Input: Here, we demonstrate a quantitative dynamic detection of interleukine-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, using an interferometric reflectance imaging sensor (IRIS).


Input: We improved the accuracy of the quantitative analysis of this relatively small protein (21 kDa) by characterizing the antibody desorption rate and compensating for the antibody loss during the binding experiment.


Input: By correcting for protein desorption, we achieved an analytical limit of detection at 19 ng/mL IL-6 concentration.


Input: We enhanced the sensitivity by 7-fold by using detection antibodies that recognize a different epitope of the cytokine.


Input: We demonstrate that these detection antibodies, which we call " mass tags ", can be used concurrently with the target analyte to eliminate an additional wash and binding step.


Input: Finally, we report successful label-free detection of IL-6 in cell culture medium (with 10% serum) with comparable signal to that obtained in PBS.


Input: This work is the first to report quantitative dynamic label-free detection of small protein in a complex biological fluid using IRIS.


Input: The impact of computer science in molecular medicine: enabling high-throughput research.


Input: The Human Genome Project and the explosion of high-throughput data have transformed the areas of molecular and personalized medicine, which are producing a wide range of studies and experimental results and providing new insights for developing medical applications.


Input: Research in many interdisciplinary fields is resulting in data repositories and computational tools that support a wide diversity of tasks: genome sequencing, genome-wide association studies, analysis of genotype-phenotype interactions, drug toxicity and side effects assessment, prediction of protein interactions and diseases, development of computational models, biomarker discovery, and many others.


Input: The authors of the present paper have developed several inventories covering tools, initiatives and studies in different computational fields related to molecular medicine: medical informatics, bioinformatics, clinical informatics and nanoinformatics.


Input: With these inventories, created by mining the scientific literature, we have carried out several reviews of these fields, providing researchers with a useful framework to locate, discover, search and integrate resources.


Input: In this paper we present an analysis of the state-ofthe-art as it relates to computational resources for molecular medicine, based on results compiled in our inventories, as well as results extracted from a systematic review of the literature and other scientific media.


Input: The present review is based on the impact of their related publications and the available data and software resources for molecular medicine.


Input: It aims to provide information that can be useful to support ongoing research and work to improve diagnostics and therapeutics based on molecular-level insights.


Input: Metabolism evolution based on network degrees of orthologous enzymes.


Input: The evolution of orthologous proteins opens a new era of research where the concepts of orthology and paralogy have become more and more substantial, as the whole-genome comparison allows their identification in complete genomes.


Input: Functional specificity of proteins is understood to be conserved among orthologs but it shows much more variability among paralogs.


Input: We used this laying claim to identify inter-species interactions based on orthologous protein networks which are crucial for understanding the evolution of orthologous proteins.


Input: We analyzed six classes of enzymatic protein sequence data using the node degrees of orthologous proteins.


Input: The results demonstrated the evolutionary importance of the fatty acid syntheses and the photosynthetic system in algae.

fatty acid


Input: Methods which have successfully exploited network structure at many different levels of detail are a cornerstone of systems biology.


Input: Multi-classifier based on hard instances-new method for prediction of human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance.


Input: There are several classification problems, which are difficult to solve using a single classifier because of the complexity of the decision boundary.


Input: Whereas a wide variety of multiple classifier systems have been built with the purpose of improving the recognition process, there is no universal method performing the best.


Input: This paper provides a review of different multi-classifiers and some application of them.


Input: Also it is shown a novel model of combining classifiers and its application to predicting human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance from genotype.


Input: The proposal is based on the use of different classifier models.


Input: It clusters the dataset considering the performance of the base classifiers.


Input: The system learns how to decide from the groups, by using a meta-classifier, which are the best classifiers for a given pattern.


Input: The proposed model is compared with well-known classifier ensembles and individual classifiers as well resulting the novel model in similar or even better performance.


Input: A Coupling of Benzamides and Donor/Acceptor Diazo Compounds To Form gamma-Lactams via Rh (III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation.

Benzamides

Diazo

gamma-Lactams

Rh (III)

C-H


Input: The coupling of O-pivaloyl benzhydroxamic acids with donor/acceptor diazo compounds provides isoindolones in high yield.

O-pivaloyl benzhydroxamic acids

diazo

isoindolones


Input: The reaction tolerates a broad range of benzhydroxamic acids and diazo compounds, including substituted 2, 2, 2-trifluorodiazoethanes.

benzhydroxamic acids

diazo

2, 2, 2-trifluorodiazoethanes


Input: Mechanistic experiments suggested that C-H activation is turnover-limiting and irreversible and that insertion of the diazo compound favors electron-deficient substrates.

C-H

diazo


Input: Bioavailability, metabolism and disposition of oral pazopanib in patients with advanced cancer.

pazopanib


Input: 1. Pazopanib (Votrient) is an oral tyrosine kinase inhibitor that was recently approved for the treatment of renal cell carcinoma and soft tissue sarcoma.

Pazopanib

Votrient

tyrosine


Input: 2. In this two-part study, we investigated the metabolism, disposition of [(14) C] pazopanib, and the oral bioavailability of pazopanib tablets in patients with advanced cancer.

[(14) C] pazopanib

pazopanib


Input: 3. In part A, three men each received a single oral dose of [(14) C] pazopanib in suspension (400 mg, 70 micro Ci).

[(14) C] pazopanib


Input: Pazopanib was the predominant drug-related component in circulation.

Pazopanib


Input: Two metabolites derived from hydroxylation and one from N-demethylation were also circulating, but were minor, each accounting for < 5% of plasma radioactivity.

N


Input: Faecal elimination predominated, accounting for 82. 2% of the administered radio-dose, with negligible renal elimination (2. 6% of dose).


Input: Pazopanib was primarily excreted as the unchanged drug in faeces (67% of dose).

Pazopanib


Input: 4. In part B, seven additional patients received a single intravenous administration of 5 mg pazopanib (day 1) followed by oral administration of 800 mg pazopanib tablet once daily for 26 days (days 3 or 5-28).

pazopanib

pazopanib


Input: In the three evaluable patients from part B, pazopanib had a slow plasma clearance and a small volume of distribution.

pazopanib


Input: The absolute oral bioavailability of the 800 mg pazopanib tablet ranged from 14% to 39%.

pazopanib


Input: Aqueous extract of Artemisia capillaris exerts hepatoprotective action in alcohol-pyrazole-fed rat model.

pyrazole


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGIC RELEVANCE: Artemisia capillaris, also called " InJin " in Korean, has been widely used to treat various hepatic disorders in traditional Oriental medicine.


Input: AIMS: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the hepatoprotective effect of Artemisia capillaris (aqueous extract, WAC) on alcoholic liver injury.


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: Liver injury was induced by oral administration of 30% alcohol (10mL/kg, twice per day) plus pyrazole (PRZ, 30mg/kg) with/without WAC (50, 100mg/kg, orally once per day) or silymarin (50mg/kg) for 10 days.

pyrazole

PRZ


Input: The hepatoprotective effects were assessed by observing histopathological changes, hepatic transaminase enzymes, hepatic oxidation and antioxidant parameters, inflammatory cytokines, and alcohol metabolic enzymes in serum and hepatic gene expression level, respectively.


Input: RESULTS: Alcohol-PRZ treatment drastically increased the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in serum and liver tissues while these changes were significantly ameliorated by WAC administration (p < 0. 05 or 0. 01).

PRZ

aspartate

alanine

malondialdehyde

MDA


Input: The prominent microvesicular steatosis and mild necrosis in hepatic histopathology were induced by alcohol-PRZ treatment, but notably attenuated by WAC administration.

PRZ


Input: Moreover, the alcohol-PRZ treatment-induced depletions of the antioxidant components including glutathione content, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), reductase (GSH-Rd), catalase, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly ameliorated by WAC administration (p < 0. 05, except GSH-Rd).

PRZ

glutathione

glutathione

superoxide


Input: These results were in accordance with the modulation of NF-E2-related factor (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expression.


Input: Alcohol-PRZ treatment increased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in hepatic tissues.

PRZ


Input: However they were significantly normalized by WAC administration (p < 0. 05 or 0. 01).


Input: In addition, WAC administration significantly attenuated the alterations of aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) level in serum and hepatic gene expressions of ALDH and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH).

aldehyde


Input: CONCLUSIONS: These results support the relevance in clinical use of Artemisia capillaris for alcohol-associated hepatic disorders.


Input: The underlying mechanisms may involve both enhancement of antioxidant activities and modulation of proinflammatory cytokines.


Input: Novel quinolone substituted thiazolidin-4-ones as anti-inflammatory, anticancer agents: Design, synthesis and biological screening.

quinolone


Input: Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappa B) has been reported to regulate various genes involved in cancer and inflammation.


Input: Accordingly, drugs suppressing or inhibiting NF-kappa B may possess both anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.


Input: A library of quinolone substituted thiazolidin-4-ones was docked into the active site of NF-kappa B and the top-ranked 31 compounds were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity.

quinolone


Input: The best-ranked compound 6b showed highest anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced paw edema model.


Input: In vitro anticancer studies revealed 1a and 16a as most active compounds against BT-549, HeLa, COLO-205 and ACHN human cancer cell lines.


Input: Compounds 1a and 16a exhibited NF-kappa B dependent anticancer properties and apoptosis mediated cell death.


Input: In vivo Ehrlich ascites carcinoma study further confirmed the antitumor activity of 1a and 16a.


Input: A central role for thiols in plant tolerance to abiotic stress.

thiols


Input: Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture.


Input: However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory.


Input: Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress.


Input: First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds.

cysteine

methionine

tripeptide

thiol glutathione

glutathione

thiol


Input: Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle.

glutathione

glutathione


Input: The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation.

thiol


Input: The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance.

thiols


Input: Cytokines as biomarkers of nanoparticle immunotoxicity.


Input: Nanoscale objects, whether of biologic origin or synthetically created, are being developed into devices for a variety of bionanotechnology diagnostic and pharmaceutical applications.


Input: However, the potential immunotoxicity of these nanomaterials and mechanisms by which they may induce adverse reactions have not received sufficient attention.


Input: Nanomaterials, depending on their characteristics and compositions, can interact with the immune system in several ways and either enhance or suppress immune system function.


Input: Cytokines perform pleiotropic functions to mediate and regulate the immune response and are generally recognized as biomarkers of immunotoxicity.


Input: While the specificity and validity of certain cytokines as markers of adverse immune response has been established for chemicals, small and macromolecular drugs, research on their applicability for predicting and monitoring the immunotoxicity of engineered nanomaterials is still ongoing.


Input: The goal of this review is to provide guidelines as to important cytokines that can be utilized for evaluating the immunotoxicity of nanomaterials and to highlight the role of those cytokines in mediating adverse reactions, which is of particular importance for the clinical development of nanopharmaceuticals and other nanotechnology-based products.


Input: Importantly, the rational design of nanomaterials of low immunotoxicity will be discussed, focusing on synthetic nanodevices, with emphasis on both the nanoparticle-forming materials and the embedded cargoes.


Input: Effects of exogenous thiocyanate on mineral nutrients, antioxidative responses and free amino acids in rice seedlings.

thiocyanate

amino acids


Input: The effects of exogenous thiocyanate (SCN (-)) on amino acids composition, content of mineral nutrients and antioxidative systems in plants were investigated.

thiocyanate

SCN (-)

amino acids


Input: Young rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) were grown in nutrient solutions amended with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN).

potassium thiocyanate

KSCN


Input: Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in plant materials were analyzed in vivo.

superoxide

ascorbate


Input: Mineral nutrients and free amino acids in rice seedlings were also measured to determine metabolic responses to SCN (-) exposure.

amino acids

SCN (-)


Input: A significant reduction in transpiration and relative growth was recorded with all treatments (p < 0. 05), while changes of total chlorophyll content in leaves was negligible (p > 0. 05).

chlorophyll


Input: SCN-induced toxicity appeared to be more sensitive to activities of POD in shoots and APX activities in roots than the others.

SCN


Input: The content of nutrient elements in rice seedlings exposed to exogenous SCN (-) was variable, while the effects were more evident at the highest SCN-treatment (p < 0. 05).

SCN (-)

SCN


Input: Although the change of total free amino acids in shoots of SCN-exposed seedlings was negligible (p > 0. 05), responses of different amino acids to SCN (-) application were quite different.

amino acids

SCN

amino acids

SCN (-)


Input: Among fifteen free amino acids detected, serine (Ser), proline (Pro), and methionine (Met) increased, while asparagine (Asp) decreased with an increase of the doses of SCN (-) supplied.

amino acids

serine

Ser

proline

Pro

methionine

Met

asparagine

Asp

SCN (-)


Input: Phyto-transport of SCN (-) was apparent and the removal rates were positively correlated to the doses, suggesting that phyto-assimilation of SCN (-) is an enzymatic process through a potentially un-identified degradation pathway.

SCN (-)

SCN (-)


Input: 2-Hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone from Hedyotis diffusa Willd induces apoptosis in human leukemic U937 cells through modulation of MAPK pathways.


Input: The herb of Hedyotis diffusa Willd (H. diffusa Willd), an annual herb distributed in northeastern Asia, has been known as a traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of cancer.


Input: Recently, Chinese researchers have discovered that two anthraquinones isolated from a water extract of H. diffusa Willd showed apoptosis-inducing effects against cancer cells.

anthraquinones


Input: However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are poorly understood.


Input: The current study determines the role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) in human leukemic U937 cells apoptosis induced by 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone from H. diffusa.


Input: Our results showed that 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone decreased phosphorylation-ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2), and increased p-p38MAPK, but did not affect expressions of p-JNK1/2 in U937 cells.


Input: Moreover, treatment of U937 cells with 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone resulted in activation of caspase-3.


Input: Furthermore, PD98059 (ERK1/2 inhibitor) significantly enhanced 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone-induced apoptosis in U937 cells, whereas caspase-3 inhibitor or SB203580 (p-p38MAPK inhibitor), decreased apoptosis in U937 cells.


Input: Taken together, our study for the first time suggests that 2-hydroxy-3-methylanthraquinone is able to enhance apoptosis of U937 cells, at least in part, through activation of p-p38MAPK and downregulation of p-ERK1/2.


Input: Moreover, the triggering of caspase-3 activation mediated apoptotic induction.


Input: Monocarbonyl Curcumin Analogues: Heterocyclic Pleiotropic Kinase Inhibitors That Mediate Anticancer Properties.

Monocarbonyl Curcumin


Input: Curcumin is a biologically active component of curry powder.

Curcumin


Input: A structurally related class of mimetics possesses similar anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties.


Input: Mechanism has been examined by exploring kinase inhibition trends.


Input: In a screen of 50 kinases relevant to many forms of cancer, one member of the series (4, EF31) showed >= 85% inhibition for 10 of the enzymes at 5 mu M, while 22 of the proteins were blocked at >= 40%.


Input: IC50 values for an expanded set of curcumin analogues established a rank order of potencies, and analyses of IKK beta and AKT2 enzyme kinetics for 4 revealed a mixed inhibition model, ATP competition dominating.

curcumin

ATP


Input: Our curcumin mimetics are generally selective for Ser/Thr kinases.

curcumin

Ser

Thr


Input: Both selectivity and potency trends are compatible with protein sequence comparisons, while modeled kinase binding site geometries deliver a reasonable correlation with mixed inhibition.


Input: Overall, these analogues are shown to be pleiotropic inhibitors that operate at multiple points along cell signaling pathways.


Input: Cytotoxic, Antitopoisomerase II alpha, and Anti-HIV-1 Activities of Triterpenoids Isolated from Leaves and Twigs of Gardenia carinata.

Triterpenoids


Input: Eight new cycloartane triterpenoids (1-8), named carinatins A-H, and the known compounds secaubryolide (9) and dikamaliartane D (10) were isolated from the leaves and twigs of Gardenia carinata.

cycloartane triterpenoids

carinatins A-H

secaubryolide

dikamaliartane D


Input: Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic methods.


Input: Cytotoxic, antitopoisomerase II alpha, and anti-HIV-1 activities of compounds 1-7, 9, and 10 were investigated.


Input: A high throughput assay for the glucuronidation of 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin by recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases and liver microsomes.

UDP


Input: Abstract 1. UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are versatile and important conjugation enzymes in the metabolism of drugs and other xenobiotics.

UDP


Input: 2. We have developed a convenient quantitative multi-well plate assay to measure the glucuronidation rate of 7-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin (HFC) for several UGTs.

HFC


Input: 3. We have used this method to screen 11 recombinant human UGTs for HFC glucuronidation activity and studied the reaction kinetics with the most active enzymes.

HFC


Input: We have also examined the HFC glucuronidation activity of liver microsomes from human, pig, rabbit and rat.

HFC


Input: 4. At a substrate concentration of 20 micro M, the most active HFC glucuronidation catalysts were UGT1A10 followed by UGT1A6 > UGT1A7 > UGT2A1, whereas at 300 micro M UGT1A6 was about 10 times better catalyst than the other recombinant UGTs.

HFC


Input: The activities of UGTs 1A3, 1A8, 1A9, 2B4 and 2B7 were low, whereas UGT1A1 and UGT2B17 exhibited no HFC glucuronidation activity.

HFC


Input: UGT1A6 exhibited a significantly higher Vmax and Km values toward both HFC and UDP-glucuronic acid than the other UGTs.

HFC

UDP

glucuronic acid


Input: 5. Human, pig and rabbit, but not rat liver microsomes, catalyzed HFC glucuronidation at high rates.

HFC


Input: 6. This new method is particularly suitable for fast activity screenings of UGTs 1A6, 1A7, 1A10 and 2A1 and HFC glucuronidation activity determination from various samples.

HFC


Input: Ion Distributions at the Water/1, 2-Dichloroethane Interface: Potential of Mean Force Approach to Analyzing X-ray Reflectivity and Interfacial Tension Measurements.

1, 2-Dichloroethane


Input: We present X-ray reflectivity and interfacial tension measurements of the electrified liquid/liquid interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions for the purpose of understanding the dependence of interfacial ion distributions on the applied electric potential difference across the interface.


Input: The aqueous phase contains alkali-metal chlorides, including LiCl, NaCl, RbCl, or CsCl, and the organic phase is a 1, 2-dichloroethane solution of bis (triphenylphosphor anylidene) ammonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate (BTPPATPFB).

alkali-metal chlorides

LiCl

NaCl

RbCl

CsCl

1, 2-dichloroethane

bis (triphenylphosphor anylidene) ammonium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate

BTPPATPFB


Input: Selected data for a subset of electric potential differences are analyzed to determine the potentials of mean force for Li (+), Rb (+), Cs (+), BTPPA (+), and TPFB (-).

Li (+)

Rb (+)

Cs (+)

BTPPA (+)

TPFB (-)


Input: These potentials of mean force are then used to analyze both X-ray reflectivity and interfacial tension data measured over a wide range of electric potential differences.


Input: Comparison of X-ray reflectivity data for strongly hydrated alkali-metal ions (Li (+) and Na (+)), for which ion pairing to TPFB (-) ions across the interface is not expected, to data for weakly hydrated alkali-metal ions (Rb (+) and Cs (+)) indicates that the Gibbs energy of adsorption due to ion pairing at the interface must be small (< 1 kBT per ion pair) for both the CsCl and RbCl samples.

alkali-metal

Li (+)

Na (+)

TPFB (-)

alkali-metal

Rb (+)

Cs (+)

CsCl

RbCl


Input: This paper demonstrates the applicability of the Poisson-Boltzmann potential of mean force approach to the analysis of X-ray reflectivity measurements that probe the nanoscale ion distribution and the consequences of these underlying distributions for thermodynamic studies, such as interfacial tension measurements, that yield quantities related to the integrated ion distribution.


Input: Immobilizing Individual Atoms beneath a Corrugated Single Layer of Boron Nitride.

Boron Nitride


Input: Single atoms, and in particular the least reactive noble gases, are difficult to immobilize at room temperature.

noble gases


Input: Ion implantation into a crystal lattice has this capability, but the randomness of the involved processes does not permit much control over their distribution within the solid.


Input: Here we demonstrate that the boron nitride nanomesh, a corrugated single layer of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) with a 3. 2 nm honeycomb superstructure formed on a Rh (111) surface, can trap individual argon atoms at distinct subsurface sites at room temperature.

boron nitride

boron nitride

h-BN

Rh (111)

argon


Input: A kinetic energy window for implantation is identified where the argon ions can penetrate the h-BN layer but not enter the Rh lattice.

argon

h-BN

Rh


Input: Scanning tunneling microscopy and photoemission data show the presence of argon atoms at two distinct sites within the nanomesh unit cell, confirmed also by density functional theory calculations.

argon


Input: The single atom implants are stable in air.


Input: Annealing of implanted structures to 900 K induces the formation of highly regular holes of 2 nm diameter in the h-BN layer with adjacent flakes of the same size found on top of the layer.

h-BN


Input: We explain this " can-opener " effect by the presence of a vacancy defect, generated during the penetration of the Ar ion through the h-BN lattice, and propagating along the rim of a nanomesh pore where the h-BN lattice is highly bent.

Ar

h-BN

h-BN


Input: The reported effects are also observed in graphene on ruthenium and for neon atoms.

graphene

ruthenium

neon


Input: Low-Dose Dexamethasone Treatment Promotes Pro-Survival Signalling Pathway In Adult Rat Prefrontal Cortex.

Dexamethasone


Input: Synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX), a highly potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agent, is widely used in treatments of brain cancer, inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.

dexamethasone

DEX


Input: The objective of the current study was to determine whether a low-dose subchronic DEX treatment (100 mu g/kg for 8 consecutive days) exerts long-term effects on apoptosis in the adult rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) by examining the expression of cell death-promoting molecules (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), p53, procaspase 3, cleaved caspase 3, Bax) and cell-survival molecules (AKT, Bcl-2).

DEX

poly (ADP-ribose)


Input: Our results revealed that body, thymus and adrenal weight as well corticosterone level in the serum and PFC were reduced a day following last DEX injection.

corticosterone

DEX


Input: In PFC, DEX caused activation of AKT, augmentation of pro-survival Bcl-2 protein and enhanced Bcl-2/Bax protein ratio, as well Bcl-2 translocation to mitochondria.

DEX


Input: The unaltered profile in the protein expression of apoptotic molecules PARP, procaspase 3 and Bax was detected, while the p53 protein was decreased.


Input: Results of RT-PCR analysis showed decrease of p53 mRNA level and no significant difference in Bcl-2 and Bax mRNA expressions in DEX-treated rats.

DEX


Input: Finally, the DNA fragmentation assay and Fluoro-Jade staining demonstrated no considerable changes in the apoptosis in rat PFC.


Input: Our findings support the concept that a low-dose DEX creates the hypocorticoid state in the brain and indicate that subchronic DEX treatment activates pro-survival signalling pathway but does not change apoptotic markers in rat PFC.

DEX

DEX


Input: This mechanism might be relevant for DEX-induced apoptosis resistance observed during and after chemotherapy of patients with brain tumours.

DEX


Input: (c) 2013 British Society for Neuroendocrinology.


Input: Hypoxia, energy balance and obesity: from pathophysiological mechanisms to new treatment strategies.


Input: High altitude exposure is often accompanied by weight loss.


Input: Postulated mechanisms are a reduction of nutritional energy intake, a reduction of intestinal energy uptake from impaired intestinal function and increased energy expenditure.


Input: Beyond the field of altitude, there are good reasons for renewed interest in the relationship between hypoxia and energy balance.


Input: The increasing prevalence of obesity and associated comorbidities represent a major health concern.


Input: Obesity is frequently associated with sleep disorders leading to intermittent systemic hypoxia with deleterious cardiovascular and metabolic consequences.


Input: Hypoxic regions may be present within hypertrophic white adipose tissue leading to chronic systemic inflammation.


Input: Among the increasing number of people commuting to altitude for work or leisure, obesity is a risk factor for acute mountain sickness.


Input: Paradoxically, exposure to intermittent hypoxia might be considered as a means to lose body mass and to improve metabolic risk factors.


Input: Daytime exposure to intermittent hypoxia has been used to treat hypertension in former Soviet Union countries and is now being experimented elsewhere.


Input: Such intermittent hypoxic exposure at rest or during exercise may lead to improvement in body composition and health status with improved exercise tolerance, metabolism and systemic arterial pressure.


Input: Future research should confirm whether hypoxic training could be a new treatment strategy for weight loss and comorbidities in obese subjects and elucidate the underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways.


Input: Histological, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical studies on the protective effect of ginger extract against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats.

cisplatin


Input: Cisplatin (CP) is a widely used anticancer drug; however, it has several side effects such as nephrotoxicity.

Cisplatin


Input: Ginger, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, consumed since ancient times has numerous health benefits.


Input: The objective of this work was to evaluate the protective effect of ginger extract (GE) against CP-induced nephrotoxicity.


Input: CP group displayed a marked renal failure characterized by a significant increase in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in addition to severe histopathological and ultrastructural renal alterations.

creatinine

urea nitrogen


Input: Also, CP group showed an increase in the immunohistochemical expression of Bax proapoptotic protein.


Input: In contrast, GE + CP group showed significant decrease in the elevated serum creatinine and BUN levels and an improvement in the histopathological and ultrastructural renal injury induced by CP.

creatinine


Input: The overexpression of Bax proapoptotic protein was significantly decreased in the GE + CP group.


Input: Hence, the present results indicated that GE has a protective effect against CP-induced renal damage in rats.


Input: Thereby, such findings recommended the usage of GE to prevent and/or decrease the renal damage induced by CP chemotherapeutic treatment.


Input: Lipoxygenase and urease inhibition of the aerial parts of the Polygonatum verticillatum.


Input: Over expression of lipoxygenase (LOX) and urease has already contributed to the pathology of different human disease.


Input: Targeting the inhibition of these enzymes has proved great clinical utility.


Input: The aim of the present study was to scrutinised the inhibitory profile of the aerial parts of the Polygonatum verticillatum enzyme against LOX, urease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) using standard experimental protocols.


Input: When checked against lipoxygenase, the extracts revealed significant attenuation.


Input: Of the tested extracts, the ethyl acetate fraction was the most potent (half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50): 97 micro g/mL) followed by aqueous fraction IC50: 109 micro g/mL).

ethyl acetate


Input: Regarding urease inhibition, n-butanol was the most potent fraction (IC50: 97 micro g/mL).

n-butanol


Input: However, the extracts did not show significant inhibition on AChE and BChE.


Input: In the preliminary phytochemical tests, the aerial parts of the plant showed the presence of saponins, alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids.

saponins

flavonoids

phenols

tannins

terpenoids


Input: The current findings could be attributed to these groups of compounds.


Input: Trace and major element levels in rats after oral administration of diesel and biodiesel derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) seeds.


Input: The study investigated the toxic effects of diesel and biodiesel derived from opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) oil seeds on the trace and major elements in kidney, lung, liver, and serum of rats.


Input: By the end of 21 days, trace and major element concentrations in kidney, lung, and liver tissues and the serum were measured using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy.


Input: We observed that trace and major element levels in kidney, lung, and liver tissues and the serum changed.


Input: Especially, important differences were detected in trace and major element concentrations in kidney and lung tissues.


Input: In kidney tissue, the concentration differences of calcium, sodium, and zinc (Zn) were found between diesel and biodiesel groups.

calcium

sodium

zinc

Zn


Input: In lung tissue, the concentration differences of cadmium, lithium, magnesium, manganese, and Zn were found between diesel and biodiesel groups.

cadmium

lithium

magnesium

manganese

Zn


Input: Among the significant findings, Zn concentration in serum and liver tissue of diesel and biodiesel were different from control (p < 0. 05).

Zn


Input: However, the metal levels of biodiesel group were similar to control group.


Input: Due to lesser toxicity of biodiesel, it could be considered as an alternate fuel.


Input: Effect of sugammadex on rocuronium induced changes in pancreatic mast cells.

sugammadex

rocuronium


Input: Mast cells play a vital role in hypersensitivity reactions.


Input: Rocuronium is known to cause mast cell mobilization, hypersensitivity, and pancreatitis.

Rocuronium


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sugammadex on pancreatic changes due to rocuronium.

sugammadex

rocuronium


Input: A total of 42 Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into six equal groups to receive either rocuronium 1 mg/kg intravenously (i. v., R group), rocuronium 1 mg/kg + sugammadex 16 mg/kg i. v. (RS16 group), rocuronium 1 mg/kg + sugammadex 96 mg/kg i. v. (RS96 group), sugammadex 16 mg/kg (S16), sugammadex 96 mg/kg i. v. (S96 group), or 0. 9% sodium chloride (control group).

rocuronium

rocuronium

sugammadex

rocuronium

sugammadex

sugammadex

sugammadex

sodium chloride


Input: Sugammadex was administered 5s later following rocuronium.

Sugammadex

rocuronium


Input: In R group, mast count was higher, and the distribution rate of granules and nuclear changes were different compared with other groups.


Input: Distribution rate of granules in groups S16 and S96 were similar to the control group and lower compared with other groups.


Input: The amount of mast cells and granule density in groups RS16 and RS96 was lower compared with R group.


Input: The amount of mast cells in groups RS16 and RS96 was significantly lower compared with other treatment groups.


Input: These results suggest that sugammadex may have an inhibitory effect on mobilization and morphological changes in pancreatic mast cells induced by administration of rocuronium and sugammadex in rats.

sugammadex

rocuronium

sugammadex


Input: Synthesis and characterization of naphthalenediimide-functionalized flavin derivatives.

naphthalenediimide

flavin


Input: Two acceptor-acceptor dyads have been synthesized featuring a flavin moiety and a naphthalenediimide (NDI) unit.

flavin

naphthalenediimide

NDI


Input: The NDI unit is linked to the flavin through a short spacer group via either the N (3) or N (10) positions of the flavin.

NDI

flavin

flavin


Input: We have investigated the UV-Vis and redox properties of these multi-electron accepting systems which indicate that these materials display the collective properties of their component systems.


Input: Fluorescence spectroscopy measurements have revealed that their emission properties are dominated by the flavin unit.

flavin


Input: On the Vibrational linear and nonlinear optical properties of compounds involving noble gas atoms: HXeOXeH, HXeOXeF, and FXeOXeF.

HXeOXeH

HXeOXeF

FXeOXeF


Input: The vibrational (hyper) polarizabilities of some selected Xe derivatives are studied in the context of Bishop-Kirtman perturbation theory (BKPT) and numerical finite field methodology.

Xe


Input: It was found that for this set of rare gas compounds, the static vibrational properties are quite large, in comparison to the corresponding electronic ones, especially those of the second hyperpolarizability.


Input: This also holds for the dc-Pockels beta (-omega; omega, 0), Kerr gamma (-omega; omega, 0, 0) and electric field second harmonic generation gamma (-2 omega; omega, omega, 0) effects, although the computed nuclear relaxation (nr) vibrational contributions are smaller in magnitude than the static ones.


Input: HXeOXeH was used to study the effects of electron correlation, basis set, and geometry.

HXeOXeH


Input: Geometry effects were found to lead to noticeable changes of the vibrational and electronic second hyperpolarizability.


Input: A limited study of the effect of Xe insertion to the nr vibrational properties is also reported.

Xe


Input: Assessment of the results revealed that Xe insertion has a remarkable effect on the nr (hyper) polarizabilities.

Xe


Input: In terms of the BKPT, this is associated with a remarkable increase of the electrical and mechanical anharmonicity terms.


Input: The latter is consistent with the anharmonic character of several vibrational modes reported for rare gas compounds.


Input: (c) 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.


Input: Once-Weekly Exenatide: An Extended-Duration Glucagon-Like Peptide Agonist for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.


Input: Type 2 diabetes affects over 25 million people in the United States.


Input: There are many treatment options for patients with type 2 diabetes, but current treatments must be administered on a daily basis.


Input: Once-weekly exenatide, an extended-duration glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonist, provides an option for patients to take a drug weekly, with pharmacotherapeutic effects that are superior to twice-daily exenatide and sitagliptin and comparable to insulin glargine.

sitagliptin


Input: The DURATION trials provide evidence that once-weekly exenatide reduces hemoglobin A1c, and may result in weight loss.


Input: Once-weekly exenatide is marketed as a 2-mg injection administered subcutaneously once every 7 days.


Input: Adverse effects of once-weekly exenatide include gastrointestinal effects, hypoglycemia, injection-site reactions, pancreatitis, and antibody development.


Input: Patients with a self history or family history of thyroid tumors should avoid using once-weekly exenatide.


Input: Delayed gastric absorption with orally administered drugs is possible, and monitoring should occur to avoid loss in therapeutic effect.


Input: Once-weekly exenatide is a new extended-duration agent with efficacy and tolerability profiles comparative to older therapies.


Input: Appropriate patients for once-weekly exenatide would be those who are concerned about weight gain, hypoglycemia, or those who do not wish to administer injections daily.


Input: Baseline Albumin Is Associated with Worsening Renal Function in Patients with Acute Decompensated Heart Failure Receiving Continuous Infusion Loop Diuretics.


Input: STUDY OBJECTIVES: To identify baseline predictors of worsening renal function (WRF) in an acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) patient population receiving continuous infusion loop diuretics.


Input: DESIGN: Retrospective observational analysis.


Input: SETTING: Academic tertiary medical center.


Input: PATIENTS: A total of 177 patients with ADHF receiving continuous infusion loop diuretics from January 2006 through June 2009.


Input: MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The mean patient age was 61 years, 63% were male, ~ 45% were classified as New York Heart Association functional class III, and the median length of loop diuretic infusion was 4 days.


Input: Forty-eight patients (27%) developed WRF, and 34 patients (19%) died during hospitalization.


Input: Cox regression time-to-event analysis was used to determine the time to WRF based on different demographic and clinical variables.


Input: Baseline serum albumin 3 g/dl or less was the only significant predictor of WRF (hazard ratio [HR] 2. 87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1. 60-5. 16, p = 0. 0004), which remained significant despite adjustments for other covariates.


Input: CONCLUSION: Serum albumin 3 g/dl or less is a practical baseline characteristic associated with the development of WRF in patients with ADHF receiving continuous infusion loop diuretics.


Input: Bone Health and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection.


Input: Low bone mineral density is common among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and studies reporting increased fracture rates in this patient population are emerging.


Input: The causes of low bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and fractures in persons with HIV are likely multifactorial, involving traditional risk factors, HIV infection, and exposure to antiretroviral treatment.


Input: Specific antiretrovirals such as tenofovir may cause a greater loss of bone mineral density compared with other agents and have recently been linked to an increased risk for fracture.

tenofovir


Input: As a result, recent treatment guidelines suggest that clinicians consider avoiding tenofovir as initial therapy in postmenopausal women.

tenofovir


Input: Evaluating bone mineral density and vitamin D status in persons with HIV may be important steps in identifying those requiring pharmacotherapy; however, the appropriate timing for bone mineral density and vitamin D screening is uncertain, as is the appropriate method of replacing vitamin D in HIV-positive patients who are deficient.

vitamin D

vitamin D

vitamin D


Input: Further study is necessary to definitively determine the approach to evaluating bone health and managing low bone mineral density and vitamin D deficiency in patients with HIV infection.

vitamin D


Input: Package-Free Flexible Organic Solar Cells with Graphene top Electrodes.

Graphene


Input: Package-free flexible organic solar cells were fabricated with multilayer graphene as top transparent electrodes, which show the highest power conversion efficiency of about 3. 2% and excellent flexibility and bending stability.

graphene


Input: The devices also show good air stability, indicating that multilayer graphene is a promising environmental barrier that can protect the organic solar cells from air contamination.

graphene


Input: High Mobility Field-Effect Transistors with Versatile Processing from a Small-Molecule Organic Semiconductor.


Input: Trialkylgermyl functionalization allows development of high-performance soluble small-molecule organic semiconductors with mobilities greater than 5 cm (2) V (-1) s (-1).

Trialkylgermyl


Input: Spray-deposited organic thin-film transistors show a record mobility of 2. 2 cm (2) V (-1) s (-1) and demonstrate the potential for incorporation in large-area, low-cost electronic applications.


Input: Bone remodeling is regulated by inner ear vestibular signals.


Input: Bone remodeling allows the conservation of normal bone mass despite constant changes in internal and external environments.


Input: The adaptation of the skeleton to these various stimuli led credence to the notion that bone remodeling is a true homeostatic function, and as such is under the control of specific centers in the central nervous system (CNS).


Input: Hypothalamic and brainstem centers, as well as the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), have been identified as regulators of bone remodeling.


Input: However, the nature of the afferent CNS stimuli that may modulate CNS centers involved in the control of bone remodeling, with the exception of leptin, remains unclear.


Input: Based on the partial efficacy of exercise and mechanical stimulation regimens to prevent microgravity-induced bone loss and the known alterations in vestibular functions associated with space flights, we hypothesized that inner ear vestibular signals may contribute to the regulation of bone remodeling.


Input: Using an established model of bilateral vestibular lesions and microtomographic and histomorphometric bone analyses, we show here that induction of bilateral vestibular lesion in rats generates significant bone loss, which is restricted to weight-bearing bones and associated with a significant reduction in bone formation, as observed in rats under microgravity conditions.


Input: Importantly, this bone loss was not associated with reduced locomotor activity or metabolic abnormalities, was accompanied with molecular signs of increased sympathetic outflow, and could be prevented by the beta-blocker propranolol.

propranolol


Input: Collectively, these data suggest that the homeostatic process of bone remodeling has a vestibulo-sympathetic regulatory component and that vestibular system pathologies might be accompanied by bone fragility.


Input: (c) 2013 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.


Input: Tunable 3D Extended Self-Assembled Gold Metamaterials with Enhanced Light Transmission.


Input: The optical properties of metamaterials made by block copolymer self-assembly are tuned by structural and environmental variations.


Input: The plasma frequency red-shifts with increasing lattice constant and blue-shifts as the network filling fraction increases.


Input: Infiltration with dielectric liquids leads also to a red-shift of the plasma edge.


Input: A 300 nm-thick slab of gyroid-structured gold has a remarkable transmission of 20%.


Input: The Glucuronidation of R-and S-Lorazepam: Human Liver Microsomal Kinetics, UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzyme Selectivity, and Inhibition by Drugs.

R-and S-Lorazepam

UDP


Input: The widely used hypnosedative-anxiolytic agent R, S-lorazepam is cleared predominantly by conjugation with glucuronic acid in humans, but the enantioselective glucuronidation of lorazepam has received little attention.

R, S-lorazepam

glucuronic acid

lorazepam


Input: The present study characterized the kinetics of the separate R-and S-enantiomers of lorazepam by human liver microsomes (HLM) and by a panel of recombinant human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes.

lorazepam

UDP


Input: Respective mean Km and Vmax values for R-and S-lorazepam by HLM were 29 +/- 8. 9 and 36 +/- 10 mu M, and 7. 4 +/- 1. 9 and 10 +/- 3. 8 pmol/min. mg.

R-and S-lorazepam


Input: Microsomal intrinsic clearances were not significantly different, suggesting the in vivo clearances of R-and S-lorazepam are likely to be similar.

R-and S-lorazepam


Input: Both R-and S-lorazepam were glucuronidated by UGT 2B4, 2B7, and 2B15, while R-lorazepam was additionally metabolized by the extra-hepatic enzymes UGT 1A7 and 1A10.

R-and S-lorazepam

R-lorazepam


Input: Based on in vitro clearances and consideration of available in vivo and in vitro data, UGT2B15 is likely to play an important role in the glucuronidation of R-and S-lorazepam.

R-and S-lorazepam


Input: However, the possible contribution of other enzymes and the low activities observed in vitro indicate that the lorazepam enantiomers are of limited use as substrate probes for UGT2B15.

lorazepam


Input: In order to identify potential drug-drug interactions, codeine, fluconazole, ketamine, ketoconazole, methadone, morphine, valproic acid, and zidovudine were screened as inhibitors of R-and S-lorazepam glucuronidation by HLM.

codeine

fluconazole

ketamine

ketoconazole

methadone

morphine

valproic acid

zidovudine

R-and S-lorazepam


Input: Of these drugs, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation suggested that only ketoconazole had the potential to inhibit lorazepam clearance to a clinically significant extent.

ketoconazole

lorazepam


Input: Notch Signaling in Skeletal Health and Disease.


Input: Notch receptors are single-pass transmembrane proteins that determine cell fate.


Input: Upon Notch-ligand interactions, proteolytic cleavages release the Notch intracellular domain (NICD) which translocates to the nucleus to regulate the transcription of target genes, including Hairy enhancer of split (Hes) and Hes-related with YRPW-motif (Hey).


Input: Notch is critical for skeletal development and activity of skeletal cells, and dysregulation of Notch signaling is associated with human diseases affecting the skeleton.


Input: Inherited or sporadic mutations in components of the Notch signaling pathway are associated with spondylocostal and spondylothoracic dysostoses, and recessive brachydactyly, diseases characterized by skeletal patterning defects.


Input: Inactivating mutations of the Notch ligand JAG1 or of NOTCH2 are associated with Alagille syndrome, and activating mutations in NOTCH2 are associated with Hajdu-Cheney syndrome.


Input: Individuals affected by Hajdu-Cheney syndrome exhibit osteolysis in distal phalanges, and osteoporosis.


Input: NOTCH is activated in selected tumors, such as osteosarcoma, and in breast cancer cells that form osteolytic bone metastases.


Input: In conclusion, Notch regulates skeletal development and bone remodeling, and gain-or loss-of-function mutations of Notch signaling result in important skeletal diseases.


Input: Selecting One of Several Mating Types through Gene Segment Joining and Deletion in Tetrahymena thermophila.


Input: The unicellular eukaryote Tetrahymena thermophila has seven mating types.


Input: Cells can mate only when they recognize cells of a different mating type as non-self.


Input: As a ciliate, Tetrahymena separates its germline and soma into two nuclei.


Input: During growth the somatic nucleus is responsible for all gene transcription while the germline nucleus remains silent.


Input: During mating, a new somatic nucleus is differentiated from a germline nucleus and mating type is decided by a stochastic process.


Input: We report here that the somatic mating type locus contains a pair of genes arranged head-to-head.


Input: Each gene encodes a mating type-specific segment and a transmembrane domain that is shared by all mating types.


Input: Somatic gene knockouts showed both genes are required for efficient non-self recognition and successful mating, as assessed by pair formation and progeny production.


Input: The germline mating type locus consists of a tandem array of incomplete gene pairs representing each potential mating type.


Input: During mating, a complete new gene pair is assembled at the somatic mating type locus; the incomplete genes of one gene pair are completed by joining to gene segments at each end of germline array.


Input: All other germline gene pairs are deleted in the process.


Input: These programmed DNA rearrangements make this a fascinating system of mating type determination.


Input: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the quantification of posaconazole in human plasma: application to pharmacokinetics following single-dose administration in the fasted state and with a high-fat meal.

posaconazole


Input: A liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine concentrations of posaconazole in human plasma precipitated by acetonitrile including internal standard.

posaconazole

acetonitrile


Input: Rapid chromatographic separation was achieved in the mobile phase composition of acetonitrile, water and formic acid (v/v/v, 55: 45: 0. 1) with a flow rate of 0. 25 ml/min.

acetonitrile

formic acid


Input: Posaconazole-d4 was used as internal standard.


Input: Detection was undertaken with cation electrospray tandem mass spectrometry on a Sciex/API3000.


Input: The method was accurate, specific and sensitive for the analysis of posaconazole in human plasma in the concentration range of 2-1000 ng/ml.

posaconazole


Input: The inter-and intra-batch accuracy was within +/-10% and the lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/ml.


Input: The method facilitated a clinical pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of a single-dose of posaconazole suspension in the fasted state and with a high-fat meal in a two-period crossover design.

posaconazole


Input: Cmax (maximum concentration) and AUC (area under serum drug concentration) were significantly increased, and Tmax (time to maximum plasma concentration) was delayed under fed condition, which suggested that simultaneous administration of posaconazole with food may help to achieve higher plasma concentrations and result in better antifungal efficacy.

posaconazole


Input: Interspecies difference of luteolin and apigenin after oral administration of Chrysanthemum morifolium extract and prediction of human pharmacokinetics.

luteolin

apigenin


Input: The aims of the present study were to study the interspecies difference in the pharmacokinetics of luteolin and apigenin occurring in Chrysanthemum morifolium extract (CME) among rats, beagle dogs, mini-pigs, and humans, and compared the human pharmacokinetic parameters with the data predicted from the above three animals.

luteolin

apigenin


Input: The plasma concentrations of luteolin and apigenin were determined with a RP-HPLC method.

luteolin

apigenin


Input: An interspecies difference of pharmacokinetics was found, especially between rats and other species, the plasma concentration of luteolin was much lower than that of apigenin in rats, although the content of luteolin in CME was higherthan that of apigenin, whereas the plasma concentration of luteolin was much higher than that of apigenin in dogs, mini-pigs and humans.

luteolin

apigenin

luteolin

apigenin

luteolin

apigenin


Input: Animal scale-up of some pharmacokinetic parameters of luteolin and apigenin were also performed after rats, beagle dogs, mini-pigs and humans were orally given CME at dosages of 400 mg/kg, 102 mg/kg, 90 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg, respectively.

luteolin

apigenin


Input: Linear relationships were obtained between log mean retention time (MRT) and log species body weight (W) (kg), and log elimination half-life (t1/2) (h) and logW.


Input: The corresponding allometric equations were MRT = 9. 382W (0. 1711) (R2 = 0. 9999) and t1/2 = 4. 811W (0. 1093) (R2 = 0. 9013) for luteolin, MRT = 12. 53W (0. 0356) (R2 = 0. 9980) and t1/2 = 7. 940W (0. 0294) (R2 = 0. 9258) for apigenin, respectively.

luteolin

apigenin


Input: The predicted human pharmacokinetic parameters (MRT and t1/2) by an allometric approach were 18. 6 h and 7. 46 h for luteolin, 14. 3 h and 8. 95 h for apigenin, respectively, which were close to the values obtained from humans (20 mg CME/kg) in the present study.

luteolin

apigenin


Input: The study has demonstrated the possibility to extrapolate the pharmacokinetic behavior of flavonoids from animals to humans.

flavonoids


Input: Genes involved in hemorrhagic transformations that follow recombinant t-PA treatment in stroke patients.


Input: Aim: Despite the benefits of recombinant t-PA (rt-PA) for stroke patients some of them suffer from adverse hemorrhagic transformations (HTs) following treatment.


Input: Our objective is to study the transcriptomics of HTs patients.


Input: Methods: We studied by microarrays 11 blood samples from patients with stroke that had received rt-PA of whom six of them had suffered a HT.


Input: For replication step RNA was collected from 14 new subjects (seven with HT, seven without) and then analyzed by real-time PCR.


Input: Four proteins were measured by ELISA in 72 new subjects to analyze their role as potential protein biomarkers.


Input: Results: The microarray analysis revealed that 14 genes were altered among the HT patients.


Input: The replication study confirmed these results for six genes.


Input: Two of them (BCL2 and OLFM4) are associated with apoptosis, whereas the other four (LTF, LCN2 [also known as NGAL], CEACAM8 and CRISP3) are involved in the regulation of neutrophil processes.


Input: Conclusion: Our data revealed that genes related to apoptosis and neutrophil regulation pathways could be associated with HTs after rt-PA.


Input: Original submitted 7 September 2012; Revision submitted 23 January 2013.


Input: Interactions of PAMAM Dendrimers with SDS at the Solid-Liquid Interface.

PAMAM

SDS


Input: This work addresses structural and nonequilibrium effects of the interactions between well-defined cationic poly (amidoamine) PAMAM dendrimers of generations 4 and 8 and the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at the hydrophilic silica-water interface.

poly (amidoamine) PAMAM

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SDS

silica


Input: Neutron reflectometry and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring were used to reveal the adsorption from premixed dendrimer/surfactant solutions as well as sequential addition of the surfactant to preadsorbed layers of dendrimers.


Input: PAMAM dendrimers of both generations adsorb to hydrophilic silica as a compact monolayer, and the adsorption is irreversible upon rinsing with salt solution.

PAMAM

silica


Input: SDS adsorbs on the dendrimer layer and at low bulk concentrations causes the expansion of the dendrimer layers on the surface.

SDS


Input: When the bulk concentration of SDS is increased, the surfactant layer consists of aggregates or bilayer-like structures.

SDS


Input: The adsorption of surfactant is reversible upon rinsing, but slight changes of the structure of the preadsorbed PAMAM monolayer were observed.

PAMAM


Input: The adsorption from premixed solutions close to charge neutrality results in thick multilayers, but the surface excess is lower when the bulk complexes have a net negative charge.


Input: A critical examination of the pathway of adsorption for the interactions of SDS with preadsorbed PAMAM monolayers and premixed PAMAM/SDS solutions with hydrophilic silica revealed that nonequilibrium effects are important only in the latter case, and the application of a thermodynamic model to such experimental data would be inappropriate.

SDS

PAMAM

PAMAM

SDS

silica


Input: Gravitational drainage of foam films.


Input: Gravitational drainage from thick plane vertical soap films and hemispherical bubbles is studied experimentally and theoretically.


Input: The experiments involve microinterferometry kindred to the one used in the experiments in the Scheludko cell.


Input: The following surfactants were used in the experiments: cationic dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), anionic sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), anionic Pantene shampoo which primarily contains sodium lauryl sulfate, nonionic tetraethylene glycol monooctyl ether (C8E4), and nonionic Pluronic (P-123) surfactants at different concentrations.

dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide

DTAB

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SDS

sodium lauryl sulfate

tetraethylene glycol monooctyl ether

Pluronic (P-123)


Input: The theoretical results explain the drainage mechanism and are used to develop a new method of measurement of the surface elasticity and to test it on the above-mentioned surfactants.


Input: Determination of Specific Binding Interactions at l-Cystine Crystal Surfaces with Chemical Force Microscopy.

l-Cystine


Input: The pathogenesis of l-cystine kidney stones involves four critical steps: nucleation, crystal growth, crystal aggregation, and crystal adhesion to cells.

l-cystine


Input: Although inhibition of crystal growth by l-cystine " imposters " at l-cystine crystal surfaces has been suggested as a plausible route for the suppression of stones, understanding the factors that govern crystal-crystal aggregation and adhesion of crystals to epithelial cells also is essential for devising strategies to mitigate l-cystine stone formation.

l-cystine

l-cystine

l-cystine


Input: Chemical force microscopy performed with atomic force microscope tips decorated with functional groups commonly found in urinary constituents that likely mediate aggregation and attachment (e. g., COOH, NH2, SH, CH3, OH) revealed signatures that reflect differences in the chemical affinity of these groups for the (001) and {100} faces of the naturally occurring hexagonal form of l-cystine single crystals and the {110} faces of the non-native tetragonal form.

COOH

SH

OH

l-cystine


Input: These signatures can be explained by the different chemical compositions of the crystal faces, and they reveal a remarkable binding specificity of the thiol group for the sulfur-rich {100} and {110} faces of the hexagonal and tetragonal forms, respectively.

sulfur


Input: Collectively, these observations suggest that alterations of the crystal habit and polymorph by crystal growth inhibitors may not affect crystal aggregation or adhesion to cells significantly.


Input: Screening and evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine by microarray expression analysis.


Input: ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Salvia miltiorrhiza is a Chinese medicinal herb, which is widely used for the treatment of cardiovascular disorders.


Input: In this article, we investigated the effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its hydrophilic and lipophilic components (HCS and LCS) on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and the molecular mechanism was explored by microarray gene expression profiling.


Input: MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cell proliferation and migration were used to evaluate the angiogenic effects of HCS, LCS and total extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza (TES).


Input: Microarray technology was applied to detect the gene expression of HUVECs treated with TES, HCS and LCS.


Input: Besides, quantitative real-time PCR was used to verify the microarray results.


Input: RESULTS: Our results showed that LCS inhibited the proliferation and migration of HUVECs, HCS promoted the proliferation and migration of HUVECs, and TES did not affect the viability of HUVECs at the concentration of 5 micro g/mL.


Input: From the result of principle component analysis (PCA) of microarray data, the effect of LCS on HUVECs was significantly different from the other components.


Input: Moreover, there were more differentially expression genes in LCS group than in the other groups, which meant LCS had a strong influence on HUVECs.


Input: Compared with untreated cells, 511 significantly changed genes had been detected in LCS treated cells and 236 (approximately 46%) of them were up-regulated.


Input: The mRNA expression of IL-6 was found to be increased significantly in LCS group.


Input: CONCLUSIONS: In Salvia miltiorrhiza, HCS and LCS had opposite effects on HUVECs.


Input: LCS showed significantly inhibitory action on HUVECs proliferation and migration.


Input: It was proposed that LCS could apply in the diseases caused by vascular anomaly hyperplasia.


Input: In the mechanism of action of LCS on HUVECs, the pathways of ErbB, MAPK, p53, oxidative phosphorylation and inflammatory response were involved.


Input: Global gene expression analysis reveals pathway differences between teratogenic and non-teratogenic exposure concentrations of bisphenol A and 17 beta-estradiol in embryonic zebrafish.

bisphenol A

17 beta-estradiol


Input: Transient developmental exposure to 0. 1 mu M bisphenol A (BPA) results in larval zebrafish hyperactivity and learning impairments in the adult, while exposure to 80 mu M BPA results in teratogenic responses, including craniofacial abnormalities and edema.

bisphenol A

BPA

BPA


Input: The mode of action underlying these effects is unclear.


Input: We used global gene expression analysis to identify candidate genes and signaling pathways that mediate BPA' s developmental toxicity in zebrafish.

BPA


Input: Exposure concentrations were selected and anchored to the positive control, 17 beta-estradiol (E2), based on previously determined behavioral or teratogenic phenotypes.

17 beta-estradiol


Input: Functional analysis of differentially expressed genes revealed distinct expression profiles at 24h post fertilization for 0. 1 mu M versus 80 mu M BPA and 0. 1 mu M versus 15 mu M E2 exposure, identification of prothrombin activation as a top canonical pathway impacted by both 0. 1 mu M BPA and 0. 1 mu M E2 exposure, and suppressed expression of several genes involved in nervous system development and function following 0. 1 mu M BPA exposure.

BPA

BPA

BPA


Input: Environmental pesticide exposure modulates cytokines, arginase and ornithine decarboxylase expression in human placenta.

ornithine


Input: To evaluate the cytokine balance and enzymatic alterations induced by environmental pesticide exposure during pregnancy, this transversal study explored placentas derived from non-exposed women (control group-CG), and from women living in a rural area (rural group-RG), collected during intensive organophosphate (OP) pesticide spraying season (RG-SS) and during non-spraying season (RG-NSS).

organophosphate


Input: The exposure biomarkers blood cholinesterase and placental carboxylesterase (CaE) were significantly decreased in RG-SS.


Input: Among the cytokines studied IL-8, IL-6, TNF alpha, IL-10, TGF beta and IL-13, the expression frequency of IL-13 increased in RG-SS.


Input: Arginase and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enzymes were induced in syncytiotrophoblast and endothelial cells.

ornithine


Input: Interestingly, the decrease in CaE activity was associated with arginase and ODC activity induction.


Input: These findings suggest that environmental pesticide exposure impacts the placenta by increasing the expression frequency of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-13, which may be related to the up-regulation of enzymes implicated in tissue repair.


Input: Replication Dynamics: Biases and Robustness of DNA Fiber Analysis.


Input: The factors that govern replication programs are still poorly identified in metazoans, especially in mammalian cells.


Input: Thanks to molecular combing, the dynamics of DNA replication can be assessed at the genome-scale level from the cumulative analysis of single DNA fibers.


Input: This technique notably enables measurement of replication fork speed and fork asymmetry and that of distances separating either initiation or termination events.


Input: The results presented here aim to evaluate requirements critical to accurate measurement of replication parameters by molecular combing.


Input: We show that sample size, fiber length and DNA counterstaining are crucial to gain robust information concerning replication dynamics.


Input: Our results thus provide a methodological frame to investigate the DNA replication program through molecular combing analyses.


Input: Dissolution enhancement of Deflazacort using hollow crystals prepared by antisolvent crystallization process.

Deflazacort


Input: Deflazacort (DFZ), a derivate of prednisolone, is a poorly soluble drug which has been proposed to have major advantages over other corticosteroids.

Deflazacort

DFZ

prednisolone

corticosteroids


Input: Poorly soluble drugs present limited bioavailability due to their low solubility and dissolution rate and several strategies have been developed in order to find ways to improve them.


Input: In general, pharmaceutical laboratories use a micronized process to reduce the particle size in order to increase the dissolution of the drugs.


Input: However, this process causes changes such as polymorphic transitions, particle agglomeration and a reduction in fluidity and wettability.


Input: These solid-state properties affect the dissolution behavior and stability performance of drugs.


Input: Crystallization techniques are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry and antisolvent crystallization has been used to obtain ultrafine particles.


Input: In this study, DFZ was investigated in terms of its antisolvent crystallization in different solvents and under various preparation conditions (methanol/water ratio, stirring and evaporation rate, etc.), in order to compare the physicochemical properties between crystallized samples and raw materials available on the Brazilian market with and without micronization.

DFZ

methanol


Input: Crystalline structure, morphology, and particle size, and their correlation with the Intrinsic Dissolution Rate (IDR) and dissolution profile as relevant biopharmaceutical properties were studied.


Input: Crystallization conditions were achieved which provided crystalline samples of hollow-shaped crystals with internal channels, which increased the dissolution rate of DFZ.

DFZ


Input: The antisolvent crystallization process allowed the formation of hollow crystals, which demonstrated a better dissolution profile than the raw material (crystalline and micronized), making this a promising technique as a crystallization strategy for improving the dissolution and thus the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.


Input: Trichostatin A protects against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity by regulating expression of genes related to apoptosis and synaptic function.

Trichostatin A

cisplatin


Input: OBJECTIVE: Although inhibition of histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been shown to protect against cisplatin-induced hearing loss, the underlying mechanism is still poorly understood.

cisplatin


Input: In the present study, we aim to investigate the protective effect of trichostatin A (TSA), a specific inhibitor of HDACs, on cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and to determine the differentially expressed genes involved in this process.

trichostatin A

TSA

cisplatin


Input: METHODS: The basilar membrane of the cochlea was isolated from 3-day newborn Wistar rats.


Input: Organotypic cultures were treated with 150 mu M cisplatin or 200nM TSA.

cisplatin

TSA


Input: For combination treatment, cells were pre-incubated with TSA for 1h, followed by TSA plus cisplatin treatment.

TSA

TSA

cisplatin


Input: Rhodamine-phalloidin staining was used to label hair cells, and immunocytochemistry with an anti-neurofilament-200 antibody was applied to label spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs).

Rhodamine

phalloidin


Input: Global expression profile microarray analysis was used to identify differentially expressed genes.


Input: Molecular function and signal pathway analysis were performed using a protein analysis through evolutionary relationships (PANTHER) classification system.


Input: Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was carried out for data validation.


Input: RESULTS: Severe loss of hair cells and SGNs occurred after 48h of cisplatin incubation, while TSA significantly increased the number of hair cells and SGNs in the combination treatment group (P < 0. 05).

cisplatin

TSA


Input: Compared with control, expression of 71 genes were up-regulated and 383 genes were down-regulated upon cisplatin treatment.

cisplatin


Input: Addition of TSA induced the up-regulation of 1387 genes and down-regulation of 1226 genes as compared with cisplatin administration alone.

TSA

cisplatin


Input: After cisplatin treatment, we observed significant down-regulation of mRNA for several genes related to synaptic function genes, including Camk2a, Camk2b, Vglut1, Snap25 and Rab3b, whereas pretreatment with TSA elevated mRNA levels of these genes.

cisplatin

TSA


Input: TSA greatly decreased expression of genes related to the calcium signaling pathway (Capn1 and Capn2) and apoptosis signaling pathway (Tnfrsf1a and Tp53), while addition of TSA significantly reduced levels of Tnfrsf1a and Tp53 compared with cisplatin alone (P < 0. 01).

TSA

calcium

TSA

cisplatin


Input: CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that TSA might protect against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity via mediating expression of genes responsible for regulating apoptosis, intracellular calcium homeostasis, neurotransmitter synthesis and release, and synaptic plasticity.

TSA

cisplatin

calcium


Input: A novel series of histamine H4 receptor antagonists based on the pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidine scaffold: Comparison of hERG binding and target residence time with PF-3893787.

histamine

pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidine


Input: In this work we describe the optimization of a lead compound based on the quinazoline template to give a new series of potent pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidines as histamine H4 receptor antagonists.

quinazoline

pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidines

histamine


Input: The pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidine ligands have significantly reduced hERG binding compared to clinical stage compound PF-3893787 while showing good affinities at the human and rodent histamine receptors.

pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidine

histamine


Input: The receptor residence time of several of these new compounds was determined for the human H4R and compared with JNJ7777120 and PF-3893787.


Input: The pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidines showed residence times lower than JNJ7777120 but comparable to the residence time of PF-3893787.

pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidines


Input: Overall, the pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidines show an excellent in vitro profile that warrants their further investigation in relevant models of human disease.

pyrido [3, 2-d] pyrimidines


Input: Characterization of a gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) assay using cigarette smoke.


Input: Inhibition of gap-junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) via exposure to various toxic substances has been implicated in tumor promotion.


Input: In the present study, cigarette smoke total particulate matter (TPM), a known inhibitor of GJIC, were used to characterize a new GJIC screening assay in three independent experiments.


Input: The main features of this assay were automated fluorescence microscopy combined with non-invasive parachute technique.


Input: Rat liver epithelial cells (WB-F344) were stained with the fluorescent dye Calcein AM (acetoxymethyl) and exposed to TPM from the Kentucky Reference Cigarette 2R4F (a blend of Bright and Burley tobaccos) and from two single-tobacco cigarettes (Bright and Burley) for 3h.

Calcein AM

acetoxymethyl


Input: Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (TPA) was used as positive control and 0. 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent control.

TPA

dimethyl sulfoxide

DMSO


Input: The transfer of dye to adjacent cells (percentage of stained cells) was used as a measure of cellular communication.


Input: A clear and reproducible dose-response of GJIC inhibition following TPM exposure was seen.


Input: Reproducibility and repeatability measurements for the 2R4F cigarette were 3. 7% and 6. 9%, respectively.


Input: The half-maximal effective concentration values were 0. 34ng/ml for TPA, 0. 050mg/ml for the 2R4F, 0. 044mg/ml for the Bright cigarette, and 0. 060mg/ml for the Burley cigarette.

TPA


Input: The assay was able to discriminate between the two single-tobacco cigarettes (P < 0. 0001), and between the single-tobacco cigarettes and the 2R4F (P = 0. 0008, 2R4F vs. Burley and P < 0. 0001, 2R4F vs. Bright).


Input: Thus, this assay can be used to determine the activity of complex mixtures such as cigarette smoke with high throughput and high precision.


Input: Vinclozolin: A case study on the identification of endocrine active substances in the past and a future perspective.

Vinclozolin


Input: In the late 1980s vinclozolin was tested for prenatal developmental toxicity in rats for registration purposes in USA.

vinclozolin


Input: At 1000mg/kgbw, 95% of all fetuses were female upon visual inspection (ano-genital distance determination).


Input: Anti-androgenic effects (AA) were also noted in a subsequent 2-generation study.


Input: These findings triggered mechanistic investigations at BASF and at US-EPA.


Input: Results published by the latter were the starting point of the endocrine disruption (ED) discussion in the 1990s.


Input: AA effects of vinclozolin are mediated by two metabolites, which have an antagonistic effect on the androgen receptor.

vinclozolin


Input: Currently, determination of ED has become a major end-point in toxicology testing and the US-EPA has set up an elaborated testing paradigm to fulfill this requirement.


Input: Future screening for ED can be improved making use of new technologies.


Input: ED modes of action can be determined by three alternative (3R) methods.


Input: Steroid synthesis in H295R cells (1), androgen-receptor binding in modified yeast (2) and metabolomics (3).

androgen


Input: Using vinclozolin as a case study, results indicate: (1) an effect on steroid synthesis in vitro, (2) an antagonistic effect on the androgen receptor and (3) that the metabolome profile of vinclozolin is similar to that of other receptor mediated anti-androgens (e. g. flutamide).

vinclozolin

steroid

androgen

vinclozolin

androgens

flutamide


Input: Association of serum adiponectin and IGF-I levels with parameters of cardiac remodeling in severely obese patients.


Input: Background.


Input: Obesity is associated with various changes in cardiac geometry and this process involves both hemodynamic and non-hemodynamic factors, among which adipocitokines and growth factors may play an important role The aim of this study was to identify the extent and pattern of cardiac remodeling in a group of severely obese patients and analyze the relationship between adiponectin, IGF-I and cardiac parameters reflecting obesity associated structural changes.


Input: Subjects and methods.


Input: Our study included 344 patients (104 men) with severe obesity (mean body mass index (BMI) = 45. 7 +/- 8. 5 kg/m2), extensively evaluated clinically and biologically (complete metabolic tests, serum adiponectin and IGF-I measurements).


Input: Left ventricular mass index (LVMI), left atrium (LA) size and LV geometry were determined by means of cardiac ultrasound.


Input: Results.


Input: The most prevalent pattern of LV geometry was eccentric hypertrophy (28. 7% of patients).


Input: In a gender, age, BMI, diabetes and hypertension adjusted general linear model, patients with concentric or eccentric hypertrophy had significantly lower values of adiponectin than those with normal geometry (6. 75 +/- 0. 41, 6. 96 +/- 0. 53, versus 9. 04 +/- 0. 42 mg/l, p < 0. 05).


Input: In multivariate analysis, independent determinants for LVMI were BMI (B = 0. 364, p < 0. 001), systolic blood pressure (BP) (beta = 0. 187, p = 0. 004), age (beta = 0. 246, p < 0. 001), adiponectin (beta =-0. 151, p = 0. 012) and IGF-I z-score (beta = 0. 134, p = 0. 025) while factors independently related to LA size were systolic BP (beta = 0. 218, p < 0. 001), BMI (beta = 0. 194, p < 0. 001), age (beta = 0. 273, p < 0. 001), gender (beta =-0. 195, p < 0. 001) and adiponectin (beta =-0. 180, p = 0. 005).


Input: Conclusions: In patients with severe obesity, IGF-I z score and adiponectin correlate with parameters of cardiac remodeling independently of anthropometric, hemodynamic or metabolic factors.


Input: Straight talk with... Miyoung Chun.


Input: It was a single tweet.


Input: In February, after US President Barack Obama made a subtle nod to a new neuroscience project in his annual State of the Union address, Francis Collins, director of the country' s National Institutes of Health (NIH), posted on the @NIHDirector Twitter feed: " Obama mentions the #NIH Brain Activity Map in #SOTU. " Instantly, scientists were buzzing with rumors that the Brain Activity Map could be the next moon shot, with a budget and timeline similar to the Human Genome Project.


Input: The brain map began as a brief white paper and has grown into a large-and still largely undefined-collaboration of several government agencies, nonprofit foundations and private companies.


Input: As the stakeholders describe in a commentary published last month (339, 1284-1285, 2013 10. 1126/science. 1236939), the goal of the initiative is to understand how thousands of neurons work in concert to control behavior and trigger disease.


Input: Miyoung Chun, vice president for science programs at The Kavli Foundation in Oxnard, California, has been developing the project since the beginning and is the self-described " glue " between its many diverse stakeholders.


Input: Chun spoke with Virginia Hughes about the evolution of the project and what it might mean for biomedicine.


Input: Drosophila homologues of Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and the formin Diaphanous collaborate by a conserved mechanism to stimulate actin filament assembly.


Input: Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a large multi-domain protein that regulates the cytoskeleton.


Input: Recently, it was shown that vertebrate APC through its Basic domain directly collaborates with the formin mDia1 to stimulate actin filament assembly in the presence of nucleation barriers.


Input: However, it has been unclear whether these activities extend to homologues of APC and Dia in other organisms.


Input: Drosophila APC and Dia are each required to promote actin furrow formation in the syncytial embryo, suggesting a potential collaboration in actin assembly, but low sequence homology between the Basic domains of Drosophila and vertebrate APC has left their functional and mechanistic parallels uncertain.


Input: To address this question, we purified Drosophila APC1 and Dia and determined their individual and combined effects on actin assembly using both bulk fluorescence assays and total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy.


Input: Our data show that APC1, similar to its vertebrate homologue, bound to actin monomers and nucleated and bundled filaments.


Input: Further, Drosophila Dia nucleated actin assembly, and protected growing filament barbed ends from capping protein.


Input: Drosophila APC1 and Dia directly interacted and collaborated to promote actin assembly in the combined presence of profilin and capping protein.


Input: Thus, despite limited sequence homology, Drosophila and vertebrate APCs exhibit highly related activities and mechanisms, and directly collaborate with formins.


Input: These results suggest that APC-Dia interactions in actin assembly are conserved and may underlie important in vivo functions in a broad range of animal phyla.


Input: Norepinephrine and impulsivity: effects of acute yohimbine.

Norepinephrine

yohimbine


Input: RATIONALE: Rapid-response impulsivity, characterized by inability to withhold response to a stimulus until it is adequately appraised, is associated with risky behavior and may be increased in a state-dependent manner by norepinephrine.

norepinephrine


Input: OBJECTIVE: We assessed effects of yohimbine, which increases norepinephrine release by blocking alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors, on plasma catecholamine metabolites, blood pressure, subjective symptoms, and laboratory-measured rapid-response impulsivity.

yohimbine

norepinephrine

catecholamine


Input: METHODS: Subjects were 23 healthy controls recruited from the community, with normal physical examination and ECG, and negative history for hypertension, cardiovascular illness, and axis I or II disorder.


Input: Blood pressure, pulse, and behavioral measures were obtained before and periodically after 0. 4 mg/kg oral yohimbine or placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced design.

yohimbine


Input: Metabolites of norepinephrine [3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) and vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)] and dopamine [homovanillic acid (HVA)] were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection.

norepinephrine

MHPG

vanillylmandelic acid

VMA

dopamine

homovanillic acid

HVA


Input: Rapid-response impulsivity was measured by commission errors and reaction times on the immediate memory task (IMT), a continuous performance test designed to measure impulsivity and attention.


Input: RESULTS: Yohimbine increased plasma MHPG and VMA but not HVA.

Yohimbine

MHPG

VMA

HVA


Input: Yohimbine increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure and pulse rate.

Yohimbine


Input: On the IMT, yohimbine increased impulsive errors and impulsive response bias and accelerated reaction times.

yohimbine


Input: Yohimbine-associated increase in plasma MHPG correlated with increased impulsive response rates.

Yohimbine

MHPG


Input: Time courses varied; effects on blood pressure generally preceded those on metabolites and test performance.


Input: CONCLUSIONS: These effects are consistent with increased rapid-response impulsivity after pharmacological noradrenergic stimulation in healthy controls.


Input: Labile noradrenergic responses, or increased sensitivity to norepinephrine, may increase risk for impulsive behavior.

norepinephrine


Input: Using waste Li ion batteries as cathodes in rechargeable Li-liquid batteries.

Li

Li


Input: The rechargeable Li-liquid battery was developed using waste Li ion battery materials immersed in water and used as the liquid cathode.

Li

Li


Input: Either the Li metal or Li ions (by the formation LixC6 or Li4 + xTi5O12) was harvested from waste Li ion source materials such as a waste anode (LixC6), cathode (LixFePO4), and electrolyte (LiPF6 in EC: DEC) by charging the cell, which then discharged with the waste products in the liquid cathode solution to produce electric energy.

Li

Li

Li4 + xTi5O12

Li


Input: When the Li4Ti5O12 was used as the anode with the waste products as the cathode in the proposed battery system, a good cycle-life with high coulombic efficiency was observed.


Input: Obesity Modulates the Immune Response to Oxidized LDL in Hypertensive Patients.


Input: Obesity and hypertension have been recognized as inflammatory diseases capable of activating the immune system, thus contributing to an increased cardiovascular risk.


Input: However, the link between adaptive immunity, obesity, and hypertension is poorly understood.


Input: We investigated the relationship of the body mass index (BMI) on the inflammatory, vascular, and immune responses in patients with hypertension na i ve of anti-hypertensive treatment.


Input: Hypertensive patients (N = 88) were divided into three groups: normal weight (NW), overweight (OW), and obese (OB) subjects.


Input: Anti-oxidized LDL autoantibodies (anti-oxLDL Abs), anti-ApoB-D peptide (anti-ApoB-D) Abs, interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-10, flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) were assessed.


Input: OB patients presented lower levels of anti-oxLDL Abs and IL-10, higher levels of IL-8, and impaired FMD, when compared to NW and OW (P < 0. 05), without differences between groups regarding anti-ApoB-D Abs.


Input: After adjusting for age, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, anti-oxLDL Abs were inversely correlated with BMI and waist circumference (r =-0. 24, P = 0. 02 and r =-0. 25, P = 0. 02, respectively), whereas ApoB-D correlated with 24-h ABPM (r = 0. 22, P = 0. 05 for systolic, and r = 0. 29, P = 0. 01 for diastolic blood pressure).


Input: Regression analyses showed inverse associations of anti-oxLDL Abs with BMI (beta =-0. 05, P = 0. 01) and waist circumference (beta =-0. 01, P = 0. 02); anti-ApoB-D Abs were associated with systolic and diastolic 24-h ABPM (beta = 0. 96, P = 0. 04; beta = 1. 02, P = 0. 005, for systolic and diastolic 24-h ABPM, respectively).


Input: Among hypertensive patients, obesity modulates the immune and inflammatory milieu, determining an unfavorable balance of cytokines and reduction in titers of anti-oxLDL Abs.


Input: Twenty-four hour ABPM is associated with titers of anti-ApoB-D Abs.


Input: In Vitro Inhibition of the Transcription Factor NF-kappa B and Cyclooxygenase by Bamboo Extracts.


Input: Several bamboo species have been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions.


Input: The present study evaluates the in vitro anti-inflammatory properties of the traditionally used bamboo species Phyllostachys nigra (Lodd.) Munro and Sasa veitchii (Carr.) Rehder to explore their future research opportunities and therapeutic potential as anti-inflammatory agents.


Input: The extracts were evaluated for their potential inhibitory activity at the level of NF-kappa B-induced gene expression and suppression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2 enzyme activities, representative pharmacological targets for the anti-inflammatory action of glucocorticoids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, respectively.


Input: The activity of P. nigra (Lodd.) Munro and S. veitchii (Carr.) Rehder was compared with bamboo species without traditional anti-inflammatory indications.


Input: High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses were performed to phytochemically characterize the extracts.


Input: P. nigra (Lodd.) Munro leaf extract potently inhibited NF-kappa B-induced gene expression, while S. veitchii (Carr.) Rehder leaf extract exerted a selective COX-2 inhibition.


Input: The crude extracts consistently showed a more potent bioactivity than the solid phase extraction fractions.


Input: P. nigra (Lodd.) Munro and S. veitchii (Carr.) Rehder both exert anti-inflammatory properties, but act via a different molecular mechanism.


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: A solar rechargeable flow battery based on photoregeneration of two soluble redox couples.


Input: Storable sunshine, reusable rays: A solar rechargeable redox flow battery is proposed based on the photoregeneration of I3 (-)/I (-) and [Fe (C10 H15) 2] (+)/Fe (C10 H15) 2 soluble redox couples, which can be regenerated by flowing from a discharged redox flow battery (RFB) into a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) and then stored in tanks for subsequent RFB applications This technology enables effective solar-to-chemical energy conversion.

I3 (-)

I (-)

[Fe (C10 H15) 2] (+)

Fe (C10 H15) 2


Input: Temperature-Induced Emission Enhancement of Star Conjugated Copolymers with Poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) Coronas for Detection of Bacteria.

Poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)


Input: A facile strategy for temperature-induced emission enhancement of star conjugated copolymers has been developed for biodetection.


Input: The star copolymers (HCP-star-PDMAEMAs) with different poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA) chain lengths were synthesized from the hyperbranched conjugated polymer (HCP) macroinitiator by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP).

PDMAEMAs

poly (2-(dimethylamino) ethyl methacrylate)

PDMAEMA


Input: The star conjugated copolymers exhibited interesting thermoresponsive phase transitions with adjustable lower critical solution temperature (LCST) depending on the pH of copolymer solution.


Input: Above the LCST, the emission of HCP-star-PDMAEMAs was enhanced greatly through restriction of intermolecular aggregation of conjugated polymer cores by the collapse of PDMAEMA arms.

PDMAEMAs

PDMAEMA


Input: By changing the PDMAEMA length, the emission performance of HCP-star-PDMAEMAs could be readily adjusted.

PDMAEMA

PDMAEMAs


Input: Correspondingly, this temperature-dependent emission enhancement of HCP-star-PDMAEMAs was successfully applied in the highly sensitive detection of bacteria.

PDMAEMAs


Input: Due to the existence of a hyperbranched conjugated core and many thermo-responsive PDMAEMA arms, the detection limit of E. coli could reach 10 (2) cfu mL (-1).

PDMAEMA


Input: Poly (vinyl alcohol) Physical Hydrogel Nanoparticles, Not Polymer Solutions, Exert Inhibition of Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Cultured Macrophages.

Poly (vinyl alcohol)

Nitric Oxide


Input: Hydrogel nanoparticles (HNP) are an emerging tool of biomedicine with unique materials characteristics, scope, and utility.


Input: These hydrated, soft colloidal carriers can penetrate through voids with dimensions narrower than the size of the particle, provide stabilization for fragile biological cargo and allow diffusion and exchange of solutes with external phase.


Input: However, techniques to assemble HNP are few; solitary examples exist of biocompatible polymers being formulated into HNP; and knowledge on the biomedical properties of HNP remains rather cursory.


Input: In this work, we investigate assembly of HNP based on a polymer with decades of prominence in the biomedical field, poly (vinyl alcohol), PVA.

poly (vinyl alcohol)

PVA


Input: We develop a novel method for production of PVA HNP through nanoprecipitation-based assembly of polymer nanoparticles and subsequent physical hydrogelation of the polymer.

PVA


Input: Polymer nanoparticles and HNP were visualized using scanning electron microscopy and fluorescence imaging, and characterized using dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements.


Input: Interaction of PVA HNP with mammalian cells was investigated using flow cytometry, viability screening, and measurements of nitric oxide production by cultured macrophages.

PVA

nitric oxide


Input: The latter analyses revealed that PVA administered as a polymer solution or in the form of HNP resulted in no measurable increase in production of the inflammation marker.

PVA


Input: Unexpectedly, PVA HNP exerted a pronounced inhibition of NO synthesis by stimulated macrophages, that is, had an anti-inflammatory activity.

PVA

NO


Input: This effect was accomplished with a negligible change in the cell viability and was not observed when PVA was administered as a polymer solution.

PVA


Input: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of inhibition of NO synthesis in macrophages by administered nanoparticles and specifically hydrogel nanoparticles.

NO


Input: Taken together, our results present PVA HNP as promising colloidal hydrogel nanocarriers for biomedical applications, specifically drug delivery and assembly of intracellular biosensors.

PVA


Input: Enhancing Raman Scattering without Plasmons: Unprecedented Sensitivity Achieved by TiO2 Shell-Based Resonators.


Input: A remarkable enhancement of Raman scattering is achieved by TiO2 shell-based spherical resonators in the absence of plasmonic enhancers.


Input: This effect is ascribed to the synergistic combination of high refractive index of the shell layer, multiple light scattering through the spheres, and related geometrical factors and can be exploited to fabricate a new generation of self-diagnostic, recyclable SERS-active substrates.


Input: Graphene MEMS: AFM Probe Performance Improvement.

Graphene


Input: We explore the feasibility of growing a continuous layer of graphene in prepatterned substrates, like an engineered silicon wafer, and we apply this as a mold for the fabrication of AFM probes.

graphene

silicon


Input: This fabrication method proves the fabrication of SU-8 devices coated with graphene in a full-wafer parallel technology and with high yield.

graphene


Input: It also demonstrates that graphene coating enhances the functionality of SU-8 probes, turning them conductive and more resistant to wear.

graphene


Input: Furthermore, it opens new experimental possibilities such as studying graphene-graphene interaction at the nanoscale with the precision of an AFM or the exploration of properties in nonplanar graphene layers.

graphene

graphene

graphene


Input: 3D Spectroscopy of Vibrational Coherences in Quantum Dots: Theory.


Input: In semiconductor nanocrystals, called quantum dots (QD), electronic transition energies, phonon frequencies, and electron-phonon coupling strengths are all reported to depend on the size of the crystals.


Input: The size dependencies of the transition energies and the mode frequencies are well characterized and understood.


Input: At the same time, the electron-phonon coupling dependence on size is controversial-even the sign of the change is not settled.


Input: In this article, third-order response functions of a model QD resembling CdSe are calculated.

CdSe


Input: The longitudinal optical (LO) mode is included as a relatively narrow Lorentzian contribution to the spectral density.


Input: A novel version of electronic 2D spectroscopy is investigated where a third Fourier transform is taken over a so-called population time, leading to 3D spectral representation.


Input: The amplitude and phase of the 2D cuts of the 3D spectral body around the LO mode frequency are analyzed.


Input: The analytical power and sensitivity of the cuts in determining the possible Huang-Rhys factor (electron-phonon coupling strength) and the LO mode frequency dependence on the QD size are investigated.


Input: Peak structures in the cuts with a tilt relative to the diagonal are identified as sensitive signatures for the size dependencies.


Input: The study elucidates the 3D representation of the electronic 2D spectroscopy as a powerful tool for obtaining insight into otherwise hardly accessible characteristics of the system.


Input: Peptide-Directed Preparation and X-ray Structural Study of Au Nanoparticles on Titanium Surfaces.

Au

Titanium


Input: We report the peptide-directed preparation and X-ray structural study of biofunctionalized Au nanoparticles (NPs) deposited on Ti surfaces.

Au

Ti


Input: Au NPs were prepared by reduction of Au (3 +) compound onto HCl-refreshed Ti in the presence of thiol-functionalized small peptides.

Au

Au (3 +)

HCl

Ti

thiol


Input: A modified extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) technique, equipped with a rotating-stage and glancing-angle setup, was able to more sensitively detect the structure and bonding of Au NPs on Ti with low surface coverage.

Au

Ti


Input: It was found that the use of the tripeptide glutathione (GSH) results in smaller NP size when compared to N-(2-mercapto-propionyl) glycine (MPG), a pseudodipeptide, over a wide range of Au/peptide molar ratios (20: 1, 10: 1, 5: 1, and 2: 1).

glutathione

GSH

N-(2-mercapto-propionyl) glycine

MPG

Au


Input: By varying the ligand concentration, the Au NP structure in both systems can be controlled, generating nanocrystals, nanoclusters, and Au-thiolate polymer, which is unique for substrate-supported NP synthesis.

Au

Au

thiolate


Input: This work presents a facile preparation of Au-peptide nanoparticles on biocompatible surfaces, and illustrates the high sensitivity of this modified EXAFS technique for structural studies of substrate-supported nanoparticles with low coverage.

Au


Input: Synergistic Interactions between Grafted Hyaluronic Acid and Lubricin Provide Enhanced Wear Protection and Lubrication.


Input: Normal (e. g., adhesion) and lateral (friction) forces were measured between physisorbed and chemically grafted layers of hyaluronic acid (HA), an anionic polyelectrolyte in the presence of lubricin (Lub), a mucinous glycoprotein, on mica surfaces using a surface forces apparatus (SFA).