Input: Comprehensive prediction in 78 human cell lines reveals rigidity and compactness of transcription factor dimers.


Input: The binding of transcription factors (TFs) to their specific motifs in genomic regulatory regions is commonly studied in isolation.


Input: However, in order to elucidate the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation, it is essential to determine which TFs bind DNA cooperatively as dimers, and to infer the precise nature of these interactions.


Input: So far, only a small number of such dimeric complexes are known.


Input: Here, we present an algorithm for predicting cell-type-specific TF-TF dimerization on DNA on a large scale, using DNase I hypersensitivity data from 78 human cell lines.


Input: We represented the universe of possible TF complexes by their corresponding motif complexes, and analyzed their occurrence at cell-type-specific DNase I hypersensitive sites.


Input: Based on ~ 1. 4 billion tests for motif complex enrichment, we predicted 603 highly significant cell-type-specific TF dimers, the vast majority of which are novel.


Input: Our predictions included 76% (19/25) of the known dimeric complexes and showed significant overlap with an experimental database of protein-protein interactions.


Input: They were also independently supported by evolutionary conservation, as well as quantitative variation in DNase I digestion patterns.


Input: Notably, the known and predicted TF dimers were almost always highly compact and rigidly spaced, suggesting that TFs dimerize in close proximity to their partners, which results in strict constraints on the structure of the DNA-bound complex.


Input: Overall, our results indicate that chromatin openness profiles are highly predictive of cell-type-specific TF-TF interactions.


Input: Moreover, cooperative TF dimerization seems to be a widespread phenomenon, with multiple TF complexes predicted in most cell types.


Input: Genomic variation in the MAP3K5 gene is associated with beta-thalassemia disease severity and hydroxyurea treatment efficacy.

hydroxyurea


Input: Aim: In this study we explored the association between genetic variations in MAP3K5 and PDE7B genes, residing on chromosome 6q23, and disease severity in beta-hemoglobinopathy patients, as well as the association between these variants with response to hydroxyurea (HU) treatment.

hydroxyurea


Input: Furthermore, we examined MAP3K5 expression in the context of high fetal hemoglobin (HbF) and upon HU treatment in erythroid progenitor cells from healthy and KLF1 haploinsufficient individuals.


Input: Materials & methods: For this purpose, we genotyped beta-thalassemia intermedia and major patients and healthy controls, as well as a cohort of compound heterozygous sickle cell disease/beta-thalassemia patients receiving HU as HbF augmentation treatment.


Input: Furthermore, we examined MAP3K5 expression in the context of high HbF and upon HU treatment in erythroid progenitor cells from healthy and KLF1 haploinsufficient individuals.


Input: Results: A short tandem repeat in the MAP3K5 promoter and two intronic MAP3K5 gene variants, as well as a PDE7B variant, are associated with low HbF levels and a severe disease phenotype.


Input: Moreover, MAP3K5 mRNA expression levels are altered in the context of high HbF and are affected by the presence of HU.


Input: Lastly, the abovementioned MAP3K5 variants are associated with HU treatment efficacy.


Input: Conclusion: Our data suggest that these MAP3K5 variants are indicative of beta-thalassemia disease severity and response to HU treatment.


Input: Original submitted 24 September 2012; Revision submitted 4 February 2013.


Input: Association of ATP-binding cassette transporter variants with the risk of Alzheimer' s disease.

ATP


Input: Aim: A number of studies have demonstrated that ABCB1 and BCRP (ABCG2) actively transport A beta.


Input: We aimed to investigate the association of genetic variants of selected multidrug transporters with Alzheimer' s disease (AD) in histopathologically confirmed AD cases and controls.


Input: Materials & methods: DNA from brain tissue of 71 AD cases with Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer' s Disease (CERAD) neuropathological stages B/C and 81 controls was genotyped for selected variants in ABCA1, ABCA7, ABCB1, ABCC2 and ABCG2.


Input: In addition, the APOE4 status was analyzed.


Input: Results: The novel ABCA7 SNP, rs3752246, tended to be associated with AD in our study.


Input: Variants in ABCB1 were significantly less frequent in AD cases older than 65 years of age and among females.


Input: This association of ABCB1 2677G > T (rs2032582) was more pronounced in APOE4-negative cases (p = 0. 005).


Input: However, only ABCC2 3972C > T (rs3740066) was significantly associated with AD risk after logistic regression analysis including all variants.


Input: Other transporters showed a lack of association.


Input: Conclusion: Our results support the hypothesis that ABCB1 and possibly other ABC-transporters are involved in the process of A beta accumulation in the aging brain and may modulate the risk for AD in an allele-specific manner, and thus might represent a new target for prevention and treatment of AD.


Input: Original submitted 8 October 2012; Revision submitted 22 January 2013.


Input: Association of a functional FAAH polymorphism with methamphetamine-induced symptoms and dependence in a Malaysian population.

methamphetamine


Input: Aim: FAAH is a membrane enzyme that terminates the activity of a large class of endogenous signaling lipids.


Input: Recent studies suggest that the FAAH Pro129Thr polymorphism is a common mutation in the FAAH gene that is significantly associated with drug-addictive traits.


Input: This study investigated the association of the Pro129Thr polymorphism of the FAAH gene with methamphetamine dependence, methamphetamine-induced psychosis, manic episodes and panic disorder in a Malaysian population.

methamphetamine

methamphetamine


Input: Materials & methods: This polymorphism was genotyped in 232 male methamphetamine-dependent subjects and in 241 male controls of four different ethnicities: Malay, Chinese, Kadazan-Dusun and Bajau.

methamphetamine


Input: Intergroup statistical analyses were performed by using the chi (2)-square test and Fisher' s exact test, where necessary.


Input: In cases of multiple comparisons, the Bonferroni correction was performed.


Input: Results: Our results indicated that the FAAH Pro129Thr polymorphism showed a significant association with risk of methamphetamine dependence in the pooled subjects (odds ratio [OR]: 2. 017; p < 0. 001) and in the Malay (OR: 2. 829; p < 0. 001) and Chinese (OR: 3. 685; p < 0. 001) groups.

methamphetamine


Input: We also found an association of this polymorphism with episodes of methamphetamine-induced mania in the Malay group (OR: 2. 836; p = 0. 035).

methamphetamine


Input: However, there was no association between this polymorphism and age of onset of drug use or the occurrence of methamphetamine-induced psychosis or of panic disorder.

methamphetamine


Input: Conclusion: Our findings suggest that the FAAH Pro129Thr polymorphism may contribute to methamphetamine dependence in the Malay and Chinese ethnic groups.

methamphetamine


Input: Original submitted 4 October 2012; Revision submitted 1 February 2013.


Input: Pharmacogenetics of opiates in clinical practice: the visible tip of the iceberg.


Input: Opioids are the cornerstone of analgesic therapy and are used as a substitution therapy for opiate addiction.


Input: Interindividual variability in response to opioids is a significant challenge in the management of pain and substitution.


Input: Therefore, treatment with opioids requires a careful individualization of dosage to achieve an appropriate balance of efficacy and adverse effects and, consequently, avoid toxicity, particularly respiratory depression, sedation and for some, cardiac ventricular fibrillations.


Input: Many studies have investigated the association between genetic factors and the variability of response to opioids.


Input: Variants in genes encoding proteins implied in opioid pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity), together with those implied in opioids direct and indirect pharmacodynamics (genes of opioid receptors and monoaminergic systems), are the most studied.


Input: Many association studies have not been replicated.


Input: The purpose of this article is to summarize pharmacogenetic data associated with some opioids frequently encountered in managed care settings.


Input: New Analysis of the nu 3 and nu 4 Bands of HNO3 in the 7. 6 mu m Region.


Input: A new line position analysis of the nu3 and nu4 bands of nitric acid (HNO3) at 1326. 186 and 1303. 072 cm-1 together with its associated interacting bands is presented.

nitric acid


Input: The 3 ^ 1 and 4 ^ 1 energy levels were obtained from an extended analysis of high resolution Fourier transform spectra recorded at Giessen in the 7. 6 micro m region.


Input: The energy levels of 3 ^ 1 and 4 ^ 1 upper states of nitric acid are strongly interacting with those of the 9 ^ 3, 6 ^ 2, 5 ^ 19 ^ 1 and 7 ^ 18 ^ 1 dark states centered at 1288. 899, 1289. 46, 1341. 05 and 1343. 78 cm-1, respectively.

nitric acid


Input: Informations on these perturbing dark states were achieved through previous partial investigations of hot bands in high resolution Fourier transform spectra recorded at 22 micro m in Giessen (for 3nu9-2nu9 and 3nu9-nu5), at 12 micro m in Denver (for 3nu9-nu9), and at 11 micro m in Orsay (for nu5 + nu9-nu9).


Input: The energy levels calculation accounts for the various Fermi, anharmonic, A-type, B-type and C-type Coriolis resonances which couple together the {6 ^ 2, 9 ^ 3, 4 ^ 1, 3 ^ 1, 5 ^ 19 ^ 1, 7 ^ 18 ^ 1} interacting energy levels.


Input: For nitric acid the nu9 mode (OH torsion relative to the-NO2 moiety) is a large amplitude motion.

nitric acid

OH


Input: The theoretical model used in this work accounts also for large amplitude effects in the 93 dark state which lead to a splitting of the 93 energy levels of about 0. 060 cm-1.


Input: In this way the existence of " torsional " splittings for several nu4 perturbed lines was explained by the occurrence of local A-type and B-type Coriolis resonances coupling the 4 ^ 1 energy levels with those of 93.


Input: Because four dark bands had to be accounted for in the model, the results of the energy levels calculations are reasonable, although not perfect.


Input: However a very significant improvement was achieved in term of understanding the 7. 6 micro m absorbing bands of nitric acid as compared to the analysis of the nu3 and nu4 bands performed several years ago [Perrin, A.; Lado-Bordowski, O.; Valentin, A. Mol. Phys. 1989, 67, 249-267].

nitric acid


Input: Finally the present analysis also features, for the first time, the nu3 + nu9-nu9 hot band located at 1331. 09 cm-1.


Input: Impact of longitudinal exposure to mycophenolic acid on acute rejection in renal-transplant recipients using a joint modeling approach.

mycophenolic acid


Input: This study aimed to investigate the association between longitudinal exposure to mycophenolic acid (MPA) and acute rejection (AR) risk in the first year after renal transplantation, and to propose MPA exposure targets conditionally to this association.

mycophenolic acid

MPA

MPA


Input: A joint model, adjusted for monitoring strategy (fixed-dose versus concentration-controlled) and recipient age, was developed; it combined a mixed-effects model to describe the whole pattern of MPA exposure (i. e. area under the concentration-time curve (AUC)) and a survival model.

MPA


Input: MPA AUC thresholds were determined using time-dependent receiver-operating characteristics (ROC) curves.

MPA


Input: Data from 490 adult renal-transplant recipients, representative of the general population of adult renal-transplant patients (i. e. including patients considered at low immunological risk-enrolled in the OPERA trial as well as second renal transplant and patients co-treated by either cyclosporine or tacrolimus), were analyzed.

cyclosporine

tacrolimus


Input: A significant association was found between the longitudinal exposure to MPA (MPA AUCs = f (t)) and AR (p = 0. 0081), and validated by bootstrapping.

MPA

MPA


Input: A significant positive correlation was observed between time post-transplantation and ROC thresholds which increased in average from 35mgh/L in the first days to 41mgh/L beyond six months post-transplantation (p < 0. 001).


Input: Using a new modeling approach which recognizes the repeated measures in a same patient, this study supports the association between MPA exposure and AR.

MPA


Input: One-year supplementation with a grape extract containing resveratrol modulates inflammatory-related microRNAs and cytokines expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of type 2 diabetes and hypertensive patients with coronary artery disease.

resveratrol


Input: Numerous studies have shown that resveratrol (RES) exerts anti-inflammatory effects but human trials evidencing these effects in vivo are limited.

resveratrol

RES


Input: Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms triggered in humans following the oral intake of RES are not yet understood.

RES


Input: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular changes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) associated to the one-year daily intake of a RES enriched (8mg) grape extract (GE-RES) in hypertensive male patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

RES

RES


Input: We used microarrays and RT-PCR to analyze expression changes in genes and microRNAs (miRs) involved in the inflammatory response modulated by the consumption of GE-RES in comparison to a placebo and GE lacking RES.

RES

RES


Input: We also examined the changes in several serobiochemical variables, inflammatory and fibrinolytic markers.


Input: Our results showed that supplementation with GE or GE-RES did not affect body weight, blood pressure, glucose, HbA1c or lipids, beyond the values regulated by gold standard medication in these patients.

RES

glucose


Input: We did not find either any significant change on serum inflammatory markers except for a significant reduction of ALP and IL-6 levels.


Input: The expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines CCL3, IL-1 beta and TNF-alpha was significantly reduced and that of the transcriptional repressor LRRFIP-1 increased in PBMCs from patients taking the GE-RES extract.

RES


Input: Also, a group of miRs involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response: miR-21, miR-181b, miR-663, miR-30c2, miR-155 and miR-34a were found to be highly correlated and altered in the group consuming the GE-RES for 12 months.

RES


Input: Our results provide preliminary evidence that long-term supplementation with a grape extract containing RES downregulates the expression of key pro-inflammatory cytokines with the involvement of inflammation-related miRs in circulating immune cells of T2DM hypertensive medicated patients and support a beneficial immunomodulatory effect in these patients.

RES


Input: Systems analysis of genetic variation in MPTP neurotoxicity in mice.

MPTP


Input: We analyzed genetic variation in severity of neuronal damage using the known dopaminergic neurotoxicant, MPTP, as a prototypical chemical denervation agent.

MPTP


Input: Male mice from ten members of the BXD family of recombinant inbred strains received 12. 5mg/kg MPTP s. c.

MPTP


Input: (vs. saline) and 48h later brains were taken for multiple related biochemical analyses.


Input: Striatal dopamine (DA) and its metabolites, DOPAC and HVA, and serotonin and its metabolite, 5-HIAAA, were analyzed by HPLC.

dopamine

DOPAC

HVA

serotonin


Input: DA turnover was assessed using DOPAC/DA and HVA/DA ratios.

DOPAC

HVA


Input: Striatal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), glial fibrilary acidic protein (GFAP), and iron content in ventral midbrain were quantified.

tyrosine

iron


Input: All dopamine measures, as well as TH and GFAP, demonstrated wide, genotype-dependent differences in response to MPTP.

dopamine

MPTP


Input: Serotonin was largely unaffected.

Serotonin


Input: Principal components analysis (PC) on difference values, saline minus MPTP, for DA, DOPAC, HVA, and TH, yielded a dominant principal component.

MPTP

DOPAC

HVA


Input: The PC trait residuals for each genotype were compared against complementary expression data for striatum of the same strains.


Input: Three transcripts representing Mtap2, Lancl 1, and Kansl1l were highly correlated with the PC, as was the difference score, MPTP minus saline for GFAP.

MPTP


Input: This systems approach to the study of environmental neurotoxicants holds promise to define individual genetic differences that contribute to variability in susceptibility to risk factors for diseases such as Parkinson' s disease.


Input: Design, synthesis and cytotoxicity of cell death mechanism of rotundic acid derivatives.

rotundic acid


Input: In the present investigation, 16 new rotundic acid (RA) derivatives modified at the C-3, C-23 and C-28 positions were synthesized.

rotundic acid


Input: The cytotoxicities of the derivatives were evaluated against HeLa, A375, HepG2, SPC-A1 and NCI-H446 human tumor cell lines by MTT assay.

MTT


Input: Among these derivatives, compounds 4-7 exhibited stronger cell growth inhibitory than RA and compound 4 was found to be the best inhibition activity on five human tumor cell lines with IC50 < 10 mu M.


Input: The apoptosis mechanism of compound 4 in HeLa cells was investigated by western blot analysis.


Input: The results indicated that compound 4 could induce apoptosis through increasing protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax, and decreasing protein expression of Bcl-2.


Input: In summary, the present work suggests that compound 4 might serve as an effective chemotherapeutic candidate.


Input: Inhibition of PDGFR alpha by MEDI-575 Reduces Tumor Growth and Stromal Fibroblast Content in a Model of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.


Input: Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFR alpha) is a receptor tyrosine kinase that promotes cell survival and is expressed in both the tumor and the stromal components of human cancers.

tyrosine


Input: We have developed a fully human monoclonal antibody, MEDI-575, that selectively binds to human PDGFR alpha with high affinity, with no observable affinity for murine PDGFR alpha.


Input: To more fully characterize the role of PDGFR alpha in the regulation of tumor stroma, we evaluated the in vivo antitumor effects of MEDI-575 in tumor-bearing SCID mice and in genetically altered SCID mice expressing human PDGFR alpha in place of murine PDGFR alpha.


Input: We utilized the Calu-6 non-small cell lung cancer model, because it lacks an in vitro proliferative response to PDGFR alpha activation.


Input: Antitumor activity was observed when the study was performed in mice expressing the human receptor, but no activity was observed in the mice expressing the murine receptor.


Input: Immunohistological analysis of tumors from mice expressing human PDGFR alpha showed a highly significant reduction in stromal fibroblast content and only minor changes in tumor proliferative index in tumors exposed to MEDI-575 compared to the results seen in vehicle-treated tumors or tumors from mice expressing murine PDGFR alpha.


Input: Additional in vitro studies indicated that exposure of primary cancer-associated fibroblasts to MEDI-575 can directly affect proliferation and key signaling pathways in these cells.


Input: These results highlight the potential for observing antitumor activity with MEDI-575 through modulation of the stromal component of tumors and confirm that the PDGFR alpha pathway can play a role in maintaining a tumor microenvironment conducive to tumor growth.


Input: Supramolecular H-bonded porous networks at surfaces: exploiting primary and secondary interactions in a bi-component melamine-xanthine system.

H

melamine

xanthine


Input: The control over the formation of a bi-component porous network was attained by the self-assembly at a solid-liquid interface by exploiting both primary and secondary non-covalent interactions between melamine and N (3)-alkylated xanthine modules.

melamine

N (3)-alkylated xanthine


Input: Porphyromonas gingivalis virulence factor gingipain RgpB shows a unique zymogenic mechanism for cysteine peptidases.

cysteine


Input: Zymogenicity is a regulatory mechanism which prevents inadequate catalytic activity in the wrong context.


Input: It plays a central role in maintaining microbial virulence factors in an inactive form inside the pathogen until secretion.


Input: Among these virulence factors is the cysteine peptidase gingipain B (RgpB), which is the major virulence factor secreted by the periodontopathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis that attacks host vasculature and defense proteins.

cysteine


Input: The structure of the complex between soluble mature RgpB, consisting of a catalytic domain and an immunoglobulin-superfamily domain, and its 205-residue N-terminal pro-domain, the largest structurally characterized to date for a cysteine peptidase, reveals a novel fold for the pro-domain that is distantly related to sugar-binding lectins.

N

cysteine

sugar


Input: It attaches laterally to the catalytic domain through a large concave surface.


Input: The main determinant for latency is a surface inhibitory loop, which approaches the active-site cleft of the enzyme on its non-primed side in a substrate-like manner.


Input: It inserts an arginine (R126) into the S1 pocket, thus matching the substrate specificity of the enzyme.

arginine


Input: Downstream of R126, the polypeptide leaves the cleft, thereby preventing cleavage.


Input: Moreover, the carbonyl group of R126 establishes a very strong hydrogen bond with the co-catalytic histidine, H440, pulling it away from the catalytic cysteine, C473, and towards E381, which probably plays a role orienting the side chain of H440 during catalysis.

carbonyl

hydrogen

histidine

cysteine


Input: The present results provide the structural determinants of zymogenic inhibition of RgpB by way of a novel inhibitory mechanism for peptidases in general and open the field for the design of novel inhibitory strategies in the treatment of human periodontal disease.


Input: Disruption of Ttll5/Stamp gene (Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like protein 5/SRC-1 and TIF2 associated modulatory protein gene) in male mice causes sperm malformation and infertility.


Input: Tubulin tyrosine ligase-like family member 5 (TTLL5/STAMP) has multiple activities in cells.


Input: TTLL5 is one of 13 TTLLs, has polyglutamylation activity, augments the activity of p160 coactivators (SRC-1 and TIF2) in glucocorticoid receptor-regulated gene induction and repression, and displays steroid-independent growth activity with several cell types.


Input: To examine TTLL5/STAMP functions in whole animals, mice were prepared with an internal deletion that eliminated several activities of the Stamp gene.


Input: This mutation causes both reduced levels of STAMP mRNA and C-terminal truncation of STAMP protein.

C


Input: Homozygous targeted mutant (Stamptm/tm) mice appear normal except for marked decreases in male fertility associated with defects in progressive sperm motility.


Input: Abnormal axonemal structures with loss of tubulin doublets occur in most Stamptm/tm sperm tails in conjunction with substantial reduction in alpha-tubulin polyglutamylation, which closely correlates with the reduction in mutant STAMP mRNA.


Input: The axonemes in other structures appear unaffected.


Input: There is no obvious change in the organs for sperm development of wt vs. Stamptm/tm males despite the levels of wt STAMP mRNA in testes being 20-fold higher than in any other organ examined.


Input: This defect in male fertility is unrelated to other Ttll genes or 24 genes previously identified as important for sperm function.


Input: Thus, STAMP appears to participate in a unique, tissue-selective TTLL-mediated pathway for alpha-tubulin polyglutamylation that is required for sperm maturation and motility and may be relevant for male fertility.


Input: Impaired in vivo binding of MeCP2 to chromatin in the absence of its DNA methyl-binding domain.

methyl


Input: MeCP2 is a methyl-CpG-binding protein that is a main component of brain chromatin in vertebrates.

methyl


Input: In vitro studies have determined that in addition to its specific methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) MeCP2 also has several chromatin association domains.

methyl


Input: However, the specific interactions of MeCP2 with methylated or non-methylated chromatin regions and the structural characteristics of the resulting DNA associations in vivo remain poorly understood.


Input: We analysed the role of the MBD in MeCP2-chromatin associations in vivo using an MeCP2 mutant Rett syndrome mouse model (Mecp2 (tm) (1) (.) (1) (Jae)) in which exon 3 deletion results in an N-terminal truncation of the protein, including most of the MBD.

N


Input: Our results show that in mutant mice, the truncated form of MeCP2 (Delta MeCP2) is expressed in different regions of the brain and liver, albeit at 50% of its wild-type (wt) counterpart.


Input: In contrast to the punctate nuclear distribution characteristic of wt MeCP2, Delta MeCP2 exhibits both diffuse nuclear localization and a substantial retention in the cytoplasm, suggesting a dysfunction of nuclear transport.


Input: In mutant brain tissue, neuronal nuclei are smaller, and Delta MeCP2 chromatin is digested faster by nucleases, producing a characteristic nuclease-resistant dinucleosome.


Input: Although a fraction of Delta MeCP2 is found associated with nucleosomes, its interaction with chromatin is transient and weak.


Input: Thus, our results unequivocally demonstrate that in vivo the MBD of MeCP2 together with its adjacent region in the N-terminal domain are critical for the proper interaction of the protein with chromatin, which cannot be replaced by any other of its protein domains.


Input: E2f2 induces cone photoreceptor apoptosis independent of E2f1 and E2f3.


Input: The' activating' E2fs (E2f1-3) are transcription factors that potently induce quiescent cells to divide.


Input: Work on cultured fibroblasts suggested they were essential for division, but in vivo analysis in the developing retina and other tissues disproved this notion.


Input: The retina, therefore, is an ideal location to assess other in vivo adenovirus E2 promoter binding factor (E2f) functions.


Input: It is thought that E2f1 directly induces apoptosis, whereas other activating E2fs only induce death indirectly by upregulating E2f1 expression.


Input: Indeed, mouse retinoblastoma (Rb)-null retinal neuron death requires E2f1, but not E2f2 or E2f3.


Input: However, we report an entirely distinct mechanism in dying cone photoreceptors.


Input: These neurons survive Rb loss, but undergo apoptosis in the cancer-prone retina lacking both Rb and its relative p107.


Input: We show that while E2f1 killed Rb/p107 null rod, bipolar and ganglion neurons, E2f2 was required and sufficient for cone death, independent of E2f1 and E2f3.


Input: Moreover, whereas E2f1-dependent apoptosis was p53 and p73-independent, E2f2 caused p53-dependent cone death.


Input: Our in vivo analysis of cone photoreceptors provides unequivocal proof that E2f-induces apoptosis independent of E2f1, and reveals distinct E2f1-and E2f2-activated death pathways in response to a single tumorigenic insult. Cell Death and Differentiation advance online publication, 5 April 2013; doi: 10. 1038/cdd. 2013. 24.


Input: Glucose and memory: The influence of drink, expectancy, and beliefs.

Glucose


Input: RATIONALE: An increasing number of studies suggest that glucose can enhance aspects of memory and the central methodology is the use of the glucose-placebo design.

glucose

glucose


Input: One critical issue therefore is separating the pharmacological effects of glucose from the expectancies created by consuming a drink that might contain glucose.

glucose


Input: OBJECTIVE: A modified balanced placebo design examined the role that expectancy and belief about the drink consumed has on the pharmacological changes observed following glucose consumption.

glucose


Input: METHOD: Ninety-three participants, allocated according to a drink (glucose, placebo) x message (told glucose, told nothing, told placebo) unrelated design, were administered tasks assessing immediate and delayed verbal free recall, spatial recognition and semantic verification.

glucose

glucose


Input: Each task has some evidence for hippocampus involvement, and variations in task difficulty were used to assess the idea that glucose effects are sensitive to task difficulty.

glucose


Input: RESULTS: While the messages biased drink judgements in the expected direction, judgements of drink content were at chance and glucose only enhanced delayed free recall.

glucose


Input: The subtle effects of the messages did not modify the glucose enhancement.

glucose


Input: However, believing glucose had been consumed showed an independent improvement in delayed free recall.

glucose


Input: There was no evidence that task complexity enhanced the glucose effect.

glucose


Input: CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that expectancy effects are unlikely to be confused with glucose enhancements, but beliefs about consuming glucose can augment performance on delayed free recall.

glucose

glucose


Input: The discussion considers the hippocampus and complexity hypotheses of glucose' s mode of action and proposes the routine collection of drink beliefs in future studies.

glucose


Input: Kinetics of Apoptosis and Expression of Apoptosis-Related Proteins in Rat CA3 Hippocampus Cells After Experimental Diffuse Brain Injury.


Input: The present study examined kinetics of apoptosis and expression of apoptosis-related proteins Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 in the CA3 hippocampus cells after diffuse brain injury (DBI) induced experimentally in rats.


Input: Percentage of apoptotic cells and expressions of above proteins were examined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.


Input: Substantial neuronal apoptosis was documented in the CA3 hippocampus cells after DBI (22. 26 +/- 2. 97% at 72 h after DBI vs. 2. 92 +/- 0. 88% in sham-operated animals).


Input: Expression of Bc1-2 decreased, while expression of Bax and caspase-3 increased after DBI, with caspase-3 expression peaking after that of Bax (72 vs. 48 h, respectively).


Input: Further, the Bc1-2/Bax expression ratio decreased prior to increase of caspase-3 expression.


Input: In conclusion, cell apoptosis and altered expressions of Bcl-2, Bax, and caspase-3 are present in the CA3 region of hippocampus after experimental DBI.


Input: Changes in the Bc1-2/Bax expression ratio may facilitate activation of caspase-3 and aggravate neuronal apoptosis after brain injury.


Input: Molecule-Induced Peroxide Homolysis.

Peroxide


Input: The homolytic cleavage of peroxide bonds, leading to the formation of free radicals, plays an important role in the (spontaneous) oxidation of a wide variety of hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen.

peroxide

hydrocarbons

oxygen


Input: Such aerobic oxidations can be desired (e. g. for industrially applied autoxidations) or undesired (e. g. food deterioration).


Input: In this contribution we provide experimental and computational evidence for a molecule-induced homolytic dissociation mechanism between alkyl peroxide and compounds featuring weakly bonded H atoms such as (di) unsaturated hydrocarbons.

alkyl peroxide

H

(di) unsaturated hydrocarbons


Input: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with thyrotoxicosis: A case report and review of the literature.


Input: Background: Takotsubo or stress-induced cardiomyopathy is a form of reversible cardiomyopathy, commonly associated with emotional or physical stress.


Input: Thyrotoxicosis has been identified as a rare cause of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy with only eleven cases reported in the literature.


Input: Here, we report a case of thyroid storm presenting with Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the setting of Graves' disease.


Input: Patient Findings: A 71-year-old woman presented with abdominal pain, vomiting, confusion and history of weight loss.


Input: She was initially diagnosed and treated for diabetic ketoacidosis at another hospital and was transferred to our hospital one day after initial presentation due to concern for acute coronary syndrome.


Input: A diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy was made on the basis of cardiac catheterization.


Input: At that time, she was diagnosed and treated for thyroid storm.


Input: Follow-up 7-weeks later, revealed improvement of her cardiac function and near-normalization of thyroid hormone levels.


Input: Summary: In this patient who presented with symptoms of congestive heart failure, acute coronary syndrome was initially considered, but the diagnosis of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with thyroid storm was ultimately made based on cardiac catheterization and laboratory investigation.


Input: Conclusions: Thyrotoxicosis is associated with adverse disturbances in the cardiovascular system.


Input: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy could be a presenting manifestation of thyroid storm, perhaps related to excess catecholamine levels or sensitivity.

catecholamine


Input: Metal-dependent protein phosphatase 1A functions as an extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphatase.


Input: Protein phosphorylation is an important post-translational modification that regulates almost every aspect of signal transduction in cells.


Input: Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a point of convergence for many cellular activities in response to external stimulation.


Input: With stimuli, ERK activity is significantly increased by the phosphorylation of Thr202 and Tyr204 at its activation loop.


Input: Downregulation of ERK phosphorylation at these two sites by several phosphatases, such as protein phosphatase 2A, HePTP and MAPK phosphatase 3, is essential for maintaining appropriate ERK function in different cellular processes.


Input: However, it is unknown whether metal-dependent protein phosphatase (PPM) family phosphatases directly dephosphorylate ERK.


Input: In this study, we found that PPM1A negatively regulated ERK by directly dephosphorylating its pThr202 position early in EGF stimulation.


Input: Additional kinetic studies revealed that key residues participated in phospho-ERK recognition by PPM1A.

phospho


Input: Importantly, PPM1A preferred the phospho-ERK peptide sequence over a panel of other phosphopeptides through the interactions of basic residues in the active site of PPM1A with the pThr-Glu-pTyr motif of ERK.

phospho

pThr-Glu-pTyr


Input: Whereas Lys165 and Arg33 were required for efficient catalysis or phosphosubstrate binding of PPM1A, Gln185 and Arg186 were determinants of PPM1A substrate specificity.


Input: The interaction between Arg186 of PPM1A and Glu203 and pTyr204 of phospho-ERK was identified as a hot-spot for phospho-ERK-PPM1A interaction.

phospho

phospho


Input: STRUCTURED DIGITAL ABSTRACT: PPM1A physically interacts with ERK2 by pull down (View interaction) PPM1A dephosphorylates p38 by phosphatase assay (View Interaction: 1, 2) PPM1A binds to ERK2 by pull down (View interaction) PPM1A dephosphorylates ERK2 by phosphatase assay (View Interaction: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20).


Input: Star Polymers with a Cationic Core Prepared by ATRP for Cellular Nucleic Acids Delivery.


Input: Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based star polymers with a cationic core were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) for in vitro nucleic acid (NA) delivery.

Poly (ethylene glycol)

PEG


Input: The star polymers were synthesized by ATRP of 2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA).

2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate

DMAEMA

ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

EGDMA


Input: Star polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering.


Input: These star polymers were combined with either plasmid DNA (pDNA) or short interfering RNA (siRNA) duplexes to form polyplexes for intracellular delivery.


Input: These polyplexes with either siRNA or pDNA were highly effective in NA delivery, particularly at relatively low star polymer weight or molar ratios, highlighting the importance of NA release in efficient delivery systems.


Input: Intake of mulberry 1-deoxynojirimycin prevents diet-induced obesity through increases in adiponectin in mice.


Input: In this study, the anti-obesity effect of 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) was examined in the diet-induced obese mouse model.

DNJ


Input: Mulberry DNJ was administered to the obese mice for 12weeks.

DNJ


Input: As a result, DNJ decreased both the visceral fat weight and adipocyte size.

DNJ


Input: To determine the influence of DNJ on lipid metabolism, lipid parameters of the plasma and the liver and the activities of several molecules related to lipid metabolism in the liver were measured.

DNJ


Input: DNJ activated the beta-oxidation system, suppressed lipid accumulation in the liver and reduced plasma triacylglycerol.

DNJ

triacylglycerol


Input: Since it was thought that the factor activated in the beta-oxidation system was adiponectin, plasma adiponectin levels were measured and it was shown that plasma adiponectin was increased with DNJ.

DNJ


Input: Therefore, it was suggested that DNJ promoted an increase in plasma adiponectin and activated the beta-oxidation system.

DNJ


Input: Overall, it was shown that DNJ prevents diet-induced obesity through an increase in adiponectin.

DNJ


Input: Proanthocyanidin profile of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) reveals catechin-O-glucoside as the dominant compound.

Proanthocyanidin

catechin-O-glucoside


Input: Proanthocyanidin (PA) profile and content can have important nutritional and health implications on plant foods.

Proanthocyanidin


Input: Six diverse cowpea phenotypes (black, red, green, white, light-brown and golden-brown) were investigated for PA composition using normal-phase HPLC and reversed-phase UPLC-TQD-MS.


Input: Catechin and (epi) afzelechin were the major flavan-3-ol units.

Catechin

(epi) afzelechin


Input: Unusual composition was observed in all cowpea phenotypes with significant degrees of glycosylation in the monomers and dimers.


Input: The PA content of cowpea (dry basis) ranged between 2. 2 and 6. 3mg/g.


Input: Monomeric flavan-3-ols were the largest group of PA (36-69%) in cowpea, with catechin-7-O-glucoside accounting for most (about 88%) of the monomers.


Input: The oligomers with degree of polymerization (DP) 2-4 ranged from 0. 41 to 1. 3mg/g (15-20%), whereas DP > 10 polymers accounted for only 13. 5% of PA.


Input: Future studies that highlight the impact of the unusual cowpea PA profile on nutritional and bioactive properties of this important legume are warranted.


Input: Blueberry estimated harvest from seven new cultivars: Fruit and anthocyanins.

anthocyanins


Input: This study compares the yields, weights and anthocyanin contents of fruit from a group of seven new cultivars released from the New Zealand blueberry breeding programme and selected for the longest possible combined harvest season.

anthocyanin


Input: The measured factors were primarily influenced by cultivar, and seasonal variations had relatively minor effects.


Input: The late-ripening cultivars' Velluto Blue' and' Centra Blue' had the highest fruit yields, anthocyanin contents and estimated total anthocyanin harvestable from a given area.

anthocyanin

anthocyanin


Input: ' Blue Moon' and' Sky Blue' had the largest fruit sizes.


Input: The early-ripening cultivars' Blue Bayou',' Blue Moon' and' Sunset Blue' had the lowest anthocyanin contents.

anthocyanin


Input: The yield, fruit size and total anthocyanin content results obtained from any single year were highly correlated with the average of the three years, which makes pursuing the evaluation for these traits from a single year and at an early stage of plant development a practical proposition.

anthocyanin


Input: Changes in selected parameters related to proteolysis during ageing of dry-cured pork loins inoculated with probiotics.


Input: The effect of inoculation with a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei L OCK 0900, on selected parameters related to proteolysis of dry-cured pork loins during ageing was studied.


Input: Moisture content decreased significantly (p < 0. 05) throughout ageing, accompanied by a progressive reduction in water activity.


Input: The total nitrogen (TN) content increased during ageing with no effect (p < 0. 05) of inoculation with L. casei on its level.

nitrogen


Input: The greatest increase in non-protein nitrogen (NPN) content during ageing occurred in an inoculated sample, corresponding with the more pronounced decrease in pH.

nitrogen


Input: The intensity of proteolysis, as assessed by proteolysis index (PI), remained statistically significantly (p < 0. 05) unchanged during examined ageing periods.


Input: Inoculation with a probiotic strain does not significantly affect the degree of proteolysis in examined meat products after 21 and 28days of ageing.


Input: The enhancement of antioxidant compounds extracted from Thymus vulgaris using enzymes and the effect of extracting solvent.


Input: We evaluate the total phenolic compounds (TPC) content and the antioxidant activity (AA) of extracts obtained from ground fresh thyme (FT) and depleted thyme (DT), a by-product of the process of essential oil extraction.

phenolic


Input: In addition, enzymatic treatments were evaluated to improve the extraction yields of polyphenolic compounds from thyme.

polyphenolic


Input: Extractions were performed using several solvents as methanol, ethanol, and water.

methanol

ethanol


Input: Enzymes were applied prior to extraction or during the extraction process.


Input: The best results were obtained using a mixture of methanol and water, resulting in 2790 and 220mg Gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L of TPC for FT and DT, respectively.

methanol

Gallic acid


Input: A similar result was observed for AA.


Input: With regard to enzymatic treatment, application of Grindamyl CA 150 enzyme as a pre-treatment resulted in the production of an extract from DT with 614mg TE (trolox equivalent)/L of AA, 70% more than the control, and an AA of 621mg TE/L (74% more than the control sample) was obtained using Grindamyl CA 150 during the extraction process.

trolox


Input: These results suggest that enzymatic treatment is an interesting alternative for producing antioxidant extracts from DT.


Input: Flavonoids from the capitula of Eriocaulon australe.

Flavonoids


Input: A flavan, eriocaulin A (1), and three flavone acyl glucosides, eriocaulosides A-C (2-4) were isolated from the capitula of Eriocaulon australe R.

flavan

eriocaulin A

flavone acyl glucosides

eriocaulosides A-C


Input: Br.


Input: (Eriocaulaceae), a Chinese medicine and an herb for health care beverages, together with seven known flavones and three isoflavones (5-14).

flavones

isoflavones


Input: The new flavonoids were elucidated as (2S)-3', 4'-methylenedioxy-5-methoxy-7-hydroxyflavan (1), hispidulin 7-O-beta-d-(6-O-cinnamoyl) glucopyranoside (2), jaceosidin 7-O-beta-d-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside (3), jaceosidin 7-O-beta-d-(6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl) glucopyranoside (4) based on their spectroscopic data.

flavonoids

(2S)-3', 4'-methylenedioxy-5-methoxy-7-hydroxyflavan

hispidulin 7-O-beta-d-(6-O-cinnamoyl) glucopyranoside

jaceosidin 7-O-beta-d-(6-O-p-coumaroyl) glucopyranoside

jaceosidin 7-O-beta-d-(6-O-p-hydroxybenzoyl) glucopyranoside


Input: All the 14 flavonoids were obtained from this species for the first time.

flavonoids


Input: The in vitro cytotoxicity of compounds 1-14 against human lung adenocarcinoma A549, human breast adenocarcinoma MCF-7, and human cervical carcinoma HeLa cell lines was evaluated using the MTT colourimetric assay.

MTT


Input: Compounds 1, 7, and 9 were cytotoxic to A549, compounds 1, 2, 7, 9, 12, and 14 to MCF-7, and compounds 7, 9, and 14 to HeLa cells, with IC50 values ranging from 7. 17 to 29. 57 mu g/ml, while the others were inactive (IC50 > 50 mu g/ml).


Input: Influence of air-drying temperature on drying kinetics, colour, firmness and biochemical characteristics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets.


Input: In this work the drying kinetics of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fillets and the influence of air drying temperature on colour, firmness and biochemical characteristics were studied.


Input: Experiments were conducted at 40, 50 and 60 degrees C.


Input: Effective moisture diffusivity increased with temperature from 1. 08 x 10 (-10) to 1. 90 x 10 (-10) m (2) s (-1).


Input: The colour difference, determined as Delta E values (from 9. 3 to 19. 3), as well as firmness (from 25 to 75Nmm (-1)) of dried samples increased with dehydration temperature.


Input: The lightness value L (*) and yellowness value b (*) indicated formation of browning products at higher drying temperatures, while redness value a (*) showed dependence on astaxanthin value.

astaxanthin


Input: Compared with fresh fish samples, palmitic acid and tocopherol content decreased in a 20% and 40%, respectively, with temperature.

palmitic acid

tocopherol


Input: While eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content remained unchanged and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content changed slightly.

eicosapentaenoic acid

EPA

docosahexaenoic acid

DHA


Input: Anisidine and thiobarbituric acid values indicated the formation of secondary lipid oxidation products, which is more relevant for longer drying time than for higher drying temperatures.

Anisidine

thiobarbituric acid


Input: Interlocking of beta-carotene in beta-lactoglobulin aggregates produced under high pressure.

beta-carotene


Input: Vitamin A deficiency is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in the developing World.

Vitamin A


Input: This deficiency can be prevented by alimentary or pharmaceutical supplementation.


Input: However, both vitamin A oxidation and isomerization should be prevented, as these phenomenons result in loss of nutritional efficacy.

vitamin A


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a food protein matrix, beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) aggregates produced by high pressure (HP), on the stabilization of beta-carotene during storage and gastro-duodenal digestion and therefore on its bioavailability.

beta-carotene


Input: In vitro gastro-duodenal digestion of beta-Lg aggregates entrapping beta-carotene showed that up to 12% and 33% of total beta-carotene was released after peptic and pancreatic digestion, respectively.

beta-carotene

beta-carotene


Input: Overall, our study showed that beta-Lg aggregates are efficient for caging and stabilization of beta-carotene during storage and digestion.

beta-carotene


Input: Hence, it may be an interesting approach for the protection and the delivery of vitamin A.

vitamin A


Input: Research on the preparation of antioxidant peptides derived from egg white with assisting of high-intensity pulsed electric field.


Input: Egg white protein powder, one of the main egg products, was hydrolysed by Alcalase, Trypsin, and Pepsin respectively to prepare antioxidant peptides.


Input: All hydrolysates were assayed by determination of reducing power (RP) ability.


Input: Three kinds of hydrolysates were prepared under optimal enzymatic parameters that were obtained from the preliminary one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) experiments.


Input: The results showed that the Alcalase hydrolysates exerted the best RP ability.


Input: Thereafter, the Alcalase hydrolysates were sequentially fractionated by ultra filtration membranes in cut-off molecular weight (MW) of 30, 10, and 1kDa, and tested their antioxidant activities in terms of RP ability, DPPH radical scavenging ability, ABTS radical scavenging ability, and FRAP assay.

DPPH

ABTS


Input: Effects of high intensity pulsed electric field treatment were further investigated on antioxidant peptides to improve their activities.


Input: The results showed that Alcalase hydrolysates possessed the strongest antioxidant ability compared with the other two hydrolysates, particularly for the Fraction-3 with MW < 1kDa.


Input: After PEF treatment, this fraction showed a significant improvement of RP ability within 5h (P < 0. 05).


Input: Anticancer activity and mediation of apoptosis in human HL-60 leukaemia cells by edible sea cucumber (Holothuria edulis) extract.


Input: Sea cucumbers have been a dietary delicacy and important ingredient in Asian traditional medicinal over many centuries.


Input: In this study, edible sea cucumber Holothuria edulis was evaluated for its in vitro anticancer potential.


Input: An aqueous fraction of the edible sea cucumber (ESC-AQ) has been shown to deliver a strong cytotoxic effect against the human HL-60 leukaemia cell line.


Input: An induction effect of apoptotic body formation in response to ESC-AQ treatment was confirmed in HL-60 cells stained with Hoechst 33342 and confirmed via flow cytometry analysis.

Hoechst 33342


Input: The up regulation of Bax and caspase-3 protein expression was observed while the expression of Bcl-xL protein was down regulated in ESC-AQ treated HL-60 cells.


Input: Due to the profound anticancer activity, ESC-AQ appears to be an economically important biomass fraction that can be exploited in numerous industrial applications as a source of functional ingredients.


Input: A new process for obtaining hydroxytyrosol using transformed Escherichia coli whole cells with phenol hydroxylase gene from Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius.

hydroxytyrosol

phenol


Input: Phenol hydroxylase gene cloning from the thermophilic bacteria Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius was used to develop an effective method to convert tyrosol into the high-added-value compound hydroxytyrosol by hydroxylation.

Phenol

tyrosol

hydroxytyrosol


Input: Phenol hydroxylase is a two-component enzyme encoded by pheA1 and pheA2 genes and strictly dependent on NADH and FAD.

Phenol

NADH

FAD


Input: These two genes were subcloned together as a 2kb fragment into Escherichia coli Rosetta cells, and the transformants were able to grow and effectively transform up to 5mM of phenol and tyrosol using IPTG (isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside) as inducer.

phenol

tyrosol

IPTG

isopropyl-beta-d-thiogalactopyranoside


Input: In addition, when a new fragment with a 340pb upstream pheA1 gene was subcloned, a similar biotransformation rate was attained without IPTG, confirming that this fragment encodes for a phenol hydroxylase promoter that can be recognised by E. coli.

IPTG

phenol


Input: Both transformants brought about the total bioconversion of monophenols at a high concentration (5mM), which represents an increase, both in concentration and in yield, compared with that previously described in the bibliography.

monophenols


Input: The use of the transformant with its constitutive promoter was more interesting from a biotechnological point of view, since it is not necessary to use IPTG.

IPTG


Input: It also gave rise to greater operational stability.


Input: Comparison of biogenic amine and polyphenol profiles of grape berries and wines obtained following conventional, organic and biodynamic agricultural and oenological practices.

amine

polyphenol


Input: The bio-active compounds present in food and beverages have a high potential influence on the future health of humans.


Input: The levels of biogenic amines, anthocyanins, polyphenols and antioxidant activity were measured in white (Pignoletto) and red (Sangiovese) grape berries and wines from the Emilia-Romagna region (Italy) obtained following conventional, organic and biodynamic agricultural and oenological practices.

amines

anthocyanins

polyphenols


Input: No significant difference was shown among the samples coming from different agricultural and winemaking practices.


Input: Principal Component Analysis was also performed.


Input: Biogenic amine amounts were higher in red than in white berries, while in the wines an opposite trend was observed, with histamine, tyramine and putrescine being the most abundant in Pignoletto wines.

amine

histamine

tyramine

putrescine


Input: Red grapes and wines were richer in anthocyanins and showed higher antioxidant activity than white ones.

anthocyanins


Input: The total level of polyphenols was similar in red and white berries, but with different metabolite profiles depending on the grape variety.

polyphenols


Input: Effect of nitrite on the odourant volatile fraction of cooked ham.

nitrite


Input: The aim of this work was to reliably identify the key odour compounds in cooked ham and acquire new knowledge on the role of sodium nitrite on the formation of its aroma.

sodium nitrite


Input: Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and (or) olfactometry was used.


Input: In all, 24 odourants were identified in the volatile fraction of cooked ham.


Input: Their main origins are discussed.


Input: Orthonasal sniffing of the hams was used to study how these substances contributed to the overall aroma of the product.


Input: The aroma of cooked ham is a balance between that of certain sulfur compounds produced during cooking and that of oxidation compounds commonly found in cooked meats.

sulfur


Input: In the absence of nitrite, this balance is disturbed by extensive formation of oxidation compounds that mask the meaty notes induced by the sulfur compounds.

nitrite

sulfur


Input: Isolation of new monoterpene coumarins from Micromelum minutum leaves and their cytotoxic activity against Leishmania major and cancer cells.

monoterpene coumarins


Input: On the basis of a leishmanicidal assay-guided isolation, two new monoterpene coumarins, minutin A and minutin B, were purified from Micromelum minutum leaves together with four known coumarins, 8, 4''-dihydroxy-3'', 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol, 8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol, 8-hydroxy-3'', 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol, and clauslactone E.

monoterpene coumarins

minutin A

minutin B

coumarins

8, 4''-dihydroxy-3'', 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol

8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol

8-hydroxy-3'', 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol

clauslactone E


Input: Among these compounds, minutin A, minutin B, 8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol and clauslactone E showed a significant cytotoxic activity against Leishmania major with IC50 values of 26. 2, 20. 2, 12. 1, and 9. 8 mu M, respectively, while 8, 4''-dihydroxy-3'' 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol and 8-hydroxy-3'', 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol were not active.

minutin A

minutin B

8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol

clauslactone E

8, 4''-dihydroxy-3'' 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol

8-hydroxy-3'', 4''-dihydrocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol


Input: However, all these compounds exhibited some inhibitory activity against one or more lung adenocarcinoma (SBC3 and A549) and leukaemia (K562, and K562/ADM) cell lines.


Input: Amongst these, clauslactone E, minutin B and 8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol possessed the strongest cytotoxic activity against SBC3, A549, K562, and K562/ADM cell lines, with IC50 values of 3. 7, 10. 4, 12. 1, and 10. 8 mu M for clauslactone E; 9. 6, 17. 5, 8. 7 and 6. 7 mu M for minutin B; 8. 8, 10. 1, 16. 9, and 10. 1 mu M for 8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol, respectively.

clauslactone E

minutin B

8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol

clauslactone E

minutin B

8-hydroxyisocapnolactone-2', 3'-diol


Input: Pesticide residues determination in Polish organic crops in 2007-2010 applying gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.


Input: A sensitive, accurate and reliable multiresidue method based on the application of gas chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) has been established for screening, identification and quantification of a large number of pesticide residues in produce.


Input: The method was accredited in compliance with PN-EN ISO/IEC 17025: 2005 standard and it was operated under flexible scope as PB-11 method.


Input: The flexible scope of accreditation allowed for minor modifications and extension of the analytical scope while using the same analytical technique.


Input: During the years 2007-2010, the method was used for the purpose of verification of organic crop production by multiresidue analysis for the presence of pesticides.


Input: A total of 528 samples of differing matrices such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, plant leaves and other green parts were analysed, of which 4. 4% samples contained pesticide residues above the threshold value of 0. 01mg/kg.


Input: A total of 20 different pesticide residues were determined in the samples.


Input: 4-Methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin antifungal and antioxidant activity enhancement by substitution with thiosemicarbazide and thiazolidinone moieties.

thiosemicarbazide

thiazolidinone


Input: According to literature data, thiosemicarbazide and thiazolidinone moieties should enhance biological properties of coumarin.

thiosemicarbazide

thiazolidinone

coumarin


Input: Antioxidant, metal-chelating and antifungal activities of all compounds were investigated and compared to the activity of the starting material, 7-hydroxy-4-methylcoumarin, and were proven to possess potent antioxidant and antifungal activity.


Input: In general, thiosemicarbazides showed higher scavenging activity towards DPPH and galvinoxyl radicals than did 4-thiazolidinones and some of them had the same or even better activity than had ascorbic acid itself, depending on the free radical used.

thiosemicarbazides

DPPH

galvinoxyl

ascorbic acid


Input: In antifungal activity tests towards four foodborne mycotoxigenic fungi, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus ochraceus.


Input: Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides, coumarin derivatives were proven to possess a very high activity in terms of growth inhibition, depending on the fungi investigated.

coumarin


Input: In general, 4-thiazolidinones showed better antifungal activity than did thiosemicarbazides.

thiosemicarbazides


Input: F. graminearum was the most susceptible to the compounds investigated and F. verticillioides was proven to be the most resistant.


Input: Two compounds, both coumarinyl thiosemicarbazides, were found to possess both antifungal and antioxidant activity which could be useful for applications in medicine, food industry and agriculture.

coumarinyl thiosemicarbazides


Input: Anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of extracts and compounds from the mushroom Inonotus obliquus.


Input: Mushroom Inonotus obliquus (I. obliquus) has been used as functional food and traditional Chinese herbs for long time.


Input: An efficient method for bioassay-guided preparative isolation was used for identifying the anti-inflammatory and anticancer constituents in I. obliquus.


Input: The petroleum ether and ethyl acetate fractions were found to have significant inhibition effects on NO production and NF-kappa B luciferase activity in macrophage RAW 264. 7 cells and cytotoxicity against human prostatic carcinoma cell PC3 and breast carcinoma cell MDA-MB-231.

petroleum ether

ethyl acetate

NO


Input: Six main constituents were isolated from these two fractions and they were identified as lanosterol (1), 3 beta-hydroxy-8, 24-dien-21-al (2), ergosterol (3), inotodiol (4), ergosterol peroxide (5) and trametenolic acid (6).

lanosterol

3 beta-hydroxy-8, 24-dien-21-al

ergosterol

inotodiol

ergosterol peroxide

trametenolic acid


Input: Compound ergosterol, ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid showed anti-inflammatory activities and ergosterol peroxide and trametenolic acid showed obviously cytotoxicity on human prostatic carcinoma cell PC3 and breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231 cell.

ergosterol

ergosterol peroxide

trametenolic acid

ergosterol peroxide

trametenolic acid


Input: The results obtained in this work might contribute to understanding the biological activity of mushroom I. obliquus for food and drug application.


Input: Enzyme-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe).


Input: Ginger (Zingiber officinale R.) is a popular spice used in various foods and beverages.


Input: 6-Gingerol is the major bioactive constituent responsible for the antiinflammatory, antitumour and antioxidant activities of ginger.


Input: The effect of application of alpha-amylase, viscozyme, cellulase, protease and pectinase enzymes to ginger on the oleoresin yield and 6-gingerol content has been investigated.


Input: Pre-treatment of ginger with alpha-amylase or viscozyme followed by extraction with acetone afforded higher yield of oleoresin (20% +/- 0. 5) and gingerol (12. 2% +/- 0. 4) compared to control (15% +/- 0. 6 oleoresin, 6. 4% +/- 0. 4 gingerol).

acetone

gingerol

gingerol


Input: Extraction of ginger pre-treated with enzymes followed by extraction with ethanol provided higher yield of gingerol (6. 2-6. 3%) than the control (5. 5%) with comparable yields of the oleoresin (31-32%).

ethanol

gingerol


Input: Also, ethanol extract of cellulase pre-treated ginger had the maximum polyphenol content (37. 5mg/g).

ethanol

polyphenol


Input: Apart from 6-gingerol, 6-paradol along with 6-and 8-methyl shogaols were the other important bio-active constituents in the oleoresin from cellulase-treated ginger.

6-and 8-methyl shogaols


Input: Chemical profile and sensory properties of different foods cooked by a new radiofrequency oven.


Input: Radio frequency (RF) heating has been used for numerous applications in the food industry such as baking, thawing or pasteurisation.


Input: It reduces cooking time, and it helps to retain acceptable food colour and texture.


Input: In this paper, chemical and sensory data obtained from broccoli, potatoes, salmon and cocoa cakes cooked using an innovative RF oven were reported.


Input: The oven has an algorithm able to monitor the energy feedback from the cavity and to adjust the energy output accordingly.


Input: The different foods were cooked to the same end point and the concentration of phytochemicals, vitamins and acrylamide were assessed.

vitamins

acrylamide


Input: Results demonstrated that RF oven preserved ascorbic acid and increased glucosinolates concentration in broccoli and it decreased the formation of acrylamide in roasted potatoes more than 50%.

ascorbic acid

glucosinolates

acrylamide


Input: The total amount of vitamins B was 30% and 50% higher in RF cooked salmon than conventionally cooked salmon prepared at 55 and 75 degrees C, respectively.

vitamins B


Input: Changes in polyphenol content during production of grape juice concentrate.

polyphenol


Input: The production of grape juice concentrate on an industrial scale was evaluated and samples from the main steps of processing have been collected and analyzed.


Input: The sampling steps included the selection and washing of grapes (Nevsehir Patlak variety), pressing in order to obtain the juice separate from the seed and the skin fraction, pasteurization, clarification, filtration, evaporation, and filling-packing at 27 degrees C with a Brix of 45 degrees.


Input: Samples from each of the processing steps were analyzed by a number of spectrophotometric analyses.


Input: A series of anthocyanin compounds was identified using HPLC-MS, and the fate of anthocyanins, quercetin rutinoside and procyanidins was followed using HPLC.

anthocyanin

anthocyanins

quercetin rutinoside

procyanidins


Input: The results indicate that the removal of seed and fruit skin removes most of the procyanidins and anthocyanins, while subsequent clarification and filtration treatments further reduce the anthocyanin content.

procyanidins

anthocyanins

anthocyanin


Input: Chemical stability of astaxanthin nanodispersions in orange juice and skimmed milk as model food systems.

astaxanthin


Input: Solubilising astaxanthin in nanodispersion systems is a promising approach to incorporate astaxanthin into water-based food formulations.

astaxanthin

astaxanthin


Input: In this research, the chemical stabilities of astaxanthin nanodispersions diluted in orange juice and skimmed milk as model food systems and in deionised water as a control were evaluated.

astaxanthin


Input: The nanodispersions displayed significantly (p < 0. 05) better stability in food systems compared to the control.


Input: The effects of stabilisers and dilution factor were also studied.


Input: In skimmed milk and deionised water, the type of stabiliser had a significant effect (p < 0. 05) on astaxanthin degradation during storage.

astaxanthin


Input: In vitro cellular uptake of astaxanthin from diluted astaxanthin nanodispersions in selected food systems was also evaluated.

astaxanthin

astaxanthin


Input: The cellular uptake of astaxanthin nanodispersions in skimmed milk was significantly higher (p < 0. 05) than that of astaxanthin nanodispersions in orange juice and deionised water.

astaxanthin

astaxanthin


Input: High in vitro cellular uptake of astaxanthin from the prepared astaxanthin nanodispersions can be achieved via incorporation into protein-based foods such as milk.

astaxanthin

astaxanthin


Input: The effect of interesterification on the bioavailability of fatty acids in structured lipids.

fatty acids


Input: Fatty acid (FA) profile is a critical factor in the nutritional properties of fats, but, stereochemistry may also play a fundamental role in the rate and extent to which FAs are absorbed and become available.

Fatty acid

FAs


Input: To better understand this phenomenon, we evaluated the bioavailability of FAs in linseed-oil and palm-stearin blends compared to their interesterified mix, using a sn-1, 3 stereospecific lipase, to determine if there was any difference in terms of FA availability when using this technology.

FAs


Input: Test meals were fed through an intragastric feeding tube on Sprague-Dawley male rats after 18h fasting.


Input: Postprandial blood samples were collected after meal or physiological serum (control) administration and the FA profile of plasma lipids was determined.


Input: Results showed that modification of the melting profile through interesterification, without altering the bioavailability determined by sn-2 stereochemistry, could delay lipid absorption at the beginning, but had no effect on total lipid absorption.


Input: Probing the binding between norbixin and dairy proteins by spectroscopy methods.

norbixin


Input: Annatto (norbixin) has been used to color cheeses for centuries, but there is very little knowledge about interactions between the pigment and dairy proteins.

Annatto

norbixin


Input: In this study, binding of norbixin with whey protein isolate (WPI), sodium caseinate (NaCN), and 6 individual dairy proteins was investigated by using fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), circular dichroism (CD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).

norbixin

sodium


Input: Norbixin was observed to effectively quench the fluorescence of WPI and NaCN by forming complexes.

Norbixin


Input: The binding affinity between NaCN and norbixin was higher than that of WPI-norbixin.

norbixin

norbixin


Input: For individual proteins, bovine serum albumin had higher binding affinity with norbixin than beta-lactoglobulin and alpha-lactalbumin, while kappa-casein bound with norbixin better than alpha-and beta-caseins.

norbixin

norbixin


Input: Binding changed the conformation of WPI and NaCN, but the extent and trend varied for individual proteins.


Input: Characterization of Hachi (Camelus dromedarius) fat extracted from the hump.


Input: In this work, the characteristics of fat from the hump of young camels (Hachi) were evaluated.


Input: The physicochemical properties of the fat were as follows: melting point, 45 degrees C; saponification value, 202. 3mg KOH/g oil; refractive index (60 degrees C), 1. 468; unsaponifiable matter, 1. 37%; free fatty acids (as the percentage of oleic acid), 0. 96%; and peroxide value, 3. 37mequiv.

KOH

fatty acids

oleic acid

peroxide


Input: O2/kg oil.


Input: High-resolution (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance ((1) H NMR) was used for the direct determination of the iodine value of Hachi fat (62. 74g/100g oil).

(1) H

(1) H

iodine


Input: The Hachi fat was composed primarily of oleic acid (33. 35%), followed by palmitic acid (26. 16%), stearic acid (10. 07%), palmitelaidic acid (9. 56%) and myristic acid (8. 83%).

oleic acid

palmitic acid

stearic acid

palmitelaidic acid

myristic acid


Input: The thermal properties were assessed by thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG).


Input: The results of the present analytical study showed that Hachi fat could be used in food products and as an important source of biological materials.


Input: A method for determining regioisomer abundances of polyunsaturated triacylglycerols in omega-3 enriched fish oils using reversed-phase liquid chromatography and triple-stage mass spectrometry.

polyunsaturated triacylglycerols


Input: Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC), followed by post-column addition of lithium salts and electrospray ionisation triple-stage mass spectrometry (ESI-MS (3)) of lithiated TAG adducts, is shown to provide a useful method for the positional analysis of triacylglycerols (TAGs) in fish oils containing eicosapentaenoic (EPA, 20: 5) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA, 22: 6).

lithiated TAG

triacylglycerols

TAGs

eicosapentaenoic

EPA

docosahexaenoic acids

DHA


Input: One prominent fragmentation pathway in the ESI-MS (3) of these adduct ions involves the loss of a fatty acid from the sn-1/3 position in the first step followed by the loss of an alpha, beta-unsaturated fatty acid from the sn-2 position in the second.

fatty acid

alpha, beta-unsaturated fatty acid


Input: Regioisomeric TAGs of the type ABA and AAB produced abundant product ions-[ABA + Li-RACOOH-R' BCHCHCOOH] (+) and [AAB + Li-RACOOH-R' ACHCHCOOH] (+)-the relative intensities of which were dependent on the position of acyl substituents.

TAGs

Li-RACOOH

R' BCHCHCOOH

Li-RACOOH

R' ACHCHCOOH

acyl


Input: Standard solutions of TAGs containing different ratios of the regioisomeric pairs MME/MEM, PPE/PEP, PPD/PDP, EEP/EPE and DDP/DPD (M = 14: 0, P = 16: 0, E = 20: 5, D = 22: 6) were analysed by ESI-MS (3) with a quadrupole linear ion trap instrument.

TAGs


Input: Methodology developed on the standards was applied to quantifying the relative isomeric abundances of EPA and DHA in several fish oil samples.

EPA

DHA


Input: DHA was preferentially located at the sn-2 position in both DHA-containing TAGs studied, while EPA was either observed at near equal levels in all positions, or predominantly at the sn-1 and-3 positions in some cases.

DHA

DHA

TAGs

EPA


Input: The analysis protocol allows for quantification of the designated regioisomers in one simple, rapid chromatographic procedure using a single column and has the advantage of specificity over other methods for the positional analysis of TAGs, since it eliminates interferences associated with co-eluting TAGs of the same molecular weight that yield isobaric diacylglycerol-like product ions.

TAGs

TAGs

diacylglycerol


Input: Effect of calcium on the kinetics of free fatty acid release during in vitro lipid digestion in model emulsions.

calcium

fatty acid


Input: The effects of different calcium salts on in vitro lipid digestion were examined by determining the free fatty acids released from various oil-in-water emulsions.

calcium

fatty acids


Input: The kinetics of the total and individual free fatty acids released by lipolysis were monitored by the pH-stat method and gas chromatography, respectively.

fatty acids


Input: The rate and the extent of free fatty acid release increased with an increase in the added calcium concentration, but the increase was dependent on the emulsifying agent.

fatty acid

calcium


Input: The effect of calcium was diminished when the emulsion contained phosphate.

calcium

phosphate


Input: Soluble calcium salts, such as calcium gluconate, calcium acetate and CaCl2, had greater effects on the rate and extent of free fatty acid release than did insoluble salts, such as CaO and CaSO4, suggesting that the ionic state of calcium plays a critical role in lipid digestion in emulsions.

calcium

calcium gluconate

calcium acetate

fatty acid

CaO

calcium


Input: The addition of calcium did not alter the profiles of the individual free fatty acids released.

calcium

fatty acids


Input: This study provides useful information for food formulation with respect to lipid digestion.


Input: Chemical, rheological and surface morphologic characterisation of spent hen proteins extracted by pH-shift processing with or without the presence of cryoprotectants.


Input: The chemical and rheological properties of spent hen proteins recovered by acid and alkaline extraction have been studied with/without cryoprotectants (CP) after 3weeks of frozen storage.


Input: Four pH values (2. 0, 2. 5, 11. 5, and 12. 0) were used for extraction.


Input: CP addition prevented freeze-induced denaturation and oxidation in all extracted proteins, as revealed by significant increases in reactive sulphydryl groups (p < 0. 0001), and a decrease in the formation of carbonyl groups (p < 0. 0001).

sulphydryl

carbonyl


Input: The alkaline extracted proteins with CP formed more viscoelastic gels compared to the others, while samples without CP failed to form a gel network.


Input: FTIR of the protein isolates with CP showed a protective effect on the secondary structure of the isolated proteins.


Input: Scanning electron micrographs showed a protective shield of CP around the isolated proteins.


Input: Carotenoids and tocopherols in yellow and red raspberries.

tocopherols


Input: The composition of carotenoids, chlorophyll derivatives and tocopherols in raspberries of different varieties, including yellow and red varieties, over different ripening stages has been studied.

chlorophyll

tocopherols


Input: The profile of pigments in ripening raspberries changes drastically, with a dramatic decrease of beta-carotene and chlorophyll derivatives, the xanthophyll lutein has also decreased but not to the same extent.

beta-carotene

chlorophyll

xanthophyll lutein


Input: In contrast esterified lutein increased and is present in ripe raspberries esterified with saturated fatty acids with C8-C16 chains.

lutein

fatty acids


Input: Ripe raspberries contain considerable amounts of free lutein, esterified lutein, and tocopherols (up to 20, 49 and 366mg/kg dry weight, respectively).

lutein

lutein

tocopherols


Input: The different samples analysed show different contents of carotenoids and tocopherols.

tocopherols


Input: Whether the differences arise from the variety or other factors such as the environmental conditions needs to be ascertained but isoprenoids should not be neglected when considering raspberry antioxidant and nutraceutical composition.

isoprenoids


Input: Rapid chemical profiling of saponins in the flower buds of Panax notoginseng by integrating MCI gel column chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis.

saponins


Input: The flower buds of Panax notoginseng (Notoginseng flower, FBP) are used as the traditional Chinese medicine San-Qi-Hua.


Input: In this study, we conducted column chromatography fractionation and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis to comprehensively profile bioactive notoginseng saponins (ginsenosides) in FBP.

saponins

ginsenosides


Input: MCI gel column chromatography allowed separation and enrichment of minor saponins.

saponins


Input: Electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry of [M-H] (-) and [M + Na] (+) precursor ions of the saponins provided reliable structural information for the sapogenin, and sequence of sugar chains.

H

sugar


Input: Confirmed by high-accuracy Q-TOF analysis, 170 notoginseng saponins were characterized from FBP, and 91 of them were reported from Panax species for the first time.

saponins


Input: The new ginsenosides contain acyl groups on alpha-chain, malonyl group at 20-OH, or di-malonyl groups.

ginsenosides

acyl

malonyl

OH

di-malonyl


Input: This study also indicated that the flower buds of P. notoginseng contained more protopanaxadiol-type but less protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides than the roots.

protopanaxadiol

protopanaxatriol

ginsenosides


Input: Effect of flavonoid structure on the fluidity of model lipid membranes.

flavonoid


Input: We investigated how the structural properties of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC) and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) correlate with structural changes of phosphatidylcholine plus sphingomyelin (2. 4: 1) model lipid membranes.

(+)-catechin

(-)-epicatechin

(-)-epigallocatechin

EGC

EGCG

butylated hydroxytoluene

BHT

phosphatidylcholine

sphingomyelin


Input: Changes were measured by fluorescence anisotropy, electron paramagnetic resonance, and differential scanning calorimetry.


Input: Two fluorophores and two spin probes were used to monitor membrane characteristics close to water-lipid interface and in the middle of the bilayer.


Input: The data obtained were correlated to the amount of bounded compounds, the number of H-bonds, and the topological polar surface area (TPSA) of the compounds.

H


Input: These correlations reflect the behaviours of (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, EGC, EGCG and BHT.

(+)-catechin

(-)-epicatechin

EGC

EGCG

BHT


Input: Our results confirm that phenolics studied here are bounded to a membrane surface predominantly via hydrogen bonds, while BTH is inserted into the lipid bilayer.

hydrogen

BTH


Input: Effects of industrial processing on folate content in green vegetables.

folate


Input: Folates are described to be sensitive to different physical parameters such as heat, light, pH and leaching.

Folates


Input: Most studies on folates degradation during processing or cooking treatments were carried out on model solutions or vegetables only with thermal treatments.

folates


Input: Our aim was to identify which steps were involved in folates loss in industrial processing chains, and which mechanisms were underlying these losses.

folates


Input: For this, the folates contents were monitored along an industrial canning chain of green beans and along an industrial freezing chain of spinach.

folates


Input: Folates contents decreased significantly by 25% during the washing step for spinach in the freezing process, and by 30% in the green beans canning process after sterilisation, with 20% of the initial amount being transferred into the covering liquid.

Folates


Input: The main mechanism involved in folate loss during both canning green beans and freezing spinach was leaching.

folate


Input: Limiting the contact between vegetables and water or using steaming seems to be an adequate measure to limit folates losses during processing.

folates


Input: Home conservation strategies for tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): Storage temperature vs. duration-Is there a compromise for better aroma preservation?


Input: Expression of dissatisfaction with tomato aroma prompted us to lead this study on the impact of domestic storage conditions on volatile compounds.


Input: Two storage modalities (20 and 4 degrees C) and two cultivars (Levovil and LCx) were used.


Input: Volatile compounds were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection after accelerated solvent extraction.


Input: Physical characteristics, lipoxygenase activity, hydroperoxide lyase activity; linoleic acid and linolenic acid were monitored.

hydroperoxide

linoleic acid

linolenic acid


Input: Storing tomatoes at 4 degrees C induced a drastic loss in volatiles, whatever their biosynthetic origin.


Input: After 30days at 4 degrees C, the concentration of volatiles had decreased by 66%.


Input: Reconditioning for 24h at 20 degrees C was able to recover some aroma production after up to 6days storage at 4 degrees C.


Input: Volatile degradation products arising from carotenoids and amino acids increased when tomatoes were kept at 20 degrees C, while lipid degradation products did not vary.

amino acids


Input: Storing tomatoes at fridge temperature, even for short durations, was detrimental for their aroma.


Input: This should be taken into account to formulate practical advice for consumers.


Input: High performance thin layer chromatography-densitometry: A step further for quality control of cranberry extracts.


Input: A method for selective quantitation of catechin, proanthocyanidin (PAC) A2 and PAC-B1 in American cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) extracts using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-densitometry is presented.

catechin

proanthocyanidin

PAC


Input: Methylene chloride/ethyl acetate/formic acid (6: 10: 1, v/v) as the mobile phase and 1% vanillin hydrochloric solution as staining reagent were used.

Methylene chloride

ethyl acetate

formic acid

vanillin hydrochloric


Input: In these conditions, three standards considered as quality markers, catechin, PAC-A2 and PAC-B1, were well resolved allowing simultaneous quantitation on one plate.

catechin


Input: All standards were quantified in the range of 0. 7-5 mu g with RSD of repeatability and intermediate precision not exceeding 5%.


Input: Catechin, PAC-A2 and PAC-B1 profiles of cranberry extracts were analysed regarding global PAC amounts obtained by BL-DMAC assay.

Catechin

PAC


Input: It appears clearly that HPTLC-densitometry process provides additional information which, combined with BL-DMAC results, allows qualitative and quantitative control of cranberry extracts.


Input: Particularly, densitometric assay highlighted degradation of PACs in a 7day-extract, leading to high overestimation with BL-DMAC protocol.

PACs


Input: Modulating beta-carotene bioaccessibility by controlling oil composition and concentration in edible nanoemulsions.

beta-carotene


Input: Diets rich in carotenoids have been correlated with a reduced risk of developing certain types of chronic diseases, but these bioactive components have low intestinal absorption due to their hydrophobic nature.


Input: The aim of this work was to study the effect of carrier oil composition (medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) to long-chain triglyceride (LCT) ratio) and total carrier oil concentration (1% or 4% w/w) on the physical stability, lipid digestibility and bioaccessibility of beta-carotene-loaded nanoemulsions, using a simulated digestion process.

triglyceride

triglyceride

beta-carotene


Input: Lipolysis led to an appreciable increase in the size and negative charge on the particles in the system.


Input: The total fraction of triacylglycerols converted to free fatty acids decreased as the percentage of LCT within the lipid phase increased, particularly for the nanoemulsions with higher fat contents.

triacylglycerols

fatty acids


Input: There was an increase in beta-carotene bioaccessibility as the LCT within the lipid phase increased for low fat nanoemulsions, which was attributed to the increased solubilisation capacity of mixed micelles formed by LCT.

beta-carotene


Input: beta-carotene bioaccessibility showed a complex relationship on LCT content for high fat nanoemulsions, due to the opposing effects of lipid digestion and micelle solubilisation.

beta-carotene


Input: These results may facilitate the optimisation of delivery systems for lipophilic bioactive compounds for food or pharmaceutical applications.


Input: Antibacterial activity-guided purification and identification of a novel C-20 oxygenated ent-kaurane from Rabdosia serra (MAXIM.) HARA.

C-20 oxygenated ent-kaurane


Input: The objective of this work was to conduct an activity-guided isolation of antibacterial compounds from Rabdosia serra.


Input: The ethanol extracts of R. serra leaf and stem were partitioned sequentially into petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, butanol and water fractions, respectively.

ethanol

petroleum ether

ethyl acetate

butanol


Input: The ethanol extract of leaf evidenced broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacterial, including Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes.

ethanol


Input: The ethyl acetate fractions of leaf and stem exhibited strong inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria, and were then purified further.

ethyl acetate


Input: On the basis of antibacterial assay-guided purification, three phenolic compounds (rosmarinic acid, methyl rosmarinate and pedalitin) and four C-20 oxygenated ent-kauranes (effusanin E, lasiodin, rabdosichuanin D and a new compound namely effusanin F) were obtained, whose contents were determined by HPLC analysis.

rosmarinic acid

methyl rosmarinate

pedalitin

C-20 oxygenated ent-kauranes

effusanin E

lasiodin

rabdosichuanin D

effusanin F


Input: The broth microdilution method confirmed the important inhibition potential of C-20 oxygenated ent-kauranes with low minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values.

C-20 oxygenated ent-kauranes


Input: Effusanin E, lasiodin and effusanin F could be useful for the development of new antibacterial agents.

Effusanin E

lasiodin

effusanin F


Input: Preparative separation of triterpene alcohol ferulates from rice bran oil using a high performance counter-current chromatography.

triterpene alcohol


Input: A novel method for the separation of two major triterpene alcohol ferulates from rice bran oil (RBO) was developed using a high performance counter-current chromatography (HPCCC).

triterpene alcohol


Input: A two-phase solvent system of n-hexane-acetonitrile (1: 1, v/v) was applied to purify cycloartenyl ferulate (CAF) and 24-methylene cycloartanyl ferulate (24-mCAF) from RBO.

n-hexane

acetonitrile

cycloartenyl ferulate

CAF

24-methylene cycloartanyl ferulate


Input: The yields were 20. 50 +/- 2. 60mg CAF and 12. 62 +/- 1. 15mg 24-mCAF from 390mg RBO through a two-step separation procedure.

CAF


Input: The purities of the two compounds were 97. 97 +/- 0. 90% and 95. 50 +/- 0. 75%, respectively, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).


Input: Their chemical structures were confirmed by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), and (1) H, (13) C and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

(1) H

(13) C


Input: This represents the first report on direct separation of CAF and 24-mCAF from RBO by HPCCC.

CAF


Input: Hepatic biotransformation of alkylresorcinols is mediated via cytochrome P450 and beta-oxidation: A proof of concept study.

alkylresorcinols


Input: Alkylresorcinols (AR) are phenolic lipids present in the bran of some cereals.

Alkylresorcinols

phenolic


Input: AR may serve as a biomarker for whole grain wheat and rye intake.


Input: While AR pharmacokinetics and two major metabolites have been reported, the metabolic pathways contributing to their relatively rapid elimination from the circulation remain to be speculative.


Input: In this study, we investigated if omega-and beta-oxidation mediate catabolism of the AR homologue C19: 0 to form 3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3-(3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid (DHPPA), using 3 in vitro platforms, human cytochrome P450 4F2 (CYP4F2), human liver S9, and HepG2 cells.

3, 5-dihydroxybenzoic acid

3-(3, 5-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid

DHPPA


Input: One hydroxylated C19: 0 metabolite was formed by CYP4F2 and one hydroxylated and one carboxylated C19: 0 were tentatively identified after incubation of AR with S9.


Input: The formation of DHPPA was quantifiable when HepG2 cells were treated with C19: 0 for 48h.

DHPPA


Input: Our results are consistent with a metabolic pathway by which AR are degraded to phenolic acids via CYP4F2-mediated omega-oxidation and subsequent beta-oxidation.


Input: Modifications of Kyoho grape berry quality under long-term NaCl treatment.

NaCl


Input: Different concentrations of a sodium chloride spray were applied to the grapevine cultivar Kyoho to determine the effects of salinity on berry quality.

sodium chloride


Input: The fruit' s fresh weight, relative water content, hardness and titratable acid were gradually enhanced with increased salt concentrations.


Input: Anthocyanin and soluble solids increased after treatment with moderate salinity (20 and 60mM); however, the results were reversed under high salinity (100 and 150mM).

Anthocyanin


Input: The soluble sugars glucose, fructose and sucrose increased after treatment with moderate salinity, whereas glucose and fructose declined under high salinity.

sugars glucose

fructose

sucrose

glucose

fructose


Input: For the six organic acids tested, their total levels were elevated by salinity, which increased the production of tartaric and malic acids.

tartaric and malic acids


Input: The aroma of the berry was extremely sensitive to salinity and showed a considerable decline in abundance and variety at 20mM NaCl.

NaCl


Input: In summary, moderate salinity enhanced the overall berry quality, but decreased the aroma quality, whereas high salinity decreased the berry quality.


Input: The impact of Ca (2 +) combination with organic acids on green tea infusions.

Ca (2 +)


Input: The effect of Ca (2 +) in brewing water on the organic acid content, turbidity, and formation of tea cream and sediment in green tea infusions was studied.

Ca (2 +)


Input: When the Ca (2 +) concentration of the brewing water was > 40mgL (-1), the green tea infusion became more turbid.

Ca (2 +)


Input: The turbidity of the tea infusion was highly negatively correlated with the contents of oxalic acid (R =-0. 89, p < 0. 01), quinic acid (R =-0. 90, p < 0. 01) and tartaric acid (R =-0. 82, p < 0. 01).

oxalic acid

quinic acid

tartaric acid


Input: Oxalic acid on its own interacted with Ca (2 +) at low concentrations, whereas polyphenols and protein did not.

Oxalic acid

Ca (2 +)

polyphenols


Input: In conclusion, Ca (2 +) in brewing water influences the quality of a tea infusion by inducing tea cream and sediment formation from combination of Ca (2 +) and organic acids, such as oxalic acid, quinic acid and tartaric acid.

Ca (2 +)

Ca (2 +)

oxalic acid

quinic acid

tartaric acid


Input: Ca (2 +) and oxalate are the main metal ion and anion, respectively, involved in tea cream and sediment formation on tea infusion cooling or concentrating.

Ca (2 +)

oxalate


Input: Development of electrochemical biosensor with nano-interface for xanthine sensing-A novel approach for fish freshness estimation.

xanthine


Input: Highly sensitive, selective and mediator-free electrochemical biosensor with nano-interface for sensing xanthine using xanthine oxidase (XOx) has been developed.

xanthine

xanthine


Input: Towards the preparation of nano-interface, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal co-precipitation method and structural, morphological characterizations were carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and field emission transmission electron microscope (FE-TEM) respectively.


Input: The modified electrode with the covalently linked XOx was confirmed by FT-IR.


Input: With the modified electrode as working electrode, electrochemical studies were carried out.


Input: The linear range was found to be from 0. 4 to 2. 4nM.


Input: The biosensor exhibited an optimum response in less than 2s and was not prone to interferences from ascorbic acid, urea and sucrose.

ascorbic acid

urea

sucrose


Input: The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was found to be 1. 3nM.


Input: The limit of detection is found to be 2. 5pM and limit of quantification as 8. 3pM.


Input: The developed biosensor was used for the real time measurement of fish freshness.


Input: Cultivating conditions effects on kefiran production by the mixed culture of lactic acid bacteria imbedded within kefir grains.

lactic acid


Input: The influence of fermentation temperature, agitation rate, and additions of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, vitamins and minerals on production of kefiran by kefir grains lactic acid bacteria was studied in a series of experiments.

carbon

nitrogen

lactic acid


Input: The main aim of the work was to increase the exopolysaccharide (EPS) production where customised milk was used as fermentation medium.


Input: It was proved that the controlling of culturing conditions and the modifying of fermentation medium conditions (i. e., carbon, nitrogen, mineral sources and vitamins) can dramatically enhance the production of the EPS.

carbon

nitrogen


Input: The temperature and agitation rate were critical for kefiran production during the 24h cultivation of grains; our optimised conditions being 25 degrees C and 80rpm, respectively.


Input: In addition, when optimising the effects of additional nutrition, it was found that 5% (w/v) lactose, 0. 1% (w/v) thiamine, and 0. 1% (w/v) FeCl3 led to the maximal production of EPS.

lactose

thiamine


Input: The results indicate that nutrients can be utilised to improve the production of EPS and that good kefir grains growth does not appear to be a determining factor for a high production yield of EPS.


Input: A Rapid tool for the stability assessment of natural food colours.


Input: Natural food colours lack stability under a number of conditions such as pH variation, oxidation, hydration, heat treatment and, most importantly, exposure to daylight.


Input: Stability tests to assess shelf life of natural colours under light irradiation can be time consuming.


Input: Thus, an accelerated test carried out under high light intensity irradiation that can be related to normal daylight irradiation conditions is highly desirable.


Input: Samples of various natural colouring solutions were prepared in aqueous model matrices at a range of pH values to mimic the majority of food matrices, pasteurised and irradiated under normal D65 light (0. 2W/m (2)) at 25 degrees C, and in parallel under high light intensity irradiation (30W/m (2)) at 3 different temperatures (25, 35 and 45 degrees C).


Input: Similarly to the already known Q10 parameters for temperature, acceleration factors QL for irradiation, were determined and used for the first time to obtain a link between colour degradation under normal and accelerated conditions.


Input: It was possible, using these acceleration factors, to greatly reduce the time required to predict and compare the shelf life stability for a series of natural colours in aqueous model systems.


Input: A micellar improved method for trace levels selenium quantification in food samples, alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages through CPE/FAAS.

selenium


Input: A useful preconcentration and determination method was proposed for trace selenium in food samples.

selenium


Input: The procedure is based on complex formation of Pyronine B with Se (IV) ions in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and Ponpe 7. 5.

Pyronine B

Se (IV)

sodium dodecyl sulphate

SDS


Input: The variables affecting complex formation, extraction and phase separation were studied and optimised.


Input: Under the experimental conditions used, the calibration graph was linear in the range of 20-1700 mu gL (-1) for Se (IV) ions.

Se (IV)


Input: The limit of detection was 3. 81 mu gL (-1) of Se (IV) and the relative standard deviation for 5 replicate determinations at 250 mu gL (-1) concentration level was 2. 45%.

Se (IV)


Input: Recovery values were obtained between 97. 8% and 102. 8% for spiked samples.


Input: The method was successfully applied to the determination of total selenium in some food samples and alcoholic and nonalcoholic beverages.

selenium


Input: Its validity was checked by the analysis of four certified reference materials.


Input: The results obtained by the proposed method were quantitatively in good agreement with the certified values.


Input: Effect of Saccharomyces strains on the quality of red wines aged on lees.


Input: Ageing on lees involves ageing the wine in contact with yeast cells after fermentation.


Input: If combined with the addition of oak chips, it can soften the wood flavour and increase the aromatic complexity of wine.


Input: The aim of the present work is to optimise both ageing techniques through selection of an adequate Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain.


Input: The study lasted 6months and content of polysaccharides, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, volatile compounds, colour parameters and sensory analysis, were periodically evaluated.

anthocyanins

proanthocyanidins


Input: Among the strains tested, G37 showed the highest release of polysaccharides (24. 4 +/- 5. 5mgl (-1)).


Input: Vanillin, syringaldehyde and furfuryl alcohol increased with ageing time in 7VA2 treatment.

Vanillin

syringaldehyde

furfuryl alcohol


Input: The wine aged with CTPL14 strain presented fewer monomeric and oligomeric proanthocyanidins (12. 4 +/- 0. 6 and 83. 4 +/- 8. 3mgl (-1), respectively), and showed the lowest astringency and bitterness sensations.

proanthocyanidins


Input: Results show an improvement in the sensory profile of the red wine aged with a combination of these two techniques.


Input: Diversity of (dihydro) hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in Colombian potato tubers.

(dihydro) hydroxycinnamic acid


Input: In potato tuber, caffeic acid (the predominant hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA)), its conjugates (HCAcs; i. e. chlorogenic acid (ChA), crypto-ChA, and neo-ChA), and anthocyanin-linked HCAs have been extensively described in the literature.

caffeic acid

hydroxycinnamic acid

HCA

chlorogenic acid

ChA

crypto-ChA

neo-ChA

anthocyanin

HCAs


Input: In contrast, only little information is available on the occurrence of other HCAcs and didydrohydroxycinnamic acid conjugates (DHCAcs).

didydrohydroxycinnamic acid


Input: Fifteen Colombian potato cultivars were screened for these less commonly described conjugates by reversed-phase ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and a heated electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer.


Input: A total of 62 HCAs/HCAcs/DHCAcs were found in extracts from peel and flesh.

HCAs


Input: Among them, only twelve compounds were common to all cultivars in both peel and flesh.


Input: The less commonly described compounds accounted for 7. 1-20. 1% w/w of the total amount of HCAs/HCAcs/DHCAcs in whole tubers, highlighting their contribution to the total phenolic profile of potato tubers.

HCAs