Input: We anticipate that our method can be easily implemented in a typical life science laboratory (without the need for specialized lithography equipment) offering the prospect of imparting desirable properties to plastic products, for example, the creation of functional microenvironments in biological studies or reducing biological adhesion to surfaces.


Input: Structural Rearrangement in the Formation of Jet-Cooled Complexes of Chiral (S)-1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinemethanol with Methyl Lactate: Chirality Effect in Conformer Selection.

(S)-1, 2, 3, 4-Tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinemethanol

Methyl Lactate


Input: The jet-cooled complexes between the two enantiomers of methyl lactate (ML) and (S)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinemethanol (THIQM) are studied by double resonance spectroscopy combined with ab initio calculations.

methyl lactate

(S)-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-3-isoquinolinemethanol

THIQM


Input: Both diastereomer complexes exist in different isomers, involving either direct addition of THIQM on ML with no structural rearrangement of the subunits or formation of very stable structures involving multiple intermolecular hydrogen bonds and extensive deformation of the subunits.

THIQM

hydrogen


Input: Competition between these two processes and its dependence upon chirality are discussed.


Input: It is shown that the most stable form of the chromophore (THIQMI with an OH... N hydrogen bond) prefers to directly stick to ML to form the addition complex whereas the second conformer (THIQMII with NH... O hydrogen bond) rearranges to form a strongly bound structure.

THIQMI

OH

N hydrogen

THIQMII

NH

O hydrogen


Input: The two structures are formed for the homochiral as well the heterochiral complex, however with different relative abundance.


Input: This shows an enantioselective binding preference of ML for one of the conformers of the chromophore.


Input: Why fluorination of the polar heads reverses the positive sign of the dipole potential of langmuir monolayers: a vibrational sum frequency spectroscopic study.


Input: Natural nonionic amphiphiles forming monolayers, bilayers, micelles, or biomembranes create a positive dipole potential at the boundary with water.


Input: In a series of papers we have reported on Langmuir monolayers with CF3 terminals of the polar heads, which show a negative surface dipole potential Delta V (Petrov, J. G.; Andreeva, T. D.; Kurt, D. K.; M o hwald, H. J. Phys. Chem. B 2005, 109, 14102).


Input: Here we use vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy (SF) to study the origin of the opposite Delta V signs of Langmuir films of CH3 (CH2) 20COCH2CH3 (ethyl ether, EE) and CH3 (CH2) 20COCH2CF3 (fluorinated ethyl ether, FEE).

CH3 (CH2) 20COCH2CH3

ethyl ether

CH3 (CH2) 20COCH2CF3

fluorinated ethyl ether

FEE


Input: The vibrational sum frequency spectra are recorded at the same film density of the S-phase of the EE and FEE monolayers and analyzed in the spectral regions of OH, COC, CH3, and CF3 stretching vibrations because these functional groups could be responsible for the different dipole potentials.

FEE

OH

COC


Input: We compare the rearrangement of the pure water surface by EE and FEE monolayers and the conformations of EE and FEE polar heads.

FEE

FEE


Input: The analysis is performed according to the three-capacitor model of the dipole potential of Langmuir monolayers (Demchak, R. T.; Fort, T., Jr. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 1974, 46, 191).


Input: The results show that reversal of the Delta V sign caused by fluorination of the polar heads originates from the upward-oriented CF3 terminals of the FEE heads, whose negative normal dipole moment component determines the negative dipole potential of the FEE monolayer.

FEE

FEE


Input: Performances of CN-columns for the analysis of gamma-oryzanol and its p-coumarate and caffeate derivatives by normal phase HPLC and a validated method of quantitation.

gamma-oryzanol

p-coumarate

caffeate


Input: gamma-Oryzanol is an important phytochemical used in pharmaceutical, alimentary and cosmetic preparations.

gamma-Oryzanol


Input: The present article, for the first time, discloses the performances of NP-HPLC in separating gamma-oryzanol components and develops a validated method for its routine quantification.

gamma-oryzanol


Input: The analysis is performed on a cyanopropyl bonded column using the hexane/MTBE gradient elution and UV detection at 325 nm.

cyanopropyl

hexane

MTBE


Input: The method allows: the separation of steryl ferulate, p-coumarate and caffeate esters, the separation of cis-from trans-ferulate isomers, the splitting of steroid moieties into saturated and unsaturated at the side chain.

steryl ferulate

p-coumarate

caffeate esters

trans-ferulate

steroid


Input: The optimised method provides excellent linear response (R (2) = 0. 99997), high precision (RSD < 1. 0%) and satisfactory accuracy (R (*) = 70-86%).


Input: In conclusion, the established method presents the details of the procedure and the experimental conditions in order to achieve the required precision and instrumental accuracy.


Input: The method is fast and sensitive and it could be a suitable tool for quality assurance and determination of origin.


Input: Lipid components and water soluble metabolites in salted and dried tuna (Thunnus thynnus L.) roes.


Input: The salted and dried product of tuna roe (bottarga) is a seafood characteristic of the Mediterranean area and exported all over the world.


Input: Samples of bottarga from bluefin tunas (Thunnus thynnus, L.) caught in the southwest Mediterranean sea were analysed.


Input: The samples were characterised by high content of marine wax esters (55-67 mol% of lipid classes), of docosahexaenoic (22: 6 n-3, 25 w%) and oleic (18: 1 n-9, 19 w%) fatty acids.

esters

docosahexaenoic

oleic

fatty acids


Input: Cholesterol was detected as 7-9 w% of lipids.

Cholesterol


Input: Free fatty acids, index of lipid hydrolysis, represented 32-39 mol% over total fatty acids.

fatty acids

fatty acids


Input: Among metabolites, nutrients as taurine, nicotinamide and beta-alanine, were found.

taurine

nicotinamide

beta-alanine


Input: The microflora comprised staphylococci, enterococci (2. 2 log (10) CFU/g) and lactic acid bacteria (3 log (10) CFU/g).

lactic acid


Input: The food-borne pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not detected.


Input: These findings indicate tuna bottarga as valuable source of nutrients.


Input: Theaflavins, dimeric catechins, inhibit peptide transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers via down-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase-mediated peptide transporter PEPT1.

Theaflavins

dimeric catechins

AMP


Input: In the small intestine, peptide transporter 1 (PEPT1) plays a role in the transport of di-and tripeptides.

di-and tripeptides


Input: In this study, we investigated whether theaflavins (TFs) affect the absorption of small peptides in human intestinal Caco-2 cells, since TFs do not penetrate through the cells and might be involved in intestinal transport systems.

theaflavins

TFs

TFs


Input: In transport experiments, the transport of glycyl-sarcosine (Gly-Sar, a model molecule for PEPT1 transport) and other dipeptides (Val-Tyr and Ile-Phe) were significantly reduced (P < 0. 05) in TFs-pretreated cells.

glycyl-sarcosine

Gly-Sar

dipeptides

Val-Tyr

Ile-Phe

TFs


Input: In TF 3'-O-gallate-pretreated cells, Western blot analysis revealed attenuated expression of PEPT1 transporter and Gly-Sar transport was completely ameliorated by 10 mu M Compound C, an AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor.

TF 3'-O-gallate

Gly-Sar

Compound C

AMP


Input: In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that TFs inhibit peptide transport across Caco-2 cell monolayers, probably through suppression of AMPK-mediated PEPT1 expression, which should be considered a new bioactivity of TFs in black tea.

TFs

TFs


Input: Aqueous enzymatic process assisted by microwave extraction of oil from yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.) seed kernels and its quality evaluation.


Input: In this study, aqueous enzymatic process (AEP) assisted by microwave extraction (ME) of oil from yellow horn (Xanthoceras sorbifolia Bunge.) seed kernel was investigated.


Input: Central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimise an enzyme cocktail (cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase) for AEP.


Input: The main factors of ME were also studied.


Input: A maximal oil extraction yield of 55. 8% was achieved under optimal conditions.


Input: Moreover, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was applied to characterise the extraction process.


Input: Analysing chemical composition of the extracted oil by GC-MS showed that the content of unsaturated fatty acids by this emerging method (91. 18%) was similar to that by conventional organic solvent extraction (88. 76%).

unsaturated fatty acids


Input: In addition, the main physicochemical properties and antioxidant activities of yellow horn oil were measured to evaluate its quality.


Input: The present research supported necessary data for the green extraction method of edible oil in food industry.


Input: Monitoring the effect of high pressure and transglutaminase treatment of milk on the evolution of flavour compounds during lactic acid fermentation using PTR-ToF-MS.

lactic acid


Input: In this study, the effects of thermal or high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment of a milk base in the absence or presence of a transglutaminase (TGase) protein cross-linking step on the flavour development of yoghurt were investigated.


Input: The presence of several tentatively identified volatile flavour compounds (VOCs), both during the enzymatic treatment and the lactic acid fermentation of the milk base, were monitored using a proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS).

lactic acid


Input: The formation of the major flavour compounds (acetaldehyde, diacetyl, acetoin, and 2-butanone) followed a sigmoidal trend described by the modified Gompertz model.

acetaldehyde

diacetyl

acetoin


Input: The HHP treatment of milk increased significantly the volatile compound formation rate whereas it did not affect the duration of the lag phase of formation, with the exception of acetaldehyde and diacetyl formation.

acetaldehyde

diacetyl


Input: On the contrary, the TGase cross-linking of milk did not significantly modify the formation rate of the volatile compounds but shortened the duration of the lag phase of their formation.


Input: Purification and characterisation of two enzymes related to endogenous formaldehyde in Lentinula edodes.

formaldehyde


Input: In this study, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and l-cysteine sulphoxide lyase (C-S lyase) were purified from the fruiting body of Lentinula edodes in three steps and then characterised.

gamma-glutamyl

l-cysteine sulphoxide


Input: We found that GGT together with C-S lyase caused the generation of endogenous formaldehyde in L. edodes.

formaldehyde


Input: GGT was composed of a large subunit of 41 kDa and a small subunit of 25 kDa, and C-S lyase was composed of two identical subunits of 46 kDa, as determined by SDS-PAGE.

SDS


Input: GGT was stable at pH 8. 0-10. 0 with an optimum pH of 8. 8, and was stable at 20-50 degrees C with an optimum activity at 37 degrees C.


Input: C-S lyase was stable at pH 8. 0-9. 0 with an optimum pH of 8. 5, and was stable at 20-60 degrees C with an optimum activity at 40 degrees C.


Input: The present work supports the study of the mechanism of endogenous formaldehyde in L. edodes.

formaldehyde


Input: PSP activates monocytes in resting human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: immunomodulatory implications for cancer treatment.


Input: Polysaccharopeptide (PSP), from Coriolus versicolor, has been used as an adjuvant to chemotherapy, and has demonstrated anti-tumor and immunomodulating effects.


Input: However its mechanism remains unknown.


Input: To elucidate how PSP affects immune populations, we compared PSP treatments both with and without prior incubation in phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-a process commonly used in immune population experimentation.


Input: We first standardised a capillary electrophoresis fingerprinting technique for PSP identification and characterisation.


Input: We then established the proliferative capability of PSP on various immune populations in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using flow cytometry, without prior PHA treatment.


Input: It was found that PSP significantly increased the number of monocytes (CD14 (+)/CD16 (-)) compared to controls without PHA.


Input: This increase in monocytes was confirmed using another antibody panel of CD14 and MHCII.


Input: In contrast, proliferations of T-cells, NK, and B-cells were not significantly changed by PSP.


Input: Thus, stimulating monocyte/macrophage function with PSP could be an effective therapeutic intervention in targeting tumors.


Input: Optimisation of synthesis of oligosaccharides derived from lactulose (fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides) with beta-galactosidases of different origin.

lactulose

fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides


Input: Batch synthesis of fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides from lactulose was performed with commercial beta-galactosidase preparations from Aspergillus oryzae, Kluyveromyces lactis and Bacillus circulans.

fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides

lactulose


Input: The enzyme from A. oryzae produced the highest yield and specific productivity of synthesis, being selected for further studies.


Input: Optimization of fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides synthesis was carried out using response surface methodology, considering temperature and initial sugar concentration as variables and yield and specific productivity as response parameters.

fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides

sugar


Input: Maximum yield of 0. 41 g g (-1) fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides was obtained at 70 degrees C and 60% w/w lactulose concentration, while maximum specific productivity of 1. 2 g h (-1) mg (-1) was obtained at 70 degrees C and 40% w/w lactulose concentration.

fructosyl-galacto-oligosaccharides

lactulose

lactulose


Input: Identification of novel dietary phytochemicals inhibiting the efflux transporter breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2).


Input: Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2) plays an important role in determining the absorption and disposition of consumed xenobiotics including various drugs and dietary phytochemicals and is also one of the prominent efflux transporters involved in multidrug resistance (MDR).


Input: In this study, we have investigated the interactions between ABCG2 and 56 naturally-occurring phytochemicals including phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes and other common dietary phytochemicals, as well as two non plant-based compounds (hippuric acid and propyl gallate) using cell-and membrane-based transport inhibition assays.

phenolic acids

flavonoids

triterpenes

hippuric acid

propyl gallate


Input: Of the non-flavonoid phytochemicals tested, berberine, celastrol, ellagic acid, limonin, oleanolic acid, propyl gallate, sinapic acid and ursolic acid demonstrated significant inhibition of ABCG2-mediated transport.

flavonoid

berberine

celastrol

ellagic acid

limonin

oleanolic acid

propyl gallate

sinapic acid

ursolic acid


Input: Chrysoeriol, laricitrin, myricetin 3', 4', 5'-trimethylether, pinocembrin, quercitrin, tamarixetin, tricetin and tricetin 3', 4', 5'-trimethylether were also identified as novel flavonoid ABCG2 inhibitors.

Chrysoeriol

laricitrin

myricetin 3', 4', 5'-trimethylether

pinocembrin

quercitrin

tamarixetin

tricetin

tricetin 3', 4', 5'-trimethylether

flavonoid


Input: The identified inhibitory activity of dietary phytochemicals on ABCG2 provides a framework for further investigation of ABCG2-modulated phytochemical bioavailability, MDR, and possible food-drug interactions.


Input: Roasting-induced changes in arabinotriose, a model of coffee arabinogalactan side chains.

arabinotriose


Input: Thermal processing can promote reactions that change the structure of food constituents, often by unknown mechanisms, such as those occurring in arabinose residues of coffee arabinogalactan side chains.

arabinose


Input: Aiming to know more about these modifications, the structurally related alpha-(1 --> 5)-l-arabinotriose was roasted at 200 degrees C and the products obtained were identified by ESI-MS and MALDI-MS and characterised by ESI-MS (n).

alpha-(1 --> 5)-l-arabinotriose


Input: Depolymerised and polymerised oligosaccharides with up to 16 residues and new types of linkages were formed.


Input: Also, products resulting from dehydration, oxidation, and cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond at the reducing end of the corresponding non-modified oligosaccharide were formed, probably promoting the release of formaldehyde, formic acid, glycolaldehyde, glyoxal, acetic acid, glycolic acid, glyceraldehyde, 2-hydroxypropanedialdehyde and lactic acid.

carbon

carbon

formaldehyde

formic acid

glycolaldehyde

glyoxal

acetic acid

glycolic acid

glyceraldehyde


Input: As many of these compounds have been reported to occur in roasted coffee beans and/or brews, it can be suggested that the degradation of coffee arabinogalactan side chains can contribute to their formation upon roasting.


Input: Effect of pH on phosphorylation of potato protein isolate.


Input: Potato protein isolate (PPI) was phosphorylated with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) at ambient temperature and various reaction pH (5. 2, 6. 2, 8. 0 and 10. 5) to improve the functional properties without impairing the nutritional availability.

sodium trimetaphosphate

STMP


Input: Changes in chemical composition (total and coagulable protein content, ash and minerals content and amino acid composition), functional properties (protein solubility index, emulsifying activity and foaming capacity, water and oil absorption capacity) and phosphorus were determined.

amino acid

phosphorus


Input: The chemical composition and functional properties of phosphorylated potato protein isolate (PP-PPI) were significantly different (p < 0. 05).


Input: The PP-PPI at pH 5. 2 was characterised by the highest content of all amino acids, whereas, PP-PPI under alkaline conditions (pH 10. 5) caused decrease in these compounds.

amino acids


Input: PP-PPI at pH 8. 0 had the highest oil absorption capacity, emulsion activity and foam capacity, whereas, PP-PPI at pH 10. 5 had the highest WAC.


Input: Identification of the odour-active cyclic diketone cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione in roasted Arabica coffee brew.

cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione


Input: We investigated odour-active trace compounds in roasted Brazilian Arabica coffee.


Input: Aroma dilution extract analysis (AEDA) applied to the volatile oil extracted from roasted coffee brew revealed 34 odour-active compounds.


Input: Among these, a pungent-smelling unknown odour-active compound was determined.


Input: The volatile oil was fractioned by silica gel column chromatography.

silica gel


Input: Gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and multidimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MDGC-MS) of the fraction which contained a significant amount of the target unknown compound revealed the cyclic 1, 4-diketone, cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione, which had a pungent odour, and was thus first identified in roasted coffee.

cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione


Input: Model experiments revealed that cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione was formed via thermal degradation of sugars, especially monosaccharides, under alkaline conditions.

cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione

sugars

monosaccharides


Input: Further, we demonstrated that 2-hydroxy-3-pentanone and 1-hydroxy-2-propanone, thermal degradation products of monosaccharides, were closely related to the formation of cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione.

monosaccharides

cis-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-cyclohexanedione


Input: Determination of major phlorotannins in Eisenia bicyclis using hydrophilic interaction chromatography: seasonal variation and extraction characteristics.

phlorotannins


Input: In this study, a hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) condition was developed for the simultaneous determination of five major phlorotannins from an extract of Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell with good linearity (r (2) > 0. 999).

phlorotannins


Input: Based on this method, the seasonal variations and extraction characteristics, in terms of total extraction yield and the content of the phlorotannins, were investigated under various extraction conditions.

phlorotannins


Input: In results, the yields and phlorotannins were increased two-to-four times in summer (June-October) and then, were decreased to normal levels in winter (November-March).

phlorotannins


Input: In the extraction of E. bicyclis, ethanol percentage in water, extraction time and washing time significantly affected the yield of the extract and the phlorotannins, whereas the temperature and the sample/solvent ratio impacted the extraction to a lesser degree.

ethanol

phlorotannins


Input: These results will be useful information in the application of this macroalga in the commercial areas related to nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmeceuticals.


Input: Effect of dietary carnosic acid on the fatty acid profile and flavour stability of meat from fattening lambs.

carnosic acid

fatty acid


Input: Thirty-two lambs were fed with barley straw supplemented by a concentrate alone, or a concentrate enriched with either vitamin E (VITE006: 0. 6 g kg (-1) feed concentrate) or carnosic acid (CARN006: 0. 6 g kg (-1) feed concentrate; or CARN012: 1. 2 g kg (-1) feed concentrate).

vitamin E

carnosic acid


Input: In order to elucidate the influence of the dietary supplementation of carnosic compared with a reference diet antioxidant (vitamin E), the animals were slaughtered and the longissimus thoracis were lyophilised to determine the FAs profile and the phenolic compounds.

vitamin E

FAs

phenolic


Input: In addition, longissimus lumborum slices were stored in a modified atmosphere package for 3 days and then grilled to determine volatile compounds.


Input: Dietary carnosic acid did not modify the FAs profile, but had a clear effect on the production of volatile compounds, in a dose-dependent manner.

carnosic acid

FAs


Input: These results have implications for the food industry, since dietary carnosic acid seems to extend the shelf life of lamb meat.

carnosic acid


Input: Innovative microwave-assisted hydrolysis of ellagitannins and quantification as ellagic acid equivalents.

ellagic acid


Input: The health-promoting effects of ellagic acid and its intestinal degradation products are well-known.

ellagic acid


Input: In plants, ellagic acid mainly appears in the form of its precursors, the so-called ellagitannins.

ellagic acid


Input: Therefore, determination of total ellagic acid content has been accomplished by cleaving ellagitannins with high temperatures and strong acids.

ellagic acid


Input: Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) has been shown to be a very effective and quick extraction technique.


Input: The aim of the present study was to establish an MAE-based method for a rapid hydrolysis of ellagitannins and to compare this method with a conventional acid hydrolysis.


Input: For this purpose, strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa), which have been identified as a major source of ellagitannins in human diet, were used as a model.


Input: The newly developed MAE method was quicker, less chemical-consuming and more effective in hydrolysing ellagitannins.


Input: Thermal degradation kinetics of xanthophylls from blood orange in model and real food systems.


Input: Thermal degradation kinetics of the major blood orange xanthophylls (cis-violaxanthin, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin and cis-antheraxanthin) were investigated at 45, 60, 75, and 90 degrees C in real juice and three model systems formulated to evaluate the impact of xanthophyll form (esterified or free) and pH (acid or neutral).

cis-violaxanthin

lutein

beta-cryptoxanthin

zeaxanthin

cis-antheraxanthin


Input: Xanthophylls were monitored by HPLC-DAD and kinetic parameters were identified by non-linear regression.


Input: A second order model best fitted the degradation curves of xanthophylls.


Input: All degradation rates were the lowest in real juice.


Input: Esterified forms were more stable than were the free forms.


Input: In all acidic media, beta-cryptoxanthin exhibited the lowest degradation rates followed by lutein and zeaxanthin.

beta-cryptoxanthin

lutein

zeaxanthin


Input: In comparison, the epoxy carotenoids cis-violaxanthin and cis-antheraxanthin degraded around 3-fold faster in their esterified form.

epoxy

cis-violaxanthin

cis-antheraxanthin


Input: In their free form, cis-antheraxanthin degraded 30-fold faster while cis-violaxanthin instantaneously disappeared because of the isomerisation of its 5, 6-epoxy groups into 5, 8-epoxy.

cis-antheraxanthin

cis-violaxanthin

5, 6-epoxy

5, 8-epoxy


Input: By contrast, in neutral medium, free epoxy-xanthophylls were about 2-fold more stable than were the free hydroxy xanthophylls lutein, zeaxanthin and beta-cryptoxanthin.

epoxy

hydroxy

lutein

zeaxanthin

beta-cryptoxanthin


Input: Kinetic behaviours of xanthophylls were closely dependent on their chemical structures.


Input: Gender and body mass index modify the effect of increasing amounts of caffeinated coffee on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations; a randomized, controlled, clinical trial.

glucose


Input: OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of different coffee amounts on blood glucose and insulin concentrations of healthy volunteers, and to assess potential effect modification by sex and body mass index category.

glucose


Input: MATERIALS/METHODS: Thirty-three volunteers [16 female/17 male, 16 normal-weight and 17 overweight/obese, 27. 3 +/- 7. 2 (19-44) y] took part in this randomized, crossover study.


Input: Iota n the morning of each experimental day volunteers received a standardized meal along with 200mL of water or instant coffee containing either 3 or 6mg of caffeine/kg body weight.

caffeine


Input: Blood samples were obtained and analyzed for glucose and insulin concentrations in the fasting state, immediately after meal/drink consumption and at standard time points for the next 3h thereafter.

glucose


Input: RESULTS: Coffee delayed the rise of insulin in response to the standardized meal and the fall of glucose concentrations from its maximum levels in the entire study sample.

glucose


Input: Glucose incremental area under the curve (IAUC) was significantly different between interventions (P =. 009) with both coffee amounts inducing a greater area compared to water.

Glucose


Input: Secondary, subgroup analysis at the nominal level showed that this might be more evident among females (PIAUC =. 05) and overweight/obese participants (PIAUC =. 03).


Input: Furthermore, coffee, mainly the 6mg dose, could be lowering insulin concentrations the first 30min after its consumption compared to water in men and overweight/obese participants.


Input: CONCLUSIONS: Coffee exerts an acute effect on postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations.

glucose


Input: This effect may be modified by sex and overweight/obese status.


Input: Future research is necessary to elucidate underlying mechanisms.


Input: Synthesis, preliminary structure-activity relationships, and in vitro biological evaluation of 6-aryl-3-amino-thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine derivatives as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

6-aryl-3-amino-thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine


Input: In our previous study, a series of 6-aryl-3-amino-thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine derivatives exhibited potent antiproliferative activities and an unique hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-specific anticancer activity was also observed.

6-aryl-3-amino-thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine


Input: In further anti-inflammatory research, thienopyridine derivative 1a showed potent inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production.

thienopyridine

nitric oxide

NO


Input: So a series of thienopyridine analogues of 1a were synthesized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activities.

thienopyridine


Input: The structure-activity relationships (SARs) revealed that the most potent analogues 1f and 1o were identified as potent inhibitors of NO production with IC50 values of 3. 30 and 3. 24 mu M, respectively.

NO


Input: These results suggest that these 6-aryl-3-amino-thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine derivatives might potentially constitute a novel class of anti-inflammatory agents, which require further studies.

6-aryl-3-amino-thieno [2, 3-b] pyridine


Input: Involvement of mu-opioid receptors in antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A.


Input: Botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) is approved for treatment of chronic migraine and has been investigated in various other painful conditions.


Input: Recent evidence demonstrated retrograde axonal transport and suggested the involvement of CNS in antinociceptive effect of BTX-A.


Input: However, the mechanism of BTX-A central antinociceptive action is unknown.


Input: In this study we investigated the potential role of opioid receptors in BTX-A' s antinociceptive activity.


Input: In formalin-induced inflammatory pain we assessed the effect of opioid antagonists on antinociceptive activity of BTX-A.

formalin


Input: Naltrexone was injected subcutaneously (0. 02-2 mg/kg) or intrathecally (0. 07 mu g/10 mu l-350 mu g/10 mu l), while selective mu-antagonist naloxonazine was administered intraperitoneally (5 mg/kg) prior to nociceptive testing.

Naltrexone

naloxonazine


Input: The influence of naltrexone (2 mg/kg s. c.) on BTX-A antinociceptive activity was examined additionally in an experimental neuropathy induced by partial sciatic nerve transection.

naltrexone


Input: To investigate the effects of naltrexone and BTX-A on neuronal activation in spinal cord, c-Fos expression was immunohistochemically examined in a model of formalin-induced pain.

naltrexone

formalin


Input: Antinociceptive effects of BTX-A in formalin and sciatic nerve transection-induced pain were prevented by non-selective opioid antagonist naltrexone.

formalin

naltrexone


Input: Similarly, BTX-A-induced pain reduction was abolished by low dose of intrathecal naltrexone and by selective mu-antagonist naloxonazine.

naltrexone

naloxonazine


Input: BTX-A-induced decrease in dorsal horn c-Fos expression was prevented by naltrexone.

naltrexone


Input: Prevention of BTX-A effects on pain and c-Fos expression by opioid antagonists suggest that the central antinociceptive action of BTX-A might be associated with the activity of endogenous opioid system (involving mu-opioid receptor).


Input: These results provide first insights into the mechanism of BTX-A' s central antinociceptive activity.


Input: Gap junction channels and hemichannels in the CNS: Regulation by signaling molecules.


Input: Coordinated interaction among cells is critical to develop the extremely complex and dynamic tasks performed by the central nervous system (CNS).


Input: Cell synchronization is in part mediated by connexins and pannexins; two different protein families that form gap junction channels and hemichannels.


Input: Whereas gap junction channels connect the cytoplasm of contacting cells and coordinate electric and metabolic activities, hemichannels communicate intra-and extra-cellular compartments and serve as diffusional pathways for ions and small molecules.


Input: Cells in the CNS depend on paracrine/autocrine communication via several extracellular signaling molecules, such as, cytokines, growth factors, transmitters and free radical species to sense changes in microenvironment as well as to adapt to them.


Input: These signaling molecules modulate crucial processes of the CNS, including, cellular migration and differentiation, synaptic transmission and plasticity, glial activation, cell viability and microvascular blood flow.


Input: Gap junction channels and hemichannels are affected by different signaling transduction pathways triggered by these paracrine/autocrine signaling molecules.


Input: Most of the modulatory effects induced by these signaling molecules are specific to the cell type and the connexin and pannexin subtype expressed in different brain areas.


Input: In this review, we summarized and discussed most of the relevant and recently published information on the effects of signaling molecules on connexin or pannexin based channels and their possible relevance in CNS physiology and pathology.


Input: This article is part of a Special Issue entitled' Connexin based channels'.


Input: How do in-vitro release profiles of nanosuspensions from Alzet (R) pumps correspond to the in-vivo situation?


Input: A case study on radiolabeled fenofibrate.

radiolabeled fenofibrate


Input: In research and development sufficiently high and constant plasma levels of drug candidates are often requested, but simple solutions of hydrophobic drugs delivered from the commonly used micro-osmotic pumps cannot meet these demands.


Input: Nanosuspensions released from implanted osmotic devices can be a strategy to overcome this challenge but little is known about their pharmacokinetic behavior after subcutaneous application.


Input: In the current study, four different nanosuspension formulations containing iodinated fenofibrate were prepared, physicochemically characterized and investigated concerning their in-vitro release kinetics from osmotic pumps.

iodinated fenofibrate


Input: One nanosuspension of lower viscosity exhibited thereby an unexpectedly first order release kinetics, whereas the higher viscous counterpart was released in the expected zero-order manner.


Input: To assess the relation of the in-vitro release kinetics to the in-vivo fate of nanosuspensions, various [(131) I] iodinated fenofibrate formulations were subcutaneously applied to mice.

[(131) I] iodinated fenofibrate


Input: The biodistribution was followed by means of gamma-scintigraphy and gamma-scintillation.


Input: Two different nanosuspensions released from osmotic pumps were compared to bolus injections of a nanosuspension and an organic drug solution.


Input: The distribution and elimination of the bolus injected drug solution were almost completed within 48h.


Input: In contrast, a long lasting (> 1week) depot at the injection site was formed by the bolus injected nanosuspension.


Input: Ex vivo examination of the organs showed a sustained, but exponential decrease of the radiolabel concentration.


Input: More constant drug levels in the organs were achieved within the nanosuspensions released from osmotic pumps.


Input: The organ levels of [(131) I] labeled fenofibrate were found to be more constant in case of the pump with the higher viscous nanosuspension in contrast to the lower viscous counterpart.

[(131) I] labeled fenofibrate


Input: However, the very different release profiles of the lower and higher viscous nanosuspension observed in-vitro were not observed in-vivo, as both pumps showed zero order release.


Input: In conclusion, nanosuspensions of poorly soluble compounds released from subcutaneously implanted osmotic pumps can be a suitable approach in pharmacokinetic studies.


Input: Although the in-vivo release of nanosuspensions differed in the expected release profile from the in-vitro test results, these in-vitro release tests present a valuable tool for the pre-selection of suitable nanosuspension candidates.


Input: Construction of block copolymers for the coordinated delivery of doxorubicin and magnetite nanocubes.

doxorubicin

magnetite


Input: Multifunctional nanoparticles combine drug and imaging agent together to assign both therapeutic and diagnostic functions.


Input: However, particle aggregation/dissociation and/or major differences in the bio-distribution and targeting capability of drugs and imaging probes are main obstacles for the efficient, coordinated delivery of multiple agents, unless the different agents can be tightly bound and well-protected during their circulation in vivo.


Input: In this paper, we report the coordinated in vivo delivery of anti-cancer drugs and imaging agents by chemically loading doxorubicin and magnetite nanocubes (MNs) in the core of polymeric nanoparticles.

doxorubicin

magnetite


Input: Living polymerization, nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP), was applied to construct the optimal polymers to co-deliver doxorubicin and MNs.

nitroxide

doxorubicin


Input: The resulting diblock polymers consisted of one block with triethylene glycol brushes and another block with carboxylic acid groups to bind doxorubicin and Fe3O4 MNs.

triethylene glycol

carboxylic acid

doxorubicin


Input: The optimal polymer has narrow polydispersity (PDI = 1. 2) and high doxorubicin/MN loading (30wt.%/28wt.%).

doxorubicin


Input: Core-shell particles were obtained with good stability and a suitable particle size of ~ 100nm.


Input: The doxorubicin and MNs loaded in this polymeric system showed highly coordinated bio-distribution in the balb/C mice model.

doxorubicin


Input: This system may have important impact on the design of effective and stable dual-agent co-delivery systems.


Input: PEGylation of interferon alpha 2 improves lymphatic exposure after subcutaneous and intravenous administration and improves antitumour efficacy against lymphatic breast cancer metastases.


Input: The efficacy of protein-based therapeutics with indications in the treatment of lymphatic diseases is expected to be improved by enhancing lymphatic disposition.


Input: This study was therefore aimed at examining whether PEGylation can usefully be applied to improve the lymphatic uptake of interferon alpha 2 and whether this ultimately translates into improved therapeutic efficacy against lymph-resident cancer.


Input: The lymphatic pharmacokinetics of interferon alpha 2b (IFN, 19kDa) and PEGylated interferon alpha 2b (IFN-PEG12, 31kDa) or alpha 2a (IFN-PEG40, 60kDa) was examined in thoracic lymph duct cannulated rats.


Input: IFN was poorly absorbed from the SC injection site (Fabs 36%) and showed little uptake into lymph after SC or IV administration (<= 1%).


Input: In contrast, IFN-PEG12 was efficiently absorbed from the SC injection site (Fabs 82%) and approximately 20% and 8% of the injected dose was recovered in thoracic lymph over 30h after SC or IV administration respectively.


Input: IFN-PEG40, however, was incompletely absorbed from the SC injection site (Fabs 23%) and showed similar lymphatic access after SC administration to IFN-PEG12 (21%).


Input: The recovery of IFN-PEG40 in thoracic lymph after IV administration, however, was significantly greater (29%) when compared to IV IFN-PEG12.


Input: The anti-tumour efficacy of interferon against axillary metastases of a highly lymph-metastatic variant of human breast MDA-MB-231 carcinoma was significantly increased by SC administration of lymph-targeted IFN-PEG12 when compared to the administration of IFN on the ipsilateral side to the axillary metastasis.


Input: Optimal PEGylation may therefore represent a viable approach to improving the lymphatic disposition and efficacy of therapeutic proteins against lymphatic diseases.


Input: Oxidative stress responses in zebrafish Danio rerio after subchronic exposure to atrazine.

atrazine


Input: Atrazine is one of the most used pesticides all over the world and it is frequently detected in surface water.

Atrazine


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate if zebrafish exposure to atrazine could induce oxidative stress and changes in detoxifying system.

atrazine


Input: Juvenile fish were exposed to sublethal concentrations of 0. 3, 3, 30, or 90 mu gL (-1) for 28days.


Input: The level of oxidized lipids increased in experimental groups exposed to atrazine at 30 and 90 mu gL (-1) compared to control.

atrazine


Input: Activity of glutathione S-transferase decreased in group with the highest concentration compared to control.

glutathione S


Input: A significant decline was observed in catalase activity in all experimental groups compared to control.


Input: Activity of superoxide dismutase increased only in experimental group exposed to atrazine at 30 mu gL (-1) compared to control.

superoxide

atrazine


Input: Activity of glutathione peroxidase and reductase (GR) increased in experimental groups exposed to atrazine at 0. 3 (only for GR activity) and 90 mu gL (-1) compared to control.

glutathione

atrazine


Input: Our results showed that atrazine exposure had profound influence on the oxidative stress markers and detoxifying enzyme of the exposed zebrafish.

atrazine


Input: The changes in antioxidant enzyme activities could be an adaptive response to protect the fish from the atrazine-induced toxicity.

atrazine


Input: The animal' s dignity in Swiss Animal Welfare Legislation-Challenges and opportunities.


Input: The introduction of the animal' s dignity as a concern in animal welfare legislation in Switzerland is unique worldwide.


Input: Naturally, this measure has raised hopes and fears in those concerned with animal welfare and animal use.


Input: For the past several years, a lively debate has focused on the question of whether the addition is merely a declaration of intent or an explicit demand with, possibly, a profound impact on everyday practice.


Input: What the implications may be in the latter case is not clear.


Input: In the area of research, it has yet to be seen how this concept may be incorporated feasibly, for example, into the harm-benefit analysis, which is the prerequisite for the approval of an animal experiment.


Input: It is foreseeable, therefore, that this addition might have direct implications on research.


Input: Unfortunately, in the legislative text, there are some inconsistencies in wording, at least in the German version, that complicate interpretation.


Input: This article provides a short overview of some aspects of the controversy, which is far from settled at this time.


Input: The commentary will be restricted to the situation of experimental animals in Switzerland.


Input: Quantum dots induced monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression via MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor signaling pathways in macrophages.


Input: Quantum dots (QDs) are nano-sized semiconductors.


Input: Previously, intratracheal instillation of QD705s induces persistent inflammation in mouse lungs.


Input: In our present study, QD705-COOH and QD705-PEG activated NF-kappa B and increased monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in macrophages RAW264. 7 via MyD88 dependent Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathways.

PEG


Input: MyD88 is an adapter protein for most TLRs to activate NF-kappa B.


Input: Silencing expression of MyD88 or p65 with siRNA or co-treatment with a NF-kappa B inhibitor tremendously abolished QD705s-induced NF-kappa B activity and MCP-1 expression.


Input: The involved TLRs might locate either on the cell surface or inside of cells.


Input: Co-treatment with a TLR4 inhibitor completely prevented MCP-1 induction by QD705-PEG.

PEG


Input: Nevertheless, QD705-COOH readily entered cells, and co-treatment with either inhibitors of endocytosis or intracellular TLRs prevented MCP-1 induction.

COOH


Input: These findings indicate that, depending on their surface modification, OD705s activate MyD88 dependent-TLRs at the surface or inside of the cells, which is an important mechanism for nanoparticles-induced inflammatory responses.


Input: But other MyD88-independent pathways may also involve in these responses.


Input: Toxicity of thienopyridines on human neutrophil granulocytes and lymphocytes.

thienopyridines


Input: Thienopyridines can cause neutropenia and agranulocytosis.

Thienopyridines


Input: The aim of the current investigations was to compare cytotoxicity of ticlopidine, clopidogrel, clopidogrel carboxylate and prasugrel for human neutrophil granulocytes with the toxicity for lymphocytes and to investigate underlying mechanisms.

ticlopidine

clopidogrel

clopidogrel carboxylate

prasugrel


Input: For granulocytes, clopidogrel, ticlopidine, clopidogrel carboxylate and prasugrel were concentration-dependently toxic starting at 10 mu M.

clopidogrel

ticlopidine

clopidogrel carboxylate

prasugrel


Input: Cytotoxicity could be prevented by the myeloperoxidase inhibitor rutin, but not by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor ketoconazole.

rutin

ketoconazole


Input: All compounds were also toxic for lymphocytes, but cytotoxicity started at 100 mu M and could not be prevented by rutin or ketoconazole.

rutin

ketoconazole


Input: Granulocytes metabolized ticlopidine, clopidogrel, clopidogrel carboxylate and prasugrel, and metabolization was inhibited by rutin, but not by ketoconazole.

ticlopidine

clopidogrel

clopidogrel carboxylate

prasugrel

rutin

ketoconazole


Input: Metabolism of these compounds by lymphocytes was much slower and could not be inhibited by ketoconazole or rutin.

ketoconazole

rutin


Input: In neutrophils, all compounds investigated decreased the electrical potential across the inner mitochondrial membrane, were associated with cellular accumulation of ROS, mitochondrial loss of cytochrome c and induction of apoptosis starting at 10 mu M.


Input: All of these effects could be inhibited by rutin, but not by ketoconazole.

rutin

ketoconazole


Input: Similar findings were obtained in lymphocytes; but compared to neutrophils, the effects were detectable only at higher concentrations and were not inhibited by rutin.

rutin


Input: In conclusion, ticlopidine, clopidogrel, clopidogrel carboxylate and prasugrel are toxic for both granulocytes and lymphocytes.

ticlopidine

clopidogrel

clopidogrel carboxylate

prasugrel


Input: In granulocytes, cytotoxicity is more accentuated than in lymphocytes and depends on metabolization by myeloperoxidase.


Input: These findings suggest a mitochondrial mechanism for cytotoxicity for both myeloperoxidase-associated metabolites and, at higher concentrations, also for the parent compounds.


Input: Recombinant proteins that trigger production of antibodies recognizing botulinum neurotoxin while not possessing sequences of this toxin.


Input: Sequences mimicking epitopes of pathogens can be used as effective tools for fast development and characterization of pathogen-specific antibodies.


Input: To demonstrate this, we used phage displays and isolated a number of short peptides mimicking epitopes of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A (BoNT/A).


Input: Presented data suggest that some of these peptides mimic linear epitopes while others mimic structural epitopes of BoNT/A.


Input: All tested peptides retained their ability to be recognized by BoNT/A-specific antibodies even when transferred into new carrier proteins.


Input: We demonstrated how such new hybrids can be used for fast conversion of pathogen-specific serums into panels of mono-epitope specific antibodies.


Input: We also demonstrated that hybrid proteins carrying multiple isolated peptides can be used as a substitute for BoNT/A in immunization studies and triggers production of BoNT/A-specific antibodies.


Input: Synthesis and antifungal activity of C-21 steroids with an aromatic D ring.

steroids


Input: Six analogues of salpichrolides with a simplified side chain (6-11) were synthesized using a new methodology to obtain steroids with an aromatic D-ring.

salpichrolides

steroids


Input: The key step was the elimination of HBr in a vicinal dibromo D-homosteroid by treatment with 1, 4-diazabicyclo [2. 2. 2] octane (DABCO).

HBr

vicinal dibromo D-homosteroid

1, 4-diazabicyclo [2. 2. 2] octane

DABCO


Input: All new compounds were completely characterized by 2D NMR techniques and tested on two fungal pathogenic species, Fusarium virguliforme and Fusarium solani.


Input: In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo examination of buccal absorption of metoprolol with varying pH in TR146 cell culture, porcine buccal mucosa and G o ttingen minipigs.

metoprolol


Input: This work studied the buccal absorption of metoprolol in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo as a function of buffered pH at 7. 4, 8. 5, 9. 0 and 9. 5.

metoprolol


Input: Permeability studies showed a correlation (r (2) = 0. 92) between in vitro TR146 cell culture and ex vivo porcine buccal mucosa in a modified Ussing chamber.


Input: A higher apparent permeability was observed at higher pH values, i. e. the more compound that was unionised the higher the permeability.


Input: In vivo studies were conducted in anaesthetised G o ttingen mini-pigs.


Input: A clear influence of pH on the absorption was seen and a significant higher absolute bioavailability was obtained after buccal dosing (58-107%) compared to oral (3%) administration, ranging 58-107% and 3%, respectively.


Input: Macroscopically, no local toxic effects were observed by visual inspection of mini-pig cheeks.


Input: A very clear level C in vitro in vivo correlation (r (2) = 0. 98) was obtained between the observed in vitro permeabilities and the bioavailability observed in vivo, suggesting that the two in vitro models have good predictive power for drug delivery, which could be a useful tool for future formulation developments intended for buccal delivery.


Input: The influence of rolling friction on the shear behaviour of non-cohesive pharmaceutical granules-An experimental and numerical investigation.


Input: Granule shear behaviour was investigated experimentally and numerically to evaluate the reliability of the numerical model.


Input: Additionally, parameters affecting the ensuing flow regimes-elastic quasi-static and inertial non-collisional-were highlighted.


Input: Furthermore, the influence of using the Lees-Edwards periodic boundary conditions or the standard boundary conditions was studied.


Input: Experiments were performed with microcrystalline cellulose granules of three size distributions using the FT4 powder rheometer.


Input: The numerical parameters, particle size, effective density, and particle stiffness were selected to match the experimental conditions.


Input: Experimentally, an unexpected particle size effect was evident where the resistance to shear increased with particle size.


Input: Numerically, combining rolling friction and increased shear rate enabled a transition from the inertial non-collisional to the elastic quasi-static regime at a reduced sliding friction coefficient.


Input: Presumably, this is an effect of increased particle overlap creating stronger contacts and facilitating force chain formation.


Input: Both boundary conditions provided comparable results provided a correction of system size was made, where larger systems were required for the standard boundary conditions.


Input: A satisfactory qualitative agreement between the experimentally and numerically determined yield loci emphasised the predictive capacity of the DEM.


Input: Rolling friction was in addition concluded to be an essential model parameter for obtaining an improved quantitative agreement.


Input: Gene silencing of TNF-alpha in a murine model of acute colitis using a modified cyclodextrin delivery system.


Input: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract.


Input: The cytokine TNF-alpha (TNF-alpha) plays a pivotal role in mediating this inflammatory response.


Input: RNA interference (RNAi) holds great promise for the specific and selective silencing of aberrantly expressed genes, such as TNF-alpha in IBD.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of an amphiphilic cationic cyclodextrin (CD) vector for effective TNF-alpha siRNA delivery to macrophage cells and to mice with induced acute-colitis.


Input: The stability of CD. siRNA was examined by gel electrophoresis in biorelevant media reflecting colonic fluids.


Input: RAW264. 7 cells were transfected with CD. TNF-alpha siRNA, stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and TNF-alpha and IL-6 responses were measured by PCR and ELISA.


Input: Female C57BL/6 mice were exposed to dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) and treated by intrarectal administration with either CD. siRNA TNF-alpha or a control solution.

sodium sulphate


Input: In vitro, siRNA in CD nanocomplexes remained intact and stable in both fed and fasted simulated colonic fluids.


Input: RAW264. 7 cells transfected with CD. TNF-alpha siRNA and stimulated with LPS displayed a significant reduction in both gene and protein levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6.


Input: CD. TNF-alpha siRNA-treated mice revealed a mild amelioration in clinical signs of colitis, but significant reductions in total colon weight and colonic mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 compared to DSS-control mice were detected.


Input: This data indicates the clinical potential of a local CD-based TNF-alpha siRNA delivery system for the treatment of IBD.


Input: In vivo sustained dermal delivery and pharmacokinetics of interferon alpha in biphasic vesicles after topical application.


Input: Biphasic vesicles, a novel nanostructured lipid-based delivery system show potential for topical application of interferon alpha (IFN alpha) for the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections (anogenital warts).


Input: Dermal delivery of IFN alpha encapsulated in biphasic vesicles (BPV-IFN alpha), applied topically to the skin, was characterized in a guinea pig model.


Input: BPV-IFN alpha (1g, 2MIU/g) was topically applied either as a single or multiple treatments on the skin of guinea pigs.


Input: As a comparison with currently used regimens, IFN alpha solution was administered intravenously or intradermally.


Input: Skin and serum samples were collected over 96h, IFN alpha levels were determined by an antiviral assay, and half-life (t1/2) and elimination (k) rates were calculated.


Input: Topical BPV-IFN alpha treatment resulted in maximum skin levels (about 100, 000U/100cm (2)) of IFN alpha within 6h and maintained for 72-96h.


Input: Clearance from the skin after intradermal injections was initially fast (t1/2 0. 62h, k 1. 1179h (-1)), followed by a slower steady decrease after 6h.


Input: After intravenous and intradermal administration, IFN alpha was rapidly cleared from the serum, t1/2 0. 75h, k 0. 9271h (-1) and t1/2 1. 28h, k 0. 5421h (-1), respectively, whereas after topical application, IFN alpha levels remained below 100U/mL.


Input: Topical application of BPV-IFN alpha resulted in sustained delivery of biologically active IFN alpha locally into skin with minimal systemic exposure.


Input: DNA barcoding in plants: Evolution and applications of in silico approaches and resources.


Input: Bioinformatics has played an important role in the analysis of DNA barcoding data.


Input: The process of DNA barcoding initially involves the available data collection from the existing databases.


Input: Many databases have been developed in recent years, e. g. MMDBD [Medicinal Materials DNA Barcode Database], BioBarcode, etc.


Input: In case of non-availability of sequences, sequencing has to be done in vitro for which a recently developed software ecoPrimers can be helpful.


Input: This is followed by multiple sequence alignment.


Input: Further, basic sequence statistics computation and phylogenetic analysis can be performed by MEGA and PHYLIP/PAUP tools respectively.


Input: Some of the recent tools for in silico and statistical analysis specifically designed for barcoding viz.


Input: CAOS (Character Based DNA Barcoding), BRONX (DNA Barcode Sequence Identification Incorporating Taxonomic Hierarchy and within Taxon Variability), Spider (Analysis of species identity and evolution, particularly DNA barcoding), jMOTU and Taxonerator (Turning DNA Barcode Sequences into Annotated OTUs), OTUbase (Analysis of OTU data and taxonomic data), SAP (Statistical Assignment Package), etc. have been discussed and analysed in this review.


Input: The paper presents a comprehensive overview of the various in silico methods, tools, softwares and databases used for DNA barcoding of plants.


Input: Structural Basis for the ATP-Induced Isomerization of Kinesin.

ATP


Input: Kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) are microtubule-based molecular motors driven by the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP.

ATP


Input: Previous studies have revealed that the ATP binding step is crucial both for the power stroke to produce motility and for the inter-domain regulation of ATPase activity to guarantee the processive movement of dimeric KIFs.

ATP


Input: Here, we report the first crystal structure of KIF4 complexed with the non-hydrolyzable ATP analog, AMPPNP (adenylyl imidodiphosphate), at 1. 7 A resolution.

ATP

AMPPNP

adenylyl imidodiphosphate


Input: By combining our structure with previously solved KIF1A structures complexed with two ATP analogs, molecular snapshots during ATP binding reveal that the closure of the nucleotide-binding pocket during ATP binding is achieved by closure of the backdoor.

ATP

ATP

nucleotide

ATP


Input: Closure of the backdoor stabilizes two mobile regions, switch I and switch II, to generate the phosphate tube from which hydrolyzed phosphate is released.

phosphate

phosphate


Input: Through the stabilization of switch II, the local conformational change at the catalytic center is further relayed to the neck-linker element that fully docks to the catalytic core to produce the power stroke.


Input: Because the neck linker is a sole element that connects the partner heads in dimeric KIFs, this tight structural coordination between the catalytic center and neck linker enables inter-domain communication between the partner heads.


Input: This study also revealed the putative microtubule-binding site of KIF4, thus providing structural insights that describe the specific binding of KIF4 to the microtubule.


Input: A Two-State Cooperative Expansion Converts the Procapsid Shell of Bacteriophage T5 into a Highly Stable Capsid Isomorphous to the Final Virion Head.


Input: Capsids of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) bacteriophages initially assemble into compact procapsids, which undergo expansion upon the genome packaging.


Input: This shell remodeling results from a structural rearrangement of head protein subunits.


Input: It is a critical step in the capsid maturation pathway that yields final particles capable to withstand the huge internal pressure generated by the packed DNA.


Input: Here, we report on the expansion process of the large capsid (T = 13) of bacteriophage T5.


Input: We purified the intermediate prohead II form, which is competent for packaging the 121-kbp dsDNA genome, and we investigated its morphology and dimensions using cryo-electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering.


Input: Decreasing the pH or the ionic strength triggers expansion of prohead II, converting them into thinner and more faceted capsids isomorphous to the mature virion particles.


Input: At low pH, prohead II expansion is a highly cooperative process lacking any detectable intermediate.


Input: This two-state reorganization of the capsid lattice per se leads to a remarkable stabilization of the particle.


Input: The melting temperature of expanded T5 capsid is virtually identical with that of more complex shells that are reinforced by inter-subunit cross-linking (HK97) or by additional cementing proteins (T4).


Input: The T5 capsid with its " simple " two-state conversion thus appears to be a very attractive model for investigating the mechanism of the large-scale allosteric transition that takes place upon the genome packaging of dsDNA bacteriophages.


Input: Achieving automated scorpion venom mass fingerprinting (VMF) in the nanogram range.


Input: During the past decade mass spectrometry (MS) has become one of the major suitable techniques for peptide and protein analysis from animal venoms, not only to identify new toxins within these complex mixtures, but also for toxin structural studies.


Input: The goal of the experiments presented here was to test the ultimate limit for producing scorpion venom mass fingerprinting (VMF; i. e. a comprehensive list of all masses in presence).


Input: Thanks to recent developments in nano ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/MS), we sought the experimental conditions for setting up an automated data acquisition workflow.


Input: As the main result, we demonstrate the possibility to easily achieve VMF having in hand only tens of nanogram of venom.


Input: ELISA on-line was also beneficial to monitor in the picogram range for toxin families using specific antisera raised against major toxins.


Input: Oxysterols in cancer cell proliferation and death.

Oxysterols


Input: Oxysterols have been shown to interfere with proliferation and cause the death of many cancer cell types, such as leukaemia, glioblastoma, colon, breast and prostate cancer cells, while they have little or no effect on senescent cells.

Oxysterols


Input: The mechanisms by which oxysterols may influence proliferation are manifold: they control the transcription and the turnover of the key enzyme in cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase, by binding to Insig-1, Insig-2 and liver X receptors.

oxysterols

cholesterol

3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA


Input: Oxysterols are thought to be generated in proportion to the rate of cholesterol synthesis.

Oxysterols

cholesterol


Input: Although there is no consensus about the mechanism by which these oxysterols are generated in vivo, it clearly has to be ubiquitous.

oxysterols


Input: The 25-and the 27-cholesterol hydroxylases, present in almost all tissues, are possible candidates.

cholesterol


Input: Cholesterol uptake from lipoproteins, intracellular vesicle transport and lipid transfer are also modified by oxysterols.

Cholesterol

oxysterols


Input: Oxysterols interfere with ERK, hedgehog and wnt pathways of proliferation and differentiation.

Oxysterols


Input: When administered in vitro to cancer cell lines, oxysterols invariably both slow down proliferation and provoke cell death.

oxysterols


Input: Perhaps is it sufficient to stop proliferation of a cancer to provoke its eradication.


Input: Therefore, the two facets of oxysterol action that seem important for cancer treatment, cytostaticity and cytotoxicity, will be discussed.

oxysterol


Input: Angiotensin II upregulates KCa3. 1 channels and stimulates cell proliferation in rat cardiac fibroblasts.


Input: The proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts is implicated in the pathogenesis of myocardial remodeling and fibrosis.


Input: Intermediate-conductance calcium-activated K (+) channels (KCa3. 1 channels) have important roles in cell proliferation.

calcium

K (+)


Input: However, it is unknown whether angiotensin II (Ang II), a potent profibrotic molecule, would regulate KCa3. 1 channels in cardiac fibroblasts and participate in cell proliferation.


Input: In the present study, we investigated whether KCa3. 1 channels were regulated by Ang II, and how the channel activity mediated cell proliferation in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts using electrophysiology and biochemical approaches.


Input: It was found that mRNA, protein, and current density of KCa3. 1 channels were greatly enhanced in cultured cardiac fibroblasts treated with 1 mu M Ang II, and the effects were countered by the angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker losartan, the p38-MAPK inhibitor SB203580, the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059, and the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002.


Input: Ang II stimulated cell proliferation and the effect was antagonized by the KCa3. 1 blocker TRAM-34 and siRNA targeting KCa3. 1.


Input: In addition, Ang II-induced increase of KCa3. 1 expression was attenuated by transfection of activator protein-1 (AP-1) decoy oligodeoxynucleotides.


Input: These results demonstrate for the first time that Ang II stimulates cell proliferation mediated by upregulating KCa3. 1 channels via interacting with the AT1R and activating AP-1 complex through ERK1/2, p38-MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways in cultured adult rat cardiac fibroblasts.


Input: Role of the phytoestrogenic, pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties of silymarin in inhibiting experimental benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats.


Input: Androgen and estrogen play an important role in the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).

Androgen

estrogen


Input: Estrogen exerts its action through two distinct estrogen receptors (ERs) either ER-alpha or ER-beta.

Estrogen

estrogen


Input: The phytoestrogenic property of silymarin (SIL) has been previously characterized.


Input: Thus, this study examined the protective effect of SIL against testosterone-induced BPH in rats.

testosterone


Input: In an initial dose-response study, SIL in a dose of 50mg/kg was the most effective in preventing the rise in prostate weight, prostate weight/body weight ratio and histopathologic changes induced by testosterone.

testosterone


Input: Testosterone significantly decreased ER-beta and increased ER-alpha and AR expressions as compared to the control group and these effects were significantly ameliorated by SIL.

Testosterone


Input: Furthermore, SIL significantly protected against testosterone-provoked decline in mRNA expression of P21 (WAF1/Cip1) and Bax/Bcl-xl ratio as well as caspase-3 activity.

testosterone


Input: SIL minimized the number of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) positive cells as compared to testosterone-treated group.

testosterone


Input: Moreover, SIL significantly blunted the inducible NF-kappa B expression and restored the oxidative status to within normal values in the prostatic tissues.


Input: Collectively these findings elucidate the effectiveness of SIL in preventing testosterone-induced BPH in rats.

testosterone


Input: This could be attributed, at least partly, to its phytoestrogenic, pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidative properties.


Input: Vanadium exposure-induced neurobehavioral alterations among Chinese workers.

Vanadium


Input: Vanadium-containing products are manufactured and widely used in the modern industry.

Vanadium


Input: Yet the neurobehavioral toxicity due to occupational exposure to vanadium remained elusive.

vanadium


Input: This cross-sectional study was designed to examine the neurotoxic effects of occupational vanadium exposure.

vanadium


Input: A total of 463 vanadium-exposed workers (exposed group) and 251 non-exposed workers (control group) were recruited from a Steel and Iron Group in Sichuan, China.

vanadium

Iron


Input: A WHO-recommended neurobehavioral core test battery (NCTB) and event-related auditory evoked potentials test (P300) were used to assess the neurobehavioral functions of all study subjects.


Input: A general linear model was used to compare outcome scores between the two groups while controlling for possible confounders.


Input: The exposed group showed a statistically significant neurobehavioral alteration more than the control group in the NCTB tests.


Input: The exposed workers also exhibited an increased anger-hostility, depression-dejection and fatigue-inertia on the profile of mood states (p < 0. 05).


Input: Performances in the simple reaction time, digit span, benton visual retention and pursuit aiming were also poorer among exposed workers as compared to unexposed control workers (p < 0. 05).


Input: Some of these poor performances in tests were also significantly related to workers' exposure duration.


Input: P300 latencies were longer in the exposed group than in the control (p < 0. 05).


Input: Longer mean reaction times and more counting errors were also found in the exposed workers (p < 0. 05).


Input: Given the findings of our study and the limitations of neurobehavioral workplace testing, we found evidence of altered neurobehavioral outcomes by occupational exposure to vanadium.

vanadium


Input: Health-related lipids components of sardine muscle as affected by photooxidation.


Input: The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stability of sardine muscle lipids as related to the storage conditions.


Input: Whole sardines were stored at 4 degrees C for 4h under light exposure and at dark.


Input: The lowest levels of peroxide value (PV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs), cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) and the highest level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) content, especially PUFA n-3, were found in the untreated sardines (time zero).

peroxide

thiobarbituric acid

cholesterol

polyunsaturated fatty acids

PUFAs

PUFA n-3


Input: After light exposure, PUFA dramatically dropped (up to a 19% decrease) and a marked increase of PV (11. 8meq O2/kg fat), TBARs (3. 7mg MDA/kg meat) and COPs (3. 7 mu g/g muscle) was observed; under darkness, the values of the oxidation parameters were similar to those found in untreated sardines.

PUFA


Input: Although cholesterol oxidation rate did not exceed 0. 9%, further research is required about toxicity levels of the single COPs, to better understand if the COPs levels found in untreated and photoxidized muscle (0. 62-3. 72 mu g/g of muscle) do not represent a risk for human health.

cholesterol


Input: Safety of purified decolorized (low anthraquinone) whole leaf Aloe vera (L) Burm.

anthraquinone


Input: f. juice in a 3-month drinking water toxicity study in F344 rats.


Input: Decolorized (purified, low anthraquinone) whole leaf Aloe vera (L.) Burm.


Input: f. juice was administered at concentrations of 0%, 0. 5%, 1% and 2% in the drinking water of F344Du (R) rats for 3months without any adverse effect.


Input: The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) in this study was considered to be > 2% w/v (> 1845mg/kg bodyweight/day for males and > 2920mg/kg bodyweight for females).


Input: The test material contained total anthraquinones at < 0. 1parts per million.

anthraquinones


Input: In the present study there was a complete absence of any histological alteration in samples from the cecum, colon (proximal, mid and distal regions).


Input: Similar concentrations of non-decolorized (unpurified, high anthraquinone) Aloe vera extracts tested in other studies have resulted in an increased incidence and severity of diarrhea and colon adenomas and carcinomas.

anthraquinone


Input: The results of this study supports the assertion that the high levels of anthraquinone present in orally administered, non-purified whole leaf Aloe vera extract may be responsible for the adverse effects observed on the colon.

anthraquinone


Input: EROD activity induction in peripheral blood lymphocytes, liver and brain tissues of rats orally exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons


Input: Little is known in terms of multi-matrix cytochrome P450 activity induction under repeated oral exposure to planar halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PHH, PAH).

halogenated and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAH


Input: In the present study, 60 rats were daily exposed, during 28days, to oral ingestion of a mixture consisting of phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo (a) pyrene at 0, 6 or 600 mu g/day.

phenanthrene

pyrene

benzo (a) pyrene


Input: EROD activity, reflecting almost exclusively CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 activities, was measured in brain and liver microsomes as well as in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs).

EROD


Input: All induction kinetics could be appropriately fitted using logistic-like models.


Input: After 28days of exposure to a 6 mu g/day dose, EROD activity was found to be 91, 152 and 94-fold increased in lymphocytes, liver and brain, respectively, compared to day 0.

EROD


Input: Plateau activities could be appropriately fitted versus ingested doses using Hill or Michaelis-Menten models.


Input: Correlations between matrices made it possible to conclude that EROD activity in PBL should be considered as a sensitive, convenient and non-destructive approach for (i) evaluating EROD activity in liver, which was found to represent 98% of the observed EROD activities in the three tested matrices and (ii) evaluating oral exposure of homogeneous groups of farm animals (race, diet) to CYP inducing PAH and PHH.

EROD

EROD

EROD

PHH


Input: The Procrustean bed of EU food safety notifications via the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed: Does one size fit all?


Input: Previous reports demonstrated wide variations in contributions by EU Member States (MS) to the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) especially for border notifications, emphasising that MS with major entry points play a vital role in ensuring that EU food imports meet EU standards.


Input: To further explore the variation this paper aimed to examine notification practices among MS by comparing the levels of detection as a function of the total food imported and population.


Input: RASFF notifications issued between 2003 and 2007 were analysed using descriptive statistics and network analysis for differences in notification practice between MS.


Input: Major variations in contributions to the RASFF database were observed, which did not correlate with MS size or population.


Input: For the key contrast of ratio:' border: non-border notifications', variations between 7%: 89% were observed for the average monthly contributions and, import tonnage per border notification revealed up to 129-fold differences between MS.


Input: In conclusion, wide variations in food safety practice exist between MS, including both number and type of contributions to the RASFF database, with some MS being relatively highly active in the key class of border notifications.


Input: These findings should inform EU food safety enforcement policies and practices; and central resource allocations.


Input: Novel chiral ferrocenylpyrazolo [1, 5-a] [1, 4] diazepin-4-one derivatives-Synthesis, characterization and inhibition against lung cancer cells.

ferrocenylpyrazolo [1, 5-a] [1, 4] diazepin-4-one


Input: A series of novel 2-ferrocenyl-7-hydroxy-5-phenethyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo [1, 5-a] [1, 4] diazepin-4-one derivatives with optical activity (2) was synthesized in the microwave-assisted condition and characterized by means of IR, (1) H NMR and mass spectroscopy, and furthermore confirmed by X-ray analysis of a representative compound (R)-2a.

2-ferrocenyl-7-hydroxy-5-phenethyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-4H-pyrazolo [1, 5-a] [1, 4] diazepin-4-one

(1) H


Input: Preliminary biological evaluation showed that some compounds could suppress the growth of A549, H322 and H1299 lung cancer cells.


Input: Among the tested compounds, 2b-d were more effective and might perform their action through cell cycle arrest for A549 cell.


Input: Whereas these compounds inhibited growth of H1299 and H322 cells by inducing apoptosis.


Input: The anti-tumor activities of these compounds were related to the nature of substituents in benzene moiety.


Input: In addition, the results indicated also that compounds 2b-d possessed notable cytotoxicity and selectivity for A549 vs H1299 and H322 lung cancer cells.


Input: Synthesis and evaluation of 7, 8-dehydrorutaecarpine derivatives as potential multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer' s disease.

7, 8-dehydrorutaecarpine


Input: A series of 7, 8-dehydrorutaecarpine derivatives were synthesized and characterized as potential multifunctional agents for treatment of Alzheimer' s disease (AD).

7, 8-dehydrorutaecarpine


Input: All of these synthetic compounds showed high acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity with IC50 values ranged from 0. 60 to 196. 7 nM, and good selectivity for AChE over butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) (125-to 3225-fold).


Input: A Lineweaver-Burk plot and molecular modeling study indicated these compounds could bind to both catalytic active site and the peripheral anionic site of AChE.


Input: Besides, compounds showed higher activity of inhibiting AChE-induced amyloid-beta (A beta) aggregation than curcumin, higher anti-oxidative activity than Trolox, and could also be good metal chelators.

curcumin

Trolox


Input: Considering their low cytotoxicity, our results indicated that these derivatives provide good templates for developing new multifunctional agents for AD treatment.


Input: Inflammatory findings on species extrapolations: humans are definitely no 70-kg mice.


Input: Modern toxicology has embraced in vitro methods, and major hopes are based on the Omics technologies and systems biology approaches they bring along (Hartung and McBride in ALTEX 28 (2): 83-93, 2011; Hartung et al. in ALTEX 29 (2): 119-28, 2012).


Input: A culture of stringent validation has been developed for such approaches (Leist et al. in ALTEX 27 (4): 309-317, 2010; ALTEX 29 (4): 373-88, 2012a; Toxicol Res 1: 8-22, 2012b), while the quality and usefulness of animal experiments have been little scrutinized.


Input: A new study (Seok et al. 2013) now shows the low predictivity of animal responses in the field of inflammation.


Input: These findings corroborate earlier findings from comparisons in the fields of neurodegeneration, stroke and sepsis.


Input: The low predictivity of animal experiments in research areas allowing direct comparisons of mouse versus human data puts strong doubt on the usefulness of animal data as key technology to predict human safety.


Input: mu-Opioid receptors in the stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine activity by ethanol and morphine in Long-Evans rats: a delayed effect of ethanol.

dopamine

ethanol

morphine

ethanol


Input: RATIONALE: Naltrexone, a non-selective opioid antagonist, decreases the euphoria and positive subjective responses to alcohol in heavy drinkers.

Naltrexone

alcohol


Input: It has been proposed that the mu-opioid receptor plays a role in ethanol reinforcement through modulation of ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release.

ethanol

ethanol

dopamine


Input: OBJECTIVES: To investigate the ability of naltrexone and beta-funaltrexamine, an irreversible mu-opioid specific antagonist, to inhibit ethanol-stimulated and morphine-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release, and to determine whether opioid receptors on mesolimbic neurons contribute to these mechanisms.

naltrexone

beta-funaltrexamine

ethanol

morphine

dopamine


Input: METHODS: Ethanol-na i ve male Long Evans rats were given opioid receptor antagonists either intravenously, subcutaneously, or intracranially into the ventral tegmental area (VTA), followed by intravenous administration of ethanol or morphine.

Ethanol

ethanol

morphine


Input: We measured extracellular dopamine in vivo using microdialysis probes inserted into the nucleus accumbens shell (n = 114).

dopamine


Input: RESULTS: Administration of naltrexone (intravenously) and beta-funaltrexamine (subcutaneously), as well as intracranial injection of naltrexone into the VTA did not prevent the initiation of dopamine release by intravenous ethanol administration, but prevented it from being as prolonged.

naltrexone

beta-funaltrexamine

naltrexone

dopamine

ethanol


Input: In contrast, morphine-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release was effectively suppressed.

morphine

dopamine


Input: CONCLUSIONS: Our results provide novel evidence that there are two distinct mechanisms that mediate ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release (an initial phase and a delayed phase), and that opioid receptor activation is required to maintain the delayed-phase dopamine release.

ethanol

dopamine

dopamine


Input: Moreover, mu-opioid receptors account for this delayed-phase dopamine response, and the VTA is potentially the site of action of this mechanism.

dopamine


Input: We conclude that mu-opioid receptors play different roles in the mechanisms of stimulation of mesolimbic dopamine activity by ethanol and morphine.

dopamine

ethanol

morphine


Input: Differential antidepressant-like response to lithium treatment between mouse strains: effects of sex, maternal care, and mixed genetic background.

lithium


Input: BACKGROUND: Lithium is a mood stabilizer with both antidepressant and antimanic properties, however its mechanism of action is unclear.

Lithium


Input: Identifying the genetic factors that influence lithium' s therapeutic actions will be an important step to assist in identifying such mechanisms.

lithium


Input: We previously reported that lithium treatment of male mice has antidepressant-like effects in the C57BL/6J strain but that such effects were absent in the BALB/cJ strain.

lithium


Input: OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the roles of both genetic and non-genetic factors such as sex and non-shared environmental conditions that may mediate differential behavioral responses to lithium.

lithium


Input: METHODS: Mice were treated with lithium for 10 days and then tested in the forced swim test followed by lithium discontinuation and retesting to assess effects of lithium withdrawal.

lithium

lithium

lithium


Input: We also assessed effects of sex and cross-fostering on lithium response between the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strains, and antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the hybrid CB6F1/J strain that is derived from C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ parental strains.

lithium

lithium


Input: RESULTS: Neither sex nor maternal care significantly influenced the differential antidepressant-like response to lithium.

lithium


Input: Withdrawal from lithium treatment reversed antidepressant-like effects in the C57BL/6J strain but had no effects in BALB/cJ mice.

lithium


Input: Lithium treatment did not result in antidepressant-like effects in the CB6F1/J strain.

Lithium


Input: CONCLUSIONS: Genetic factors are likely primarily responsible for differential antidepressant-like effects of lithium in the C57BL/6J and BALB/cJ strains.

lithium


Input: Future studies identifying such genetic factors may help to elucidate the neurobiological mechanisms of lithium' s therapeutic actions.

lithium


Input: Alcohol dependent patients have weak negative rather than strong positive implicit alcohol associations.

Alcohol

alcohol


Input: RATIONALE: Alcohol dependence is characterised by motivational conflict (or ambivalence) in controlled cognitive processes, but it is unclear if ambivalence also exists within automatic cognitive processes, and if ambivalence operates between controlled and automatic processes.

Alcohol


Input: OBJECTIVE: To investigate ambivalence operating within and between controlled and automatic processes in alcohol dependence.

alcohol


Input: METHOD: Alcohol-dependent patients who had recently completed inpatient alcohol detoxification (N = 47) and social drinking controls (N = 40) completed unipolar implicit association tests and self-report measures of alcohol approach and avoidance motivation and alcohol outcome expectancies.

Alcohol

alcohol

alcohol

alcohol


Input: RESULTS: As predicted, both positive and negative alcohol outcome expectancies were stronger in alcohol-dependent patients compared to controls, indicative of ambivalence.

alcohol

alcohol


Input: Groups did not differ on implicit alcohol-positive associations, but alcohol-dependent participants had significantly weaker alcohol-negative associations than controls.

alcohol

alcohol

alcohol


Input: Regression analyses revealed that implicit negative associations accounted for unique variance in group membership after controlling for alcohol outcome expectancies.

alcohol


Input: CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that alcohol dependent patients possess weak automatic alcohol-negative associations but not strong automatic alcohol-positive associations, and they suggest the presence of conflict between controlled and automatic processes with regard to negative alcohol cognitions.

alcohol

alcohol

alcohol

alcohol


Input: Simultaneous effects of two fungicides (copper and dimethomorph) on their phytoremediation using Lemna minor.

copper

dimethomorph


Input: Effects of two fungicides, copper and dimethomorph ((E, Z) 4-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-4dimethoxyphenyl) acryloyl] morpholine) on Lemna minor growth and phytoremediation were evaluated.

copper

dimethomorph

(E, Z) 4-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(3-4dimethoxyphenyl) acryloyl] morpholine


Input: The toxicity of copper and dimethomorph alone and in combination, was assessed by growth inhibition of L. minor cultures after 96 and 168 h.

copper

dimethomorph


Input: Copper had a severe impact on growth (max. inhibition: 90% at 1, 000 mu g L (-1)) while dimethomorph (as pure ingredient or formulated as Forum) did not (inhibition < 45% at 1, 000 mu g L (-1)) after 168 h of treatment.

Copper

dimethomorph

Forum


Input: When both chemicals were combined, synergism was observed after 96 h of exposure to copper and Forum.

copper

Forum


Input: However, this interaction was a simple additivity after 168 h.


Input: Additivity was also observed when the pure active ingredient (dimethomorph) replaced Forum in the mixture of copper and dimethomorph at 96 and 168 h.

dimethomorph

Forum

copper

dimethomorph


Input: L. minor showed an excellent performance in removing copper from the medium since after 96 h, 36, 60, and 76% removal were reached for 10, 20, and 30 mu g L (-1) of Cu respectively.

copper

Cu


Input: Copper accumulated in the plants.

Copper


Input: The removal of copper increased with Forum concentration.

copper

Forum


Input: After 96 h copper (10 mu g L (-1) initial concentration) elimination increased from 36. 39 +/- 5. 86-60. 70 +/- 6. 06% when Forum concentration increased from 0 to 500 mu g L (-1).

copper

Forum


Input: Accumulation of copper in plants was also increased by Forum but not by the active ingredient alone.

copper

Forum


Input: Depuration of Forum by L. minor varied between 10 and 40% after 96 h and it was generally more efficient than that of the pure ingredient.


Input: This depuration decreased in the presence of copper possibly due to the metal toxicity.

copper


Input: Sorting out Semiconducting Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Arrays by Washing off Metallic Tubes Using SDS Aqueous Solution.

Carbon

SDS


Input: Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotube (s-SWNT) arrays are produced via a procedure analogous to a surfactant-assisted decontamination process.

carbon


Input: Aligned individual SWNT arrays grow on a quartz surface as a mixture of metallic SWNTs (m-SWNTs) and s-SWNTs.

quartz


Input: They are immersed in a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution, and the SDS molecules selectively adsorb onto m-SWNTs.

sodium dodecyl sulfate

SDS

SDS


Input: This SDS coating minimizes the interaction between m-SWNTs and the substrate, thus the m-SWNTs are easily washed off during ultrasonication while the s-SWNT arrays remain on the substrate.

SDS


Input: The percentage of s-SWNTs in the arrays can be higher than 90%.


Input: Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction Behavior of Selectively Deposited Platinum Atoms on Gold Nanoparticles.

Oxygen

Platinum


Input: Carbon-supported Pt @Au " core-shell " nanoparticles with varying surface concentration of platinum atoms have been synthesized using a novel redox-mediated synthesis approach.

Carbon

Pt

Au

platinum


Input: The synthesis technique allows for a selective deposition of platinum atoms on the surface of prefabricated gold nanoparticles.

platinum


Input: Energy dispersive spectroscopic analyses in a scanning electron microscope reveal that the platinum to gold atomic ratios are close to the nominal values, validating the synthesis scheme.

platinum


Input: X-ray diffraction data indicate an un-alloyed structure.


Input: The platinum to gold surface atomic ratio determined from cyclic voltammetry and copper under-potential deposition experiments reveal good agreement with the calculated values at low platinum concentration.

platinum

copper

platinum


Input: However, there is an increase in non-uniformity in the deposition process upon increasing the platinum concentration.

platinum


Input: Koutecky-Levich analysis of the samples indicates a transition of the total number of electrons transferred (n) in the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction from two to four electrons upon increasing the surface concentration of platinum atoms.

oxygen

platinum


Input: Furthermore, the data indicate that isolated platinum atoms can reduce molecular oxygen but via a two-electron route.

platinum

oxygen


Input: Moreover, successful four-electron reduction of molecular oxygen requires clusters of platinum atoms.

oxygen

platinum


Input: Synthesis of phenyleneethynylene-doped poly (pphenylenebutadiynylene) s for live cell imaging.

phenyleneethynylene

poly (pphenylenebutadiynylene) s


Input: We developed a new synthetic approach to high molecular weight poly (p-phenylenebutadiynylene) s (PPBs) by increasing backbone flexibility.

poly (p-phenylenebutadiynylene) s

PPBs


Input: The introduction of a small amount of flexible units along the backbone improved both the physical and photophysical properties of the polymers.


Input: These materials were successfully fabricated into conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) and used for fluorescent live cell imaging for the first time.


Input: Resilin-Like Polypeptide Hydrogels Engineered for Versatile Biological Functions.


Input: Natural resilin, the rubber-like protein that exists in specialized compartments of most arthropods, possesses excellent mechanical properties such as low stiffness, high resilience and effective energy storage.


Input: Recombinantly-engineered resilin-like polypeptides (RLPs) that possess the favorable attributes of native resilin would be attractive candidates for the modular design of biomaterials for engineering mechanically active tissues.


Input: Based on our previous success in creating a novel RLP-based hydrogel and demonstrating useful mechanical and cell-adhesive properties, we have produced a suite of new RLP-based constructs, each equipped with 12 repeats of the putative resilin consensus sequence and a single, distinct biologically active domain.


Input: This approach allows independent control over the concentrations of cell-binding, MMP-sensitive, and polysaccharide-sequestration domains in hydrogels comprising mixtures of the various RLPs.


Input: The high purity, molecular weight and correct compositions of each new polypeptide have been confirmed via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS), and amino acid analysis.

sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel

SDS

amino acid


Input: These RLP-based polypeptides exhibit largely random-coil conformation, both in solution and in the cross-linked hydrogels, as indicated by circular dichroic and infrared spectroscopic analyses.


Input: Hydrogels of various compositions, with a range of elastic moduli (1kPa to 25kPa) can be produced from these polypeptides, and the activity of the cell-binding and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) sensitive domains was confirmed.


Input: Tris (hydroxymethyl phosphine) cross-linked RLP hydrogels were able to maintain their mechanical integrity as well as the viability of encapsulated primary human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs).

Tris (hydroxymethyl phosphine)


Input: These results validate the promising properties of these RLP-based elastomeric biomaterials.


Input: Structural Basis for Enzyme I Inhibition by alpha-Ketoglutarate.

alpha-Ketoglutarate


Input: Creating new bacterial strains in which carbon and nitrogen metabolism are uncoupled is potentially very useful for optimizing yields of microbial produced chemicals from renewable carbon sources.

carbon

nitrogen

carbon


Input: However, the mechanisms that balance carbon and nitrogen consumption in bacteria are poorly understood.

carbon

nitrogen


Input: Recently, alpha-ketoglutarate (alpha KG), the carbon substrate for ammonia assimilation, has been observed to inhibit Escherichia coli enzyme I (EI), the first component of the bacterial phosphotransferase system (PTS), thereby providing a direct biochemical link between central carbon and nitrogen metabolism.

alpha-ketoglutarate

alpha KG

carbon

ammonia

carbon

nitrogen


Input: Here we investigate the EI-alpha KG interaction by NMR and enzymatic assays.

alpha KG


Input: We show that alpha KG binds with a KD of ~ 2. 2 mM at the active site of EI, acting as a competitive inhibitor.

alpha KG


Input: In addition, we use molecular docking simulations to derive a structural model of the enzyme-inhibitor complex that is fully consistent with NMR and analytical ultracentrifugation data.


Input: We expect that the EI-alpha KG structure presented here will provide a starting point for structure-based design of EI mutants resistant to alpha KG.

alpha KG

alpha KG


Input: Contact angle hysteresis on randomly rough surfaces: a computational study.


Input: Wetting is important in many applications, and the solid surfaces being wet invariably feature some amount of surface roughness.


Input: A free energy-based computational simulation is used to study the effect of roughness on wetting and especially contact angle hysteresis.


Input: On randomly rough, self-affine surfaces, it is found that hysteresis depends primarily on the value of the Wenzel roughness parameter r, increasing in proportion with r-1.


Input: Micrometer-level roughness causes hysteresis of a few degrees.


Input: Chemical constituents comparison of Codonopsis tangshen, Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta and Codonopsis pilosula.


Input: Dang-shen, radix Codonopsis is one of the best-known traditional Chinese medicines and is used mainly as a tonic agent.


Input: Nine commercial products belong to three species of Codonopsis genus, Codonopsis tangshen, Codonopsis pilosula var. modesta and a cultivated species of Codonopsis pilosula, which were purchased from drug stores in Taipei and Taichung, Taiwan.


Input: To determine the chemical differences between samples of Dang-shen, a method combining solvent partition and HPLC-UV was used.


Input: An enriched fraction of n-butanol was obtained, after partition.

n-butanol


Input: Then, the chemical profile was determined using a C18 reversed column chromatography in a gradient solvent system with 10-40% acetonitrile in 0. 1% formic acid, for 60 min.

acetonitrile

formic acid


Input: A comparison of the constituents in the nine commercial products of Dang-shen showed that compounds codonopyrrolidum A, B and codonoside A only exist in C. tangshen, but not in C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula.

codonopyrrolidum A, B

codonoside A


Input: A predominate compound, codonopyrrolidum A, can be used to distinguish the herbs, C. tangshen from C. pilosula var. modesta and C. pilosula.

codonopyrrolidum A


Input: Low secondary metabolite content was found in the cultivated species of C. pilosula.


Input: Mechanics of interaction and atomic-scale wear of amplitude modulation atomic force microscopy probes.


Input: Wear is one of the main factors that hinders the performance of probes for atomic force microscopy (AFM), including for the widely used amplitude modulation (AM-AFM) mode.


Input: Unfortunately, a comprehensive scientific understanding of nanoscale wear is lacking.


Input: We have developed a protocol for conducting consistent and quantitative AM-AFM wear experiments.


Input: The protocol involves controlling the tip-sample interaction regime during AM-AFM scanning, determining the tip-sample contact geometry, calculating the peak repulsive force and normal stress over the course of the wear test, and quantifying the wear volume using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging.


Input: The peak repulsive tip-sample interaction force is estimated from a closed-form equation accompanied by an effective tip radius measurement procedure, which combines transmission electron microscopy and blind tip reconstruction.


Input: The contact stress is estimated by applying Derjaguin-M u ller-Toporov contact mechanics model and also numerically solving a general contact mechanics model recently developed for the adhesive contact of arbitrary axisymmetric punch shapes.


Input: We discuss the important role that the assumed tip shape geometry plays in calculating both the interaction forces and the contact stresses.


Input: Contact stresses are significantly affected by the tip geometry while the peak repulsive force is mainly determined by experimentally controlled parameters, specifically, the free oscillation amplitude and amplitude ratio.


Input: The applicability of this protocol is demonstrated experimentally by assessing the performance of diamond-like carbon-coated and silicon-nitride-coated silicon probes scanned over ultrananocrystalline diamond substrates in repulsive mode AM-AFM.

diamond

carbon

silicon-nitride

silicon

diamond


Input: There is no sign of fracture or plastic deformation in the case of diamond-like carbon; wear could be characterized as a gradual atom-by-atom process.

diamond

carbon


Input: In contrast, silicon nitride wears through removal of the cluster of atoms and plastic deformation.

silicon nitride


Input: Transition to Reinforced State by Percolating Domains of Intercalated Brush-Modified Cellulose Nanocrystals and Poly (butadiene) in Cross-Linked Composites Based on Thiol-ene Click Chemistry.

Poly (butadiene)

Thiol-ene


Input: The classic nanocomposite approach aims at percolation of low fraction of exfoliated individual reinforcing nanoscale elements within a polymeric matrix.


Input: By contrast, many of the mechanically excellent biological nanocomposites involve self-assembled and space-filled structures of hard reinforcing and soft toughening domains, with high weight fraction of reinforcements.


Input: Here we inspect a new concept toward mimicking such structures by studying whether percolation of intercalated domains consisting of alternating rigid and reinforcing, and soft rubbery domains could allow a transition to a reinforced state.


Input: Toward that, we present the functionalization of rigid native cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by esterification with a dense hydrocarbon chain brush containing cross-linkable double bonds.

hydrocarbon


Input: Composite films with 0-80 wt% of such modified CNCs (mCNCs) within a poly (butadiene) (PBD) rubber matrix were prepared via cross-linking by UV-light initiated thiol-ene click reaction.

poly (butadiene)

PBD

thiol-ene


Input: Transmission electron microscopy showed structures at two length scales, where the mCNCs and PBD form domains having internal aligned self-assemblies of alternating hard mCNCs and soft PBD with periodicity of ca.

PBD

PBD


Input: 40 nm, and where additional PBD connects such domains.

PBD


Input: Increasing the weight fraction of mCNCs causes an uncommon abrupt transition from PBD-dominated soft materials to significantly reinforced mCNC-dominated mechanical properties, suggesting that the intercalated self-assembled mCNC/PBD domains percolate in PBD upon passing 30-35 wt% of mCNCs.

PBD

PBD

PBD