Input: Promotion of DNA repair by nuclear IKK beta phosphorylation of ATM in response to genotoxic stimuli.


Input: Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is one of the key molecules involved in the cellular response to DNA damage.


Input: A portion of activated ATM is exported from the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it activates the I kappa B kinase/nuclear factor kappa B (IKK/NF-kappa B) signaling pathway.


Input: It has been thought that activated IKK beta, which is a critical kinase for NF-kappa B activation, generally resides in the cytoplasm and phosphorylates cytoplasmic downstream molecules, such as I kappa B alpha.


Input: Here, we identified a new role for IKK beta during the response to DNA damage.


Input: ATM phosphorylation in response to alkylating agents consisted of two phases: the early phase (up to 3 h) and late phase (after 6 h).


Input: A portion of the activated IKK beta generated during the DNA damage response was found to translocate into the nucleus and directly phosphorylate ATM in the late phase.


Input: Furthermore, the phosphorylation of ATM by nuclear IKK beta was suggested to promote DNA repair.


Input: In parallel, activated IKK beta induced classical NF-kappa B activation and was involved in anti-apoptosis.


Input: Our findings define the function of IKK beta during the response to DNA damage, which promotes cell survival and DNA repair, and maintains cellular homeostasis.


Input: The Grainyhead transcription factor Grhl3/Get1 suppresses miR-21 expression and tumorigenesis in skin: modulation of the miR-21 target MSH2 by RNA-binding protein DND1.


Input: Epidermal differentiation and stratification, crucial for barrier formation, are regulated by a complex interplay of transcription factors, including the evolutionarily conserved Grainyhead-like 3 (Grhl3/Get1); Grhl3-deleted mice exhibit impaired epidermal differentiation and decreased expression of multiple differentiation genes.


Input: To test whether Grhl3 regulates epidermal genes indirectly by controlling the expression of specific microRNAs (miRs), we performed miR profiling and identified 11 miRs that are differentially regulated in Grhl3 (-/-) skin, one of which is miR-21, previously shown to be upregulated in diseased skin, including in psoriasis and squamous cell skin cancer.


Input: We found that miR-21 is normally expressed in the post-mitotic suprabasal layers of the epidermis, overlapping with Grhl3.


Input: The miR-21 promoter is bound and repressed by Grhl3 indicating that these two factors are involved in a regulatory loop maintaining homeostasis in the epidermis.


Input: Although miR-21 overexpression in normal keratinocytes had mild effects on the expression of several known miR-21 targets, an enhanced downregulation of the miR-21 tumor-related targets, including MSH2, was observed in Ras-transformed keratinocytes.


Input: The increased sensitivity of transformed keratinocytes to miR-21' s effects occurs in part through downregulation of the RNA-binding protein DND1 during the transformation process.


Input: Additionally, we observed increased tumorigenesis in mice subcutaneously injected with transformed keratinocytes lacking Grhl3.


Input: These findings indicate that decreased Grhl3 expression contributes to tumor progression and upregulation of the oncomir miR-21 in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin.


Input: The first total synthesis of apigenin 7-O-beta-D-cellobiosyl-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside isolated from Salvia uliginosa.

apigenin 7-O-beta-D-cellobiosyl-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside


Input: The first total synthesis of apigenin 7-O-beta-D-cellobioside (5) and apigenin 7-O-beta-D-cellobiosyl-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (8), which were isolated from petals of Salvia patens and Salvia uliginosa, were achieved in four and six steps and 76% and 57%, respectively, overall yield, from naringenin (1).

apigenin 7-O-beta-D-cellobioside

apigenin 7-O-beta-D-cellobiosyl-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside

naringenin


Input: The total synthesis contained two-glycosylation, acetylation, oxidation, selective deacetylation and deprotection steps.


Input: Although this route contained six steps, the targeted compounds were obtained with higher yields and easier purifications than other synthetic methods.


Input: Cytotoxicity of semisynthetic acetal triterpenes from one-pot vicinal diol cleavage following by lactolization: Reaction promoted by NaIO4/SiO2 gel in THF.

acetal triterpenes

vicinal diol

THF


Input: In situ C-C bond cleavage of vicinal diol following by the lactolisation resulted from separated treatment of Arjunolic acid (1), 24-hydroxytormentic acid (2) and 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylsitosterol (3) with sodium periodate and silica gel in dried THF according to the strategic position of hydroxyl functions in the molecule.

C-C

vicinal diol

Arjunolic acid

24-hydroxytormentic acid

sodium periodate

silica gel

THF

hydroxyl


Input: The reaction led to a lactol pentacyclic triterpenes 1A, 2A and a bicyclotriacetal of beta-sitosterol 3A.

lactol pentacyclic triterpenes

bicyclotriacetal of beta-sitosterol


Input: These products were further acetylated and the cytotoxicity of all molecules was evaluated against human fibrosarcoma HT1080 cancer cells lines.


Input: Tea tree oil-induced transcriptional alterations in Staphylococcus aureus.


Input: Tea tree oil (TTO) is a steam distillate of Melaleuca alternifolia that demonstrates broad-spectrum antibacterial activity.


Input: This study was designed to document how TTO challenge influences the Staphylococcus aureus transcriptome.


Input: Overall, bioinformatic analyses (S. aureus microarray meta-database) revealed that both ethanol and TTO induce related transcriptional alterations.


Input: TTO challenge led to the down-regulation of genes involved with energy-intensive transcription and translation, and altered the regulation of genes involved with heat shock (e. g. clpC, clpL, ctsR, dnaK, groES, groEL, grpE and hrcA) and cell wall metabolism (e. g. cwrA, isaA, sle1, vraSR and vraX).


Input: Inactivation of the heat shock gene dnaK or vraSR which encodes a two-component regulatory system that responds to peptidoglycan biosynthesis inhibition led to an increase in TTO susceptibility which demonstrates a protective role for these genes in the S. aureus TTO response.


Input: A gene (mmpL) encoding a putative resistance, nodulation and cell division efflux pump was also highly induced by TTO.


Input: The principal antimicrobial TTO terpene, terpinen-4-ol, altered ten genes in a transcriptional direction analogous to TTO.

terpene


Input: Collectively, this study provides additional insight into the response of a bacterial pathogen to the antimicrobial terpene mixture TTO.


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Acute effects of methiocarb on oxidative damage and the protective effects of vitamin E and taurine in the liver and kidney of Wistar rats.

methiocarb

vitamin E

taurine


Input: Methiocarb (MC) is a widely used carbamate pesticide in agriculture and health programs.

Methiocarb

carbamate


Input: Although the main molecular mechanism of carbamate toxicity involves acetylcholinesterase inhibition, studies have also implicated the induction of oxidative stress.

carbamate


Input: Therefore, the present study was aimed to evaluate the effect of acute MC exposure on lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems, histological changes in Wistar rats and the protective effect of pretreatment with vitamin E and taurine.

vitamin E

taurine


Input: A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into six groups.


Input: Rats in group I were given corn oil, while those in group III were dosed with vitamin E (100 mg/kg body weight (b. w.)) and in group V were dosed with taurine (50 mg/kg b. w.).

vitamin E

taurine


Input: Rats in group II were administered with MC only (25 mg/kg b. w., 1/4 of median lethal dose (LD (50))), while those in groups IV and VI were pretreated with vitamin E (100 mg/kg b. w.) and taurine (50 mg/kg b. w.) for 20 days, respectively, and then exposed to MC (25 mg/kg b. w.).

vitamin E

taurine


Input: The rats administered with MC showed significant increase in the levels of malondialdehyde in the liver and kidney as an index of lipid peroxidation.

malondialdehyde


Input: Levels of glutathione and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were significantly increased, while activity of glutathione reductase remained unchanged in both the tissues after MC treatment.

glutathione

superoxide

glutathione

glutathione


Input: Mild degenerative histological changes were observed in liver tissue, while the changes in kidney tissue were more severe then liver after MC treatment.


Input: Pretreatment with vitamin E and taurine resulted in a significant decrease in the lipid peroxidation and alleviating effects on antioxidant defense systems in both the tissues, while protective effects on the histological changes were shown only in kidney when compared with liver.

vitamin E

taurine


Input: In conclusion, the study has demonstrated that the acute MC exposure in Wistar rats caused oxidative damage on liver and kidney, which were partly ameliorated by the pretreatment of vitamin E and taurine.

vitamin E

taurine


Input: Recent advances in medicinal chemistry of sulfonamides.

sulfonamides


Input: Rational design as anti-tumoral, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents.


Input: Now-a-days, cancer is becoming one of the major problems of public health in the world.


Input: Pharmacology treatment is a way to increase quality and long life.


Input: Predominantly, in last decade sulfonamide derivatives have been described as potential carbonic anhydrase inhibitors.

sulfonamide


Input: In the present work, we describe recent advances during the last decade in medicinal chemistry of sulfonamides derivatives with some examples of rational design as anti-tumoral, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents.

sulfonamides


Input: We show strategy design, structure-activity relationship, biological activity and advances of new sulfonamide compounds that have more health significance than some clinically used sulfonamides.

sulfonamide

sulfonamides


Input: Flax terpenoid pathway as a source of health promoting compounds.

terpenoid


Input: Flax is an important crop plant grown mainly for its fiber and seeds, which are also rich in omega-3 fatty acids and valuable antioxidants derived from the terpenoid pathways including carotenoids, tocochromanols and sterols.

omega-3 fatty acids

terpenoid

tocochromanols

sterols


Input: Many of those components found in flax have been recently shown to positively influence human health.


Input: Although terpenes vary greatly in their chemical structure, mainly two mechanisms of their biological activity can be considered: direct antioxidation, and a recently explored one, connected to specific receptor and cell signaling pathway activation.

terpenes


Input: Recent studies show that many of the health promoting agents derived from flax act through both of the mentioned mechanisms, resulting in synergistic physiological effects.


Input: The work summarizes the two mechanisms, focusing mainly on the one involving cell signaling, as a promising target for medicine and pharmacotherapy.


Input: Direct Effects of Vaccinium myrtillus L.


Input: Fruit Extracts on Rat Heart Mitochondrial Functions.


Input: In this study, the direct influence of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fruit extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) rich in anthocyanins on the oxidative phosphorylation of isolated rat heart mitochondria was investigated in vitro.

anthocyanins


Input: Higher concentrations of bilberry extracts concentration-dependently inhibited mitochondrial state 3 respiration (by 23%-61%) with pyruvate plus malate, mildly (by 1. 2-to 1. 3-fold) uncoupled the oxidative phosphorylation, and increased (by 30%-87%) the state 4 respiration rate in the presence of exogenous cytochrome c.

pyruvate

malate


Input: Succinate oxidation was less affected.

Succinate


Input: Pure anthocyanins, the main components of used extracts, malvidin-3-glucoside, malvidin-3-galactoside, and cyanidin-3-galactoside, had no effect on oxidation of pyruvate plus malate.

anthocyanins

pyruvate

malate


Input: A statistically significant decrease in H2 O2 production by mitochondria was found in the presence of bilberry fruit extracts.

H2 O2


Input: Our findings show that bilberry fruit anthocyanin-rich extracts possess direct effects on rat heart mitochondrial function in vitro.

anthocyanin


Input: These findings give the first insights into the mechanism (s) of their action on cellular energy metabolism.


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced memory deficiency via its antineuroinflammatory and antiamyloidogenic effects.

Ethanol


Input: Magnolia bark contains several compounds such as magnolol, honokiol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, obovatol, and other neolignan compounds.

magnolol

honokiol

obovatol

neolignan


Input: These compounds have been reported to have various beneficial effects in various diseases.


Input: There is sufficient possibility that ethanol extract of Magnolia officinalis is more effective in amyloidogenesis via synergism of these ingredients.

ethanol


Input: Neuroinflammation has been known to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer' s disease (AD).


Input: We investigated whether the ethanol extract of M. officinalis (10 mg/kg in 0. 05% ethanol) prevents memory dysfunction and amyloidogenesis in AD mouse model by intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250 micro g/kg/day for seven times) injection.

ethanol

ethanol


Input: We found that ethanol extract of M. officinalis prevented LPS-induced memory deficiency as well as inhibited the LPS-induced elevation of inflammatory proteins, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase 2, and activation of astrocytes and microglia.

ethanol

nitric oxide


Input: In particular, administration of M. officinalis ethanol extract inhibited LPS-induced amyloidogenesis, which resulted in the inhibition of amyloid precursor protein, beta-site amyloid-precursor-protein-cleaving enzyme 1 and C99.

ethanol


Input: Thus, this study shows that ethanol extract of M. officinalis prevents LPS-induced memory impairment as well as amyloidogenesis via inhibition of neuroinflammation and suggests that ethanol extract of M. officinalis might be a useful intervention for neuroinflammation-associated diseases such as AD.

ethanol

ethanol


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Metabotropic glutamate receptor 4 in the basal ganglia of parkinsonian monkeys: ultrastructural localization and electrophysiological effects of activation in the striatopallidal complex.

glutamate


Input: Group III metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR4, 7, 8) are widely distributed in the basal ganglia.

glutamate


Input: Injection of group III mGluR agonists into the striatopallidal complex alleviates parkinsonian symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats.


Input: In vitro rodent studies have suggested that this may be partly due to modulation of synaptic transmission at striatopallidal and corticostriatal synapses through mGluR4 activation.


Input: However, the in vivo electrophysiological effects of group III mGluRs activation upon basal ganglia neurons activity in nonhuman primates remain unknown.


Input: Thus, in order to examine the anatomical substrates and physiological effects of group III mGluRs activation upon striatal and pallidal neurons in monkeys, we used electron microscopy immunohistochemistry to localize mGluR4, combined with local administration of the group III mGluR agonist L-AP4, or the mGluR4 positive allosteric modulator VU0155041, to assess the effects of group III mGluR activation on the firing rate and pattern of striatal and pallidal neurons in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated parkinsonian monkeys.

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine

MPTP


Input: At the ultrastructural level, striatal mGluR4 immunoreactivity was localized in pre-(60%) and post-synaptic (30%) elements, while in the GPe, mGluR4 was mainly expressed pre-synaptically (90%).


Input: In the putamen, terminals expressing mGluR4 were evenly split between putative excitatory and inhibitory terminals, while in the GPe, most labeled terminals displayed the ultrastructural features of striatal-like inhibitory terminals, though putative excitatory boutons were also labeled.


Input: No significant difference was found between normal and parkinsonian monkeys.


Input: Extracellular recordings in awake MPTP-treated monkeys revealed that local microinjections of small volumes of L-AP4 resulted in increased firing rates in one half of striatal cells and one third of pallidal cells, while a significant number of neurons in both structures showed either opposite effects, or did not display any significant rate changes following L-AP4 application.

MPTP


Input: VU0155041 administration had little effect on firing rates.


Input: Both compounds also had subtle effects on bursting and oscillatory properties, acting to increase the irregularity of firing.


Input: The occurrence of pauses in firing was reduced in the majority (80%) of GPe neurons after L-AP4 injection.


Input: Our findings indicate that glutamate can mediate multifarious physiological effects upon striatal and pallidal neurons through activation of pre-synaptic group III mGluRs at inhibitory and excitatory synapses in parkinsonian monkeys.

glutamate


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.

Glutamate


Input: Learning to forget: manipulating extinction and reconsolidation processes to treat addiction.


Input: Finding effective long-lasting treatments for drug addiction has been an elusive goal.


Input: Consequently, researchers are beginning to investigate novel treatment strategies including manipulations of drug-associated memories.


Input: When environmental stimuli (cues) become associated with drug use, they become powerful motivators of continued drug use and relapse after abstinence.


Input: Reducing the strength of these cue-drug memories could decrease the number of factors that induce craving and relapse to aid in the treatment of addiction.


Input: Enhancing the consolidation of extinction learning and/or disrupting cue-drug memory reconsolidation are two strategies that have been proposed to reduce the strength of cues in motivating drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior.


Input: Here, we review the latest basic and clinical research elucidating the mechanisms underlying consolidation of extinction and reconsolidation of cue-drug memories in the hopes of developing pharmacological tools that exploit these signaling systems to treat addiction.


Input: Syntheses and antibacterial activity of Schiff bases from 16-isopropyl-5, 9-dimethyltetracyclo [10. 2. 2. 0 (1, 10). 0 (4, 9)] hexadec-15-ene-5, 14-dicarboxylic acid.

Schiff bases

16-isopropyl-5, 9-dimethyltetracyclo [10. 2. 2. 0 (1, 10). 0 (4, 9)] hexadec-15-ene-5, 14-dicarboxylic acid


Input: 16-Isopropyl-5, 9-dimethyltetracyclo [10. 2. 2. 0 (1, 10). 0 (4, 9)] hexadec-15-ene-5, 14-dicarboxylic acid (1b) was prepared from rosin through a Diels-Alder addition reaction.

16-Isopropyl-5, 9-dimethyltetracyclo [10. 2. 2. 0 (1, 10). 0 (4, 9)] hexadec-15-ene-5, 14-dicarboxylic acid


Input: Then, a group of Schiff bases derived from 1b was synthesised.

Schiff bases


Input: Their structures were characterised by IR, (1) H-NMR, MS and elemental analysis.

(1) H


Input: The antibacterial activities of these newly synthesised Schiff bases were also investigated.

Schiff bases


Input: The results show that these compounds possess antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.


Input: Among them, compounds 5a, 5b and 5c, exhibit remarkable antibacterial activity against E. coli.


Input: TGF-beta and NF-kappa B signal pathway cross-talk is mediated through TAK1 and SMAD7 in a subset of head and neck cancers.


Input: Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) has a dual role in epithelial malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).


Input: Attenuation of canonical TGF-beta signaling enhances de novo tumor development, whereas TGF-beta overexpression and signaling paradoxically promotes malignant progression.


Input: We recently observed that TGF-beta-induced growth arrest response is attenuated, in association with aberrant activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B), a transcription factor, which promotes malignant progression in HNSCC.


Input: However, what role cross-talk between components of the TGF-beta and NF-kappa B pathways plays in altered activation of these pathways has not been established.


Input: Here, we show TGF-beta receptor II and TGF-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) are predominantly expressed in a subset of HNSCC tumors with nuclear activation of NF-kappa B family member RELA (p65).


Input: Further, TGF-beta 1 treatment induced sequential phosphorylation of TAK1, IKK, I kappa B alpha and RELA in human HNSCC lines.


Input: TAK1 enhances TGF-beta-induced NF-kappa B activation, as TAK1 siRNA knockdown decreased TGF-beta 1-induced phosphorylation of IKK, I kappa B and RELA, degradation of I kappa B alpha, RELA nuclear translocation and DNA binding, and NF-kappa B-induced reporter and target gene transcription.


Input: Functionally, TAK1 siRNA inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion.


Input: Celastrol, a TAK1 inhibitor and anti-inflammatory compound used in traditional Chinese medicine, also decreased TGF-beta 1-induced phosphorylation of TAK1 and RELA, and suppressed basal, TGF-beta 1-and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced NF-kappa B reporter gene activity.

Celastrol


Input: Celastrol also inhibited cell proliferation, while increasing sub-G0 DNA fragmentation and Annexin V markers of apoptosis.

Celastrol


Input: Furthermore, TGF-beta and RELA activation promoted SMAD7 expression.


Input: In turn, SMAD7 preferentially suppressed TGF-beta-induced SMAD and NF-kappa B reporters when compared with constitutive or TNF-alpha-induced NF-kappa B reporter gene activation.


Input: Thus, cross-talk by TGF-beta via TAK1 and NF-kappa B promotes the malignant phenotype of HNSCC.


Input: Moreover, NF-kappa B may contribute to the downstream attenuation of canonical TGF-beta signaling through increased SMAD7 expression.


Input: Celastrol highlights the therapeutic potential of agents targeting TAK1 as a key node in this pro-oncogenic TGF-beta-NF-kappa B signal pathway.

Celastrol


Input: Insulin resistance is not necessarily an essential element of metabolic syndrome.


Input: Type 2 diabetes is frequently associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS).


Input: Insulin resistance (IR) is thought to be the underlying pathophysiology of MetS.


Input: The purpose of this study is to examine the association of MetS with IR and beta cell function.


Input: This is a cross-sectional study in NHANES 1999-2000 participants who were at least 18 years old, including 911 non-Hispanic whites (NHW), 398 non-Hispanic blacks (NHB), and 595 Mexican-Americans (MA).


Input: MetS was defined based on the revised ATP III.


Input: IR and beta cell function were calculated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR and HOMA-B).


Input: The high-risk tertile was defined as the highest HOMA-IR and lowest HOMA-B.


Input: The odds ratio (OR) was calculated against the other two tertiles.


Input: The relationship of HOAM-IR and HOMA-B with the components of MetS was also examined.


Input: IR was a risk factor of MetS in all three ethnic groups (OR 4. 17-12. 01, P < 0. 0001).


Input: Fasting glucose, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol were associated with IR (P < 0. 001) and correlated with HOMA-IR (P < 0. 001), while inconsistent results were noted in blood pressure and waist circumference among three racial/ethnic groups.

glucose

triglycerides

cholesterol


Input: However, in the MetS subjects, 32% of NHW, 28% of NHB, and 44% of MA were not in the IR tertile and in the IR subjects, 25% of NHW, 36% NHB, and 30% of MA did not have MetS.


Input: No relationship was found between beta cell function and MetS.


Input: Although IR is a risk factor for MetS, IR is neither necessary nor required for MetS.


Input: An in vitro Study on the DNA Damaging Effects of Phytochemicals Partially Isolated from an Extract of Glinus lotoides.


Input: An extract of Glinus lotoides, a medicinal plant used in Africa and Asia for various therapeutic purposes, was recently shown to cause DNA damage in vitro.


Input: To further explore the potential genotoxicity of this plant, fractionation of the crude extract was performed using reverse phase solid-phase extraction and a stepwise gradient elution of methanol in water.

methanol


Input: Four fractions were collected and subsequently analysed for their DNA damaging effects in mouse lymphoma cells using an alkaline version of the comet assay.


Input: To identify potential genotoxic and non-genotoxic principles, each fraction was then subjected to liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry, LC-MS/MS.


Input: 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance analyses were used to confirm the identity of some saponins.

saponins


Input: Although fractions containing a mixture of flavonoids and oleanane-type saponins or oleanane-type saponins alone produced no DNA damage, those containing hopane-type saponins exhibited a pronounced DNA damaging effect without affecting the viability of the cells.

flavonoids

oleanane

saponins

oleanane

saponins

hopane

saponins


Input: To conclude, even if this study presents evidence that hopane-type of saponins are endowed with a DNA damaging ability, further studies are needed before individual saponins can be cited as a culprit for the previously reported genotoxicity of the crude extract of G. lotoides.

hopane

saponins

saponins


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Chronic treatment with myo-inositol reduces white adipose tissue accretion and improves insulin sensitivity in female mice.

myo-inositol


Input: Type 2 diabetes is a complex disease characterized by a state of insulin resistance in peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue or liver.


Input: Some inositol isomers have been reported to possess insulin-mimetic activity and to be efficient in lowering blood glucose level.

inositol


Input: The aim of the present study was to assess in mice the metabolic effects of a chronic treatment with myo-inositol, the most common stereoisomer of inositol.

myo-inositol

inositol


Input: Mice given myo-inositol treatment (0. 9 or 1. 2 mg g (-1) day (-1), 15 days, orally or intraperitoneally) exhibited an improved glucose tolerance due to a greater insulin sensitivity.

myo-inositol

glucose


Input: Mice treated with myo-inositol exhibited a decreased white adipose tissue accretion (-33%, P <. 005) compared with controls.

myo-inositol


Input: The decrease in white adipose tissue deposition was due to a decrease in adipose cell volume (-33%, P <. 05), while no change was noticed in total adipocyte number.


Input: In skeletal muscle, in vivo as well as ex vivo myo-inositol treatment increased protein kinase B/Akt phosphorylation under baseline and insulin-stimulated conditions, suggesting a synergistic action of myo-inositol treatment and insulin on proteins of the insulin signalling pathway.

myo-inositol

myo-inositol


Input: Myo-inositol could therefore constitute a viable nutritional strategy for the prevention and/or treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.

Myo-inositol


Input: Molecular mechanisms that desensitize metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling: an overview.

glutamate


Input: The purpose of the present article is to review our actual knowledge on the desensitization of metabotropic glutamate receptors based on the literature available so far, with the attempt to emphasize all converging data and to give a possible explanation to those evidences that still remain controversial.

glutamate


Input: We review our knowledge on the regulation of mGlu receptors based on the available literature 2.


Input: We report converging data and we comment on issues that still remain controversial.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.

Glutamate


Input: Azole interactions with multidrug therapy in pediatric oncology.

Azole


Input: Patients with cancer receive multidrug therapy.


Input: Antineoplastic agents and supportive care drugs are often administered together, leading to potential drug-drug interactions.


Input: These interactions may have significant clinical implications in terms of toxicity or a decrease in the efficacy of the treatment administered.


Input: Here, we focus on the role of azoles and their main pharmacokinetic interactions with the principal classes of drugs used in pediatric oncology.

azoles


Input: The co-administration of azoles and antineoplastic agents, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, antacids, antiemetics, antiepileptic drugs and analgesics was investigated, and a practical guide on the management of these drugs when administered together is provided.

azoles

corticosteroids


Input: Bioremoval of heavy metals from industrial effluent by fixed-bed column of red macroalgae.


Input: Three different species of nonliving red algal biomass Laurancia obtusa, Geldiella acerosa and Hypnea sp. were used to build three types of fixed-bed column for the removal of toxic heavy metal ions such as Cu (2 +), Zn (2 +), Mn (2 +) and Ni (2 +) from industrial effluent.

Cu (2 +)

Zn (2 +)

Mn (2 +)

Ni (2 +)


Input: In general, the highest efficiency of metal ion bioremoval was recorded for algal column of L. obtusa followed by G. acerosa and the lowest one was recorded for Hypnea sp., with mean removal values of 94%, 85% and 71%, respectively.


Input: The obtained results showed that biological treatments of industrial effluents with these algal columns, using standard algal biotest, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, were capable of reducing effluent toxicities from 75% to 15%, respectively.


Input: Red algal column may be considered as an inexpensive and efficient alternative treatment for conventional removal technology, for sequestering heavy metal ions from industrial effluents.


Input: Nuclear Receptors in atherosclerosis: a superfamily with many' Goodfellas'.


Input: Nuclear Receptors form a superfamily of 48 transcription factors that exhibit a plethora of functions in steroid hormone signaling, regulation of metabolism, circadian rhythm and cellular differentiation.


Input: In this review, we describe our current knowledge on the role of Nuclear Receptors in atherosclerosis, which is a multifactorial disease of the vessel wall.


Input: Various cell types are involved in this chronic inflammatory pathology in which multiple cellular processes and numerous genes are dysregulated.


Input: Systemic risk factors for atherosclerosis are among others adverse blood lipid profiles, enhanced circulating cytokine levels, as well as increased blood pressure.


Input: Since many Nuclear Receptors modulate lipid profiles or regulate blood pressure they indirectly affect atherosclerosis.


Input: In the present review, we focus on the functional involvement of Nuclear Receptors within the atherosclerotic vessel wall, more specifically on their modulation of cellular functions in endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and macrophages.


Input: Collectively, this overview shows that most of the Nuclear Receptors are athero-protective in atherosclerotic lesions.


Input: Enzyme replacement therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VI: long-term cardiac effects of galsulfase (Naglazyme (R)) therapy.


Input: Characteristic cardiac valve abnormalities and left ventricular hypertrophy are present in untreated patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type VI (MPS VI).


Input: Cardiac ultrasound was performed to investigate these findings in subjects during long-term enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with recombinant human arylsulfatase B (rhASB, rhN-acetylgalactosamine 4-sulfatase, galsulfase, Naglazyme (R)).

rhN-acetylgalactosamine


Input: Studies were conducted in 54 subjects before ERT was begun and at specific intervals for up to 96 weeks of weekly infusions of rhASB at 1 mg/kg during phase 1/2, phase 2, and phase 3 trials of rhASB.


Input: At baseline, mitral and aortic valve obstruction was present and was significantly greater in those >= 12 years of age.


Input: Mild mitral and trace aortic regurgitation were present, the former being significantly greater in those < 12 years.


Input: Left ventricular hypertrophy, with averaged z-scores ranging from 1. 6-1. 9 SD greater than normal, was present for ages both < 12 and >= 12 years.


Input: After 96 weeks of ERT, ventricular septal hypertrophy regressed in those < 12 years.


Input: For those >= 12 years, septal hypertrophy was unchanged, and aortic regurgitation increased statistically but not physiologically.


Input: Obstructive gradients across mitral and aortic valves remained unchanged.


Input: The results suggest that long-term ERT is effective in reducing intraventricular septal hypertrophy and preventing progression of cardiac valve abnormalities when administered to those < 12 years of age.


Input: Preformulation and formulation of newly synthesized QNT3-18 for development of a skin whitening agent.


Input: New molecules having the structure of (E)-2-(4-tert-butylbenzylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (QNT3-18) or 4-tert-butylphenylthiourea (QNT3-20) was synthesized and presupposed to inhibit melanogenesis through the inhibition of tyrosinase, which is involved in melanin formation.

(E)-2-(4-tert-butylbenzylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide


Input: Therefore, we seek to develop these new molecules as skin whitening agents in topical formulations based on preformulation studies.


Input: QNT3-18 or QNT3-20 showed a strong single endothermic peak at 159. 34 degrees C with 10. 79 mu m-sized or at 150. 69 degrees C with 9. 0 mu m-sized aggregated particles, respectively.


Input: Both QNT3-18 and QNT3-20 did not show cytotoxicity at effective concentration range (0. 4 micro M) against keratinocyte cells and QNT3-18 was more retained than QNT3-20 in the skin instead of permeating through the skin.


Input: QNT3-18 or QNT3-20 was practically insoluble in water; the aqueous solubility was 3. 8 +/- 0. 37 or 130. 6 +/- 2. 52 mu g/mL, respectively.


Input: Also, the partition coefficient value (log P) corresponding to the quotient between aqueous and octanol concentration of the molecule was 3. 9 or 2. 6, respectively.

octanol


Input: The skin retention amount of QNT3-18 was 1. 7-fold higher than that of QNT3-20.


Input: When the optimal SLN cream (J3 formulation) containing 4 mu M QNT3-18 was applied on the backs of hairless rats for 4 days after UV irradiation for 7 days and the skin color was checked by reflectance spectrophotometer, the rat skin treated with SLN cream with QNT3-18 quickly recovered to normal compared to skin treated with SLN cream without QNT3-18.


Input: Taken together, this study suggests that topical formulations such as creams including SLNs with QNT3-18 might be appropriate carriers for skin whitening agents.


Input: Formulas used by tibetan doctors at men-tsee-khang in India for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and their correlation with pharmacological data.


Input: The aim of the present study was to identify formulas used at Men-Tsee-Khang (Tibetan Medical and Astrological Institute), India, for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders and to compare the Tibetan usage of particular ingredients with pharmacological data from the scientific database.


Input: Using ethnographic methods, five doctors were selected and interviewed.


Input: A correlation was observed between central nervous system disorders and rLung, one of the three humors in Tibetan medicine, which imbalance is the source of mental disorders, and ten multi-ingredient formulas used to treat the imbalance of this particular humor were identified.


Input: These formulas utilize 61 ingredients; among them were 48 plant species.


Input: Each formula treats several symptoms related to rLung imbalance, so the plants may have therapeutic uses distinct from those of the formulas in which they are included.


Input: Myristica fragrans, nutmeg, is contained in 100% of the formulas, and its seeds exhibit stimulant and depressant actions affecting the central nervous system.


Input: Preclinical and clinical data from the scientific literature indicate that all of the formulas include ingredients with neuropsychiatric action and corroborate the therapeutic use of 75. 6% of the plants.


Input: These findings indicate a level of congruence between the therapeutic uses of particular plant species in Tibetan and Western medicines.


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Effect of tetrabrombisphenol A on induction of apoptosis in the testes and changes in expression of selected testicular genes in CD1 mice.

tetrabrombisphenol A


Input: Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a substance widely used in industry as a flame retardant.

Tetrabromobisphenol A

TBBPA


Input: TBBPA was found in the environment and was detected even in the human body.

TBBPA


Input: The effect of this chemical was observed in different cell lines in vitro and it is supposed that TBBPA may affect various hormonal systems in vivo.

TBBPA


Input: In this study we examined the effect of TBBPA on the reproductive parameters of two generations of outbred mice in vivo.

TBBPA


Input: Experimental and control animals of F1 generation were bred in various conditions to enable evaluation of the possible trans-generational effect.


Input: An increased incidence of apoptosis in the testes and changes in the morphometry of seminiferous tubules was detected in the experimental animals.


Input: In addition, changes in the expression pattern of selected genes encoding proteins that play an important role during spermatogenesis were observed.


Input: In contrast, sperm quality and reproduction were not affected by TBBPA.

TBBPA


Input: Mild Mitochondrial Depolarization is Involved in a Neuroprotective Mechanism of Citrus sunki Peel Extract.


Input: Mitochondrial membrane potential (increment Psi m) contributes to determining a driving force for calcium to enter the mitochondria.

calcium


Input: It has been demonstrated that even a small mitochondrial depolarization is sufficient to prevent mitochondrial calcium overload and the subsequent apoptosis.


Input: Therefore, mild mitochondrial depolarization has been recently evaluated as a novel mechanism of neuroprotection via inhibiting neurotoxic mitochondrial calcium overload during neuronal insults.

calcium


Input: In the present study, using both real-time recording and flow cytometric analyses of increment Psi m, we demonstrated that ethanolic peel extract of Citrus sunki Hort.


Input: ex Tanaka (CPE) and its active compounds are capable of inducing a mild mitochondrial depolarization.


Input: Polymethoxylated flavones such as nobiletin and tangeretin were found as the active compounds responsible for CPE effects on increment Psi m.

Polymethoxylated flavones

nobiletin

tangeretin


Input: Neuronal viability was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner by CPE treatment in H2 O2-stimulated HT-22 cells as an in vitro neuronal insult model.

H2 O2


Input: CPE treatment significantly inhibited H2 O2-induced apoptotic processes such as chromatin condensation, caspase 3 activation and anti-poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage.

H2 O2

poly (ADP-ribose)


Input: CPE treatment significantly blocked mitochondrial calcium overload in H2 O2-stimulated HT-22 neurons as indicated by rhod-2 acetoxymethyl ester.

H2 O2

acetoxymethyl ester


Input: Taken together, our findings suggest that CPE and its active compounds may be considered as promising neuroprotective agents via inducing a mild mitochondrial depolarization.


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Dendritic cell migration assay: a potential prediction model for identification of contact allergens.


Input: This manuscript describes methodology and a prediction model for the MUTZ-LC migration assay.


Input: The assay represents the physiological change in Langerhans cell (LC) behavior after exposure to a sensitizing chemical, resulting in LC migration from the epidermis to the dermis.


Input: MUTZ-LC are derived from the commercially available MUTZ-3 cell line.


Input: Upon exposure to a sensitizer MUTZ-LC migrate preferentially towards CXCL12 whereas upon exposure to a non-sensitizer MUTZ-LC migrate towards CCL5.


Input: A CXCL12/CCL5 ratio > 1. 10 in 2/3 independent experiments is indicative of a sensitizer, whereas a CXCL12/CCL5 ratio <= 1. 10 is indicative of a non-sensitizer.


Input: At non cytotoxic chemical concentrations 9 sensitizers (2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene, paraphenylendiamine, cinnamaldehyde, isoeugenol, nickel-sulfate, tetramethylthiuram disulfide, eugenol, cinnamic-alcohol, ammonium-hexachloroplatinate) were distinguished from 4 non sensitizers (sodium lauryl sulfate, salicylic acid, phenol, octanoic acid).

2, 4-dinitrochlorobenzene

paraphenylendiamine

cinnamaldehyde

isoeugenol

nickel-sulfate

tetramethylthiuram disulfide

eugenol

cinnamic-alcohol

ammonium-hexachloroplatinate

sodium lauryl sulfate

salicylic acid

phenol

octanoic acid


Input: Critical points in assay performance are (i) MUTZ-3 passage number after thawing (p6-p40); (ii) cell viability (> 80%); (iii) standard curve to optimize correlation of fluorescence with cell number; and (iv) optimization of the concentration of rhCXCL12 and rhCCL5 in transwell.


Input: The protocol has been tested in three European laboratories and results suggest that it may provide working conditions for performing the DC migration assay which is aimed at distinguishing sensitizers from non sensitizers.


Input: Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurological diseases.


Input: Non-invasive brain stimulation has shown its potential to modulate brain plasticity in humans.


Input: Endeavour has been made to utilize brain stimulation in neurological diseases to enhance adaptive processes and prevent potential maladaptive ones.


Input: In stroke for instance both sensorimotor and higher cognitive impairment, such as aphasia and neglect, has been addressed to facilitate functional recovery.


Input: In Parkinson' s disease, brain stimulation has been evaluated to improve motor and non-motor symptoms.


Input: In the present review we provide an update of the field of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) as non-invasive brain stimulation techniques to improve motor and higher cognitive functions in patients suffering from stroke and Parkinson' s disease.


Input: Rather than attempting to be comprehensive in regard of the reviewed scientific field, this article may be considered as a present day' s framework of the application of non-invasive brain stimulation on selected examples of common neurological diseases.


Input: At the end we will briefly discuss open controversies and future directions of the field which has to be addressed in upcoming studies.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Cognitive Enhancers'.


Input: Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant Properties of Nepeta crassifolia Boiss & Buhse and Nepeta binaludensis Jamzad.


Input: This article reports phytochemical and biological studies on Nepeta binaludensis and Nepeta crassifolia.


Input: Both species were investigated for their angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity and antioxidant properties through three in vitro models [2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay].

2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH

2, 2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)

ABTS


Input: Aerial parts were extracted with methanol and partitioned between water and subsequently n-hexane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol.

methanol

n-hexane

ethyl acetate

n-butanol


Input: N. binaludensis methanol extract exerted significantly higher reducing power (1. 9 mu M Fe (II)/g) than did the positive control butylhydroxytoluene (63. 2 mu M Fe (II)/g) in FRAP assay.

methanol

Fe (II)

butylhydroxytoluene

Fe (II)


Input: The highest DPPH radical scavenging activity was found for N. crassifolia, with IC50 values of 9. 6 and 12. 1 micro g/mL for ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions, respectively.

DPPH

ethyl acetate

n-butanol


Input: n-Butanol fraction of both species showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 59. 3 and 81. 7 micro g/mL for N. binaludensis and N. crassifolia, respectively.

n-Butanol


Input: Phytochemical investigations resulted in the isolation of ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, apigenin, luteolin and ixoroside.

ursolic acid

oleanolic acid

apigenin

luteolin

ixoroside


Input: Apigenin-7-O-glucoside, 8-hydroxycirsimaritin and cirsimaritin were furthermore identified in N. crassifolia ethyl acetate-soluble fraction.

cirsimaritin

ethyl acetate


Input: Nepetanudoside B was isolated from the n-butanol fraction of N. binaludensis.

Nepetanudoside B

n-butanol


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Differences in the structure of anthocyanins from the two amphibious plants, Lobelia cardinalis and Nesaea crassicaulis.

anthocyanins


Input: The foliar anthocyanin profiles of two amphibious plants, Nesaea crassicaulis and Lobelia cardinalis were analysed for the first time.

anthocyanin


Input: N. crassicaulis produced very simple anthocyanins, achieving the highest concentrations when grown submerged.

anthocyanins


Input: In contrast, L. cardinalis produced leaves with a high content of very complex, acylated anthocyanins, especially when growing emergent.

acylated anthocyanins


Input: Anthocyanins were separated by high performance liquid chromatography.

Anthocyanins


Input: Nesaea crassicaulis anthocyanins were identified according to their fragment mass spectra and ultra-visible-violet spectral characteristics and 1D and 2D NMR spectra as-3, 5-di-O-beta-glucosides of delphinidin, cyanidin, petunidin, malvidin and peonidin as well as cyanidine and peonidin-3-O-beta-glucoside.

anthocyanins

-3, 5-di-O-beta-glucosides of delphinidin

cyanidin

petunidin

malvidin

peonidin

cyanidine


Input: In L. cardinalis cyanidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyrano]-5-O-beta-glucopyranoside was the major anthocyanin and contributed more than 98% of total anthocyanin content.

cyanidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyrano]-5-O-beta-glucopyranoside

anthocyanin

anthocyanin


Input: The remaining 2% was made up by cyanidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-caffeoyl-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyrano]-5-O-beta-glucopyranoside and pelargonidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyrano]-5-O-beta-glucopyranoside.

cyanidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-caffeoyl-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyrano]-5-O-beta-glucopyranoside

pelargonidin-3-O-[6-O-(4-O-E-p-coumaroyl-O-alpha-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-glucopyrano]-5-O-beta-glucopyranoside


Input: An optogenetic approach in epilepsy.


Input: Optogenetic tools comprise a variety of different light-sensitive proteins from single-cell organisms that can be expressed in mammalian neurons and effectively control their excitability.


Input: Two main classes of optogenetic tools allow to either depolarize or hyperpolarize, and respectively generate or inhibit action potentials in selective populations of neurons.


Input: This opens unprecedented possibilities for delineating the role of certain neuronal populations in brain processing and diseases.


Input: Moreover, optogenetics may be considered for developing potential treatment strategies for brain diseases, particularly for excitability disorders such as epilepsy.


Input: Expression of the inhibitory halorhodopsin NpHR in hippocampal principal cells has been recently used as a tool to effectively control chemically and electrically induced epileptiform activity in slice preparations, and to reduce in vivo spiking induced by tetanus toxin injection in the motor cortex.


Input: In this review we give a comprehensive summary of what has been achieved so far in the field of epilepsy using optogenetics, and discuss some of the possible strategies that could be envisaged in the future.


Input: We also point out some of the challenges and pitfalls in relation to possible outcomes of using optogenetics for controlling network excitability, and associated brain diseases.


Input: This article is part of the Special Issue entitled' New Targets and Approaches to the Treatment of Epilepsy'.


Input: Potentiation of mGlu5 receptors with the novel enhancer, VU0360172, reduces spontaneous absence seizures in WAG/Rij rats.


Input: Absence epilepsy is generated by the cortico-thalamo-cortical network, which undergoes a finely tuned regulation by metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors.


Input: We have shown previously that potentiation of mGlu1 receptors reduces spontaneous occurring spike and wave discharges (SWDs) in the WAG/Rij rat model of absence epilepsy, whereas activation of mGlu2/3 and mGlu4 receptors produces the opposite effect.


Input: Here, we have extended the study to mGlu5 receptors, which are known to be highly expressed within the cortico-thalamo-cortical network.


Input: We used presymptomatic and symptomatic WAG/Rij rats and aged-matched ACI rats.


Input: WAG/Rij rats showed a reduction in the mGlu5 receptor protein levels and in the mGlu5-receptor mediated stimulation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in the ventrobasal thalamus, whereas the expression of mGlu5 receptors was increased in the somatosensory cortex.

polyphosphoinositide


Input: Interestingly, these changes preceded the onset of the epileptic phenotype, being already visible in pre-symptomatic WAG/Rij rats.


Input: SWDs in symptomatic WAG/Rij rats were not influenced by pharmacological blockade of mGlu5 receptors with MTEP (10 or 30 mg/kg, i. p.), but were significantly decreased by mGlu5 receptor potentiation with the novel enhancer, VU0360172 (3 or 10 mg/kg, s. c.), without affecting motor behaviour.

MTEP


Input: The effect of VU0360172 was prevented by co-treatment with MTEP.

MTEP


Input: These findings suggest that changes in mGlu5 receptors might lie at the core of the absence-seizure prone phenotype of WAG/Rij rats, and that mGlu5 receptor enhancers are potential candidates to the treatment of absence epilepsy.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.

Glutamate


Input: Neonatal exposure to low dose corticosterone persistently modulates hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptor expression and improves locomotor/exploratory behaviour in a mouse model of Rett syndrome.

corticosterone


Input: Rett syndrome (RTT) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder, primarily affecting girls.


Input: RTT causes a wide variety of debilitating symptoms and no cure currently exists.


Input: Mouse models bearing mutations in the Mecp2 gene recapitulate most physiological and behavioural RTT-related abnormalities.


Input: Stimulating neonatal environments (e. g. brief maternal separations or maternal low-dose corticosterone supplementation) reduce stress and fear responses at adulthood.

corticosterone


Input: The present study investigated whether impacting early in development the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, by exposing Mecp2-308 mutant pups to a low dose of corticosterone (50 micro g/ml, during the 1st week of life) may contrast RTT-related abnormalities in neuroendocrine regulation and behavioural adaptation at adulthood.

corticosterone


Input: In line with previous reports, when fully symptomatic, MeCP2-308 mice showed a reduction in the regular nocturnal hyperactivity in the home-cage and increased anxiety-like behaviours and plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels in response to restraint stress.

corticosterone

CORT


Input: An abnormal elevation in mRNA levels of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and BDNF gene was also evident in the hippocampus of fully symptomatic mutant mice.


Input: Neonatal CORT modulated MR gene expression and behavioural reactivity towards a novel object, also restoring wt-like levels of locomotor/exploratory behaviour in mutant mice.

CORT


Input: Enhanced sensitivity to the neonatal treatment (in terms of increase in GR and MR mRNA levels), was also evident in the hippocampus of MeCP2-308 mice compared to wt littermates.


Input: Present results corroborate the hypothesis that targeting the glucocorticoid system may prove valid in contrasting at least some of the RTT-related symptoms and provide evidence that pharmacological interventions during critical early time windows can persistently improve the behavioural phenotype of RTT mice.


Input: Current data also support the emerging role played by Mecp2 in mediating the epigenetic programming induced by early life events and indicate that, in the absence of functional MeCP2, programming of the central nervous system in response to early environmental stimuli is abnormally regulated.


Input: This article is part of the Special Issue entitled' Neurodevelopmental Disorders'.


Input: Isolation, characterisation and biological evaluation of a phenoxazine, a natural dyestuff isolated from leaves of Peristrophe bivalvis.

phenoxazine


Input: Peristrophe bivalvis (L.) Merr.


Input: (Acanthaceae) is a wild growing and cultivated plant used for dyeing of foods by the ethnic minorities of Vietnam.


Input: The major component of the colour aqueous extract (CAE) of its leaves was identified as peristrophine by spectral analysis, especially the 2D NMR spectra (HSQC, HMBC and NOESY).

peristrophine


Input: Considering the widespread utilisation of the decoction of this plant for food dyeing, we evaluated the acute oral toxicity of the CAE.


Input: Based on the results in an acute toxicity study in mice, the LD50 value of the CAE was determined as 9100 +/- 290 mg kg (-1) body weight.


Input: Additionally, in vitro cytotoxic assay showed an inhibition of peristrophine against Hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2, IC503. 90 micro g mL (-1)).


Input: CAE and peristrophine (1) have also been tested for their ability to affect the cell number of the OCI acute myeloid leukaemia cell line.

peristrophine


Input: CAE and peristrophine significantly decreased the OCI cell number at different concentrations and times of treatment.

peristrophine


Input: Bearberry identification by a multidisciplinary study on commercial raw materials.


Input: Herbal species different from the official bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, are sold through conventional markets and also through non-controlled Internet websites, putting consumer safety at risk owing to the lack of quality control.


Input: Recently, Arctostaphylos pungens has become one of the most used species as a raw material for herbal medicines and dietary supplements in the place of official bearberry, a plant used for the treatment of various urinary disorders.


Input: A fingerprint identification based on an integrated application of different analytical techniques (HPTLC, NMR, HPLC-DAD and LC-ESI-MS) is here described to distinguish A. uva-ursi from A. pungens.


Input: The HPTLC and HPLC-DAD fingerprints resulted the simplest methods to differentiate the two species, whereas LC-ESI-MS was more useful to quantify arbutin, the main component of bearberry, and to evaluate its different content in the two species.

arbutin


Input: This multidisciplinary study showed for the first time a specific phytochemical fingerprint of the new species A. pungens.


Input: Lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a genetic mouse model of Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome.


Input: 7-Dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC) accumulates in tissues and fluids of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), which is caused by mutations in the gene encoding 3 beta-hydroxysterol-Delta (7)-reductase (DHCR7).

3 beta-hydroxysterol


Input: We recently reported that 7-DHC is the most reactive lipid molecule toward free radical oxidation (lipid peroxidation) and 14 oxysterols have been identified as products of oxidation of 7-DHC in solution.

oxysterols


Input: As the high oxidizability of 7-DHC may lead to systemic oxidative stress in SLOS patients, we report here lipid biomarkers of oxidative stress in a Dhcr7-KO mouse model of SLOS, including oxysterols, isoprostanes (IsoPs), and neuroprostanes (NeuroPs) that are formed from the oxidation of 7-DHC, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, respectively.

oxysterols

isoprostanes

IsoPs

neuroprostanes

NeuroPs

arachidonic acid

docosahexaenoic acid


Input: In addition to a previously described oxysterol, 3 beta, 5 alpha-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one (DHCEO), we provide evidence for the chemical structures of three new oxysterols in the brain and/or liver tissue of Dhcr7-KO mice, two of which were quantified.

oxysterol

3 beta, 5 alpha-dihydroxycholest-7-en-6-one

DHCEO

oxysterols


Input: We find that levels of IsoPs and NeuroPs are also elevated in brain and/or liver tissues of Dhcr7-KO mice relative to matching WT mice.

IsoPs

NeuroPs


Input: While IsoPs and NeuroPs have been established as a reliable measurement of lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in vivo, we show that in this genetic SLOS mouse model, 7-DHC-derived oxysterols are present at much higher levels than IsoPs and NeuroPs and thus are better markers of lipid oxidation and related oxidative stress.

IsoPs

NeuroPs

oxysterols

IsoPs

NeuroPs


Input: Cytotoxic constituents from the fungus Daldinia concentrica (Xylariaceae).


Input: Phytochemical study on the methanol extract of the fruit bodies of Vietnamese fungus Daldinia concentrica has led to the isolation and structural elucidation of three cytotoxic constituents, 6, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3, 4-dihydroisocoumarin (1), (22R)-hydroxylanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3-one (2) and ergosterol (3).

methanol

6, 8-dihydroxy-3-methyl-3, 4-dihydroisocoumarin

(22R)-hydroxylanosta-7, 9 (11), 24-trien-3-one

ergosterol


Input: Their structures were elucidated by 2D-NMR and FT-ICR-MS.


Input: All the three compounds showed moderate cytotoxicity against four cancer cells, KB (a human epidermal carcinoma), MCF7 (human breast carcinoma), SK-LU-1 (human lung carcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma).


Input: In addition, the isocoumarin (1) inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus with the IC50 value of 87. 81 micro g mL (-1).

isocoumarin


Input: Transfer of a two-tiered keratinocyte assay: IL-18 production by NCTC2544 to determine the skin sensitizing capacity and epidermal equivalent assay to determine sensitizer potency.


Input: At present, the identification of potentially sensitizing chemicals is carried out using animal models.


Input: However, it is very important from ethical, safety and economic point of view to have biological markers to discriminate allergy and irritation events, and to be able to classify sensitizers according to their potency, without the use of animals.


Input: Within the Sens-it-iv EU Frame Programme 6 funded Integrated Project (LSHB-CT-2005-018681), a number of in vitro, human cell based assays were developed which, when optimized and used in an integrated testing strategy, may be able to distinguish sensitizers from non-sensitizers.


Input: This study describes two of these assays, which when used in a tiered strategy, may be able to identify contact sensitizers and also to quantify sensitizer potency.


Input: Tier 1 is the human keratinocyte NCTC2544 IL-18 assay and tier 2 is the Epidermal Equivalent potency assay.


Input: The aim of this study is to show the transferability of the two-tiered approach with training chemicals: 3 sensitizers (DNCB, resorcinol, pPD) and 1 non sensitizer (lactic acid) in tier 1 and 2 sensitizers with different potency in tier 2 (DNCB; extreme and resorcinol; moderate).

DNCB

resorcinol

pPD

lactic acid

DNCB

resorcinol


Input: The chemicals were tested in a non-coded fashion.


Input: Here we describe the transferability to na i ve laboratories, the establishment of the standard operating procedure, critical points, acceptance criteria and project management.


Input: Both assays were successfully transferred to laboratories that had not performed the assays previously.


Input: The two tiered approach may offer an unique opportunity to provide an alternative method to the Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA).


Input: These assays are both based on the use of human keratinocytes, which have been shown over the last two decades, to play a key role in all phases of skin sensitization.


Input: D-Serine facilitates the effectiveness of extinction to reduce drug-primed reinstatement of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference.

D-Serine

cocaine


Input: Addiction is a disease that is characterized by compulsive drug-seeking and use despite negative health and social consequences.


Input: One obstacle in treating addiction is a high susceptibility for relapse which persists despite prolonged periods of abstinence.


Input: Relapse can be triggered by drug predictive stimuli such as environmental context and drug associated cues, as well as the addictive drug itself.


Input: The conditioned place preference (CPP) behavioral model is a useful paradigm for studying the ability of these drug predictive stimuli to reinstate drug-seeking behavior.


Input: The present study investigated the dose-dependent effects of D-serine (10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) on extinction training and drug-primed reinstatement in cocaine-conditioned rats.

D-serine

cocaine


Input: In the first experiment, D-serine had no effect on the acquisition or development of cocaine-induced locomotor sensitization or CPP.

D-serine

cocaine


Input: In the second experiment, D-serine treatment resulted in significantly decreased time spent in the drug-paired compartment following completion of an extinction protocol.

D-serine


Input: A cocaine-primed reinstatement test indicated that the combination of extinction training along with D-serine treatment resulted in a significant reduction of drug-seeking behavior.

cocaine

D-serine


Input: The third experiment assessed D-serine' s long-term effects to diminish drug-primed reinstatement.

D-serine


Input: D-serine treatment given during extinction was effective in reducing drug-seeking for more than four weeks of abstinence after the last cocaine exposure.

D-serine

cocaine


Input: These findings demonstrate that D-serine may be an effective adjunct therapeutic agent along with cognitive behavioral therapy for the treatment of cocaine addiction.

D-serine

cocaine


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Cognitive Enhancers'.


Input: What should we do about student use of cognitive enhancers?


Input: An analysis of current evidence.


Input: This article reviews current data on the use of cognition enhancers as study aids in the student population.


Input: It identifies gaps and uncertainties in the knowledge required to make a balanced assessment of the need for some form of regulation.


Input: The review highlights the weak evidence on the prevalence of use of such drugs, especially outside the US, and the ambiguous evidence for their efficacy in a healthy population.


Input: Risks are well documented for the commonly used drugs, but poorly appreciated by users.


Input: These include not only the side-effects of the drugs themselves, but risks associated with on-line purchase, which offers no guarantees of authenticity and which for some drugs is illegal.


Input: The case for urgent action to regulate use is often linked to the belief that new and more effective drugs are likely to appear in the near future.


Input: The evidence for this is weak.


Input: However, drugs are not the only possible route to neuroenhancement and action is needed to collect more data on the impact of existing drugs, as well as new technologies, in order to guide society in making a proportionate response to the issue.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Cognitive Enhancers'.


Input: Hippocampal long-term depression mediates spatial reversal learning in the Morris water maze.


Input: Synaptic plasticity at hippocampal excitatory synapses has been proposed as the cellular mechanism underlying spatial learning and memory.


Input: However, most previous studies have focused on the role of long-term potentiation (LTP) in learning and memory, and much less is known about the role of long-term depression (LTD).


Input: Here, we report that hippocampal-dependent spatial learning in the Morris water maze facilitated hippocampal CA1 LTD induction in vivo.


Input: The LTD can be blocked by systemic application of the selective GluN2B antagonist Ro25-6981 (6 mg/kg, i. p.) or a synthetic peptide Tat-GluA2 (3Y) (3 mu mol/kg, i. p.) that interferes with the endocytosis of AMPA receptors.

AMPA


Input: In addition, systemic or intrahippocampal administration of these two mechanistically and structurally distinct inhibitors impaired spatial reversal learning of a novel target location, when the hidden platform was moved to the quadrant opposite the initial target location.


Input: Notably, acute elevated-platform stress, which facilitates hippocampal LTD induction, enhanced both acquisition and retrieval of spatial reversal memory.


Input: The present study demonstrates that reversal learning is impaired by blocking hippocampal LTD, and enhanced by facilitating hippocampal LTD, suggesting that hippocampal LTD may be necessary and sufficient to mediate new information processing.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Cognitive Enhancers'.


Input: The p53 isoform, Delta 133p53 alpha, stimulates angiogenesis and tumour progression.


Input: The tumour suppressor p53, involved in DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, also inhibits blood vessel formation, that is, angiogenesis, a process strongly contributing to tumour development.


Input: The p53 gene expresses 12 different proteins (isoforms), including TAp53 (p53 (or p53 alpha), p53 beta and p53 gamma) and Delta 133p53 isoforms (Delta 133p53 alpha, Delta 133p53 beta and Delta 133p53 gamma).


Input: The Delta 133p53 alpha isoform was shown to modulate p53 transcriptional activity and is overexpressed in various human tumours.


Input: However, its role in tumour progression is still unexplored.


Input: In the present study, we examined the involvement of Delta 133p53 isoforms in tumoural angiogenesis and tumour growth in the highly angiogenic human glioblastoma U87.


Input: Our data show that conditioned media from U87 cells depleted for Delta 133p53 isoforms block endothelial cell migration and tubulogenesis without affecting endothelial cell proliferation in vitro.


Input: The Delta 133p53 depletion in U2OS osteosarcoma cells resulted in a similar angiogenesis blockade.


Input: Furthermore, using conditioned media from U87 cells ectopically expressing each Delta 133p53 isoform, we determined that Delta 133p53 alpha and Delta 133p53 gamma but not Delta 133p53 beta, stimulate angiogenesis.


Input: Our in vivo data using the chicken chorio-allantoic membrane and mice xenografts establish that angiogenesis and growth of glioblastoma U87 tumours are inhibited upon depletion of Delta 133p53 isoforms.


Input: By TaqMan low-density array, we show that alteration of expression ratio of Delta 133p53 and TAp53 isoforms differentially regulates angiogenic gene expression with Delta 133p53 isoforms inducing pro-angiogenic gene expression and repressing anti-angiogenic gene expression.


Input: The Hedgehog processing pathway is required for NSCLC growth and survival.


Input: Considerable interest has been generated from the results of recent clinical trials using smoothened (SMO) antagonists to inhibit the growth of hedgehog (HH) signaling-dependent tumors.


Input: This interest is tempered by the discovery of SMO mutations mediating resistance, underscoring the rationale for developing therapeutic strategies that interrupt HH signaling at levels distinct from those inhibiting SMO function.


Input: Here, we demonstrate that HH-dependent non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) growth is sensitive to blockade of the HH pathway upstream of SMO, at the level of HH ligand processing.


Input: Individually, the use of different lentivirally delivered shRNA constructs targeting two functionally distinct HH-processing proteins, skinny hedgehog (SKN) or dispatched-1 (DISP-1), in NSCLC cell lines produced similar decreases in cell proliferation and increased cell death.


Input: Further, providing either an exogenous source of processed HH or a SMO agonist reverses these effects.


Input: The attenuation of HH processing, by knocking down either of these gene products, also abrogated tumor growth in mouse xenografts.


Input: Finally, we extended these findings to primary clinical specimens, showing that SKN is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC and that higher DISP-1 expression is associated with an unfavorable clinical outcome.


Input: Our results show a critical role for HH processing in HH-dependent tumors, identifies two potential druggable targets in the HH pathway, and suggest that similar therapeutic strategies could be explored to treat patients harboring HH ligand-dependent cancers.


Input: The Inhibitory Effect of 20 (S)-Protopanaxatriol (ppt) Towards UGT1A1 and UGT2B7.

20 (S)-Protopanaxatriol

ppt


Input: Ginseng, a commonly used natural product, has been frequently reported to induce herb-drug interaction with many clinical drugs.


Input: The intestinal bacterial metabolites of ginsenosides have been widely regarded as the substance basis for ginseng-drug interactions.

ginsenosides


Input: To date, little is known about the inhibitory effect of intestinal bacterial metabolites of ginsenosides towards UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs).

ginsenosides

UDP


Input: In vitro investigation of the inhibition of 20 (S)-protopanaxatriol (ppt) towards UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 was carried out.

20 (S)-protopanaxatriol

ppt


Input: The results showed that ppt exhibited strong noncompetitive inhibition towards UGT1A1 and competitive inhibition towards UGT2B7.


Input: The inhibition kinetic parameters (Ki) were calculated to be 8. 8 and 2. 2 mu M for UGT1A1 and UGT2B7, respectively.


Input: Using the maximum plasma concentration of ppt, the alteration of area under the concentration-time curve was calculated to be 20% and 70% respectively for UGT1A1-mediated and UGT2B7-mediated metabolism.


Input: However, given that the varied contribution of these two UGT isoforms towards drug metabolism and the influence of herb complexity and individual difference, the explanation of these results should be paid more caution.


Input: Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: A pathogenetic link between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and celiac disease.


Input: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has recently been recognized as the leading cause of the abnormalities in the liver function tests in the Western countries.


Input: Celiac disease (CD) is a permanent immunological intolerance to gluten proteins in genetically predisposed individuals.


Input: CD has been reported in 4-13% of the cases with steatohepatitis, although the pathogenesis of the liver steatosis in CD patients is unclear.


Input: Based on the literature data, it can be concluded that the inclusion of serological markers of CD should be a part of the general workup in the patients with steatosis when other causes of the liver disease are excluded and in the patients with NAFLD when metabolic risk factors are not evident.


Input: Role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in persistent forms of hippocampal plasticity and learning.

glutamate


Input: Storage and processing of information at the synaptic level is enabled by the ability of synapses to persistently alter their efficacy.


Input: This phenomenon, known as synaptic plasticity, is believed to underlie multiple forms of long-term memory in the mammalian brain.


Input: It has become apparent that the metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptor is critically required for both persistent forms of memory and persistent synaptic plasticity.

glutamate


Input: Persistent forms of synaptic plasticity comprise long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) that last at least for 4 h but can be followed in vivo for days and weeks.


Input: These types of plasticity are believed to be analogous to forms of memory that persist for similar time-spans.


Input: The mGlu receptors are delineated into three distinct groups based on their G-protein coupling and agonist affinity and also exercise distinct roles in the way they regulate both long-term plasticity and long-term hippocampus-dependent memory.


Input: Here, the mGlu receptors will be reviewed both in general, and in the particular context of their role in persistent (> 4 h) forms of hippocampus-dependent synaptic plasticity and memory, as well as forms of synaptic plasticity that have been shown to be directly regulated by memory events.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.

Glutamate


Input: The response to sulpiride in social anxiety disorder: D2 receptor function.

sulpiride


Input: Some previous studies have suggested that patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) have a hypoactive central dopaminergic system.


Input: Supporting this there have been reports from neuroimaging studies of reduced striatal D2 receptor binding in subjects with SAD.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate D2 receptor sensitivity in patients with SAD compared with a group of matched, healthy controls using a neuroendocrine challenge with the selective D2 antagonist, sulpiride.

sulpiride


Input: D2 receptor function was assessed in 23 subjects with generalized SAD and 23 matched, healthy controls using a challenge with 400 mg of a selective D2 antagonist, sulpiride in a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover design.

sulpiride


Input: Response to sulpiride was measured by the change in prolactin level and changes in self-rated measures of social anxiety, mood and the ability to experience pleasure.

sulpiride


Input: There was no significant difference in prolactin response to sulpiride between the two groups.

sulpiride


Input: Sulpiride resulted in no effect in either the SAD or healthy control group on measures of social anxiety, mood or the ability to experience pleasure.

Sulpiride


Input: Contrary to our hypothesis, in this study we found no evidence of reduced D2 receptor function in subjects with SAD compared with healthy controls.


Input: AMPK signalling and the control of substrate use in the heart.


Input: All mammalian cells rely on adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to maintain function and for survival.

adenosine triphosphate

ATP


Input: The heart has the highest basal ATP demand of any organ due to the necessity for continuous contraction.

ATP


Input: As such, the ability of the cardiomyocyte to monitor cellular energy status and adapt the supply of substrates to match the energy demand is crucial.


Input: One important serine/threonine protein kinase that monitors cellular energy status in the heart is adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK).

serine

threonine

adenosine monophosphate


Input: AMPK is also a key enzyme that controls multiple catabolic and anabolic biochemical pathways in the heart and indirectly plays a crucial role in regulating cardiac function in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions.


Input: Herein, we review the involvement of AMPK in myocardial fatty acid and glucose transport and utilization, as it relates to basal cardiac function.

fatty acid

glucose


Input: We also assess the literature amassed on cardiac AMPK and discuss the controversies surrounding the role of AMPK in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the heart.


Input: The work reviewed herein also emphasizes areas that require further investigation for the purpose of eventually translating this information into improved patient care.


Input: Predictors and mediators of add-on mirtazapine-induced cognitive enhancement in schizophrenia--a path model investigation.

mirtazapine


Input: We aimed to evaluate predictors and mediators of enhancing effect of adjunctive mirtazapine on cognition in schizophrenia.

mirtazapine


Input: Patients with difficult-to-treat schizophrenia received either mirtazapine (n = 19) or placebo (n = 18) in a double-blind fashion for six weeks.

mirtazapine


Input: Mirtazapine outperformed placebo on the Block Design and Stroop Dots.

Mirtazapine


Input: In the present subsidiary study, factors underlying this difference were explored with Path Analysis.


Input: Add-on mirtazapine had an independent enhancing effect on the Block Design-measured visuo-spatial functioning.

mirtazapine


Input: Further, this effect was mediated via changes in positive, depressive and parkinsonism symptoms, but not in negative symptoms.


Input: This effect was predicted by higher doses of FGAs, longer duration of illness and lower initial Block Design scores.


Input: Path Analysis model fit was good.


Input: Mirtazapine may have direct and indirect favorable effects on visuo-spatial functioning, but further research is needed.

Mirtazapine


Input: Path analysis may be a feasible statistical method for further research of neurocognition in psychopharmacological interventions in schizophrenia.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Cognitive Enhancers'.


Input: Dietary flaxseed oil supplementation ameliorates the effect of cisplatin on brush border membrane enzymes and antioxidant system in rat intestine.

cisplatin


Input: Cisplatin (CP; cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II) is a drug widely used against different types of solid tumors.

Cisplatin

cis-diamminedichloroplatinum II


Input: Patients receiving CP, however, experience very profound and long lasting gastrointestinal symptoms.


Input: Recently, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid-enriched flaxseed/flaxseed oil (FXO) has shown numerous health benefits.

omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid


Input: The present study was undertaken to investigate whether FXO can prevent CP-induced adverse biochemical changes in the small intestine of rats.


Input: A single intraperitoneal dose of CP (6 mg/kg body weight) was administered to male Wistar rats fed with control diet (CP group) and FXO diet (CPFXO group).


Input: Administration of CP led to a significant decline in the specific activities of brush border membrane enzymes both in the mucosal homogenates and in the isolated membrane vesicles.


Input: Lipid peroxidation and total sulfhydryl groups were altered upon CP treatment, indicating the generation of oxidative stress.

sulfhydryl


Input: The activities of SOD, catalase and glutathione peroxidase also decreased in CP-treated rats.

glutathione


Input: In contrast, dietary supplementation of FXO prior to and following CP treatment significantly attenuated the CP-induced changes in all these parameters.


Input: FXO feeding markedly enhanced resistance to CP-elicited adverse gastrointestinal effects.


Input: The results suggest that FXO owing to its intrinsic biochemical/antioxidant properties is an effective agent in reducing the adverse effects of CP on intestine.


Input: Anion binding in water at lanthanide centres: from structure and selectivity to signalling and sensing.

lanthanide


Input: Reversible anion binding at lanthanide centres in aqueous media has emerged as an effective means of signalling and sensing the presence of selected anions.

lanthanide


Input: The constitution and configuration of a wide range of anion adducts has been defined by X-ray analyses and NMR methods, and both chelating and monodentate binding modes characterised.


Input: Variation of the lanthanide ion modulates charge density, and ligand modification allows alteration of both the peripheral electrostatic gradient and the local steric demand at the metal centre.

lanthanide


Input: Thus, selectivity for a target anion can be engineered, and the affinity constant modulated to target the desired concentration range.


Input: Changes in anion concentration can be monitored rapidly, accurately and with high spatial resolution using optical emission spectroscopy and microscopy, facilitating the measurement of anions such as bicarbonate, lactate, citrate and urate in a variety of bio-fluids.

bicarbonate

lactate

citrate

urate


Input: Flavonoid constituents and biological screening of Astragalus bombycinus Boiss.

Flavonoid


Input: Two new flavonoid compounds were isolated from Astragalus bombycinus Boiss. and identified as quercetin-3, 7-di-O-beta-glucopyranoside 4'-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside and 5, 2', 4'-trihydroxy-flavone-8-C-alpha-arabinopyranoside-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside.

flavonoid

quercetin-3, 7-di-O-beta-glucopyranoside 4'-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside

5, 2', 4'-trihydroxy-flavone-8-C-alpha-arabinopyranoside-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside


Input: In addition, apigenin, apigenin-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside, apigenin 7-O-gentobioside, luteolin, luteolin-7-O-beta-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3, 7-di-O-beta-glucopyranoside, quercetin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside and daidzein were also isolated and identified.

apigenin

apigenin 7-O-gentobioside

luteolin

quercetin-3, 7-di-O-beta-glucopyranoside

quercetin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside-7-O-alpha-rhamnopyranoside

daidzein


Input: The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was performed by chromatographic, chemical and spectroscopic methods.


Input: Antioxidant and cytotoxic activities were also determined for the four consecutive extracts of the plant.


Input: Bioactive alkaloids produced by Pseudomonas brassicacearum subsp.


Input: Neoaurantiaca, an endophytic bacterium from Salvia miltiorrhiza.


Input: Eleven compounds were isolated from the culture of an endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas brassicacearum subsp.


Input: Neoaurantiaca in Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge.


Input: Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as cyclo-(Gly-L-Ala) (1), cyclo-(L-Ala-L-Ala) (2), cyclo-(L-Pro-Gly) (3), cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ser) (4), cyclo-(L-Ala-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro) (5), cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro) (6), cyclo-(Gly-L-Tyr) (7), cyclo-(L-Ala-L-Tyr) (8), cyclo-(L-Tyr-trans-4-hydroxy-L-Pro) (9), 3-methylhydantoin (10) and 2-piperidinone (11).

cyclo-(Gly-L-Ala)

cyclo-(L-Ala-L-Ala)

cyclo-(L-Pro-Gly)

cyclo-(L-Pro-L-Ser)

cyclo-(L-Val-L-Pro)

cyclo-(Gly-L-Tyr)

cyclo-(L-Ala-L-Tyr)


Input: All these compounds were isolated from this bacterium for the first time.


Input: The brine shrimp lethality, antifungal and antibacterial activities of these compounds were evaluated.


Input: The results indicated that some cyclodipeptides may play an important role in plant-bacteria interactions.

cyclodipeptides


Input: Correlation between iodide dosimetry and terephthalic acid dosimetry to evaluate the reactive radical production due to the acoustic cavitation activity.

iodide

terephthalic acid


Input: Acoustic cavitation plays an important role in sonochemical processes and the rate of sonochemical reaction is influenced by sonication parameters.


Input: There are several methods to evaluate cavitation activity such as chemical dosimetry.


Input: In this study, to comparison between iodide dosimetry and terephthalic acid dosimetry, efficacy of sonication parameters in reactive radical production has been considered by iodide and terephthalic acid dosimetries.

iodide

terephthalic acid

iodide

terephthalic acid


Input: For this purpose, efficacy of different exposure parameters on cavitations production by 1 MHz ultrasound has been studied.


Input: The absorbance of KI dosimeter was measured by spectrophotometer and the fluorescence of terephthalic acid dosimeter was measured using spectrofluorometer after sonication.

KI

terephthalic acid


Input: The result of experiments related to sonication time and intensity showed that with increasing time of sonication or intensity, the absorbance is increased.


Input: It has been shown that the absorbance for continuous mode is remarkably higher than for pulsing mode (p-value < 0. 05).


Input: Also results show that with increasing the duty cycles of pulsed field, the inertial cavitation activity is increased.


Input: With compensation of sonication time or intensity in different duty cycles, no significant absorbance difference were observed unless 20% duty cycle.


Input: A significant correlation between the absorbance and fluorescence intensities (count) at different intensity (R = 0. 971), different sonication time (R = 0. 999) and different duty cycle (R = 0. 967) were observed (p-value < 0. 05).


Input: It is concluded that the sonication parameters having important influences on reactive radical production.


Input: These results suggest that there is a correlation between iodide dosimetry and terephthalic acid dosimetry to examine the acoustic cavitation activity in ultrasound field.

iodide

terephthalic acid


Input: Association of a deficit of arousal with fatigue in multiple sclerosis: effect of modafinil.

modafinil


Input: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifocal demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, leading to chronic disability.


Input: Fatigue is a common and distressing symptom of MS which is unrelated to its clinical form, stage of development, the degree of disability, or the lesion load on magnetic resonance imaging.


Input: Fatigue in MS is associated with excessive daytime sleepiness and autonomic dysfunction.


Input: Recently it has been reported that the wakefulness-promoting drug modafinil may relieve fatigue in MS patients and ameliorate the associated cognitive difficulties.

modafinil


Input: However, it is not clear to what extent the anti-fatigue effect of modafinil may be related to its alerting and sympathetic activating effects.

modafinil


Input: We addressed this question by comparing three groups of subjects, MS patients with fatigue, MS patients without fatigue and healthy controls, matched for age and sex, on measures of alertness (self-ratings on the Epworth and Stanford Sleepiness Scales and on a battery of visual analogue scales; critical flicker fusion frequency; Pupillographic Sleepiness Test; choice reaction time) and autonomic function (systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pupil diameter), and by examining the effect of a single dose (200 mg) of modafinil on these measures.

modafinil


Input: MS patients with fatigue, compared with healthy controls, had reduced level of alertness on all the tests used; MS patients without fatigue did not differ from healthy controls.


Input: MS patients with fatigue had a reduced level of cardiovascular sympathetic activation compared to the other two groups.


Input: Modafinil displayed alerting and sympathomimetic effects in all three groups of subjects.

Modafinil


Input: As fatigue in MS is associated with reduced levels of alertness and sympathetic activity, modafinil may exert its anti-fatigue effect in MS by correcting these deficiencies.

modafinil


Input: The anti-fatigue effect of modafinil may reflect the activation of the noradrenergic locus coeruleus (LC), since there is evidence that this wakefulness-promoting nucleus is damaged in MS, and that modafinil, probably via the dopaminergic system, can stimulate the LC.

modafinil

modafinil


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Cognitive Enhancers'.


Input: Postsynaptic mGluR mediated excitation of neurons in midbrain periaqueductal grey.


Input: Metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors modulate pain from within the midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG).

glutamate


Input: In the present study, the postsynaptic mGlu receptor mediated effects on rat PAG neurons were examined using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices.


Input: The selective group I agonist DHPG (10 mu M) produced an inward current in all PAG neurons tested which was associated with a near parallel shift in the current-voltage relationship.

DHPG


Input: By contrast, the group II and III mGlu receptor agonists DCG-IV (1 mu M) and l-AP4 (3 mu M) produced an outward current in only 10-20% of PAG neurons tested.


Input: The DHPG induced current was concentration dependent (EC (50) = 1. 4 mu M), was reduced by the mGlu1 antagonist CPCCOEt (100 mu M), and was further reduced by CPCCOEt in combination with the mGlu5 antagonist MPEP (10 mu M).

DHPG

CPCCOEt

CPCCOEt

antagonist MPEP


Input: The glutamate transport blocker TBOA (30 mu M) also produced an inward current, however, this was largely abolished by CNQX (10 mu M) plus AP5 (25 mu M).

glutamate

TBOA

CNQX


Input: Slow EPSCs were evoked following train, but not single shock stimulation, which were enhanced by TBOA (30 mu M).

TBOA


Input: The TBOA enhancement of slow EPSCs was abolished by MPEP plus CPCCOEt.

TBOA

MPEP

CPCCOEt


Input: These findings indicate that endogenously released glutamate, under conditions in which neurotransmitter spill-over is enhanced, activates group I mGlu receptors to produce excitatory currents within PAG.

glutamate


Input: Thus, postsynaptic group I mGlu receptors have the potential to directly modulate the analgesic, behavioural and autonomic functions of the PAG.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors'.

Glutamate


Input: GLP-1 receptor activated insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells: mechanism and glucose dependence.

glucose


Input: The major goal in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to control the hyperglycaemia characteristic of the disease.


Input: However, treatment with common therapies such as insulin or insulinotrophic sulphonylureas (SU), while effective in reducing hyperglycaemia, may impose a greater risk of hypoglycaemia, as neither therapy is self-regulated by ambient blood glucose concentrations.

glucose


Input: Hypoglycaemia has been associated with adverse physical and psychological outcomes and may contribute to negative cardiovascular events; hence minimization of hypoglycaemia risk is clinically advantageous.


Input: Stimulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells by glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists is known to be glucose-dependent.

glucose


Input: GLP-1R agonists potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and have little or no activity on insulin secretion in the absence of elevated blood glucose concentrations.

glucose

glucose


Input: This' glucose-regulated' activity of GLP-1R agonists makes them useful and potentially safer therapeutics for overall glucose control compared to non-regulated therapies; hyperglycaemia can be reduced with minimal hypoglycaemia.

glucose

glucose


Input: While the inherent mechanism of action of GLP-1R agonists mediates their glucose dependence, studies in rats suggest that SUs may uncouple this dependence.

glucose


Input: This hypothesis is supported by clinical studies showing that the majority of events of hypoglycaemia in patients treated with GLP-1R agonists occur in patients treated with a concomitant SU.


Input: This review aims to discuss the current understanding of the mechanisms by which GLP-1R signalling promotes insulin secretion from pancreatic beta-cells via a glucose-dependent process.

glucose


Input: New long-chain aliphatic compounds from Peperomia dindygulensis.


Input: Three long-chain aliphatic compounds, including one new polyketide derivative, dindygulerione C (1), one new octaketide derivative, dindygulerione D (2) and one new acylresorcinol derivative dindyguleranone (3) were isolated from the whole plant of the Chinese anticancer folk medicine Peperomia dindygulensis Miq.

polyketide

dindygulerione C

octaketide

dindygulerione D

acylresorcinol

dindyguleranone


Input: (Piperaceae).


Input: Dindygulerione C is an unprecedented example of a N-containing polyketide.

Dindygulerione C

polyketide


Input: The chemical structures and configurations of 1-3 were elucidated as (-)-(4S)-2-[(Z)-1'-(6'', 7''-dihydroxyphenethyl-amino) octadec-11'-enylidene]-4-hydroxycyclohexane-1, 3-dione (1), (+)-2-heptadecyl-4-hydroxy-3, 4, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2H-chromen-5 (6H)-one (2) and 2-(1, 3-dihydroxyphenyl)-octacosan-1'-one (3), respectively, by comparing with the literature data and extensive spectroscopic methods, including 2-D NMR and circular dichroism spectroscopic analysis.

(-)-(4S)-2-[(Z)-1'-(6'', 7''-dihydroxyphenethyl-amino) octadec-11'-enylidene]-4-hydroxycyclohexane-1, 3-dione

(+)-2-heptadecyl-4-hydroxy-3, 4, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2H-chromen-5 (6H)-one

2-(1, 3-dihydroxyphenyl)-octacosan-1'-one


Input: The cytotoxicity of 1-3 was evaluated against Hep3B and HepG2 liver cancer cell lines.


Input: Hydrothermally mixed hydroxyapatite-multiwall carbon nanotubes composite coatings on biomedical alloys by electrophoretic deposition.

hydroxyapatite

carbon


Input: Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have been used to improve biological and mechanical fixation of metallic prosthesis.

Hydroxyapatite


Input: Because of extraordinary features of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), they have a lot of facilities, such as extremely strong nanoreinforcement materials for composites.

carbon


Input: HA powders were synthesized and mixed with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by a hydrothermal process.

carbon


Input: Calcium acetate (Ca (CH (3) COO) (2)) and phosphoric acid (H (3) PO (4)) were used as starting materials for synthesizing nano-HA powders.

Calcium acetate

Ca (CH (3) COO) (2)

phosphoric acid

H (3) PO (4)


Input: HA-MWCNTs were treated together hydrothermally at 200 degrees C for 2 h to synthesize nano-HA powders mixed homogeneously with MWCNTs.


Input: Cathodic deposits were obtained on Ti-based alloys using suspensions containing nano-HA and MWCNTs dispersed in n-butanol solvent.

Ti

n-butanol


Input: It was shown that MWCNTs interacted with HA powders during hydrothermal processing, and therefore, they can easily be dispersed within aqueous-based suspensions.


Input: It was also shown that hydrothermal surface modification of MWCNTs with functional groups was achievable, which was a significant step toward eliminating nonwetting surface behavior of MWCNTs, resulting in obtaining homogeneous dispersion of them in liquids.


Input: Quality assessment and scavenging activity of Siamese neem flower extract.


Input: Young leaves and flowers of Siamese neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss. var. siamensis Valeton) are commonly consumed as a bitter tonic vegetable.


Input: Active antioxidant components in the flowers are rutin and quercetin flavonoids.

rutin

quercetin flavonoids


Input: The aqueous extracts of young flowers collected from 14 different locations in Thailand were quantitatively analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography for the contents of rutin and quercetin, and were determined for the loss on drying, heavy metals and pesticide residues, microbial contamination, solubility, chromatographic fingerprints and acute toxicity.

rutin

quercetin


Input: The extracts contained rutin and quercetin in the ranges from 388 to 1178 mg% dry weight (average 772 mg%), and 1 to 10 mg% dry weight (average 5 mg%), respectively.

rutin

quercetin


Input: EC50 of the scavenging activity of all extracts was found in the range of 27-133 micro g mL (-1).


Input: Loss on drying of the extracts was less than 7% w/w and no sign of toxicity (LD50 > 5 g kg (-1)) was found.


Input: Polyphenol distribution in plant organs of tomato introgression lines.

Polyphenol


Input: The content of total polyphenols, chlorogenic, caffeic (CaA) and ferulic acids, and rutin, was investigated in plant organs of three introgression lines (IL7-3, IL10-1 and IL12-4) of Solanum pennellii in Solanum lycopersicum cv M82 and compared with that of cropped parental.

polyphenols

chlorogenic

caffeic

CaA

ferulic acids

rutin


Input: Such study aims to evidence factors associated to the introgressions that can affect polyphenol distribution in plant.

polyphenol


Input: Among genotypes few differences in polyphenols were recorded on fresh weight basis.

polyphenols


Input: IL7-3 showed higher total polyphenols in fruits and lower rutin in leaves than the other genotypes.

polyphenols

rutin


Input: IL12-4 showed an increasing trend of total polyphenol concentration in fresh vegetative organs; however, this seems to depend on the lower water content rather than on a higher polyphenol biosynthesis in the genotype.

polyphenol

polyphenol


Input: IL10-1 sowed higher CaA and lignin contents in leaves.

CaA


Input: Such differences agree with the morphological and physiological traits of the genotypes.


Input: The potential impact of strawberry on human health.


Input: The strawberry (Fragaria X ananassa, Duch.) represents a relevant source of micronutrients, such as minerals, vitamin C, folate and phenolic substances, most of which are natural antioxidants and contribute to the high nutritional quality of the fruit.

vitamin C

folate

phenolic


Input: All these compounds are essential for health and, in particular, strawberry phenolics are best known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory action, and possess directly and indirectly antimicrobial, anti-allergy and anti-hypertensive properties, as well as the capacity to inhibit the activities of some physiological enzymes and receptor properties.


Input: The main objective of this article is to review and update the current knowledge on the potential impact of the strawberry on human health, with particular attention on compounds and their possible mechanisms of action.


Input: Urinary excretion of parabens in pregnant Japanese women.

parabens


Input: Urinary excretion of free and total (free plus conjugated) forms of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl parabens (MP, EP, PP and BP, respectively) and their metabolite p-hydroxybenzoic acid were measured for 111 pregnant Japanese women.

methyl, ethyl, n-propyl and n-butyl parabens

p-hydroxybenzoic acid


Input: Frequent detection of parabens and their metabolite indicated that exposure takes place daily for pregnant Japanese women.

parabens


Input: The estrogenic potency of PP was 20 times higher than those of the other 3 parabens for the present subjects when both abundance in the urine and the relative estrogenic activity of each compound was considered.


Input: Detection of free parabens suggested dermal exposure, probably from their inclusion in personal care products.