Input: Determination of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid in foods by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid


Input: A convenient HPLC method for the quantitative determination of EDTA in foods was developed.

EDTA


Input: EDTA in food samples was easily extracted with water by ultrasonication.

EDTA


Input: After converting to Fe (III) complex in the presence of Fe (III) ions, EDTA was separated on a reversed-phase C30 column and detected with ultraviolet detection (260 nm).

Fe (III)

Fe (III)

EDTA


Input: Citrate and malate, which are present in many foods, also formed Fe (III) complexes but they did not interfere the chromatographic detection of EDTA.

Citrate

malate

Fe (III)

EDTA


Input: The method allowed determination of EDTA in foods at concentrations as low as 0. 01 mmol/kg.

EDTA


Input: Good recoveries (95. 2-101%) were obtained by the standard addition method on four samples with high repeatability (RSD, 0. 8-3. 4%).


Input: The method was successfully applied to the analysis of EDTA in carbonated drinks, jellies, canned beans, canned corn and food supplements.

EDTA


Input: Increase in antioxidant and anticancer effects of ginsenoside Re-lysine mixture by Maillard reaction.

ginsenoside Re

lysine


Input: Ginsenosides are the main active components of Panax ginseng.

Ginsenosides


Input: Structural changes in diol type ginsenosides along with generation of Maillard reaction products (MRPs) are strongly associated with increased free radical-scavenging activities.

diol

ginsenosides


Input: Ginsenoside Re, one of the major triol type ginsenosides of P. ginseng, possesses a hydrophobic four-ring steroid-like structure with hydrophilic sugar moieties at carbons-3 and-20.

Ginsenoside Re

triol

ginsenosides

sugar

carbons


Input: The aim of the present study was to identify changes in the structure, antioxidant and anticancer effects of ginsenoside Re upon Maillard reaction.

ginsenoside Re


Input: Ginsenoside Re was transformed into less-polar ginsenosides, namely Rg (2), Rg (6) and F (4) by heat-processing.

Ginsenoside Re

ginsenosides, namely Rg (2), Rg (6) and F (4)


Input: Free radical-scavenging activity of the ginsenoside Re-lysine mixture increased upon heat processing.

ginsenoside Re

lysine


Input: This improved free radical-scavenging activity mediated by antioxidant MRPs, which were generated through Maillard reaction of a glucosyl moiety separated from carbon-20 of ginsenoside Re and lysine.

glucosyl

carbon

ginsenoside Re

lysine


Input: The increased anticancer effect of ginsenoside Re-lysine mixture upon heat processing was mainly derived from the generation of less-polar ginsenosides through the regulation of Bcl-2 and Bax, as well as caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.

ginsenoside Re

lysine

ginsenosides


Input: These results reported here have shed significant new lights on the mechanism of increased antioxidant and anticancer effects of P. ginseng upon heat processing.


Input: Effects of twin-screw extrusion on soluble dietary fibre and physicochemical properties of soybean residue.


Input: Extrusion cooking technology was applied for soluble dietary fibre extraction from soybean residue.


Input: Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise the effects of extrusion parameters, namely extrusion temperature (90-130 degrees C), feed moisture (25-35%) and screw speed (160-200 rpm) on the content of soluble dietary fibre.


Input: According to the regression coefficients significance of the quadratic polynomial model, the optimum extrusion parameters were as follows: extrusion temperature, 115 degrees C; feed moisture, 31%; and screw speed, 180 rpm.


Input: Under these conditions, the soluble dietary fibre content of soybean residue could reach to 12. 65% which increased 10. 60% compared with the unextruded soybean residue.


Input: In addition, the dietary fibre in extrude soybean residue had higher water retention capacity, oil retention capacity and swelling capacity than those of dietary fibre in unextruded soybean residue.


Input: Adhesive microbeads for the targeting delivery of anticaries agents of vegetable origin.


Input: The formulation of quinic acid, a food constituent demonstrating potential anticaries and antigingivitis properties, was investigated in an adhesive microparticulate delivery system with the goal of improving its effect by prolonging its residence time at the site of action.

quinic acid


Input: Alginate and chitosan were selected as mucoadhesive polymers.


Input: The microspheres were prepared by coacervation.


Input: Different types of alginates, polymers blends and crosslinking agent concentrations were considered and evaluated.


Input: The best results in terms of encapsulation efficiency, in vitro active agent release profile and in vitro adhesive properties, both to oral mucosa and to teeth surface, were obtained with a blend of Alginate Protanal LF200S: Alginate Protanal LF120LS 1: 1. 5 w/w, 0. 1M CaCl (2), and chitosan coating, prepared by a one-step complex coacervation method.


Input: This microparticulate delivery system showed prolonged release of quinic acid, and could be used as an active component in chewing gums or mouthwashes for both caries and gingivitis prevention.

quinic acid


Input: Odour quality of spray-dried hens' egg powders: the influence of composition, processing and storage conditions.


Input: This study aimed to determine whether compositional or processing parameters have an influence on the odour quality of egg powders.


Input: The parameters tested were: whole egg vs. egg yolk, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) enrichment, spray-drying temperature (160 degrees C vs. 180 degrees C), production scale (industrial vs. pilot plant), storage temperature (15 degrees C vs. 30 degrees C) and time (1, 2, 4 and 8 months).

polyunsaturated fatty acid

PUFA


Input: The quality of egg powders was evaluated by sensory analysis using free sorting, and by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and olfactometry.


Input: PUFA enrichment and spray-drying temperature do not affect the odour of egg yolk powders.

PUFA


Input: There are significant differences between the odour of whole-egg and egg-yolk powders as well as between powders produced on an industrial scale or in a pilot plant.


Input: An increase in the odour intensity of egg powders was observed during storage, while unpleasant odours were perceived when the egg powders were stored at 30 degrees C.


Input: Quantification by UHPLC of total individual polyphenols in fruit juices.

polyphenols


Input: The present work proposes a new UHPLC-PDA-fluorescence method able to identify and quantify the main polyphenols present in commercial fruit juices in a 28-min chromatogram.

polyphenols


Input: The proposed method improve the IFU method No. 71 used to evaluate anthocyanins profiles of fruit juices.

anthocyanins


Input: Fruit juices of strawberry, American cranberry, bilberry, sour cherry, black grape, orange, and apple, were analysed identifying 70 of their main polyphenols (23 anthocyanins, 15 flavonols, 6 hydroxybenzoic acids, 14 hydroxycinnamic acids, 4 flavanones, 2 dihydrochalcones, 4 flavan-3-ols and 2 stilbenes).

polyphenols

anthocyanins

flavonols

hydroxybenzoic acids

hydroxycinnamic acids

flavanones

dihydrochalcones

stilbenes


Input: One standard polyphenol of each group was used to calculate individual polyphenol concentration presents in a juice.

polyphenol

polyphenol


Input: Total amount of polyphenols in a fruit juice was estimated as total individual polyphenols (TIP).

polyphenols

polyphenols


Input: A good correlation (r (2) = 0. 966) was observed between calculated TIP, and total polyphenols (TP) determined by the well-known colorimetric Folin-Ciocalteu method.

polyphenols


Input: In this work, the higher TIP value corresponded to bilberry juice (607. 324 mg/100mL fruit juice) and the lower to orange juice (32. 638 mg/100mL fruit juice).


Input: This method is useful for authentication analyses and for labelling total polyphenols contents of commercial fruit juices.

polyphenols


Input: Effects of amylosucrase treatment on molecular structure and digestion resistance of pre-gelatinised rice and barley starches.


Input: Structural modification of rice and barley starches with Neisseria polysaccharea amylosucrase (NpAS) was conducted, and relationship between structural characteristics and resistant starch (RS) contents of NpAS-treated starches was investigated.


Input: Pre-gelatinised rice and barley starches were treated with NpAS.


Input: NpAS-treated starches were characterised with respect to morphology, X-ray diffraction pattern, amylopectin branch-chain distribution, and RS content, and their structural characteristics were correlated to RS contents.


Input: Regardless of amylose contents of native starches, NpAS-treated (relative to native) starches possessed lower and higher proportions of shorter (DP 6-12) and intermediate (DP 13-36) amylopectin (AP) branch-chains, respectively.


Input: RS contents were higher for NpAS-treated starches relative to native starches, and maximum RS contents were obtained for NpAS-treated starches of waxy rice and barley genotypes.


Input: Amylose contents were not associated with RS contents of NpAS-treated starches.


Input: However, shorter and intermediate AP branch-chain portions were negatively and positively correlated to RS contents of NpAS-treated starches, respectively.


Input: Simultaneous detection of multiple adulterants in dry milk using macro-scale Raman chemical imaging.


Input: The potential of Raman chemical imaging for simultaneously detecting multiple adulterants in milk powder was investigated.


Input: Potential chemical adulterants, including ammonium sulphate, dicyandiamide, melamine, and urea, were mixed together into skim dry milk in the concentration range of 0. 1-5. 0% for each adulterant.

ammonium sulphate

dicyandiamide

melamine

urea


Input: Using a 785-nm laser, a Raman imaging system acquired hyperspectral images in the wavenumber range of 102-2538 cm (-1) for a 25 x 25 mm (2) area of each mixture sample, with a spatial resolution of 0. 25 mm.


Input: Self-modelling mixture analysis (SMA) was used to extract pure component spectra, by which the four types of the adulterants were identified at all concentration levels based on their spectral information divergence values to the reference spectra.


Input: Raman chemical images were created using the contribution images from SMA, and their use to effectively visualise identification and spatial distribution of the multiple adulterant particles in the dry milk was demonstrated.


Input: Alteration of alpha-tocopherol-associated protein (TAP) expression in human breast epithelial cells during breast cancer development.

alpha-tocopherol


Input: Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women and has an age-specific incidence profile.


Input: Over the last decade, many studies have demonstrated the anticancer activity of alpha-tocopherol, the main and most active form of natural vitamin E.

alpha-tocopherol

vitamin E


Input: alpha-Tocopherol-associated protein (TAP) was found to be one of the major alpha-tocopherol binding proteins in human serum and in liver, brain, and prostate tissues.

alpha-Tocopherol

alpha-tocopherol


Input: In this study, we found that reduced TAP expression was significantly correlated with Her2/neu receptor expression, breast cancer stage and nodal stage in paired normal and cancerous breast tissue samples from 93 patients using real-time PCR analysis.


Input: A cell viability assay showed that alpha-tocopheryl succinate (alpha-TOS), a synthetic derivative of alpha-tocopherol, enhanced the cells' sensitivity to doxorubicin and resulted in a reduction in cell viability in breast cancers.

alpha-tocopheryl succinate

alpha-TOS

alpha-tocopherol

doxorubicin


Input: Taken together, these data suggest that the use of vitamin E or its analogue as a dietary supplement may be beneficial for the treatment of cancer.

vitamin E


Input: Neuroprotective effects of oral gallic acid against oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in rats.

gallic acid


Input: Free radical-induced neural damage is implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and antioxidants have protective activity.


Input: In the present study, we examined the effect of gallic acid (GA; 50, 100 and 200mg/kg, p. o. for 10 days) on memory deficit and cerebral oxidative stress induced by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA; 8 mu g/2 mu L) injected into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB, full nigral lesion) as an animal model of Parkinson' s disease (PD).

gallic acid


Input: The results showed that 6-OHDA significantly reduced the passive avoidance memory performance, non-enzymatic (total thiol) and enzymatic [glutathione peroxidase (GPx)] antioxidant contents and increased the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the hippocampus and striatum of vehicle-treated group as compared to sham-operated rats.

thiol

glutathione

malondialdehyde

MDA


Input: Furthermore, oral administration of GA significantly increased the passive avoidance memory, total thiol and GPx contents and also decreased MDA levels in the above tissues.

thiol

MDA


Input: The results suggest that GA has neuroprotective activity against 6-OHDA-induced oxidative stress via enhancement of cerebral antioxidant defence.


Input: Cannabisin B induces autophagic cell death by inhibiting the AKT/mTOR pathway and S phase cell cycle arrest in HepG2 cells.

Cannabisin B


Input: This study investigates the anticancer properties of cannabisin B, purified from hempseed hull, in HepG2 human hepatoblastoma cells.

cannabisin B


Input: The results indicate that cannabisin B significantly inhibited cell proliferation by inducing autophagic cell death rather than typical apoptosis.

cannabisin B


Input: Cell viability transiently increased upon the addition of a low concentration of cannabisin B but decreased upon the addition of high concentrations.

cannabisin B


Input: Cannabisin B-induced changes in cell viability were completely inhibited by pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine (3-MA), indicating that the induction of autophagy by cannabisin B caused cell death.

Cannabisin B

cannabisin B


Input: Additionally, cannabisin B induced S phase cell cycle arrest in a dose-dependent manner.

cannabisin B


Input: Moreover, cannabisin B was found to inhibit survival signaling by blocking the activation of AKT and down-stream targets of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).

cannabisin B

rapamycin


Input: These findings suggest that cannabisin B possesses considerable antiproliferative activity and that it may be utilised as a promising chemopreventive agent against hepatoblastoma disease.

cannabisin B


Input: Vitamin D and 25-hydroxyvitamin D determination in meats by LC-IT-MS.

Vitamin D

25-hydroxyvitamin D


Input: This paper reports a method for the rapid, sensitive and simultaneous analysis of vitamin D (Vit D) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OH-Vit D) in meats.

vitamin D

Vit D

25-hydroxyvitamin D

25OH-Vit D


Input: Samples were saponified and underwent solid phase extraction with analysis by normal phase liquid chromatography (LC) with ion trap mass spectroscopy (IT-MS), using positive polarity atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI).


Input: Limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for Vit D and 25OH-Vit D were 0. 03 and 0. 05 mu g/100g respectively.

Vit D

25OH-Vit D


Input: Deuterium labelled Vit D and 25OH-Vit D internal standards were added as surrogates prior to saponification, correcting for extraction inefficiencies and potential MS matrix enhancement or suppression effects.

Deuterium

Vit D

25OH-Vit D


Input: Recoveries using internal/surrogate standard correction ranged from 80% to 100% for all vitamers.


Input: Measurement uncertainty ranged from 6% to 15% for all vitamers in this method.


Input: This process required only 7. 5 g of sample per extraction and a batch of 28 extractions could be completed in six hours.


Input: Simultaneous determination of aflatoxin B (1) and ochratoxin A in licorice roots and fritillary bulbs by solid-phase extraction coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

aflatoxin B (1)

ochratoxin A


Input: An effective method was developed for screening licorice roots and fritillary bulbs for contamination by aflatoxin B (1) and ochratoxin A using high-performance liquid chromatography connected to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

aflatoxin B (1)

ochratoxin A


Input: The samples were pre-concentrated and purified using solid-phase extraction, which provided satisfactory results.


Input: The separation was performed on a Waters Xbridge (TM) C18 column with a linear gradient of acetonitrile-water containing 5mM ammonium acetate.

acetonitrile

ammonium acetate


Input: The MS spectrum was acquired in positive mode with both single quadrupole (Q1) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).


Input: The optimised method offered a good linear correlation (r (2) > 0. 9967), excellent precision (RSD < 2. 83%) and acceptable recovery (from 92. 78 to 105. 37%).


Input: The limits of detection (LOD) and the limits of quantification (LOQ) were less than 0. 024 mu g/kg and 0. 095 mu g/kg, respectively.


Input: The validated method was successfully applied to the rapid screening for AFB (1) and OTA in licorice roots and fritillary bulbs.


Input: Peyer' s patch-mediated intestinal immune system modulating activity of pectic-type polysaccharide from peel of Citrus unshiu.


Input: An intestinal immune system modulating polysaccharide (CUI-3IIb-3-2, 18kDa) was purified from Citrus unshiu peel.


Input: CUI-3IIb-3-2 mainly comprised GalA, GlcA, Ara, Gal and Rha, and it consisted of 4-linked GalA, terminal Araf, 4-or 5-linked/3, 4-or 3, 5-branched Ara, terminal Gal, and 2-linked/2, 4-branched Rha.

GalA

GlcA

Ara

Gal

Rha

GalA

Araf

Ara

Gal

Rha


Input: After CUI-3IIb-3-2 digestion by endo-alpha-d-(1 --> 4)-polygalacturonase, its hydrolysate was fractionated into PG-1 and PG-2.


Input: Methylation analyses of PG-1 and PG-2 using base-catalysed beta-elimination suggested that CUI-3IIb-3-2 be assumed as pectic-type polysaccharide.


Input: Since the activities of PG-1 and PG-2 were potently decreased, the whole polysaccharide structure of CUI-3IIb-3-2 would be essential to maintain the activity.


Input: Meanwhile, when CUI-3IIb was orally administered in mice, bone marrow cell proliferation and GM-CSF/IL-6 production from Peyer' s patch cell were significantly higher (1. 76-and 2. 03/2. 51-fold, respectively) than a saline.


Input: Therefore, a pectic-type polysaccharide from citrus peel could stimulate Peyer' s patches and produce hematopoietic growth factors resulted in bone marrow cell proliferation.


Input: An electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry screening of triacylglycerols in developing cultivated and wild peanut kernels (Arachis hypogaea L.).

triacylglycerols


Input: The accumulation of triacylglycerols during the development of three varieties of peanuts was monitored in two Tunisian cultivated peanut (Trabelsia (AraT) and Chounfakhi (AraC)) and one wild Tunisian peanut (Arbi (AraA)).

triacylglycerols


Input: The presence of TAGs composed of rare fatty acid residues such as hexacosanoic acid (C (23: 0)) and heneicosanoic acid (C (21: 0)) among the triacylglycerols C (23: 0) LL, C (23: 0) OO and C (21: 0) LL was noted.

fatty acid

hexacosanoic acid

heneicosanoic acid

triacylglycerols


Input: The major molecular species of triacylglycerol detected in the three peanut varieties were dioleoyl linoleoyl (OOL), 1, 2, 3-trioleyl (OOO), 1, 2-dioleyl-3-palmitoyl (POO), 1, 2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleyl (OLL) and 1-oleoyl-2-linoleoyl-3-linolenoyl (OLLn).

triacylglycerol

dioleoyl linoleoyl

OOL

1, 2, 3-trioleyl

OOO

1, 2-dioleyl-3-palmitoyl

POO

1, 2-dilinoleoyl-3-oleyl

OLL

OLLn


Input: The TAG composition and content were significantly different among the three peanut varieties.


Input: The three major TAGs were OOL (20. 6%), OOO (15. 6%) and OLLn (13. 2%) in AraA; OOL (21. 4%), OOO (20. 1%) and POO (17. 5%) in AraC and finally OLL (20. 7%), OOO (19. 8%) and OLL (17. 7%) in AraT.

OOO

OOL

OOO

POO

OLL

OOO

OLL


Input: Film forming ability of gelatins from splendid squid (Loligo formosana) skin bleached with hydrogen peroxide.

hydrogen peroxide


Input: Properties of gelatin films from splendid squid (Loligo formosana) skin bleached with hydrogen peroxide (H (2) O (2)) at various concentrations (0-8% w/v) were investigated.

hydrogen peroxide

H (2) O (2)


Input: Tensile strength (TS) and water vapour permeability (WVP) of films decreased, but elongation at break (EAB) increased (p < 0. 05) as the concentration of H (2) O (2) increased.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Among all films, that prepared from gelatin with 2% H (2) O (2) bleaching showed the lowest Delta E (*)-value (total colour difference), which was concomitant with the highest L (*)-value (lightness).

H (2) O (2)


Input: Generally, higher concentration of H (2) O (2) resulted in increased b (*)-value (yellowness) of resulting films.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Electrophoretic study revealed that alpha-chains of gelatin in films became lowered with increasing H (2) O (2) concentrations used for bleaching.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that heat susceptibility and weight loss of different films varied with H (2) O (2) concentrations.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Rougher surface was obtained in gelatin films prepared from skin bleached with H (2) O (2) concentrations above 4%.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Thus, the concentrations of H (2) O (2) used for bleaching of squid skin prior to gelatin extraction directly affected the properties of corresponding gelatin films.

H (2) O (2)


Input: Geographical origin identification of Romanian wines by ICP-MS elemental analysis.


Input: Trace elemental analysis, besides its ability to determine stable isotopes ratios, represents a possible complementary tool useful to differentiate wines based on their regional origins.


Input: Wines and their provenance soils from two major wine producing areas in Southeast Romania (' Valea Calugareasca' and' Murfatlar'), and also wine from the region of Moldova (Eastern Romania) were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and statistical data of elemental composition was used to differentiate these wines according to grape type and geographical origin.


Input: Moreover, this study gathers relevant elemental trace composition of wines produced in most important Romanian vineyards, thus offering a useful wine differentiation tool by their production district.


Input: The results show that the differentiation of Romanian wines according to their provenance is based on the following main elements: Ni, Ag, Cr, Sr, Zn, and Cu for Valea Calugareasca, Rb, Zn, and Mn for Murfatlar, and Pb, Co, and V for Moldova.

Ni

Ag

Cr

Sr

Zn

Cu

Rb

Zn

Mn

Pb

Co

V


Input: Quantification of vitamin D3 and its hydroxylated metabolites in waxy leaf nightshade (Solanum glaucophyllum Desf.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

vitamin D3


Input: Changes in vitamin D (3) and its metabolites were investigated following UVB-and heat-treatment in the leaves of Solanum glaucophyllum Desf., Solanum lycopersicum L. and Capsicum annuum L.

vitamin D (3)


Input: The analytical method used was a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) method including Diels-Alder derivatisation.


Input: Vitamin D (3) and 25-hydroxy vitamin D (3) were found in the leaves of all plants after UVB-treatment.

Vitamin D (3)

25-hydroxy vitamin D (3)


Input: S. glaucophyllum had the highest content, 200 ng vitamin D (3)/g dry weight and 31 ng 25-hydroxy vitamin D (3)/g dry weight, and was the only plant that also contained 1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D (3) in both free (32 ng/g dry weight) and glycosylated form (17 ng/g dry weight).

vitamin D (3)

25-hydroxy vitamin D (3)

1, 25 dihydroxy vitamin D (3)


Input: Purification and characterisation of a novel chitinase from persimmon (Diospyros kaki) with antifungal activity.


Input: A novel chitinase from the persimmon fruit was isolated, purified and characterised in this report.


Input: The Diospyros kaki chitinase (DKC) was found to be a monomer with a molecular mass of 29 kDa.


Input: It exhibited optimal activity at pH 4. 5 with broad pH stability from pH 4. 0-9. 0.


Input: It has an optimal temperature of 60 degrees C and thermostable up to 60 degrees C when incubated for 30 min.


Input: The internal peptide sequences of DKC showed similarity with other reported plant chitinases.


Input: It has the ability to hydrolyse colloidal chitin into chito-oligomers such as chitotriose, chitobiose and into its monomer N-acetylglucosamine.

chitotriose

chitobiose

N-acetylglucosamine


Input: It can be used to degrade chitin waste into useful products such as chito-oligosacchaarides.


Input: DKC exhibited antifungal activity towards pathogenic fungus Trichoderma viride.


Input: Chitinases with antifungal property can be used as biocontrol agents replacing chemical fungicides.


Input: Development of apple certified reference material for quantification of organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides.

organophosphorus

pyrethroid


Input: An apple certified reference material for the analysis of pesticide residues was issued by the National Metrology Institute of Japan.


Input: Organophosphorus and pyrethroid pesticides were sprayed on apples, and these were used as raw materials of certified reference material.

Organophosphorus

pyrethroid


Input: The harvested apples were cut into small pieces, freeze-dried, pulverized, sieved, placed into 200 brown glass bottles (3g each), and sterilized by gamma-irradiation.


Input: Stability and homogeneity assessment was performed, and the relative uncertainties due to instability (for an expiry date of 32 months) and inhomogeneity were 10. 3-25. 0% and 4. 0-6. 8%, respectively.


Input: The characterization was carried out using multiple analytical methods to ensure the reliability of analytical results; the values of target pesticides were obtained by isotope dilution mass spectrometry.


Input: Certified values were 2. 28 +/- 0. 82 mg/kg for diazinon, 3. 14 +/- 0. 79 mg/kg for fenitrothion, 1. 55 +/- 0. 81 mg/kg for cypermethrin, and 2. 81 +/- 0. 70 mg/kg for permethrin.

diazinon

fenitrothion

cypermethrin

permethrin


Input: Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of xylan-chitooligomer-zinc complex.

zinc


Input: In this study, a ternary complex based on natural polysaccharides was explored as a novel food preservative.


Input: Chitooligomer was obtained by enzyme hydrolysis of chitosan with immobilised neutral protease, and the degree of polymerisation (DP) was mainly from 2 to 5.


Input: Chitooligomer-zinc complex (CGZC) was first produced and then co-heated with xylan to prepare xylan-chitooligomer-zinc complex (XCGZC).

zinc

zinc


Input: XCGZC showed higher antioxidant and antibacterial activity than chitooligomer, chitooligomer-zinc and xylan-chitooligomer.

zinc


Input: The IC (50) of XCGZC was 5. 37 mg/mL, which was equal to the antioxidant ability of 3. 28 mg/mL BHT.


Input: The diameter of the inhibition zone for XCGZC against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was 17. 2 +/- 0. 4 and 30. 3 +/- 0. 6mm vs. control of 6. 0mm.


Input: Besides, XCGZC had excellent antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus megaterium.


Input: Therefore, XCGZC can be used as a novel promising preservative with antibacterial and antioxidant properties in the food industry.


Input: A critical study of use of the Fe (II)/3-hydroxy-4-nitroso-2, 7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid complexes in the quantification of polyphenols in medicinal plants.

Fe (II)

3-hydroxy-4-nitroso-2, 7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

polyphenols


Input: A critical study of the use of the Fe (III)/3-hydroxy-4-nitroso-2, 7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (NRS) complexes on the quantification of the polyphenols content in aqueous extracts of plants, expressed as pyrogallic acid, [PA], is presented.

Fe (III)

3-hydroxy-4-nitroso-2, 7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid

NRS

polyphenols

pyrogallic acid


Input: The reaction used is based on the reduction of Fe (III) to Fe (II) by [PA] in the presence of NRS in a buffered medium (Tris; pH 8. 0) with formation of Fe (II)/NRS complexes.

Fe (III)

Fe (II)

NRS

Fe (II)

NRS


Input: A calibration curve of absorbance (at 730 nm) vs. [PA] is linear (r = 0. 998; n = 7) from 1. 0 to 7. 0 mu molL (-1) [PA].


Input: LD and RSD were 0. 5 mu molL (-1) and 2. 5% (6. 0 mu molL (-1) [PA], n = 10), respectively.


Input: The influence of pH, type of buffer solution and interfering species possibly present in the samples were evaluated.


Input: Aqueous extracts of twelve medicinal plants used in the Brazilian folk medicine were analysed by using both Fe (III)/NRS complexes and the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent.

Fe (III)

NRS


Input: A simple HPLC method for the comprehensive analysis of cis/trans (Z/E) geometrical isomers of carotenoids for nutritional studies.


Input: Geometrical isomers of carotenoids behave differently in aspects like stability towards oxidants, bioavailability, vitamin A activity and specificity for enzymes.

vitamin A


Input: The availability of HPLC methods for their detailed profiling is therefore advisable to expand our knowledge on their metabolism and biological role.


Input: In this paper the development of a methodology to determine the highest number of geometrical isomers of major carotenoids in humans (phytoene, phytofluene, lutein, zeaxanthin, beta-cryptoxanthin, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene and lycopene) is described.

phytoene

phytofluene

lutein

zeaxanthin

beta-cryptoxanthin

alpha-carotene

beta-carotene

lycopene


Input: To assess its usefulness with biological samples both postprandial human plasma and lung samples from ferrets were analysed.


Input: Up to 48 isomers of the main human carotenoids were separated in 62 min.


Input: This is to the best of our knowledge the report of the highest number of carotenoid geometrical isomers separated with a HPLC method.


Input: Twenty-six different carotenoid isomers were readily detected in the biological samples.


Input: Understanding the degradation of ascorbic acid and glutathione in relation to the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers in broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. italica cv. Bellstar) during storage and mechanical processing.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: The purpose of this research was to understand the degradation of ascorbic acid and glutathione content in broccoli florets (Brassica oleracea L. italica cv. Bellstar) during prolonged storage and subsequent mechanical processing.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: The initial content of total ascorbic acid and glutathione in broccoli florets averaged at 5. 18 +/- 0. 23 and 0. 70 +/- 0. 03 mu mol/g fresh weight, respectively.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: Results showed that the content of ascorbic acid and glutathione in broccoli degraded during storage at 23 degrees C, for at least 4. 5-fold after 6 days of storage.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: On each day of storage, broccoli florets were mechanically processed, but the content of total ascorbic acid and glutathione was not significantly affected.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: When the mechanically processed broccoli florets were further incubated for up to 6h, the amount of ascorbic acid was greatly reduced as compared to glutathione.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: To obtain an in-depth understanding on the degradation of ascorbic acid and glutathione, the activity of enzymes involved in plant antioxidative system via ascorbate-glutathione cycle, as a response towards oxidative stress that took place during storage was determined in this study.

ascorbic acid

glutathione

ascorbate

glutathione


Input: The content of total ascorbic acid and glutathione in broccoli florets before and after mechanical processing were found to decrease concurrently with the activity of ascorbic acid peroxidase and glutathione reductase over the experimental storage duration.

ascorbic acid

glutathione

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: Meanwhile, the effect of oxidative stress on the content of ascorbic acid and glutathione was apparent during the 6h of incubation after mechanical processing.

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: This phenomenon was demonstrated by the level of oxidative stress biomarkers examined, in which the formation of lipid peroxides, protein carbonyls and DNA oxidised products was positively associated with the degradation of total ascorbic acid and glutathione.

peroxides

carbonyls

ascorbic acid

glutathione


Input: Phytosteryl sinapates and vanillates: chemoenzymatic synthesis and antioxidant capacity assessment.

Phytosteryl sinapates

vanillates


Input: Phytosterols and their derivatives have attracted much attention because of their health benefits to humans and are widely used in food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics in the past decades.

Phytosterols


Input: While most of the research has focused on free phytosterols and phytosteryl esters of fatty acids, few researches reported on phytosteryl phenolates, the esters of phytosterols with phenolic acids.

phytosterols

phytosteryl esters of fatty acids

phytosteryl phenolates

phytosterols

phenolic acids


Input: Two novel group phytosteryl phenolates, namely phytosteryl sinapates and vanillates, were successfully chemoenzymatically synthesised in this work and their structures confirmed.

phytosteryl phenolates

phytosteryl sinapates

vanillates


Input: Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and high performance chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) using atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation (APCI) under both positive and negative ion modes were employed for this purpose.


Input: High antioxidant capacity of phytosteryl sinapates was observed using both oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and cooked ground meat model system.

phytosteryl sinapates

oxygen


Input: Although phytosteryl vanillates showed lower antioxidant capacity than phytosteryl sinapates, they were stronger antioxidants than vanillic acid and vinyl vanillate in both assays employed.

phytosteryl vanillates

phytosteryl sinapates

vanillic acid

vinyl vanillate


Input: Conjugation of phytosterols with sinapic or vanillic acid rendered higher antioxidant capacity.

phytosterols

sinapic or vanillic acid


Input: Further studies on health benefits of phytosteryl sinapates and vanillates are necessary.

phytosteryl sinapates

vanillates


Input: Characterization of oils and fats by 1H NMR and GC/MS fingerprinting: classification, prediction and detection of adulteration.


Input: The correct identification of oils and fats is important to consumers from both commercial and health perspectives.


Input: Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ((1) H NMR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) fingerprinting and chemometrics were employed successfully for the quality control of oils and fats.

(1) H


Input: Principal component analysis (PCA) of both techniques showed group clustering of 14 types of oils and fats.


Input: Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) using GC/MS data had excellent classification sensitivity and specificity compared to models using NMR data.


Input: Depending on the availability of the instruments, data from either technique can effectively be applied for the establishment of an oils and fats database to identify unknown samples.


Input: Partial least squares (PLS) models were successfully established for the detection of as low as 5% of lard and beef tallow spiked into canola oil, thus illustrating possible applications in Islamic and Jewish countries.


Input: Chemical evidence for the synergistic effect of a cysteinyl thiol on the antioxidant activity of caffeic and dihydrocaffeic esters.

cysteinyl thiol

caffeic and dihydrocaffeic esters


Input: Antioxidant activity of methyl caffeate and methyl dihydrocaffeate in the presence of a cysteinyl thiol was measured in an azo-initiator-induced lipid oxidation system.

methyl caffeate

methyl dihydrocaffeate

cysteinyl thiol

azo


Input: The coexistence of the thiol was observed to display a synergistic effect on the antioxidant activity of both caffeates.

thiol

caffeates


Input: The synergism was observed mainly with respect to the elongation of the induction period, rather than the inhibition rate for lipid oxidation.


Input: For methyl caffeate, the maximum elongation of the induction period was observed in the presence of more than two equivalents of the thiol, whereas the maximum effect on the activity of methyl dihydrocaffeate was observed in the presence of more than three equivalents of the thiol.

methyl caffeate

thiol

methyl dihydrocaffeate

thiol


Input: These synergistic effects were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of the intermediates produced during the antioxidation period.


Input: The analytical results clarified that the mono-thiol adduct of methyl caffeate and the mono-and di-thiol adducts of methyl dihydrocaffeate contributed to the synergism in the antioxidant activity of both caffeates.

thiol

methyl caffeate

thiol

methyl dihydrocaffeate

caffeates


Input: Oligomeric procyanidins of lotus seedpod inhibits the formation of advanced glycation end-products by scavenging reactive carbonyls.

procyanidins

carbonyls


Input: It has been reported that oligomeric procyanidins of lotus seedpod (LSOPC) is effective in the alleviation of Alzheimer' s disease and diabetes through its antioxidant and insulin-potentiating activities.

procyanidins


Input: This study investigated the anti-glycative activity of LSOPC in a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-glucose model.

glucose


Input: The level of glycation and conformational alterations were assessed by specific fluorescence, Congo red binding assay and circular dichroism.


Input: The results show that LSOPC has a significant anti-glycative activity in vitro and it can also effectively protect the secondary structure of BSA during glycation.


Input: LSOPC or catechin (a major constituent unit of LSOPC), were used to react with methylglyoxal.

catechin

methylglyoxal


Input: The structures of their carbonyl adducts were tentatively identified using HPLC-MS (2).

carbonyl


Input: Their capacity to scavenge methylglyoxal suggested carbonyl scavenging as a major mechanism of antiglycation.

methylglyoxal

carbonyl


Input: Therefore, LSOPC could be helpful to prevent AGEs-associated diseases, and with the potential to be used as functional food ingredients.


Input: Biguanide related compounds in traditional antidiabetic functional foods.

Biguanide


Input: Biguanides such as metformin are widely used worldwide for the treatment of type-2 diabetes.

Biguanides

metformin


Input: The identification of guanidine and related compounds in French lilac plant (Galega officinalis L.) led to the development of biguanides.

guanidine

biguanides


Input: Despite of their plant origin, biguanides have not been reported in plants.

biguanides


Input: The objective of this study was to quantify biguanide related compounds (BRCs) in experimentally or clinically substantiated antidiabetic functional plant foods and potatoes.

biguanide


Input: The corrected results of the Voges-Proskauer (V-P) assay suggest that the highest amounts of BRCs are present in green curry leaves (Murraya koenigii (L.) Sprengel) followed by fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), green bitter gourd (Momordica charantia Descourt.), and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).


Input: Whereas, garlic (Allium sativum L.), and sweet potato (Ipomea batatas (L.) Lam.) contain negligible amounts of BRCs.


Input: In addition, the possible biosynthetic routes of biguanide in these plant foods are discussed.

biguanide


Input: Thermal protection of beta-carotene in re-assembled casein micelles during different processing technologies applied in food industry.

beta-carotene


Input: beta-Carotene is a carotenoid usually applied in the food industry as a precursor of vitamin A or as a colourant.

beta-Carotene

vitamin A


Input: beta-Carotene is a labile compound easily degraded by light, heat and oxygen.

beta-Carotene

oxygen


Input: Casein micelles were used as nanostructures to encapsulate, stabilise and protect beta-carotene from degradation during processing in the food industry.

beta-carotene


Input: Self-assembly method was applied to re-assemble nanomicelles containing beta-carotene.

beta-carotene


Input: The protective effect of the nanostructures against degradation during the most common industrial treatments (sterilisation, pasteurisation, high hydrostatic pressure and baking) was proven.


Input: Casein micelles protected beta-carotene from degradation during heat stabilisation, high pressure processing and the processes most commonly used in the food industry including baking.

beta-carotene


Input: This opens new possibilities for introducing thermolabile ingredients in bakery products.


Input: Determination of seven synthetic dyes in animal feeds and meat by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array and tandem mass detectors.


Input: An efficient method was developed for the simultaneous determination of seven commonly used synthetic sulfonate dyes (Ponceau 4RC, Sunset yellow, Allura red, Azophloxine, Ponceau xylidine, Erythrosine and Orange II) in animal feed and meat using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-DAD) and tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS).

sulfonate

Ponceau 4RC

Sunset yellow

Allura red

Azophloxine

Ponceau xylidine

Erythrosine

Orange II


Input: Ethanol-ammonia-water (80: 1: 19, V/V/V) solution was used as extract solution, which can extract target species while reducing interference from the sample matrices.

Ethanol

ammonia


Input: The recoveries of these 7 dyes in animal feed and chicken meat were between 71% and 97% with relative standard deviations less than 14. 8%.


Input: HPLC-MS/MS was employed as a further means of confirmation to assure accuracy of the results.


Input: Limits of detection for these dyes were in the range of 0. 02-21. 83 ng mL (-1).


Input: The proposed method can be applied to confirmative screening of seven commonly used food colorants in feed and meat samples.


Input: Fatty acid composition of cooked chicken meat and chicken meat products as influenced by price range at retail.

Fatty acid


Input: The primary objective was to determine fatty acid composition of skinless chicken breast and leg meat portions and chicken burgers and nuggets from the economy price range, standard price range (both conventional intensive rearing) and the organic range from four leading supermarkets.

fatty acid


Input: Few significant differences in the SFA, MUFA and PUFA composition of breast and leg meat portions were found among price ranges, and supermarket had no effect.

SFA

MUFA

PUFA


Input: No significant differences in fatty acid concentrations of economy and standard chicken burgers were found, whereas economy chicken nuggets had higher C16: 1, C18: 1 cis, C18: 1 trans and C18: 3 n-3 concentrations than had standard ones.

fatty acid


Input: Overall, processed chicken products had much higher fat contents and SFA than had whole meat.


Input: Long chain n-3 fatty acids had considerably lower concentrations in processed products than in whole meat.

fatty acids


Input: Overall there was no evidence that organic chicken breast or leg meat had a more favourable fatty acid composition than had meat from conventionally reared birds.

fatty acid


Input: Determination of the degree of oxidation in highly-oxidised lipids using profile changes of fatty acids.

fatty acids


Input: The degree of highly oxidised lipids was determined by a modified method using profile changes of fatty acids in lard and soybean oil heated at 180 degrees C.

fatty acids


Input: The usefulness of the modified method was compared through conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) and/or p-anisidine value (p-AV) methods.

dienoic acid

p-anisidine


Input: Absolute values, which were expressed as equivalent to an internal standard (C11: 0), of both unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) decreased significantly during thermal oxidation (p < 0. 05) while relative percentage of SFA increased and those of UFA decreased significantly (p < 0. 05).

C11: 0

unsaturated fatty acids

UFAs

saturated fatty acids

SFAs

SFA

UFA


Input: The content of caprylic acid (C8: 0) increased significantly (p < 0. 05) as thermal oxidation time increased.

caprylic acid

C8: 0


Input: The ratio of total saturated over total unsaturated fatty acids (SFAs/UFAs) or caprylic acid (C8: 0) over UFAs could be useful markers to determine the degree of oxidation.

unsaturated fatty acids

SFAs

UFAs

caprylic acid

C8: 0

UFAs


Input: Antioxidant capacity of sesamol, a free radical scavenger, was determined using the ratio of fatty acids.

sesamol

fatty acids


Input: The modified method can be applied to determine the quality control of fried foods containing highly oxidised and abused oils, which may not be measured correctly using CDA and p-AV.


Input: Thermal stability of anthocyanins and colourless phenolics in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) juices and model solutions.

anthocyanins


Input: The present study aimed at a systematic assessment of the factors influencing the anthocyanin (AC) stability and colour retention of pomegranate juices and less complex model solutions with particular focus on the effects of colourless phenolic copigments (CP).

anthocyanin


Input: The thermal stability of ACs in three pomegranate juices obtained from isolated arils and the entire fruit with and without previous steaming, in model solutions with AC: CP ratios ranging from 1: 0 to 1: 4 (m/m), and in two purified extracts from pomegranate juices characterised by different phenolic profiles, respectively, was investigated upon heating at 60, 70, 80 and 90 degrees C for 15 min to 5h.

ACs


Input: The thermal impact on the AC and CP contents, and the formation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and AC degradation products were monitored using HPLC-DAD-MS (n).

HMF


Input: Total phenolic contents, antioxidant capacity and colour properties were determined spectrophotometrically.


Input: Heating at 90 degrees C for 5h resulted in total AC losses ranging from 76% to 87% of the initial AC levels in the juices, 78% in both extracts as well as 57% and ~ 78% in the model solutions, showing the best stability at an AC: CP ratio of 1: 2 and in juices having the highest initial AC contents, respectively.


Input: In contrast, the AC stability was independent of total phenolic contents, and low and high molecular pomegranate matrix components (such as organic acids and sugars).

sugars


Input: Good correlation of the AC contents with red colour (a (*)) was observed for all samples at elevated temperatures (70-90 degrees C).


Input: The stability of putative health-promoting polyphenols of pomegranate juices was not markedly affected by the thermal treatment.

polyphenols


Input: Unexpectedly, the HMF contents only slightly increased upon forced heating.

HMF


Input: Therefore, the visual appearance does not adequately reflect the quality and storage stability of pomegranate juices.


Input: Valuable compounds in macroalgae extracts.


Input: Bioactive compounds present in ethanolic extracts from 18 macroalgae of the Portuguese coast were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), leading to the characterization of 14 compounds: proline, phloroglucinol, mannitol, 8 fatty acids and 3 sterols.

proline

phloroglucinol

mannitol

fatty acids

sterols


Input: A dose-dependent response against enzymes with biological significance (alpha-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase) and free radicals (DPPH, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl) was found, Phaeophyta being the most promising group.

DPPH

nitric oxide

superoxide

hydroxyl


Input: A PCA analysis was performed and allowed the establishment of a correlation between the algae chemical composition and the biological activity.


Input: Cystoseira tamariscifolia (Hudson) Papenfuss, Cystoseira nodicaulis (Withering) M.


Input: Roberts, Cystoseira usneoides (Linnaeus) M.


Input: Roberts and Fucus spiralis Linnaeus are among the most active species, which is in accordance with their higher contents in phloroglucinol, mannitol, oleic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids, and fucosterol.

phloroglucinol

mannitol

oleic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids

fucosterol


Input: The results point to the potential interest of the use of Phaeophyta species as food additives, due to their potent antiradical activities, and especially highlights the importance of F. spiralis in the food chain of Mediterranean countries.


Input: Moreover, the incorporation of the extracts of these species in food products, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical preparations for human health should also be instigated, since they can suppress hyperglycemia and inhibit cholinesterases.


Input: Near-infrared hyperspectral imaging and partial least squares regression for rapid and reagentless determination of Enterobacteriaceae on chicken fillets.


Input: Bacterial pathogens are the main culprits for outbreaks of food-borne illnesses.


Input: This study aimed to use the hyperspectral imaging technique as a non-destructive tool for quantitative and direct determination of Enterobacteriaceae loads on chicken fillets.


Input: Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were established and the best model using full wavelengths was obtained in the spectral range 930-1450 nm with coefficients of determination R (2) >= 0. 82 and root mean squared errors (RMSEs) <= 0. 47 log (10) CFUg (-1).


Input: In further development of simplified models, second derivative spectra and weighted PLS regression coefficients (BW) were utilised to select important wavelengths.


Input: However, the three wavelengths (930, 1121 and 1345 nm) selected from BW were competent and more preferred for predicting Enterobacteriaceae loads with R (2) of 0. 89, 0. 86 and 0. 87 and RMSEs of 0. 33, 0. 40 and 0. 45 log (10) CFUg (-1) for calibration, cross-validation and prediction, respectively.


Input: Besides, the constructed prediction map provided the distribution of Enterobacteriaceae bacteria on chicken fillets, which cannot be achieved by conventional methods.


Input: It was demonstrated that hyperspectral imaging is a potential tool for determining food sanitation and detecting bacterial pathogens on food matrix without using complicated laboratory regimes.


Input: Redox properties of catechins and enriched green tea extracts effectively preserve L-5-methyltetrahydrofolate: assessment using cyclic voltammetry analysis.

catechins


Input: A cyclic voltammetry (CV) study was performed in pH 5. 5 Britton-Robinson buffer at room temperature to study the stability of 1mM l-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (l-5-MTHF) in combination with epigallocatechin-gallate-enriched extract (EGCGe) and epigallocatechin-enriched extract (EGCe).

epigallocatechin-gallate


Input: The combination of l-5-MTHF with enriched catechin extracts provided enhanced stability of l-5-MTHF over a period of 12h under ambient air conditions at pH 5. 5.

catechin


Input: CV experiments showed that increasing the concentrations of EGCGe or EGCe extracts from 80 to 400mg/L produced a decrease in the second oxidation peak of l-5-MTHF.


Input: Thus, we calculated that l-5-MTHF remained at nearly 90% when in the presence of enriched tea extracts, compared to 74% without the tea antioxidants.


Input: The catechins responsible for this preservation were EGCG and C, confirmed by LC-MS.

catechins

EGCG


Input: Compared to covalent link only low interaction (hydrogen bonds) between the different catechins present in the tea extract would stabilise l-5-MTHF.

hydrogen

catechins


Input: Rather, it was hypothesised that EGCGe and EGCe were effective agents to preserve l-5-MTHF, through a mechanism that also involved the redox potential of catechins to maintain l-5-MTHF in its reduced form.


Input: Physicochemical responses and microbial characteristics of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) to gum arabic coating enriched with natamycin during storage.

natamycin


Input: Physicochemical responses and microbial characteristics of shiitake mushroom (Lentinus edodes) to gum arabic (GA) coating incorporating natamycin (NA) during storage were investigated.

natamycin


Input: Mushroom weight loss, firmness, total soluble solids, total sugar, reducing sugar, ascorbic acid, and microbial and sensory quality were measured.

sugar

sugar

ascorbic acid


Input: Mushroom coated with gum arabic + natamycin (GANA) maintained tissue firmness and showed reduction in microbial counts from yeasts and moulds compared with the control.

natamycin


Input: In addition, GANA coating also delayed changes in the soluble solids concentration, total sugar and ascorbic acid.

sugar

ascorbic acid


Input: Sensory evaluation proved the efficacy of GANA coating by maintaining the overall quality of shiitake mushroom during the storage period.


Input: The efficiency was better than that of GA or NA treatment alone.


Input: Our study suggests that GANA has the potential to improve the quality of shiitake mushroom and extend its shelf-life up to 16d.


Input: Redox spectrophotometric method involving electrolytically generated manganese (III) sulphate with diphenylamine for the determination of ascorbic acid present in the samples of various fruits, commercial juices and sprouted food grains.

manganese (III) sulphate

diphenylamine

ascorbic acid


Input: A spectrophotometric method was developed for ascorbic acid present in various fruits, commercial fruit juices and sprouted food grains.

ascorbic acid


Input: The method involves the oxidation of ascorbic acid with excess manganese (III) following reduction of unreacted manganese (III) with diphenylamine or barium diphenylamine sulphonate forming a product lambda (max) 570 nm the system 1 or 540 nm the system 2 and decrease in the colour intensity is proportional to the concentration of vitamin C with quantification range 0. 3-3. 0 mu g ml (-1).

ascorbic acid

manganese (III)

manganese (III)

diphenylamine

barium diphenylamine sulphonate

vitamin C


Input: The molar absorptivity and Sandell' s sensitivity values of the system 1 and the system 2 were 1. 829 x 10 (4) and 1. 813 x 10 (4) mol (-1) cm (-1) and 0. 0096 and 0. 0097 mu g cm (-2) respectively.


Input: The stoichiometry was 4: 1 between manganese (III) and diphenylamine.

manganese (III)

diphenylamine


Input: The ascorbic acid contents of the same samples were determined separately following the procedures of the developed method as well as the reference method and the results were comparable.

ascorbic acid


Input: Synthesis and characterisation of nano structure lead (II) ion-imprinted polymer as a new sorbent for selective extraction and preconcentration of ultra trace amounts of lead ions from vegetables, rice, and fish samples.


Input: This paper describes the preparation of new Pb (II)-imprinted polymeric particles using 2-vinylpyridine as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linker, 2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator, diphenylcarbazone as the ligand, acetonitril as the solvent, and Pb (NO (3)) (2) as the template ion, through bulk polymerisation technique.

Pb (II)

ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

2, 2'-azobisisobutyronitrile

diphenylcarbazone

acetonitril

Pb (NO (3)) (2)


Input: The imprinted lead ions were removed from the polymeric matrix using 5 mL of HCl (2 mol. L (-1)) as the eluting solvent.

HCl


Input: The lead ion concentration was determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.


Input: Optimum pH for maximum sorption was obtained at 6. 0.


Input: Sorption and desorption of Pb (II) ions on the IIP particles were quite fast and achieved fully over 5 min.

Pb (II)


Input: In the proposed method, the maximum sorbent capacity of the ion-imprinted polymer was calculated to be 75. 4 mg g (-1).


Input: The preconcentration factor, relative standard deviation, and limit of detection of the method were found to be 245, 2. 1%, and 0. 42 ng mL (-1), respectively.


Input: The prepared ion-imprinted polymer particles have an increased selectivity toward Pb (II) ions over a range of competing metal ions with the same charge and similar ionic radius.

Pb (II)


Input: This ion-imprinted polymer is an efficient solid phase for extraction and preconcentration of lead ions in complex matrixes.


Input: For proving that the proposed method is reliable, a wide range of food samples with different and complex matrixes was used.


Input: Interactive effects of a bacterial parasite and the insecticide carbaryl to life-history and physiology of two Daphnia magna clones differing in carbaryl sensitivity.

carbaryl

carbaryl


Input: Natural and chemical stressors occur simultaneously in the aquatic environment.


Input: Their combined effects on biota are usually difficult to predict from their individual effects due to interactions between the different stressors.


Input: Several recent studies have suggested that synergistic effects of multiple stressors on organisms may be more common at high compared to low overall levels of stress.


Input: In this study, we used a three-way full factorial design to investigate whether interactive effects between a natural stressor, the bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa, and a chemical stressor, the insecticide carbaryl, were different between two genetically distinct clones of Daphnia magna that strongly differ in their sensitivity to carbaryl.

carbaryl

carbaryl


Input: Interactive effects on various life-history and physiological endpoints were assessed as significant deviations from the reference Independent Action (IA) model, which was implemented by testing the significance of the two-way carbaryl x parasite interaction term in two-way ANOVA' s on log-transformed observational data for each clone separately.

carbaryl


Input: Interactive effects (and thus significant deviations from IA) were detected in both the carbaryl-sensitive clone (on survival, early reproduction and growth) and in the non-sensitive clone (on growth, electron transport activity and prophenoloxidase activity).

carbaryl


Input: No interactions were found for maturation rate, filtration rate, and energy reserve fractions (carbohydrate, protein, lipid).

carbohydrate


Input: Furthermore, only antagonistic interactions were detected in the non-sensitive clone, while only synergistic interactions were observed in the carbaryl sensitive clone.

carbaryl


Input: Our data clearly show that there are genetically determined differences in the interactive effects following combined exposure to carbaryl and Pasteuria in D. magna.

carbaryl


Input: Canagliflozin Lowers Postprandial Glucose and Insulin by Delaying Intestinal Glucose Absorption in Addition to Increasing Urinary Glucose Excretion: Results of a randomized, placebo-controlled study.

Canagliflozin

Glucose

Glucose

Glucose


Input: OBJECTIVECanagliflozin, a sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, is also a low-potency SGLT1 inhibitor.

OBJECTIVECanagliflozin

sodium glucose


Input: This study tested the hypothesis that intestinal canagliflozin levels postdose are sufficiently high to transiently inhibit intestinal SGLT1, thereby delaying intestinal glucose absorption. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSThis two-period, crossover study evaluated effects of canagliflozin on intestinal glucose absorption in 20 healthy subjects using a dual-tracer method.

canagliflozin

glucose

canagliflozin

glucose


Input: Placebo or canagliflozin 300 mg was given 20 min before a 600-kcal mixed-meal tolerance test.

canagliflozin


Input: Plasma glucose, (3) H-glucose, (14) C-glucose, and insulin were measured frequently for 6 h to calculate rates of appearance of oral glucose (R (a) O) in plasma, endogenous glucose production, and glucose disposal. RESULTSCompared with placebo, canagliflozin treatment reduced postprandial plasma glucose and insulin excursions (incremental 0-to 2-h area under the curve [AUC (0-2h)] reductions of 35% and 43%, respectively; P < 0. 001 for both), increased 0-to 6-h urinary glucose excretion (UGE (0-6h), 18. 2 +/- 5. 6 vs < 0. 2 g; P < 0. 001), and delayed R (a) O.

glucose

(3) H-glucose

(14) C-glucose

glucose

glucose

glucose

canagliflozin

glucose

glucose


Input: Canagliflozin reduced AUC R (a) O by 31% over 0 to 1 h (geometric means, 264 vs. 381 mg/kg; P < 0. 001) and by 20% over 0 to 2 h (576 vs. 723 mg/kg; P = 0. 002).

Canagliflozin


Input: Over 2 to 6 h, canagliflozin increased R (a) O such that total AUC R (a) O over 0 to 6 h was < 6% lower versus placebo (960 vs. 1, 018 mg/kg; P = 0. 003).

canagliflozin


Input: A modest (~ 10%) reduction in acetaminophen absorption was observed over the first 2 h, but this difference was not sufficient to explain the reduction in R (a) O.

acetaminophen


Input: Total glucose disposal over 0 to 6 h was similar across groups. CONCLUSIONSCanagliflozin reduces postprandial plasma glucose and insulin by increasing UGE (via renal SGLT2 inhibition) and delaying R (a) O, likely due to intestinal SGLT1 inhibition.

glucose

CONCLUSIONSCanagliflozin

glucose


Input: Repeated Low Dose Administration of the Monoacylglycerol Lipase Inhibitor JZL184 Retains CB1 Receptor Mediated Antinociceptive and Gastroprotective Effects.

Monoacylglycerol


Input: The monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitor JZL184 produces antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.

monoacylglycerol


Input: However, repeated administration of high dose JZL184 (40 mg/kg) causes dependence, antinociceptive tolerance, cross-tolerance to the pharmacological effects of cannabinoid receptor agonists, and CB (1) receptor downregulation and desensitization.


Input: This functional CB (1) receptor tolerance poses a hurdle in the development of MAGL inhibitors for therapeutic use.


Input: Consequently, the present study tested whether repeated administration of low dose JZL184 maintains its antinociceptive actions in the chronic constrictive injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve neuropathic pain model and protective effects in a model of NSAlD-induced gastric hemorrhages.


Input: Mice given daily injections of high dose JZL184 (>= 16 mg/kg) for six days displayed decreased CB (1) receptor density and function in brain, as assessed in [(3) H] SR141716A binding and CP55, 940-stimulated [(35) S] GTP gamma S binding assays, respectively.

[(3) H] SR141716A

CP55, 940

(35) S


Input: In contrast, normal CB (1) receptor expression and function were maintained following repeated administration of low dose JZL184 (<= 8 mg/kg).


Input: Likewise, the antinociceptive and gastroprotective effects of high dose JZL184 underwent tolerance following repeated administration, but these effects were maintained following repeated low dose JZL184 treatment.


Input: Consistent with these observations, repeated high dose JZL184, but not repeated low dose JZL184, elicited cross-tolerance to the common pharmacological effects of Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

Delta (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol

THC


Input: This same pattern of effects was found in a rimonabant-precipitated withdrawal model of cannabinoid dependence.

rimonabant


Input: Taken together, these results indicate that prolonged, partial MAGL inhibition maintains potentially beneficial antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects, without producing functional CB (1) receptor tachyphylaxsis/tolerance or cannabinoid dependence.


Input: Computational Investigation of Cancer-Associated Molecular Mechanism in Aurora A (S155R) Mutation.


Input: Centrosomes are the key-regulating element of cell cycle progression.


Input: Aberrations in their functional mechanism lead to several cancer-related disorders.


Input: Aurora A protein is a centrosome-associated protein that regulates the centriole duplication and its abberations are associated with multiple cases of aneuploidy and cancer-related disorders.


Input: S155R mutation in Aurora A is reported to induce cancer like phenotype and disrupt its binding with TPX2 protein.


Input: In this study, we have demonstrated the structural consequences of Aurora A S155R mutation and the atomic changes that influenced the loss of TPX2-binding affinity.


Input: Docking and molecular dynamics simulation results suggested significant loss in atomic contacts between mutant Aurora A and TPX2 protein.


Input: Further, we observed a notable changes in conformation of mutant Aurora A-TPX2 docked complex as compared to the native.


Input: Loss of binding affinity rendered the TPX2 domain free which then induced unfolding in its coiled region and enabled the overall expansion of mutant complex as compared to the native.


Input: The significant outcomes obtained from this study will facilitate in future cancer researches and in developing the potent drug therapies.


Input: Cardiotonic steroids-mediated Na +/K +-ATPase targeting could circumvent various chemoresistance pathways.

Na +

K +


Input: Many cancer patients fail to respond to chemotherapy because of the intrinsic resistance of their cancer to pro-apoptotic stimuli or the acquisition of the multidrug resistant phenotype during chronic treatment.


Input: Previous data from our groups and from others point to the sodium/potassium pump (the Na +/K +-ATPase, i. e., NaK) with its highly specific ligands (i. e., cardiotonic steroids) as a new target for combating cancers associated with dismal prognoses, including gliomas, melanomas, non-small cell lung cancers, renal cell carcinomas, and colon cancers.

sodium

potassium

Na +

K +

NaK

steroids


Input: Cardiotonic steroid-mediated Na +/K +-ATPase targeting could circumvent various resistance pathways.

Na +

K +


Input: The most probable pathways include the involvement of Na +/K +-ATPase beta subunits in invasion features and Na +/K +-ATPase alpha subunits in chemosensitisation by specific cardiotonic steroid-mediated apoptosis and ano i kis-sensitisation; the regulation of the expression of multidrug resistant-related genes; post-translational regulation, including glycosylation and ubiquitinylation of multidrug resistant-related proteins; c-Myc downregulation; hypoxia-inducible factor downregulation; NF-kappa B downregulation and deactivation; the inhibition of the glycolytic pathway with a reduction of intra-cellular ATP levels and an induction of non-apoptotic cell death.

Na +

K +

Na +

K +

steroid

ATP


Input: The aims of this review are to examine the various molecular pathways by which the NaK targeting can be more deleterious to biologically aggressive cancer cells than to normal cells.

NaK


Input: Fine-tuning of Voltage Sensitivity of the Kv1. 2 Potassium Channel by Interhelix Loop Dynamics.

Potassium


Input: Many proteins function by changing conformation in response to ligand binding or changes in other factors in their environment.


Input: Any change in the sequence of a protein, for example during evolution, which alters the relative free energies of the different functional conformations changes the conditions under which the protein will function.


Input: Voltage-gated ion channels are membrane proteins that open and close an ion-selective pore in response to changes in transmembrane voltage.


Input: The charged S4 transmembrane helix transduces changes in transmembrane voltage into a change in protein internal energy by interacting with the rest of the channel protein through a combination of non-covalent interactions between adjacent helices and covalent interactions along the peptide backbone.


Input: However, the structural basis for the wide variation in the V50 value between different voltage-gated potassium channels is not well defined.

potassium


Input: To test the role of the loop linking the S3 helix and the S4 helix in voltage sensitivity, we have constructed a set of mutants of the rat Kv1. 2 channel that vary solely in the length and composition of the extracellular loop that connects S4 to S3.


Input: We evaluated the effect of these different loop substitutions on the voltage sensitivity of the channel and compared these experimental results with molecular dynamics simulations of the loop structures.


Input: Here, we show that this loop has a significant role in setting the precise V50 of activation in Kv1 family channels.


Input: Population-based efficacy modeling of omalizumab in patients with severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy.


Input: Omalizumab, a recombinant humanized monoclonal antibody, is the first approved anti-immunoglobulin E (IgE) agent for the treatment of subjects with moderate to severe persistent allergic asthma that are inadequately controlled by the standard of care.


Input: The objective of this study was to quantitatively characterize relationships between serum free IgE and pulmonary function (as measured by forced expiratory volume in 1 s [FEV1]) as well as serum free IgE and airway inflammation (as measured by fractional exhaled nitric oxide [FeNO]) using population-based efficacy models.

nitric oxide


Input: Data were collected from patients in the EXTRA trial who received omalizumab or placebo 150 to 375 mg subcutaneously every 2 or 4 weeks from week 0 to 48 with constant standard of care as background therapy.


Input: None of the covariates evaluated, including demographics, disease status, and baseline pharmacodynamic biomarkers, were significant in explaining the variability in the FEV1 or FeNO response to omalizumab.


Input: Results from the efficacy models further confirmed the current omalizumab dosing rationale based on the mean target free IgE level of 25 ng/ml and quantified the variability for the target.


Input: In addition, the resulting population models could be used to predict population FEV1 or FeNO response for omalizumab and/or other anti-IgE therapeutics for which PK-IgE models are constructed.


Input: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 is an essential mediator of ischemic brain infarction.


Input: Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 5 (TRAF5) is an adaptor protein of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily and the interleukin-1 receptor/Toll-like receptor superfamily and plays important roles in regulating multiple signaling pathways.


Input: This study was conducted to investigate the role of TRAF5 in the context of brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.


Input: Transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was performed on TRAF5 knockout mice (KO), neuron-specific TRAF5 transgene (TG), and the appropriate controls.


Input: Compared with the WT mice, the TRAF5 KO mice showed lower infarct volumes and better outcomes in the neurological tests.


Input: A low neuronal apoptosis level, an attenuated blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption and an inhibited inflammatory response were exhibited in TRAF5 KO mice.


Input: TRAF5 TG mice exhibited an opposite phenotype.


Input: Moreover, the Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway was enhanced in the ischemic brains of the TRAF5 KO mice.


Input: These results provide the first demonstration that TRAF5 is a critical mediator of I/R injury in an experimental stroke model.


Input: The Akt/FoxO1 signaling pathway probably plays an important role in the biological function of TRAF5 in this model.


Input: Evidence of dynamical constraints imposed by water organization around a bio-hydrophobic interface.


Input: Molecular dynamics simulations and elastic neutron scattering experiments have been used to highlight how the structural organization of hydration water is able in some cases to locally constrain atomic movements at biologic interfaces.


Input: Using fully hydrated small peptides as models of protein interfaces, we show that the length of the side chains and the hydrophilic backbone have specific signatures.


Input: The dynamics of the side chain, which is part of biomolecules, have not only a crucial role in the whole flexibility as compared to the backbone, but also modify the values of transition temperatures.


Input: The analysis of the activation energies of methyl group dynamics suggests that the interaction between hydrophobic side chain and surrounding water plays an important role in the whole flexibility as well.

methyl


Input: We suggest that the progressive water cluster organization, around hydrophobic interfaces increases the activation energy and that a plateau regime is reached only when an extended hydrogen-bond network is established.

hydrogen


Input: The cluster size corresponds to a single layer of water molecules.


Input: Glial reactivity in resistance to methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity.

methamphetamine


Input: Neurotoxic regimens of methamphetamine (METH) result in reactive microglia and astrocytes in striatum.

methamphetamine

METH


Input: Prior data indicate that rats with partial dopamine (DA) loss resulting from prior exposure to METH are resistant to further decreases in striatal DA when re-exposed to METH 30 days later.

dopamine

METH

METH


Input: Such resistant animals also do not show an activated microglia phenotype, suggesting a relation between microglial activation and METH-induced neurotoxicity.

METH


Input: To date, the astrocyte response in such resistance has not been examined.


Input: Thus, this study examined glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and CD11b protein expression in striata of animals administered saline or a neurotoxic regimen of METH on post-natal days 60 and/or 90 (Saline: Saline, Saline: METH, METH: Saline, METH: METH).

METH

METH

METH

METH

METH


Input: Consistent with previous work, animals experiencing acute toxicity (Saline: METH) showed both activated microglia and astocytes, whereas those resistant to the acute toxicity (METH: METH) did not show activated microglia.

METH

METH

METH


Input: Interestingly, GFAP expression remained elevated in rats exposed to METH at PND60 (METH: Saline), and was not elevated further in resistant rats treated for the second time with METH (METH: METH).

METH

METH

METH


Input: These data suggest that astrocytes remain reactive up to 30 days post-METH exposure.

METH


Input: In addition, these data indicate that astrocyte reactivity does not reflect acute, METH-induced DA terminal toxicity, whereas microglial reactivity does.

METH


Input: Discovery of novel 2-hydroxydiarylamide derivatives as TMPRSS4 inhibitors.


Input: TMPRSS4 is a novel type II transmembrane serine protease that has been implicated in the invasion and metastasis of colon cancer cells.


Input: In this study, a novel series of 2-hydroxydiarylamide derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for inhibiting TMPRSS4 serine protease activity and suppressing cancer cell invasion.

serine


Input: These derivatives demonstrated good inhibitory activity against TMPRSS4 serine protease, which correlated with the promising anti-invasive activity of colon cancer cells overexpressing TMPRSS4.

serine


Input: A novel concept of radiosynthesis of a (99m) Tc-labeled dimeric RGD peptide as a potential radiotracer for tumor imaging.

(99m) Tc


Input: Radiolabeled Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides are promising agents for non invasive imaging of alpha v beta 3 expression in malignant tumors.

Arg-Gly-Asp


Input: The integrin alpha v beta 3 binding affinity and consequent tumor uptake could be improved when a dimeric RGD peptide is used as the targeting moiety instead of a monomer.


Input: Towards this, a novel approach was envisaged to synthesize a (99m) Tc labeled dimeric RGD derivative using a RGD monomer and [(99m) TcN] (+ 2) intermediate.

(99m) Tc

[(99m) TcN] (+ 2)


Input: The dithiocarbamate derivative of cyclic RGD peptide G3-c (RGDfK) (G3 = Gly-Gly-Gly, f = Phe, K = Lys) was synthesized and radiolabeled with [(99m) TcN] (+ 2) intermediate to form the (99m) TcN-[G3-c (RGDfK)] 2 complex in high yield (~ 98%).

dithiocarbamate

G3-c (RGDfK)

G3 = Gly-Gly-Gly

f = Phe

K = Lys

[(99m) TcN] (+ 2)

(99m) TcN-[G3-c (RGDfK)] 2


Input: Biodistribution studies carried out in C57/BL6 mice bearing melanoma tumors showed good tumor uptake [4. 61 +/- 0. 04% IA/g at 30min post-injection] with fast clearance of the activity from non-target organs/tissue.


Input: Scintigraphic imaging studies showed visible accumulation of activity in the tumor with appreciable target to background ratio.


Input: Androgen/androgen receptor pathway regulates expression of the genes for cyclooxygenase-2 and amphiregulin in periovulatory granulosa cells.

Androgen

androgen


Input: It is well known that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) pathway is involved in both male and female fertility in mammals.

androgen

androgen


Input: AR knockout female mice are reported to exhibit various abnormalities in follicle development, and a subfertile phenotype.


Input: In exogenous gonadotropin-induced superovulation, serum androgen levels were robustly elevated in female mice at the periovulatory stage after human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) treatment.

androgen


Input: At this stage, ovarian AR proteins were strongly expressed in cumulus cells.


Input: Because these results suggested that the androgen/AR pathway is involved in ovulation, we investigated the expression of ovulation-related genes in the mouse ovary treated with the nonaromatizable androgen, 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

androgen

androgen

5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone

DHT


Input: DHT treatment induced the expression of the genes for cyclooxyganase-2 (Cox-2 or prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase 2) and the epidermal growth factor-like factor, amphiregulin (Areg), in the ovary, whereas their hCG-induced expression was suppressed by the AR antagonist flutamide.

DHT

prostaglandin

flutamide


Input: These genes were also induced by DHT in AR-expressing primary granulosa and granulosa tumor-derived cells.

DHT


Input: Reporter assays, electrophoretic shift mobility assays and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that androgen response sequence (s) existing upstream of each gene were responsible for androgen responsiveness and were occupied by the AR in periovulatory granulosa cells.

androgen

androgen


Input: Our results suggest that the androgen/AR pathway is involved in the ovulatory process via expression of the Cox-2 and Areg genes in periovulatory granulosa cells.

androgen


Input: Targeted drug delivery to renal proximal tubule epithelial cells mediated by 2-glucosamine.


Input: In order to develop a novel kidney-targeted drug delivery system, we synthesized prednisolone carbamate-glucosamine conjugate (PCG) using 2-glucosamine as a ligand, and investigated its potential targeting efficacy.

prednisolone carbamate

glucosamine


Input: In vitro studies demonstrated that PCG could remarkably improve the uptake of drug by kidney cells.


Input: And the specific uptake of PCG could be largely reduced by the inhibitors of megalin receptor.


Input: More importantly, PCG showed an excellent kidney targeting property in vivo, and the concentration of the conjugate in the kidney was 8. 1-fold higher than that of prednisolone group at 60 min after intravenous injection.


Input: Besides, PCG could significantly reverse the disease progression in renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury animal models.


Input: Furthermore, PCG presented no adverse effect on bone density while prednisolone resulted in severe osteoporosis.

prednisolone


Input: Thus, it indicated that 2-glucosamine could be a potential ligand for kidney-targeted delivery of prednisolone.

prednisolone


Input: Spirocyclic replacements for the isatin in the highly selective, muscarinic M1 PAM ML137: the continued optimization of an MLPCN probe molecule.

isatin


Input: This Letter describes the further optimization of an MLPCN probe molecule (ML137) through the introduction of 5-and 6-membered spirocycles in place of the isatin ketone.

spirocycles

isatin ketone


Input: Interestingly divergent structure-activity relationships, when compared to earlier M1 PAMs, are presented.


Input: These novel spirocycles possess improved efficacy relative to ML137, while also maintaining high selectivity for the human and rat muscarinic M1 receptor subtype.


Input: A nitrophenyl-based prodrug type for colorectal targeting of prednisolone, budesonide and celecoxib.

nitrophenyl

prednisolone

budesonide

celecoxib


Input: Celecoxib is a COX-2 inhibitor drug that can be used to reduce the risk of colorectal adenocarcinoma.

Celecoxib


Input: Glucocorticoids are used in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.


Input: A limitation to the use of both drug types is that they undergo absorption from the intestinal tract with serious side effects.


Input: The prodrug systems introduced here involve forming a nitro-substituted acylsulfonamide group in the case of celecoxib and a nitro-substituted 21-ester for the glucocorticoids.

nitro-substituted acylsulfonamide

celecoxib

nitro-substituted 21-ester


Input: Drug release is triggered by the nitro reductase action of the colonic microflora, liberating a cyclization competent species.

nitro


Input: The release of the active parent drugs was evaluated in vitro using Clostridium perfringens and epithelial transport through Caco-2 monolayer evaluation was carried out to estimate the absorption properties of the prodrugs compared to the parental drugs.


Input: Glucagon-induced acetylation of Foxa2 regulates hepatic lipid metabolism.


Input: Circulating levels of insulin and glucagon reflect the nutritional state of animals and elicit regulatory responses in the liver that maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis.

glucose


Input: The transcription factor Foxa2 activates lipid metabolism and ketogenesis during fasting and is inhibited via insulin-PI3K-Akt signaling-mediated phosphorylation at Thr156 and nuclear exclusion.


Input: Here we show that, in addition, Foxa2 is acetylated at the conserved residue Lys259 following inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) class I-III and the cofactors p300 and SirT1 are involved in Foxa2 acetylation and deacetylation, respectively.


Input: Physiologically, fasting states and glucagon stimulation are sufficient to induce Foxa2 acetylation.


Input: Introduction of the acetylation-mimicking (K259Q) or-deficient (K259R) mutations promotes or inhibits Foxa2 activity, respectively, and adenoviral expression of Foxa2-K259Q augments expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis.

fatty acid


Input: Our study reveals a molecular mechanism by which glucagon signaling activates a fasting response through acetylation of Foxa2.


Input: Anti-diabetic and anti-lipidemic effects of chlorogenic acid are mediated by ampk activation.

chlorogenic acid


Input: Chlorogenic acid (CGA) has been shown to stimulate glucose uptake in skeletal muscle through the activation of AMPK.

Chlorogenic acid

CGA

glucose


Input: However, its effect on other metabolic pathways and likewise its effects after long-term consumption have yet to be understood.


Input: We investigated the effects of CGA on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, hepatic gluconeogenesis, lipid metabolism and skeletal muscle glucose uptake in Lepr (db/db) mice.

CGA

glucose

glucose


Input: Hepatoma HepG2 was used to investigate CGA' s effect on hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis.

CGA

glucose

fatty acid


Input: Subsequently, we attempted to evaluate whether these effects of CGA are associated with the activation of AMPK.

CGA


Input: In Lepr (db/db) mice, acute treatment with CGA lowered AUCglucose in an OGTT.

CGA

AUCglucose


Input: Chronic administration of CGA inhibited hepatic G6Pase expression and activity, attenuated hepatic steatosis, improved lipid profiles and skeletal muscle glucose uptake, which in turn improved fasting glucose level, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity and dyslipidemia in Lepr (db/db) mice.

CGA

glucose

glucose

glucose


Input: CGA activated AMPK, leading to subsequent beneficial metabolic outcomes, such as suppression of hepatic glucose production and fatty acid synthesis.

CGA

glucose

fatty acid


Input: Inhibition and knockdown of AMPK abrogated these metabolic alterations.


Input: In conclusion, CGA improved glucose and lipid metabolism, via the activation of AMPK.

CGA

glucose


Input: Fragment-based drug design and identification of HJC0123, a novel orally bioavailable STAT3 inhibitor for cancer therapy.


Input: Fragment-based drug design (FBDD) is a promising approach for the generation of lead molecules with enhanced activity and especially drug-like properties against therapeutic targets.


Input: Herein, we report the fragment-based drug design, systematic chemical synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel scaffolds as potent anticancer agents by utilizing six privileged fragments from known STAT3 inhibitors.


Input: Several new molecules such as compounds 5, 12, and 19 that may act as advanced chemical leads have been identified.


Input: The most potent compound 5 (HJC0123) has demonstrated to inhibit STAT3 promoter activity, downregulate phosphorylation of STAT3, increase the expression of cleaved caspase-3, inhibit cell cycle progression and promote apoptosis in breast and pancreatic cancer cells with low micromolar to nanomolar IC50 values.


Input: Furthermore, compound 5 significantly suppressed estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 xenograft tumor growth in vivo (p. o.), indicating its great potential as an efficacious and orally bioavailable drug candidate for human cancer therapy.

estrogen


Input: Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of some novel 2-(5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4, 5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-4-(coumarin-3-yl) thiazoles.

2-(5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4, 5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-4-(coumarin-3-yl) thiazoles


Input: A series of novel 2-(5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4, 5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-4-(coumarin-3-yl) thiazoles (6) were synthesized by condensing 3-(2-bromoacetyl) coumarins (4) with various 5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4, 5-dihydropyrazol-1-thiocarboxamides (5), obtained by the reaction of thiosemicarbazide with trifluoromethyl-beta-diketones.

2-(5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4, 5-dihydropyrazol-1-yl)-4-(coumarin-3-yl) thiazoles

3-(2-bromoacetyl) coumarins

5-hydroxy-5-trifluoromethyl-4, 5-dihydropyrazol-1-thiocarboxamides

thiosemicarbazide

trifluoromethyl-beta-diketones


Input: All the tested compounds displayed significant to moderate in vivo anti-inflammatory activity when compared to the standard drug indomethacin, and good broad spectrum in vitro antibacterial activity against three Gram-positive and four Gram-negative bacteria when compared with cefixime.

indomethacin

cefixime


Input: A novel method to analyze nucleocytoplasmic transport in vivo by using short Peptide tags.


Input: Regulated nucleocytoplasmic transport is of vital importance for maintaining the physiology of the cell, and disturbed nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of certain proteins has been found in a variety of diseases including cancer.


Input: The most frequently used procedure to analyze those processes is to fuse the protein of interest to a fluorescent protein such as GFP (green fluorescent protein)-a technique that is prone to impair normal protein function and subcellular localization.


Input: We report a novel approach to monitor nucleocytoplasmic transport processes in vivo by combining short TetR inducing peptide tags (TIP) with a TetR-controlled reporter gene in a human cell line.


Input: The technology is exemplified by demonstrating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the glucocorticoid receptor and activity of two further TIP fusions to cancer-related proteins.


Input: The technology presented provides the basis for efficient screening systems to isolate compounds altering the nucleocytoplasmic distribution of a protein of interest.


Input: Alpha neurotoxins.


Input: alpha-Neurotoxins have been isolated from hydrophid, elapid and, more recently, colubrid snake venoms.


Input: Also referred to as postsynaptic neurotoxins or' curare mimetic' neurotoxins, they play an important role in the capture and/or killing of prey by binding to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the skeletal muscle disrupting neurotransmission.

acetylcholine


Input: They are also thought to cause respiratory paralysis in envenomed humans.


Input: This review will discuss the historical background into the discovery, isolation, structure and mechanism of action of the alpha-neurotoxins, including targets and cellular outcomes, and then will examine the potential uses of alpha-neurotoxins as pharmacological tools and/or as drug leads.


Input: A cell-based, multiparametric sensor approach characterises drug-induced cytotoxicity in human liver HepG2 cells.


Input: Drug-induced toxicity is of considerable concern in drug discovery and development, placing emphasis on the need for predictive in vitro technologies that identify potential cytotoxic side effects of drugs.


Input: A label-free, real-time, multiparametric cytosensor system has therefore been established for in vitro assessment of drug-induced toxicity.


Input: The system is based on monitoring cellular oxygen consumption, acidification and impedance of human hepatocarcinoma-derived HepG2 cells.

oxygen


Input: The read-out derived from the multiparametric cytosensor system has been optimised and permits sensitive, reliable, and simultaneous recording of cell physiological signals, such as metabolic activity, cellular respiration and morphological changes and cell adhesion upon exposure to a drug.


Input: Analysis of eight prototypic reference drugs revealed distinct patterns of drug-induced physiological signals.


Input: Effects proved to be rigidly concentration-dependent.


Input: Based on signal patterns and reversibility of the observed effects, compounds could be classified based as triggering mechanisms of respiratory or metabolic stress or conditions leading to cell death (necrosis-like and apoptosis-like).


Input: A test-flag-risk mitigation strategy is proposed to address potential risks for drug-induced cytotoxicity.


Input: In vitro effects of aldehydes present in tobacco smoke on gene expression in human lung alveolar epithelial cells.

aldehydes


Input: Tobacco smoke consists of thousands of harmful components.


Input: A major class of chemicals found in tobacco smoke is formed by aldehydes, in particular formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein.

aldehydes

formaldehyde

acetaldehyde

acrolein


Input: The present study investigates the gene expression changes in human lung alveolar epithelial cells upon exposure to formaldehyde, acrolein and acetaldehyde at sub-cytotoxic levels.

formaldehyde

acrolein

acetaldehyde


Input: We exposed A549 cells in vitro to aldehydes and non-aldehyde chemicals (nicotine, hydroquinone and 2, 5-dimethylfuran) present in tobacco smoke and used microarrays to obtain a global view of the transcriptomic responses.

aldehydes

aldehyde

nicotine

hydroquinone

2, 5-dimethylfuran


Input: We compared responses of the individual aldehydes with that of the non-aldehydes.

aldehydes

aldehydes


Input: We also studied the response of the aldehydes when present in a mixture at relative concentrations as present in cigarette smoke.

aldehydes


Input: Formaldehyde gave the strongest response; a total of 66 genes were more than 1. 5-fold differentially expressed mostly involved in apoptosis and DNA damage related processes, followed by acetaldehyde (57 genes), hydroquinone (55 genes) and nicotine (8 genes).

Formaldehyde

acetaldehyde

hydroquinone

nicotine


Input: For acrolein and the mixture only one gene was upregulated involved in oxidative stress.

acrolein


Input: No gene expression effect was found for exposure to 2, 5-dimethylfuran.

2, 5-dimethylfuran


Input: Overall, aldehyde responses are primarily indicative for genotoxicity and oxidative stress.

aldehyde


Input: These two toxicity mechanisms are linked to respiratory diseases such as cancer and COPD, respectively.


Input: The present findings could be important in providing further understanding of the role of aldehydes emitted from cigarette smoke in the onset of pulmonary diseases.

aldehydes


Input: Levels of PAH-DNA adducts in placental tissue and the risk of fetal neural tube defects in a Chinese population.

PAH


Input: We examined the relationship between PAH-DNA adduct levels in the placental tissue, measured by a highly sensitive (32) P-postlabeling assay, and the risk of fetal neural tube defects (NTDs).

PAH

(32) P


Input: We further explored the interaction between PAH-DNA adducts and placental PAHs with respect to NTD risk.

PAH

PAHs


Input: Placental tissues from 80 NTD-affected pregnancies and 50 uncomplicated normal pregnancies were included in this case-control study.


Input: Levels of PAH-DNA adducts were lower in the NTD group (8. 12 per 10 (8) nucleotides) compared to controls (9. 92 per 10 (8) nucleotides).

PAH

nucleotides

nucleotides


Input: PAH-DNA adduct concentrations below the median was associated with a 3-fold increased NTD risk.

PAH


Input: Women with a low PAH-DNA adduct level in concert with a high placental PAH level resulted in a 10-fold elevated risk of having an NTD-complicated pregnancy.

PAH

PAH


Input: A low level of placental PAH-DNA adducts was associated with an increased risk of NTDs; this risk increased dramatically when a low adduct level was coupled with a high placental PAH concentration.

PAH

PAH


Input: Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals the mode-of-action for chronic mercury hepatotoxicity to marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma).

mercury


Input: Mercury (Hg) is a widespread persistent pollutant in aquatic ecosystems.

Mercury

Hg


Input: We investigated the protein profiles of medaka (Oryzias melastigma) liver chronically exposed to different mercuric chloride (HgCl2) concentrations (1 or 10 mu g/L) for 60 d using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), as well as cell ultrastructure and Hg content analysis of the hepatic tissue.

mercuric chloride

Hg


Input: The results showed that Hg exposure significantly increased metal accumulation in the liver, and subsequently damaged liver ultrastructure.

Hg


Input: Comparison of the 2D-DIGE protein profiles of the exposed and control groups revealed that the abundance of 45 protein spots was remarkably altered in response to Hg treatment.

Hg


Input: The altered spots were subjected to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis, with the resultant identification of 33 spots.


Input: These proteins were mainly involved in cytoskeleton assembly, oxidative stress, and energy production.


Input: Among them, several proteins related to mitochondrial function (e. g. respiratory metabolism) were significantly altered in the treated hepatocytes, implying that this organelle might be the primary target for Hg attack in the cells.

Hg


Input: This study provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms and/or toxic pathways by which chronic Hg hepatotoxicity affects aquatic organisms, and also provided basic information for screening potential biomarkers for aquatic Hg monitoring.

Hg

Hg


Input: Single and 90-day repeated oral dose toxicity studies of fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark extract in Sprague-Dawley rats.


Input: Fermented Rhus verniciflua stem bark (FRVSB) extract, an urushiol-free extract of Rhus verniciflua Stokes (RVS) fermented with Fomitella fraxinea, has various biological activities.

urushiol


Input: The present study was carried out to investigate the potential toxicity of the FRVSB extract following single and repeated oral administration to Sprague-Dawley rats.


Input: In the single dose toxicity study, the FRVSB extract was administered orally to male and female rats at single doses of 0, 2500, 5000, and 10, 000mg/kg.


Input: No animals died and no toxic changes were observed in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings during the 15-day period following administration.


Input: In the repeated dose toxicity study, the FRVSB extract was administered orally to male and female rats for 90days at doses of 0, 556, 1667, and 5000mg/kg/day.


Input: There were no treatment-related adverse effects in clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmic examination, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathology at any dose tested.


Input: The approximate lethal dose of the FRVSB extract was > 10, 000mg/kg in both genders, the oral no-observed-adverse-effect level of the FRVSB extract was > 5000mg/kg/day in both genders, and no target organs were identified.


Input: The production and characterization of anti-bothropic and anti-crotalic IgY antibodies in laying hens: a long term experiment.


Input: Ophidian accidents represent a great public health problem in developing countries.


Input: Recent studies have shown that antibodies produced in laying hens could be an alternative method for producing antivenin in mammals.


Input: In this study we analyzed the production of IgY antibodies in laying hens inoculated with snake venom from the Bothrops and Crotalus genera over a 360-day period.


Input: IgY antibodies present in the serum and egg yolks were analyzed according to avidity, antigen recognition pattern and efficiency in neutralizing the venom.


Input: The levels of anti-bothropic and anti-crotalic IgY antibodies increased significantly after the third immunization, and remained at these levels until the end of the experiment.


Input: Significantly high avidity levels were observed for anti-bothropic IgY antibodies on the 142nd day and for anti-crotalic antibodies on the 232nd day after the first immunization.


Input: Anti-bothropic IgY antibodies recognized antigens with molecular masses ranging from 25 kDa to 50 kDa, whereas anti-crotalic IgY antibodies mainly recognized antigens with molecular masses of 14 kDa and 30 kDa.


Input: An increase in the antigens recognized by the antivenins was observed during the experimental period.


Input: Samples of bothropic IgY antivenin antibodies presented an efficiency of 290 mu l/3 DL50, a potency of 0. 307 mg/ml and a specific activity of 0. 230.


Input: Samples of anti-crotalic IgY antibodies presented an efficiency of 246 mu l/4 DL50, a potency of 0. 829 mg/ml and a specific activity of 0. 271.