Input: Evidence that YycJ is a novel 5'-3' double-stranded DNA exonuclease acting in Bacillus anthracis mismatch repair.


Input: The most important system for correcting replication errors that survive the built in editing system of DNA polymerase is the mismatch repair (MMR) system.


Input: We have identified a novel mutator strain yycJ in Bacillus anthracis.


Input: Mutations in the yycJ gene result in a spontaneous mutator phenotype with a mutational frequency and specificity comparable to that of MMR-deficient strains such as those with mutations in mutL or mutS.


Input: YycJ was annotated as a metallo-beta-lactamase (M beta L) super family member with unknown activity.


Input: In this study we carried out a biochemical characterization of YycJ and demonstrated that a recombinant YycJ protein possesses a 5'-3' exonuclease activity at the 5' termini and at nicks of double-stranded DNA.


Input: This activity requires a divalent metal cofactor Mn (2 +) and is stimulated by 5'-phosphate ends of duplex DNA.

Mn (2 +)


Input: The mutagenesis of conserved amino acid residues revealed that in addition to the five M beta L family conserved motifs, YycJ appears to have its specific motifs that can be used to distinguish YycJ from other closely related M beta L family members.

amino acid


Input: A phylogenetic survey showed that putative YycJ homologs are present in several bacterial phyla as well as in members of the Methanomicrobiales and Thermoplasmales from Archaea.


Input: We propose that YycJ represents a new group of M beta L fold exonucleases, which is likely to act in the recognition of MMR entry point and subsequent removal of the mismatched base in certain MutH-less bacterial species.


Input: Developing Predictive Approaches to Characterize Adaptive Responses of the Reproductive Endocrine Axis to Aromatase Inhibition: I.


Input: Data Generation in a Small Fish Model.


Input: Adaptive or compensatory responses to chemical exposure can significantly influence in vivo concentration-duration-response relationships.


Input: This study provided data to support development of a computational dynamic model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of a model vertebrate and its response to aromatase inhibitors as a class of endocrine active chemicals.


Input: Fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) were either exposed to the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole (0. 5 or 30 mu g/l) continuously for 1, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, or 28 days or exposed for 8 days and then held in control water (no fadrozole) for an additional 4, 8, 12, 16, or 20 days.

fadrozole

fadrozole


Input: The time course of effects on ovarian steroid production, circulating 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations, and expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in the ovary was measured.

17 beta-estradiol

vitellogenin

VTG


Input: Exposure to 30 mu g fadrozole/l significantly reduced plasma E2 and VTG concentrations after just 1 day and those effects persisted throughout 28 days of exposure.

fadrozole

VTG


Input: In contrast, ex vivo E2 production was similar to that of controls on day 8-28 of exposure, whereas transcripts coding for aromatase and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor were elevated, suggesting a compensatory response.


Input: Following cessation of fadrozole exposure, ex vivo E2 and plasma E2 concentrations exceeded and then recovered to control levels, but plasma VTG concentrations did not, even after 20 days of depuration.

fadrozole

VTG


Input: Collectively these data provide several new insights into the nature and time course of adaptive responses to an aromatase inhibitor that support development of a computational model (see companion article).


Input: PDE3 and PDE4 isozyme selective inhibitors are both required for synergistic activation of brown adipose tissue.


Input: Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a highly thermogenic organ that converts lipids and glucose into heat.

glucose


Input: Many of the metabolic and gene transcriptional hallmarks of BAT activation, namely increased lipolysis, uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) mRNA, and glucose uptake are regulated by the adrenergic second messenger, adenosine-3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP).

glucose

adenosine-3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate

cAMP


Input: Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) catalyze the breakdown of cAMP, thereby regulating the magnitude and duration of this signaling molecule.

nucleotide

cAMP


Input: In the absence of adrenergic stimulus, we found that it required a combination of a PDE3 and a PDE4 inhibitor to fully induce UCP1 mRNA and lipolysis in brown adipocytes, whereas neither PDE inhibitor alone had any substantial effect under basal conditions.


Input: Under submaximal beta-adrenoceptor stimulation of brown adipocytes, a PDE3 inhibitor alone could potentiate induction of UCP1 mRNA, while a PDE4 inhibitor alone could augment lipolysis, indicating differential roles for each of these two PDEs.


Input: Neither induction of UCP1 nor lipolysis was altered by inhibition of PDE1, PDE2 or PDE8A.


Input: Finally, when injected into mice, the combination of PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors stimulated glucose uptake in BAT under thermoneutral and fasted conditions, a response that was further potentiated by the global ablation of PDE8A.

glucose


Input: Taken together, these data illustrate that multiple PDEs work in concert to regulate three of the important pathways leading to BAT activation, a finding that may provide an improved conceptual basis for the development of therapies for obesity-related diseases.


Input: Creb1-Mecp2-(m) CpG complex transactivates postnatal murine neuronal glucose transporter isoform 3 expression.

(m) CpG

glucose


Input: The murine neuronal facilitative glucose transporter isoform 3 (Glut3) is developmentally regulated, peaking in expression at postnatal day (PN) 14.

glucose


Input: In the present study, we characterized a canonical CpG island spanning the 5'-flanking region of the glut3 gene.

CpG


Input: Methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing identified methylation of this CpG ((m) CpG) island of the glut3 gene, frequency of methylation increasing 2. 5-fold with a 1. 6-fold increase in DNA methyl transferase 3a concentrations noted with advancing postnatal age (PN14 vs PN3).

bisulfite

CpG

(m) CpG


Input: 5'-flanking region of glut3-luciferase reporter transient transfection in HT22 hippocampal neurons demonstrated that (m) CpGs inhibit glut3 transcription.

(m) CpGs


Input: Contrary to this biological function, glut3 expression rises synchronously with (m) CpGs in PN14 vs PN3 neurons.

(m) CpGs


Input: Chromatin immunoprecipitation (IP) revealed that methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (Mecp2) bound the glut3-(m) CpGs.

methyl

(m) CpGs


Input: Depending on association with specific coregulators, Mecp2, a dual regulator of gene transcription, may repress or activate a downstream gene.


Input: Sequential chromatin IP uncovered the glut3-(m) CpGs to bind Mecp2 exponentially upon recruitment of Creb1 rather than histone deacetylase 1.

(m) CpGs


Input: Co-IP and coimmunolocalization confirmed that Creb1 associated with Mecp2 and cotransfection with glut3-(m) CpG in HT22 cells enhanced glut3 transcription.

(m) CpG


Input: Separate 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine pretreatment or in combination with trichostatin A reduced (m) CpG and specific small interference RNAs targeting Mecp2 and Creb1 separately or together depleting Mecp2 and/or Creb1 binding of glut3-(m) CpGs reduced glut3 expression in HT22 cells.

trichostatin A

(m) CpG

(m) CpGs


Input: We conclude that Glut3 is a methylation-sensitive neuronal gene that recruits Mecp2.


Input: Recruitment of Creb1-Mecp2 by glut3-(m) CpG contributes towards transactivation, formulating an escape from (m) CpG-induced gene suppression, and thereby promoting developmental neuronal glut3 gene transcription and expression.

(m) CpG

(m) CpG


Input: Development of N-Hydroxycinnamamide-Based Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors with Indole-Containing Cap Group.

N-Hydroxycinnamamide

Indole


Input: A novel series of histone deacetylase inhibitors combining N-hydroxycinnamamide bioactive fragment and indole bioactive fragment was designed and synthesized.

N-hydroxycinnamamide

indole


Input: Several compounds (17c, 17g, 17h, 17j and 17k) exhibited comparable even superior total HDACs inhibitory activity and in vitro antiproliferative activities relative to the approved drug SAHA.

SAHA


Input: A representative compound 17a with moderate HDACs inhibition was progressed to isoform selectivity profile, western blot analysis and in vivo antitumor assay.


Input: Although HDACs isoform selectivity of 17a was similar to that of SAHA, our western blot results indicated that intracellular effects of 17a at 1 mu M were class I selective.

SAHA


Input: It was noteworthy that the effect on histone H4 acetylation of SAHA decreased with time while the effect on histone H4 acetylation of 17a maintained even increased.

SAHA


Input: Most importantly, compound 17a exhibited promising in vivo antitumor activity in a U937 xenograft model.


Input: Adipose Tissue Macrophages Function as Antigen Presenting Cells and Regulate Adipose Tissue CD4 + T Cells in Mice.


Input: The pro-inflammatory activation of leukocytes in adipose tissue contributes to metabolic disease.


Input: How crosstalk between immune cells initiates and sustains adipose tissue inflammation remains an unresolved question.


Input: We have examined the hypothesis that adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) interact with and regulate the function of T cells.


Input: Dietary obesity was shown to activate the proliferation of effector memory CD4 (+) T cells in adipose tissue.


Input: Our studies further demonstrate that ATMs are functional antigen presenting cells that promote the proliferation of IFN-gamma producing CD4 (+) T cells in adipose tissue.


Input: ATMs from both lean and obese visceral fat process and present MHC class II-restricted antigens.


Input: ATMs were sufficient to promote proliferation and IFN-gamma production from antigen-specific CD4 (+) T cells in vitro and in vivo.


Input: Diet-induced obesity increased the expression of MHC II and T cell costimulatory molecules on ATMs in visceral fat, which correlated with an induction of T cell proliferation in that depot.


Input: Collectively, these data indicate that ATMs provide a functional link between the innate and adaptive immune systems within visceral fat in mice.


Input: Cytoplasmic-Nuclear Trafficking of G1/S Cell Cycle Molecules and Adult Human Beta Cell Replication: A Revised Model of Human Beta Cell G1/S Control.


Input: Harnessing control of human beta cell proliferation has proven frustratingly difficult.


Input: Most G1/S control molecules, generally presumed to be nuclear proteins in the human beta cell, are in fact constrained to the cytoplasm.


Input: Here, we asked whether G1/S molecules might traffic into and out of the cytoplasmic compartment in association with activation of cell cycle progression.


Input: Cdk6 and cyclin D3 were used to drive human beta cell proliferation, and promptly translocated into the nucleus in association with proliferation.


Input: In contrast, the cell cycle inhibitors p15, p18 and p19 did not alter their location, remaining cytoplasmic.


Input: Conversely, p16, p21, p27 all increased their nuclear frequency.


Input: In contrast once again, p57 decreased its nuclear frequency.


Input: While proliferating beta cells contained nuclear cyclin D3 and cdk6, proliferation generally did not occur in beta cells that contained nuclear cell cycle inhibitors, except p21.


Input: Dynamic cytoplasmic-nuclear trafficking of cdk6 was confirmed using GFP-tagged cdk6 and live-cell imaging.


Input: Thus, we provide novel working models describing the control of cell cycle progression in the human beta cell.


Input: In addition to known obstacles to beta cell proliferation, cytoplasmic-to-nuclear trafficking of G1/S molecules may represent both an obstacle, as well as a therapeutic opportunity, for human beta cell expansion.


Input: Toxicological profiles of selected synthetic cannabinoids showing high binding affinities to the cannabinoid receptor subtype CB1.

cannabinoids

cannabinoid


Input: Products containing synthetic cannabinoids are consumed as a surrogate for marihuana due to their non-detectability with commonly used drug tests and their strong cannabimimetic effects.

cannabinoids


Input: Because data concerning their toxicological properties are scarce, the cytotoxic, genotoxic, immunomodulatory, and hormonal activities of four naphthoylindole compounds (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-122 and JWH-210) and of one benzoylindole (AM-694) were studied in human cell lines and primary cells; tetrahydrocannabinol was included as the classical non-endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand.

naphthoylindole

benzoylindole

tetrahydrocannabinol


Input: All compounds induced damage to the cell membranes of buccal (TR146) and breast (MCF-7) derived cells at concentrations of >= 75-100 mu M.


Input: No cytotoxic responses were seen in other assays which reflect mitochondrial damage, protein synthesis, and lysosomal activities.


Input: JWH-073 and JWH-122 induced DNA migration in buccal and liver cells (HepG2) in single cell gel electrophoresis assays, while JWH-210 was only in the latter cell line active.


Input: No estrogenic activities were detected in bone marrow cells (U2-OS), but all compounds caused anti-estrogenic effects at levels between 2. 1 and 23. 0 mu M.


Input: Furthermore, no impact on cytokine release (i. e., on IL-10, IL-6, IL-12/23p40 and TNF alpha levels) was seen in LPS-stimulated human PBMCs, except with JWH-210 and JWH-122 which caused a decrease of TNF alpha and IL-12/23p40.


Input: All toxic effects were observed with concentrations higher than those expected in body fluids of users.


Input: Since genotoxic effects are in general linear over a wide concentration range and the exposure levels may be higher in epithelial cells or in serum, further experimental work is required to find out if DNA damage takes place in drug users.


Input: Brentuximab vedotin: a review of its use in patients with hodgkin lymphoma and systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma following previous treatment failure.


Input: Brentuximab vedotin (ADCETRIS ((R))) is an antibody-drug conjugate that is specifically targeted against CD30-positive cancer cells such as those in Hodgkin lymphoma or systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL).


Input: Intravenous brentuximab vedotin was associated with an overall objective response rate (primary endpoint) of 75% in 102 patients with Hodgkin lymphoma who had relapsed after high-dose chemotherapy and autologous haematopoietic stem cell transplantation, in a noncomparative, multicentre, phase II trial.


Input: In 58 patients with relapsed systemic ALCL after at least one prior treatment, intravenous brentuximab vedotin was associated with an overall objective response rate (primary endpoint) of 86% in a noncomparative, multicentre, phase II trial.


Input: Tumour reductions were observed in 94% of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma and 97% of patients with systemic ALCL, and most tumours decreased in size by > 65% and > 85%, respectively.


Input: The estimated 12-month survival rates were 89% and 52%, respectively.


Input: Brentuximab vedotin was generally well tolerated in these trials.


Input: The most common adverse event was peripheral neuropathy; approximately one-half of patients with this adverse event experienced complete resolution.


Input: Acute ketamine induces hippocampal synaptic depression and spatial memory impairment through dopamine D1/D5 receptors.

ketamine

dopamine


Input: RATIONALE: Subanesthetic doses of ketamine have been reported to induce psychotic states that may mimic positive and negative symptoms as well as cognitive and memory deficits similar to those observed in schizophrenia.

ketamine


Input: The cognitive and memory deficits are persistent, and their underlying cellular mechanisms remain unclear.


Input: OBJECTIVES: We sought to investigate the roles of dopamine D1/D5 receptors and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors in hippocampal synaptic transmission and spatial memory impairment induced by ketamine.

dopamine

alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid

AMPA

ketamine


Input: METHODS: We examined the effects of subanesthetic ketamine on hippocampal synaptic transmission in freely moving rats.

ketamine


Input: Spatial memory was tested with the Morris water maze.


Input: Pretreatment with the D1/D5 receptors antagonist SCH23390 or the AMPA receptors endocytosis interfering peptide Tat-GluR23Y was conducted to examine their capacities to reverse ketamine-induced electrophysiological and behavioral alterations.

AMPA

ketamine


Input: A series of behavioral observations, including locomotion, prepulse inhibition, and social interaction, were also conducted after ketamine treatment.

ketamine


Input: RESULTS: Ketamine induced synaptic depression lasting at least 4 h at hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses in freely moving rats and long-term spatial memory impairment.

Ketamine


Input: Both the effects were blocked by either SCH23390 or Tat-GluR23Y.


Input: Ketamine also elicited transient behavioral changes lasting less than 90 min, such as hyperlocomotion and prepulse inhibition deficits.

Ketamine


Input: These changes were ameliorated by SCH23390 but not by Tat-GluR23Y.


Input: Rats treated with ketamine showed social withdrawal that was also attenuated by either SCH23390 or Tat-GluR23Y.

ketamine


Input: CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that hippocampal synaptic depression is involved in ketamine-induced memory impairment, and this is modulated by D1/D5 receptors activation and AMPA receptors endocytosis.

ketamine

AMPA


Input: Effects of nitric oxide synthase inhibition in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter on ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats.

nitric oxide

ethanol


Input: RATIONALE: Nitric oxide (NO)-mediated transmission in the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter (dlPAG) has been involved in the expression of anxiety-like behaviors.

Nitric oxide

NO


Input: Ethanol withdrawal sensitizes the dlPAG and results in increased anxiety-like responses.

Ethanol


Input: OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to test the hypothesis that NO in the dlPAG is involved in the expression of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety.

NO

ethanol


Input: METHODS: Male Wistar rats were implanted with guide cannulae aimed at the dlPAG.


Input: The animals were forced to consume a liquid diet containing ethanol 6-8% (v/v) for 15 days as their only source of diet.

ethanol


Input: Six days after surgery and 24 h after ethanol discontinuation, the animals received microinjections of the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (carboxy-PTIO), nonselective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor 1-(2-[trifluoromethyl] phenyl) imidazole (TRIM), or selective inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor N-([3-(aminomethyl) phenyl] methyl) ethanimidamide dihydrochloride (1400W) into the dlPAG.

ethanol

NO

2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4, 4, 5, 5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide

carboxy-PTIO

nitric oxide

N (G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester

L-NAME

nitric oxide

1-(2-[trifluoromethyl] phenyl) imidazole

TRIM

nitric oxide

N-([3-(aminomethyl) phenyl] methyl) ethanimidamide dihydrochloride


Input: Ten minutes later, the animals were tested in the light/dark box.


Input: RESULTS: Carboxy-PTIO (1 nmol), L-NAME (200 nmol), TRIM (20 nmol), and 1400W (0. 3 and 1 nmol) decreased the anxiogenic-like effects of ethanol withdrawal in rats in the light/dark box test.

Carboxy-PTIO

L-NAME

TRIM

ethanol


Input: The NO precursor L-arginine reversed the effects of L-NAME.

NO

L-arginine

L-NAME


Input: CONCLUSIONS: NO production in the dlPAG may play a role in the modulation of ethanol withdrawal-induced anxiety-like behavior in rats.

NO

ethanol


Input: Furthermore, iNOS-mediated NO synthesis in the dlPAG is predominantly involved in the behavioral expression of anxiety-like behavior during ethanol withdrawal.

ethanol


Input: Ascorbigen Induces Dermal Papilla Cell Proliferation in Vitro, but Fails to Modulate Chemotherapy-Induced Alopecia in Vivo.

Ascorbigen


Input: Ascorbigen (ABG) is the predominant indole-derived compound from Brassica vegetables.

Ascorbigen

ABG

indole


Input: In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effects of ABG on hair growth.

ABG


Input: To this end, we examined the proliferation of isolated human dermal papilla (DP) cells and keratinocytes after incubation in various concentrations (0-1. 25 mM) of ABG.

ABG


Input: Furthermore, hair shaft regrowth was monitored in a mouse model of chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA), and hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed for histological analyses.

hematoxylin

eosin


Input: We found that 1. 25 mM ABG induced a 1. 2-fold increase in the growth of DP cells, but not keratinocytes.

ABG


Input: However, ABG did not exert significant protective effects against CIA in the mouse model.

ABG


Input: These findings suggest that ABG may not be able to counteract CIA and that further investigation of the therapeutic potential of ABG in disease models is required.

ABG

ABG


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Assessment of Cytotoxic Properties of Safranal and Nanoliposomal Safranal in Various Cancer Cell Lines.

Safranal

Safranal


Input: Saffron (Crocus sativus) is a widely used food additive used for its color and taste.


Input: It has been reported that saffron possesses significant in vivo and in vitro anti-tumor activity.


Input: In the present study, anti-tumor effects of safranal, the major aromatic compound in saffron, and its liposomal form were investigated.

safranal


Input: The role of apoptosis has also been explored in this toxicity.


Input: HeLa, MCF7 and L929 cell lines were cultured and exposed to safranal (0. 01-3 mM) or liposomal safranal (0. 04-0. 32 mM).

safranal

safranal


Input: 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed to assess cytotoxicity.

3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium

MTT


Input: Apoptosis was evaluated by staining cells with propidium iodide and quantifying sub-Gl peak by flow cytometry.

propidium iodide


Input: MTT assay revealed a significant and concentration-dependent cytotoxic effect of safranal on HeLa and MCF7 cell lines.

MTT


Input: Liposomal safranal showed enhanced effect compared to the safranal solution, as compared by their IC50 concentrations.

safranal


Input: Flow cytometry results revealed induction of apoptosis by safranal.

safranal


Input: It might be concluded that safranal could be involved in saffron-induced cell death in HeLa and MCF7 cells.

safranal


Input: Liposome encapsulation improved anti-tumor effect of safranal.

safranal


Input: Safranal and particularly its liposomal form could be investigated as promising chemotherapeutic agents in cancer treatment.

Safranal


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Curcuminoids Modulate Pro-Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance but not the Immune Response to Heat Shock Protein 27 and Oxidized LDL in Obese Individuals.

Curcuminoids


Input: Curcuminoids have potentially important functional qualities including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Curcuminoids


Input: In this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over trial, the effects of a curcuminoid supplement on serum pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and antibody titres to Hsp27 (anti-Hsp27) and oxLDL (anti-oxLDL) were investigated.

curcuminoid


Input: Thirty obese individuals were randomized to receive either curcuminoids (1 g/day) or placebo for a period of 30 days.

curcuminoids


Input: After a wash-out period of 2 weeks, subjects were crossed over to the alternate regimen for another 30 days.


Input: Serum PAB along with anti-Hsp27 and anti-oxLDL titres was measured at the beginning and at the end of each study period.


Input: There was no significant carry-over effect for any of the assessed parameters.


Input: Curcuminoid supplementation was associated with a significant decrease in PAB (p = 0. 044).

Curcuminoid


Input: However, no significant change was observed in serum concentrations of anti-Hsp27 or anti-oxLDL (p > 0. 05).


Input: These findings suggest that oral curcuminoids supplementation (1g/day) is effective in reducing oxidative stress burden, though this needs to be validated in larger study populations.

curcuminoids


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Spectroscopic Studies on Nicotine and Nornicotine in the UV Region.

Nicotine

Nornicotine


Input: The UV absorption and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra of (R)-and (S)-nicotine and (S)-nornicotine in aqueous solution were measured to a significantly lower wavelength range than previously reported, allowing the identification of four previously unobserved electronic transitions.

(R)-and (S)-nicotine

(S)-nornicotine


Input: The ECD spectra of the two enantiomers of nicotine were equal in magnitude and opposite in sign, while the UV absorption spectra were coincidental.

nicotine


Input: In line with previous observations, (S)-nicotine exhibited a negative cotton effect centered on 263 nm with vibronic structure (pi-pi 1 * transition) and a broad, positive ECD signal at around 240 nm associated with the n-pi 1 * transition.

(S)-nicotine


Input: As expected this band disappeared when the pyridyl aromatic moiety was protonated.

pyridyl


Input: Four further electronic transitions are reported between 215 and 180 nm; it is proposed the negative maxima around 206 nm is either an n-sigma * transition or a charge transfer band resulting from the movement of charge from the pyrrolidyl N lone pair to the pyridyl pi * orbital.

pyrrolidyl N

pyridyl


Input: The pyridyl pi-pi 2 * transition may be contained within the negative ECD signal envelope at around 200 nm.

pyridyl


Input: Another negative maximum at 188 nm is thought to be the pyridyl pi-pi 3 * transition, while the lowest wavelength end-absorption and positive ECD may be associated with the pi-pi 4 * transition.

pyridyl


Input: The UV absorption spectra of (S)-nornicotine was similar to that of (S)-nicotine in the range 280-220 nm and acidification of the aqueous solution enhanced the absorption.

(S)-nornicotine

(S)-nicotine


Input: The ECD signals of (S)-nornicotine were considerably less intense compared to (S)-nicotine and declined further on acidification; in the far UV region the ECD spectra diverge considerably.

(S)-nornicotine

(S)-nicotine


Input: Chirality 25: 288-293, 2013.


Input: (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Input: Oxygen Activation of Apo-obelin-Coelenterazine Complex.

Oxygen

Coelenterazine


Input: Ca (2 +)-regulated photoproteins use a noncovalently bound 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine ligand to emit light in response to Ca (2 +) binding.

Ca (2 +)

Ca (2 +)


Input: To better understand the mechanism of formation of active photoprotein from apoprotein, coelenterazine and molecular oxygen, we investigated the spectral properties of the anaerobic apo-obelin-coelenterazine complex and the kinetics of its conversion into active photoprotein after exposure to air.

coelenterazine

oxygen

coelenterazine


Input: Our studies suggest that coelenterazine bound within the anaerobic complex might be a mixture of N7-protonated and C2 (-) anionic forms, and that oxygen shifts the equilibrium in favor of the C2 (-) anion as a result of peroxy anion formation.

coelenterazine

C2 (-)

oxygen

C2 (-)

peroxy


Input: Proton removal from N7 and further protonation of peroxy anion and the resulting formation of 2-hydroperoxycoelenterazine in obelin might occur with the assistance of His175.

peroxy


Input: It is proposed that this conserved His residue might play a key role both in formation of active photoprotein and in Ca (2 +)-triggering of the bioluminescence reaction.

His

Ca (2 +)


Input: Prospects and challenges of graphene in biomedical applications.

graphene


Input: Graphene materials have entered a phase of maturity in their development that is characterized by their explorative utilization in various types of applications and fields from electronics to biomedicine.

Graphene


Input: Herein, we describe the recent advances made with graphene-related materials in the biomedical field and the challenges facing these exciting new tools both in terms of biological activity and toxicological profiling in vitro and in vivo.

graphene


Input: Graphene materials today have mainly been explored as components of biosensors and for construction of matrices in tissue engineering.

Graphene


Input: Their antimicrobial activity and their capacity to act as drug delivery platforms have also been reported, however, not as coherently.


Input: This report will attempt to offer some perspective as to which areas of biomedical applications can expect graphene-related materials to constitute a tool offering improved functionality and previously unavailable options.

graphene


Input: Raphanus sativus L. var niger as a source of Phytochemicals for the Prevention of Cholesterol Gallstones.

Cholesterol


Input: Raphanus sativus L. var niger (black radish) is a plant of the cruciferous family with important ethnobotanical uses for the treatment of gallstones in Mexican traditional medicine.


Input: It has been established that the juice of black radish decreases cholesterol levels in plasma and dissolves gallstones in mice.

cholesterol


Input: Glucosinolates, the main secondary metabolites of black radish, can hydrolyze into its respective isothiocyanates and have already demonstrated antioxidant properties as well as their ability to diminish hepatic cholesterol levels; such therapeutic effects can prevent the formation of cholesterol gallstones.

Glucosinolates

isothiocyanates

cholesterol

cholesterol


Input: This disease is considered a current problem of public health.


Input: In the present review, we analyze and discuss the therapeutic effects of the main glucosinolates of black radish, as well as the effects that this plant has on cholesterol gallstones disease.

glucosinolates

cholesterol


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: A cellular automata model of proton hopping down a channel.


Input: Proton hopping is the process where a H-atom on a hydronium ion forms a H-bond with the O-atom of a neighboring H (2) O molecule.

H

hydronium

H

O

H (2) O


Input: There is then an exchange of bonding forces when that covalent bond of the H-atom in the hydronium ion changes to a H-bond, and the previous H-bond changes to a covalent bond with the neighboring O-atom.

H

hydronium

H

H

O


Input: The neighboring molecule now becomes a hydronium (H (3) O (+)) ion.

hydronium

H (3) O (+)


Input: This process repeats itself very rapidly among neighboring hydronium and H (2) O molecules.

hydronium

H (2) O


Input: There is a flow of protonic character through bulk H (2) O, referred to as proton hopping.

H (2) O


Input: This process carries information through living systems where H (2) O is present.

H (2) O


Input: A cellular automata model of proton hopping down a channel has been created and studied.


Input: Variations in the rate of proton entry into the channel and the effects of the polar character of the channel walls was studied using the model.


Input: The behavior of the models corresponds to experimental results.


Input: Two novel potent alpha-amylase inhibitors from the family of acarviostatins isolated from the culture of Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656.

acarviostatins


Input: Two novel aminooligosaccharides were separated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces coelicoflavus ZG0656.


Input: Their chemical structures were determined by acidic hydrolysis, electrospray-ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS), and NMR spectroscopy.


Input: The compounds were named acarviostatins III0 (-1) and III23 according to the nomenclature of this group of metabolites.

acarviostatins III0 (-1) and III23


Input: The two novel acarviostatins were both mixed noncompetitive inhibitors of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase (PPA).

acarviostatins


Input: The inhibition constants (K (i)) for acarviostatins III0 (-1) and III23 were 0. 009 and 0. 026 mu M, respectively, 151 and 52 times more potent than acarbose.

acarviostatins III0 (-1) and III23


Input: Variability of n-alkanes and nonacosan-10-ol in natural populations of Picea omorika.

n-alkanes


Input: This is the first report of population variability of the contents of n-alkanes and nonacosan-10-ol in the needle epicuticular waxes of Serbian spruce (Picea omorika).

n-alkanes


Input: The hexane extracts of needle samples originated from three natural populations in Serbia (Vranjak, Zmajeva c ki potok, and Mile s evka Canyon) were investigated by GC and GC/MS analyses.

hexane


Input: The amount of nonacosan-10-ol varied individually from 50. 05 to 74. 42% (65. 74% in average), but the differences between the three investigated populations were not statistically confirmed.


Input: The results exhibited variability of the composition of n-alkanes in the epicuticular waxes with their size ranging from C (18) to C (35).

n-alkanes

C

C


Input: The most abundant n-alkanes were C (29), C (31), and C (27) (35. 22, 13. 77, and 12. 28% in average, resp.).

n-alkanes

C

C

C


Input: The carbon preference index of all the n-alkanes (CPI (total)) of the P. omorika populations (average of populations I-III) ranged from 3. 3 to 11. 5 (mean of 5. 9), while the average chain length (ACL) ranged from 26. 6 to 29. 2.

carbon

n-alkanes


Input: The principal component and cluster analyses of the contents of nine n-alkanes showed the greatest difference for the population growing in the Mile s evka Canyon.

n-alkanes


Input: The obtained results were compared with previous literature data given for other Picea species, and this comparison was briefly discussed.


Input: Artemisinin-polypyrrole conjugates: synthesis, DNA binding studies and preliminary antiproliferative evaluation.

Artemisinin

polypyrrole


Input: Greater than the sum of its parts: Artemisinins are currently in phase I-II clinical trials against breast, colorectal and non-small-cell lung cancers.

Artemisinins


Input: In an attempt to offer increased specificity, a series of hybrid artemisinin-polypyrrole minor groove binder conjugates are described.

artemisinin

polypyrrole


Input: DNA binding/modelling studies and preliminary biological evaluation give insights into their mechanism of action and the potential of this strategy.


Input: Simulating adsorptive expansion of zeolites: application to biomass-derived solutions in contact with silicalite.


Input: We have constructed and applied an algorithm to simulate the behavior of zeolite frameworks during liquid adsorption.


Input: We applied this approach to compute the adsorption isotherms of furfural-water and hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF)-water mixtures adsorbing in silicalite zeolite at 300 K for comparison with experimental data.

furfural

hydroxymethyl furfural

HMF


Input: We modeled these adsorption processes under two different statistical mechanical ensembles: the grand canonical (V-Nz-mu g-T or GC) ensemble keeping volume fixed, and the P-Nz-mu g-T (osmotic) ensemble allowing volume to fluctuate.


Input: To optimize accuracy and efficiency, we compared pure Monte Carlo (MC) sampling to hybrid MC-molecular dynamics (MD) simulations.


Input: For the external furfural-water and HMF-water phases, we assumed the ideal solution approximation and employed a combination of tabulated data and extended ensemble simulations for computing solvation free energies.

HMF


Input: We found that MC sampling in the V-Nz-mu g-T ensemble (i. e., standard GCMC) does a poor job of reproducing both the Henry' s law regime and the saturation loadings of these systems.


Input: Hybrid MC-MD sampling of the V-Nz-mu g-T ensemble, which includes framework vibrations at fixed total volume, provides better results in the Henry' s law region, but this approach still does not reproduce experimental saturation loadings.


Input: Pure MC sampling of the osmotic ensemble was found to approach experimental saturation loadings more closely, whereas hybrid MC-MD sampling of the osmotic ensemble quantitatively reproduces such loadings because the MC-MD approach naturally allows for locally anisotropic volume changes wherein some pores expand whereas others contract.


Input: Photoelectric energy conversion of plasmon-generated hot carriers in metal-insulator-semiconductor structures.


Input: Plasmonic excitation in metals has received great attention for light localization and control of light-matter interactions at the nanoscale with a plethora of applications in absorption enhancement, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, or biosensing.


Input: Electrically active plasmonic devices, which had remained underexplored, have recently become a growing field of interest.


Input: In this report we introduce a metal-insulator-semiconductor heterostructure for plasmo-electric energy conversion, a novel architecture to harvest hot-electrons derived from plasmonic excitations.


Input: We demonstrate external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4% at 460 nm using a Ag nanostructured electrode and EQE of 1. 3% at 550 nm employing a Au nanostructured electrode.

Ag

Au


Input: The insulator interfacial layer has been found to play a crucial role in interface passivation, a requisite in photovoltaic applications to achieving both high open-circuit voltages (0. 5 V) and fill-factors (0. 5), but its introduction simultaneously modifies hot-electron injection and transport.


Input: We investigate the influence passivation has on these processes for different material configurations, and characterize different types of transport depending on the initial plasmon energy band, reporting power conversion efficiencies of 0. 03% for nanopatterned silver electrodes.

silver


Input: Chromium supplementation in overweight and obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

Chromium


Input: The increased prevalence of obesity has made the use of dietary supplements as weight reducing agents highly popular, but their efficacy has not been proven.


Input: One such supplement is chromium.

chromium


Input: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the evidence for or against the efficacy of chromium supplementation in overweight and obese individuals.

chromium


Input: Electronic searches were conducted in Medline, Embase, Amed and The Cochrane Library.


Input: The bibliographies of located articles were also searched.


Input: No age, gender or language restrictions were imposed.


Input: The reporting quality of identified randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was assessed using a methodological checklist adapted from the Consolidated Standard of Reporting Trials Statement and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.


Input: Thirty-nine trials were identified and 20 were included.


Input: There were variations in reporting quality of included studies.


Input: A meta-analysis of 11 studies showed a statistically significant difference in weight loss favouring chromium over placebo (mean difference (MD):-0. 50 kg; 95% confidence interval (CI):-0. 97,-0. 03).

chromium


Input: There was a high statistical heterogeneity.


Input: Adverse events included watery stools, vertigo, headaches and urticaria.


Input: The evidence from available RCTs shows that chromium supplementation generates statistically significant reductions in body weight.

chromium


Input: The magnitude of the effect is small, and the clinical relevance is uncertain.


Input: Future trials should last at least 16 weeks and greater uniformity in the measuring and assessment tools for body composition is recommended.


Input: Obstructed Diffusion in Silica Colloidal Crystals.


Input: The hindered diffusion in silica colloidal crystals was studied experimentally, both by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching and by measurement of ionic conductivity.


Input: Particle size was varied to include 120, 220, 470, and 1300 nm, and the porosities were determined by flow measurements.


Input: For fluorescein, the results showed that the obstruction factor, which is the ratio of the diffusion coefficients inside the media and in open solution, is equal to the porosity within experimental error.

fluorescein


Input: For proteins, the same conclusion is made after correction for size exclusion of the pores.


Input: The obstruction factors for these media are 2-fold lower than those measured for chromatographic media, 60% higher than theoretical predictions, and equal to what is assumed for electrophoretic sieving in random fibers.


Input: Probing the Electronic Properties of W3Ox (-/0) (x = 0-2) and W3 (2-) Clusters: The Aromaticity of W3 and W3 (2-).

W3Ox (-/0)

W3 (2-)

W3 (2-)


Input: Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are employed to investigate the structural and electronic properties of bare tritungsten clusters (W3, W3 (-), W3 (2-)) and tritungsten oxide clusters W3Ox (-/0) (x = 1, 2).

tritungsten

W3 (-)

W3 (2-)

tritungsten oxide

W3Ox (-/0)


Input: Generalized Koopmans' theorem is applied to predict the vertical detachment energies and simulate the photoelectron spectra (PES) for W3Ox (-) (x = 0-2) clusters.

W3Ox (-)


Input: Extensive DFT calculations are performed in search of the lowest energy structures for both the anions and the neutrals.


Input: The bare tritungsten clusters are predicted to be triangular structures with D3h ((3) A1'), C2v ((2) A1) and D3h ((1) A1') symmetry for W3, W3 (-) and W3 (2-), respectively.

tritungsten

W3 (-)

W3 (2-)


Input: For W3O (-) and W3O clusters, the oxygen atom occupies the terminal site, while the next added oxygen atom is found to be a bridging one in both W3O2 (-) and W3O2 clusters.

W3O (-)

oxygen

oxygen

W3O2 (-)


Input: Molecular orbital analyses are carried out to elucidate the chemical bonding of these clusters and provide insights into the sequential oxidation from W3 (-) to W3O2 (-).

W3 (-)

W3O2 (-)


Input: Partial sigma-and delta-aromaticity are revealed in the neutral W3 (D3h, (3) A1'), while the anion W3 (2-) (D3h, (1) A1') possesses only delta-aromaticity.

W3 (2-)


Input: Formation of Aragonitic Layered Structures from Kaolinite and Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Precursors.

Kaolinite

Calcium Carbonate


Input: Clay materials have been an ever-present accoutrement of modern civilization; improvements to process these materials have quickened their utilization for use in complex multiaxial load-bearing structures.


Input: Specifically, with better methods to organize the constituent metal oxide components in clay, the distribution of characteristic nematic and smectic phases can be controlled.

metal oxide


Input: In this work, we utilize the interactions of an amorphous calcium carbonate phase with kaolinite to form a complex composite that can be organized into distinct hierarchical structures.

calcium carbonate

kaolinite


Input: We demonstrate that these ACC-kaolinite composites can maintain characteristic long-range-ordered layer-by-layer structures across many length scales, from nano-to millimeter, through convenient and economical processing at room temperature.

kaolinite


Input: Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of N-Aryl pyrido-quinazolines derivatives as potent EGFR inhibitors.

N-Aryl pyrido-quinazolines


Input: A series of pyrido-quinazolines have been synthesised, characterised and tested for their in vitro EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitory activity.

pyrido-quinazolines

tyrosine


Input: The compounds were prepared from Alkylideno/arylideno-bis-ureas.

Alkylideno/arylideno-bis-ureas


Input: Their final structure of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral studies (IR., 1H NMR, FT-IR and EI-MS).


Input: The cellular EGFR internalization response of selected compounds was evaluated using HeLa cells.


Input: Most of the synthesized compounds displayed potent EGFR-TK inhibitory activity and structurally halogenated derivatives had a pronounced effect in inhibiting EGFR internalization.


Input: (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.


Input: Pigment production by a new thermotolerant microalga Coelastrella sp.


Input: Microalgae are good crops to produce natural pigments because of their high growth rates.


Input: Tropical zones are better locations than temperate areas for microalgal cultivation because they have longer duration of daylight and more stable temperatures throughout the year, but the high temperatures pose a challenge to microalgal cultivation.


Input: A newly isolated thermotolerant microalga produces reddish pigments under environmental stress.


Input: Morphological and molecular evidence including meridional ribs on the cell wall, pigment production, and its 18S rDNA sequence suggests that this microalga belongs to the genus Coelastrella.


Input: Salt stress and high light intensity accelerated biosynthesis of the pigments, and significant quantities of oil accumulated as the cells experienced stress due to nutrient deficiency.


Input: This microalga could withstand temperature of 50 degrees C for more than 8h, which is a necessary trait for outdoor cultivation in tropical areas.


Input: The pigments contain astaxanthin, lutein, canthaxanthin, and beta-carotene as analysed by using HPLC.

astaxanthin

lutein

canthaxanthin

beta-carotene


Input: Morphology and structural properties of high-amylose rice starch residues hydrolysed by amyloglucosidase.


Input: High-amylose starches are attracting considerable attention because of their potential health benefits and industrial uses.


Input: Enzyme hydrolysis of starch is involved in many biological and industrial processes.


Input: In this paper, starches were isolated from high-amylose transgenic rice (TRS) and its wild type rice, Te-qing (TQ).


Input: The morphological and structural changes of starch residues following Aspergillus niger amyloglucosidase (AAG) hydrolysis were investigated.


Input: AAG hydrolysed TQ starch from the granule surface, and TRS starch from the granule interior.


Input: During AAG hydrolysis, the content of amorphous structure increased, the contents of ordered structure and single helix decreased, and gelatinisation enthalpy decreased in TQ and TRS starch residues.


Input: The A-type polymorph of TRS C-type starch was hydrolysed faster than the B-type polymorph.


Input: The short-range ordered structure and B-type polymorph in the peripheral region of the subgranule and the surrounding band of TRS starch increased the resistance of TRS starch to AAG hydrolysis.


Input: Determination of chemical variability of phenolic and monoterpene glycosides in the seeds of Paeonia species using HPLC and profiling analysis.

phenolic and monoterpene glycosides


Input: A rapid, sensitive, and accurate HPLC-DAD method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of one phenolic glycoside and seven monoterpene glycosides, including 1-O-beta-d-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) glucose (1), pyridylpaeoniflorin (2), (8R)-piperitone-4-en-9-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (3), oxypaeoniflorin (4), 6'-O-beta-glucopyranosylalbiflorin (5), albiflorin (6), beta-gentiobiosylpaeoniflorin (7), and paeoniflorin (8), in 44 batches of peony seeds from nine Paeonia species collected from different areas.

phenolic glycoside

monoterpene glycosides

1-O-beta-d-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) glucose

pyridylpaeoniflorin

(8R)-piperitone-4-en-9-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside

oxypaeoniflorin

albiflorin

beta-gentiobiosylpaeoniflorin

paeoniflorin


Input: Using the optimised method, separations were conducted with a YMC-pack ODS-A column with water/formic acid and methanol as the mobile phase.

formic acid

methanol


Input: All eight analytes demonstrated good linearity (r (2) > 0. 9993).


Input: The recoveries, measured at three concentration levels, varied from 98. 20% to 103. 81%.


Input: Six compounds including 1 and 4-8 occur ubiquitously in all the seeds of nine Paeonia species, and compounds 2 and 3 showed undetectable levels or very low content in several samples.


Input: The seed samples were classified into several groups, which coincide with the taxonomy of Paeonia at the section level.


Input: Peony seed might be a useful resource in developing new herbal or food products.


Input: Application of response surface methodology to optimise extraction of flavonoids from fructus sophorae.

flavonoids


Input: Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimise the extraction conditions for flavonoids from fructus sophorae with advantages in terms of resisting flavonoids during the whole process and maximising of extraction yield.

flavonoids

flavonoids


Input: Three aglycon forms of the flavonoids, namely, quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) to estimate extraction yield.

flavonoids

quercetin

kaempferol

isorhamnetin


Input: The combined effects of independent variables were studied and the optimal extraction conditions were obtained as ethanol concentration, 74. 47%; solid-liquid ratio, 17. 99 ml/g; temperature, 89. 13 degrees C; and extraction time, 2. 10h.

ethanol


Input: The reliability of the method was confirmed by recovery experiments, performed under optimal conditions.


Input: Recoveries indicated that flavonoids resisted the extraction conditions.

flavonoids


Input: The experimental extraction yield under optimal conditions was found to be 10. 459%, which was well matched with the predicted values of 10. 461%.


Input: AKT signalling and mitochondrial pathways are involved in mushroom polysaccharide-induced apoptosis and G1 or S phase arrest in human hepatoma cells.


Input: This study describes molecular mechanisms for inhibiting tumour cell proliferation using polysaccharides from medicinal mushrooms in human hepatoma cells.


Input: The results show that regarding cell cycle-related proteins, three types of polysaccharides significantly enhance the expression of p27 (Kip) in HepG2 and Bel-7404 cells, while suppressing the activity of cyclin D1/CDK4 and/or cyclin E/CDK2.


Input: Considering apoptosis-related factors, the polysaccharides suppressed AKT activity through the inhibition of AKT phosphorylation at Thr (308) and/or Ser (473).

Thr

Ser


Input: The growth of HepG2 and Bel-7404 cells was suppressed by the up-regulation of a subunit of PI3K and phospho-PTEN, which are modulators of AKT activity.


Input: The polysaccharides also activated the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway by stimulating the activation of Bcl-2 family proteins to release cytochrome c and Smac and cleave caspase-9 and caspase-3 in HepG2 and Bel-7404 cells.


Input: These factors have a potent effect on cell cycle arrest in G (1) and/or S phase and induce apoptosis in HepG2 and Bel-7404 cells.


Input: Mild Fe-deficiency improves biomass production and quality of hydroponic-cultivated spinach plants (Spinacia oleracea L.).

Fe


Input: It is of great practical importance to improve yield and quality of vegetables in soilless cultures.


Input: This study investigated the effects of iron-nutrition management on yield and quality of hydroponic-cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.).

iron


Input: The results showed that mild Fe-deficient treatment (1 mu M FeEDTA) yielded a greater biomass of edible parts than Fe-omitted treatment (0 mu M FeEDTA) or Fe-sufficient treatments (10 and 50 mu M FeEDTA).

Fe

FeEDTA

Fe

FeEDTA

Fe

FeEDTA


Input: Conversely, mild Fe-deficient treatment had the lowest nitrate concentration in the edible parts out of all the Fe treatments.

Fe

nitrate

Fe


Input: Interestingly, all the concentrations of soluble sugar, soluble protein and ascorbate in mild Fe-deficient treatments were higher than Fe-sufficient treatments.

ascorbate

Fe

Fe


Input: In addition, both phenolic concentration and DPPH scavenging activity in mild Fe-deficient treatments were comparable with those in Fe-sufficient treatments, but were higher than those in Fe-omitted treatments.

DPPH

Fe

Fe

Fe


Input: Therefore, we concluded that using a mild Fe-deficient nutrition solution to cultivate spinach not only would increase yield, but also would improve quality.

Fe


Input: Application of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotube modified electrodes for measuring the enzymatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.

graphene oxide

carbon

alcohol


Input: An electrochemical method was developed to measure the enzymatic activity of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) by monitoring the amount of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) generated in the catalysed oxidation of ethanol by ADH.

alcohol

reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADH

ethanol


Input: The concentration of NADH was determined by amperometric measurements, which recorded the oxidation current of NADH versus time on reduced graphene oxide and functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotube modified electrodes.

NADH

NADH

graphene oxide

carbon


Input: The initial reaction rates and the apparent Michaelis constants of the enzymatic reaction were obtained in the absence and presence of Al (3 +) and nanometre-sized tridecameric aluminium polycationic (nano-Al (13)) species.

Al (3 +)

tridecameric aluminium

Al (13)


Input: The results showed that Al (3 +) and nano-Al (13) exhibited inhibitory effect on the enzymatic activity of ADH.

Al (3 +)

Al (13)


Input: Fluorescence and circular dichroism spectra indicated the inhibitory effect was likely caused by the conformational changes of ADH and/or NADH induced by Al (3 +) and nano-Al (13).

NADH

Al (3 +)

Al (13)


Input: The influence of Goishi tea on adipocytokines in obese mice.


Input: This study investigated the influence of Goishi-tea on visceral fat weight in induced obese mice.


Input: Mice were divided into two main groups, normal and obesity.


Input: In obesity group, mice were fed with high-fat diet.


Input: Goishi-tea including its fractions (ethyl-acetate layer and water layer) was administrated in normal and obesity three sub-groups.

ethyl-acetate


Input: Results showed no influence of Goishi-tea in normal group.


Input: However, visceral fat weight, size of adipose cell and cholesterol level were significantly decreased in obesity group fed Goishi-tea compared to control group.

cholesterol


Input: Moreover, adiponectin levels tended to increase and adipocytokines has significant values lower in obesity group fed Goishi-tea compared to control group.


Input: Interestingly, Goishi tea involved in the high-fat diet induced-obese mice can inhibit fat accumulation and maintain adiponectins without increasing tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6.


Input: It would be beneficial for the prevention of metabolic syndrome and obesity-related disorder.


Input: Physicochemical characterisation of dietary fibre components and their ability to bind some process-induced mutagenic heterocyclic amines, Trp-P-1, Trp-P-2, A alpha C and MeA alpha C.

A alpha C

MeA alpha C


Input: The physicochemical properties of potato fibre, wheat bran and oat samples were investigated, along with their binding capability to heterocyclic amines (HCAs).


Input: Potato fibre displayed highest total dietary fibre content (71. 8/100g dry weight basis, dwb), followed by wheat bran (57. 2/100 g dwb) and oat sample 2 (53. 0/100 g dwb).


Input: Oat samples 1, 3 and 4 displayed considerably lower dietary fibre content (20. 5-28. 8/100g, dwb).


Input: Oat samples 3 and 4 displayed highest soluble fibre content (70-83%), and oat sample 3 also displayed highest swelling and water retention capacity (WRC).


Input: Dietary fibre samples, except samples 3 and 4, displayed improved binding to HCAs as sample weight increased.


Input: The behaviour of wheat bran and potato fibre was similar to oat samples 1 and 2.


Input: Binding of MeA alpha C was comparatively greater than that of other HCAs.

MeA alpha C


Input: Dietary fibre fractions with high insoluble fibre and functional groups of HCAs may significantly contribute to the binding capacity.

HCAs


Input: Evaluation of sequential inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Oenococcus oeni strains on the chemical and aromatic profiles of cherry wines.


Input: The current study was carried out to elucidate the effect of sequential inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (RC212, D254) and Oenococcus oeni (SG26, Lalvin 31 and Uvaferm Alpha) on the production of cherry wines, especially on the chemical and aromatic characteristics.


Input: SI-D culture required the shortest period (23 d) to complete the fermentation, while other inoculations needed longer time.


Input: Analysis from chemical composition showed that titratable acidity and content of l-malic acid exhibited evident differences among the samples after MLF.

l-malic acid


Input: For volatile compounds, 49 major components were identified, mostly comprising of alcohols, acids and esters.

alcohols

esters


Input: Cherry wines obtained from SI-B and SI-C showed higher contents of total volatile alcohols, and SI-D wines produced the greatest amount of volatile acids.

alcohols


Input: According to the odour active value (OAV), 9 out of 49 studied volatile components had OAV > 1 in all the analyzed wines, while six volatile components showed OAV > 1 only for some of them.


Input: Furthermore, a sensory analysis was performed to compare the sensory profile of these cherry wines, and results evidenced that wines resulting from different inoculations presented diverse sensory profiles.


Input: These findings suggest that sequential inoculations posed a great potential in affecting and modulating the aromatic profile of cherry wines.


Input: Structural characterisation of polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake and their antioxidant and antitumour activities.


Input: In this study, polysaccharides from Tricholoma matsutake (TM-P) were purified using a DEAE-Sepharose fast flow column and three polysaccharide fractions (TM-P1, TM-P2 and TM-P3) were obtained.

DEAE


Input: The chemical composition and structural characteristics of TM-P2 were quite different from those of TM-P1 and TM-P3.


Input: TM-P2 consisted of glucose, galactose and mannose with a molar ratio of 5. 9: 1. 1: 1. 0.

glucose

galactose

mannose


Input: The glycosidic linkages were mainly composed of 1, 6-and 1-linked glucose.

glucose


Input: Furthermore, TM-P2 showed the strongest in vitro antioxidant and antitumour activities.


Input: The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of TM-P2 was 2100. 44 mu mol Trolox/g.

oxygen

Trolox


Input: The antiproliferative activities of TM-P2 (4. 0mg/ml) on the growth of HepG2 and A549 cells were 67. 98% and 59. 04%, respectively.


Input: Kinetics of protein physicochemical changes induced by heating in meat using mimetic models: (2) effects of fibre type, peroxides and antioxidants.

peroxides


Input: Heating-induced changes in meat proteins were investigated using models made of aqueous suspensions of myofibrils according to muscle fibre types and cellular compounds (oxidants and antioxidants).


Input: These changes were evaluated by measurements of carbonyl groups and protein surface hydrophobicity.

carbonyl


Input: Model results were compared to trial results obtained on pork meat (M. Longissimus dorsi) heated under the same conditions (45 and 75 degrees C, from 5 to 120 min).


Input: Myofibrillar proteins from alpha-white fibres were more sensitive to oxidation and thermal denaturation than those from beta-red fibres.


Input: At 45 degrees C, there were negligible differences due to peroxide or antioxidant types.

peroxide


Input: At 75 degrees C, organic peroxides (ROOH) were less oxidative than hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and antioxidant enzymes were less efficient than vitamin E and carnosine at protecting proteins against oxidation.

organic peroxides

ROOH

hydrogen peroxide

vitamin E

carnosine


Input: Protein oxidation observed in meat is lower than in the mimetic models and the increase in hydrophobicity remained limited in meat.


Input: High pressure homogenization increases antioxidant capacity and short-chain fatty acid yield of polysaccharide from seeds of Plantago asiatica L.

short-chain fatty acid


Input: Physiological properties of homogenized and non-homogenized polysaccharide from the seeds of Plantago asiatica L., including antioxidant capacity and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, were compared in this study.

short-chain fatty acid

SCFA


Input: High pressure homogenization decreased particle size of the polysaccharide, and changed the surface topography from large flake-like structure to smaller porous chips.


Input: FT-IR showed that high pressure homogenization did not alter the primary structure of the polysaccharide.


Input: However, high pressure homogenization increased antioxidant capacity of the polysaccharide, evaluated by 4 antioxidant capacity assays (hydroxyl radical-scavenging, superoxide radical-scavenging, 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl radical (DPPH)-scavenging and lipid peroxidation inhibition).

hydroxyl

superoxide

1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl


Input: Additionally, the production of total SCFA, propionic acid and n-butyric acid in ceca and colons of mice significantly increased after dieting supplementation with homogenized polysaccharide.

SCFA

propionic acid

n-butyric acid


Input: These results showed that high pressure homogenization treatment could be a promising approach for the production of value-added polysaccharides in the food industry.


Input: Inhibition of citral degradation in an acidic aqueous environment by polyoxyethylene alkylether surfactants.

citral

polyoxyethylene alkylether


Input: Citral is a flavour component widely used in food and cosmetic industries, but is chemically unstable and degrades over time in aqueous solutions due to acid-catalysed and oxidative reactions leading to loss of desirable flavour.

Citral


Input: The present study reveals the effect of non-ionic micellar solutions of Brij30 and Brij35 on the extent of solubilisation and stabilisation of citral.

citral


Input: The rate of chemical degradation of citral in acidic aqueous solutions was found to be highest, which was subsequently reduced significantly within these studied surfactant systems, suggesting protection of citral from an acidic environment once it is incorporated into the micelles.

citral

citral


Input: The work concludes that polyoxyethylene alkylether surfactants with lower HLB value, less dense hydrophilic corona and more hydrophobic core volume are efficient in solubilising and stabilising citral against an acidic environment.

polyoxyethylene alkylether

citral


Input: Stability of sunflower 2S albumins and LTP to physiologically relevant in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.


Input: In order for a protein to elicit a systemic allergic response it must reach the circulatory system through the intestinal mucosa as a sufficiently large fragment with adequate structural integrity.


Input: Sunflower LTP and 2S albumins (SFA8 and three mixed fractions of Alb1 and Alb2) were digested in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2h and the conditions were then changed to mimic the intestinal environment for a further 2h digestion.


Input: The effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and emulsification on the digestibility of the proteins were investigated.

phosphatidylcholine


Input: PC protected all of the proteins studied against both gastric and intestinal digestive enzymes but to different extents.


Input: Emulsification of SFA8 resulted in strong protection against digestion, which was further enhanced by the presence of PC in the SGF.


Input: These results highlight the importance of considering real food structures such as emulsified systems and also the gastrointestinal environment that proteins are exposed to once consumed when assessing allergenicity.


Input: Wine bottle colour and oxidative spoilage: whole bottle light exposure experiments under controlled and uncontrolled temperature conditions.


Input: Exposure of a Chardonnay wine to light from a mercury vapour lamp under controlled temperature conditions showed that colour enhancement was dependent on bottle colour.

mercury


Input: The increase in colouration was Antique Green < French Green < Arctic Blue < Flint, in agreement with the transmission characteristics of each bottle type.


Input: Xanthylium pigments were identified as one component contributing to the observed enhancement of colour.


Input: The presence of oxygen was shown to be a critical factor to initiate the formation of these xanthylium pigments during light exposure.


Input: Without temperature control, wine colour development was highest in Antique Green and lowest in Flint.


Input: This alternate order reflects the ability of the darker bottles to retain heat longer than lighter coloured ones as confirmed by surface temperature decay rates.


Input: Specific pigments contributing to the wine colour enhancement in uncontrolled temperature/light exposure experiments could not be identified, although tentative evidence was obtained for the presence of flavan-3-ol based compounds.


Input: The different bottle glass surfaces did not influence the rate of loss of dissolved oxygen or oxidation of ascorbic acid.


Input: The potential to develop the results obtained in this study to identify markers for light and/or temperature exposure of white wines is discussed.


Input: Discovery of new potential hits of Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase through ligand-and structure-based drug design approaches.

enoyl


Input: We here report the discovery of novel Plasmodium falciparum enoyl-ACP reductase (PfENR) inhibitors as new antimalarial hits through ligand-and structure-based drug design approaches.

enoyl


Input: We performed 2D and 3D QSAR studies on a set of rhodanine analogues using hologram QSAR (HQSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity indices analysis (CoMSIA) techniques.

rhodanine


Input: Statistical and satisfactory results were obtained for the best HQSAR (r (2) of 0. 968 and qLOO (2) of 0. 751), CoMFA (r (2) of 0. 955 and qLOO (2) of 0. 806) and CoMSIA (r (2) of 0. 965 and qLOO (2) of 0. 659) models.


Input: The information gathered from the QSAR models guided us to design new PfENR inhibitors.


Input: Three new hits were predicted with potency in the submicromolar range and presented drug-like properties.


Input: Exploring the UDP pocket of LpxC through amino acid analogs.

UDP

amino acid


Input: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis is an attractive antibacterial target as it is both conserved and essential for the survival of key pathogenic bacteria.


Input: Lipid A is the hydrophobic anchor for LPS and a key structural component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria.


Input: Lipid A biosynthesis is performed in part by a unique zinc dependent metalloamidase, LpxC (UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine deacetylase), which catalyzes the first non-reversible step in lipid A biosynthesis.

zinc

UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine


Input: The UDP portion of the LpxC substrate-binding pocket has been relatively unexplored.

UDP


Input: We have designed and evaluated a series of hydroxamate based inhibitors which explore the SAR of substitutions directed into the UDP pocket with a range of substituted alpha-amino acid based linkers.

hydroxamate

UDP

alpha-amino acid


Input: We also provide the first wild type structure of Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxC which was utilized in the design of many of these analogs.


Input: EBF2 Determines and Maintains Brown Adipocyte Identity.


Input: The master transcription factor Ppar gamma regulates the general differentiation program of both brown and white adipocytes.


Input: However, it has been unclear whether Ppar gamma also controls fat lineage-specific characteristics.


Input: Here, we show that early B cell factor-2 (Ebf2) regulates Ppar gamma binding activity to determine brown versus white adipocyte identity.


Input: The Ebf DNA-binding motif was highly enriched within brown adipose-specific Ppar gamma binding sites that we identified by genome-wide ChIP-Seq.


Input: Of the Ebf isoforms, Ebf2 was selectively expressed in brown relative to white adipocytes and was bound at brown adipose-specific Ppar gamma target genes.


Input: When expressed in myoblasts or white preadipose cells, Ebf2 recruited Ppar gamma to its brown-selective binding sites and reprogrammed cells to a brown fat fate.


Input: Brown adipose cells and tissue from Ebf2-deficient mice displayed a loss of brown-specific characteristics and thermogenic capacity.


Input: Together, these results identify Ebf2 as a key transcriptional regulator of brown fat cell fate and function.


Input: Phylogeny and phylogeography of Mantophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) reveals cryptic diversity in New Guinea.


Input: New Guinea is one of five high biodiversity wilderness areas, and frog diversity is exceptionally large, with more than 400 species described to date.


Input: The microhylid frog genus Mantophryne is endemic to New Guinea and consists of four species, three of which have narrow geographic distributions and a fourth, M. lateralis, with a broad range that spans the eastern half of the island.


Input: Here, we sequence 104 Mantophryne samples for three mitochondrial and three nuclear loci to reconstruct the first phylogeny of the genus and to examine spatial patterns of diversity within M. lateralis.


Input: Results indicate that the wide-ranging M. lateralis is composed of at least nine geographically separated and well-supported lineages that represent putative species.


Input: Biogeographic analysis suggests that Mantophryne evolved on the eastern Papuan peninsula with subsequent dispersal westward, as well as overwater dispersal events to the Louisiade and D' Entrecasteaux archipelagos.


Input: Levomilnacipran (F2695), a norepinephrine-preferring SNRI: Profile in vitro and in models of depression and anxiety.

Levomilnacipran

norepinephrine


Input: Levomilnacipran (LVM; F2695) is the more active enantiomer of the serotonin/norepinephrine (5-HT/NE) reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) milnacipran and is currently under development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.

Levomilnacipran

LVM

serotonin

norepinephrine

milnacipran


Input: LVM was benchmarked against two other SNRIs, duloxetine and venlafaxine, in biochemical, neurochemical and pharmacological assays.

LVM

duloxetine

venlafaxine


Input: LVM exhibited high affinity for human NE (Ki = 92. 2 nM) and 5-HT (11. 2 nM) transporters, and potently inhibited NE (IC50 = 10. 5 nM) and 5-HT (19. 0 nM) reuptake (human transporter) in vitro.

LVM


Input: LVM had 2-fold greater potency for norepinephrine relative to serotonin reuptake inhibition (i. e. NE/5-HT potency ratio: 0. 6) and 17 and 27 times higher selectivity for NE reuptake inhibition compared with venlafaxine and duloxetine, respectively.

LVM

norepinephrine

serotonin

venlafaxine

duloxetine


Input: LVM did not exhibit affinity for 23 off-target receptors.

LVM


Input: LVM (i. p.) increased cortical extracellular levels of 5-HT, and NE (minimal effective doses: MEDs = 20 and 10 mg/kg, respectively).

LVM


Input: In anti-depressive/anti-stress models, i. p.


Input: LVM diminished immobility time in the mouse forced swim (MED = 20 mg/kg) and tail suspension (MED = 2. 5 mg/kg) tests, and reduced shock-induced ultrasonic vocalizations in rats (MED = 5 mg/kg).

LVM


Input: Duloxetine and venlafaxine were less potent (MEDs >= 10 mg/kg).

Duloxetine

venlafaxine


Input: At doses active in these three therapeutically-relevant models, LVM (i. p.) did not significantly affect spontaneous locomotor activity.

LVM


Input: In summary, LVM is a potent, selective inhibitor of NE and 5-HT transporters with preferential activity at the former.

LVM


Input: It is efficacious in models of anti-depressive/anti-stress activity, with minimal potential for locomotor side effects.


Input: Effect of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8 polymorphism on raloxifene glucuronidation.

UDP

raloxifene


Input: Raloxifene is an antiestrogen marketed for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Raloxifene


Input: The major metabolic pathway of raloxifene is glucuronidation at 6-and/or 4'-positions, which is mainly catalyzed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A8 (UGT1A8) expressed in extrahepatic tissues such as the small intestine and colon.

raloxifene

UDP


Input: Two non-synonymous allelic variants, termed UGT1A8 * 2 (518C > G, A173G) and UGT1A8 * 3 (830G > A, C277Y), have been found in Caucasian, African-American and Asian populations.


Input: In this study, the effect of amino acid substitutions in UGT1A8 on raloxifene glucuronidation was studied using recombinant UGT1A8 enzymes of wild-type (UGT1A8. 1) and variant UGT1A8 (UGT1A8. 2 and UGT1A8. 3) expressed in Sf9 cells.

amino acid

raloxifene


Input: Raloxifene 6-and 4'-glucuronidation by UGT1A8. 1 exhibited negative allosteric kinetics.

Raloxifene


Input: The Km and Vmax values of UGT1A8. 1 were 15. 0 mu M and 111pmol/min/mg protein for 6-glucuronidation, and 9. 35 mu M and 232pmol/min/mg protein for 4'-glucuronidation, respectively.


Input: The kinetics of raloxifene 6-glucuronidation by UGT1A8. 2 was positive allosteric, whereas the kinetics of raloxifene 4'-glucuronidation was negative allosteric.

raloxifene

raloxifene


Input: The S50 value of raloxifene 6-glucuronidation was markedly low (1. 2%) compared with the Km value of UGT1A8. 1, and the Km value for raloxifene 4'-glucuronidation was 29% that of UGT1A8. 1.

raloxifene

raloxifene


Input: The Vmax value for raloxifene 6-glucuronidation by UGT1A8. 2 was comparable to that of UGT1A8. 1, whereas the Vmax value for raloxifene 4'-glucuronidation was significantly lower (54%) than that of UGT1A8. 1.

raloxifene

raloxifene


Input: The activities of raloxifene 6-and 4'-glucuronidation in UGT1A8. 3 were markedly lower than those of UGT1A8. 1.

raloxifene


Input: In mycophenolic acid glucuronidation, the kinetics by wild-type and variant UGT1A8s fitted the Michaelis-Menten model.

mycophenolic acid


Input: The Km and Vmax values of UGT1A8. 1 were 123 mu M and 4820pmol/min/mg protein, respectively.


Input: The Km and Vmax values of UGT1A8. 2 were comparable to those of UGT1A8. 1.


Input: The Km value of UGT1A8. 3 was similar to that of UGT1A8. 1, whereas the Vmax value was reduced to 2. 4% of UGT1A8. 1.


Input: These findings suggest that A173G and C277Y substitutions of UGT1A8 change the metabolic ability toward raloxifene, and that the polymorphic alleles of UGT1A8 may influence the clinical response and bioavailability of medicines metabolized mainly by UGT1A8.

raloxifene


Input: Synthesis and molecular modeling of (4' R)-and (4' S)-4'-substituted 2'-{[(E)-androst-5-en-17-ylidene]-methyl} oxazolines.

(4' R)-and (4' S)-4'-substituted 2'-{[(E)-androst-5-en-17-ylidene]-methyl} oxazolines


Input: Synthesis of four novel (4' R)-and (4' S)-2'-{[(E)-3 beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene]-methyl} oxazolines, comprising 4'-hydroxymethyl (1 and 2) and 4'-methoxycarbonyl (3 and 4) substituents is presented.

(4' R)-and (4' S)-2'-{[(E)-3 beta-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene]-methyl} oxazolines


Input: Reaction of 17 alpha-bromo-21-iodo-3 beta-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one with either (L)-serine methyl ester, or (D)-serine methyl ester resulted in methyl N-[3 beta-acetoxy-21-oxopregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-yl]-(L)-serinate and methyl N-[3 beta-acetoxy-21-oxopregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-yl]-(D)-serinate (as mixtures of related [17 (20) E]-and [17 (20) Z]-isomers).

17 alpha-bromo-21-iodo-3 beta-acetoxypregn-5-en-20-one

(L)-serine methyl ester

(D)-serine methyl ester

methyl N-[3 beta-acetoxy-21-oxopregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-yl]-(L)-serinate

methyl N-[3 beta-acetoxy-21-oxopregna-5, 17 (20)-dien-21-yl]-(D)-serinate


Input: Cyclization of obtained amides led to methyl 2'-{[(E)-3 beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene] methyl}-(4' S)-4', 5'-dihydro-1', 3'-oxazole-4'-carboxylate and methyl 2'-{[(E)-3 beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene] methyl}-(4' R)-4', 5'-dihydro-1', 3'-oxazole-4'-carboxylate which were transformed to titled compounds 1-4.

amides

methyl 2'-{[(E)-3 beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene] methyl}-(4' S)-4', 5'-dihydro-1', 3'-oxazole-4'-carboxylate

methyl 2'-{[(E)-3 beta-acetoxyandrost-5-en-17-ylidene] methyl}-(4' R)-4', 5'-dihydro-1', 3'-oxazole-4'-carboxylate


Input: The molecular docking of compounds 1-4 to ligand binding site of nuclear receptor LXR beta revealed significant differences due to stereochemical configuration of 4' atom and structure of 4'-substituent.


Input: The importance of early bedside echocardiography in children with scorpion envenomation.


Input: Scorpion sting may cause myocardial injury and heart failure (HF).


Input: Clinical signs of failure may develop several hours or even days after the sting, while electrocardiography (ECG) and blood examination soon after the sting may be normal.


Input: We sought to examine whether normal echocardiographic (echo) examination performed shortly after hospital arrival would exclude subsequent HF.


Input: We also sought to check if blood troponin and natriuretic peptide values measured shortly after arrival may predict or exclude subsequent HF.


Input: Natriuretic peptide activities have not been measured in scorpion sting victims.


Input: We also wanted to check if HF occurs in envenomated young infants.


Input: In a 3-year prospective study we looked at the demographic, clinical, laboratory, ECG, and echo data of all patients with general envenomation who arrived at the emergency department (ED) after scorpion sting.


Input: Clinical, laboratory, ECG, and echo results on arrival and 24 h after arrival were checked and compared between groups of patients with normal and abnormal echo on arrival.


Input: We then looked for differences in clinical course, therapy, and outcome between groups.


Input: The study included 98 children aged 80 days to 19 years (median 53. 1 months), 25 were below the age of 2 years.


Input: Envenomation by the " yellow scorpion " Leiurus quinquestriatus was suspected in 74 cases.


Input: Median time between sting and ED arrival was 80 min.


Input: Echo was performed on arrival in 93 of the 98 patients, (in 5 occasions it was not performed or not recorded) 74 were normal and 19 were abnormal.


Input: Abnormal echo included hypokinesia and low fractional shortening and ejection fraction of the left ventricle.


Input: Clinical signs, abnormal ECG, and laboratory results were not discriminative between groups on arrival.


Input: Mean troponin T was higher in patients with abnormal echo, but within normal range in 13 of the 19 patients with abnormal echo and above normal in 2 of the 74 patients with normal echo-missing sensitivity and specificity.


Input: Mean N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide was above normal in both groups but within normal range in 5 patients with abnormal echo and above normal range in 24 patients with normal echo-missing sensitivity and specificity.

N


Input: None of the patients with normal echo had subsequent HF and none of the children younger than 2 years of age had HF.


Input: All patients survived the intoxication and were discharged home without sequel.


Input: We conclude that early echo examination is an important procedure.


Input: In our study, normal examination excluded subsequent HF.


Input: Abnormal examination accelerated cardiac therapy which might have contributed to our favorable outcome.


Input: HF did not occur in infants younger than two years of age.


Input: Complex genomic interactions in the dynamic regulation of transcription by the glucocorticoid receptor.


Input: The glucocorticoid receptor regulates transcriptional output through complex interactions with the genome.


Input: These events require continuous remodeling of chromatin, interactions of the glucocorticoid receptor with chaperones and other accessory factors, and recycling of the receptor by the proteasome.


Input: Therefore, the cohort of factors expressed in a particular cell type can determine the physiological outcome upon treatment with glucocorticoid hormones.


Input: In addition, circadian and ultradian cycling of hormones can also affect GR response.


Input: Here we will discuss revision of the classical static model of GR binding to response elements to incorporate recent findings from single cell and genome-wide analyses of GR regulation.


Input: We will highlight how these studies have changed our views on the dynamics of GR recruitment and its modulation of gene expression.


Input: Anti-apoptotic cardioprotective effects of SHP-1 gene silencing against ischemia-reperfusion injury: Use of deoxycholic acid-modified low molecular weight polyethyleneimine as a cardiac siRNA-carrier.

deoxycholic acid

polyethyleneimine


Input: The cardiomyocyte apoptosis plays a critical role in the development of myocardial injury after ischemia and reperfusion.


Input: Thus, alteration of the major apoptosis-regulatory factors during myocardial ischemia-reperfusion is expected to have favorable cardioprotective effects.


Input: Herein, we report ischemic-reperfused myocardial infarction (MI) repair with siRNA against Src homology region 2 domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1), which is known as a key factor involved in regulating the progress of apoptosis in many cell types.

tyrosine


Input: A low molecular weight polyethyleneimine modified with deoxycholic acid (PEI1. 8-DA)-based delivery strategy was suggested for the cardiac application of SHP-1 siRNA to overcome the poor gene delivery efficiency to myocardium due to the highly charged structures of the compact cardiac muscles.

polyethyleneimine

deoxycholic acid


Input: The PEI1. 8-DA conjugates formed stable nanocomplexes with SHP-1 siRNA via electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions.


Input: The PEI1. 8-DA/SHP-1 siRNA polyplexes effectively silenced SHP-1 gene expression in cardiomyocytes, leading to a significant inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis under hypoxia.


Input: In comparison to conventional gene carriers, relatively large amounts of siRNA molecules remained after treatment with the PEI1. 8-DA/SHP-1 siRNA polyplexes.


Input: Cardiac administration of the PEI1. 8-DA/SHP-1 siRNA polyplexes resulted in substantial improvement in SHP-1 gene silencing, which can be explained by the enhancement of cardiac delivery efficiency of the PEI1. 8-DA conjugates.


Input: In addition, in vivo treatment with the PEI1. 8-DA/SHP-1 siRNA polyplexes induced a highly significant reduction in myocardial apoptosis and infarct size in rat MI models.


Input: These results demonstrate that the PEI1. 8-DA/SHP-1 siRNA polyplex formulation is a useful system for efficient gene delivery into the compact myocardium that provides a fundamental advantage in treating ischemic-reperfused MI.


Input: The interaction of a polymeric persimmon proanthocyanidin fraction with Chinese cobra PLA2 and BSA.

proanthocyanidin


Input: To elucidate the anti-venom mechanism of persimmon tannin, the interaction between a polymeric persimmon proanthocyanidin fraction (PT40) and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) or bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied using a competitive binding assay and spectroscopic methods including Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), circular dichroism (CD), and resonance light scattering (RLS) spectroscopy.

proanthocyanidin


Input: The results revealed that PT40 has a higher affinity for PLA2 than for BSA at physiological pH and induced greater conformational changes in PLA2 than in BSA.


Input: PT40 covalently bound to PLA2 in a reaction probably involving Lys residues.

Lys


Input: We propose that the high affinity of PT40 for PLA2 and the covalent modification of PLA2 by PT40 may be responsible for the ability of the tannin to irreversibly inhibit PLA2 catalytic activity, to prevent edema, and to neutralize the lethality of Chinese cobra PLA2in vivo.


Input: Characterization and skin permeation of ketoprofen loaded vesicular systems.

ketoprofen


Input: PURPOSE: To determine the effect of elasticity on the skin permeation of ketoprofen from surfactant-based vesicular formulations and elastic liposomes.

ketoprofen


Input: METHODS: Ketoprofen loaded surfactant-based vesicles and elastic liposomes were prepared by sonication.

Ketoprofen


Input: Citric buffer (at pH 3. 0) was used as rehydration buffer.


Input: Characterization studies of the prepared liposomal formulations were performed by dynamic light scattering, extrusion, and (1) H and (31) P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

(1) H

(31) P


Input: Ketoprofen transport studies across human skin were performed for all formulations.

Ketoprofen


Input: RESULTS: Stable ketoprofen loaded formulations were prepared.

ketoprofen


Input: Addition of an edge activator, in the absence of the drug, increased the elasticity of the vesicles and liposomes.


Input: Ketoprofen loading reduced the elasticity of the liposomes and surfactant-based-vesicles.

Ketoprofen


Input: However, at saturation the elasticity was still higher than that in the absence of the edge activator and ketoprofen, except for ketoprofen loaded liposomes with Span 80.

ketoprofen

ketoprofen


Input: NMR studies revealed that the ketoprofen molecules were entrapped in a vesicle bilayer in all vesicular formulations, and that the ketoprofen molecules affected the phosphate mobility in the liposomal formulations.

ketoprofen

ketoprofen

phosphate


Input: Ketoprofen transport studies across human skin clearly showed that the surfactant-based vesicular formulations were superior to the elastic liposomal formulations.

Ketoprofen


Input: CONCLUSION: Surfactant-based vesicles enhance ketoprofen transport across human skin, while no enhancement of ketoprofen was observed when loaded in elastic liposomes.

ketoprofen

ketoprofen


Input: Sphaerospora sensu stricto: Taxonomy, diversity and evolution of a unique lineage of myxosporeans (Myxozoa).


Input: Myxosporeans (Myxozoa) are eukaryotic parasites, primarily of fish, whose classification is in a state of flux as taxonomists attempt to synthesize the traditional morphology-based system with emerging DNA sequence-based phylogenies.


Input: The genus Sphaerospora Th e lohan, 1892, which includes pathogenic species that cause significant impacts on fisheries and aquaculture, is one of the most polyphyletic taxa and exemplifies the current challenges facing myxozoan taxonomists.


Input: The type species, S. elegans, clusters within the Sphaerospora sensu stricto clade, members of which share similar tissue tropism and long insertions in their variable rRNA gene regions.


Input: However, other morphologically similar sphaerosporids lie in different branches of myxozoan phylogenetic trees.


Input: Herein, we significantly extend taxonomic sampling of sphaerosporids with SSU + LSU rDNA and EF-2 sequence data for 12 taxa including three representatives of the morphologically similar genus Polysporoplasma Sitj a-Bobadilla et A lvarez-Pellitero, 1995.


Input: These taxa were sampled from different vertebrate host groups, biogeographic realms and environments.


Input: Our phylogenetic analyses and statistical tests of single and concatenated datasets revealed Sphaerospora s.


Input: s. as a strongly supported monophyletic lineage, that clustered sister to the whole myxosporean clade (freshwater + marine lineages).


Input: Generally, Sphaerospora s.


Input: s.


Input: rDNA sequences (up to 3. 7kb) are the longest of all myxozoans and indeed metazoans.


Input: The sphaerosporid clade has two lineages, which have specific morphological, biological and sequence traits.


Input: Lineage A taxa (marine Sphaerospora spp.) have a single binucleate sporoplasm and shorter AT-rich rDNA inserts.


Input: Lineage B taxa (freshwater/brackish Sphaerospora spp. + marine/brackish Polysporoplasma spp.) have 2-12 uninucleate sporoplasms and longer GC-rich rDNA inserts.


Input: Lineage B has four subclades that correlate with host group and habitat; all Polysporoplasma species, including the type species, cluster together in one of these subclades.


Input: We thus suppress the genus Polysporoplasma and the family Polysporoplasmidae and emend the generic diagnosis of the genus Sphaerospora.


Input: The combination of morphological, biological and DNA sequence data applied in this study helped to elucidate an important part of the taxonomic puzzle within the phylum Myxozoa.


Input: Sex specific impact of perinatal bisphenol A (BPA) exposure over a range of orally administered doses on rat hypothalamic sexual differentiation.

bisphenol A

BPA


Input: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a high volume production chemical used in polycarbonate plastics, epoxy resins, thermal paper receipts, and other household products.

Bisphenol A

BPA

polycarbonate

epoxy


Input: The neural effects of early life BPA exposure, particularly to low doses administered orally, remain unclear.

BPA


Input: Thus, to better characterize the dose range over which BPA alters sex specific neuroanatomy, we examined the impact of perinatal BPA exposure on two sexually dimorphic regions in the anterior hypothalamus, the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) and the anterioventral periventricular (AVPV) nucleus.

BPA

BPA


Input: Both are sexually differentiated by estradiol and play a role in sex specific reproductive physiology and behavior.

estradiol


Input: Long Evans rats were prenatally exposed to 10, 100, 1000, 10, 000 mu g/kg bw/day BPA through daily, non-invasive oral administration of dosed-cookies to the dams.

BPA


Input: Offspring were reared to adulthood.


Input: Their brains were collected and immunolabeled for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in the AVPV and calbindin (CALB) in the SDN-POA.

tyrosine


Input: We observed decreased TH-ir cell numbers in the female AVPV across all exposure groups, an effect indicative of masculinization.


Input: In males, AVPV TH-ir cell numbers were significantly reduced in only the BPA 10 and BPA 10, 000 groups.

BPA

BPA


Input: SDN-POA endpoints were unaltered in females but in males SDN-POA volume was significantly lower in all BPA exposure groups.

BPA


Input: CALB-ir was significantly lower in all but the BPA 1000 group.

BPA


Input: These effects are consistent with demasculinization.


Input: Collectively these data demonstrate that early life oral exposure to BPA at levels well below the current No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) of 50mg/kg/day can alter sex specific hypothalamic morphology in the rat.

BPA


Input: Synthesis of C17-OH-north unit of ritterazine G via " Red-Ox " modifications of hecogenin acetate.

OH

ritterazine G

hecogenin acetate


Input: The C17-OH-north unit of ritterazine G was prepared in 13 steps from hecogenin acetate.

OH

ritterazine G

hecogenin acetate


Input: This synthesis features a highly efficient and stereoselective introduction of the C17-OH via E-ring cleavage/F-ring formation, D-ring oxidation, and F-ring cleavage/E-ring formation.

OH


Input: Oxyphytosterol formation in humans: Identification of high vs. low oxidizers.

Oxyphytosterol


Input: Animal studies suggest that oxyphytosterols are atherogenic.

oxyphytosterols


Input: However, we have previously shown that plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations did not increase after consuming a diet enriched in plant sterol esters (3g/day), while minor reductions were seen after consuming a plant stanol ester-enriched diet.

oxyphytosterol

sterol esters

stanol ester


Input: Large variations in oxyphytosterol concentrations between individuals however existed.

oxyphytosterol


Input: The aim of this study was to identify factors that may explain inter-individual differences in plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations.

oxyphytosterol


Input: For this, 43 subjects consumed for 4 weeks in random order a plant sterol, stanol and control margarine.

sterol

stanol


Input: Plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations were determined in butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT)-enriched EDTA plasma via GC-MS and serum oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) concentrations were analyzed via ELISA.

oxyphytosterol

butylated hydroxytoluene

BHT

EDTA


Input: Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values, alpha-tocopherol concentrations and iron/copper status were determined to assess plasma oxidative and anti-oxidative capacity.

Trolox

alpha-tocopherol

iron

copper


Input: Serum (non-oxidized) sitosterol and campesterol concentrations did not correlate with plasma oxysitosterol and oxycampesterol concentrations during any of the three dietary interventions.

sitosterol

campesterol

oxysitosterol

oxycampesterol


Input: Moreover, plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations remained relatively stable over time.

oxyphytosterol


Input: Six subjects could be arbitrarily classified as having consistent low or high plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations, which was also reflected in oxLDL concentrations.

oxyphytosterol


Input: However, oxidative and anti-oxidative capacity markers, such as iron/copper status, alpha-tocopherol concentrations and TEAC values, could not explain these differences.

iron

copper

alpha-tocopherol


Input: In conclusion, subjects seem to have consistent plasma oxyphytosterol concentrations, which resulted in the identification of' low and high oxidizers'.

oxyphytosterol


Input: Differences, however, could not be attributed to the oxidative and anti-oxidative capacity markers analyzed.


Input: HDL particle functionality as a primary pharmacological target for HDL-based therapies.


Input: Despite all existing pharmaceuticals aiming at effectively reducing LDL cholesterol, the steadily increasing prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD) worldwide shifted focus on HDL as an alternative therapeutic target for the treatment of CHD.

cholesterol


Input: Indeed, based on the results from epidemiological studies, high HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been traditionally associated to atheroprotection.

cholesterol


Input: Therefore, current drug design considers plasma HDL-C levels as a primary pharmacological target for combating CHD.


Input: However, this approach does not take into consideration the fact that HDL is a rather heterogeneous mixture of lipoprotein particles with distinct apolipoprotein and lipid composition that dictate their atheroprotective or proatherogenic function.


Input: This may explain why simply raising HDL-C levels by pharmacological means has yet to yield the expected atheroprotection in recent clinical trials.


Input: In this review we argue that HDL particle functionality rather than HDL-C levels should be the primary target in the rational design of new HDL-based pharmaceuticals aiming at successfully treating CHD.


Input: Current perspectives on parathyroid hormone (PTH) and PTH-related protein (PTHrP) as bone anabolic therapies.


Input: Osteoporosis is characterized by low bone mineral density and/or poor bone microarchitecture leading to an increased risk of fractures.


Input: The skeletal alterations in osteoporosis are a consequence of a relative deficit of bone formation compared to bone resorption.


Input: Osteoporosis therapies have mostly relied on antiresorptive drugs.


Input: An alternative therapeutic approach for osteoporosis is currently available, based on the intermittent administration of parathyroid hormone (PTH).


Input: Bone anabolism caused by PTH therapy is mainly accounted for by the ability of PTH to increase osteoblastogenesis and osteoblast survival.


Input: PTH and PTH-related protein (PTHrP)-an abundant local factor in bone-interact with the common PTH type 1 receptor with similar affinities in osteoblasts.


Input: Studies mainly in osteoporosis rodent models and limited data in postmenopausal women suggest that N-terminal PTHrP peptides might be considered a promising bone anabolic therapy.

N


Input: In addition, putative osteogenic actions of PTHrP might be ascribed not only to its N-terminal domain but also to its PTH-unrelated C-terminal region.

N

C


Input: In this review, we discuss the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms of the anabolic actions of PTH and the similar potential of PTH-related protein (PTHrP) to increase bone mass and improve bone regeneration.


Input: Pharmacokinetics and the drug-target residence time concept.


Input: The concept of drug-target residence time has been in focus in recent drug discovery literature.


Input: However, few studies consider the combined effect of pharmacokinetics (PK) and binding kinetics (BK) on the duration of effect of a drug.


Input: Using a simple model that takes both PK and BK into account, we found that prolongation of binding owing to a long drug-target residence time can only occur when the binding dissociation is slower than the PK elimination.


Input: Data for several drugs and/or drug candidates in the literature indicate that the opposite is observed, that is, they have a slower elimination compared with dissociation.


Input: These observations greatly reduce the usability of drug-target residence times for estimating the duration of effect of a drug in vivo.


Input: Astaxanthin ameliorates lung fibrosis in vivo and in vitro by preventing transdifferentiation, inhibiting proliferation, and promoting apoptosis of activated cells.

Astaxanthin


Input: Astaxanthin, a member of the carotenoid family, is the only known ketocarotenoid transported into the brain by transcytosis through the blood-brain barrier.

Astaxanthin


Input: However, whether astaxanthin has antifibrotic functions is unknown.

astaxanthin


Input: In this study, we investigated the effects of astaxanthin on transforming growth factor beta 1-mediated and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in vitro and in vivo.

astaxanthin

bleomycin


Input: The results showed that astaxanthin significantly improved the structure of the alveoli and alleviated collagen deposition in vivo.

astaxanthin


Input: Compared with the control group, the astaxanthin-treated groups exhibited downregulated protein expressions of alpha-smooth muscle actin, vimentin, hydroxyproline, and B cell lymphoma/leukemia-2 as well as upregulated protein expressions of E-cadherin and p53 in vitro and in vivo.

astaxanthin

hydroxyproline


Input: Astaxanthin also inhibited the proliferation of activated A549 and MRC-5 cells at median inhibitory concentrations of 40 and 30 mu M, respectively.

Astaxanthin