Input: Standard rate constants for the electron transfer between the electrode and the ferrocenyl moieties were measured for the monolayers by a potential-step chronoamperometry technique.

ferrocenyl


Input: The electron conduction through the molecular wires was estimated using the monolayers as a bridge from the Au (111) metal surface to the gold tip of a conductive atomic force microscope (CAFM).

Au (111)


Input: Using the CAFM, Coulomb blockade behavior arising from the capacitive charging of the multinuclear redox-active molecules was observed at room temperature.


Input: The conductance switching was mediated by the presence of various ferrocenyl redox states and each current step corresponded to a specific redox state.

ferrocenyl


Input: Supramolecular organization and magnetic properties of mesogen-hybridized mixed-valent manganese single molecule magnets [Mn (III) 8Mn (IV) 4O12 (L (x, y, z-CB)) 16 (H2O) 4].

manganese

Mn (III) 8Mn (IV) 4O12 (L (x, y, z-CB)) 16 (H2O) 4


Input: Single molecule magnets (SMM) may be considered for the construction of future integrated nanodevices, provided however that some degree of ordering is imparted to these molecules (surfaces nanostructuration).


Input: Combining such nanoobjects with liquid-crystalline orderings to control their assembly and to potentially address them individually therefore appears as one promising strategy.


Input: Four mesomorphic, mixed-valent [Mn (III) (8) Mn (IV) (4) O (12) (L (x, y, z-CB)) (16) (H (2) O) (4)] SMM, differing in the number of liquid-crystalline promoters, (L (x, y, z-CB)), were synthesized, and their self-organizing and magnetic properties were investigated.

Mn (III) (8) Mn (IV) (4) O (12) (L (x, y, z-CB)) (16) (H (2) O) (4)


Input: The influence of the peripheral modifications, and precisely how supramolecular ordering and magnetic properties may be affected by the evolution of the proto-mesogenic cyanobiphenyl-based ligands substitution pattern, was explored.


Input: Small-angle X-ray scattering studies revealed that all of the hybridized clusters self-organize into room-temperature bilayer smectic phases, mandated by the specific mesogenic functionalization and that the polymetallic cores are further organized according to a short-range pseudo-2D lattice with hexagonal and/or square symmetry.


Input: All mesomorphous hybridized dodecamanganese complexes still behave as SMM: they exhibit blocking of the magnetization at about 2. 6 K as evidenced by the occurrence of frequency-dependent out-of-phase ac susceptibility signals as well as an opening of the hysteresis cycle with coercive fields varying between 0. 13 and 0. 6 T, depending on the surface ligands topology.

dodecamanganese


Input: Comparison of the magnetic properties within this series reveals intricate correlations between the structural features of the mesomorphous molecule magnet (i. e., symmetry of the ligands substitution patterns, molecular conformation, average intercluster distances, and respective inclination) with respect to the relative proportion of slow-and fast-relaxing species and the absolute values of the coercive fields.


Input: Type I collagen self-assembly: the roles of substrate and concentration.


Input: Collagen molecules, self-assembled into macroscopic hierarchical tissue networks, are the main organic building block of many biological tissues.


Input: A particularly common and important form of this self-assembly consists of type I collagen fibrils, which exhibit a nanoscopic signature, D-periodic gap/overlap spacing, with a distribution of values centered at approximately 67 nm.


Input: In order to better understand the relationship between type I collagen self-assembly and D-spacing distribution, we investigated surface-mediated collagen self-assembly as a function of substrate and incubation concentration.


Input: Collagen fibril assembly on phlogopite and muscovite mica as well as fibrillar gel coextrusion in glass capillary tubes all exhibited D-spacing distributions similar to those commonly observed in biological tissues.


Input: The observation of D-spacing distribution by self-assembly of type I collagen alone is significant as it eliminates the necessity to invoke other preassembly or postassembly hypotheses, such as variation in the content of collagen types, enzymatic cross-linking, or other post-translational modifications, as mechanistic origins of D-spacing distribution.


Input: The D-spacing distribution on phlogopite mica is independent of type I collagen concentration, but on muscovite mica D-spacing distributions showed increased negative skewness at 20 mu g/mL and higher concentrations.


Input: Tilted D-spacing angles were found to correlate with decreased D-spacing measurements, an effect that can be removed with a tilt angle correction, resulting in no concentration dependence of D-spacing distribution on muscovite mica.


Input: We then demonstrated that tilted D-spacing is uncommon in biological tissues and it does not explain previous observations of low D-spacing values in ovariectomized dermis and bone.


Input: Impact of ketorolac administration around ovarian stimulation on in vivo and in vitro fertilization and subsequent embryo development.

ketorolac


Input: Abstract We performed this study to investigate the effect of ketorolac (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) administration around ovarian stimulation on in vivo and in vitro fertilization process.

ketorolac


Input: Sixty-four female mice (ICR) were injected with ketorolac (0, 7. 5, 15 and 30 micro g/d) for 3 d starting from the day of eCG treatment.

ketorolac


Input: In experiment 1, 41 mice were triggered by hCG and then mated; two-cell embryos were obtained and in vitro development up to blastocyst was observed.


Input: In experiment 2, 23 mice were triggered by hCG and mature oocytes were collected; in vitro fertilization rate and subsequent embryo development up to blastocyst was recorded.


Input: In experiment 1, the blastocyst-forming rates per in vivo fertilized two-cell embryo showed an inverse relationship with a dosage of ketorolac (97. 6%, 64. 2%, 35. 4% and 25. 9%).

ketorolac


Input: In experiment 2, degenerated oocytes were frequently observed in a dose-dependent manner (4. 3%, 22. 9%, 22. 4% and 75. 0%).


Input: Lower fertilization rates were noted in all the three ketorolac-treating groups; blastocyst-forming rate was significantly lower in 30-micro g-treating group when compared with the control group.

ketorolac


Input: Administration of ketorolac around ovarian stimulation significantly affects the development of in vivo fertilized embryo in a dose-dependent manner.

ketorolac


Input: High-dose ketorolac could result in a poor oocyte quality and decreased embryo developmental competence.

ketorolac


Input: Ubiquitin-omics reveals novel networks and associations with human disease.


Input: Human neurodegenerative and infectious diseases and tumorigenesis are associated with alterations in ubiquitin pathways.


Input: Over 10% of the genome encode for genes that either bind or manipulate ubiquitin to affect a large proportion of biological processes.


Input: This has been the basis for the development of approaches allowing the enrichment of ubiquitinated proteins for comparisons using proteomics and mass spectrometry.


Input: Tools such as tagged tandem ubiquitin binding domains, chemically derivatized ubiquitin or anti-gly-gly-lys antibodies combined with mass spectrometry have contributed to surveys of poly-ubiquitinated proteins, poly-ubiquitin linkage diversity and protein ubiquitination sites and their relation to other posttranslational modifications at a proteome wide level, providing insights in to how dynamic alterations in ubiquitination and deubiquitination steps are associated with normal physiology and pathogenesis.

gly-gly-lys


Input: Implications of pH manipulation methods for metal toxicity: not all acidic environments are created equal.


Input: The toxicity of many metals is impacted by environmental pH, through both competition and complexation by hydroxide and carbonate ions.

hydroxide

carbonate


Input: To establish safe environmental regulation it is important to properly define the relationship between pH and metal toxicity, a process that involves manipulating the pH of test water in the lab.


Input: The current study compares the effects of the three most common pH manipulation methods (carbon dioxide, acid-base addition, and chemical buffers) on acute Pb toxicity of a model fish species, Pimephales promelas.

carbon dioxide

Pb


Input: Acidification of test water revealed that the Pb and Pb (2 +) LC50 values were impacted by the pH manipulation method, with the following order of effects: HCl < CO2 < MOPS.

Pb

Pb (2 +)

HCl


Input: Conversely no differences in toxicity were observed when test pH was alkalinized using MOPS or NaOH.


Input: The different impacts of pH manipulation methods on Pb toxicity are likely due to different physiological stresses resulting from the respective methods; the physiological implications of each method are discussed.


Input: The results suggest that when studying the impacts of pH on metal toxicity it is important to properly replicate the ambient conditions of interest as artificial buffering using CO2 environments or organic buffers significantly affects the physiology of the test organisms above and beyond what is expected from pH alone.


Input: Thus, using CO2 and organic buffers overestimates the impact of acid pH on Pb toxicity.


Input: Individual and combined effects of copper and parasitism on osmoregulation in the European eel Anguilla anguilla.

copper


Input: The European eel (Anguilla anguilla), a catadromous species, breeds in the sea and migrates to estuarine, lagoon or freshwater habitats for growth and development.


Input: Yellow eels, exposed to low or fluctuating salinities, are also exposed to multiple other stressors as pollution, over-fishing and parasitism, which contribute to the dramatic decrease of eel populations in several European countries.


Input: The objective of this study was to evaluate the single and combined effects of waterborne copper and experimental infestation of eels with the nematode Anguillicoloides crassus after a salinity challenge from nearly isotonic (18ppt) to hypo-(5ppt) and hypertonic (29ppt) conditions, in order to investigate the osmoregulatory capacity of eels exposed to these stressors.

copper


Input: In a nearly isotonic condition (18ppt), blood osmolality remained constant over the 6 weeks contamination to Cu (2 +) and Anguillicoloides crassus.

Cu (2 +)


Input: In fish exposed to a salinity challenge of 29ppt for 2 weeks, no significant effect was recorded in blood osmolality, Na (+)/K (+)-ATPase (NKA) activity, Na (+) and Cl (-) concentrations.

Na (+)

K (+)

Na (+)

Cl (-)


Input: After 2 weeks at 5ppt however, a significant blood osmolality decrease was detected in fish exposed to Anguillicoloides crassus infestation with or without Cu (2 +) addition.

Cu (2 +)


Input: This decrease may originate from lower Cl (-) levels measured in eels exposed to both stressors.

Cl (-)


Input: Blood Na (+) levels remained relatively stable in all tested animals, but gill NKA activities were lower in eels exposed to combined stress.

Na (+)


Input: No apparent branchial lesions were detected following the different treatments and immunolocalization of NKA revealed well-differentiated ionocytes.


Input: Thus, the 5ppt challenge in eels exposed to copper and Anguillicoloides crassus seems to clearly enhance iono/osmoregulatory disturbances.

copper


Input: Funded by ANR CES/CIEL 2008-12.


Input: Hepatic transcriptome profiling indicates differential mRNA expression of apoptosis and immune related genes in eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) caught at G o teborg harbor, Sweden.


Input: The physiology and reproductive performance of eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) have been monitored along the Swedish coast for more than three decades.


Input: In this study, transcriptomic profiling was applied for the first time as an exploratory tool to search for new potential candidate biomarkers and to investigate possible stress responses in fish collected from a chronically polluted area.


Input: An oligonucleotide microarray with more than 15, 000 sequences was used to assess differentially expressed hepatic mRNA levels in female eelpout collected from the contaminated area at G o teborg harbor compared to fish from a national reference site, Fj a llbacka.


Input: Genes involved in apoptosis and DNA damage (e. g., SMAC/diablo homolog and DDIT4/DNA-damage-inducible protein transcript 4) had higher mRNA expression levels in eelpout from the harbor compared to the reference site, whereas mRNA expression of genes involved in the innate immune system (e. g., complement components and hepcidin) and protein transport/folding (e. g., signal recognition particle and protein disulfide-isomerase) were expressed at lower levels.

disulfide


Input: Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed that genes involved biological processes associated with protein folding, immune responses and complement activation were differentially expressed in the harbor eelpout compared to the reference site.


Input: The differential mRNA expression of selected genes involved in apoptosis/DNA damage and in the innate immune system was verified by quantitative PCR, using the same fish in addition to eelpout captured four years later.


Input: Thus, our approach has identified new potential biomarkers of pollutant exposure and has generated hypotheses on disturbed physiological processes in eelpout.


Input: Despite a higher mRNA expression of genes related to apoptosis (e. g., diablo homolog) in eelpout captured in the harbor there were no significant differences in the number of TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells between sites.


Input: The mRNA level of genes involved in apoptosis/DNA damage and the status of the innate immune system in fish species captured in polluted environments should be studied in more detail to lay the groundwork for future biomonitoring studies.


Input: A new bioassay for the ecotoxicological testing of VOCs on groundwater invertebrates and the effects of toluene on Niphargus inopinatus.


Input: A protocol was developed for testing the ecotoxicological effects of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) on groundwater invertebrates.


Input: Test substance volatility was addressed in a " closed from start to analysis "-design.


Input: Since manifestation of toxic effects may be delayed in' slower metabolizing' organisms such as groundwater fauna, a time-independent (TI-) approach was adopted.


Input: Toluene was used as a model substance and its toxicity to the groundwater amphipod Niphargus inopinatus was assessed as an example.

Toluene


Input: The method evaluation process considered various methodological issues such as partitioning of the toxicant between the water and the gas phase (Henry equilibrium), the possible depletion of oxygen in closed test vials, as well as microbial biodegradation of the test substance.

oxygen


Input: For N. inopinatus, an LC50, 14 days of 46. 6mgL (-1) toluene was obtained.

toluene


Input: The ultimate LC50 value was estimated at 23. 3mgL (-1) toluene.

toluene


Input: No oxygen depletion occurred in the test vials and Henry equilibrium was found to be established after 6h.

oxygen


Input: The new test system proposed now awaits broad practical application.


Input: A rationally designed dual role anode material for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries: case study of eco-friendly Fe3O4.

lithium

sodium


Input: Identifying dual role electrode materials capable of storing both lithium and sodium are thought to be highly relevant, as these materials could find potential applications simultaneously in lithium and sodium ion batteries.

lithium

sodium

lithium

sodium


Input: In this regard, the concept of dual alkali storage is demonstrated in Fe (3) O (4) anode material undergoing conversion reaction.

Fe (3) O (4)


Input: To enable improved storage, a rational active material and electrode design is proposed.


Input: Accordingly, the following features were simultaneously incorporated into the design: (i) an optimal particle size, (ii) a conducting matrix, (iii) adequately large active material surface area and (iv) strong electrode material-current collector integrity.


Input: Electrodes incorporating this rational design exhibit excellent high rate performance and impressive cyclability during lithium storage.

lithium


Input: For instance, Fe (3) O (4) electrodes deliver a charge capacity of 950 mAh g (-1) at 1. 2 C (~ 2. 6 times higher than graphite and 5. 4 times higher than Li (4) Ti (5) O (12)).

Fe (3) O (4)

graphite

Li (4) Ti (5) O (12)


Input: Further, these electrodes show no signs of capacity fade even up to 1100 cycles.


Input: Impressively, the cells could also be charged-discharged to 65% of their theoretical capacity in just 5 min or 12 C (11. 11 A g (-1)).


Input: The rate performance and cyclability of lithium storage achieved here are amongst the highest reported values in the literature for the conversion reaction in Fe (3) O (4).

lithium

Fe (3) O (4)


Input: Besides lithium storage, the dual role of this anode is shown by demonstrating its sodium storage ability by conversion reaction for the first time.

lithium

sodium


Input: Bandgap broadly tunable GaZnSeAs alloy nanowires.

GaZnSeAs


Input: Composition-tunable semiconductor alloy nanowires are emerging as an important class of materials for the realization of high-performance laterally-arranged multiple bandgap (LAMB) solar cells.


Input: Here we report the first growth of GaZnSeAs quaternary alloy nanowires with composed elements between two different groups using a temperature/space-selective CVD route.

GaZnSeAs


Input: Under laser excitation, these special quaternary alloy nanowires exhibit composition-related characteristic emissions, with peak wavelengths gradually tunable from 470 nm (2. 64 eV) to 832 nm (1. 49 eV), covering almost the entire visible spectrum.


Input: Surface photovoltage measurements further reveal that these alloy nanowires have tunable bandgaps along the length of the substrate, making them promising candidates for developing high-efficiency LAMB solar cells.


Input: These quaternary alloy nanowires represent a new advancement in material synthesis and would have potential applications in a variety of function-tunable and broadband-response optoelectronic devices.


Input: Two-dimensional supramolecular electron spin arrays.


Input: A bottom-up approach is introduced to fabricate two-dimensional self-assembled layers of molecular spin-systems containing Mn and Fe ions arranged in a chessboard lattice.

Mn

Fe


Input: We demonstrate that the Mn and Fe spin states can be reversibly operated by their selective response to coordination/decoordination of volatile ligands like ammonia (NH3).

Mn

Fe

ammonia


Input: Effects of acute and sub-chronic nicotine on impulsive choice in rats in a probabilistic delay-discounting task.

nicotine


Input: RATIONALE: Cigarette smokers typically display impulsivity by preferring immediate rewards over larger, delayed rewards at shorter delays than do non-smokers.


Input: Suggesting causality, nicotine injections in rats increase the choice for an immediate reward over a larger, delayed reward.

nicotine


Input: OBJECTIVES: To examine the generality of this latter effect, the present study employed a delay-discounting task to determine if acute and sub-chronic nicotine will also increase impulsive choice when subjective reward value is manipulated by changes in the probability, rather than magnitude, of reward.

nicotine


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats were presented with two levers, one of which delivered an immediate water reward on half of the trials, while the other lever delivered the same reward on every trial, but only after one of five increasing delays.


Input: RESULTS: Acute injections of 1. 2 mg/kg, but not 0. 8 mg/kg, of nicotine increased the preference for the immediate (but less certain) reward lever at intermediate delays.

nicotine


Input: Moreover, twice-daily injections of 0. 8 mg/kg of nicotine for 6 days progressively increased the preference for the immediate reward.

nicotine


Input: Latency to make the first response on each trial was not affected by nicotine.

nicotine


Input: CONCLUSIONS: The similar increases in impulsive choice produced by both acute and sub-chronic nicotine in delay-discounting paradigms whether subjective reward value is manipulated by changes in reward magnitude or probability suggests that nicotine may be increasing what is common to these paradigms, namely delay discounting.

nicotine

nicotine


Input: Whatever the mechanism, these data indicate that both acute and sub-chronic nicotine may help develop and maintain an addiction by increasing impulsivity.

nicotine


Input: Regional inhibition of cholinesterase in free-ranging western pond turtles (Emys marmorata) occupying California mountain streams.


Input: The present study investigated the potential effects of cholinesterase (ChE)-inhibiting pesticides on western pond turtles (Emys marmorata) occupying streams in two regions of California, USA.


Input: The southern region was suspected of having increased exposure to atmospheric deposition of contaminants originating from Central Valley agriculture.


Input: The northern region represented reference ChE activities because this area was located outside of the prominent wind patterns that deposit pesticides into the southern region.


Input: Total ChE activity was measured in plasma from a total of 81 turtles from both regions.


Input: Cholinesterase activity of turtles was significantly depressed by 31% (p = 0. 005) in the southern region after accounting for additional sources of variation in ChE activity.


Input: Male turtles had significantly increased ChE activity compared with females (p = 0. 054).


Input: Cloaca temperature, length, mass, handling time, body condition, and lymph presence were not significant predictors of turtle ChE activity.


Input: In the southern region, 6. 3% of the turtles were below the diagnostic threshold of two standard deviations less than the reference site mean ChE activity.


Input: Another diagnostic threshold determined that 75% of the turtles from the southern region had ChE activities depressed by 20% of the reference mean.


Input: The decrease in ChE activity in the southern region suggests sublethal effects of pesticide exposure, potentially altering neurotransmission, which can result in various deleterious behaviors.


Input: A refined aquatic ecological risk assessment for a pyrethroid insecticide used for adult mosquito management.

pyrethroid


Input: The use of pyrethroid insecticides has increased substantially throughout the world over the past few decades as the use of organophorous, carbamate, and organochlorine insecticides is being phased out.

pyrethroid

organophorous

carbamate

organochlorine


Input: Pyrethroids are the most common class of insecticides for ultralow-volume (ULV) aerosol applications used to manage high densities of adult mosquitoes.

Pyrethroids


Input: Pyrethroids are highly toxic to nontarget organisms such as certain aquatic organisms, and there have been concerns about the effect of applications of ULV insecticides on these organisms.

Pyrethroids


Input: To address the uncertainties associated with the risks of ULV applications and the contradictory findings of other ecological risk assessments, the authors performed a probabilistic aquatic ecological risk assessment for permethrin using actual environmental deposition on surfaces to estimate permethrin concentrations in water.

permethrin

permethrin


Input: The present study is the first ecological risk assessment for pyrethroids to quantitatively integrate the reduction in bioavailability resulting from the presence of dissolved organic matter.

pyrethroids


Input: As part of the risk assessment, the authors incorporated a species sensitivity distribution to take into account the differences in toxicity for different species.


Input: The 95th percentile estimated concentration would result in less than 0. 0001% of the potentially affected fraction of species reaching the lethal concentration that kills 50% of a population.


Input: The results of the present study are supported by the weight of evidence that pyrethroids applied by ground-based ULV equipment will not result in deleterious effects on aquatic organisms.

pyrethroids


Input: Simulations in evolution.


Input: III.


Input: Randomness as a generator of opportunities.


Input: In Neo-Darwinism, variation and natural selection are the two evolutionary mechanisms which propel biological evolution.


Input: Our previous reports presented a histogram model to simulate the evolution of populations of individuals classified into bins according to an unspecified, quantifiable phenotypic character, and whose number in each bin changed generation after generation under the influence of fitness, while the total population was maintained constant.


Input: The histogram model also allowed Shannon entropy (SE) to be monitored continuously as the information content of the total population decreased or increased.


Input: Here, a simple Perl (Practical Extraction and Reporting Language) application was developed to carry out these computations, with the critical feature of an added random factor in the percent of individuals whose offspring moved to a vicinal bin.


Input: The results of the simulations demonstrate that the random factor mimicking variation increased considerably the range of values covered by Shannon entropy, especially when the percentage of changed offspring was high.


Input: This increase in information content is interpreted as facilitated adaptability of the population.


Input: Silver nanoparticle toxicity effect on growth and cellular viability of the aquatic plant Lemna gibba.

Silver


Input: The toxicity effect of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on growth and cellular viability was investigated on the aquatic plant Lemna gibba exposed over 7 d to 0, 0. 01, 0. 1, 1, and 10 mg/L of AgNPs.

silver


Input: Growth inhibition was demonstrated by a significant decrease of frond numbers dependent on AgNP concentration.


Input: Under these conditions, reduction in plant cellular viability was detected for 0. 1, 1, and 10 mg/L of AgNPs within 7 d of AgNPs treatment.


Input: This effect was highly correlated with the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).

oxygen


Input: A significant increase of intracellular ROS formation was triggered by 1 and 10 mg/L of AgNP exposure.


Input: The induced oxidative stress was related to Ag accumulation within L. gibba plant cells and with the increasing concentration of AgNP exposure in the medium.

Ag


Input: The authors' results clearly suggested that AgNP suspension represented a potential source of toxicity for L. gibba plant cells.


Input: Due to the low release capacity of free soluble Ag from AgNP dissolution in the medium, it is most likely that the intracellular uptake of Ag was directly from AgNPs, triggering cellular oxidative stress that may be due to the release of free Ag inside plant cells.

Ag

AgNP

Ag


Input: Therefore, the present study demonstrated that AgNP accumulation in an aquatic environment may represent a potential source of toxicity and a risk for the viability of duckweeds.


Input: Toxic effects of environment-friendly antifoulant nonivamide on Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

nonivamide


Input: Nonivamide, a synthetic derivate of natural capsaicin, has an effective antifouling activity.

Nonivamide

capsaicin


Input: However, the poor understanding of the toxicity mechanism limits the application of nonivamide in antifouling paints.

nonivamide


Input: The present study investigated the inhibitory effects and toxicity mechanism of nonivamide on Phaeodactylum tricornutum.

nonivamide


Input: Under a 1. 5 x 10 (5) cells/ml of initial algal density (IAD), the effective concentration causing 50% inhibition at 4-d (4 d-EC50) value of nonivamide was 5. 1 mg/L.

nonivamide


Input: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) level was significantly increased in nonivamide-treated algae.

oxygen

nonivamide


Input: Algal antioxidants, including catalases (CAT), peroxidases (POD), superoxide dismutases (SOD), and glutathione (GSH), were all stimulated by the ROS burst.

superoxide

glutathione

GSH


Input: The excessive ROS substances led to the loss of algal photosynthetic pigments and also damage to the integrity of the lipid membrane.


Input: Furthermore, ROS-related genes, including psbA, psbD, psaB, rbcL, nad1, and cob, were found to be suppressed in the chloroplasts and mitochondria of nonivamide-treated algae, and the concentration of cytoplasmic Ca (2 +), an important regulator of chloroplast and mitochondrion, was elevated.

nonivamide

Ca (2 +)


Input: The present study demonstrates that nonivamide could cause peroxidative damages to P. tricornutum by inducing ROS overproduction, which may be initiated by the suppression of ROS-related genes in algal chloroplasts and mitochondria.

nonivamide


Input: Mechanism for different fluorescence response of a coumarin-amide-dipicolylamine linkage to Zn (II) and Cd (II) in water.

coumarin

amide

dipicolylamine

Zn (II)

Cd (II)


Input: A coumarin-amide-dipicolylamine linkage (L) was synthesized and used as a fluorescent receptor for metal cations in water.

coumarin

amide

dipicolylamine


Input: The receptor dissolved in water with neutral pH shows almost no fluorescence due to the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the amide and amine nitrogens to the excited state coumarin moiety.

amide and amine nitrogens

coumarin


Input: Coordination of Zn (2 +) or Cd (2 +) with L creates strong fluorescence at 437 or 386 nm, respectively, due to the suppression of PET.

Zn (2 +)

Cd (2 +)


Input: In contrast, other metal cations scarcely show fluorescence enhancement.


Input: IR, NMR, and potentiometric analysis revealed that both Zn (2 +) and Cd (2 +) are coordinated with two pyridine N, amine N, and amide O; however, the Zn (2 +) center is also coordinated with a hydroxide anion (OH (-)).

Zn (2 +)

Cd (2 +)

pyridine N

amine N

amide O

Zn (2 +)

hydroxide

OH (-)


Input: The structure difference for Zn and Cd complexes results in longer-and shorter-wavelength fluorescence.

Zn

Cd


Input: Ab initio calculations revealed that pi electrons on the excited state Cd complex are delocalized over the molecules and the Cd complex shows shorter-wavelength emission.

Cd

Cd


Input: In contrast, pi electrons of OH (-)-coordinated Zn complex are localized on the coumarin moiety.

OH (-)

Zn

coumarin


Input: This increases the electron density of coumarin moiety and shows longer-wavelength fluorescence.

coumarin


Input: Size-matching effect on inorganic nanosheets: control of distance, alignment, and orientation of molecular adsorption as a bottom-up methodology for nanomaterials.


Input: We have been investigating complexes composed of nanolayered materials with anionic charges such as clay nanosheets and dye molecules such as cationic porphyrins.

porphyrins


Input: It was found that the structure of dye assembly on the layered materials can be effectively controlled by the use of electrostatic host-guest interaction.


Input: The intermolecular distance, the molecular orientation angle, the segregation/integration behavior, and the immobilization strength of the dyes can be controlled in the clay-dye complexes.


Input: The mechanism to control these structural factors has been discussed and was established as a size-matching effect.


Input: Unique photochemical reactions such as energy transfer through the use of this methodology have been examined.


Input: Almost 100% efficiency of the energy-transfer reaction was achieved in the clay-porphyrin complexes as a typical example for an artificial light-harvesting system.

porphyrin


Input: Control of the molecular orientation angle is found to be useful in regulating the energy-transfer efficiency and in preparing photofunctional materials exhibiting solvatochromic behavior.


Input: Through our study, clay minerals turned out to serve as protein-like media to control the molecular position, modify the properties of the molecule, and provide a unique environment for chemical reactions.


Input: The dynamic nature of the kinome.


Input: Recent advances in proteomics have facilitated the analysis of the kinome' en masse'.


Input: What these studies have revealed is a surprisingly dynamic network of kinase responses to highly selective kinase inhibitors, thereby illustrating the complex biological responses to these small molecules.


Input: Moreover these studies have identified key transcription factors, such as c-Myc and FOXO (forkhead box O), that play pivotal roles in kinome reprogramming in cancer cells.


Input: Since many kinase inhibitors fail despite a high efficacy of blocking their intended targets, elucidating kinome changes at a more global level will be essential to understanding the mechanisms of kinase inhibitor pharmacology.


Input: The development of technologies to study the kinome, as well as examples of kinome resilience and reprogramming, will be discussed in the present review.


Input: Physically-motivated force fields from symmetry-adapted perturbation theory.


Input: We present a general methodology for generating accurate and transferable ab initio force fields, employing the framework of symmetry adapted perturbation theory (SAPT).


Input: The resulting force fields are " physically-motivated " in that they contain separate, explicit terms to account for the various fundamental intermolecular interactions, such as exchange, electrostatics, induction, and dispersion, with each term parametrized to a corresponding term in the SAPT energy decomposition.


Input: Crucially, the resulting force fields are largely compatible with existing, standard simulation packages, requiring only minimal modifications.


Input: We present several novel parametrization techniques that yield robust, physically meaningful atomic parameters that are transferable between molecular environments.


Input: We demonstrate the accuracy and generality of our method by validating against experimental second virial coefficients for a variety of small molecules.


Input: We then show that the resulting atomic parameters can be combined using physically motivated ansatzes to accurately predict arbitrary heteromolecular interaction energies, with example applications including prediction of gas adsorption in functionalized metal-organic framework materials.


Input: Ordered nanoscale Archimedean tilings of a templated 3-miktoarm star terpolymer.


Input: The directed self-assembly of 3-miktoarm star terpolymer chains (polyisoprene-arm-polystyrene-arm-polyferrocenylethylmethylsilane (3 mu-ISF)) into 2D Archimedean tilings is described.

polyisoprene

polystyrene

polyferrocenylethylmethylsilane

3 mu-ISF


Input: A morphological change from (4. 8 (2)) to (6 (3)) tiling is reported in the 3 mu-ISF thin film blended with PS homopolymer when a greater swelling of PI is achieved during the solvent annealing process.

3 mu-ISF


Input: Highly oriented (4. 8 (2)) tilings were produced by templating the self-assembled three colored structures in blended thin films.


Input: The use of (4. 8 (2)) and (6 (3)) tilings as nanolithographic masks to transfer square and triangular hole arrays into the substrate is also demonstrated.


Input: Effective optical Faraday rotations of semiconductor EuS nanocrystals with paramagnetic transition-metal ions.

EuS

transition-metal


Input: Novel EuS nanocrystals containing paramagnetic Mn (II), Co (II), or Fe (II) ions have been reported as advanced semiconductor materials with effective optical rotation under a magnetic field, Faraday rotation.

EuS

Mn (II)

Co (II)

Fe (II)


Input: EuS nanocrystals with transition-metal ions, EuS: M nanocrystals, were prepared by the reduction of the Eu (III) dithiocarbamate complex tetraphenylphosphonium tetrakis (diethyldithiocarbamate) europium (III) with transition-metal complexes at 300 degrees C.

EuS

EuS

Eu (III) dithiocarbamate

tetraphenylphosphonium tetrakis (diethyldithiocarbamate) europium (III)

transition-metal


Input: The EuS: M nanocrystals thus prepared were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroanalysis (ICP-AES), and a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer.

EuS


Input: Enhanced Faraday rotations of the EuS: M nanocrystals were observed around 550 nm, and their enhanced spin polarization was estimated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements.

EuS


Input: In this report, the magneto-optical relationship between the Faraday rotation efficiency and spin polarization is discussed.


Input: Chemisorbed monolayers of corannulene penta-thioethers on gold.

corannulene penta-thioethers


Input: Penta (tert-butylthio) corannulene and penta (4-dimethylaminophenylthio) corannulene form highly stable monolayers on gold surfaces, as indicated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Penta (tert-butylthio) corannulene

penta (4-dimethylaminophenylthio) corannulene


Input: Formation of these homogeneous monolayers involves multivalent coordination of the five sulfur atoms to gold with the peripheral alkyl or aryl substituents pointing away from the surface.

sulfur


Input: No dissociation of C-S bonds upon binding could be observed at room temperature.

C-S


Input: Yet, the XPS experiments reveal strong chemical bonding between the thioether groups and gold.

thioether


Input: Temperature-dependent XPS study shows that the thermal stability of the monolayers is higher than the typical stability of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiolates on gold.

thiolates


Input: Weight change by baseline BMI from three-year observational data: findings from the Worldwide Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes Database.


Input: The aim was to explore weight and body mass index (BMI) changes by baseline BMI in patients completing three years of monotherapy with various first-and second-generation antipsychotics in a large cohort in a post hoc analysis of three-year observational data.


Input: Data were analyzed by antipsychotic and three baseline BMI bands: underweight/normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m (2)), overweight (25-30 kg/m (2)) and obese (> 30 kg/m (2)).


Input: Baseline BMI was associated with subsequent weight change irrespective of the antipsychotic given.


Input: Specifically, a smaller proportion of patients gained >= 7% baseline bodyweight, and a greater proportion of patients lost >= 7% baseline bodyweight with increasing baseline BMI.


Input: For olanzapine (the antipsychotic associated with highest mean weight gain in the total drug cohort), the percentage of patients gaining >= 7% baseline weight was 45% (95% CI: 43-48) in the underweight/normal weight BMI cohort and 20% (95% CI: 15-27) in the obese BMI cohort; 7% (95% CI: 6-8) of the underweight/normal cohort and 19% (95% CI: 13-27) of the obese cohort lost >= 7% baseline weight.

olanzapine


Input: BMI has an association with the likelihood of weight gain or loss and should be considered in analyses of antipsychotic weight change.


Input: Synthetic cascades are enabled by combining biocatalysts with artificial metalloenzymes.


Input: Enzymatic catalysis and homogeneous catalysis offer complementary means to address synthetic challenges, both in chemistry and in biology.


Input: Despite its attractiveness, the implementation of concurrent cascade reactions that combine an organometallic catalyst with an enzyme has proven challenging because of the mutual inactivation of both catalysts.


Input: To address this, we show that incorporation of a d (6)-piano stool complex within a host protein affords an artificial transfer hydrogenase (ATHase) that is fully compatible with and complementary to natural enzymes, thus enabling efficient concurrent tandem catalysis.


Input: To illustrate the generality of the approach, the ATHase was combined with various NADH-, FAD-and haem-dependent enzymes, resulting in orthogonal redox cascades.

NADH

FAD

haem


Input: Up to three enzymes were integrated in the cascade and combined with the ATHase with a view to achieving (i) a double stereoselective amine deracemization, (ii) a horseradish peroxidase-coupled readout of the transfer hydrogenase activity towards its genetic optimization, (iii) the formation of L-pipecolic acid from L-lysine and (iv) regeneration of NADH to promote a monooxygenase-catalysed oxyfunctionalization reaction.

amine

L-pipecolic acid

L-lysine

NADH


Input: Biochemical modulation of cell energy by 2-deoxyglucose and malonate in 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene-induced carcinogenesis in rats.

malonate

7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene


Input: The goal of this study was to explore the impact of 2-deoxglucose or malonate individually or in combination on the level of cell energy (adenosine-5'-triphosphate) and oxidative stress in 7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary proliferation in rats.

malonate

7, 12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene

DMBA


Input: A total of 60 adult female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (12 rats each): group I serves as the control group.


Input: Rats in groups (II-V) were administrated intragastrically a single dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (bw) of DMBA.

DMBA


Input: A day after DMBA administration, rats in group III were injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 100 mg 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG)/kg bw daily.

DMBA


Input: Rats in group IV were injected ip with 10 mg sodium malonate/kg bw daily.

sodium malonate


Input: Rats in group V were injected ip with 100 mg 2-DG/kg bw and 10 mg sodium malonate/kg bw (treatment for 90 days).

sodium malonate


Input: The results obtained showed that DMBA induced oxidative stress by decreasing the activities of glutathione reductase (GRase) and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and elevating the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) in mammary tissues when compared with control.

DMBA

glutathione

superoxide

glutathione

malondialdehyde

MDA

nitric oxide


Input: The combined treatment protected against the previous deleterious changes by a significant elevation in the activities of GRase and SOD, GPx and lowering the levels of MDA and NO more potentially when compared with individual treatment.

MDA

NO


Input: Apoptosis, as indicated by a significant release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into the cytosol, observed in DMBA-injected rats was positively significantly correlated with the elevation of the level of NO.

DMBA

NO


Input: These data explained the possible additive effect of 2-DG and malonate by depleting the cell energy by their protective effects against the earlier stages of carcinogenesis.

malonate


Input: Phytotoxicity evaluation and phytochemical analysis of three medicinally important plants from Pakistan.


Input: This work examines the crude methanolic extracts of three medicinally important plants native to Pakistan for potent phytotoxic activities and important phytochemicals.


Input: These plants include Euphorbia wallichii, Bergenia ciliata and Phytolacca latbenia.


Input: The phytotoxic effects were checked at 10, 000, 1000, and 100 micro g/ml against two economically important standard target species, Triticum aestivum (monocot representative) and Brassica napus (dicot representative).


Input: The phytotoxicity effects on seed germination, seedling growth and seedling weight were checked.


Input: A simple, cost-effective in vitro phytotoxicity assay (that uses petri plates) was used to evaluate the allelopathic properties of crude extracts.


Input: At highest concentration, extracts from all the three plants showed phytotoxic activities such that P. latbenia > E. wallichii > B. ciliata.


Input: In seedling growth, root length was affected more than shoot length, whereas among the target species B. napus was found to be more sensitive towards extracts when compared with T. aestivum.


Input: Phytochemical analysis showed that P. latbenia is rich in saponins and terpenoids, while E. wallichii and B. ciliata are rich in tannins, terpenoids and cardiac glycoside.

saponins

terpenoids

tannins

terpenoids


Input: P. latbenia also carries a moderate amount of cardiac glycosides.


Input: Heavy metals accumulation in crab and shrimps from Pulicat lake, north Chennai coastal region, southeast coast of India.


Input: The accumulation of heavy metals such as lead (Pb), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) was examined in crab (Scylla serrata) and shrimps (Penaeus semisulcatus, Penaeus indicus, and Penaeus monodon) collected from Pulicat lake that receives effluents from industries located in north Chennai, southeast coast of India.

Pb

iron

Fe

zinc

Zn

cadmium

Cd

chromium

Cr


Input: The results showed limited difference between crab and prawns as well as significant variations between the organs.


Input: Pb is the highly accumulated metal in both crab and shrimps, except P. monodon.

Pb


Input: The highest metal concentration was mostly found in the liver followed by other organs.


Input: The concentration of metals in edible parts (muscle) was within the permissible level and safe for consumption.


Input: However, the results of the study clearly indicate the biomagnification of metals in Pulicat lake.


Input: Differential gene expression and bioinformatics analysis of copper resistance gene afe _ 1073 in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans.

copper


Input: Copper resistance of acidophilic bacteria is very significant in bioleaching of copper ore since high concentration of copper are harmful to the growth of organisms.

Copper

copper

copper


Input: Copper resistance gene afe _ 1073 was putatively considered to be involved in copper homeostasis in Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270.

Copper

copper


Input: In the present study, differential expression of afe _ 1073 in A. ferrooxidans strain DY26 and DC was assessed with quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.


Input: The results showed the expression of afe _ 1073 in two strains increased with the increment of copper concentrations.

copper


Input: The expression of DY26 was lower than that of DC at the same copper concentration although A. ferrooxidans strain DY26 possessed higher copper resistance than strain DC.

copper

copper


Input: In addition, bioinformatics analysis showed AFE _ 1073 was a typical transmembrane protein P1b1-ATPase, which could reduce the harm of Cu (+) by pumping it out from the cell.

Cu (+)


Input: There were two mutation sites in AFE _ 1073 between DY26 and DC and one may change the hydrophobicity of AFE _ 1073, which could enhance the ability of DY26 to pump out Cu (+).

Cu (+)


Input: Therefore, DY26 needed less gene expression of afe _ 1073 for resisting copper toxicity than that of DC at the same copper stress.

copper

copper


Input: Our study will be beneficial to understanding the copper resistance mechanism of A. ferrooxidans.

copper


Input: Conjugated oligoelectrolytes increase power generation in E. coli microbial fuel cells.


Input: A series of conjugated oligoelectrolytes with structural variations is used to stain E. coli.


Input: By taking advantage of a high-throughput screening platform that incorporates gold anodes, it is found that MFCs with COE-modified E. coli generate significantly higher power densities, relative to unmodified E. coli.


Input: These findings highlight the potential of using water-soluble molecules inspired by the work on organic semiconductors to improve electrode/microbe interfaces.


Input: Androgen synthesis in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency.

Androgen


Input: A hallmark of severe congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency is pre-and postnatal virilization.


Input: The most characteristic biochemical abnormality is the elevation of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone, which is metabolized to the most potent androgen receptor agonist dihydrotestosterone.

17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone

androgen

dihydrotestosterone


Input: 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone can be metabolized to dihydrotestosterone via 4-androstenedione through the classical Delta 4-pathway or via 17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone through the classical Delta 5-pathway, as well as through an alternative route, called the' backdoor pathway', that bypasses dehydroepiandrosterone, 4-androstenedione, and testosterone as intermediates.

17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone

dihydrotestosterone

17 alpha-hydroxypregnenolone

dehydroepiandrosterone

dehydroepiandrosterone

testosterone


Input: This review article will summarize recent advances in the understanding of the activities of androgen synthesis pathways in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency obtained by urinary steroid metabolomics based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

androgen

steroid


Input: Compared with healthy controls, the relative activities of the backdoor and Delta 4-pathways increase in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia during neonatal age and infancy, whereas the activity of the Delta 5-pathway remains unchanged.


Input: Thereafter, the activity of the Delta 5-pathway dominates, whereas a decreasing 5 alpha-reductase activity leads to a diminished role of the backdoor pathway for androgenic steroid production.

steroid


Input: Beside the backdoor pathway, the Delta 4-pathway seems to be responsible for increased androgen generation in patients with 21-hydroxylase deficiency before the onset of adrenarche, whereas the Delta 5-pathway might contribute to the increased androgen formation in those patients only after the onset of adrenarche.

androgen

androgen


Input: Adjustment of Born-Oppenheimer electronic wave functions to simplify close coupling calculations.


Input: Technical problems connected with use of the Born-Oppenheimer clamped-nuclei approximation to generate electronic wave functions, potential energy surfaces (PES), and associated properties are discussed.


Input: A computational procedure for adjusting the phases of the wave functions, as well as their order when potential crossings occur, is presented which is based on the calculation of overlaps between sets of molecular orbitals and configuration interaction eigenfunctions obtained at neighboring nuclear conformations.


Input: This approach has significant advantages for theoretical treatments describing atomic collisions and photo-dissociation processes by means of ab initio PES, electronic transition moments, and nonadiabatic radial and rotational coupling matrix elements.


Input: It ensures that the electronic wave functions are continuous over the entire range of nuclear conformations considered, thereby greatly simplifying the process of obtaining the above quantities from the results of single-point Born-Oppenheimer calculations.


Input: The overlap results are also used to define a diabatic transformation of the wave functions obtained for conical intersections that greatly simplifies the computation of off-diagonal matrix elements by eliminating the need for complex phase factors.


Input: Giant Ising-type magnetic anisotropy in trigonal bipyramidal Ni (II) complexes: experiment and theory.

trigonal bipyramidal Ni (II)


Input: This paper reports the experimental and theoretical investigations of two trigonal bipyramidal Ni (II) complexes, [Ni (Me (6) tren) Cl] (ClO (4)) (1) and [Ni (Me (6) tren) Br] (Br) (2).

trigonal bipyramidal Ni (II)

[Ni (Me (6) tren) Cl] (ClO (4))

[Ni (Me (6) tren) Br] (Br)


Input: High-field, high-frequency electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy performed on a single crystal of 1 shows a giant uniaxial magnetic anisotropy with an experimental D (expt) value (energy difference between the M (s) = +/- 1 and M (s) = 0 components of the ground spin state S = 1) estimated to be between-120 and-180 cm (-1).


Input: The theoretical study shows that, for an ideally trigonal Ni (II) complex, the orbital degeneracy leads to a first-order spin-orbit coupling that results in a splitting of the M (s) = +/- 1 and M (s) = 0 components of approximately-600 cm (-1).

Ni (II)


Input: Despite the Jahn-Teller distortion that removes the ground term degeneracy and reduces the effects of the first-order spin-orbit interaction, the D value remains very large.


Input: A good agreement between theoretical and experimental results (theoretical D (theor) between-100 and-200 cm (-1)) is obtained.


Input: Self-healing mussel-inspired multi-pH-responsive hydrogels.


Input: Self-healing hydrogels can be made using either reversible covalent cross-links or coordination chemistry bonds.


Input: Here we present a multi-pH-responsive system inspired by the chemistry of blue mussel adhesive proteins.


Input: By attaching DOPA to an amine-functionalized polymer, a multiresponsive system is formed upon reaction with iron.

DOPA

amine

iron


Input: The degree of polymer cross-linking is pH controlled through the pH-dependent DOPA/iron coordination chemistry.

DOPA

iron


Input: This leads to the formation of rapidly self-healing high-strength hydrogels when pH is raised from acidic toward basic values.


Input: Close to the pK (a) value, or more precisely the pI value, of the polymer, the gel collapses due to reduced repulsion between polymer chains.


Input: Thereby a bistable gel-system is obtained.


Input: The present polymer system more closely resembles mussel adhesive proteins than those previously reported and thus also serves as a model system for mussel adhesive chemistry.


Input: Effects of hydrogen bonding on internal conversion of GFP-like chromophores.

hydrogen


Input: I.


Input: The para-amino systems.

para-amino


Input: To understand the effects of solvent-solute hydrogen bonding (SSHB) on the excited-state dynamics of two GFP-like chromophores, p-ABDI and p-CFABDI, we have determined the quantum yields for fluorescence (Phi f) and the isomerization Z --> E (Phi ZE) and the femtosecond fluorescence and transient infrared absorption in selected solvents.

hydrogen


Input: The behavior that Phi ZE =~ 0. 50 in aprotic solvents, such as CH3CN, indicates that the E-Z photoisomerization adopts a one-bond-flip mechanism through the torsion of the exocyclic C = C bond (the tau torsion) to form a perpendicular species (tau ~ 90 degrees) in the singlet excited state followed by internal conversion (IC) to the ground state and partition to form the E and Z isomers with equal probabilities.

C = C


Input: The observed Phi ZE decreased from 0. 50 to 0. 15-0. 28 when CH3CN was replaced with the protic solvents CH3OH and CF3CH2OH.


Input: In conjunction with the solvent-independent rapid (< 1 ps) kinetics for the fluorescence decay and the solvent-dependent slow (7-20 ps) kinetics for the ground-state recovery, we conclude that the SSHB modifies the potential energy surface for the tau torsion in a way that the IC occurs also for the twisted intermediates with a tau-torsion angle smaller than 90 degrees, which favors the formation of the Z isomers.


Input: The possibility of IC induced by torsion of the exocyclic C-C bond (the phi torsion) is also considered but excluded.

C-C


Input: Surface functionalization of a polymeric lipid bilayer for coupling a model biological membrane with molecules, cells, and microstructures.


Input: We describe a stable and functional model biological membrane based on a polymerized lipid bilayer with a chemically modified surface.


Input: A polymerized lipid bilayer was formed from a mixture of two diacetylene-containing phospholipids, 1, 2-bis (10, 12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DiynePC) and 1, 2-bis (10, 12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DiynePE).

diacetylene

1, 2-bis (10, 12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

DiynePC

1, 2-bis (10, 12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine

DiynePE


Input: DiynePC formed a stable bilayer structure, whereas the ethanolamine headgroup of DiynePE enabled functional molecules to be grafted onto the membrane surface.

DiynePC

ethanolamine

DiynePE


Input: Copolymerization of DiynePC and DiynePE resulted in a robust bilayer.

DiynePC

DiynePE


Input: Functionalization of the polymeric bilayer provided a route to a robust and biomimetic surface that can be linked with biomolecules, cells, and three-dimensional (3D) microstructures.


Input: Biotin and peptides were grafted onto the polymeric bilayer for attaching streptavidin and cultured mammalian cells by molecular recognition, respectively.


Input: Nonspecific adsorption of proteins and cells on polymeric bilayers was minimum.


Input: DiynePE was also used to attach a microstructure made of an elastomer (polydimethylsiloxan: PDMS) onto the membrane, forming a confined aqueous solution between the two surfaces.

DiynePE

polydimethylsiloxan

PDMS


Input: The microcompartment enabled us to assay the activity of a membrane-bound enzyme (cyochrome P450).


Input: Natural (fluid) lipid bilayers were incorporated together with membrane-bound proteins by lithographically polymerizing DiynePC/DiynePE bilayers.

DiynePC

DiynePE


Input: The hybrid membrane of functionalized polymeric bilayers and fluid bilayers offers a novel platform for a wide range of biomedical applications including biosensor, bioassay, cell culture, and cell-based assay.


Input: Quercetin-loaded microcapsules ameliorate experimental colitis in mice by anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.

Quercetin


Input: Quercetin (1) is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant flavonoid.

Quercetin

flavonoid


Input: However, the oral administration of 1 did not lead to beneficial effects in experimental animal colitis models, which involve cytokines and oxidative stress.


Input: A possible explanation is that the absorption profile of 1 prevents its activity.


Input: Therefore, it was reasoned that the controlled release of 1 would improve its therapeutic effect.


Input: Thus, the therapeutic effect and mechanisms of 1-loaded microcapsules in acetic acid-induced colitis in mice were evaluated.

acetic acid


Input: Microcapsules were prepared using pectin/casein polymer and 1.


Input: The oral administration of 1-loaded microcapsules decreased neutrophil recruitment, attenuated histological alterations, and reduced macroscopical damage, edema, and IL-1 beta and IL-33 production in the colon samples.


Input: Microcapsules loaded with 1 also prevented the reduction of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and the antioxidant capacity of the colon.


Input: These preclinical data indicate that pectin/casein polymer microcapsules loaded with 1 improved the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of 1 compared to the nonencapsulated drug.


Input: Therefore, quercetin seems to be a promising active molecule in inflammatory bowel disease if provided with adequate controlled release.

quercetin


Input: 5' C-rich telomeric overhangs are an outcome of rapid telomere truncation events.


Input: A subset of human tumors ensures indefinite telomere length maintenance by activating a telomerase-independent mechanism known as Alternative Lengthening of Telomeres (ALT).


Input: Most tumor cells of ALT origin share a constellation of unique characteristics, which include large stores of extra-chromosomal telomeric material, chronic telomere dysfunction and a peculiar enrichment in chromosome ends with 5' C-rich overhangs.


Input: Here we demonstrate that acute telomere de-protection and the subsequent DNA damage signal are not sufficient to facilitate formation of 5' C-overhangs at the chromosome end.


Input: Rather chromosome ends bearing 5' C-overhangs are a by-product of rapid cleavage events, processing of which occurs independently of the DNA damage response and is partly mediated through the XRCC3 endonuclease.


Input: A novel class of 3-(phenoxy-phenyl-methyl)-pyrrolidines as potent and balanced norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibitors: synthesis and structure-activity relationships.

norepinephrine

serotonin


Input: A series of 3-(phenoxy-phenyl-methyl)-pyrrolidine analogues were discovered to be potent and balanced norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) reuptake inhibitors.

norepinephrine

serotonin


Input: Several of these compounds were identified to have suitable in vitro pharmacokinetic properties for an orally dosed and CNS-targeted drug.


Input: Compound 39b, in particular, was identified as a potent NET and SERT reuptake inhibitor (NSRI) with minimal off-target activity and demonstrated robust efficacy in the spinal nerve ligation model of pain behavior.


Input: Synthesis of 2-aminomethyl-4-phenyl-1-azabicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptanes via LiAlH 4-induced reductive cyclization of 2-(4-chloro-2-cyano-2-phenylbutyl) aziridines and evaluation of their antimalarial activity.

2-aminomethyl-4-phenyl-1-azabicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptanes

LiAlH 4

2-(4-chloro-2-cyano-2-phenylbutyl) aziridines


Input: 2-(4-Chloro-2-cyano-2-phenylbutyl) aziridines were employed for the one-step stereoselective construction of both endo-and exo-2-aminomethyl-4-phenyl-1-azabicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptanes as new azaheterobicyclic scaffolds via a double LiAlH (4)-induced reductive cyclization protocol.

2-(4-Chloro-2-cyano-2-phenylbutyl) aziridines

endo-and exo-2-aminomethyl-4-phenyl-1-azabicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptanes

azaheterobicyclic

LiAlH (4)


Input: Antiplasmodial assessment of these 1-azabicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptanes revealed moderate to good activities in the micromolar range, with the exo-isomers being the most promising structures.

1-azabicyclo [2. 2. 1] heptanes


Input: Furthermore, the proposed mode of action was supported by ligand docking studies, pointing to a strong binding interaction with the enzyme plasmepsin II.


Input: Acute effects of hexabromocyclododecane on Leydig cell cyclic nucleotide signaling and steroidogenesis in vitro.

hexabromocyclododecane

nucleotide


Input: Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD), an additive brominated flame retardant routinely added to various consumer products, was reported to have toxic effects upon biota, including endocrine disruption.

Hexabromocyclododecane

HBCDD


Input: In this study, the potential toxicity of HBCDD was tested in peripubertal rat Leydig cells in vitro during 6h exposure.

HBCDD


Input: HBCDD inhibited human chorionic gonadotropin-and forskolin-supported cAMP accumulation and steroidogenesis.

HBCDD

forskolin

cAMP


Input: It also inhibited basal cAMP production, but elevated basal steroidogenesis.

cAMP


Input: The expression of several cAMP-dependent genes, including steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cholesterol side chain cleavage enzyme, and 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, was also inhibited by HBCDD treatment.

cAMP

cholesterol

3 beta-hydroxysteroid

HBCDD


Input: Nevertheless, this was not accompanied by a decrease in steroidogenic acute regulatory protein expression, as documented by western blot analysis, and activity of steroidogenic enzymes, as documented by unaffected steroidogenesis in the presence of permeable 22 (R)-hydroxycholesterol.

22 (R)-hydroxycholesterol


Input: However, HBCDD caused significant decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in untreated and human chorionic gonadotropin-treated cells.

HBCDD


Input: This indicates that HBCDD acute toxicity in Leydig cells reflects changes in mitochondrial membrane potential-dependent cAMP production and basal and cAMP-regulated cholesterol transport.

HBCDD

cAMP

cAMP

cholesterol


Input: This in turn facilitates basal but inhibits cAMP-dependent steroidogenesis.

cAMP


Input: Acute effects of HBCDD treatment on transcription are also indicative of its sustained effects on Leydig cell function.

HBCDD


Input: Olfactory evolution: mice rethink stink.


Input: Animals use a vast array of chemicals to communicate with others.


Input: How such signals originate is poorly known.


Input: Now a study traces the emergence of a signal from a metabolic product and the evolution of its behavioural significance.


Input: Disubstituted diaryl diselenides as potential atheroprotective compounds: Involvement of TrxR and GPx-like systems.

diaryl diselenides


Input: Oxidative modifications of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) have a determinant role in atherogenesis and the study of agents that can modulate LDL oxidation is of pharmacological and therapeutic significance.


Input: Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of the disubstituted diaryl diselenides, p-methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide (p-CH (3) O-C (6) H (4) Se) (2) (DM) and p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide (p-Cl-C (6) H (4) Se) (2) (DC), on Cu (2 +)-induced LDL oxidation.

diaryl diselenides

p-methoxyl-diphenyl diselenide (p-CH (3) O-C (6) H (4) Se) (2)

p-chloro-diphenyl diselenide (p-Cl-C (6) H (4) Se) (2)

Cu (2 +)


Input: Both compounds caused a dose-dependent inhibition of human serum and isolated LDL oxidation evidenced by the increasing of the lag phase of lipid peroxidation and decreased the lipid oxidation rate (V (max)).


Input: The protein moieties from isolated LDL were also protected from Cu (2 +)-induced oxidation.

Cu (2 +)


Input: Moreover, the disubstituted diaryl diselenides efficiently decreased the oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) induced foam cell formation in J774A. 1 macrophage cells.

diaryl diselenides


Input: Mechanistically, we have demonstrated that the antioxidant and antiatherogenic effects of DM and DC are related to formation of their selenol intermediates (RSeH) either by a direct reaction with endogenous thiols (GPx-like activity) or via their reduction by TrxR (using NADPH as electron donor).

selenol

RSeH

thiols

NADPH


Input: Considering the powerful effect of DM and DC against LDL-induced toxicity, they could be considered for developing of new therapeutic approaches to preventing and treating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases.


Input: Genotoxicity of dried Hoodia parviflora aerial parts.


Input: Hoodia parviflora is being developed commercially for use in weight loss food and dietary supplement products.


Input: Its effects are ascribed to a number of glycosides that have been shown to be present in plant extracts from several Hoodia species, the best known of which is H. gordonii.


Input: H. parviflora has been identified as an alternative to H. gordonii, and, as part of the process to develop H. parviflora, in vitro genotoxicity tests, as recommended by recent European Food Safety Authority guidance, were conducted on a dried powder preparation of H. parviflora aerial parts.


Input: The preparation was tested for reverse mutation at doses up to 5, 000 mu g/plate in Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537, and in Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA TA, both in the presence and in the absence of an exogenous source of metabolic activation (rat liver S9).


Input: In addition, the dried powder was evaluated in an in vitro cytotoxicity chromosome aberration assay using human lymphocytes.


Input: Test conditions included both a 4 (up to 2500 mu g/mg) and 44-h exposure period (up to 1000 mu g/mg) and the incorporation of an exogenous source of metabolic activation (4-h exposure only).


Input: H. parviflora dried powder was non-genotoxic in both in vitro assays.


Input: Differential activation and modulation of the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor by small molecule ligands.


Input: The glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a major therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes due to its role in glucose homeostasis.

glucose


Input: Despite the availability of peptide-based GLP-1R drugs for treatment of this disease, there is great interest in developing small molecules that can be administered orally.


Input: The GLP-1R system is complex, with multiple endogenous and clinically used peptide ligands that exhibit different signaling biases at this receptor.


Input: This study revealed that small molecule ligands acting at this receptor are differentially biased to peptide ligands and also from each other with respect to the signaling pathways that they activate.


Input: Furthermore, allosteric small molecule ligands were also able to induce bias in signaling mediated by orthosteric ligands.


Input: This was dependent on both the orthosteric and allosteric ligand as no two allosteric-orthosteric ligand pairs could induce the same signaling profile.


Input: We highlight the need to profile compounds across multiple signaling pathways and in combination with multiple orthosteric ligands in systems such as the GLP-1R where more than one endogenous ligand exists.


Input: In the context of pleiotropical coupling of receptors and the interplay of multiple pathways leading to physiologic responses, profiling of small molecules in this manner may lead to a better understanding of the physiologic consequences of biased signaling at this receptor.


Input: This could enable the design and development of improved therapeutics that have the ability to fine-tune receptor signaling, leading to beneficial therapeutic outcomes while reducing side effect profiles.


Input: Formation, reactivity, and antiplatelet activity of mixed disulfide conjugates of clopidogrel.

disulfide

clopidogrel


Input: In this work, we investigated the formation, reactivity, and antiplatelet activity of various mixed disulfide conjugates of clopidogrel.

disulfide

clopidogrel


Input: Our results showed that the production of the active metabolite (AM) from 2-oxoclopidogrel by human liver microsomes (HLMs) is greatly affected by the thiol reductants used.

thiol


Input: Among the 10 thiol compounds tested, glutathione (GSH) is most efficient in producing the AM at a rate of 167 pmoles AM/min/mg HLM.

thiol

glutathione

GSH


Input: Interestingly, no AM but only the mixed disulfide conjugates were formed in the presence of 6-chloropyridazine-3-thiol (CPT), 2, 5-dimethylfuran-3-thiol, and 3-nitropyridine-2-thiol (NPT).

disulfide

CPT

2, 5-dimethylfuran-3-thiol

NPT


Input: The mass spectrometry (MS) and MS (2) spectra of the conjugates of these thiol compounds confirmed the presence of a mixed disulfide bond linkage between the AM and the thiol reductants.

disulfide

thiol


Input: Kinetic studies revealed that the mixed disulfide conjugates were capable of exchanging thiols with GSH to release the AM with second order rate constants ranging from 1. 2 to 28 M (-1) s (-1).

disulfide

thiols

GSH


Input: The mixed disulfide conjugates of CPT and NPT showed potent inhibition of platelet aggregation after pretreatment with 1 mM GSH, confirming that the AM is responsible for the antiplatelet activity of clopidogrel.

disulfide

CPT

NPT

GSH

clopidogrel


Input: Collectively, our results provide strong support for a cytochrome P450 (P450)-mediated bioactivation mechanism involving the initial formation of a glutathionyl conjugate, followed by thiol-disulfide exchange with another GSH molecule to release the AM.

thiol

disulfide

GSH


Input: Furthermore, the stable mixed disulfide conjugates identified in this study provide a platform to quantitatively generate the therapeutic AM without the need for P450-mediated bioactivation.

disulfide


Input: This property can be further explored to overcome the interindividual variability in clopidogrel therapy.

clopidogrel


Input: Effects of metformin on burn-induced hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress in male rats.

metformin


Input: Severe burn injury causes hepatic dysfunction that results in major metabolic derangements including insulin resistance and hyperglycemia and is associated with hepatic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress.


Input: We have recently shown that insulin reduces ER stress and improves liver function and morphology; however, it is not clear whether these changes are directly insulin mediated or are due to glucose alterations.

glucose


Input: Metformin is an antidiabetic agent that decreases hyperglycemia by different pathways than insulin; therefore, we asked whether metformin affects postburn ER stress and hepatic metabolism.

Metformin

metformin


Input: The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of metformin on postburn hepatic ER stress and metabolic markers.

metformin


Input: Male rats were randomized to sham, burn injury and burn injury plus metformin and were sacrificed at various time points.

metformin


Input: Outcomes measured were hepatic damage, function, metabolism and ER stress.


Input: Burn-induced decrease in albumin mRNA and increase in alanine transaminase (p < 0. 01 versus sham) were not normalized by metformin treatment.

alanine

metformin


Input: In addition, ER stress markers were similarly increased in burn injury with or without metformin compared with sham (p < 0. 05).

metformin


Input: We also found that gluconeogenesis and fatty acid metabolism gene expressions were upregulated with or without metformin compared with sham (p < 0. 05).

fatty acid

metformin


Input: Our results indicate that, whereas thermal injury results in hepatic ER stress, metformin does not ameliorate postburn stress responses by correcting hepatic ER stress.

metformin


Input: A brief history of oxytocin and its role in modulating psychostimulant effects.

oxytocin


Input: Over the past century, the polypeptide oxytocin has played an important role in medicine with major highlights including the identification of its involvement in parturition and the milk let-down reflex.

oxytocin


Input: Oxytocin is now implicated in an extensive range of psychological phenomena including reward and memory processes and has been investigated as a treatment for several psychiatric disorders including addiction, anxiety, autism, and schizophrenia.

Oxytocin


Input: In this review, we first provide an historical overview of oxytocin and describe key aspects of its physiological activity.

oxytocin


Input: We then outline some pharmacological limitations in this field of research before highlighting the role of oxytocin in a wide range of behavioral and neuronal processes.

oxytocin


Input: Finally, we review evidence for a modulatory role of oxytocin with regard to psychostimulant effects.

oxytocin


Input: Key findings suggest that oxytocin attenuates a broad number of cocaine and methamphetamine induced behaviors and associated neuronal activity in rodents.

oxytocin

cocaine

methamphetamine


Input: Evidence also outlines a role for oxytocin in the prosocial effects of 3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy) in both rodents and humans.

oxytocin

3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine

MDMA

Ecstasy


Input: Clinical trials should now investigate the effectiveness of oxytocin as a novel intervention for psychostimulant addiction and should aim to determine its specific role in the therapeutic properties of MDMA that are currently being investigated.

oxytocin

MDMA


Input: Reduced Adipose Tissue Macrophage Content Is Associated With Improved Insulin Sensitivity in Thiazolidinedione-Treated Diabetic Humans.

Thiazolidinedione


Input: Obesity is associated with increased adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) infiltration, and rodent studies suggest that inflammatory factors produced by ATMs contribute to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.


Input: However, a relationship between ATM content and insulin resistance has not been clearly established in humans.


Input: Since thiazolidinediones attenuate adipose tissue inflammation and improve insulin sensitivity, we examined the temporal relationship of the effects of pioglitazone on these two parameters.

thiazolidinediones

pioglitazone


Input: The effect of 10 and 21 days of pioglitazone treatment on insulin sensitivity in 26 diabetic subjects was assessed by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies.

pioglitazone


Input: Because chemoattractant factors, cytokines, and immune cells have been implicated in regulating the recruitment of ATMs, we studied their temporal relationship to changes in ATM content.


Input: Improved hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity was seen after 21 days of pioglitazone.

pioglitazone


Input: We found early reductions in macrophage chemoattractant factors after only 10 days of pioglitazone, followed by a 69% reduction in ATM content at 21 days and reduced ATM activation at both time points.

pioglitazone


Input: Although markers for dendritic cells and neutrophils were reduced at both time points, there were no significant changes in regulatory T cells.


Input: These results are consistent with an association between adipose macrophage content and systemic insulin resistance in humans.


Input: Disruption of the cerebral white matter network is related to slowing of information processing speed in patients with type 2 diabetes.


Input: Patients with type 2 diabetes often show slowing of information processing.


Input: Disruptions in the brain white matter network, possibly secondary to vascular damage, may underlie these cognitive disturbances.


Input: The present study reconstructed the white matter network of 55 nondemented individuals with type 2 diabetes (mean age 71 +/- 4y) and 50 age-, sex-and education-matched controls using diffusion MRI based fiber tractography.


Input: Graph theoretical analysis was then applied to quantify the efficiency of these networks.


Input: Patients with type 2 diabetes showed alterations in local and global network properties compared to controls (p < 0. 05).


Input: These structural network abnormalities were related to slowing of information processing speed in patients.


Input: This relation was partly independent of cerebrovascular lesion load.


Input: This study shows that the approach of characterizing the brain as a network using diffusion MRI and graph theory can provide new insights into how abnormalities in the white matter affect cognitive function in patients with diabetes.


Input: A link between GIP and osteopontin in adipose tissue and insulin resistance.


Input: Low grade inflammation in obesity is associated with accumulation of the macrophagederived cytokine osteopontin in adipose tissue and induction of local as well as systemic insulin resistance.


Input: Since GIP (glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide) is a strong stimulator of adipogenesis and may play a role in the development of obesity, we explored whether GIP directly would stimulate osteopontin (OPN) expression in adipose tissue and thereby induce insulin resistance.

glucose


Input: GIP stimulated OPN protein expression in a dose-dependent fashion in rat primary adipocytes.


Input: The level of OPN mRNA was higher in adipose tissue of obese individuals (0. 13 +/-} 0. 04 vs 0. 04 +/-} 0. 01, P < 0. 05) and correlated inversely with measures of insulin sensitivity (r =-0. 24, P = 0. 001).


Input: A common variant of the GIP receptor (GIPR) (rs10423928) gene was associated with lower amount of the exon 9 containing isoform required for transmembrane activity.


Input: Carriers of the A-allele with a reduced receptor function showed lower adipose tissue OPN mRNA levels and better insulin sensitivity.


Input: Together, these data suggest a role for GIP not only as an incretin hormone, but also as a trigger of inflammation and insulin resistance in adipose tissue.


Input: Carriers of GIPR rs10423928 A-allele showed protective properties via reduced GIP effects.


Input: Identification of this unprecedented link between GIP and OPN in adipose tissue might open new avenues for therapeutic interventions.


Input: beta-Cell-Specific Protein Kinase A Activation Enhances the Efficiency of Glucose Control by Increasing Acute-Phase Insulin Secretion.

Glucose


Input: Acute insulin secretion determines the efficiency of glucose clearance.

glucose


Input: Moreover, impaired acute insulin release is characteristic of reduced glucose control in the prediabetic state.

glucose


Input: Incretin hormones, which increase beta-cell cAMP, restore acute-phase insulin secretion and improve glucose control.

cAMP

glucose


Input: To determine the physiological role of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), a mouse model was developed to increase PKA activity specifically in the pancreatic beta-cells.

cAMP


Input: In response to sustained hyperglycemia, PKA activity potentiated both acute and sustained insulin release.


Input: In contrast, a glucose bolus enhanced acute-phase insulin secretion alone.

glucose


Input: Acute-phase insulin secretion was increased 3. 5-fold, reducing circulating glucose to 58% of levels in controls.

glucose


Input: Exendin-4 increased acute-phase insulin release to a similar degree as PKA activation.


Input: However, incretins did not augment the effects of PKA on acute-phase insulin secretion, consistent with incretins acting primarily via PKA to potentiate acute-phase insulin secretion.


Input: Intracellular calcium signaling was unaffected by PKA activation, suggesting that the effects of PKA on acute-phase insulin secretion are mediated by the phosphorylation of proteins involved in beta-cell exocytosis.

calcium


Input: Thus, beta-cell PKA activity transduces the cAMP signal to dramatically increase acute-phase insulin secretion, thereby enhancing the efficiency of insulin to control circulating glucose.

glucose


Input: Impaired local production of pro-resolving lipid mediators in obesity and 17-HDHA as a potential treatment for obesity-associated inflammation.


Input: Obesity-induced chronic low-grade inflammation originates from adipose tissue and is crucial for obesity-driven metabolic deterioration including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Chronic inflammation may be a consequence of a failure to actively resolve inflammation, and could result from a lack of local specialized pro-resolving lipid mediators (SPM) such as resolvins and protectins, which derive from the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA).

resolvins

polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid

EPA

docosahexaenoic acid

DHA


Input: We assessed obesity-induced changes of n-3-derived SPM in adipose tissue and effects of dietary EPA/DHA thereon. Moreover, we treated obese mice with SPM precursors and investigated effects on inflammation and metabolic dysregulation.

EPA

DHA


Input: Obesity significantly decreased DHA-derived 17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA, resolvin D1 precursor) and protectin D1 levels in murine adipose tissue.

DHA

17-hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid

resolvin D1

protectin D1


Input: Dietary EPA/DHA treatment restored endogenous biosynthesis of n-3 derived lipid mediators in obesity while attenuating adipose tissue inflammation and improving insulin sensitivity.

EPA

DHA


Input: Notably, 17-HDHA treatment reduced adipose tissue expression of inflammatory cytokines, increased adiponectin expression and improved glucose tolerance parallel to insulin sensitivity in obese mice.

glucose


Input: These findings indicate that impaired biosynthesis of certain SPM and SPM precursors including 17-HDHA and protectin D1 contributes to adipose tissue inflammation in obesity and suggest 17-HDHA as a novel treatment option for obesity-associated complications.

protectin D1


Input: Leptin levels and adipose tissue percentage in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome.


Input: The main purpose of the research is to compare serum leptin (Lep) levels and adipose tissue percentage in adolescents diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and those in healthy subjects.


Input: The results showed a greater percentage of patients with increased adipose tissue and significantly higher serum Lep levels in the PCOS group compared to the healthy controls.


Input: It was proved that there is a correlation between Lep and body mass index, body adipose tissue, waist circumference and HOMA index.


Input: PCOS in adolescents is a condition related to highly predominant overweight and obesity with exceeding level of body adipose tissue and higher serum Lep levels compared to healthy age-matched controls.


Input: Parathyroid and calcium metabolism disorders during pregnancy.

calcium


Input: Abstract Parathyroid disorders are not common among pregnant women, but harbor a significant morbidity and mortality potential if they remain unrecognized and untreated.


Input: The symptoms caused by abnormally low or high blood free calcium level are mostly non-specific in the initial stages, thus when recognized might pose a real danger.

calcium


Input: Here we will survey the alterations in calcium metabolism induced by pregnancy, and describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of parathyroid and other calcium metabolism disorders during pregnancy.

calcium

calcium


Input: The current literature on the impact of calcium and vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy will also be reviewed.

calcium

vitamin D


Input: 7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl Hydrazones: A Promising and Potent Class of Antileishmanial Compounds.

7-Chloro-4-quinolinyl Hydrazones


Input: In this work, we report the antileishmanial evaluation of twenty 7-chloro-4-quinolinyl hydrazone derivatives (1-20).

7-chloro-4-quinolinyl hydrazone


Input: Firstly, the compounds were tested against promastigotes of four different Leishmania species.


Input: After that, all derivatives were assayed against L. braziliensis amastigotes and murine macrophages.


Input: Furthermore, it was investigated whether the antiamastigote L. braziliensis effect of the compounds could be associated with nitric oxide production.

nitric oxide


Input: Compounds 6 and 7 showed a strong leishmanicidal activity against intracellular parasite with IC50 in nanogram levels (30 and 20 ng/mL, respectively).


Input: Appreciable activity of three compounds tested can be considered an important finding for the rational design of new leads for antileishmanial compounds.


Input: Investigation of the interaction of gamma-Al2O3 with aqueous solutions of dimethyl methylphosphonate using infrared multiple internal reflection spectroscopy.

dimethyl methylphosphonate


Input: The interaction of dilute solutions of dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) in H (2) O with thin porous layers of gamma-Al (2) O (3) has been studied under steady-state conditions using infrared multiple-internal-reflection spectroscopy.

dimethyl methylphosphonate

DMMP

H (2) O

Al (2) O (3)


Input: Upon the initial introduction of the DMMP solution to a previously H (2) O-saturated surface, DMMP diffuses into the porous layer and displaces weakly hydrogen-bonded H (2) O molecules.

DMMP

H (2) O

DMMP

hydrogen

H (2) O


Input: This is accompanied by hydrolysis of the gamma-Al (2) O (3) to form Al (OH) (3) and/or AlO (OH).

Al (2) O (3)

Al (OH) (3)

AlO (OH)


Input: The P = O group of DMMP interacts predominantly with H (2) O and gives no clear indication of bonding to the oxide surface itself, from which it is inferred that the displacement of weakly adsorbed H (2) O results from the interaction of acidic Al-OH sites with the methoxy O atoms of DMMP.

P = O

DMMP

H (2) O

oxide

H (2) O

Al-OH

methoxy O

DMMP


Input: No hydrolysis of the DMMP, either in solution or in contact with the oxide, was detectable under the present conditions.

DMMP

oxide


Input: The results have practical implications in the decontamination of materials following exposure to toxic reagents related to DMMP.

DMMP


Input: Laboratory adapted Escherichia coli K-12 becomes a pathogen of Caenorhabditis elegans upon restoration of O antigen biosynthesis.


Input: Escherichia coli has been the leading model organism for many decades.


Input: It is a fundamental player in modern biology, facilitating the molecular biology revolution of the last century.


Input: The acceptance of E. coli as model organism is predicated primarily on the study of one E. coli lineage; E. coli K-12.


Input: However, the antecedents of today' s laboratory strains have undergone extensive mutagenesis to create genetically tractable offspring but which resulted in loss of several genetic traits such as O antigen expression.


Input: Here we have repaired the wbbL locus, restoring the ability of E. coli K-12 strain MG1655 to express the O antigen.


Input: We demonstrate that O antigen production results in drastic alterations of many phenotypes and the density of the O antigen is critical for the observed phenotypes.


Input: Importantly, O antigen production enables laboratory strains of E. coli to enter the gut of the Caenorhabditis elegans worm and to kill C. elegans at rates similar to pathogenic bacterial species.


Input: We demonstrate C. elegans killing is a feature of other commensal E. coli.


Input: We show killing is associated with bacterial resistance to mechanical shear and persistence in the C. elegans gut.


Input: These results suggest C. elegans is not an effective model of human-pathogenic E. coli infectious disease.


Input: How do metabolites differ from their parent molecules and how are they excreted?


Input: Understanding which physicochemical properties, or property distributions, are favorable for successful design and development of drugs, nutritional supplements, cosmetics, and agrochemicals is of great importance.


Input: In this study we have analyzed molecules from three distinct chemical spaces (i) approved drugs, (ii) human metabolites, and (iii) traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to investigate four aspects determining the disposition of small organic molecules.


Input: First, we examined the physicochemical properties of these three classes of molecules and identified characteristic features resulting from their distinctive biological functions.


Input: For example, human metabolites and TCM molecules can be larger and more hydrophobic than drugs, which makes them less likely to cross membranes.


Input: We then quantified the shifts in physicochemical property space induced by metabolism from a holistic perspective by analyzing a data set of several thousand experimentally observed metabolic trees.


Input: Results show how the metabolic system aims to retain nutrients/micronutrients while facilitating a rapid elimination of xenobiotics.


Input: In the third part we compared these global shifts with the contributions made by individual metabolic reactions.


Input: For better resolution, all reactions were classified into phase I and phase II biotransformations.


Input: Interestingly, not all metabolic reactions lead to more hydrophilic molecules.


Input: We were able to identify biotransformations leading to an increase of logP by more than one log unit, which could be used for the design of drugs with enhanced efficacy.


Input: The study closes with the analysis of the physicochemical properties of metabolites found in the bile, faeces, and urine.


Input: Metabolites in the bile can be large and are often negatively charged.


Input: Molecules with molecular weight > 500 Da are rarely found in the urine, and most of these large molecules are charged phase II conjugates.


Input: Contribution of lipids in honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly to health.


Input: Honeybee (Apis mellifera) royal jelly (RJ) has a long history in human medicine because of its health-protecting properties.


Input: To develop a fundamental and comprehensive understanding of lipids in RJ, this article reviews the available literature on lipid compounds identified from RJ extracts and in vitro pharmacological effects of 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid in RJ and other closely related compounds, some of which are also identified as lipid compounds in RJ.

10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid


Input: Overall, the lipids in RJ are composed of mostly (aliphatic) fatty acids, almost all of which are present as free fatty acids and scarcely any as esters.

fatty acids

fatty acids

esters


Input: Most fatty acids in RJ are medium-chain fatty acids, whether hydroxylated in terminal and/or internal positions, terminated with mono-or dicarboxylic acid groups, and saturated or monounsaturated at the 2-position.

fatty acids

medium-chain fatty acids

mono-or dicarboxylic acid


Input: Besides these fatty acids, lipids in RJ contain sterols in minor amounts.

fatty acids


Input: Lipids in RJ are useful as preventive and supportive medicines with functionalities that include potential inhibitors of cancer growth, immune system modulators, alternative therapies for menopause, skin-aging protectors, neurogenesis inducers, and more.


Input: Taken together, the evidence suggests that health-protecting properties of RJ can be, in part, ascribed to actions of lipids in RJ.


Input: Stimuli-Responsive Magnetic Nanomicelles as Multifunctional Heat and Cargo Delivery Vehicles.


Input: Hybrid nanoarchitectures are among the most promising nanotechnology-enabled materials for biomedical applications.


Input: Interfacing of nanoparticles with active materials gives rise to the structures with unique multiple functionality.


Input: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles particles SPION are widely employed in the biology and in developing of advanced medical technologies.

iron oxide


Input: Polymeric micelles offer the advantage of multifunctional carriers which can serve as delivery vehicles carrying nanoparticles, hydrophobic chemotherapeutics and other functional materials and molecules.


Input: Stimuli-responsive polymers are especially attractive since their properties can be modulated in a controlled manner.


Input: Here we report on multifunctional thermo-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide)-block-poly (epsilon-caprolactone) random block copolymer micelles as magnetic hyperthermia-mediated payload release and imaging agents.

poly (N-isopropylacrylamide-co-acrylamide)-block-poly (epsilon-caprolactone)


Input: The combination of copolymers, nanoparticles and doxorubicin drug was tailored the way that the loaded micelles were cable to respond to magnetic heating at physiologically-relevant temperatures.

doxorubicin


Input: A surface functionalization of the micelles with the integrin beta 4 antibody and consequent interfacing of the resulting nanobio hybrid with squamous head and neck carcinoma cells which is known to specifically over-express the A9 antigen resulted in concentration of the micelles on the surface of cells.


Input: No inherent cytotoxicity was detected for the magnetic micelles without external stimuli application.


Input: Furthermore, SPION-loaded micelles demonstrate significant MRI contrast enhancement abilities.


Input: Drug-induced nanocarrier assembly as a strategy for the cellular delivery of nucleotides and nucleotide analogues.

nucleotides

nucleotide


Input: The natural nucleotide adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nucleotide analogues such as azidothymidine triphosphate (AZT-TP) display important pharmacological activities for the treatment of ischemia and HIV infections, respectively.

adenosine triphosphate

ATP

nucleotide

azidothymidine triphosphate

AZT-TP


Input: Their clinical use is, however, limited mostly due to their hydrophilicity, which highly restricts their diffusion into the target cells.


Input: Few nanocarriers have been proposed to address the challenge of ATP/AZT-TP cellular delivery, but the loading efficiency, preparation complexity, and efficient cellular delivery remain important barriers to their development.

ATP

AZT-TP


Input: In this study, we propose an original, straightforward and versatile design of nucleotide and nucleotide analogue nanocarriers based on the natural polysaccharide chitosan (CS).

nucleotide

nucleotide


Input: We show that the drugs ATP and AZT-TP can induce ionotropic gelation of CS, leading to CS/ATP and CS/AZT-TP nanoparticles with high drug entrapment efficiency and loading rate-up to 44%.

ATP

AZT-TP

ATP

AZT-TP


Input: Such nanocarriers release ATP and AZT-TP in physiological media and allow an efficient in vitro cellular delivery of these molecules down to the cell cytoplasm.

ATP

AZT-TP


Input: Inhibitory effects of curcumin on gastric cancer cells: A proteomic study of molecular targets.

curcumin


Input: Curcumin, a natural anticancer agent, has been shown to inhibit cell growth in a number of tumor cell lines and animal models.

Curcumin


Input: We examined the inhibition of curcumin on cell viability and its induction of apoptosis using different gastric cancer cell lines (BGC-823, MKN-45 and SCG-7901).

curcumin


Input: 3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay showed that curcumin inhibited cell growth in a dose-(1, 5, 10 and 30 mu M) and time-(24, 48, 72 and 96h) dependent manner; analysis of Annexin V binding showed that curcumin induced apoptosis at the dose of 10 and 30 mu M when the cells were treated for 24 and 48h.

3-(4, 5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2-5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide

MTT

curcumin

curcumin


Input: As cancers are caused by dysregulation of various proteins, we investigated target proteins associated with curcumin by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometer.

curcumin


Input: BGC-823cells were treated with 30 mu M curcumin for 24h and total protein was extracted for the 2-DE.

curcumin


Input: In the first dimension of the 2-DE, protein samples (800 mu g) were applied to immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips (24cm, pH 3-10, NL) and the isoelectric focusing (IEF) was performed using a step-wise voltage ramp; the second dimension was performed using 12. 5% SDS-PAGE gel at 1W constant power per gel.

SDS


Input: In total, 75 proteins showed significant changes over 1. 5-fold in curcumin-treated cells compared to control cells (Student' s t-test, p < 0. 05).

curcumin


Input: Among them, 33 proteins were upregulated and 42 proteins downregulated by curcumin as determined by spot densitometry.

curcumin


Input: 52 proteins with significant mascot scores were identified and implicated in cancer development and progression.


Input: Their biological function included cell proliferation, cycle and apoptosis (20%), metabolism (16%), nucleic acid processing (15%), cytoskeleton organization and movement (11%), signal transduction (11%), protein folding, proteolysis and translation (20%), and immune response (2%).


Input: Furthermore, protein-protein interacting analysis demonstrated the interaction networks affected by curcumin in gastric cancer cells.

curcumin


Input: These data provide some clues for explaining the anticancer mechanisms of curcumin and explore more potent molecular targets of the drug expected to be helpful for the development of new drugs.

curcumin


Input: A bacterial source for mollusk pyrone polyketides.

pyrone polyketides


Input: In the oceans, secondary metabolites often protect otherwise poorly defended invertebrates, such as shell-less mollusks, from predation.