sheath of 3D graphene network have been developed.

graphene

graphene

graphene


Input: Used as flexible electrodes, all-solid-state fiber supercapacitors have been fabricated, which can be managed to highly compressible and stretchable spring supercapacitors and can also be woven into a textile for wearable electronics.


Input: Cyclodextrin Insulation Prevents Static Quenching of Conjugated Polymer Fluorescence at the Single Molecule Level.


Input: Conjugated polymers (CPs) are promising materials for fluorescence imaging application.


Input: However, a significant problem in this field is the unexplained abnormally low fluorescence brightness (or number of fluorescence photons detected per one excitation photon) exhibited by most of CP single chains in solid polymer hosts.


Input: Here it is shown that this detrimental effect can be fully avoided for short chains of polyfluorene-bis-vinylphenylene (PFBV) embedded in a host polymer matrix of PMMA, if the conjugated backbone is insulated by cyclodextrin rings to form a polyrotaxane (PFBV-Rtx).

polyfluorene-bis-vinylphenylene

PFBV

PMMA

PFBV


Input: Fluorescence kinetics and quantum yields are measured for the polymers in liquid solutions, pristine films, and solid PMMA blends.

PMMA


Input: The fluorescence brightness of PFBV-Rtx single chains dispersed in a solid PMMA is very close to that expected for a chain with 100% fluorescence quantum yield, while the unprotected PFBV chains of the same length possess 4 times lower brightness.

PFBV

PMMA

PFBV


Input: Despite this, the fluorescence decay kinetics are the same for both polymers, suggesting the presence of static or ultrafast fluorescence quenching in the unprotected polymer.


Input: About 80% of an unprotected PFBV chain is estimated to be completely quenched.

PFBV


Input: The hypothesis is that the cyclodextrin rings prevent the quenching by working as' bumpers' reducing the mechanical forces applied by the host polymer to the conjugated backbone and help retaining its conformational freedom.


Input: While providing a recipe for making CP fluorescence bright at the single-molecule level, these results identify a lack of fundamental understanding in the community of the influence of the environment on excited states in conjugated materials.


Input: Cyclic denaturation and renaturation of double-stranded DNA by redox-state switching of DNA intercalators.


Input: Hybridization of complementary nucleic acid strands is fundamental to nearly all molecular bioanalytical methods ranging from polymerase chain reaction and DNA biosensors to next generation sequencing.


Input: For nucleic acid amplification methods, controlled DNA denaturation and renaturation is particularly essential and achieved by cycling elevated temperatures.


Input: Although this is by far the most used technique, the management of rapid temperature changes requires bulky instrumentation and intense power supply.


Input: These factors so far precluded the development of true point-of-care tests for molecular diagnostics.


Input: To overcome this limitation we explored the possibility of using electrochemical means to control reversible DNA hybridization by using the electroactive intercalator daunomycin (DM).

daunomycin


Input: We show that redox-state switching of DM altered its properties from DNA binding to nonbinding, under otherwise constant conditions, and thus altered the thermodynamic stability of duplex DNA.


Input: The operational principle was demonstrated using complementary synthetic 20mer and 40mer DNA oligonucleotides.


Input: Absorbance-based melting curve analysis revealed significantly higher melting temperatures for DNA in the presence of oxidized compared to chemically reduced DM.


Input: This difference was exploited to drive cyclic electrochemically controlled denaturation and renaturation.


Input: Analysis with in situ UV-vis and circular dichroism spectroelectrochemistry, as two independent techniques, indicated that up to 80% of the DNA was reversibly hybridized.


Input: This remarkable demonstration of electrochemical control of five cycles of DNA denaturation and renaturation, under otherwise constant conditions, could have wide-ranging implications for the future development of miniaturized analytical systems for molecular diagnostics and beyond.


Input: Three-dimensional in situ photocurrent mapping for nanowire photovoltaics.


Input: Devices based upon semiconductor nanowires provide many well-known advantages for next-generation photovoltaics, however, limited experimental techniques exist to determine essential electrical parameters within these devices.


Input: We present a novel application of a technique based upon two-photon induced photocurrent that provides a submicrometer resolution, three-dimensional reconstruction of photovoltaic parameters.


Input: This tool is used to characterize two GaAs nanowire-based devices, revealing the detail of current generation and collection, providing a path toward achieving the promise of nanowire-based photovoltaic devices.


Input: Microvascular complications and diabetic retinopathy: recent advances and future implications.


Input: Retinal microvascular alterations have been observed during diabetic retinopathy (DR) due to the retinal susceptibility towards subtle pathological alterations.


Input: Therefore, retinal microvascular pathology is essential to understand the nature of retinal degenerations during DR.


Input: In this review, the role of retinal microvasculature complications during progression of DR, along with recent efforts to normalize such alterations for better therapeutic outcome, will be underlined.


Input: In addition, current therapeutics and future directions for advancement of standard treatment for DR patients will be discussed.


Input: Photoexcitation dynamics of coupled semiconducting carbon nanotube thin films.

carbon


Input: Carbon nanotubes are a promising means of capturing photons for use in solar cell devices.

Carbon


Input: We time-resolved the photoexcitation dynamics of coupled, bandgap-selected, semiconducting carbon nanotubes in thin films tailored for photovoltaics.

carbon


Input: Using transient absorption spectroscopy and anisotropy measurements, we found that the photoexcitation evolves by two mechanisms with a fast and long-range component followed by a slow and short-range component.


Input: Within 300 fs of optical excitation, 20% of nanotubes transfer their photoexcitation over 5-10 nm into nearby nanotube fibers.


Input: After 3 ps, 70% of the photoexcitation resides on the smallest bandgap nanotubes.


Input: After this ultrafast process, the photoexcitation continues to transfer on a ~ 10 ps time scale but to predominantly aligned tubes.


Input: Ultimately the photoexcitation hops twice on average between fibers.


Input: These results are important for understanding the flow of energy and charge in coupled nanotube materials and light-harvesting devices.


Input: Liquiritigenin prevents Staphylococcus aureus-mediated lung cell injury via inhibiting the production of alpha-hemolysin.

Liquiritigenin


Input: Staphylococcus aureus is a significant Gram-positive bacterium that is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases ranging from minor skin infections to lethal pneumonia, endocarditis, and toxinoses.


Input: alpha-Hemolysin is one of the most important exotoxins that contribute to the pathogenesis of S. aureus infections.


Input: Liquiritigenin is one of the most significant active components in licorice.

Liquiritigenin


Input: In this study, hemolysis, western blot, and real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays were performed to investigate the impact of liquiritigenin on the production of S. aureus alpha-hemolysin.

liquiritigenin


Input: The results showed that low concentrations of liquiritigenin remarkably decreased S. aureus alpha-hemolysin production in a dose-dependent manner.

liquiritigenin


Input: Using live/dead cell staining and lactate dehydrogenase assays, we found that liquiritigenin could protect human lung cells (A549) from alpha-hemolysin-mediated injury.

lactate

liquiritigenin


Input: The data indicated that this compound could potentially be useful in developing drugs aiming at staphylococcal alpha-hemolysin.


Input: Selective Reduction of PHA Biopolyesters and Their Synthetic Analogues to Corresponding PHA Oligodiols Proved by Structural Studies.

PHA

PHA


Input: A highly selective method is described for controlling the degradation of polyhydroxyalkanoates, PHA, via a reduction reaction that uses lithium borohydride.

polyhydroxyalkanoates

PHA

lithium borohydride


Input: Using this method, oligo (hydroxyalkanoate) diols derived from a poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate) biopolyester [poly (3HB-co-4HB)] and from synthetic atactic poly [(R, S)-3-hydroxybutyrate] (a-PHB) were obtained.

oligo (hydroxyalkanoate) diols

poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate)

poly (3HB-co-4HB)

poly [(R, S)-3-hydroxybutyrate]

PHB


Input: The structural characterization of the oligo (hydroxyalkanoate) diols was conducted using NMR and ESI-mass spectrometry analyses, which confirmed that oligomers that were terminated by two hydroxyl end groups were formed.

oligo (hydroxyalkanoate) diols

hydroxyl


Input: The reduction of the ester groups occurred in a statistical way regardless of the chemical structure of the comonomer units or of the microstructure of the polyester chain.

ester

polyester


Input: The presented method can be used to synthesize various PHA oligodiols that are potentially useful in the further synthesis of tailor-made biodegradable materials.

PHA


Input: Utilizing the Unique Properties of Nanowire MOSFETs for RF Applications.


Input: Nanostructures have attracted a great deal of attention because of their potential usefulness for high density applications.


Input: More importantly, they offer excellent avenues for improved scaling beyond conventional approaches.


Input: Less attention has been paid to their intrinsic potential for distinct circuit applications.


Input: Here we discuss how a combination of 1-D transport, operation in the quantum capacitance limit, and ballistic transport can be utilized for certain RF applications.


Input: In particular this work explores how the above transport properties can provide a high degree of transconductance linearity at the device level.


Input: The article also discusses how device characteristics can be interpreted and analyzed in terms of device linearity if the above conditions are not ideally fulfilled.


Input: Using aggressively scaled silicon nanowire field-effect transistors as an example device in this work provides new insights toward the proper choice of channel material to improve linearity through the above-mentioned transport conditions.

silicon


Input: According to this study, a high degree of linearity occurs feasible while operating at low supply voltages making low-dimensional systems, and here in particular nanowires, an interesting candidate for portable RF applications.


Input: A General Strategy for Biocompatible, High-Effective Upconversion Nanocapsules Based on Triplet-Triplet Annihilation.


Input: A general strategy for constructing high-effective upconversion nanocapsules based on triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) was developed by loading both sensitizer and annihilator into BSA-dextran stabilized oil droplets.


Input: This strategy can maintain high translational mobility of the chromophores, avoid luminescence quenching of chromophore by aggregation, and decrease the O2-induced quenching of TTA-based upconversion emission.


Input: Pt (II)-tetraphenyl-tetrabenzoporphyrin (PtTPBP) and BODIPY dyes (BDP-G and BDP-Y with the maximal fluorescence emission at 528 and 546 nm, respectively) were chosen as sensitizer/annihilator couples to fabricate green and yellow upconversion luminescent emissive nanocapsules, named UCNC-G and UCNC-Y, respectively.

Pt (II)

tetraphenyl

tetrabenzoporphyrin

PtTPBP

BODIPY

BDP-G

BDP-Y


Input: In water under the atmospheric environment, interestingly, UCNC-G and UCNC-Y exhibit intense upconversion luminescence (UCL) emission (lambda ex = 635 nm) with the quantum efficiencies (Phi UCL) of 1. 7% and 4. 8%, respectively, whereas very weak UCL emission (Phi UCL < 0. 1%) was observed for the corresponding previous reported SiO2-coating nanosystems because of aggregation-induced fluorescence quenching of annihilators.


Input: Furthermore, application of theses upconversion nanocapsules for high-contrast UCL bioimaging in vivo of living mice without removing the skin was demonstrated under 635-nm excitation with low power density of 12. 5 mW cm (-2).


Input: Highly Responsive Ultrathin GaS Nanosheet Photodetectors on Rigid and Flexible Substrates.

GaS


Input: The first GaS nanosheet-based photodetectors are demonstrated on both mechanically rigid and flexible substrates.

GaS


Input: Highly crystalline, exfoliated GaS nanosheets are promising for optoelectronics due to strong absorption in the UV-visible wavelength region.

GaS


Input: Photocurrent measurements of GaS nanosheet photodetectors made on SiO2/Si substrates and flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrates exhibit a photoresponsivity at 254 nm up to 4. 2 AW (-1) and 19. 2 AW (-1), respectively, which exceeds that of graphene, MoS2, or other 2D material-based devices.

GaS

Si

polyethylene terephthalate

PET

graphene


Input: Additionally, the linear dynamic range of the devices on SiO2/Si and PET substrates are 97. 7 dB and 78. 73 dB, respectively.

Si

PET


Input: Both surpass that of currently exploited InGaAs photodetectors (66 dB).


Input: Theoretical modeling of the electronic structures indicates that the reduction of the effective mass at the valence band maximum (VBM) with decreasing sheet thickness enhances the carrier mobility of the GaS nanosheets, contributing to the high photocurrents.

GaS


Input: Double-peak VBMs are theoretically predicted for ultrathin GaS nanosheets (thickness less than five monolayers), which is found to promote photon absorption.

GaS


Input: These theoretical and experimental results show that GaS nanosheets are promising materials for high-performance photodetectors on both conventional silicon and flexible substrates.

GaS

silicon


Input: New GABA/Glutamate Receptor Target for [(3) H] Isoxazoline Insecticide.

GABA

Glutamate

[(3) H] Isoxazoline


Input: The highly effective and selective isoxazoline insecticide A1443 is known to potently displace [(3) H] ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate ([(3) H] EBOB) binding to house fly head membranes with an IC50 of 0. 2 nM in a manner characteristic of GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists.

isoxazoline

[(3) H] ethynylbicycloorthobenzoate

[(3) H] EBOB

GABA

chloride


Input: To further define its mode of action, we prepared phenyl-labeled [(3) H] A1443 as described with a specific activity of 14 Ci/mmol.

phenyl

[(3) H] A1443


Input: This new radioligand with an apparent IC50 of about 0. 4 nM is poorly displaced by most insecticides acting at the [(3) H] EBOB site.

[(3) H] EBOB


Input: Interestingly, the isoxazoline binding site is directly coupled to the avermectin GABA/glutamate chloride channel activator site.

isoxazoline

avermectin GABA

glutamate chloride


Input: These findings revive interest in the insect GABA/glutamate receptor as an insecticide target.

GABA

glutamate


Input: Increased dietary fat contributes to dysregulation of the LKB1/AMPK pathway and increased damage in a mouse model of early-stage ethanol-mediated steatosis.

ethanol


Input: OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the interaction of moderate and high dietary fat and ethanol with respect to formation of steatosis and regulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway in a mouse model of chronic ethanol consumption.

ethanol

AMP

ethanol


Input: METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice were pair-fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli diet composed of either moderate fat [30% fat-derived calories (MF)] or high fat [45% fat-derived calories (HF)] combined with increasing concentrations of ethanol (2%-6%) for 6 weeks.

ethanol


Input: RESULTS: Chronic ethanol consumption resulted in significant increases in plasma alanine aminotransferase in MF (1. 84-fold) and HF mice (2. 33-fold), yet liver triglycerides only increased significantly in the HF model (1. 62-fold).

ethanol

alanine

triglycerides


Input: Ethanol addition significantly increased plasma adiponectin under conditions of MF but not HF.

Ethanol


Input: In combination with MF, the addition of ethanol significantly decreased total and hepatic pThr (172) AMPK alpha and acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC).

ethanol

pThr

acetyl CoA


Input: HF plus ethanol decreased pSer (108) AMPK beta, yet a marked 1. 5-fold increase in pThr (172) AMPK alpha occurred.

ethanol

pSer

pThr


Input: No change was evident in pSer (79) ACC under conditions of ethanol and HF ingestion.

pSer

ethanol


Input: In both models, nuclear levels of sterol response element binding protein 1c and carbohydrate response element binding protein were decreased.

sterol

carbohydrate


Input: Surprisingly, MF plus ethanol significantly elevated protein expression of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD), long-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (LCAD) and very long chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase but did not significantly affect mRNA expression of other proteins involved in beta-oxidation and fatty acid synthesis.

ethanol

acyl-CoA

acyl-CoA

acyl-CoA

fatty acid


Input: HF plus ethanol significantly reduced mRNA expression of both stearoyl CoA desaturase 1 and fatty acid elongase 5, but did not have an effect on MCAD or LCAD.

ethanol

stearoyl CoA

fatty acid


Input: CONCLUSION: These data suggest that, when co-ingested with ethanol, dietary fat differentially contributes to dysregulation of adiponectin-dependent activation of the AMPK pathway in the liver of mice.

ethanol


Input: Structure-based design of novel dihydroisoquinoline BACE-1 inhibitors that do not engage the catalytic aspartates.

dihydroisoquinoline

aspartates


Input: The structure-activity relationship of a series of dihydroisoquinoline BACE-1 inhibitors is described.

dihydroisoquinoline


Input: Application of structure-based design to screening hit 1 yielded sub-micromolar inhibitors.


Input: Replacement of the carboxylic acid of 1 was guided by X-ray crystallography, which allowed the replacement of a key water-mediated hydrogen bond.

carboxylic acid

hydrogen


Input: This work culminated in compounds such as 31, which possess good BACE-1 potency, excellent permeability and a low P-gp efflux ratio.


Input: Changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal stress responsiveness before and after puberty in rats.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue " Puberty and Adolescence ".


Input: Many endocrine changes are associated with pubertal and adolescent development.


Input: One such change is the responsiveness of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to physical and/or psychological stressors.


Input: Recent human and non-human animal studies have shown that hormonal stress reactivity increases significantly throughout puberty and adolescence.


Input: Specifically, exposure to various stressors results in greater adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and glucocorticoid responses in peripubertal compared to adult animals.


Input: This review will focus on how stress reactivity changes throughout puberty and adolescence, as well as potential mechanisms that mediate these changes in stress responsiveness.


Input: Though the implications of these pubertal shifts in stress responsiveness are not fully understood, the significant increase in stress-related mental and physical dysfunctions during this stage of development highlights the importance of studying pubertal and adolescent maturation of HPA function and its reactivity to stress.


Input: [11C] olanzapine, radiosynthesis and lipophilicity of a new potential PET 5-HT2 and D2 receptor radioligand.

[11C] olanzapine


Input: Olanzapine and its precursor desmethyl-Olanzapine were synthesized from malononitrile, propionaldehyde, 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene, and substituted piperazine in 4, 4, 5, and 5 steps with 35%, 32%, 26%, and 32% overall chemical yield, respectively.

Olanzapine

malononitrile

propionaldehyde

piperazine


Input: [(11) C] Olanzapine was prepared from desmethyl-Olanzapine with [(11) C] CH3OTf through N-[(11) C] methylation and isolated by HPLC combined with solid-phase extraction (SPE) in 40-50% radiochemical yield based on [(11) C] CO2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB), with 370-740 GBq/mu mol specific activity at EOB.

[(11) C] Olanzapine

[(11) C] CH3OTf

N

(11) C

[(11) C] CO2


Input: The calculated LogP (CLogP) value of [(11) C] Olanzapine is 3. 39.

[(11) C] Olanzapine


Input: Pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides affecting sterol and triglyceride biosynthesis in Hep G2 cells.

Pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides

sterol

triglyceride


Input: Synthesis of series [17 (20) Z]-and [17 (20) E]-pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides, containing polar substituents in amide moiety, based on rearrangement of 17 alpha-bromo-21-iodo-3 beta-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one caused by amines, is presented.

[17 (20) Z]-and [17 (20) E]-pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides

17 alpha-bromo-21-iodo-3 beta-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one


Input: The titled compounds were evaluated for their potency to regulate sterol and triglyceride biosynthesis in human hepatoma Hep G2 cells in comparison with 25-hydroxycholesterol.

sterol

triglyceride


Input: Three [17 (20) E]-pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides at a concentrations of 5 mu M inhibited sterol biosynthesis and stimulated triglyceride biosynthesis; their regulatory potency was dependent on the structure of amide moiety; the isomeric [17 (20) Z]-pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides were inactive.

[17 (20) E]-pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides

triglyceride

amide

[17 (20) Z]-pregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-oyl amides


Input: Discovery of non-peptide inhibitors of Plasmepsin II by structure-based virtual screening.


Input: Plasmepsin II (PM II) is an attractive target for anti-malaria drug discovery, which involves in host hemoglobin degradation in the acidic food vacuole.


Input: In this study, we demonstrated the successful use of structure-based virtual screening to identify inhibitors of PM II from two chemical database.


Input: Five novel non-peptide inhibitors were identified and revealed moderate inhibitory potencies with IC50 ranged from 4. 62 +/- 0. 39 to 9. 47 +/- 0. 71 mu M.


Input: The detailed analysis of binding modes using docking simulations for five inhibitors showed that the inhibitors could be stabilized by forming multiple hydrogen bonds with catalytic residues (Asp 34 and Asp 214) and also with other key residues.

hydrogen

Asp

Asp


Input: Pro-inflammatory properties and neutrophil activation by Helicobacter pylori urease.


Input: The gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori produces large amounts of urease, whose enzyme activity enables the bacterium to survive in the stomach.


Input: We have previously shown that ureases display enzyme-independent effects in mammalian models, most through lipoxygenases-mediated pathways.


Input: Here, we evaluated potential pro-inflammatory properties of H. pylori urease (HPU).


Input: Mouse paw edema and activation of human neutrophils were tested using a purified, cell-free, recombinant HPU.


Input: rHPU induced paw edema with intense neutrophil infiltration.


Input: In vitro 100 nM rHPU was chemotactic to human neutrophils, inducing production of reactive oxygen species.

oxygen


Input: rHPU-activated neutrophils showed increased lifespan, with inhibition of apoptosis accompanied by alterations of Bcl-XL and Bad contents.


Input: These effects of rHPU persisted in the absence of enzyme activity.


Input: rHPU-induced paw edema, neutrophil chemotaxis and apoptosis inhibition reverted in the presence of the lipoxygenase inhibitors esculetin or AA861.


Input: Neutrophils exposed to rHPU showed increased content of lipoxygenase (s) and no alteration of cyclooxygenase (s).