Input: Concentrations were well above background levels that have been monitored for years.


Input: Concentrations significantly increased with distance, the farthest downstream PE concentrations being almost five times greater than those at 79 m downstream of a historical point source.


Input: The PCBs in the PEs at 79 m downstream of the contamination source were dominated by low K (OW) congeners, similar to those in the mixture of Aroclors 1016 and 1254 (4: 1 v/v) historically released from the former capacitor manufacturer.

PCBs

Aroclors 1016 and 1254


Input: The only two chiral congeners detected in the PEs downstream were PCBs 91 and 95.

PCBs


Input: The EF values were nonracemic for PCB 91, while the values were either racemic or near racemic for PCB 95.

PCB

PCB


Input: Increased PCB concentrations with distance and a congener composition of predominantly low-weight congeners in the PEs at 79 m downstream of the plant site suggested an ongoing PCB source from the plant site.

PCB

PCB


Input: Chiral signatures suggested aerobic biotransformation of dissolved PCBs but did not shed any light on possible ongoing PCB inputs.

PCBs

PCB


Input: Photonic modulation of electron transfer with switchable phase inversion.


Input: Photochromes may be reversibly photoisomerized between two metastable states and their properties can influence, and be influenced by, other chromophores in the same molecule through energy or electron transfer.


Input: In the photochemically active molecular tetrad described here, a porphyrin has been covalently linked to a fullerene electron acceptor, a quinoline-derived dihydroindolizine photochrome, and a dithienylethene photochrome.

porphyrin

fullerene

quinoline

dihydroindolizine

dithienylethene


Input: The porphyrin first excited singlet state undergoes photoinduced electron transfer to the fullerene to generate a charge-separated state.

porphyrin

fullerene


Input: The quantum yield of charge separation is modulated by the two photochromes: one isomer of each quenches the porphyrin excited state, reducing the quantum yield of electron transfer to near zero.

porphyrin


Input: Interestingly, when the molecule is illuminated with white light, the quantum yield decreases as the white light intensity is increased, generating an out-of-phase response of the quantum yield to white light.


Input: However, when the same experiment is performed in the presence of additional, steady-state UV illumination, a phase inversion occurs.


Input: The quantum yield of electron transfer now increases with increasing white light intensity.


Input: Such effects illustrate emergent complexity in a relatively simple system and could find applications in molecular logic, photochemical labeling and drug delivery, and photoprotection for artificial photosynthetic molecules.


Input: The photochemistry leading to this behavior is discussed.


Input: Dendrimer-based multivalent vancomycin nanoplatform for targeting the drug-resistant bacterial surface.

vancomycin


Input: Vancomycin represents the preferred ligand for bacteria-targeting nanosystems.

Vancomycin


Input: However, it is inefficient for emerging vancomycin-resistant species because of its poor affinity to the reprogrammed cell wall structure.

vancomycin


Input: This study demonstrates the use of a multivalent strategy as an effective way for overcoming such an affinity limitation in bacteria targeting.


Input: We designed a series of fifth generation (G5) poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers tethered with vancomycin at the C-terminus at different valencies.

poly (amidoamine)

PAMAM

vancomycin

C


Input: We performed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) studies to determine their binding avidity to two cell wall models, each made with either a vancomycin-susceptible (D)-Ala-(D)-Ala or vancomycin-resistant (D)-Ala-(D)-Lac cell wall precursor.

vancomycin

(D)-Ala-(D)-Ala

vancomycin

(D)-Ala-(D)-Lac


Input: These conjugates showed remarkable enhancement in avidity in the cell wall models tested, including the vancomycin-resistant model, which had an increase in avidity of four to five orders of magnitude greater than free vancomycin.

vancomycin

vancomycin


Input: The tight adsorption of the conjugate to the model surface corresponded with its ability to bind vancomycin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacterial cells in vitro as imaged by confocal fluorescent microscopy.

vancomycin


Input: This vancomycin platform was then used to fabricate the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles by coating them with the dendrimer conjugates, and the resulting dendrimer-covered magnetic nanoparticles were demonstrated to rapidly sequester bacterial cells.

vancomycin

iron oxide


Input: In summary, this article investigates the biophysical basis of the tight, multivalent association of dendrimer-based vancomycin conjugates to the bacterial cell wall, and proposes a potential new use of this nanoplatform in targeting Gram-positive bacteria.

vancomycin


Input: Short-channel transistors constructed with solution-processed carbon nanotubes.

carbon


Input: We develop short-channel transistors using solution-processed single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) to evaluate the feasibility of those SWNTs for high-performance applications.

carbon


Input: Our results show that even though the intrinsic field-effect mobility is lower than the mobility of CVD nanotubes, the electrical contact between the nanotube and metal electrodes is not significantly affected.


Input: It is this contact resistance which often limits the performance of ultrascaled transistors.


Input: Moreover, we found that the contact resistance is lowered by the introduction of oxygen treatment.

oxygen


Input: Therefore, high-performance solution-processed nanotube transistors with a 15 nm channel length were obtained by combining a top-gate structure and gate insulators made of a high-dielectric-constant ZrO (2) film.

ZrO (2)


Input: The combination of these elements yields a performance comparable to that obtained with CVD nanotube transistors, which indicates the potential for using solution-processed SWNTs for future aggressively scaled transistor technology.


Input: Freeze fracture approach to directly visualize wetting transitions on nanopatterned superhydrophobic silicon surfaces: more than a proof of principle.

silicon


Input: Freeze fracturing is applied to make the wetting behavior of artificially nanopatterned Si surfaces directly visible.

Si


Input: For this purpose, almost hexagonally arranged nanopillars of fixed areal density (127 mu m (-2)) and diameters (35 nm) but varying heights (40-150 nm) were fabricated on silicon.

silicon


Input: Measurement of contact angles (CAs) including hysteresis allowed to distinguish between the Wenzel (W) and the Cassie-Baxter (CB) states with droplets completely wetting the pillars or residing on top of them, respectively.


Input: Providing additional depth contrast by evaporating the ice replica with thin carbon and (typically 3 nm) platinum layers under 45 degrees allowed resolving 3D features of 5 nm within the ice replica.

carbon

platinum


Input: In this way, laterally sharp transitions from CB-to W-states could be revealed, indicating the formation of zero-curvature water surfaces even on the nanoscale.


Input: Synthesis and biological evaluation of indenoisoquinolines that inhibit both tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) and topoisomerase I (Top1).

indenoisoquinolines


Input: Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) plays a key role in the repair of damaged DNA resulting from the topoisomerase I (Top1) inhibitor camptothecin and a variety of other DNA-damaging anticancer agents.

camptothecin


Input: This report documents the design, synthesis, and evaluation of new indenoisoquinolines that are dual inhibitors of both Tdp1 and Top1.

indenoisoquinolines


Input: Enzyme inhibitory data and cytotoxicity data from human cancer cell cultures were used to establish structure-activity relationships.


Input: The potencies of the indenoisoquinolines against Tdp1 ranged from 5 mu M to 111 mu M, which places the more active compounds among the most potent known inhibitors of this target.

indenoisoquinolines


Input: The cytotoxicity mean graph midpoints ranged from 0. 02 to 2. 34 mu M.


Input: Dual Tdp1-Top1 inhibitors are of interest because the Top1 and Tdp1 inhibitory activities could theoretically work synergistically to create more effective anticancer agents.


Input: Morphologies of ABC triblock terpolymer melts containing poly (cyclohexadiene): effects of conformational asymmetry.

poly (cyclohexadiene)


Input: We have synthesized linear ABC triblock terpolymers containing poly (1, 3-cyclohexadiene), PCHD, as an end block and characterized their morphologies in the melt.

poly (1, 3-cyclohexadiene)

PCHD


Input: Specifically, we have studied terpolymers containing polystyrene (PS), polybutadiene (PB), and polyisoprene (PI) as the other blocks.

polystyrene

polybutadiene

polyisoprene


Input: Systematically varying the ratio of 1, 2-/1, 4-microstructures of poly (1, 3-cyclohexadiene), we have studied the effects of conformational asymmetry among the three blocks on the morphologies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and self-consistent field theory (SCFT) performed with PolySwift + +.

poly (1, 3-cyclohexadiene)


Input: Our work reveals that the triblock terpolymer melts containing a high percentage of 1, 2-microstructures in the PCHD block are disordered at 110 degrees C for all the samples, independent of sequence and volume fraction of the blocks.

PCHD


Input: In contrast, the triblock terpolymer melts containing a high percentage of 1, 4-microstructure form regular morphologies known from the literature.


Input: The accuracy of the SCFT calculations depends on calculating the chi parameters that quantify the repulsive interactions between different monomers.


Input: Simulations using chi values obtained from solubility parameters and group contribution methods are unable to reproduce the morphologies as seen in the experiments.


Input: However, SCFT calculations accounting for the enhancement of the chi parameter with an increase in the conformational asymmetry lead to an excellent agreement between theory and experiments.


Input: These results highlight the importance of conformational asymmetry in tuning the chi parameter and, in turn, morphologies in block copolymers.


Input: Bioreducible polymers as a determining factor for polyplex decomplexation rate and transfection.

polyplex


Input: Polyplex formation (complexation) and gene release from the polyplexes (decomplexation) are major events in polymeric gene delivery; however, the effect of the decomplexation rate on transfection has been rarely investigated.

Polyplex

polyplexes


Input: This study employed mixed polymers of poly ((L)-lysine) (PLL: MW ~ 7. 4 kDa) and reducible PLL (RPLL) (MW ~ 6. 7 kDa) to design decomplexation rate-controllable PLL (100-x) RPLL (x)/pDNA complexes (PRL (x) polyplexes).

poly ((L)-lysine)

PLL

PLL

polyplexes


Input: The transfection efficiency of a model gene (luciferase) in MCF7 and HEK293 cell lines increased with increasing x (RPLL content) in the PRL (x) polyplexes until peaking at x = 2. 5 and 10, respectively, after which point transfection efficiency declined rapidly.

polyplexes


Input: In MCF7 cells, PRL (2. 5) polyplex produced 3 or 223 times higher gene expression than PLL or RPLL polyplexes, respectively.

polyplex

PLL

polyplexes


Input: Similarly, the transfection efficiency of PRL (10) polyplex-transfected HEK293 cells was 3. 8 or 67 times higher than that of PLL or RPLL polyplexes, respectively.

polyplex

PLL

polyplexes


Input: The transfection results were not apparently related to the particle size, surface charge, complexation/compactness, cellular uptake, or cytotoxicity of the tested polyplexes.

polyplexes


Input: However, the decomplexation rate varied by RPLL content in the polyplexes, which in turn influenced the gene transfection.

polyplexes


Input: The nuclear localization of pDNA delivered by PRL (x) polyplexes showed a similar trend to their transfection efficiencies.

polyplexes


Input: This study suggests that an optimum decomplexation rate may result in high nuclear localization of pDNA and transfection.


Input: Understanding in decomplexation and intracellular localization of pDNA may help develop more effective polyplexes.

polyplexes


Input: Exploring the Toxicity of a Bismuth-Asparagine Coordination Polymer on the Early Development of Zebrafish Embryos.

Bismuth

Asparagine


Input: Nanoparticles are widely used in nanomedicine, raising concerns about their toxicity.


Input: In this study, the toxicity of bismuth-asparagine coordination polymer spheres (BACP-2) was assessed in zebrafish embryos.

bismuth

asparagine


Input: Injection of 1-4 cell stage embryos with BACP-2 resulted in smaller head size (particularly smaller eye size), shorter body length, and pericardial edemas.


Input: The severity and occurrence of the resulting phenotype were concentration-dependent.


Input: The expression of genes such as krox20, orthodenticle homeobox 2 (otx2), and cardiac myosin light chain-2 (cmlc2) indicates that the effects of BACP-2 on the head and heart were related to changes in gene expression patterns.


Input: A delay in epiboly was observed, and the expression levels of the no tail (ntl) gene indicated that the delay in epiboly resulted both from the effect of BACP-2 on cell migration during epiboly and from slow growth.


Input: These findings indicate that BACP-2 exhibits concentration-dependent developmental toxicity, providing insight into the nanotoxicity of bismuth derivatives, which must be rigorously evaluated with respect to toxicity before their application in nanomedicine.

bismuth


Input: Synthesis and evaluation of diphenylphosphinic amides and diphenylphosphine oxides as inhibitors of Kv1. 5.

diphenylphosphinic amides

diphenylphosphine oxides


Input: Diphenylphosphinic amides and diphenylphosphine oxides have been synthesized and tested as inhibitors of the Kv1. 5 potassium ion channel as a possible treatment for atrial fibrillation.

Diphenylphosphinic amides

diphenylphosphine oxides

potassium


Input: In vitro structure-activity relationships are discussed and several compounds with Kv1. 5 IC (50) values of < 0. 5 mu M were discovered.


Input: Selectivity over the ventricular IKs current was monitored and selective compounds were found.


Input: Results from a rabbit PD-model are included.


Input: Novel in vivo active anti-malarials based on a hydroxy-ethyl-amine scaffold.

hydroxy-ethyl-amine


Input: A novel series of anti-malarials, based on a hydroxy-ethyl-amine scaffold, initially identified as peptidomimetic protease inhibitors is described.

hydroxy-ethyl-amine


Input: Combination of the hydroxy-ethyl-amine anti-malarial phramacophore with the known Mannich base pharmacophore of amodiaquine (57) resulted in promising in vivo active novel derivatives.

hydroxy-ethyl-amine

Mannich base

amodiaquine


Input: Live-cell imaging of p53 interactions using a novel Venus-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation system.


Input: p53 plays an important role in regulating a wide variety of cellular processes, such as cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis.


Input: Dysfunction of p53 is frequently associated with several pathologies, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.


Input: In recent years substantial progress has been made in developing novel p53-activating molecules.


Input: Importantly, modulation of p53 interaction with its main inhibitor, Mdm2, has been highlighted as a promising therapeutic target.


Input: In this regard, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis, by providing direct visualization of protein interactions in living cells, offers a straightforward method to identify potential modulators of protein interactions.


Input: In this study, we developed a simple and robust Venus-based BiFC system to screen for modulators of p53-p53 and p53-Mdm2 interactions in live mammalian cells.


Input: We used nutlin-3, a well-known disruptor of p53-Mdm2 interaction, to validate the specificity of the assay.


Input: The reduction of BiFC signal mediated by nutlin-3 was correlated with an increase in Puma transactivation, PARP cleavage, and cell death.


Input: Finally, this novel BiFC approach was exploited to identify potential modulators of p53-Mdm2 complex formation among a commercially available chemical library of 33 protein phosphatase inhibitors.


Input: Our results constitute " proof-of-concept " that this model has strong potential as an alternative to traditional target-based drug discovery strategies.


Input: Identification of new modulators of p53-p53 and p53-Mdm2 interactions will be useful to achieve synergistic drug efficacy with currently used anti-tumor therapies.


Input: Emerging targets in lipid-based therapy.


Input: The use of prostaglandins and NSAIDS in the clinic has proven that lipid mediators and their associated pathways make attractive therapeutic targets.

prostaglandins


Input: When contemplating therapies involving lipid pathways, several basic agents come to mind.


Input: There are the enzymes and accessory proteins that lead to the metabolism of lipid substrates, provided through diet or through actions of lipases, the subsequent lipid products, and finally the lipid sensors or receptors.


Input: There is abundant evidence that molecules along this lipid continuum can serve as prognostic and diagnostic indicators and are in fact viable therapeutic targets.


Input: Furthermore, lipids themselves can be used as therapeutics.


Input: Despite this, the vernacular dialog pertaining to " biomarkers " does not routinely include mention of lipids, though this is rapidly changing.


Input: Collectively these agents are becoming more appreciated for their respective roles in diverse disease processes from cancer to preterm labor and are receiving their due appreciation after decades of ground work in the lipid field.


Input: By relating examples of disease processes that result from dysfunction along the lipid continuum, as well as examples of lipid therapies and emerging technologies, this review is meant to inspire further reading and discovery.


Input: Inhibition of Th1/Th17 responses via suppression of STAT1 and STAT3 activation contributes to the amelioration of murine experimental colitis by a natural flavonoid glucoside icariin.

flavonoid

icariin


Input: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disorder in the intestine which involves overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and excessive functions of inflammatory cells.


Input: However, current treatments for IBD may have potential adverse effects including steroid dependence, infections and lymphoma.

steroid


Input: Therefore new therapies or drug candidates for the treatment of IBD are desperately needed.


Input: In the present study we found that icariin, a major bioactive compound from plants in Epimedium family, exerted protective effect on intestinal inflammation in mice induced by dextran sulfate sodium.

icariin

sulfate sodium


Input: Oral administration of icariin significantly attenuated the disease progression and alleviated the pathological changes of colitis.

icariin


Input: It also inhibited the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and expression of p-p65, p-STAT1 and p-STAT3 in colon tissues.


Input: Further study showed that icariin dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation and activation of T lymphocytes, and suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of activated T cells.

icariin


Input: Moreover, icariin treatment inhibited the phosphorylations of STAT1 and STAT3 in CD4 (+) T cells, which were the crucial transcription factors for Th1 and Th17 respectively.

icariin


Input: Taken together, these results indicate that icariin is a potential therapeutic agent for IBD.

icariin


Input: Short and long-term exposure of CNS cell lines to BPA-f a radiosensitizer for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy: safety dose evaluation by a battery of cytotoxicity tests.

Boron


Input: Despite the current clinical use of boronophenylalanine-fructose (BPA-f), as radiosensitizer, in BNCT application for brain tumors, still remains to be determined the safety dose of this agent.

boronophenylalanine

fructose

BPA-f


Input: We evaluated the potential risk of primary BPA-f toxicity before neutronic irradiation at different concentrations (0-100 mu gBeq/ml) after short-and long-term exposure (4-48h and 7-10 days), using a battery of tests (i. e. MTT assay, calcein-AM/Propidium Iodide staining, clonogenic test) in CNS cell models (D384 and SH-SY5Y), and non-neuronal primary human fibroblasts (F26).

BPA-f

MTT

calcein-AM

Propidium Iodide


Input: MTT data showed: (i) no cytotoxic effects after short-term exposure (4h) to any of BPA-f concentrations tested in all cell models; (ii) dose-and time-dependent mitochondrial activity impairment in D384 and SH-SY5Y cells only (with 60% and 40% cell death in D384 and SH-SY5Y, respectively, after 48h exposure to BPA-f 100 mu gBeq/ml).

MTT

BPA-f

BPA-f


Input: By Calcein-AM/PI staining, BPA-f treatment was specific toward SH-SY5Y cells only: a dose-dependent cell density reduction was observed, with a more pronounced effect after 48h exposure (15-40% at doses ranging 20-100 mu gBeq/ml).

Calcein-AM

BPA-f


Input: Clonogenic data revealed dose-dependent decrease of cell proliferative capacity in all cell lines, still the SH-SY5Y cells were the most sensitive ones: the lowest dose (20 mu gBeq/ml) produced 90% cell decrease.


Input: These results indicate dose-and time-dependent cytotoxic effects of BPA-f, with CNS cells showing a lower tolerance compared to fibroblasts.

BPA-f


Input: Long-term exposure to BPA-f compromised the proliferative capacity regardless of cell model type (cell sensitivity being SH-SY5Y > D384 > F26).

BPA-f


Input: In short-time exposure, BPA-f exhibits a safe dosage up to 40 mu gBeq/ml for the viability of CNS cell lines.

BPA-f


Input: Neoechinulin A suppresses amyloid-beta oligomer-induced microglia activation and thereby protects PC-12 cells from inflammation-mediated toxicity.

Neoechinulin A


Input: A pathological hallmark of Alzheimer' s disease (AD), aggregation and deposition of amyloid-beta peptides, has been recognized as a potent activator of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction.


Input: Therefore, downregulation of microglial activation has a significant therapeutic demand.


Input: In this study, focus was given to evaluate the ability of neoechinulin A, an indole alkaloid isolated from marine-derived Microsporum sp., to attenuate microglial activation by oligomeric amyloid-beta 1-42 (A beta 42).

neoechinulin A

indole


Input: Neoechinulin A treatment significantly inhibited the generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in A beta 42-activated BV-2 microglia cells.

Neoechinulin A

oxygen

nitrogen


Input: In addition, we found that neoechinulin A significantly suppressed the production of neurotoxic inflammatory mediator tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in activated BV-2 cells.

neoechinulin A

prostaglandin E2


Input: Moreover, the treatment downregulated the protein and gene expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6.

nitric oxide


Input: Further, activated microglia-mediated apoptosis of PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells was significantly repressed by neoechinulin A.

neoechinulin A


Input: The molecular mechanism studies suggested that neoechinulin A may block the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) molecule p38, apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK-1) and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) p65 and p50 subunits.

neoechinulin A


Input: Regulation of these signalling pathways have most probably contributed to the anti-inflammatory activity of neoechinulin A.

neoechinulin A


Input: Collectively, these results suggest that with further studies neoechinulin A have a potential to be developed as a modulator of neuroinflammatory process in AD.

neoechinulin A


Input: A comparative performance test of standard, medium-and high-throughput comet assays.


Input: A serious limitation of the conventional comet assay (single cell gel electrophoresis) is the restriction on the number of samples that can be processed in one experiment, imposed by the size of the electrophoresis platform.


Input: One approach to increasing throughput is to reduce the size of gels.


Input: We here compare the conventional system of two large gels on a microscope slide, with two recent developments, namely 12 minigels per slide, and a format with 96 minigels on GelBond (R) film.


Input: We used cells treated with X-rays or methylmethanesulphonate (MMS).

methylmethanesulphonate

MMS


Input: The level of damage detected (% tail DNA) in X-irradiated or MMS-treated cells was not affected by the format used.

MMS


Input: Parallel experiments, using all three formats, were performed with MMS-treated cells in two independent laboratories; the difference in results between the two laboratories was of borderline significance.

MMS


Input: The potential problem of anomalous comets seen at the border of the gel, the so-called' edge effects', has been addressed.


Input: A reliable, high throughput comet assay has applications in genotoxicity testing (particularly for in vivo studies with samples from different organs) as well as ecogenotoxicology and human biomonitoring, where the numbers of samples collected can be considerable.


Input: The effects of jaspamide on human cardiomyocyte function and cardiac ion channel activity.

jaspamide


Input: Jaspamide (jasplakinolide; NSC-613009) is a cyclodepsipeptide that has antitumor activity.

Jaspamide

jasplakinolide

cyclodepsipeptide


Input: A narrow margin of safety was observed between doses required for efficacy in mouse tumor models and doses that caused severe acute toxicity in rats and dogs.


Input: We explored the hypothesis that the observed toxicity was due to cardiotoxicity.


Input: Jaspamide was tested in a patch clamp assay to determine its effect on selected cardiac ion channels.

Jaspamide


Input: Jaspamide (10 mu M) inhibited Kv1. 5 activity by 98. 5%.

Jaspamide


Input: Jaspamide also inhibited other channels including Cav1. 2, Cav3. 2, and HCN2; however, the Kv11. 1 (hERG) channel was minimally affected.

Jaspamide


Input: Using spontaneously contracting human cardiomyocytes derived from induced pluripotent stem cells, effects on cardiomyocyte contraction and viability were also examined.


Input: Jaspamide (30 nM to 30 mu M) decreased cardiomyocyte cell indices and beat amplitude, putative measurements of cell viability and cardiac contractility, respectively.

Jaspamide


Input: Concentration-dependent increases in rhythmic beating rate were noted at <= 6 h of treatment, followed by dose-dependent decreases after 6 and 72 h exposure.


Input: The toxic effects of jaspamide were compared with that of the known cardiotoxicant mitoxantrone, and confirmed by multiparameter fluorescence imaging analysis.

jaspamide

mitoxantrone


Input: These results support the hypothesis that the toxicity observed in rats and dogs is due to toxic effects of jaspamide on cardiomyocytes.

jaspamide


Input: Long-term incubation of adult Nereis virens (Annelida: Polychaeta) in copper-spiked sediment: the effects on adult mortality, gametogenesis, spawning and embryo development.

copper


Input: Late gametogenic Nereis virens were incubated for up to 2. 5 months in environmentally relevant concentrations of copper-spiked sediment.

copper


Input: Sequential extraction confirmed that much more labile copper (in actual and percentage terms) was present as spiked concentrations increased, although the residual fractions contained similar amounts across concentrations.

copper


Input: This is also reflected in the tissue concentration of the worms which increased in line with the sediment concentrations.


Input: Adult mortality was not dependent on the exposure time, but higher concentrations usually induced greater mortality for both sexes.


Input: Oocytes were significantly smaller at higher concentrations although pairwise comparisons did not show specific differences.


Input: Spawning of males occurred a number of days earlier in the higher concentrations.


Input: Differences in the number of embryos developing normally after in vitro fertilizations of oocytes fertilized with sperm from exposed males and non-exposed males showed that sperm were more susceptible to toxicity, but oocytes were also affected at the highest concentration.


Input: These results show that there are direct and indirect reproductive consequences of parental exposure to copper with implications for recruitment and subsequent colonization of polluted sediments for this ecologically and commercially important species.

copper


Input: (-) Epicatechin attenuates mitochondrial damage by enhancing mitochondrial multi-marker enzymes, adenosine triphosphate and lowering calcium in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats.

(-) Epicatechin

adenosine triphosphate

calcium

isoproterenol


Input: Cardiac mitochondrial damage plays an important role in the pathology of myocardial infarction.


Input: The protective effects of (-) epicatechin on cardiac mitochondrial damage in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarction were evaluated in rats.

(-) epicatechin

isoproterenol


Input: Rats were pretreated with (-) epicatechin (20 mg/kg body weight) daily for a period of 21 days.

(-) epicatechin


Input: After the pretreatment period, isoproterenol (100 mg/kg body weight) was injected subcutaneously into rats twice at an interval of 24 h to induce myocardial infarction.

isoproterenol


Input: Isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats showed a significant increase in the levels of cardiac diagnostic markers, heart mitochondrial lipid peroxidation, calcium, and a significant decrease in the activities/levels of heart mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, reduced glutathione, isocitrate, succinate, malate, alpha-ketoglutarate and NADH-dehydrogenases, cytochrome-C-oxidase and adenosine triphosphate.

Isoproterenol

calcium

glutathione

glutathione

reduced glutathione

isocitrate

succinate

malate

alpha-ketoglutarate

NADH

adenosine triphosphate


Input: (-) Epicatechin pretreatment showed significant protective effects on all the biochemical parameters evaluated.

(-) Epicatechin


Input: The in vitro study revealed the superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of (-) epicatechin.

superoxide

hydroxyl

(-) epicatechin


Input: The possible mechanisms for the beneficial effects of (-) epicatechin on cardiac mitochondria could be attributed to scavenging of free radicals, decreasing calcium, increasing multi-enzymes (antioxidant, tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain enzymes), reduced glutathione and adenosine triphosphate.

(-) epicatechin

calcium

tricarboxylic acid

glutathione

adenosine triphosphate


Input: Thus, (-) epicatechin attenuated mitochondrial damage in isoproterenol induced myocardial infarcted rats.

(-) epicatechin

isoproterenol


Input: Stimulatory effect of insulin on theca-interstitial cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory proteins through MTORC1 dependent pathway.


Input: The present study examined the effect of insulin-mediated activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (MTORC1) signaling network on the proliferation of primary culture of theca-interstitial (T-I) cells.

rapamycin


Input: Our results show that insulin treatment increased proliferation of the T-I cells through the MTORC1-dependent signaling pathway by increasing cell cycle regulatory proteins.


Input: Inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling caused partial reduction of insulin-induced phosphorylation of RPS6KB1 and RPS6 whereas inhibition of PI3-kinase signaling completely blocked the insulin response.


Input: Pharmacological inhibition of MTORC1 with rapamycin abrogated the insulin-induced phosphorylation of EIF4EBP1, RPS6KB1 and its downstream effector, RPS6.

rapamycin


Input: These results were further confirmed by demonstrating that knockdown of Mtor using siRNA reduced the insulin-stimulated MTORC1 signaling.


Input: Furthermore, insulin-stimulated T-I cell proliferation and the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins CDK4, CCND3 and PCNA were also blocked by rapamycin.

rapamycin


Input: Taken together, the present studies show that insulin stimulates cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory proteins in T-I cells via activation of the MTORC1 signaling pathway.


Input: Modulation of activity and inhibitor sensitivity of rabbit aldose reductase-like protein (AKR1B19) by oxidized glutathione and SH-reagents.

aldose

oxidized glutathione

SH


Input: Rabbit aldo-keto reductase (AKR) 1B19 is an ortholog of human aldose reductase-like protein (ARLP), AKR1B10, showing 86% amino acid sequence identity.

aldose

amino acid


Input: AKR1B19 exhibits the highest catalytic efficiency for 4-oxo-2-nonenal, a major product of lipid peroxidation, compared to known reductases of this aldehyde.

aldehyde


Input: In this study, we found that the reductase activity of AKR1B19 was activated to about 5-fold immediately after the addition of 10 mu M SH-reagents (p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid and p-chloromercuribenzoic acid) in the absence or presence of NADPH.

SH

p-chloromercuriphenylsulfonic acid

p-chloromercuribenzoic acid

NADPH


Input: In addition, a maximum of 3-fold activation of AKR1B19 was induced by incubation with glutathione disulfide (GSSG) for 1h.

glutathione disulfide

GSSG


Input: The activated enzyme was converted into the native enzyme by further incubation with dithiothreitol and glutathione.

dithiothreitol

glutathione


Input: The activation was abolished by the C299S mutation of AKR1B19, and the glutathionylated Cys299 was identified by mass spectrometry analysis.


Input: The Cys299-modified enzyme displayed different kinetic alterations depending on substrates and inhibitors.


Input: In the reduction of 4-oxo-2-nonenal, the catalytic efficiency was increased.


Input: Thus, AKR1B10 may be modulated by cellular ratio of GSSG/glutathione and more efficiently act as a detoxifying enzyme for the cytotoxic aldehyde under oxidatively stressed conditions.

GSSG

glutathione

aldehyde


Input: Furthermore, such an activity alteration by GSSG was not detected in AKR1B10 and rat ARLPs, suggesting the presence of a GSSG-binding site near Cys299 in AKR1B19.

GSSG

GSSG


Input: The effect of triclosan on the uterotrophic response to extended doses of ethinyl estradiol in the weanling rat.

triclosan

ethinyl estradiol


Input: Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial, has been shown to be an endocrine disruptor in the rat.

Triclosan

TCS


Input: We reported previously that TCS potentiated the estrogenic effect of ethinyl estradiol (EE) on uterine growth in rats exposed to EE and TCS in the uterotrophic assay, whereas TCS alone had no effect.

TCS

ethinyl estradiol

TCS

TCS


Input: To further characterize this potentiation, we evaluated the effect of co-exposure with lower doses of EE that are comparable to the concentrations in hormone replacement regimens and began to assess the mechanisms by which this potentiation occurs.


Input: Changes in uterine weight, epithelial cell growth, and estrogen-sensitive gene expression were assessed.

estrogen


Input: TCS expectedly enhanced the uterotrophic response to EE, however at significantly lower doses of EE.

TCS


Input: Similarly, TCS increased the EE-induced stimulation of epithelial cell height following cotreatment.

TCS


Input: Cotreatment also enhanced the estrogen-induced change in gene expression, which was reversed with an ER antagonist.

estrogen


Input: Furthermore, the TCS-induced potentiation was independent of ER activation, as no effects were observed in the ER TA assay.

TCS


Input: Antioxidant cosmeto-textiles: Skin assessment.


Input: Resveratrol, a natural product, has been reported to have antioxidant activities such as the scavenging of free radicals.

Resveratrol


Input: This compound could be used in the dermocosmetic field to protect the skin from oxidative stress.


Input: In this work, the percutaneous profile of resveratrol in ethanol solutions through pig skin was determinated by an in vitro methodology.

resveratrol

ethanol


Input: The percutaneous absorption of resveratrol was measured and compared with trolox, an analogous of Vitamin E. Both antioxidants were found in all skin sections (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis).

resveratrol

trolox

Vitamin E


Input: Besides, the free radical scavenging activity of resveratrol and trolox has been evaluated using DPPH method.

resveratrol

trolox

DPPH


Input: The effective dose (ED50) of compounds and DPPH radical inhibition in each skin layer were evaluated.

DPPH


Input: Under the conditions used for these experiments, it can be deduced that resveratrol is more efficient than trolox as an antioxidant, also in the inner skin layers.

resveratrol

trolox


Input: The cosmeto-textiles with an active substance incorporated into their structure are increasingly used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.


Input: The action of several cosmeto-textiles on the skin was assessed by in vitro and in vivo methodologies.


Input: Samples of these cosmeto-textiles were prepared with resveratrol incorporated into cotton and polyamide fabrics.

resveratrol

polyamide


Input: An in vitro percutaneous absorption was used to demonstrate the delivery of the resveratrol from the textile to the different skin layers (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis).

resveratrol


Input: Additionally, these cosmeto-textiles containing the antioxidant were applied onto the forearms of volunteers to evaluate the textiles' efficacy in skin penetration.


Input: The antioxidant' s antiradical capacity was evaluated using the DPPH method.

DPPH


Input: Results showed that resveratrol could be detected in the dermis, epidermis, and stratum corneum (SC) by an in vitro percutaneous absorption method and was also detected in the outermost layers of the SC by an in vivo method (stripping).

resveratrol


Input: A smaller amount of resveratrol was penetrated through the skin layers when cosmeto-textiles were used compared to direct topical application of the antioxidant solution.

resveratrol


Input: The cosmeto-textiles investigated can act as a reservoir system capable of progressively deliver the active substance to the skin layers.


Input: From the skin penetration profiles and the antioxidant efficacy assessment of resveratrol, it is possible to ameliorate the inherent antioxidant capacity of skin.

resveratrol


Input: Plasmonic photothermal therapy increases the tumor mass penetration of HPMA copolymers.

HPMA


Input: Effective drug delivery to tumors requires both transport through the vasculature and tumor interstitium.


Input: Previously, it was shown that gold nanorod (GNR) mediated plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) is capable of increasing the overall accumulation of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers in prostate tumors.

N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide

HPMA


Input: In the present study, it is demonstrated that PPTT is also capable of increasing the distribution of these conjugates in tumors.


Input: Gadolinium labeled HPMA copolymers were administered to mice bearing prostate tumors immediately before treatment of the right tumor with PPTT.

Gadolinium

HPMA


Input: The left tumor served as internal, untreated control.


Input: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of both tumors showed that PPTT was capable of improving the tumor mass penetration of HPMA copolymers.

HPMA


Input: Thermal enhancement of delivery, roughly 1. 5-fold, to both the tumor center and periphery was observed.


Input: Confocal microscopy of fluorescently labeled copolymers corroborates these findings in that PPTT is capable of delivering more HPMA copolymers to the tumor' s center and periphery.

HPMA


Input: These results further demonstrate that PPTT is a useful tool to improve the delivery of polymer-drug conjugates.


Input: High-throughput identification and characterization of novel, species-selective GPR35 agonists.


Input: Drugs targeting the orphan receptor GPR35 have potential therapeutic application in a number of disease areas, including inflammation, metabolic disorders, nociception, and cardiovascular disease.


Input: Currently available surrogate GPR35 agonists identified from pharmacologically relevant compound libraries have limited utility due to the likelihood of off-target effects in vitro and in vivo and the variable potency that such ligands exhibit across species.


Input: We sought to identify and characterize novel GPR35 agonists to facilitate studies aimed at defining the physiologic role of GPR35.


Input: PathHunter beta-arrestin recruitment technology was validated as a human GPR35 screening assay, and a high-throughput screen of 100, 000 diverse low molecular weight compounds was conducted.


Input: Confirmed GPR35 agonists from five distinct chemotypes were selected for detailed characterization using both beta-arrestin recruitment and G protein-dependent assays and each of the human, mouse, and rat GPR35 orthologs.


Input: These studies identified 4-{(Z)-[(2Z)-2-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-4-oxo-1, 3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene] methyl} benzoic acid (compound 1) as the highest potency full agonist of human GPR35 yet described.

4-{(Z)-[(2Z)-2-(2-fluorobenzylidene)-4-oxo-1, 3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene] methyl} benzoic acid


Input: As with certain other GPR35 agonists, compound 1 was markedly selective for human GPR35, but displayed elements of signal bias between beta-arrestin-2 and G protein-dependent assays.


Input: Compound 1 also displayed competitive behavior when assessed against the human GPR35 antagonist, ML-145 (2-hydroxy-4-[4-(5Z)-5-[(E)-2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-enylidene]-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1, 3-thiazolidin-3-yl] butanoylamino] benzoic acid).

2-hydroxy-4-[4-(5Z)-5-[(E)-2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-enylidene]-4-oxo-2-sulfanylidene-1, 3-thiazolidin-3-yl] butanoylamino] benzoic acid


Input: Of the other chemotypes studied, compounds 2 and 3 were selective for the human receptor, but compounds 4 and 5 demonstrated similar activity at human, rat, and mouse GPR35 orthologs.


Input: Further characterization of these compounds and related analogs is likely to facilitate a better understanding of GPR35 in health and disease.


Input: Manganese exposure induces alpha-synuclein aggregation in the frontal cortex of non-human primates.

Manganese


Input: Aggregation of alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn) in the brain is a defining pathological feature of neurodegenerative disorders classified as synucleinopathies.


Input: They include Parkinson' s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA).


Input: Occupational and environmental exposure to manganese (Mn) is associated with a neurological syndrome consisting of psychiatric symptoms, cognitive impairment and parkinsonism.

manganese

Mn


Input: In this study, we examined alpha-syn immunoreactivity in the frontal cortex of Cynomolgus macaques as part of a multidisciplinary assessment of the neurological effects produced by exposure to moderate levels of Mn.

Mn


Input: We found increased alpha-syn-positive cells in the gray matter of Mn-exposed animals, typically observed in pyramidal and medium-sized neurons in deep cortical layers.

Mn


Input: Some of these neurons displayed loss of Nissl staining with alpha-syn-positive spherical aggregates.


Input: In the white matter we also observed alpha-syn-positive glial cells and in some cases alpha-syn-positive neurites.


Input: These findings suggest that Mn exposure promotes alpha-syn aggregation in neuronal and glial cells that may ultimately lead to degeneration in the frontal cortex gray and white matter.

Mn


Input: To our knowledge, this is the first report of Mn-induced neuronal and glial cell alpha-syn accumulation and aggregation in the frontal cortex of non-human primates.

Mn


Input: Enhanced leptin sensitivity, reduced adiposity, and improved glucose homeostasis in mice lacking exchange protein directly activated by cyclic AMP isoform 1.

glucose

cyclic AMP


Input: The prototypic second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is essential for controlling cellular metabolism, including glucose and lipid homeostasis.

cyclic AMP

cAMP

glucose


Input: In mammals, the majority of cAMP functions are mediated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (Epacs).

cAMP

cAMP


Input: To explore the physiological functions of Epac1, we generated Epac1 knockout mice.


Input: Here we report that Epac1 null mutants have reduced white adipose tissue and reduced plasma leptin levels but display heightened leptin sensitivity.


Input: Epac1-deficient mice are more resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity, hyperleptinemia, and glucose intolerance.

glucose


Input: Furthermore, pharmacological inhibition of Epac by use of an Epac-specific inhibitor reduces plasma leptin levels in vivo and enhances leptin signaling in organotypic hypothalamic slices.


Input: Taken together, our results demonstrate that Epac1 plays an important role in regulating adiposity and energy balance.


Input: Molecular diversity of class 2 integrons in antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacteria found in wastewater environments in China.


Input: The molecular architecture of class 2 integrons among gram-negative bacteria from wastewater environments was investigated in Jinan, China.


Input: Out of the 391 antibiotic-resistant bacteria found, 38 isolates harboring class 2 integrons encoding potentially transferrable genes that could confer antibiotic resistance were found.


Input: These isolates were classified into 19 REP-PCR types.


Input: These strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and found to be as follows: Proteus mirabilis (16), Escherichia coli (7), Providencia spp.


Input: (7), Proteus spp.


Input: (2), P. vulgaris (3), Shigella sp.


Input: (1), Citrobacter freundii (1), and Acinetobacter sp.


Input: Their class 2 integron cassette arrays were amplified and then either analyzed using PCR-RFLP or sequenced.


Input: The typical array dfrA1-sat2-aadA1 was detected in 27 isolates.


Input: Six atypical arrays were observed, including three kinds of novel arrangements (linF2 (increment attC1)-dfrA1 (increment attC2)-aadA1-orf441 or linF2 (increment attC1)-dfrA1 (increment attC2)-aadA1, dfrA1-catB2-sat2-aadA1, and estX (Vr)-sat2-aadA1) and a hybrid with the 3' CS of class 1 integrons (dfrA1-sat2-aadA1-qacH), and dfrA1-sat1.


Input: Twenty-four isolates were also found to carry class 1 integrons with 10 types of gene cassette arrays.


Input: Several non-integron-associated antibiotic resistance genes were found, and their transferability was investigated.


Input: Results showed that water sources in the Jinan region harbored a diverse community of both typical and atypical class 2 integrons, raising concerns about the overuse of antibiotics and their careless disposal into the environment.


Input: Effects of fluoxetine on the swimming and behavioural responses of the Arabian killifish.

fluoxetine


Input: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine has frequently been detected in surface waters around the world.

serotonin

fluoxetine


Input: Fluoxetine modulates levels of serotonin, a neurotransmitter that regulates several important physiological and behavioural processes including fear and anxiety, aggression, locomotion and feeding.

Fluoxetine

serotonin


Input: In this study, groups of sub-adult Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) were exposed to either 0, 0. 03, 0. 3 or 3 mu g/L fluoxetine hydrochloride for 7 days and their swimming behaviour and social interactions videotaped in a circular arena.

fluoxetine hydrochloride


Input: The fish were subsequently exposed to a predator alarm chemical (from dragonfly larvae fed with A. dispar) and their short-term responses recorded.


Input: The video was analysed using the open-sourced software program Ctrax which objectively quantified swimming and social behaviours.


Input: Aggression (chasing behaviour was significantly reduced at 3. 0 mu g/L fluoxetine.

fluoxetine


Input: After the addition of the predator alarm chemicals fish responded quickly, increasing the percentage of time spent drifting or motionless and reducing average swimming velocity.


Input: Controls and fish exposed to 0. 03 or 3 mu g/L fluoxetine reduced swimming speed by 20-30% but returned to pre-exposure velocities within 6 min.

fluoxetine


Input: Fish exposed to 0. 3 mu g/L fluoxetine reduced swimming speed by 38% after addition of the predator alarm and did not return to pre-exposure speeds during the recording period (19 min).

fluoxetine


Input: Schooling behaviour was also affected by fluoxetine and predator alarm with fish exposed to 0. 3 mu g/L fluoxetine significantly reducing nearest neighbour distance and swimming speed relative to nearest neighbour the following addition of the predator alarm.

fluoxetine

fluoxetine


Input: Cortisol and interferon tau regulation of endometrial function and conceptus development in female sheep.

Cortisol


Input: During early pregnancy in sheep, the elongating conceptus secretes interferon-tau (IFNT) and the conceptus as well as endometrial epithelia produce prostaglandins (PG) via PG synthase 2 (PTGS2) and cortisol via hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1).

prostaglandins

cortisol

hydroxysteroid


Input: Ovarian progesterone induces and PG and IFNT stimulates endometrial HSD11B1 expression and keto-reductase activity as well as many epithelial genes that govern trophectoderm proliferation, migration, and attachment during elongation.

progesterone

keto


Input: The primary aim of these studies was to test the hypothesis that HSD11B1-derived cortisol has a biological role in endometrial function and conceptus development during early pregnancy in sheep.

cortisol


Input: In study 1, cyclic ewes received vehicle, cortisol, PF 915275 (PF; a selective inhibitor of HSD11B1), cortisol and PF, meloxicam (a selective inhibitor of PTGS2), cortisol and meloxicam, recombinant ovine IFNT, or IFNT and PF into the uterus from day 10 to day14 after estrus.

cortisol

PF 915275

cortisol

meloxicam

cortisol

meloxicam


Input: Cortisol and IFNT stimulated endometrial HSD11B1 expression and activity, increased endometrial PTGS2 activity and the amount of PG in the uterine lumen, and up-regulated many conceptus elongation-related genes in the endometrium.

Cortisol


Input: Some effects of cortisol and IFNT were mediated by PTGS2-derived PG.

cortisol


Input: In study 2, bred ewes received PF 915275 or recombinant ovine IFNT and into the uterus from day 10 to day 14 after mating.

PF 915275


Input: Inhibition of HSD11B1 activity in utero prevented conceptus elongation, whereas IFNT rescued conceptus elongation in PF-infused ewes.


Input: These results suggest that HSD11B1-derived cortisol mediates, in part, actions of ovarian progesterone and the conceptus on endometrial function and support the hypothesis that IFNT, PG, and cortisol coordinately regulate endometrial functions important for conceptus elongation and implantation during early pregnancy in sheep.

cortisol

progesterone

cortisol


Input: Streamlined expressed protein ligation using split inteins.


Input: Chemically modified proteins are invaluable tools for studying the molecular details of biological processes, and they also hold great potential as new therapeutic agents.


Input: Several methods have been developed for the site-specific modification of proteins, one of the most widely used being expressed protein ligation (EPL) in which a recombinant alpha-thioester is ligated to an N-terminal Cys-containing peptide.

alpha-thioester

N

Cys


Input: Despite the widespread use of EPL, the generation and isolation of the required recombinant protein alpha-thioesters remain challenging.

alpha-thioesters


Input: We describe here a new method for the preparation and purification of recombinant protein alpha-thioesters using engineered versions of naturally split DnaE inteins.

alpha-thioesters


Input: This family of autoprocessing enzymes is closely related to the inteins currently used for protein alpha-thioester generation, but they feature faster kinetics and are split into two inactive polypeptides that need to associate to become active.

alpha-thioester


Input: Taking advantage of the strong affinity between the two split intein fragments, we devised a streamlined procedure for the purification and generation of protein alpha-thioesters from cell lysates and applied this strategy for the semisynthesis of a variety of proteins including an acetylated histone and a site-specifically modified monoclonal antibody.

alpha-thioesters


Input: Block copolymer modified surfaces for conjugation of biomacromolecules with control of quantity and activity.


Input: Polymer brush layers based on block copolymers of poly (oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate) (POEGMA) and poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) were formed on silicon wafers by activators generated by electron transfer atom transfer radical polymerization (AGET ATRP).

poly (oligo (ethylene glycol) methacrylate)

POEGMA

poly (glycidyl methacrylate)

PGMA

silicon


Input: Different types of biomolecule can be conjugated to these brush layers by reaction of PGMA epoxide groups with amino groups in the biomolecule, while POEGMA, which resists nonspecific protein adsorption, provides an antifouling environment.

PGMA epoxide

amino

POEGMA


Input: Surfaces were characterized by water contact angle, ellipsometry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the modification reactions.


Input: Phase segregation of the copolymer blocks in the layers was observed by AFM.


Input: The effect of surface properties on protein conjugation was investigated using radiolabeling methods.


Input: It was shown that surfaces with POEGMA layers were protein resistant, while the quantity of protein conjugated to the diblock copolymer modified surfaces increased with increasing PGMA layer thickness.

POEGMA

PGMA


Input: The activity of lysozyme conjugated on the surface could also be controlled by varying the thickness of the copolymer layer.


Input: When biotin was conjugated to the block copolymer grafts, the surface remained resistant to nonspecific protein adsorption but showed specific binding of avidin.

biotin


Input: These properties, that is, well-controlled quantity and activity of conjugated biomolecules and specificity of interaction with target biomolecules may be exploited for the improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in sensor applications.


Input: More generally, such surfaces may be useful as biological recognition elements of high specificity for functional biomaterials.


Input: Electrodeposition of crystalline GaAs on liquid gallium electrodes in aqueous electrolytes.

GaAs

gallium


Input: Crystalline GaAs (c-GaAs) has been prepared directly through electroreduction of As (2) O (3) dissolved in an alkaline aqueous solution at a liquid gallium (Ga (l)) electrode at modest temperatures (T >= 80 degrees C).

GaAs

GaAs

As (2) O (3)

gallium

Ga (l)


Input: Ga (l) pool electrodes yielded consistent electrochemical behavior, affording repetitive measurements that illustrated the interdependences of applied potential, concentration of dissolved As (2) O (3), and electrodeposition temperature on the quality of the resultant c-GaAs (s).

Ga (l)

As (2) O (3)

GaAs


Input: Raman spectra indicated the composition of the resultant film was strongly dependent on both the electrodeposition temperature and dissolved concentration of As (2) O (3) but not to the applied bias.

As (2) O (3)


Input: For electrodepositions performed either at room temperature or with high (>= 0. 01 M) concentrations of dissolved As (2) O (3), Raman spectra of the electrodeposited films were consistent with amorphous As (s).

As (2) O (3)

As


Input: X-ray diffractograms of As (s) films collected after thermal annealing indicated metallurgical alloying occurred only at temperatures in excess of 200 degrees C.

As


Input: Optical images and Raman spectra separately showed the composition of the as-electrodeposited film in dilute (<= 0. 001 M) solutions of dissolved As (2) O (3) (aq) was pure c-GaAs (s) at much lower temperatures than 200 degrees C.

as

As (2) O (3)

GaAs


Input: Diffractograms and transmission electron microscopy performed on as-prepared films confirmed the identity of c-GaAs (s).

GaAs


Input: The collective results thus provide the first clear demonstration of an electrochemical liquid-liquid-solid (ec-LLS) process involving a liquid metal that serves simultaneously as an electrode, a solvent/medium for crystal growth, and a coreactant for the synthesis of a polycrystalline semiconductor.


Input: The presented data serve as impetus for the further development of the ec-LLS process as a controllable, simple, and direct route for technologically important optoelectronic materials such as c-GaAs (s).

GaAs


Input: The determination of phenolic profiles of Serbian unifloral honeys using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry.


Input: Polyphenolic profiles of 44 unifloral Serbian honeys were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with hybrid mass spectrometer which combines the Linear Trap Quadrupole (LTQ) and OrbiTrap mass analyzer.

Polyphenolic


Input: Rapid UHPLC method was developed in combination with a high sensitivity accurate mass scan and a simultaneous data dependent scan.


Input: The honey samples were of different botanical origin: acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), linden (Tilia cordata), basil (Ocimum basilicum), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea).


Input: The presence of 43 compounds, mainly flavonoids, was proven in all honey samples by their characteristic mass spectra and fragmentation pattern.

flavonoids


Input: Relatively high amounts of chrysin, pinocembrin and galangin were identified in all honey extracts.

chrysin

pinocembrin

galangin


Input: p-Coumaric acid was not detected in basil, buckwheat and goldenrod honey extracts.

p-Coumaric acid


Input: A larger amount of gallic acid (max value 1. 45 mg/kg) was found in the sunflower honey, while a larger amount of apigenin (0. 97 mg/kg) was determined in the buckwheat honey in comparison with other honeys.

gallic acid

apigenin


Input: The samples were classified according to the botanical origin using pattern recognition technique, Principal Component Analysis (PCA).


Input: The LTQ OrbiTrap technique was proven to be reliable for the unambiguous detection of phenolic acids, their derivatives, and flavonoid aglycones based on their molecular masses and fragmentation pattern.

phenolic acids

flavonoid


Input: Fast HPLC-DAD quantification of nine polyphenols in honey by using second-order calibration method based on trilinear decomposition algorithm.

polyphenols


Input: This paper describes the use of second-order calibration for development of HPLC-DAD method to quantify nine polyphenols in five kinds of honey samples.

polyphenols


Input: The sample treatment procedure was simplified effectively relative to the traditional ways.


Input: Baselines drift was also overcome by means of regarding the drift as additional factor (s) as well as the analytes of interest in the mathematical model.


Input: The contents of polyphenols obtained by the alternating trilinear decomposition (ATLD) method have been successfully used to distinguish different types of honey.

polyphenols


Input: This method shows good linearity (r > 0. 99), rapidity (t < 7. 60 min) and accuracy, which may be extremely promising as an excellent routine strategy for identification and quantification of polyphenols in the complex matrices.

polyphenols


Input: Defatted Jatropha curcas flour and protein isolate as materials for protein hydrolysates with biological activity.


Input: Jatropha curcas L. protein hydrolysates were produced by treatment of a non-toxic genotype with Alcalase as well as the digestive enzymes pepsin and pancreatin.


Input: The J. curcas protein hydrolysate produced with the pepsin-pancreatin system from protein isolate had the highest TEAC value and was shown to undergo single-electron transfer reactions in the ABTS (+) reduction assay, demonstrating its antioxidant capacity.

ABTS (+)


Input: Testing of antimicrobial activity in the J. curcas protein hydrolysates against seven bacterial pathogens showed no growth inhibitory effect in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.


Input: More ACE-I inhibitory active peptides were produced in the Alcalase hydrolysates obtained from J. curcas protein isolate.


Input: The protein hydrolysate obtained with Alcalase from defatted J. curcas flour as well as from the protein isolate showed the highest inhibitory effect of ADP-induced aggregation of human platelets in platelet-rich plasma.

ADP


Input: It is expected that the information collated will facilitate new applications of proteins present in Jatropha plant.


Input: Transepithelial transport of 6-O-caffeoylsophorose across Caco-2 cell monolayers.


Input: The aim of this study was to clarify the transport behaviour and mechanism of caffeic acid analogue bearing a sugar-moiety, 6-O-caffeoylsophorose (CS), in Caco-2 cells.

caffeic acid

sugar


Input: The absorption of CS was investigated by its transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers using a high-performance liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS).


Input: The permeation of CS was concentration-dependent and reached the plateau at > 6 mM.


Input: The apparent permeability (P (app)) of CS in the apical-to-basolateral direction was 5. 4 x 10 (-7) cm/s, while in the reversed direction the P (app) value was significantly reduced (1. 9 x 10 (-7) cm/s).


Input: CS transport was competitively inhibited by phloretin, an inhibitor of monocarboxylic acid transporter (MCT).

phloretin

monocarboxylic acid


Input: Benzoic acid, an MCT substrate, also reduced CS transport.

Benzoic acid


Input: A less significant change of CS transport was observed across Caco-2 cell monolayers pretreated with quercetin, a suppressor of tight-junction.

quercetin


Input: These findings strongly indicate that CS, a caffeic acid analogue bearing sophorose moiety, can be transported across Caco-2 cell monolayers via the MCT pathway.

caffeic acid

sophorose


Input: Sugarcane bagasse treated with hydrous ferric oxide as a potential adsorbent for the removal of As (V) from aqueous solutions.

hydrous ferric oxide

As (V)


Input: The mechanism of As (V) removal from aqueous solutions by means of hydrated ferric oxide (HFO)-treated sugarcane bagasse (SCB-HFO) (Saccharum officinarum L.) was investigated.

As (V)

hydrated ferric oxide

HFO

HFO


Input: Effects of different parameters, such as pH value, initial arsenic concentration, adsorbent dosage, contact time and ionic strength, on the As (V) adsorption were studied.

arsenic

As (V)


Input: The adsorption capacity of SCB-HFO for As (V) was found to be 22. 1 mg/g under optimum conditions of pH 4, contact time 3h and temperature 22 degrees C.

HFO

As (V)


Input: Initial As (V) concentration influenced the removal efficiency of SCB-HFO.

As (V)

HFO


Input: The desorption of As (V) from the adsorbent was 17% when using 30% HCl and 85% with 1M NaOH solution.

As (V)

HCl

NaOH


Input: FTIR analyses evidenced two potential binding sites associated with carboxyl and hydroxyl groups which are responsible for As (V) removal.

carboxyl

hydroxyl

As (V)


Input: Adsorption, surface precipitation, ion exchange and complexation can be suggested as mechanisms for the As (V) removal from the solution phase onto the surface of SCB-HFO.

As (V)

HFO


Input: Enzymatic synthesis of fructooligosaccharides by inulinases from Aspergillus niger and Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y-7571 in aqueous-organic medium.


Input: This work is focused on the synthesis of the fructooligosaccharides (FOS) from sucrose and inulin, using free, immobilized and pre-treated immobilized inulinase from Kluyveromyces marxianus NRRL Y 7571 and Aspergillus niger in an aqueous-organic system.

sucrose


Input: Initially, the influence of pre-treatment using four different gases, propane, n-butane, CO (2) and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), was investigated towards FOS production and best results were found when both enzymes were previously treated with LPG.

propane

n-butane

CO (2)


Input: The best reaction yields were obtained when the immobilized enzymes were treated with LPG.


Input: Considering FOS synthesis using the enzyme from A. niger, yields of 26. 62% of GF2 (kestose), 30. 62% of GF3 (nystose) and 8. 47% of GF4 (fructosyl nystose) were achieved using sucrose as substrate.

kestose

nystose

fructosyl nystose

sucrose


Input: Using inulinases from K. marxianus NRRL Y 7571, 11. 89% of GF2 and 20. 83% of GF3 were obtained, using inulin as substrate.


Input: However, promising results were achieved using the free form of inulinase from A. niger (77. 19% of GF2; 14. 03% of GF3 and 0. 07% of GF4) using inulin as substrate.


Input: Review: on published data and methods for selenium in mushrooms.

selenium


Input: Selected data published on selenium in several species of mushrooms are outlined and discussed in light of performance of analytical methods employed.

selenium


Input: Data was shown to be either dubious or concentrations too high to be credible and valid in some data reported by authors.


Input: Examples of methods and specifically the measurement techniques of Se as reported by authors studying mushrooms are outlined.

Se


Input: Also examples of valid and incorrect data on Se in a given mushroom species with data by two or more analytical methods are illustrated.

Se


Input: Excessive values reported due to selection of improper method of determination of Se in mushrooms relate largely to improper use of flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).

Se


Input: The biased analytical data published gave a false picture on the composition and nutritional value of mushrooms with respect to selenium.

selenium


Input: Rhubarb inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell metastasis via GSK-3-beta activation to enhance protein degradation and attenuate nuclear translocation of beta-catenin.


Input: The aim of our study was to investigate the mechanisms by which rhubarb regulates beta-catenin as well as metastasis of hepatocellular carcinomas.


Input: Our results revealed that rhubarb extract inhibited HA22T cell migration ability in wound healing, migration and invasion assays in a dose-dependent manner.


Input: Rhubarb also reduced beta-catenin protein level, downregulated its downstream proteins, cyclin D, Tbx3 and c-Myc, and attenuated the expression of MMP9 and contactin-1 metastatic factors.


Input: Additionally, rhubarb inhibited beta-catenin nuclear accumulation and induced its degradation via proteasome-mediated pathway.


Input: Furthermore, we found that rhubarb suppressed the p-ser (9) GSK-3-beta protein level to inactivate Wnt signalling and reduce beta-catenin protein level.

ser


Input: Taken together; we found that rhubarb blocked the metastatic process of HA22T hepatocellular carcinoma cells mediated through GSK-3-beta activation, and enhancement of protein degradation as well as reduction of the nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin.


Input: Evaluation of biological activities of a groundnut (Apios americana Medik) extract containing a novel isoflavone.

isoflavone


Input: Groundnut (Apios americana Medik) contains a novel isoflavone, genistein-7-O-gentiobioside.

isoflavone


Input: In the present study, we examined the biological activities of an alcohol extract of groundnut containing genistein-7-O-gentiobioside as the main component.

alcohol


Input: Although the groundnut extract by itself did not show antioxidative activity, it drove the antioxidative system in cells.


Input: Pretreatment of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells for 24 h with the groundnut extract and soybean isoflavone increased gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a major antioxidative stress enzyme.

isoflavone


Input: These groundnut extract-treated cells showed antioxidative activity against free radicals derived from a radical initiator.


Input: Pretreatment of cells with 100 mu g/mL groundnut extract prevented the depletion of glutathione by the radical initiator; however, treatment with 100 mu g/mL of soybean isoflavone injured the cell membrane, indicating that glutathione might be released to the extracellular environment.

glutathione

isoflavone

glutathione


Input: These results suggest that the groundnut extract had isoflavone-like activity.

isoflavone


Input: Like soybean, groundnuts are a good source of isoflavones.

isoflavones


Input: Three sulphated polysaccharides isolated from the mucilage of mud snail, Bullacta exarata philippi: characterization and antitumour activity.


Input: Three sulphated polysaccharides, coded as BEMPA, BEMPB (1), BEMPB (2), were extracted from the mucilage of mud snail of Bullacta exarata and purified by DEAE-cellulose ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography.

DEAE


Input: Structural analysis of purified polysaccharides by chemical and biochemical methods revealed BEMPA was a high (1 --> 3, 4)-linked mannose-containing polysaccharide with molecular weight of 22, 977 Da.

mannose


Input: BEMPB (1), with molecular weight of 64, 117 Da, was a high (1 --> 3)-linked arabinose-containing polysaccharide.

arabinose


Input: BEMPB (2) was mainly composed of (1 --> 3, 4)-linked mannose with molecular weight of 47, 507Da.

mannose


Input: The comparison between sulphated polysaccharides and their desulphated products showed that sulphate substitutions of BEMPB (1) were deduced to be at the C-3 of (1 --> 4)-linked mannose, while sulphate substitutions of BEMPA and BEMPB (2) were at C-4 of (1 --> 3)-linked mannose.

sulphated

mannose

sulphate

mannose


Input: Furthermore, BEMPA exhibited highest inhibitory effects on growth of B-16 melanoma cells, and IC (50) were 31. 1 mu g/mL.


Input: Development and validation of a real-time PCR method for the simultaneous detection of black mustard (Brassica nigra) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea) in food.


Input: The paper presents a real-time PCR method allowing the simultaneous detection of traces of black mustard (Brassica nigra) and brown mustard (Brassica juncea) in food.


Input: The primers and the probe target the B. nigra partial RT gene for reverse transcriptase from gypsy-like retroelement 13G42-26.


Input: The real-time PCR method does not show any cross-reactivity with other Brassicaceae species with the exception of white mustard.


Input: Low cross-reactivities with cinnamon, cumin, fenugreek, ginger, rye and turmeric can be ignored because in common mustard containing foodstuffs these biological species are present in very low amounts.


Input: By analysing serially diluted DNA extracts from black and brown mustard, the DNA of both mustard species could be detected down to 0. 1 pg.


Input: With 10 ng DNA per PCR tube the real-time PCR method allows the detection of 5 ppm black and brown mustard in brewed sausages.


Input: Physical attributes and chemical composition of organic strawberry fruit (Fragaria x ananassa Duch, Cv. Albion) at six stages of ripening.


Input: Organic strawberry fruits (Cv.' Albion') were harvested at six different ripening stages and evaluated for physical and chemical parameters.


Input: Biometrical characteristics and moisture content did not change significantly during ripening.


Input: Total soluble solids, pH and colour development increased while titratable acidity and fruit firmness decreased 14. 7% and 91%, respectively.


Input: Fructose, glucose, and sucrose followed similar tendencies.

Fructose

glucose

sucrose


Input: Final contents of these sugars were 2323. 4, 1988. 5, and 1578. 4 mg/100 g.

sugars


Input: Citric, malic, and ascorbic acids followed a descending, irregular, and increasing tendency during ripening, respectively.

Citric, malic, and ascorbic acids


Input: Final contents of these acids were 822. 8, 245. 8, and 78. 1 mg/100 g.


Input: Total anthocyanins content (TAC) increased during ripening, while the opposite was observed for total phenolic content (TPC).

anthocyanins


Input: TAC and TPC in ripe fruit were 56. 4 mg/100g and 196 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/100 g.

gallic acid


Input: Twenty eight phenolic compounds, mainly glycosides, were identified and quantified by HPLC-DAD-MS analysis.


Input: The concentration of these compounds was ripening dependent.


Input: Ascorbic acid, nitrate, and nitrite concentration relationship to the 24hour light/dark cycle for spinach grown in different conditions.

Ascorbic acid

nitrate

nitrite


Input: Nitrate, nitrite and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) concentrations were determined for spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) over a 24 h period to determine if light intensity (including dark periods) at time of harvest impacts concentrations in raw vegetables.

Nitrate

nitrite

ascorbic acid

vitamin C


Input: Nitrate, nitrate and ascorbic acid concentrations varied significantly over the 24 h period and appeared to be related to changes in light intensity.

Nitrate

nitrate

ascorbic acid


Input: Light intensity at the time an experimental sample is collected may affect the concentration of some constituents that a researcher is studying.


Input: Also, nitrate and nitrite concentrations in raw spinach can be reduced by harvesting at the best time of day.

nitrate

nitrite


Input: The highest nitrate concentrations in spinach occurred in the dark just prior to an increase in light intensity.

nitrate


Input: Ascorbic acid was near its highest level for the 24 h period when the light intensity initially increased, then decreased to its lowest level around 3-6 h later.

Ascorbic acid


Input: Physico-chemical and antioxidant properties of four mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars in China.


Input: Four principal mango cultivars (Tainong No. 1, Irwin, JinHwang and Keitt) grown in southern China were selected, and their physico-chemical and antioxidant properties were characterized and compared.


Input: Of all the four cultivars, Tainong No. 1 had highest content of total phenols, rho-coumaric acid, sinapic acid, quercetin, titratable acidity, citric acid, malic acid, fructose, higher antioxidant activities (DPPH, FRAP) and L (*), lower pH, PPO activity and individual weight.

phenols

rho-coumaric acid

sinapic acid

quercetin

citric acid

malic acid

fructose

DPPH


Input: Keitt mangoes showed significantly (p < 0. 05) higher contents of beta-carotene, rho-hydroxybenzoic acid, sucrose, total sugar, total soluble solid, catechin, succinic acid and higher PPO activity.

beta-carotene

rho-hydroxybenzoic acid

sucrose

sugar

catechin

succinic acid


Input: JinHwang mangoes exhibited significantly (p < 0. 05) higher individual weight and PPO activity, but had lower content of total phenols, beta-carotene and lower antioxidant activity.

phenols

beta-carotene


Input: Principal component analysis (PCA) allowed the four mango cultivars to be differentiated clearly based on all these physico-chemical and antioxidant properties determined in the study.


Input: EC50 estimation of antioxidant activity in DPPH. assay using several statistical programs.

DPPH.


Input: DPPH (.) assay is a reliable method to determine the antioxidant capacity of biological substrates.

DPPH (.)


Input: The DPPH (.) radical scavenging activity is generally quantified in terms of inhibition percentage of the pre-formed free radical by antioxidants, and the EC (50) (concentration required to obtain a 50% antioxidant effect) is a typically employed parameter to express the antioxidant capacity and to compare the activity of different compounds.

DPPH (.)


Input: In this study, the EC (50) estimation was performed using a comparative approach based on various regression models implemented in six specialized computer programs: GraphPad Prism (R) version 5. 01, BLeSq, OriginPro (R) 8. 5. 1, SigmaPlot (R) 12, BioDataFit (R) 1. 02, and IBM SPSS Statistics (R) Desktop 19. 0.


Input: For this project, quercetin, catechin, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and acetylcysteine were screened as antioxidant standards with DPPH (.) assay to define the EC (50) parameters.

quercetin

catechin

ascorbic acid

caffeic acid

chlorogenic acid

acetylcysteine

DPPH (.)


Input: All the statistical programs gave similar EC (50) values, but GraphPad Prism (R) five-parameter analysis pointed out a best performance, also showing a minor variance in relation to the actual EC (50).


Input: 2012: no trans fatty acids in Spanish bakery products.

trans fatty acids


Input: Trans fatty acids (TFA) are strongly correlated with an increased risk of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases.

Trans fatty acids

TFA


Input: Current dietary recommendations exclude bakery products from frequent consumption basically due to their traditionally high content of TFA.

TFA


Input: The aim of this work was to analyse the lipid profile of different bakery products currently commercialised in Spain and with a conventionally high fat and TFA content.

TFA


Input: Premium and store brands for each product were included in the study.


Input: No significant amounts of TFA were found in any of the analysed products, regardless the brand.

TFA


Input: TFA content ranged between 0. 17 g and 0. 22 g/100 g product (mean = 0. 19 g/100 g product).

TFA


Input: Expressed on percentage of fatty acids, the maximum value was 0. 87 g/100 g fatty acids and the mean value was 0. 68%.

fatty acids

fatty acids


Input: These data are significantly lower than those observed in previously published papers for these types of products, and highlighted the importance of updating food composition databases in order to accurately estimate the real and current intake of TFA.

TFA


Input: Long-term supplementation of high pigmented rice bran oil (Oryza sativa L.) on amelioration of oxidative stress and histological changes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed a high fat diet; Riceberry bran oil.

streptozotocin


Input: Diabetes is a serious health problem.


Input: Searching for alternative natural antioxidants is considered important strategy to manage diabetes.


Input: This study evaluated the effect of Riceberry bran oil (RBBO) supplementation on oxidative stress and organ histology in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats fed a high fat (HF) diet.

streptozotocin


Input: Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with hyperglycemia were divided into four groups: DM group fed a HF diet alone; DMRL group fed a HF diet and 5% RBBO; DMRM group fed a HF diet and 7. 5% RBBO; DMRH group fed a HF diet and 15% RBBO.


Input: Normal rats were used as normal control and were divided into NC and NR group fed a normal diet containing either 5% corn oil or 5% RBBO, respectively.


Input: After 12 weeks, RBBO significantly decreased malondialdehyde and restored superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, coenzyme Q (10) and ORAC levels in diabetic rats.

malondialdehyde

superoxide

glutathione


Input: RBBO additionally improved the regenerative changes of the pancreas, kidneys, heart and liver.


Input: These findings indicate that pigmented RBBO could provide beneficial effect on diabetes by decreasing oxidative stress and recovering organ histology.


Input: The antioxidant activity of teas measured by the FRAP method adapted to the FIA system: optimising the conditions using the response surface methodology.


Input: This study proposes a FRAP assay adapted to FIA system with a merging zones configuration.


Input: The FIA system conditions were optimised with the response surface methodology using the central composite rotatable design.


Input: The optimisation parameters studied were: the carrier flow rate, the lengths of the sample and reagent loops, and reactor length.


Input: The conditions selected in accordance with the results were: carrier flow rate of 1. 00 ml/min, length of the loops 18. 2 cm and length of the reaction coil 210. 1 cm.


Input: The detection and quantification limits were, respectively, 28. 6 and 86. 8 mu mol/l Fe (2 +), and the precision was 1. 27%.

Fe (2 +)


Input: The proposed method had an analytical frequency of 30 samples/h and about 95% less volume of FRAP reagent was consumed.


Input: The FRAP assay adapted to the FIA system under the optimised conditions was utilised to determine the antioxidant activity of tea samples.


Input: Optimization of gas chromatography-single quadrupole mass spectrometry conditions for multiresidue analysis of pesticides in grapes in compliance to EU-MRLs.


Input: A single quadrupole GC-MS method was optimized for multiresidue determination of 47 pesticides in grapes with limit of quantifications of each compound in compliance with the EU-MRL requirements.


Input: Sample preparation involved extraction of 10 g sample with 10 ml ethyl acetate (+ 10 g sodium sulphate) by homogenization at 15, 000 rpm followed by centrifugation at 3000 rpm.

ethyl acetate

sodium sulphate


Input: The supernatant was cleaned by dispersive solid phase extraction with primary secondary amine and acidified with 0. 1% formic acid.

primary secondary amine

formic acid


Input: Residues were estimated in selected ion monitoring mode with programmable temperature vaporizer-large volume injection (8 mu l).


Input: All the GC and MS parameters were thoroughly optimized to achieve satisfactory linearity (R (2) > 0. 99) within 0. 01-0. 25 mg kg (-1) with minimum matrix interferences.


Input: Recoveries at 0. 01 and 0. 02 mg kg (-1) were within 67-120% with associated precision RSD below 19%.


Input: The method was successfully applied for analysis of the real world samples for incurred residues.


Input: Phase behaviour of oat beta-glucan/sodium caseinate mixtures varying in molecular weight.

sodium


Input: The isothermal phase behaviour at 5 degrees C of mixtures of sodium caseinate and oat beta-glucan isolates varying in molecular weight (MW) was investigated by means of phase diagram construction, rheometry, fluorescence microscopy and electrophoresis.

sodium


Input: Phase diagrams indicated that the compatibility of the beta-glucan/sodium caseinate system increases as beta-glucan MW decreases.

sodium


Input: Images of mixtures taken at various biopolymer concentrations revealed phase separated domains.


Input: Results also revealed that at the state of thermodynamic equilibrium, lower MW samples yielded considerable viscosity in the mixture.


Input: At equivalent hydrodynamic volume of beta-glucan in the mixtures, samples varying in molecular weight exhibited similar flow behaviour.


Input: A deviation dependent on the protein concentration was observed for the high MW sample in the concentrated regime due to the size of beta-glucan aggregates formed.


Input: Results demonstrate that by controlling the structural features of beta-glucan in mixtures with sodium caseinate, informed manipulation of rheological properties in these systems can be achieved.

sodium


Input: Chemical composition, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities of the essential oil of Artemisia indica Willd.


Input: Essential oil from the aerial parts of Artemisia indica was analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS.


Input: A total of 43 compounds representing 96. 8% of the oil were identified and the major components were found to be artemisia ketone (42. 1%), germacrene B (8. 6%), borneol (6. 1%) and cis-chrysanthenyl acetate (4. 8%).

artemisia ketone

germacrene B

borneol

cis-chrysanthenyl acetate


Input: Antimicrobial activity of the oil was evaluated against seven clinically significant bacterial and two fungal strains.


Input: The essential oil and its major constituents exhibited moderate to potent, broad-spectrum antibacterial and antifungal activities targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.


Input: In vitro cytotoxicity evaluation against four human cancer cell lines THP-1 (leukemia), A-549 (lung), HEP-2 (liver) and Caco-2 (colon) showed that the essential oil exhibited concentration dependant growth inhibition in the 10-100 mu g/ml dilution range, with IC (50) values of 10 mu g/ml (THP-1), 25 mu g/ml (A-549), 15. 5 mu g/ml (HEP-2) and 19. 5 mu g/ml (Caco-2).


Input: It was interesting to note that the essential oil also exhibited potent antioxidant activity.


Input: Multi-targeted screening of botanicals in food supplements by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry.


Input: Safety, quality and composition assessments of food supplements based on botanical ingredients are of major concern, as they have usually not been through a rigorous testing process as required for the approval of therapeutic phytopreparations.


Input: Therefore, an efficient multi-targeted method was developed to screen selected botanicals of interest in herbal food supplements.


Input: Liquid chromatography coupled with a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap was used for this purpose.


Input: Botanicals were characterised by means of appropriate biomarkers, which were unambiguously identified by mass spectrometry using an information dependent acquisition experiment which combined a multiple reaction monitoring survey with dependent enhanced product ion scans.


Input: During this procedure, product ion scans of targeted analytes were generated at three collision energies and compared with an in-house library of MS/MS spectra acquired from reference standards of all biomarkers.


Input: This generic method enables detection, identification and quantification of 98 biomarkers intended to characterise 79 selected plants.


Input: Pattern recognition of peach cultivars (Prunus persica L.) from their volatile components.


Input: The volatile compounds of four peach cultivars (Prunus persica L.) were studied: Sudanell, San Lorenzo, Miraflores and Calanda (two clones, Calante and Jesca).


Input: 17-23 Samples of each cultivar with the same maturity level were analyzed, measuring color, firmness, and soluble solids content.


Input: The pulp was crushed and mixed with water prior to HS-SPME analysis, and GC-MS was used to determine the volatile compounds.


Input: Sixty-five compounds were identified using spectral library matching, Kovat' s indices and, when available, pure standards.


Input: The main components were lactones and C6 compounds.

lactones


Input: From the distribution of these compounds, Principal Component Analysis led to the clustering of the samples according to their different cultivars.


Input: Finally, Canonical Component Analysis was used to create a classification function that identifies the origin of an unknown sample from its volatile composition.


Input: The results obtained will help to avoid fraud and protect the European Designation of Origin' Melocot o n de Calanda'.


Input: Superomniphobic surfaces for effective chemical shielding.


Input: Superomniphobic surfaces display contact angles > 150 degrees and low contact angle hysteresis with essentially all contacting liquids.


Input: In this work, we report surfaces that display superomniphobicity with a range of different non-Newtonian liquids, in addition to superomniphobicity with a wide range of Newtonian liquids.


Input: Our surfaces possess hierarchical scales of re-entrant texture that significantly reduce the solid-liquid contact area.


Input: Virtually all liquids including concentrated organic and inorganic acids, bases, and solvents, as well as viscoelastic polymer solutions, can easily roll off and bounce on our surfaces.


Input: Consequently, they serve as effective chemical shields against virtually all liquids--organic or inorganic, polar or nonpolar, Newtonian or non-Newtonian.


Input: Lucidone from Lindera erythrocarpa Makino fruits suppresses adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and attenuates obesity and consequent metabolic disorders in high-fat diet C57BL/6 mice.

Lucidone


Input: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of development of numerous diseases including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and cardiovascular disease.


Input: In this study, we investigated the effects of lucidone in vitro on gene expression during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and in vivo on high-fat diet induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice.

lucidone


Input: Lucidone at 40 mu mol/L suppressed adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells by reducing transcription levels of adipogenic genes, including PPAR gamma, C/EBP alpha, LXR-alpha, LPL, aP2, GLUT4 and adiponectin.

Lucidone


Input: Five-week-old male C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet (60% energy from fat) supplemented with lucidone at a dosage of 1250 mg/kg of diet for 12 weeks had reduced body and liver weight, reduced epididymal and perirenal adipose tissue, decreased food efficiency (percentage of weight gain divided by food intake), and lowered plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin levels.

lucidone

cholesterol

triglyceride

glucose


Input: Dissection of adipose tissue from lucidone-treated mice showed a reduction in the average fat-cell size and percentage of large adipocytes.

lucidone


Input: These results provide evidence that dietary intake of lucidone alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice and reveals the potential of lucidone as a nutraceutical to prevent obesity and consequent metabolic disorders.

lucidone

lucidone


Input: A new single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging agent for serotonin transporters: [(125) I] Flip-IDAM, (2-((2-((dimethylamino) methyl)-4-iodophenyl) thio) phenyl) methanol.

serotonin

[(125) I] Flip-IDAM

(2-((2-((dimethylamino) methyl)-4-iodophenyl) thio) phenyl) methanol


Input: New ligands for in vivo brain imaging of serotonin transporter (SERT) with single photon emission tomography (SPECT) were prepared and evaluated.

serotonin


Input: An efficient synthesis and radiolabeling of a biphenylthiol, FLIP-IDAM, 4, was accomplished.

biphenylthiol

FLIP-IDAM


Input: The affinity of FLIP-IDAM was evaluated by an in vitro inhibitory binding assay using [(125) I]-IDAM as radioligand in rat brain tissue homogenates (K (i) = 0. 03 nM).

FLIP-IDAM

[(125) I]-IDAM


Input: New [(125) I] Flip-IDAM exhibited excellent binding affinity to SERT binding sites with a high hypothalamus to cerebellum ratio of 4 at 30 min post iv injection.

[(125) I] Flip-IDAM


Input: The faster in vivo kinetics for brain uptake and a rapid washout from non-specific regions provide excellent signal to noise ratio.


Input: This new agent, when labeled with (123) I, may be a useful imaging agent for mapping SERT binding sites in the human brain.

(123) I


Input: Structure activity relationship studies of tricyclic bispyran sulfone gamma-secretase inhibitors.

tricyclic bispyran sulfone


Input: An investigation is detailed of the structure activity relationships (SAR) of two sulfone side chains of compound (-)-1a (SCH 900229), a potent, PS1-selective gamma-secretase inhibitor and clinical candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer' s disease.

sulfone

SCH 900229


Input: Specifically, 4-CF (3) and 4-Br substituted arylsulfone analogs, (-)-1b and (-)-1c, are equipotent to compound (-)-1a.

4-CF (3)

arylsulfone


Input: On the right hand side chain, linker size and terminal substituents of the pendant sulfone group are also investigated.

sulfone


Input: Regioselective synthesis of 5-and 6-methoxybenzimidazole-1, 3, 5-triazines as inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase.

5-and 6-methoxybenzimidazole-1, 3, 5-triazines


Input: Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) hold significant therapeutic potential as novel targets for the treatment of cancer.


Input: ZSTK474 (4a) is a potent, pan-PI3K inhibitor currently under clinical evaluation for the treatment of cancer.


Input: Structural studies have shown that derivatisation at the 5-or 6-position of the benzimidazole ring may influence potency and isoform selectivity.

benzimidazole


Input: However, synthesis of these derivatives by the traditional route results in a mixture of the two regioisomers.


Input: We have developed a straightforward regioselective synthesis that gave convenient access to 5-and 6-methoxysubstituted benzimidazole derivatives of ZSTK474.

5-and 6-methoxysubstituted benzimidazole


Input: While 5-methoxy substitution abolished activity at all isoforms, the 6-methoxy substitution is consistently 10-fold more potent.


Input: This synthesis will allow convenient access to further 6-position derivatives, thus allowing the full scope of the structure-activity relationships of ZSTK474 to be probed.


Input: Synthesis of DNA oligonucleotides containing C5-ethynylbenzenesulfonamide-modified nucleotides (EBNA) by polymerases towards the construction of base functionalized nucleic acids.

C5-ethynylbenzenesulfonamide-modified nucleotides

EBNA


Input: C5-Ethynylbenzenesulfonamide-modified nucleotide (EBNA) was investigated as substrate of various DNA polymerases.

C5-Ethynylbenzenesulfonamide-modified nucleotide

EBNA


Input: The experiments revealed that KOD, Phusion and Klenow DNA polymerases successfully accepted EBNA-T nucleotide as a substrate and yielded the fully extended DNA.

EBNA

nucleotide


Input: KOD DNA polymerase was found to be the most efficient enzyme to furnish EBNA-T containing DNA in good yields.

EBNA


Input: Phusion DNA polymerase efficiently amplified the template containing EBNA-T nucleotides by PCR.

EBNA

nucleotides


Input: Synthesis and evaluation of 8-oxoadenine derivatives as potent Toll-like receptor 7 agonists with high water solubility.


Input: We report the discovery of novel series of highly potent TLR7 agonists based on 8-oxoadenines, 1 and 2 by introducing and optimizing various tertiary amines onto the N (9)-position of the adenine moiety.

tertiary amines

N

adenine


Input: The introduction of the amino group resulted in not only improved water solubility but also enhanced TLR7 agonistic activity.

amino


Input: In particular compound 20 (DSR-6434) indicated an optimal balance between the agonistic potency and high water solubility.


Input: It also demonstrated a strong antitumor effect in vivo by intravenous administration in a tumor bearing mice model.


Input: A-ring modification of SCH 900229 and related chromene sulfone gamma-secretase inhibitors.

SCH 900229

sulfone


Input: Attempts to block metabolism by incorporating a 9-fluoro substituent at the A-ring of compound 1 (SCH 900229) using electrophilic Selectfluor (TM) led to an unexpected oxidation of the A-ring to give difluoroquinone analog 1a.

SCH 900229

Selectfluor

difluoroquinone


Input: Oxidation of other related chromene gamma-secretase inhibitors 2-8 resulted in similar difluoroquinone analogs 2a-8a, respectively.

difluoroquinone


Input: These quinone products exhibited comparable in vitro potency in a gamma-scretase membrane assay, but were several fold less potent in a cell-based assay in lowering A beta 40-42, compared to their parent compounds.

quinone


Input: Inhibition of the beta-carbonic anhydrases from Mycobacterium tuberculosis with C-cinnamoyl glycosides: identification of the first inhibitor with anti-mycobacterial activity.

C-cinnamoyl glycosides


Input: A small series of C-cinnamoyl glycoside containing the phenol moiety was tested for the inhibition of the three Mycobacterium tuberculosis beta-carbonic anhydrases (CAs, EC 4. 2. 1. 1) with activities in the low micromolar range detected.

C-cinnamoyl glycoside

phenol


Input: The compounds were also tested for the inhibition of growth of M. tuberculosis H (37) Rv strain, leading to the identification of (E)-1-(2', 3', 4', 6'-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one (1) as the first carbonic anhydrase inhibitor with anti-tubercular activity.

(E)-1-(2', 3', 4', 6'-tetra-O-acetyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-4-(3-hydroxyphenyl) but-3-en-2-one


Input: Discovery of liver-targeted inhibitors of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD1).

stearoyl-CoA


Input: Inhibitors based on a benzo-fused spirocyclic oxazepine scaffold were discovered for stearoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) desaturase 1 (SCD1) and subsequently optimized to potent compounds with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and in vivo efficacy in reducing the desaturation index in a mouse model.

benzo-fused spirocyclic oxazepine

stearoyl-coenzyme A

CoA


Input: Initial optimization revealed potency preferences for the oxazepine core and benzylic positions, while substituents on the piperidine portions were more tolerant and allowed for tuning of potency and PK properties.

oxazepine

benzylic

piperidine


Input: After preparation and testing of a range of functional groups on the piperidine nitrogen, three classes of analogs were identified with single digit nanomolar potency: glycine amides, heterocycle-linked amides, and thiazoles.

piperidine nitrogen

glycine amides

amides

thiazoles


Input: Responding to concerns about target localization and potential mechanism-based side effects, an initial effort was also made to improve liver concentration in an available rat PK model.


Input: An advanced compound 17m with a 5-carboxy-2-thiazole substructure appended to the spirocyclic piperidine scaffold was developed which satisfied the in vitro and in vivo requirements for more detailed studies.

spirocyclic piperidine


Input: The venom optimization hypothesis revisited.


Input: Animal venoms are complex chemical mixtures that typically contain hundreds of proteins and non-proteinaceous compounds, resulting in a potent weapon for prey immobilization and predator deterrence.


Input: However, because venoms are protein-rich, they come with a high metabolic price tag.


Input: The metabolic cost of venom is sufficiently high to result in secondary loss of venom whenever its use becomes non-essential to survival of the animal.


Input: The high metabolic cost of venom leads to the prediction that venomous animals may have evolved strategies for minimizing venom expenditure.


Input: Indeed, various behaviors have been identified that appear consistent with frugality of venom use.