Input: The most remarkable result of these experiments is our finding that the corona-forming chain plays an important role in affecting how the PFS chains crystallize in the core of the micelles and, subsequently, the range of temperatures over which the micelle fragments dissolve.

PFS


Input: Our results also show that self-seeding is a versatile approach to generate uniform PFS fiber-like nanostructures, and in principle, the method should be extendable to a wide variety of crystalline-coil block copolymers.

PFS


Input: Kinetics and Mechanism of the Tropospheric Oxidation of Vinyl Acetate Initiated by OH Radical: A Theoretical Study.

Vinyl Acetate

OH


Input: Vinyl acetate [VA (CH3COOC2H3)] is an important unsaturated and oxygenated volatile organic compound responsible for atmospheric pollution.

Vinyl acetate


Input: In this work, possible reaction mechanisms for the degradation of OH-initiated atmospheric oxidation of VA are investigated.

OH


Input: The potential energy surfaces (PESs) for the reaction of OH radical with VA in the presence of O2 and NO have been studied using the M06-2X/6-311 + + G (d, p) method.

OH

NO


Input: The initial addition reactions of more and less substituted ethylenic C-atoms of VA are treated separately, followed by a conventional transition state theory (TST) calculation for reaction rates.

ethylenic C


Input: The direct H-abstraction mechanism and kinetics have also been studied.

H


Input: The initial OH addition occurs through a prereactive complex, and the calculated rate constants in the temperature range 250-350 K for both the addition reactions are found to have negative temperature dependence.

OH


Input: The calculation indicates that the reaction proceeds predominantly via the addition of OH radical to the double bond rather than the direct abstraction of H-atoms in VA.

OH

H


Input: IM1 [CH3C (O) O (*) CHCH2OH] and IM2 [CH3C (O) OCH (OH) (*) CH2], the OH adduct complexes formed initially, react with ubiquitous O2 followed by NO before their rearrangement.

CH3C (O) O (*) CHCH2OH

CH3C (O) OCH (OH) (*) CH2

OH

NO


Input: The formation of the prereactive complex plays an important role in reaction mechanism and kinetics.


Input: The calculated rate constant, k298K = 1. 61 x 10 (-11) cm (3) molecule (-1) s (-1), is well harmonized with the previous experimental data, k298K = (2. 48 +/- 0. 61) x 10 (-11) cm (3) molecule (-1) s (-1) (Blanco et al.) and k298K = (2. 3 +/- 0. 3) x 10 (-11) cm (3) molecule (-1) s (-1) (Picquet-Varrult et al.).


Input: Additionally, consistent and reliable enthalpies of formation at 298. 15 K (Delta fH degrees 298. 15) have been computed for all the species involved in the title reaction using the composite CBS-QB3 method.


Input: The theoretical results confirm that the major products are formic acetic anhydride, acetic acid, and formaldehyde in the OH-initiated oxidation of VA in the presence of O2 and NO, which are in excellent agreement with the experimental findings.

formic acetic anhydride

acetic acid

formaldehyde

OH

NO


Input: Development of a Selective Peptide Macrocycle Inhibitor of Coagulation Factor XII toward the Generation of a Safe Antithrombotic Therapy.


Input: Inhibition of coagulation factor XII (FXII) activity represents an attractive approach for the treatment and prevention of thrombotic diseases.


Input: The few existing FXII inhibitors suffer from low selectivity.


Input: Using phage display combined to rational design, we developed a potent inhibitor of FXII with more than 100-fold selectivity over related proteases.


Input: The highly selective peptide macrocycle is a promising candidate for the control of FXII activity in antithrombotic therapy and a valuable tool in hematology research.


Input: Structures of the Dehydrogenation Products of Methane Activation by 5d Transition Metal Cations.

Methane

Transition Metal


Input: The activation of methane by gas-phase transition metal cations (M +) has been studied extensively, both experimentally and using density functional theory (DFT).

methane

transition metal


Input: Methane is exothermically dehydrogenated by several 5d metal ions to form [M, C, 2H] + and H2.

Methane

C


Input: However, the structure of the dehydrogenation product has not been established unambiguously.


Input: Two types of structures have been considered: a carbene structure where an intact CH2 fragment is bound to the metal (M +-CH2) and a carbyne (hydrido-methylidyne) structure with both a CH and a hydrogen bound to the metal separately (H-M +-CH).

carbene

carbyne

hydrido-methylidyne

CH

hydrogen

H

CH


Input: For metal ions with empty d-orbitals, an agostic interaction can occur that could influence the competition between carbene and carbyne structures.

carbene

carbyne


Input: In this work, the gas phase [M, C, 2H] + (M = Ta, W, Ir, Pt) products are investigated by infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IR-MPD) spectroscopy using the Free Electron Laser for IntraCavity Experiments (FELICE).

C

Ta

W

Ir

Pt


Input: Metal cations are formed in a laser ablation source and react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream.


Input: IRMPD spectra of the [M, C, 2H] + species are measured in the 300-3500 cm-1 spectral range by monitoring the loss of H (2H in the case of [Ir, C, 2H] +).

C

H

Ir

C


Input: For each system, the experimental spectrum closely resembles the calculated spectrum of the lowest energy structure calculated using DFT: for Pt, a classic C2v carbene structure; for Ta and W, carbene structures that are distorted by agostic interactions; and a carbyne structure for the Ir complex.

Pt

carbene

Ta

W

carbene

carbyne

Ir


Input: The Ir carbyne structure was not considered previously.

Ir carbyne


Input: To obtain this agreement, the calculated harmonic frequencies are scaled with a scaling factor of 0. 939, which is fairly low and can be attributed to the strong redshift induced by the IR multiple-photon excitation process of these small molecules.


Input: These four-atomic species are among the smallest systems studied by IR-FEL based IR-MPD spectroscopy and their spectra demonstrate the power of IR spectroscopy in resolving long-standing chemical questions.


Input: Trapping of a Cross-Link Formed by a Major Purine Adduct of a Metabolite of the Carcinogen N-Nitrosomorpholine by Inorganic and Biological Reductants.

Purine

N-Nitrosomorpholine


Input: 3-Hydroperoxy-N-nitrosomorpholine in buffered aqueous media in the presence of calf thymus DNA was treated with a phosphine reductant to generate the transient alpha-hydroxynitrosamine and subsequent diazonium ion that alkylated the DNA, as previously reported.

alpha-hydroxynitrosamine

diazonium


Input: Subsequent addition of hydride donors, for 30 min, followed by acid hydrolysis of the mixture allowed detection and quantification of 6-(2-{2-[(9H-purin-6-yl) amino] ethoxy} ethoxy)-9H-purin-2-amine, the reduced cross-link formed from deposition, via the diazonium ion, of a 3-oxapentanal fragment on O (6)-Gua, and condensation with N (6)-Ade, presumably in the vicinity.

hydride

6-(2-{2-[(9H-purin-6-yl) amino] ethoxy} ethoxy)-9H-purin-2-amine

diazonium

O

Gua

N

Ade


Input: Decreasing the temperature of the reaction mixtures and decreasing the pH modestly increased the yields of the trapped cross-link.


Input: Among three borohydride reductants, NaNCBH3 is superior, being ~ 4 times more effective on a molar basis, as opposed to a hydride equivalent basis, than NaBH4 or Na (AcO) 3BH.

borohydride

hydride

Na (AcO) 3BH


Input: For trapping with NaNCBH3, it is deduced that the reaction likely occurs with the iminium ion that is in protonic equilibrium with its conjugate base imine.

iminium

imine


Input: In an experiment in which the hydroperoxide was decomposed and NaNCBH3 was introduced after various periods of time, the amount of cross-link was observed to increase, nearly linearly, by ~ 4-fold over 1 week.

hydroperoxide


Input: These data indicate that there are a minimum of two populations of cross-links, one that forms rapidly, in minutes, and another that grows in with time, over days.


Input: Reduced nicotinamide cofactors and ascorbate are observed to effect reduction (over 3 days) of the cross-links, confirming the possibility that otherwise reversible cross-links might be immortalized under biological conditions.

nicotinamide

ascorbate


Input: Recent advances in malaria drug discovery.


Input: This digest covers some of the most relevant progress in malaria drug discovery published between 2010 and 2012.


Input: There is an urgent need to develop new antimalarial drugs.


Input: Such drugs can target the blood stage of the disease to alleviate the symptoms, the liver stage to prevent relapses, and the transmission stage to protect other humans.


Input: The pipeline for the blood stage is becoming robust, but this should not be a source of complacency, as the current therapies set a high standard.


Input: Drug discovery efforts directed towards the liver and transmission stages are in their infancy but are receiving increasing attention as targeting these stages could be instrumental in eradicating malaria.


Input: A small molecule inhibitor of fungal histone acetyltransferase Rtt109.


Input: The histone acetyltransferase Rtt109 is the sole enzyme responsible for acetylation of histone H3 lysine 56 (H3K56) in fungal organisms.

lysine


Input: Loss of Rtt109 renders fungal cells extremely sensitive to genotoxic agents, and prevents pathogenesis in several clinically important species.


Input: Here, via a high throughput chemical screen of > 300, 000 compounds, we discovered a chemical inhibitor of Rtt109 that does not inhibit other acetyltransferase enzymes.


Input: This compound inhibits Rtt109 regardless of which histone chaperone cofactor protein (Asf1 or Vps75) is present, and appears to inhibit Rtt109 via a tight-binding, uncompetitive mechanism.


Input: Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of novel amphiphilic aromatic amino alcohols.

aromatic amino alcohols


Input: We report in this work the preparation and in vitro antimicrobial evaluation of novel amphiphilic aromatic amino alcohols synthesized by reductive amination of 4-alkyloxybenzaldehyde with 2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1, 3-diol.

aromatic amino alcohols

2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-propane-1, 3-diol


Input: The antibacterial activity was determined against four standard strains (Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 21 clinical isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

methicillin


Input: The antifungal activity was evaluated against four yeast (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis).


Input: The results obtained showed a strong positive correlation between the lipophilicity and the antibiotic activity of the tested compounds.


Input: The best activities were obtained against the Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 2-16 mu gml (-1)) for the five compounds bearing longer alkyl chains (4c-g; 8-14 carbons), which were also the most active against Candida (MIC = 2-64 mu gml (-1)).


Input: Compound 4e exhibited the highest levels of inhibitory activity (MIC = 2-16 mu gml (-1)) against clinical isolates of MRSA.


Input: A concentration of twice the MIC resulted in bactericidal activity of 4d against 19 of the 21 clinical isolates.


Input: Role of BDNF epigenetics in activity-dependent neuronal plasticity.


Input: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a key mediator of the activity-dependent processes in the brain that have a major impact on neuronal development and plasticity.


Input: Impaired control of neuronal activity-induced BDNF expression mediates the pathogenesis of various neurological and psychiatric disorders.


Input: Different environmental stimuli, such as the use of pharmacological compounds, physical and learning exercises or stress exposure, lead to activation of specific neuronal networks.


Input: These processes entail tight temporal and spatial transcriptional control of numerous BDNF splice variants through epigenetic mechanisms.


Input: The present review highlights recent findings on the dynamic and long-term epigenetic programming of BDNF gene expression by the DNA methylation, histone-modifying and microRNA machineries.


Input: The review also summarizes the current knowledge on the activity-dependent BDNF mRNA trafficking critical for rapid local regulation of BDNF levels and synaptic plasticity.


Input: Current data open novel directions for discovery of new promising therapeutic targets for treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' BDNF'.


Input: Effect of Korean pear (Pyruspyrifolia cv. Shingo) juice on hangover severity following alcohol consumption.

alcohol


Input: Korean pear has been used as a traditional prophylactic agent for alcohol hangover.

alcohol


Input: However, its mechanism was not investigated in human yet.


Input: Therefore, we performed a randomized single blind crossover trial with 14 healthy young men to examine effects of Korean pear juice on alcohol hangover.

alcohol


Input: All subjects consumed 540ml of spirits (alcohol conc. 20. 1v/v%) after 30min from the intervention, i. e. placebo or Korean pear juice treatment.

alcohol


Input: Blood and urine specimens were collected in time-courses (9 time-points for 15h after alcohol consumption).

alcohol


Input: The total and average of hangover severity were alleviated to 16% and 21% by Korean pear juice at 15h after the alcohol consumption (ps < 0. 05).


Input: Particularly,' trouble concentrating' was significantly improved by the pear juice treatment (p < 0. 05).


Input: Impaired memory, sensitivity to light and sound, and mean of hangover severity were significantly improved by Korean pear juice among the subjects with ALDH2 * 1/* 1 or ALDH2 * 1/* 2 genotypes (ps < 0. 05) but not in the subjects with ALDH2 * 2/* 2 genotype.


Input: In addition, the pear juice treatment lowered levels of blood alcohol (p < 0. 01).

alcohol


Input: Therefore, Korean pear juice may alleviate alcohol-hangover and its detoxification of alcohol seems to be modified by the genetic variation of ALDH2.

alcohol


Input: Artemisia copa aqueous extract as vasorelaxant and hypotensive agent.


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Artemisia copa Phil.


Input: (Asteraceae) is a medicinal plant commonly used in traditional medicine in Argentina.


Input: AIM OF THE STUDY: The vasorelaxant and hypotensive activities of the aqueous extract of Artemisia copa have been investigated.


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: The in vitro effect of the extract and isolated compounds from Artemisia copa was investigated using isolated rat aortic rings.


Input: The acute effect caused by the intravenous (i. v.) infusion (0. 1-300mg/kg) on blood pressure and heart rate was evaluated in spontaneous hypertensive rats.


Input: In addition, a phytochemical analysis of the extract was performed by HPLC.


Input: RESULTS: Artemisia copa had a relaxant effect in endothelium-intact aortic rings that had been pre-contracted with 10 (-7) M phenylephrine (Emax = 96. 7 +/- 1. 3%, EC50 = 1. 1mg/ml), 10 (-5) M 5-hydroxytriptamine (Emax = 96. 7 +/- 3. 5%, EC50 = 1. 5mg/ml) and 80mM KCl (Emax = 97. 9 +/- 4. 4%, EC50 = 1. 6mg/ml).

phenylephrine

KCl


Input: In denuded aortic rings contracted by phenylephrine, a similar pattern was observed (Emax = 92. 7 +/- 6. 5%, EC50 = 1. 8mg/ml).

phenylephrine


Input: l-NAME, indomethacin, tetraethylammonium and glibenclamide were not able to block the relaxation induced by the extract.

l-NAME

indomethacin

tetraethylammonium

glibenclamide


Input: Nevertheless, the pre-treatment with Artemisia copa attenuated the CaCl2-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner (Emax: 86% of inhibition for 3mg/ml and 52% de-inhibition for 1mg/ml).


Input: This pre-treatment also induced a significant attenuation of the norepinephrine-induced contraction in a concentration-dependent manner (Emax: 72. 7% of inhibition for 3mg/ml and 27% de inhibition for 1mg/ml) in a Ca (2 +) free medium.

norepinephrine

Ca (2 +)


Input: Upon analyzing the composition of the extract, the presence of p-coumaric acid, isovitexin, luteolin and chrysoeriol were found.

p-coumaric acid

isovitexin

luteolin

chrysoeriol


Input: Luteolin (CE50: 1. 5 mu g/ml), chrysoeriol (CE50: 13. 2 mu g/ml) and p-coumaric acid (CE50: 95. 2 mu g/ml), isolated from the aqueous extract, caused dilatation of thoracic aortic rings pre-contracted with phenylephrine.

Luteolin

chrysoeriol

p-coumaric acid

phenylephrine


Input: Artemisia copa administered i. v. also induced a decrease in the mean arterial pressure but did not affect the heart rate in hypertensive rats.


Input: CONCLUSIONS: The aqueous extract of Artemisia copa proved to have vasorelaxing and hypotensive effects through the inhibition of Ca (2 +) influx via membranous calcium channels and intracellular stores.

Ca (2 +)

calcium


Input: The presence of luteolin, chrysoeriol and p-coumaric acid found in this plant could be involved in this effect.

luteolin

chrysoeriol

p-coumaric acid


Input: Characterization of volatiles and anti-ulcerogenic effect of Turkish sweetgum balsam (Styrax liquidus).


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Sweetgum, Styrax liquidus (Turkish sweetgum) is a resinous exudate obtained from the wounded barks of Liquidambar orientalis Miller tree which belongs to Altingiaceae (Hamamelidaceae).


Input: The plant material has been used for the treatment of peptic ulcer symptoms in Turkish folk medicine since centuries.


Input: In order to evaluate the claimed activity, we studied the anti-ulcerogenic effect of Styrax liquidus by using an in vivo anti-ulcerogenic activity model and to determine the chemical composition of the balsam.


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: Anti-ulcerogenic effects of the balsam " Styrax liquidus " itself and its fractions obtained by successive solvent extractions with chloroform and n-butanol, were investigated against the ethanol-induced peptic ulcer model in rats.

chloroform

n-butanol

ethanol


Input: The chloroform extract demonstrated a statistically significant gastroprotective effect.


Input: In addition, the chemical characterization of the volatiles obtained by microdistillation technique from the balsam and the sub-extracts were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), respectively.


Input: RESULTS: Pharmacological experiments have clearly demonstrated that 150 and 300mg/kg doses of Styrax liquidus given orally to rats showed significant gastric protection.


Input: On GC-MS analysis of the resin, overall, 31 compounds representing 99. 8% of the total oil were identified where styrene (81. 9%), cinnamyl alcohol (6. 9%) and alpha-pinene (3. 5%) were identified as the major components.

styrene

cinnamyl alcohol

alpha-pinene


Input: CONCLUSION: Present study confirmed the anti-ulcerogenic activity of the local ethnobotanical usage of Styrax liquidus in Turkey.


Input: A DPYD Variant (Y186C) in Individuals of African Ancestry Is Associated With Reduced DPD Enzyme Activity.


Input: 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) is used to treat many aggressive cancers, such as those of the colon, breast, and head and neck.


Input: The responses to 5-FU, with respect to both toxicity and efficacy, vary among racial groups, potentially because of variability in the activity levels of the enzyme dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD, encoded by the DPYD gene).

dihydropyrimidine


Input: In this study, the genetic associations between DPYD variations and circulating mononuclear-cell DPD enzyme activity were evaluated in 94 African-American and 81 European-American volunteers.


Input: The DPYD-Y186C variant was unique to individuals of African ancestry, and DPD activity was 46% lower in carriers as compared with noncarriers (279 +/- 35 vs. 514 +/- 168 pmol 5-FU min (-1) mg (-1); P = 0. 00029).


Input: In this study, 26% of the African Americans with reduced DPD activity were carriers of Y186C.


Input: In the African-American cohort, after excluding Y186C carriers, homozygous carriers of C29R showed 27% higher DPD activity as compared with noncarriers (609 +/- 152 and 480 +/- 152 pmol 5-FU min (-1) mg (-1), respectively; P = 0. 013). Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); advance online publication 1 May 2013. doi: 10. 1038/clpt. 2013. 69.


Input: Regulatory and Scientific Issues Regarding Use of Foreign Data in Support of New Drug Applications in the United States: An FDA Perspective.


Input: Globalization of clinical research has led to an increase in clinical trials conducted outside of the United States that are submitted to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in new drug applications.


Input: This article discusses the FDA' s experience with these submissions in specific therapeutic areas, including the extent of this practice, differences between the effectiveness and safety outcomes of studies conducted inside and outside the United States, and the FDA' s approach to acceptance of these trials. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2013); advance online publication 1 May 2013. doi: 10. 1038/clpt. 2013. 70.


Input: Synergistic targeting/prodrug strategies for intravesical drug delivery-Lectin-modified PLGA microparticles enhance cytotoxicity of stearoyl gemcitabine by contact-dependent transfer.

PLGA

stearoyl gemcitabine


Input: The direct access to the urothelial tissue via intravesical therapy has emerged as a promising means for reducing the high recurrence rate of bladder cancer.


Input: However, few advanced delivery concepts have so far been evaluated to overcome critical inherent efficacy limitations imposed by short exposure times, low tissue permeability, and extensive washout.


Input: This study reports on a novel strategy to enhance gemcitabine treatment impact on urothelial cells by combining a pharmacologically advantageous prodrug approach with the pharmacokinetic benefits of a glycan-targeted carrier system.

gemcitabine


Input: The conversion of gemcitabine to its 4-(N)-stearoyl derivative (GEM-C18) allowed for stable, homogeneous incorporation into PLGA microparticles (MP) without compromising intracellular drug activation.

gemcitabine

PLGA


Input: Fluorescence-labeled GEM-C18-PLGA-MP were surface-functionalized with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or human serum albumin (HSA) to assess in direct comparison the impact of biorecognitive interaction on binding rate and anchoring stability.


Input: MP adhesion on urothelial cells of non-malignant origin (SV-HUC-1), and low-(5637) or high-grade (HT-1376) carcinoma was correlated to the resultant antiproliferative and antimetabolic effect in BrdU and XTT assays.

BrdU


Input: More extensive and durable binding of the WGA-GEM-C18-PLGA-MP induced a change in the pharmacological profile and substantially higher cytotoxicity, allowing for maximum response within the temporal restrictions of instillative administration (120min).


Input: Mechanistically, a direct, contact-dependent transfer of stearoyl derivatives from the particle matrix to the urothelial membrane was found to account for this effect.

stearoyl


Input: With versatile options for future application, our results highlight the potential offered by the synergistic implementation of targeting/prodrug strategies in delivery systems tailored to the intravesical route.


Input: Genome-Based Bacterial Vaccines: Current State and Future Outlook.


Input: Genome-based reverse vaccinology (RV) is a multi-step experimental strategy which starts from in silico analysis of whole genome sequences, from which vaccine candidates can be selected by using bioinformatic algorithms to identify putative protective antigens.


Input: In this review, we examine the current state of genome-based RV-engineered vaccines and future applications.


Input: The first product of genome-based RV is Bexsero ((R)), a vaccine developed for preventing Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B infection, and the strategy is currently being used for the development of new vaccines for other obdurate and emerging bacterial diseases.


Input: Improved sequencing technologies and the ongoing whole-genome sequence analyses of helminths, protozoa, and ectoparasites also currently serve as a basis for an RV strategy to produce new potential vaccines against eukaryotic pathogens.


Input: We also highlight an emerging approach-structure-based vaccinology-that exploits the information derived from the determined three-dimensional structures of vaccine candidates.


Input: Regardless, genome-based RV and other vaccine discovery platforms still depend on empirical experimental science to glean, from the hundreds of identified antigens from any one pathogen, those that should be combined to produce an effective vaccine.


Input: Adherence to preventive statin therapy according to socioeconomic position.

statin


Input: AIM: To explore whether long-term adherence to preventive statin therapy depends on socioeconomic position (SEP).


Input: METHODS: A cohort of individuals without established cardiovascular disease (CVD) or diabetes initiating preventive statin therapy during 2002-2005 was followed in the individual-level Danish registries for 4 years or until censoring events (death, emigration, CVD or diabetes).


Input: Only individuals aged 40-84 years for whom information was available on the SEP indicators, education and income were included (N = 76, 038).


Input: Two different aspects of poor adherence were applied as outcome measures: (1) Proportion of days covered (PDC) with medication below 80%, assuming a daily dose of one tablet (continuity); (2) Discontinuation defined as a gap between two consecutive prescriptions exceeding 365 days (persistence).


Input: Stratum-specific logistic regression analyses were applied to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for PDC < 80% across SEP, adjusting for age and hypertension.


Input: Hazard ratio (HR) for discontinuation was estimated by Cox regression analyses.


Input: RESULTS: Adjusting mutually for income and education, the OR for PDC < 80% decreased with increasing income.


Input: Comparing the highest income quintile with the lowest, the OR were 0. 64 (95% Confidence Interval 0. 64-0. 65) and 0. 73 (0. 73-0. 74) in men aged 40-64 and 65-84 years, respectively; in women, the figures were 0. 79 (0. 79-0. 79) and 0. 95 (0. 94-0. 95), respectively.


Input: While observed increases in adherence with longer education in unadjusted analyses were attenuated after adjustment for income among men, the potential inverse relationship between length of education and adherence was enhanced among women.


Input: Applying discontinuation as outcome, analogous differences were demonstrated.


Input: CONCLUSION: Adherence to preventive statin therapy in Denmark decreases with decreasing income-especially in men aged 40-64 years.


Input: Population pharmacokinetic analysis of tacrolimus in the first year after pediatric liver transplantation.

tacrolimus


Input: PURPOSES: Tacrolimus (TAC) is the most widely used immunosuppressant for the prevention of acute rejection after solid organ transplantation.

Tacrolimus

TAC


Input: Its pharmacokinetics (PK) show considerable variability, making TAC a good candidate for therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).

TAC


Input: The principal aim of the study was to describe the PK of TAC in pediatric patients during the first year after transplantation.

TAC


Input: METHODS: Routine TDM trough levels of TAC were obtained from 42 pediatric liver allograft recipients during the first year after transplantation.

TAC


Input: A population PK model was developed using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling to describe TAC PK during this period and to explain the observed variability by means of patients' demographics, biochemical test results and physiological characteristics.

TAC


Input: RESULTS: The PK of TAC were best described by a two-compartment model with first-order elimination.

TAC


Input: Apparent volumes of the central compartment, intercomparmental clearance and maximum blood clearance estimates were 253 L, 115 L/day and 314 L/day, respectively.


Input: The absorption first-order rate and volume of peripheral compartment were fixed to 4. 5 h (-1) and 100 L, respectively.


Input: While hematocrit levels, time after transplantation and bodyweight influenced TAC clearance, bodyweight was the only covariate retained on volume of distribution.

TAC


Input: CONCLUSIONS: We developed a TAC population PK model in pediatrics covering the first year after liver transplantation that may serve as a tool for TAC dose individualization as part of TDM.

TAC

TAC


Input: The prevalence and incidence of medicinal cannabis on prescription in The Netherlands.


Input: BACKGROUND: A growing number of countries are providing pharmaceutical grade cannabis to chronically ill patients.


Input: However, little published data is known about the extent of medicinal cannabis use and the characteristics of patients using cannabis on doctor' s prescription.


Input: This study describes a retrospective database study of The Netherlands.


Input: METHODS: Complete dispensing histories were obtained of all patients with at least one medicinal cannabis prescription gathered at pharmacies in The Netherlands in the period 2003-2010.


Input: Data revealed prevalence and incidence of use of prescription cannabis as well as characteristics of patients using different cannabis varieties.


Input: RESULTS: Five thousand five hundred forty patients were identified.


Input: After an initial incidence of about 6/100, 000 inhabitants/year in 2003 and 2004, the incidence remained stable at 3/100, 000/year in 2005-2010.


Input: The prevalence rate ranged from 5 to 8 per 100, 000 inhabitants.


Input: Virtually all patients used some form of prescription medication in the 6 months preceding start of cannabis use, most particularly psycholeptics (45. 5%), analgesics (44. 3%), anti-ulcer agents (35. 9%) and NSAIDs (30. 7%).


Input: We found no significant association between use of medication of common indications for cannabis (pain, HIV/AIDS, cancer, nausea, glaucoma) and variety of cannabis used.


Input: CONCLUSIONS: This is the first nationwide study into the extent of prescription of medicinal cannabis.


Input: Although the cannabis varieties studied are believed to possess different therapeutic effects based on their different content of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), no differences in choice of variety was found associated with indication.

tetrahydrocannabinol

THC

cannabidiol

CBD


Input: Emodin-6-O-beta-D-glucoside down-regulates endothelial protein C receptor shedding.


Input: Endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) plays an important role in the protein C anticoagulation pathway and in the cytoprotective pathway.


Input: Previously, EPCR can be shed from the cell surface, which is mediated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha converting enzyme (TACE).


Input: Soluble EPCR levels are increased in patients with systemic inflammatory diseases.


Input: Recently, we reported that a new active compound, emodin-6-O-beta-D-glucoside (EG) from Reynoutria japonica, has anti-inflammatory activities.


Input: However, little is known of the effects of EG on EPCR shedding.


Input: Here, we investigated this issue by monitoring the effects of EG on the phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or the cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-mediated EPCR shedding and its underlying mechanisms.

phorbol-12-myristate 13-acetate

PMA


Input: Data showed that EG potently inhibited the PMA and CLP-induced EPCR shedding by suppressing TACE expression.

PMA


Input: Given these results, EG could be used as a candidate therapeutic for the treatment of vascular inflammatory diseases.


Input: Oromucosal delivery of venlafaxine by linseed mucilage based gel: in vitro and in vivo evaluation in rabbits.

venlafaxine


Input: Linseed is the crop that is used as a foodstuff in European and Asian countries.


Input: The objective of the present work was to extract mucilage from linseed, utilize it as mucoadhesive gelling agent along with synthetic polymers and administration of venlafaxine by buccal route in the gel form.

venlafaxine


Input: Buccal administration of venlafaxine will avoid first pass metabolism, which will increase the bioavailability of the drug.

venlafaxine


Input: Linseed mucilage based buccal mucoadhesive gel preparations in combination with chitosan, carbopol 934P, carboxy methylcellulose and polyvinyl pyrrolidone were formulated and the viscosity, gel strength, percentage mucoadhesion and in vitro diffusion of the formulation was evaluated.

carboxy

polyvinyl pyrrolidone


Input: Formulation (F2) was subjected to in vivo analysis in rabbits.


Input: Formulation F2, which contained linseed mucilage (2%) and chitosan (0. 5%), showed the highest percentage of mucoadhesion, gel strength and sustained drug diffusion.


Input: The bioavailability by the oral route and buccal route were compared with that of the intravenous route.


Input: The bioavailability of venlafaxine in the formulation F2 was 63. 08 +/- 1. 28% by buccal route, which was higher than by the oral route (39. 21 +/- 6. 18%).

venlafaxine


Input: Based on these results, the combination of linseed mucilage and chitosan can be used to form a buccal mucoadhesive gel and increase the bioavailability of venlafaxine.

venlafaxine


Input: Fluctuation analysis of an organic semiconductor-insulator interface.


Input: The space-charge region of an organic semiconductor (OS)-insulator interface is probed by analyzing the spontaneous, thermally driven drain current fluctuations of a field-effect transistor in which the OS forms the gate electrode.


Input: This so called " excess drain current noise " is the outcome of local fluctuations of the Fermi level, resulting from stochastic exchange of electrons between traps near the Fermi level.


Input: The power spectral density of this noise is characteristic of a Lorentzian process with a distribution of time constants, which is attributed to the disorder in the OS film.


Input: Furthermore, this disorder leads to local inhomogeneity of the work function in the film and a finite correlation length of the work function fluctuations.


Input: The measurement of work function noise is only possible within a correlation length of the OS-insulator interface.


Input: Through systematic variation of gate voltage, primary doping and secondary doping levels, the correlation length, disorder, and the trapping/de-trapping time constant are examined on polyaniline as a representative OS.

polyaniline


Input: A model is proposed for local work function variations and spontaneous charge-carrier fluctuations within polyaniline films with consequences for organic electronics using organic semiconductors.

polyaniline


Input: Modelling zirconium hydrides using the special quasirandom structure approach.

zirconium hydrides


Input: The study of the structure and properties of zirconium hydrides is important for understanding the embrittlement of zirconium alloys used as cladding in light water nuclear reactors.

zirconium hydrides

zirconium


Input: Simulation of the defect processes is complicated due to the random distribution of the hydrogen atoms.

hydrogen


Input: We propose the use of the special quasirandom structure approach as a computationally efficient way to describe this random distribution.


Input: We have generated six special quasirandom structure cells based on face centered cubic and face centered tetragonal unit cells to describe ZrH2-x (x = 0. 25-0. 5).


Input: Using density functional theory calculations we investigate the mechanical properties, stability, and electronic structure of the alloys.


Input: Fullerene Nanoarchitectonics: From Zero to Higher Dimensions.

Fullerene


Input: The strategic design of nanostructured materials, the properties of which could be controlled across different length scales and which, at the same time, could be used as building blocks for the construction of devices and functional systems into new technological platforms that are based on sustainable processes, is an important issue in bottom-up nanotechnology. Such strategic design has enabled the fabrication of materials by using convergent bottom-up and top-down strategies.


Input: Recent developments in the assembly of functional fullerene (C60) molecules, either in bulk or at interfaces, have allowed the production of shape-controlled nano-to-microsized objects that possess excellent optoelectronic properties, thus enabling the fabrication of optoelectronic devices.

fullerene


Input: Because fullerene molecules can be regarded as an ideal zero-dimensional (0D) building units with attractive functions, the construction of higher-dimensional objects, that is, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanomaterials may realize important aspects of nanoarchitectonics.

fullerene


Input: This Focus Review summarizes the recent developments in the production of nanostructured fullerenes and techniques for the elaboration of fullerene nanomaterials into hierarchic structures.

fullerenes


Input: Arsenic inhibits autophagic flux activating the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in a p62-dependent manner.

Arsenic


Input: The Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway is a protective mechanism promoting cell survival.


Input: Activation of the Nrf2 pathway by natural compounds has been proven to be an effective strategy for chemoprevention.


Input: Interestingly, a cancer-promoting function of Nrf2 has been recently observed in many types of tumors due to deregulation of the Nrf2-Keap1 axis, which leads to constitutive activation of Nrf2.


Input: Here, we report a novel mechanism of Nrf2 activation by arsenic that is distinct from that of chemopreventive compounds.


Input: Arsenic deregulates the autophagic pathway through blockage of autophagic flux, resulting in accumulation of autophagosomes and sequestration of p62, Keap1, and LC3.

Arsenic


Input: Thus, arsenic activates Nrf2 through a non-canonical mechanism (p62-dependent), leading to a chronic, sustained activation of Nrf2.

arsenic


Input: In contrast, activation of Nrf2 by sulforaphane and tert-butylhydroquinone depend upon Keap1-C151 and not p62 (the canonical mechanism).

sulforaphane

tert-butylhydroquinone


Input: More importantly, SF and tBHQ do not have any effect on autophagy.

tBHQ


Input: In fact, SF and tBHQ alleviate arsenic-mediated deregulation of autophagy.

tBHQ

arsenic


Input: Collectively, these findings provide evidence that arsenic causes prolonged activation of Nrf2 through autophagy dysfunction, possibly providing a similar scenario to constitutive activation of Nrf2 found in certain human cancers.

arsenic


Input: This may represent a previously unrecognized mechanism underlying arsenic toxicity and carcinogenicity in humans.

arsenic


Input: Crop seed oil bodies: From challenges in protein identification to an emerging picture of the oil body proteome.


Input: Oleaginous seeds store lipids in specialized structures called oil bodies (OBs).


Input: These organelles consist of a core of neutral lipids bound by proteins embedded in a phospholipid monolayer.


Input: OB proteins are well conserved in plants and have long been grouped into only two categories: structural proteins or enzymes.


Input: Recent work, however, which identified other classes of proteins associated with OBs, clearly shows that this classification is obsolete.


Input: Proteomics-mediated OB protein identification is facilitated in plants for which the genome is sequenced and annotated.


Input: However, it is not clear whether this knowledge can be dependably transposed to less well characterized plants, including the well-established commercial sources of seed oil as well as the many others being proposed as novel sources for biodiesel, especially in Africa and Asia.


Input: Towards an update of the current data available on OB proteins this review discusses (i) the specific difficulties for proteomic studies of organelles; (ii) a 2012 census of the proteins found in seed OBs from various crops; (iii) the oleosin composition of OBs and their role in organelle stability; (iv) post translational modification of OB proteins as an emerging field of investigation; and finally we describe the emerging model of the OB proteome from oilseed crops.


Input: (13) C-Detected Through-Bond Correlation Experiments for Protein Resonance Assignment by Ultra-Fast MAS Solid-State NMR.

(13) C


Input: We present two sequences which combine ((1) H, (15) N) and ((15) N, (13) C) selective cross-polarization steps with an efficient variant of the J-based homonuclear transfer scheme, in which a spin-state-selective (S (3) E) block is incorporated to improve both resolution and sensitivity in the direct (13) C dimension.

(1) H

(15) N

(15) N

(13) C

(13) C


Input: We propose these two sequences as a part of a suite of four N-C correlation experiments allowing for the assignment of protein backbone resonances in the solid state.

N-C


Input: We illustrate these experiments under ultra-fast magic angle spinning conditions on two samples of microcrystalline dimeric human superoxide dismutase (SOD, 153 x 2 amino acids), in its diamagnetic (" empty ", Zn (II)) and paramagnetic (Cu (II), Zn (II)) states.

amino acids

Zn (II)

Cu (II)

Zn (II)


Input: Wired Enzyme Electrodes-A Retroperspective Story about an Exciting Time at University of Texas at Austin and Its Impact on My Scientific Career.


Input: The present paper features an exciting time in the late 1980s when I, as a visiting scientist, had the privilege to participate in the early and very exciting development of the in vivo redox-polymer-wired glucose sensor in Professor Adam Heller' s laboratory at the Department of Chemical Engineering at University of Texas at Austin.

glucose


Input: This story is followed by an overview of the research my visit initiated at Uppsala University.


Input: In collaboration with Swedish colleagues, we explored a few of the many possibilities to form new biosensors by utilizing Prof.


Input: Heller' s concept of cross-linked redox-polymer/redox-enzyme electrodes.


Input: Direct Bio-electrocatalysis of O2 Reduction by Streptomyces coelicolor Laccase Orientated at Promoter-Modified Graphite Electrodes.


Input: Bacterial laccase from Streptomyces coelicolor (SLAC) has been immobilised and orientated at promoter (pyrene and neocuproine)-modified electrodes productively both for direct electron transfer (ET) between the electrode and the T1 Cu site of SLAC and direct (unmediated) bio-electrocatalysis of dioxygen reduction.

pyrene

neocuproine

Cu

dioxygen


Input: Its T1 Cu potential ranges between 471 and 318 mV versus the normal hydrogen electrode, at pH 5. 5 and 8, respectively; this value is dependent both on the solution pH and electrode modification.

Cu

hydrogen


Input: In the presence of O2, Cu of the T2/T3 trinuclear centre is distinguished electrochemically at 748-623 mV.

Cu


Input: Depending on the promoter nature, different orientations of SLAC at pyrene-and neocuproine-modified electrodes can be followed from the kinetic analysis of the ET rates.

pyrene

neocuproine


Input: Bio-electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen starts from the T1 Cu potentials of SLAC, and is most efficient at the promoter-modified electrodes, thereby demonstrating good performance both in neutral and basic media and in solutions with a high NaCl content, such as sea water.

oxygen

Cu

NaCl


Input: The obtained results allow consideration of a broader bioenergetic application of laccases as biocathodes operating directly in such environmental media as sea water and physiological fluids.


Input: Cell-free co-production of an orthogonal transfer RNA activates efficient site-specific non-natural amino acid incorporation.

amino acid


Input: We describe a new cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) method for site-specific incorporation of non-natural amino acids (nnAAs) into proteins in which the orthogonal tRNA (o-tRNA) and the modified protein (i. e. the protein containing the nnAA) are produced simultaneously.

amino acids


Input: Using this method, 0. 9-1. 7 mg/ml of modified soluble super-folder green fluorescent protein (sfGFP) containing either p-azido-l-phenylalanine (pAzF) or p-propargyloxy-l-phenylalanine (pPaF) accumulated in the CFPS solutions; these yields correspond to 50-88% suppression efficiency.

p-azido-l-phenylalanine

pAzF

p-propargyloxy-l-phenylalanine

pPaF


Input: The o-tRNA can be transcribed either from a linearized plasmid or from a crude PCR product.


Input: Comparison of two different o-tRNAs suggests that the new platform is not limited by Ef-Tu recognition of the acylated o-tRNA at sufficiently high o-tRNA template concentrations.


Input: Analysis of nnAA incorporation across 12 different sites in sfGFP suggests that modified protein yields and suppression efficiencies (i. e. the position effect) do not correlate with any of the reported trends.


Input: Sites that were ineffectively suppressed with the original o-tRNA were better suppressed with an optimized o-tRNA (o-tRNA (opt)) that was evolved to be better recognized by Ef-Tu.


Input: This new platform can also be used to screen scissile ribozymes for improved catalysis.


Input: Understanding the thermodynamic micro-environment inside a pan coater using a data logging device.


Input: Abstract Objective: The objective of the current study was to establish the use of PyroButton data-logging device to monitor and quantify the thermodynamic environment (temperature and humidity) of a pan coating process.


Input: Material and methods: PyroButtons were placed (fixed) at various locations in a pan coater, including exhaust plenum, spray-gun bar, baffles and were also allowed to freely move with the tablet-bed.


Input: A full factorial design of experiments (DOE) study on three process parameters, exhaust temperature, pan speed and spray rate was conducted on a 24 inch pan coater, using a coating system and a core tablet combination expected to have a narrow process operating space.


Input: Results: It was shown that the PyroButtons can provide a detailed and useful signature of the coating process.


Input: PyroButton data showed that the tablet-bed temperature was always lower than exhaust temperature and that the difference was a function of the operating conditions such as spray rate.


Input: Similarly, the tablet-bed humidity was found to always be higher than exhaust humidity.


Input: Some of the DOE batches showed coating defects (logo-bridging).


Input: It was shown that the relative humidity (RH), as measured by the freely-moving PyroButtons in the tablet-bed, correlated well with the logo-bridging events.


Input: A critical RH value (30%) was established, above which logo-bridging was observed for the selected formulation.


Input: Conclusions: This study showed that PyroButtons can provide very meaningful micro-environmental data that can be correlated to coating defects, and can aid in establishing a process design space for a given coating and tablet formulation.


Input: Inflammation-Responsive Antioxidant Nanoparticles Based on a Polymeric Prodrug of Vanillin.

Vanillin


Input: Oxidative stress is induced by accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and therefore, H2O2 could serve as a potential biomarker of various oxidative stress-associated inflammatory diseases.

hydrogen peroxide


Input: Vanillin is one of the major components of natural vanilla and has potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Vanillin


Input: In this work, we developed a novel inflammation-responsive antioxidant polymeric prodrug of vanillin, termed poly (vanillin oxalate) (PVO).

vanillin

poly (vanillin oxalate)

PVO


Input: In design, PVO incorporates H2O2-reacting peroxalate ester bonds and bioactive vanillin via acid-responsive acetal linkages in its backbone.

PVO

peroxalate ester

vanillin

acetal


Input: Therefore, in cells undergoing damages by oxidative stress, PVO readily degrades into three nontoxic components, one of which is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory vanillin.

PVO

vanillin


Input: PVO nanoparticles exhibit potent antioxidant activities by scavenging H2O2 and inhibiting the generation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and also reduce the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in activated macrophages in vitro and in vivo.

PVO

oxygen


Input: We, therefore, anticipate that PVO nanoparticles have great potential as novel antioxidant therapeutics and drug delivery systems for ROS-associated inflammatory diseases.

PVO


Input: Fibrillar Morphology of Derivatives of Poly (3-alkylthiophene) s by Solvent Vapor Annealing: Effects of Conformational Transition and Conjugate Length.

Poly (3-alkylthiophene) s


Input: A fibrillar morphology was obtained, compared to the featherless pristine films, via solvent annealing the films of a series of derivatives of poly (3-alkylthiophene) s (P3ATs): poly (3-dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT), poly (3, 3'''-didodecyl-quaterthiophene) (PQT12), and poly (2, 5-bis (3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl) thieno [3, 2-b] thiophene) (pBTTT12).

poly (3-alkylthiophene) s

poly (3-dodecylthiophene)

poly (3, 3'''-didodecyl-quaterthiophene)

poly (2, 5-bis (3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl) thieno [3, 2-b] thiophene)


Input: Among the solvents used, including dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon disulfide (CS2), CS2 was the best to induce fibril formation because its solubility parameter is closest to those of the P3AT derivatives.

dichloromethane

chloroform

tetrahydrofuran

carbon disulfide


Input: It was found that higher critical CS2 vapor pressures were needed to form crystal nuclei with increasing conjugation length and molecular weight of the P3AT derivatives; i. e., the critical vapor pressures for P3DDT 13. 9k and PQT12 15. 5k were 59. 0% and 80. 7%, respectively, and there were no nuclei of fibrils for pBTTT12 15. 6k with the highest conjugation length, even at a CS2 vapor pressure of 98. 3%.


Input: Meanwhile, at the highest vapor pressure, the fibril density decreased with increasing conjugation length and molecular weight of the P3AT derivatives.


Input: This is attributed to the rod-like conformation prevailing for polymers with larger conjugation length and higher molecular weight during solvent annealing, making the conformational transition toward coils more difficult and hindering diffusion of molecules.


Input: The results presented here are expected to be helpful for the design and processing of conjugated semiconductor polymers.


Input: Hair as an alternative matrix in bioanalysis.


Input: Alternative matrices are steadily gaining recognition as biological samples for toxicological analyses.


Input: Hair presents many advantages over traditional matrices, such as urine and blood, since it provides retrospective information regarding drug exposure, can distinguish between chronic and acute or recent drug use by segmental analysis, is easy to obtain, and has considerable stability for long periods of time.


Input: For this reason, it has been employed in a wide variety of contexts, namely to evaluate workplace drug exposure, drug-facilitated sexual assault, pre-natal drug exposure, anti-doping control, pharmacological monitoring and alcohol abuse.

alcohol


Input: In this article, issues concerning hair structure, collection, storage and analysis are reviewed.


Input: The mechanisms of drug incorporation into hair are briefly discussed.


Input: Analytical techniques for simultaneous drug quantification in hair are addressed.


Input: Finally, representative examples of drug quantification using hair are summarized, emphasizing its potentialities and limitations as an alternative biological matrix for toxicological analyses.


Input: Few-Layer MoS2 with High Broadband Photogain and Fast Optical Switching for Use in Harsh Environments.


Input: Few-layered MoS2 as Schottky metal-semiconductor-metal photodetectors (MSM PDs) for use in harsh environments makes its debut as two-dimensional (2D) optoelectronics with high broadband gain (up to 13. 3), high detectivity (up to ~ 10 (10) cm Hz (1/2)/W), fast photoresponse (rise time of ~ 70 mu s and fall time of ~ 110 mu s), and high thermal stability (at a working temperature of up to 200 degrees C).


Input: Ultrahigh responsivity (0. 57 A/W) of few-layer MoS2 at 532 nm is due to the high optical absorption (~ 10% despite being less than 2 nm in thickness) and a high photogain, which sets up a new record that was not achievable in 2D nanomaterials previously.


Input: This study opens avenues to develop 2D nanomaterial-based optoelectronics for harsh environments in imaging techniques and light-wave communications as well as in future memory storage and optoelectronic circuits.


Input: High Level ab initio Calculations for ClFn (+) (n = 1-6) Ions: Refining the Recoupled Pair Bonding Model.

ClFn (+)


Input: Based on detailed, high level ab initio calculations on a number of halogenated compounds of second row, late p-block elements, the SFn, ClFn, PFn, SCln, and SFnCl families, we found that a new type of bond-the recoupled pair bond-accounts for the ability of these elements to form hypervalent, or hypercoordinated, compounds.

SFn

ClFn

PFn

SCln

SFnCl


Input: Hypervalent molecules are formed when it is energetically favorable for the electrons in a lone pair orbital to be recoupled, allowing each of the electrons to form chemical bonds with ligands.


Input: In this paper, we characterize the structures and energetics of the ground and low-lying excited states of the ClFn (+) (n = 1-6) ions, using high level ab initio methods [MRCI, CCSD (T)/RCCSD (T)] with large correlation consistent basis sets.

ClFn (+)


Input: We computed a number of quantities, including ClFn (+) structures, bond dissociation energies and ClFn ionization energies, and compare our results with the available experimental data.

ClFn (+)

ClFn


Input: Both the bond dissociation energies and ionization energies oscillate, variations that are readily explained using the recoupled pair bonding model.


Input: Comparisons are drawn between the ClFn (+) cations and their counterparts in the isoelectronic SFn series, which possess many similarities.

ClFn (+)

SFn


Input: We found two significant differences between the ClFn (+) and SFn series: (i) the bond dissociation energies of ClFn (+) are much weaker than those of the corresponding SFn species, and (ii) there is no stable (3) A2 state in ClF2 (+) corresponding to the stable state found in SF2.

ClFn (+)

SFn

ClFn (+)

SFn

ClF2 (+)


Input: Examination of the Mulliken populations at the HF/AVTZ level for ClFn (+) and SFn species predicts that the F atom in the axial (recoupled pair bonding) position is more highly charged than the F atom in the equatorial (covalent bonding) position; there is also less change transfer to the F atoms in ClFn (+) than in SFn.

HF

ClFn (+)

SFn

F

F

F

ClFn (+)

SFn


Input: The positive charge on Cl (+) makes it more difficult for an F atom to attract electrons from Cl (+) than from S and correspondingly less favorable to recouple the electrons in the lone pair orbitals in the ClFn (+) species.

Cl (+)

F

Cl (+)

S

ClFn (+)


Input: Interacting Glutamate Receptor-Like Proteins in Phloem Regulate Lateral Root Initiation in Arabidopsis.

Glutamate


Input: Molecular, genetic, and electrophysiological evidence indicates that at least one of the plant Glu receptor-like molecules, GLR3. 4, functions as an amino acid-gated Ca (2 +) channel at the plasma membrane.

amino acid

Ca (2 +)


Input: The aspect of plant physiology, growth, or development to which GLR3. 4 contributes is an open question.


Input: Protein localization studies performed here provide important information.


Input: In roots, GLR3. 4 and the related GLR3. 2 protein were present primarily in the phloem, especially in the vicinity of the sieve plates.


Input: GLR3. 3 was expressed in most cells of the growing primary root but was not enriched in the phloem, including the sieve plate area.


Input: GLR3. 2 and GLR3. 4 physically interacted with each other better than with themselves as evidenced by a biophotonic assay performed in human embryonic kidney cells and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells.


Input: GLR3. 3 interacted poorly with itself or the other two GLRs.


Input: Mutations in GLR3. 2, GLR3. 4, or GLR3. 2 and GLR3. 4 caused the same and equally severe phenotype, namely, a large overproduction and aberrant placement of lateral root primordia.


Input: Loss of GLR3. 3 did not affect lateral root primordia.


Input: These results support the hypothesis that apoplastic amino acids acting through heteromeric GLR3. 2/GLR3. 4 channels affect lateral root development via Ca (2 +) signaling in the phloem.

amino acids

Ca (2 +)


Input: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ameliorates paraquat-induced pulmonary fibrosis in rats possibly through up-regulation of Smad 7 and SnoN.

Docosahexaenoic acid

DHA

paraquat


Input: Paraquat (PQ) poisoning has caused a large number of human fatalities due to the progressive and irreversible pulmonary fibrosis.

Paraquat


Input: Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is well-recognized as important modulators of multiple biological pathways that affect health and disease.

Docosahexaenoic acid

DHA


Input: A line of studies have shown that DHA supplementation is associated with the alleviation of some tissue fibrosis.

DHA


Input: In the current study, pulmonary fibrosis of rats was produced by a single oral dose of 50mg/kgbw PQ treatment.


Input: Daily 500mg/kgbw DHA supplementation was provided 7days before PQ treatment and lasted for consecutive 35days.

DHA


Input: DHA was found to ameliorate the pulmonary fibrotic alterations induced by PQ, which was evidenced by significant reduction of histological changes, hydroxyproline content and level of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) mRNA.

DHA

hydroxyproline


Input: Furthermore, the protein levels of Smad 7 and SnoN in the DHA supplemented rats were significantly increased compared with those in the rats of the PQ group.

DHA


Input: These results suggested that DHA ameliorated pulmonary fibrosis induced by PQ might be attributed to its enhancement of Smad 7 and SnoN expression.

DHA


Input: Melatonin and ethanol intake exert opposite effects on circulating estradiol and progesterone and differentially regulate sex steroid receptors in the ovaries, oviducts, and uteri of adult rats.

Melatonin

ethanol

estradiol

progesterone

steroid


Input: Chronic ethanol intake is associated with sex hormone disturbances, and it is well known that melatonin plays a key role in regulating several reproductive processes.

ethanol

melatonin


Input: We report the effects of ethanol intake and melatonin treatment (at doses of 100 mu g/100gBW/day) on sex hormones and steroid receptors in the ovaries, oviducts and uteri of ethanol-preferring rats.

ethanol

melatonin

steroid

ethanol


Input: After 150 days of treatment, animals were euthanized, and tissue samples were harvested to evaluate androgen, estrogen, progesterone and melatonin receptor subunits (AR, ER-alpha and ER-beta, PRA, PRB and MT1R, respectively).

androgen

estrogen

progesterone

melatonin


Input: Melatonin decreased estradiol (E2) and increased progesterone (P4) and 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (6-STM), while an ethanol-melatonin combination reduced both P4 and E2.

Melatonin

estradiol

progesterone

ethanol

melatonin


Input: Ovarian AR was not influenced by either treatment, and oviduct AR was reduced after ethanol-melatonin combination.

ethanol

melatonin


Input: Oviduct ER-alpha, ER-beta and uterine ER-beta were down-regulated by either ethanol or melatonin.

ethanol

melatonin


Input: Conversely, ovarian PRA and PRB were positively regulated by ethanol and ethanol-melatonin combination, whereas PRA was down-regulated in the uterus and oviduct after ethanol consumption.

ethanol

ethanol

melatonin

ethanol


Input: MT1R was increased in ovaries and uteri of melatonin-treated rats.

melatonin


Input: Ethanol and melatonin exert opposite effects on E2 and P4, and they differentially regulate the expression of sex steroid receptors in female reproductive tissues.

Ethanol

melatonin

steroid


Input: A cyclodextrin-capped histone deacetylase inhibitor.


Input: We have synthesized a beta-cyclodextrin (beta CD)-capped histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor 3 containing an alkyl linker and a zinc-binding hydroxamic acid motif.

beta-cyclodextrin

beta CD

zinc

hydroxamic acid


Input: Biological evaluation (HDAC inhibition studies) of 3 enabled us to establish the effect of replacing an aryl cap (in SAHA (vorinostat,)) 1 by a large saccharidic scaffold " cap ".

SAHA

vorinostat


Input: HDAC inhibition was observed for 3, to a lesser extent than SAHA, and rationalized by molecular docking into the active site of HDAC8.

SAHA


Input: However, compound 3 displayed no cellular activity.


Input: Computer simulations of cluster impacts: effects of the atomic masses of the projectile and target.


Input: Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry is now widely used for the characterization of nanostructures.


Input: In order to gain a better understanding of the physics of keV cluster bombardment of surfaces and nanoparticles (NPs), the effects of the atomic masses of the projectile and of the target on the energy deposition and induced sputtering have been studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations.


Input: 10 keV C60 was used as a model projectile and impacts on both a flat polymer surface and a metal NP were analyzed.


Input: In the first case, the mass of the impinging carbon atoms was artificially varied and, in the second case, the mass of the NP atoms was varied.

carbon


Input: The results can be rationalized on the basis of the different atomic mass ratios of the projectile and target.


Input: In general, the emission is at its maximum, when the projectile and target have the same atomic masses.


Input: In the case of the supported NP, the emission of the underlying organic material increases as the atomic mass of the NP decreases.


Input: However, it is always less than that calculated for the bare organic surface, irrespective of the mass ratio.


Input: The results obtained with C60 impacts on the flat polymer are also compared to simulations of C60 and monoatomic Ga impacts on the NP.

Ga


Input: New testing procedures of a capacitive deionization reactor.


Input: Currently, according to conventional charge-discharge profiles, energy consumed in charging Capacitive Deionization (CDI) systems is always a function of different parameters (current used for charging, capacitance and current employed for discharging) making it difficult to separate the effect of these parameters on CDI performance and energy efficiency.


Input: Thus, energy efficiencies are strongly influenced by the current in the preceding charge or discharge stage of the process.


Input: We find consistently that this phenomenon, which to our knowledge has not been addressed in previous CDI communications, is much more intense when different currents are applied for each of the charging and discharging cycles.


Input: The investigation reported here provides a mechanistic analysis of the operational aspects of CDI and develops a new procedure that allows for a precise evaluation of performance and energy efficiency.


Input: Furthermore, the model developed here allows one to separate charge and discharge cycles, and therefore contributes to the possibility of defining an operational mode for real-world devices in which effective separation of deionization and regeneration steps needs to be implemented.


Input: This method of analysis could be useful not only for CDI but also for other electrochemical systems such as in secondary batteries and supercapacitors where charge and discharge are typically employed.


Input: Hepatoprotective effect of methylsulfonylmethane against carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver injury in rats.

methylsulfonylmethane

carbon tetrachloride


Input: This study evaluated the effect of methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury in rats.

methylsulfonylmethane

MSM

carbon tetrachloride


Input: A single injection of CCl4 (2 ml/kg, i. p.) increased serum aminotransferases (ALT and AST) activities.


Input: In addition, CCl4 treatment led to elevation of hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content as well as decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities.

malondialdehyde

MDA

superoxide


Input: Furthermore, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) content was suppressed while proinflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels increased in liver tissue after CCl4 administration.


Input: We showed that acute CCl4-induced damage was accompanied by a rise in Bax/Bcl2 ratio indicating apoptosis.


Input: Pre-treatment with MSM (400 mg/kg) inhibited the increases of serum ALT and AST activities, decreased hepatic MDA, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and Bax/Bcl2 ratio compared to CCl4 treated group.

MSM

MDA


Input: On the other hand, MSM raised SOD and CAT activities as well as CYP2E1 level in liver tissues.

MSM


Input: The present study shows that MSM possesses a hepatoprotective effect against CCl4-induced liver injury in rats.

MSM


Input: This protective effect might be through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic properties.


Input: Selective kinin receptor agonists as cardioprotective agents in myocardial ischemia and diabetes.


Input: Cardiac ischemia is a leading cause of death, especially in diabetic patients.


Input: The diabetic ischemic heart is resistant experimentally to established cardioprotective treatments.


Input: New pharmacological approaches to cardiac protection are warranted.


Input: The kallikrein-kinin system is involved in myocardial protection in ischemia.


Input: Respective role of B1 (B1R) and B2 (B2R) receptors remains controversial.


Input: We tested whether pharmacological activation of kinin receptors may have therapeutic effect in cardiac ischemia-reperfusion in non diabetic (NDiab) and diabetic (Diab) mice.


Input: We assessed effect on infarct size (IS) and signaling pathways involved in myocardial protection of potent selective pharmacological agonists of B1R or B2R given at reperfusion.


Input: In NDiab mice, a B2R agonist reduced significantly IS by 47%, similarly to ramiprilat or ischemic postconditioning, via activation of PI3K/Akt pathway leading to inhibition of GSK3 beta.


Input: B1R agonist has no effect on IS.


Input: In contrast, in Diab mice, the B2R agonist, ramiprilat or ischemic postconditioning failed to reduce IS but a B1R agonist significantly reduced IS by 44% via activation of PI3K/Akt and ERK1/2, both leading to GSK3 beta inhibition.

ramiprilat


Input: Differential effect of B2R or B1R agonists in NDiab and Diab mice can be linked to inactivation of B2R signaling and induction of B1R in heart of Diab mice.


Input: Thus, a pharmacological B2R agonist is cardioprotective in acute ischemia in non diabetic animals.


Input: B1R agonist overcomes resistance of diabetic heart to cardioprotective treatments.


Input: Pharmacological activation of B1R and B2R may become treatment for diabetic and non diabetic patients respectively in acute coronary syndromes.


Input: Minireview: androgen metabolism in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

androgen


Input: The decades-old terminology of androgen independence has been replaced in recent years with castration-resistant prostate cancer.

androgen


Input: Biological and clinical evidence have together conspired to support the use of this revised terminology by demonstrating that in the vast majority of cases tumors are neither truly depleted of androgens, nor are they free of the requirement for androgens to sustain growth and progression.

androgens

androgens


Input: Abiraterone acetate, an androgen synthesis inhibitor, and enzalutamide, a potent androgen receptor antagonist, both exploit the continued requirement for androgens.

Abiraterone acetate

androgen

enzalutamide

androgen

androgens


Input: A central question, given the therapeutic gains enabled by further suppression of the androgen axis with these newer agents, is whether there may be additional clinical benefit gained by moving the goal posts of androgen suppression even further.

androgen

androgen


Input: The answer lies in part with the mechanisms utilized by tumors that enable resistance to these therapies.


Input: The aims of this review were to give a broad outline of steroidogenesis in prostate cancer and to highlight recent developments in understanding resistance to hormonal therapies.


Input: Nrf2-activators Attenuate the Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis-Related Fibrosis in a Dietary Rat Model.


Input: Oxidative stress is considered to be a key mechanism of hepatocellular injury and disease progression in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).


Input: The transcription factor Nrf2 plays a central role in stimulating expression of various antioxidant-associated genes in the cellular defense against oxidative stress.


Input: As the cytosolic repressor Keap1 negatively regulates Nrf2, activation of Nrf2 facilitated by its release from Keap1 may represent a promising strategy in the treatment of NASH.


Input: To test this hypothesis, we utilized two chemically distinct types of Nrf2-activator.


Input: One is the thiol-reactive agent oltipraz (OPZ), a typical Nrf2-activator, and the other is a novel biaryl urea compound, termed NK-252.

thiol

oltipraz

OPZ

urea


Input: NK-252 exhibits a greater Nrf2-activating potential than OPZ.

OPZ


Input: Furthermore, in vitro binding studies revealed that NK-252 interacts with the domain containing the Nrf2-binding site of Keap1, whereas OPZ does not.

OPZ


Input: This finding indicates that NK-252 is more potent than OPZ due to its unique mechanism of action.

OPZ


Input: For in vivo animal model studies, we employed rats on a choline-deficient L-amino acid-defined (CDAA)-diet, which demonstrate pathological findings similar to those seen in human NASH.

choline

L-amino acid


Input: The administration of OPZ or NK-252 significantly attenuated the progression of histological abnormalities in rats on a CDAA diet, especially hepatic fibrosis.

OPZ


Input: In conclusion, by using Nrf2-activators with independent mechanisms of action, we show in a rat model of NASH that the activation of Nrf2 is responsible for the anti-fibrotic effects of these drugs.


Input: This strategy of Nrf2 activation presents new opportunities for treatment of NASH patients with hepatic fibrosis.


Input: Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Trimethine Cyanine Dyes as Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Tau Fibrils in Alzheimer' s Disease Brain and Olfactory Epithelium.

Trimethine Cyanine


Input: Shedding light on grey matter: Fluorescent trimethine cyanines were evaluated as imaging probes for neurofibrillary tangles in post-mortem brain sections of Alzheimer' s disease patients.

trimethine cyanines


Input: These probes bind to neurofibrillary tangles with high contrast and selectivity over amyloid beta plaques.


Input: EPITOPE RECOGNITION IN HLA-DR3 TRANSGENIC MICE IMMUNIZED TO TSH-R PROTEIN OR PEPTIDES.


Input: Development of Graves' disease (GD) is related to HLA-DR3.


Input: The extracellular domain (ECD) of human TSH receptor (hTSH-R) is a crucial antigen in GD.


Input: hTSH-R peptide 37 (AA 78-94) is an important immunogenic peptide in DR3 transgenic mice immunized to hTSH-R.


Input: This study 1) examines epitope recognition in DR3 transgenic mice immunized to hTSH-R protein, and 2) evaluates ability of a mutant hTSH-R peptide to attenuate immunogenicity of hTSH-R peptide 37. DR3 transgenic mice were immunized to recombinant hTSH-R-ECD protein or peptides.


Input: A mutant hTSH-R 37 peptide (ISRIYVSIDATLSQLES: 37m), in which DR3 binding motif position 5 was mutated V > A, and position 8 Q > S, was synthesized.


Input: 37m should bind to HLA-DR3, but not bind T-cell receptors.


Input: DR3 transgenic mice were immunized to hTSH-R 37 and 37m. Mice immunized to hTSH-R-ECD protein developed strong anti hTSH-R antibody, and antisera reacted strongly with hTSH-R peptides 1-5 (20-94), 21 (258-277), 41 (283-297), 36 (376-389), and 31 (399-418).


Input: Strikingly, antisera raised to hTSH-R peptide 37 bound to hTSH-R peptides 1-7 (20-112), 10 (132-50), 33 (137-150), 41, 23 (286-305), 24 (301-320), 36, and 31, as well as to hTSH-R-ECD protein.


Input: Both antibody titers to hTSH-R 37, and reaction of splenocytes to hTSH-R 37, were significantly reduced in mice immunized to hTSH-R 37 plus 37m, compare to mice immunized to hTSH-R 37 alone. The ability of immunization to a single peptide to induce antibodies that bind hTSH-R-ECD protein, and multiple unrelated peptides, is a unique observation.


Input: Immunogenic reaction to hTSH-R peptide 37 was partially suppressed by 37m, and this may contribute to immunotherapy of AITD.


Input: Cubilin, a high affinity receptor for fibroblast growth factor 8, is required for cell survival in the developing vertebrate head.


Input: Cubilin (Cubn) is a multiligand endocytic receptor critical for the intestinal absorption of vitamin B12 and renal protein reabsorption.

vitamin B12


Input: During mouse development Cubn is expressed in both embryonic and extra-embryonic tissues and Cubn gene inactivation results in early embryo-lethality most likely due to the impairment of the function of extra-embryonic Cubn.


Input: We here focus on the developmental role of Cubn expressed in the embryonic head.


Input: We report that Cubn is a novel, interspecies conserved Fgf receptor.


Input: Epiblast-specific inactivation of Cubn in the mouse embryo as well as Cubn silencing in the anterior head of frog or the cephalic neural crest of chick embryos show that Cubn is required during early somite stages to convey survival signals in the developing vertebrate head.


Input: Surface Plasmon resonance analysis reveals that fibroblast growth factor 8 (Fgf8), a key mediator of cell survival, migration, proliferation and patterning in the developing head is a high affinity ligand for Cubn.


Input: Cell uptake studies show that binding to Cubn is necessary for the phosphorylation of the Fgf signaling mediators MAPK and Smad1.


Input: Although Cubn may not form stable ternary complexes with Fgf receptors (FgfRs) it acts together with and/or is necessary for optimal FgfR activity.


Input: We propose that plasma membrane binding of Fgf8, and most likely of the Fgf8 family members Fgf17 and Fgf18, to Cubn improves Fgf ligand endocytosis and availability to FgfRs, thus modulating Fgf signaling activity.


Input: Using partial least squares regression to analyze cellular response data.


Input: This Teaching Resource provides lecture notes, slides, and a problem set for a lecture introducing the mathematical concepts and interpretation of partial least squares regression (PLSR) that were part of a course entitled " Systems Biology: Mammalian Signaling Networks. " PLSR is a multivariate regression technique commonly applied to analyze relationships between signaling or transcriptional data and cellular behavior.


Input: Functional conservation and structural diversification of silk sericins in two moth species.


Input: Sericins are hydrophilic structural proteins produced by caterpillars in the middle section of silk glands and are layered over fibroin proteins secreted in the posterior section.


Input: In the process of spinning, fibroins form strong solid filaments, while sericins seal the pair of filaments into a single fiber and glue the fiber into a cocoon.


Input: Galleria mellonella and the previously examined Bombyx mori harbor three sericin genes that encode proteins containing long repetitive regions.


Input: Galleria sericin genes are similar to each other and the protein repeats are built from short and extremely serine-rich motifs, while Bombyx sericin genes are diversified and encode proteins with long and complex repeats.

serine


Input: Developmental changes in sericin properties are controlled at the level of gene expression and splicing.


Input: In Galleria, MG-1 sericin is produced throughout larval life until the wandering stage, while the production of MG-2 and MG-3 reaches a peak during cocoon spinning.


Input: Is Diacetyl a Respiratory Sensitizer?

Diacetyl


Input: A Reconsideration Using QSAR, QMM, and Competition Experiments.


Input: Concerns have been raised that diacetyl (DA) might be a respiratory sensitizer based on its LUMO energy similar to that of the respiratory allergen toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate (TDI) and results of a local lymph node assay (LLNA) that reported an EC3 of 1. 9%.

diacetyl

toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate

TDI


Input: To better understand the concerns, we performed a systematic literature review and experimental competition reactions between DA and TDI.

TDI


Input: The experimental evidence demonstrates that DA is at least 400-fold less reactive than TDI.

TDI


Input: The literature review finds evidence that the EC3 for DA is actually > 11%.


Input: We conclude that DA is unlikely to have significant respiratory sensitization potential.


Input: Investigation of aqueous stability of taxol in different release media.

taxol


Input: Abstract In the present study, the aqueous stability of taxol in different aqueous media and immiscible aqueous/organic systems at 37 degrees C was investigated.

taxol


Input: The aqueous media included phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and PBS containing 10% methanol, 10% ethanol, 10% hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta CD), 1% sodium citrate and 1% Tween 80.

phosphate

methanol

ethanol

hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin

HP-beta CD

sodium citrate

Tween 80


Input: The immiscible systems consisted of PBS/octanol, PBS/dichloromethane, PBS/chloroform and PBS/ethyl acetate.

octanol

dichloromethane

chloroform

ethyl acetate


Input: The concentrations of taxol and related derivatives in each of the media were determined through the high-performance liquid chromatography assay.

taxol


Input: Results showed that hydrolysis and epimerization were two major types of degradation for taxol in the aqueous media starting from the initial hours of contact (6 hours).

taxol


Input: Addition of Tween 80 to PBS moderately increased the aqueous stability of taxol.

Tween 80

taxol


Input: As well, using PBS containing 10% HP-beta CD inhibited the taxol hydrolysis, while epimerization still in process.

HP-beta CD

taxol


Input: In the case of immiscible systems, except for PBS/ethyl acetate system, no evidences of taxol hydrolysis were observed.

ethyl acetate

taxol


Input: Meanwhile, epimerization of taxol in PBS/dichloromethane and PBS/chloroform systems underwent due to the ability of C-Cl bonds to form hydrogen bonding with the hydroxyl group of C7 of taxol.

taxol

dichloromethane

chloroform

C

Cl

hydrogen

hydroxyl

taxol


Input: Automated actuation of nasal spray products: effect of hand-related variability on the in vitro performance of Flonase nasal spray.


Input: Abstract Objective: To determine if patient-related variability for adults and children recorded during hand spraying of Flonase with an instrumented nasal spray results in significant differences in spray weight, droplet size or spray pattern.


Input: Methods: Settings derived from adult and pediatric participants hand-spraying nasal sprays were implemented into force and velocity-controlled automated actuators.


Input: Spray weight, droplet size distribution and spray pattern tests were performed using iterations of actuation force (AF) and force rise, hold and fall times.


Input: Travel, actuation velocity and release velocity settings were also investigated.


Input: Results: The variability measured in adult-derived actuator settings did not result in any differences in spray weight, but pediatric participants spraying with low AF and/or compression velocity (CV) were predicted to receive a partial dose or no dose at all under some circumstances.


Input: Droplet size characteristics were sensitive to the hand-based variability, with actuation force, force rise time and CV hand-related settings all resulting in significant differences in the droplet size.


Input: Conclusions: This study demonstrated how variability in hand spraying by adults and pediatric patients could result in differences in nasal spray characteristics, thus demonstrating the importance of monitoring how the prospective patient groups are likely to use a nasal spray.


Input: Signatures of Fano Interferences in the Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy and Cathodoluminescence of Symmetry-Broken Nanorod Dimers.


Input: Through numerical simulation, we predict the existence of the Fano interference effect in the electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and cathodoluminescence (CL) of symmetry-broken nanorod dimers that are heterogeneous in material composition and asymmetric in length.


Input: The differing selection rules of the electron probe in comparison to the photon of a plane wave allow for the simultaneous excitation of both optically bright and dark plasmons of each monomer unit, suggesting that Fano resonances will not arise in EELS and CL.


Input: Yet, interferences are manifested in the dimer' s scattered near-and far-fields and are evident in EELS and CL due to the rapid pi-phase offset in the polarizations between super-radiant and subradiant hybridized plasmon modes of the dimer as a function of the energy loss suffered by the impinging electron.


Input: Depending upon the location of the electron beam, we demonstrate the conditions under which Fano interferences will be present in both optical and electron spectroscopies (EELS and CL) as well as a new class of Fano interferences that are uniquely electron-driven and are absent in the optical response.


Input: Among other things, the knowledge gained from this work bears impact upon the design of some of the world' s most sensitive sensors, which are currently based upon Fano resonances.


Input: POST-SURGICAL THYROID ABLATION WITH LOW OR HIGH RADIOIODINE ACTIVITIES RESULTS IN SIMILAR OUTCOMES IN INTERMEDIATE RISK DIFFERENTIATED THYROID CANCER PATIENTS.


Input: BACKGROUND: In differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) patients at intermediate risk of recurrences, no evidences are provided regarding the optimal radioactive iodine (RAI) activity to be administered for post-surgical thyroid ablation.


Input: METHODS: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of RAI activities on the outcome of 225 DTC patients classified as intermediate risk, treated with low (1110-1850 MBq) or high RAI activities (>= 3700 MBq).


Input: RESULTS: Six-eighteen months after ablation remission was observed in 60. 0% of patients treated with low and in 60% of those treated with high RAI activities, biochemical disease was found in 18. 8% of patients treated with low and in 14. 3% of patients treated with high RAI activities, metastatic disease was found in 21. 2% of patients treated with low and in 25. 7% of patients treated with high RAI activities (p = 0. 56).


Input: At the last follow-up (low activities, median 4. 2 years: high activities median 6. 9 years) remission was observed in 76. 5% of patients treated with low and in 72. 1% of patients treated with high RAI activities, persistent disease was observed in 18. 8% of patients treated with low and in 23. 5% of patients treated with high RAI activities, recurrent disease was 2. 4% in patients treated with low and 2. 1% in patients treated with high RAI activities, deaths occurred in 2. 4% of patients treated with low and in 2. 1% of patients treated with high RAI activities (p = 0. 87).


Input: CONCLUSION: our study provides the first evidence that in DTC patients at intermediate risk, high RAI activities at ablation have no major advantage over low activities.


Input: Restoration of cardiac tissue thyroid hormone status in experimental hypothyroidism: a dose-response study in female rats.

thyroid hormone


Input: Thyroid hormones (THs) play a pivotal role in regulating cardiovascular homeostasis.

Thyroid hormones


Input: To provide a better understanding of the coordinated processes that govern cardiac TH bioavailability, this study investigated the influence of serum and cardiac TH status on the expression of TH transporters and cytosolic binding proteins in the myocardium.


Input: In addition, we sought to determine if administration of T3 (instead of T4) improves the relationship between THs in serum and cardiac tissue, and cardiac function over a short-term treatment period.


Input: Adult female SD rats were made hypothyroid by seven weeks treatment with the anti-thyroid drug PTU (6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil).

PTU


Input: After establishing hypothyroidism, rats were assigned to one of five graded T3 (triiodothyronine) dosages plus PTU for a two week dose-response experiment.

triiodothyronine

PTU


Input: Untreated, age matched rats served as euthyroid controls.


Input: PTU was associated with depressed serum and cardiac tissue T3 and T4 levels, arteriolar atrophy, altered TH transporter and cytosolic TH binding protein expression, fetal gene re-expression, and cardiac dysfunction.

PTU


Input: Short-term administration of T3 led to a mismatch between serum and cardiac tissue TH levels.


Input: Normalization of serum T3 levels was not associated with restoration of cardiac tissue T3 levels or cardiac function.


Input: In fact, a 3 fold higher T3 dosage was necessary to normalize cardiac tissue T3 levels and cardiac function.


Input: Importantly, this study provides the first comprehensive data on the relationship between altered TH status (serum and cardiac tissue), cardiac function, and the coordinated in vivo changes in cardiac TH membrane transporters and cytosolic TH binding proteins in altered TH states.


Input: Brominated Skeletal Components of the Marine Demosponges, Aplysina cavernicola and Ianthella basta: Analytical and Biochemical Investigations.


Input: Demosponges possess a skeleton made of a composite material with various organic constituents and/or siliceous spicules.


Input: Chitin is an integral part of the skeleton of different sponges of the order Verongida.


Input: Moreover, sponges of the order Verongida, such as Aplysina cavernicola or Ianthella basta, are well-known for the biosynthesis of brominated tyrosine derivates, characteristic bioactive natural products.

brominated tyrosine


Input: It has been unknown so far whether these compounds are exclusively present in the cellular matrix or whether they may also be incorporated into the chitin-based skeletons.


Input: In the present study, we therefore examined the skeletons of A. cavernicola and I. basta with respect to the presence of bromotyrosine metabolites.

bromotyrosine


Input: The chitin-based-skeletons isolated from these sponges indeed contain significant amounts of brominated compounds, which are not easily extractable from the skeletons by common solvents, such as MeOH, as shown by HPLC analyses in combination with NMR and IR spectroscopic measurements.

MeOH


Input: Quantitative potentiometric analyses confirm that the skeleton-associated bromine mainly withstands the MeOH-based extraction.

bromine

MeOH


Input: This observation suggests that the respective, but yet unidentified, brominated compounds are strongly bound to the sponge skeletons, possibly by covalent bonding.


Input: Moreover, gene fragments of halogenases suggested to be responsible for the incorporation of bromine into organic molecules could be amplified from DNA isolated from sponge samples enriched for sponge-associated bacteria.

bromine


Input: Marine Nutraceuticals: Prospects and Perspectives.


Input: By Se-Kwon Kim, CRC Press, 2013; 464 Pages.


Input: Price pound 108. 00, ISBN 978-1-4665-1351-8.


Input: The following paragraphs are reproduced from the publisher' s website [1].


Input: There is a great deal of consumer interest in natural bioactive substances due to their health benefits.


Input: Offering the potential to provide valuable nutraceuticals and functional food ingredients, marine-derived compounds are an abundant source of nutritionally and pharmacologically active agents, with both chemical diversity and complexity.


Input: Functional ingredients derived from marine algae, invertebrates, vertebrates, and microorganisms can help fill the need for novel bioactives to treat chronic conditions such as cancer, microbial infections, and inflammatory processes.


Input: Highly selective lithium recovery from brine using a lambda-MnO2-Ag battery.

lithium

Ag


Input: The demand for lithium has greatly increased with the rapid development of rechargeable batteries.

lithium


Input: Currently, the main lithium resource is brine lakes, but the conventional lithium recovery process is time consuming, inefficient, and environmentally harmful.

lithium

lithium


Input: Rechargeable batteries have been recently used for lithium recovery, and consist of lithium iron phosphate as a cathode.

lithium

lithium iron phosphate


Input: These batteries feature promising selectivity between lithium and sodium, but they suffer from severe interference from coexisting magnesium ions, an essential component of brine, which has prompted further study.

lithium

sodium

magnesium


Input: This study reports on a highly selective and energy-efficient lithium recovery system using a rechargeable battery that consists of a lambda-MnO2 positive electrode and a chloride-capturing negative electrode.

lithium

chloride


Input: This system can be used to recover lithium from brine even in the presence of magnesium ions as well as other dissolved cations.

lithium

magnesium


Input: In addition, lithium recovery from simulated brine is successfully demonstrated, consuming 1. 0 W h per 1 mole of lithium recovered, using water similar to that from the artificial brine, which contains various cations (mole ratio: Na/Li =~ 15. 7, K/Li =~ 2. 2, Mg/Li =~ 1. 9).

lithium

lithium

Li

K

Li

Mg

Li


Input: Nuclear magnetic resonance study of ion adsorption on microporous carbide-derived carbon.

carbide

carbon


Input: A detailed understanding of ion adsorption within porous carbon is key to the design and improvement of electric double-layer capacitors, more commonly known as supercapacitors.

carbon


Input: In this work nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is used to study ion adsorption in porous carbide-derived carbons.

carbide

carbons


Input: These predominantly microporous materials have a tuneable pore size which enables a systematic study of the effect of pore size on ion adsorption.


Input: Multinuclear NMR experiments performed on the electrolyte anions and cations reveal two main environments inside the carbon.

carbon


Input: In-pore ions (observed at low frequencies) are adsorbed inside the pores, whilst ex-pore ions (observed at higher frequencies) are not adsorbed and are in large reservoirs of electrolyte between carbon particles.

carbon


Input: All our experiments were carried out in the absence of an applied electrical potential in order to assess the mechanisms related to ion adsorption without the contribution of electrosorption.


Input: Our results indicate similar adsorption behaviour for anions and cations.


Input: Furthermore, we probe the effect of sample orientation, which is shown to have a marked effect on the NMR spectra.


Input: Finally, we show that a (13) C --> (1) H cross polarisation experiment enables magnetisation transfer from the carbon architecture to the adsorbed species, allowing selective observation of the adsorbed ions and confirming our spectral assignments.

(13) C

(1) H

carbon


Input: Monitoring agricultural rodenticide use and secondary exposure of raptors in Scotland.


Input: Despite the documented risk of secondary poisoning to non-target species by anticoagulant rodenticides there is no statutory post-approval monitoring of their use in the UK.


Input: This paper presents results from two Scottish monitoring schemes for the period 2000-2010; recording rodenticide use on arable farms and the presence of residues in raptor carcasses.


Input: More than three quarters of arable farms used anticoagulant rodenticides; predominately the second generation compounds difenacoum and bromadiolone.

difenacoum

bromadiolone


Input: There was widespread exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides in liver tissues of the raptor species tested and the residues encountered generally reflected agricultural use patterns.


Input: As found in other studies, Red Kites (Milvus milvus) appeared to be particularly vulnerable to rodenticide exposure, 70% of those sampled (n = 114) contained residues and 10% died as a result of rodenticide ingestion.


Input: More unexpectedly, sparrowhawks (Accipiter nisus), which prey almost exclusively on birds, had similar exposure rates to species which prey on rodents.


Input: Although, with the exception of kites, confirmed mortality from rodenticides was low, the widespread exposure recorded is concerning.


Input: Particularly when coupled with a lack of data about the sub-lethal effects of these compounds.


Input: This raises questions regarding whether statutory monitoring of use is needed; both to address whether there are deficiencies in compliance with approval conditions or whether the recommended risk management procedures are themselves adequate to protect non-target wildlife.


Input: Pine Oil Effects on Chemical and Thermal Injury in Mice and Cultured Mouse Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons.

Pine Oil


Input: A commercial resin-based pine oil (PO) derived from Pinus palustris and Pinus elliottii was the major focus of this investigation.

pine oil


Input: Extracts of pine resins, needles, and bark are folk medicines commonly used to treat skin ailments, including burns.


Input: The American Burn Association estimates that 500, 000 people with burn injuries receive medical treatment each year; one-half of US burn victims are children, most with scald burns.


Input: This systematic study was initiated as follow-up to personal anecdotal evidence acquired over more than 10 years by MH Bhattacharyya regarding PO' s efficacy for treating burns.


Input: The results demonstrate that PO counteracted dermal inflammation in both a mouse ear model of contact irritant-induced dermal inflammation and a second degree scald burn to the mouse paw.


Input: Furthermore, PO significantly counteracted the tactile allodynia and soft tissue injury caused by the scald burn.


Input: In mouse dorsal root ganglion neuronal cultures, PO added to the medium blocked adenosine triphosphate-activated, but not capsaicin-activated, pain pathways, demonstrating specificity.

adenosine triphosphate

capsaicin


Input: These results together support the hypothesis that a pine-oil-based treatment can be developed to provide effective in-home care for second degree burns.

pine-oil


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Influence of the Molecular Structure of Surface-Attached Poly (N-alkyl Acrylamide) Coatings on the Interaction of Surfaces with Proteins, Cells and Blood Platelets.

Poly (N-alkyl Acrylamide)


Input: Blood protein adsorption and blood platelet adhesion onto surface-attached poly (alkylacrylamide) networks that exhibit small and systematic variations in chemical composition are investigated.

poly (alkylacrylamide)


Input: The polymer coatings are generated by depositing a thin layer of benzophenone-group-containing copolymer onto a solid substrate, followed by photo crosslinking and simultaneous surface-attachment.

benzophenone


Input: The correlation of the swelling of the obtained surface-attached networks with the adsorption of blood proteins and cellular adhesion is studied.


Input: The swollen surface-attached layers are inert to blood proteins and platelet cells.


Input: These results suggest that the hydrogel-coated materials are promising candidates for the generation of hemocompatible surfaces.


Input: The Effect of the Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Ratio of Polymeric Micelles on their Endocytosis Pathways into Cells.


Input: Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), a fluorescent probe, is coupled to amphiphilic monomethoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (epsilon-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) copolymers.

Fluorescein isothiocyanate

FITC

monomethoxy poly (ethylene glycol)-block-poly (epsilon-caprolactone)

mPEG-PCL


Input: FITC-labeled mPEG-PCL copolymers self-assemble into micelles through the solvent evaporation method.

FITC-labeled mPEG-PCL


Input: The cellular internalization is examined using fluorescence microscopy on incubation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts with micelles or free FITC solution.

FITC


Input: The effect of the hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio on the endocytosis mechanisms is evaluated by fluorescence microscopy on culturing of human hepatoblastoma cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, individually, mixed with the micelles holding the same parameters including micelle size, shape, and surface charges.


Input: In vivo hepatic lipid quantification using MRS at 7T in a mouse model of glycogen storage disease type 1a.


Input: The assessment of liver lipid content and composition is needed in preclinical research to investigate steatosis and steatosis-related disorders.


Input: The purpose of this study was to quantify in vivo hepatic fatty acid content and composition using a method based on short echo-time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T.

fatty acid


Input: Mouse model of glycogen storage disease type 1a with inducible liver-specific deletion of the glucose-6-phosphatase gene (L-G6pc-/-) and control mice were fed a standard diet or a high fat/high sucrose diet (HF/HS) during 9 months.

glucose

sucrose


Input: In control mice, hepatic lipid content was found significantly higher with HF/HS diet than with standard diet.


Input: As expected, hepatic lipid content was already elevated in L-G6pc-/-mice fed a standard diet compared to control mice.


Input: L-G6pc-/-mice rapidly developed steatosis which was not modified by HF/HS diet.


Input: On standard diet, estimated amplitudes from olefinic protons were found significantly higher in L-G6pc/-mice compared to that in control mice.


Input: L-G6pc-/-mice showed no noticeable polyunsaturation from diallylic protons.


Input: Total unsaturated fatty acid indexes measured by gas chromatography were in agreement with MRS measurements.

unsaturated fatty acid


Input: These results showed the great potential of high magnetic field MRS to follow the diet impact and lipid alterations in mouse liver.


Input: Exploring the Energy Landscapes of Cyclic Tetrapeptides with Discrete Path Sampling.

Cyclic Tetrapeptides