Input: Arsenic inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by down-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and CCAAT enhancer-binding proteins.

Arsenic


Input: Arsenic remains a top environmental concern in the United States as well as worldwide because of its global existence and serious health impacts.

Arsenic


Input: Apoptotic effect of arsenic in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) has been identified in our previous study; the effects of arsenic on hMSCs remain largely unknown.

arsenic

arsenic


Input: Here, we report that arsenic inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs).

arsenic


Input: Arsenic reduced the formation of lipid droplets and the expression of adipogenesis-related proteins, such as CCAAT enhancer binding protein-(C/EBPs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma), and adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein aP2 (aP2).

Arsenic

fatty acid


Input: Arsenic mediates this process by sustaining PPAR-gamma activity.

Arsenic


Input: In addition, inhibition of PPAR-gamma activity with T0070907 and up-regulation with its agonist troglitazone, showed the direct association of PPAR-gamma and arsenic-mediated inhibition of differentiating hMSCs.

troglitazone

arsenic


Input: Taken together, these results indicate that arsenic inhibits adipogenic differentiation through PPAR-gamma pathway and suggest a novel inhibitory effect of arsenic on adipogenic differentiation in hMSCs.

arsenic

arsenic


Input: Synthesis and chiral recognition of nickel (II) macrocyclic complex with (R)-naphthylethyleneamine pendant groups and its self-assembled framework.

nickel (II)

(R)-naphthylethyleneamine


Input: A novel nickel (II) hexaaza macrocyclic complex, [Ni (L (R, R))] (ClO (4)) (2) (1), containing chiral pendant groups was synthesized by an efficient one-pot template condensation and characterized (L (R, R) = 1, 8-di ((R)-alpha-methylnaphthyl)-1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13-hexaazacyclotetradecane).

nickel (II) hexaaza

[Ni (L (R, R))] (ClO (4)) (2)

1, 8-di ((R)-alpha-methylnaphthyl)-1, 3, 6, 8, 10, 13-hexaazacyclotetradecane


Input: The crystal structure of compound 1 was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis.


Input: The complex was found to have a square-planar coordination environment for the nickel (II) ion.

nickel (II)


Input: Open framework [Ni (L (R, R))] (3) [C (6) H (3) (COO) (3)] (2) (2) was constructed from the self-assembly of compound 1 with deprotonated 1, 3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid, BTC (3-).

[Ni (L (R, R))] (3) [C (6) H (3) (COO) (3)] (2)

1, 3, 5-benzenetricarboxylic acid

BTC (3-)


Input: Chiral discrimination of rac-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol and rac-2, 2, 2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl) ethanol was performed to determine the chiral recognition ability of the chiral complex (1) and its self-assembled framework (2).

rac-1, 1'-bi-2-naphthol

rac-2, 2, 2-trifluoro-1-(9-anthryl) ethanol


Input: Binaphthol showed a good chiral discrimination on the framework (2).

Binaphthol


Input: The optimum experimental conditions for the chiral discrimination were examined by changing the weight ratio between the macrocyclic complex 1 or self-assembled framework 2 and racemates.


Input: The detailed synthetic procedures, spectroscopic data including single-crystal X-ray analysis, and the results of the chiral recognition for the compounds are described.


Input: Room-temperature electron spin amplifier based on Ga (In) NAs alloys.

Ga (In) NAs


Input: The first experimental demonstration of a spin amplifier at room temperature is presented.


Input: An efficient, defect-enabled spin amplifier based on a non-magnetic semiconductor, Ga (In) NAs, is proposed and demonstrated, with a large spin gain (up to 2700% at zero field) for conduction electrons and a high cut-off frequency of up to 1 GHz.

Ga (In) NAs


Input: Ethyl acetate: X-ray, solvent and computed structures.

Ethyl acetate


Input: Ethyl acetate (ethyl ethanoate) was crystallized in situ and the crystal structure was determined.

Ethyl acetate

ethyl ethanoate


Input: In the solid, the molecule is flat with trans conformation.


Input: The geometric details of ethyl acetate as a solvate are analyzed statistically using the Cambridge Structural Database, uncovering a high degree of hidden disorder.

ethyl acetate


Input: Despite the disorder, they exhibit a preference of the trans over the gauche isomer, with a negligible contribution of the cis isomer.


Input: These results are compared to ab initio calculations on both solid-state and molecular level.


Input: For the molecular structures, the computed energy differences of the isomers match the statistics found as a solvent.


Input: Several DFT-D2 methods used to calculate the solid state yield results that differ significantly from the experiment.


Input: Sclerostin antibody treatment improves bone mass, bone strength, and bone defect regeneration in rats with type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Input: Type 2 diabetes mellitus results in increased risk of fracture and delayed fracture healing.


Input: ZDF fa/fa rats are an established model of type 2 diabetes mellitus with low bone mass and delayed bone healing.


Input: We tested whether a sclerostin-neutralizing antibody (Scl-AbVI) would reverse the skeletal deficits of diabetic ZDF rats.


Input: Femoral defects of 3 mm were created in 11-week-old diabetic ZDF fa/fa and nondiabetic ZDF +/+ rats and stabilized by an internal plate.


Input: Saline or 25 mg/kg Scl-AbVI was administered subcutaneously (s. c.) twice weekly for 12 weeks (n = 9-10/group).


Input: Bone mass and strength were assessed using pQCT, micro-computed tomography (micro CT), and biomechanical testing.


Input: Bone histomorphometry was used to assess bone formation, and the filling of the bone defect was analyzed by micro CT.


Input: Diabetic rats displayed lower spinal and femoral bone mass compared to nondiabetic rats, and Scl-AbVI treatment significantly enhanced bone mass of the femur and the spine of diabetic rats (p < 0. 0001).


Input: Scl-AbVI also reversed the deficit in bone strength in the diabetic rats, with 65% and 89% increases in maximum load at the femoral shaft and neck, respectively (p < 0. 0001).


Input: The lower bone mass in diabetic rats was associated with a 65% decrease in vertebral bone formation rate, which Scl-AbVI increased by sixfold, consistent with a pronounced anabolic effect.


Input: Nondiabetic rats filled 57% of the femoral defect, whereas diabetic rats filled only 21% (p < 0. 05).


Input: Scl-AbVI treatment increased defect regeneration by 47% and 74%, respectively (p < 0. 05).


Input: Sclerostin antibody treatment reverses the adverse effects of type 2 diabetes mellitus on bone mass and strength, and improves bone defect regeneration in rats.


Input: Effects of repeated pulsed herbicide exposures on the growth of aquatic macrophytes.


Input: Many contaminants are released into aquatic systems intermittently in a series of pulses.


Input: Pulse timing and magnitude can vary according to usage, compound-specific physicochemical properties, and use area characteristics.


Input: Standard laboratory ecotoxicity tests typically employ continuous exposure concentrations over defined durations and thus may not accurately and realistically reflect the effects of certain compounds on aquatic organisms, resulting in potential over-or underestimation.


Input: Consequently, the relative effects of pulsed (2 and 4 d) and continuous exposures of the duckweed Lemna minor to isoproturon, metsulfuron-methyl, and pentachlorophenol over a period of 42 d were explored in the present study.

isoproturon

metsulfuron-methyl

pentachlorophenol


Input: At the highest test concentrations, exposure of L. minor to pulses of metsulfuron-methyl resulted in effects on growth similar to those of an equivalent continuous exposure.

metsulfuron-methyl


Input: For isoproturon, pulsed exposures had a lower impact than a corresponding continuous exposure, whereas the effect of pentachlorophenol delivered in pulses was greater.

isoproturon

pentachlorophenol


Input: These differences may be explained by compound-specific uptake and degradation or dissipation rates in plants and the recovery potential that occurs following pulses for different pesticides.


Input: Given these results, use of a simple time-weighted average approach to estimate effects of intermittent exposures from short-term standard toxicity studies may not provide an accurate prediction that reflects realistic exposure scenarios.


Input: Development of mechanistic modeling approaches may facilitate better estimates of effects from intermittent exposures.


Input: Systematic identification of functional residues in mammalian histone H2AX.


Input: The histone variant H2AX is a principal component of chromatin involved in the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs).


Input: H2AX is thought to operate primarily through its C-terminal S139 phosphorylation, which mediates the recruitment of DNA damage response (DDR) factors to chromatin at DSB sites.

C


Input: Here, we describe a comprehensive screen of 67 residues in H2AX to determine their contributions to H2AX functions.


Input: Our analysis revealed that H2AX is both sumoylated and ubiquitylated.


Input: Individual residues defective for sumoylation, ubiquitylation, and S139 phosphorylation in untreated and damaged cells were identified.


Input: Specifically, we identified an acidic triad region in both H2A and H2AX that is required in cis for their ubiquitylation.


Input: We also report the characterization of a human H2AX knockout cell line, which exhibits DDR defects, including p53 activation, following DNA damage.


Input: Collectively, this work constitutes the first genetic complementation system for a histone in human cells.


Input: Finally, our data reveal new roles for several residues in H2AX and define distinct functions for H2AX in human cells.


Input: Aryl-heteroaryl derivatives as novel wake-promoting agents.


Input: In search of a next generation molecule to the novel wake-promoting agent modafinil, a series of aryl-heteroayl-derived wakefulness enhancing agents (in rats) was developed.

modafinil


Input: From this work, compound 16 was separated into its enantiomers to profile them individually.


Input: SPIDIA-RNA: first external quality assessment for the pre-analytical phase of blood samples used for RNA based analyses.


Input: The diagnostic use of in vitro molecular assays can be limited by the lack of guidelines for collection, handling, stabilization and storage of patient specimens.


Input: One of the major goals of the EC funded project SPIDIA (www. spidia. eu) is to develop evidence-based quality guidelines for the pre-analytical phase of blood samples used for molecular testing which requires intracellular RNA analytes.


Input: To this end, a survey and a pan-European external quality assessment (EQA) were implemented.


Input: This report is the summary of the results of that trial.


Input: With the European Federation of Laboratory Medicine (EFLM) support, 124 applications for participation in the trial were received from 27 different European countries, and 102 laboratories actually participated in the trial.


Input: Each participating laboratory described their respective laboratory policies and practices as well as blood collection tubes typically used in performing this type of testing.


Input: The participating laboratories received two identical blood specimens: in an EDTA tubes (unstabilized blood; n = 67) or in tubes designed specifically for the stabilization of intracellular RNA in blood (PAXgene (R) Blood RNA tubes; n = 35).

EDTA


Input: Laboratories were requested to perform RNA extraction according to the laboratory' s own procedure as soon as possible upon receipt of the tubes for one tube and 24h after the first extraction for the second tube.


Input: Participants (n = 93) returned the two extracted RNAs to SPIDIA facility for analysis, and provided details about the reagents and protocols they used for the extraction.


Input: At the SPIDIA facility responsible for coordinating the study, the survey data were classified, and the extracted RNA samples were evaluated for purity, yield, integrity, stability, and the presence of interfering substances affecting RT-qPCR assays.


Input: All participants received a report comparing the performance of the RNA they submitted to that of the other participants.


Input: All the results obtained by participants for each RNA quality parameter were classified as " in control ", " warning ", " out of control " and " missing " by consensus mean analysis.


Input: From the survey data, the most variable parameters were the volume of blood collected and the time and storage temperature between blood collection and RNA extraction.


Input: Analyzing the results of quality testing of submitted RNA samples we observed a data distribution of purity, yield, and presence of assay interference in agreement with expected values.


Input: The RNA Integrity Number (RIN) values distribution was, on the other hand, much wider than the optimal expected value, which led to an " in control " classification, even for partly degraded RNA samples.


Input: On the other hand, RIN values below 5 significantly correlated with a reduction of GAPDH expression levels.


Input: Furthermore, the distribution of the values of the four transcripts investigated (c-fos, IL-1 beta, IL-8, and GAPDH) was wide and the RNA instability between samples separated by 24h were similar.


Input: Assuming the presence of at least two quality parameters " out of control " as an indication of a critical performance of the laboratory, 33% of the laboratories were included in this group.


Input: The results of this study will be the basis for implementing a second pan-European EQA and the results of both EQAs will be pooled and will provide the basis for the implementation of evidence-based guidelines for the pre-analytical phase of RNA analysis of blood samples.


Input: Reversal of efflux mediated antifungal resistance underlies synergistic activity of two monoterpenes with fluconazole.

monoterpenes

fluconazole


Input: Thymol (THY) and carvacrol (CARV), the principal chemical components of thyme oil have long been known for their wide use in medicine due to antimicrobial and disinfectant properties.

Thymol

THY

carvacrol

CARV


Input: This study, however, draws attention to a possible synergistic antifungal effect of these monoterpenes with azole antimycotic-fluconazole.

monoterpenes

azole

fluconazole


Input: Resistance to azoles in Candida albicans involves over-expression of efflux-pump genes MDR1, CDR1, CDR2 or mutations and over-expression of target gene ERG11.

azoles


Input: The inhibition of drug efflux pumps is considered a feasible strategy to overcome clinical antifungal resistance.


Input: To put forward this approach, we investigated the combination effects of these monoterpenes and FLC against 38 clinically obtained FLC-sensitive, and eleven FLC-resistant Candida isolates.

monoterpenes

FLC

FLC

FLC


Input: Synergism was observed with combinations of THY-FLC and CARV-FLC evaluated by checkerboard microdilution method and nature of the interactions was calculated by FICI.

THY

FLC

CARV

FLC


Input: In addition, antifungal activity was assessed using agar-diffusion and time-kill curves.


Input: The drug efflux activity was determined using two dyes, Rhodamine6G (R6G) and fluorescent Hoechst 33342.

Hoechst 33342


Input: No significant differences were observed in dye uptakes between FLC-susceptible and resistant isolates, incubated in glucose free buffer.

glucose


Input: However, a significantly higher efflux was recorded in FLC-resistant isolates when glucose was added.

FLC

glucose


Input: Both monoterpenes inhibited efflux by 70-90%, showing their high potency to block drug transporter pumps.

monoterpenes


Input: Significant differences, in the expression levels of CDR1 and MDR1, induced by monoterpenes revealed reversal of FLC-resistance.

monoterpenes

FLC


Input: The selectively fungicidal characteristics and ability to restore FLC susceptibility in resistant isolates signify a promising candidature of THY and CARV as antifungal agents in combinational treatments for candidiasis.

FLC

THY

CARV


Input: Experimental exposure of red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) to seeds coated with imidacloprid, thiram and difenoconazole.

imidacloprid

thiram

difenoconazole


Input: Pesticide coated seeds are commonly used in agriculture, and may be an important source of food for some birds in times of scarcity, as well as a route of pesticide ingestion.


Input: We tested the lethal and sub-lethal effects of treated seed ingestion by the red-legged partridge (Alectoris rufa), a game bird of high socio-economic value in Spain.


Input: One year-old partridges (n = 42 pairs) were fed for 10 days in spring (prior to breeding) with wheat treated with difenoconazole (fungicide), thiram (fungicide) or imidacloprid (insecticide), using two doses for each pesticide (the one recommended, and its double to represent potential cases of abuse of pesticides).

difenoconazole

thiram

imidacloprid


Input: We investigated the direct and indirect effects on the body condition, physiology, immunology, coloration and subsequent reproduction of exposed partridges.


Input: For the latter, eggs were collected, measured and incubated and the growth and survival of chicks were monitored.


Input: Thiram and imidacloprid at high exposure doses produced mortalities of 41. 6 and 58. 3%, respectively.

Thiram

imidacloprid


Input: The first death was observed at day 3 for imidacloprid and at day 7 for thiram.

imidacloprid

thiram


Input: Both doses of the three pesticides caused sublethal effects, such as altered biochemical parameters, oxidative stress and reduced carotenoid-based coloration.


Input: The high exposure doses of imidacloprid and thiram also produced a decrease in cellular immune response measured by the phytohemagglutinin test in males.

imidacloprid

thiram


Input: Bearing in mind the limitation of the small number of surviving pairs in some treatments, we found that the three pesticides reduced the size of eggs and imidacloprid and difenoconazole also reduced the fertilization rate.

imidacloprid

difenoconazole


Input: In addition, both thiram and imidacloprid reduced chick survival.

thiram

imidacloprid


Input: These experiments highlight that the toxicity of pesticide-treated seeds is a factor to consider in the decline of birds in agricultural environments.


Input: The role of adenosine receptors on amitriptyline-induced electrophysiological changes on rat atrium.

adenosine

amitriptyline


Input: We investigated the role of adenosine receptors in amitriptyline-induced cardiac action potential (AP) changes in isolated rat atria.

adenosine

amitriptyline


Input: In the first group, APs were recorded after cumulative addition of amitriptyline (1 mu M, 10 mu M and 50 mu M).

amitriptyline


Input: In other groups, each atrium was incubated with selective adenosine A (1) antagonist (8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX), 10 (-4) M) or selective adenosine A (2a) receptor antagonist (8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine, 10 (-5) M) before amitriptyline administration.

adenosine

8-cyclopentyl-1, 3-dipropylxanthine

DPCPX

adenosine

8-(3-chlorostyryl) caffeine

amitriptyline


Input: Resting membrane potential, AP amplitude (APA), AP duration at 50% and 80% of repolarization (APD (50) and APD (80), respectively), and the maximum rise and decay slopes of AP were recorded.


Input: Amitriptyline (50 mu M) prolonged the APD (50) and APD (80) (p < 0. 001) and the maximum rise slope of AP was reduced by amitriptyline (p < 0. 0001).

Amitriptyline

amitriptyline


Input: Amitriptyline reduced maximum decay slope of AP only at 50 mu M (p < 0. 01).

Amitriptyline


Input: DPCPX significantly decreased the 50-mu M amitriptyline-induced APD (50) and APD (80) prolongation (p < 0. 001).

DPCPX

amitriptyline


Input: DPCPX significantly prevented the effects of amitriptyline (1 mu M and 50 mu M) on maximum rise slope of AP (p < 0. 05).

DPCPX

amitriptyline


Input: DPCPX significantly prevented the amitriptyline-induced (50 mu M) reduction in maximum decay slope of AP (p < 0. 001).

DPCPX

amitriptyline


Input: The selective adenosine A (1) receptor antagonist prevented the electrophysiological effects of amitriptyline on atrial AP.

adenosine

amitriptyline


Input: A (1) receptor stimulation may be responsible for the cardiovascular toxic effects produced by amitriptyline.

amitriptyline


Input: Single-agent duloxetine ingestions.

duloxetine


Input: Duloxetine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, which is mainly used to treat depression.

Duloxetine

serotonin

norepinephrine


Input: This retrospective study describes the demographic and clinical effects of duloxetine ingestions reported to the National Poison Data System (NPDS).

duloxetine


Input: NPDS data were searched for duloxetine exposures between 2004 and 2010.

duloxetine


Input: A total of 11, 373 patients were included and exposures were divided into three groups of ages <= 6 years old, 7-12 years and > 12 years.


Input: Neurological clinical effects occurred in 6. 1% of the patients aged <= 6 years, 13. 0% of the patients aged 7-12 years and 24. 6% of the patients aged > 12 years.


Input: Cardiovascular effects occurred in 1. 4% of the patients aged <= 6 years old, 2. 5% of the patients aged 7-12 years and 11. 6% of the patients aged > 12 years.


Input: Gastrointestinal effects occurred in 4. 1% of the patients aged <= 6 years old, 16. 6% of the patients aged 7-12 years and 13. 8% of the patients aged > 12 years.


Input: Tachycardia, nausea, vomiting, agitation/irritability, dizziness/vertigo and drowsiness were among the most common clinical effects in all three groups.


Input: Overall, 61. 4% of the patients aged <= 6 years and 77. 5% of the patients aged 7-12 years were managed in a non-health care facility, while 55. 8% of the patients aged > 12 years were referred to or already in a health care facility.


Input: We conclude that the majority of ingestions are benign in both pediatrics and adults.


Input: Most symptomatic patients have neurologic, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects.


Input: Most pediatric patients will be able to be managed in a non-health care facility.


Input: Spectral analysis of thioacetamide-induced electroencephalographic changes in rats.

thioacetamide


Input: Thioacetamide (TAA) is widely used as a model of hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

Thioacetamide

TAA


Input: The aim of our study was to investigate the effects of TAA on electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in rats and to compare them with human HE.

TAA


Input: Male Wistar rats were divided into groups: (1) saline-treated group and (2) TAA-treated groups: TAA (300) (300 mg/kg), TAA (600) (600 mg/kg), and TAA (900) (900 mg/kg).

TAA

TAA

TAA

TAA


Input: Daily dose of TAA (300 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally once (TAA (300)), twice (TAA (600)), or thrice (TAA (900)) in subsequent days.

TAA

TAA

TAA

TAA


Input: EEG changes were recorded about 24 h after the last dose of TAA.

TAA


Input: Absolute and relative power density in alpha bands were significantly higher in TAA (300) versus control group.

TAA


Input: In TAA (300), absolute beta power density was higher and relative beta power density was lower versus control group.

TAA


Input: Absolute alpha, theta, delta, and relative theta power were significantly lower, while relative power in delta band was significantly higher in TAA (900) versus control group (p < 0. 01).

TAA


Input: In conclusion, decrease in EEG voltage with an increase in delta relative power, which correspond to the EEG manifestations of severe HE in humans, was observed in TAA (900) group.

TAA


Input: Electrical activity in TAA (300) group correlates with mild HE in humans.

TAA


Input: The protective effect of recombinant human erythropoietin against cisplatin-induced renal and hepatic dysfunctions in Wistar rats.

cisplatin


Input: Cisplatin (Cisp) is one of the most effective chemotherapeutic drugs.

Cisplatin

Cisp


Input: However, the dose of Cisp is greatly limited by its toxicity.

Cisp


Input: Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), a hormone that regulates hematopoiesis, has also been shown to exert tissue-protective effects.


Input: The purpose of this study was to explore the protective effect of rhEPO against Cisp-induced renal and liver dysfunctions.

Cisp


Input: Adult male Wistar rats were divided into six groups of six each: control, rhEPO-alone group, Cisp-alone group and rhEPO + Cisp group (pretreatment, cotreatment and posttreatment conditions).

Cisp

Cisp


Input: Our results showed that Cisp-induced a marked renal and liver failure characterized by a significant decrease in body weight, organ weight and organ ratio and a significant increase in creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, G-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, bilirubin conjugated and bilirubin total levels in serum.

Cisp

creatinine

urea nitrogen

alanine

aspartate

bilirubin

bilirubin


Input: Histological examination showed that Cisp caused kidney alterations.

Cisp


Input: rhEPO treatments restored body weight, organ weight and organ ratio as well as serum biochemical parameters changed due to Cisp exposure.

Cisp


Input: Effects of increasing supplementation of magnesium in diets on productive performance and eggshell quality of aged laying hens.

magnesium


Input: Magnesium (Mg) concentrations in diets have been associated with performance and eggshell quality of laying hens, but the results have been inconclusive.

Magnesium

Mg


Input: In this experiment, the effects of increasing concentrations of dietary Mg on productive performance and eggshell quality of aged laying hens were evaluated.

Mg


Input: A total of 640 Hy-Line Brown laying hens of 72 weeks of age were randomly allotted to one of four dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment.


Input: A commercial-type basal diet containing 1. 6 g/kg Mg was prepared, and three additional diets were prepared to contain 2. 3, 2. 6, or 3. 0 g/kg Mg in diets by adding 1. 0, 1. 5, or 2. 0 g of MgO to the basal diet.

Mg

Mg

MgO


Input: The diets were fed to hens ad libitum for 5 weeks.


Input: Results indicated that Mg concentrations in eggshells were increased (linear, P < 0. 01) with increasing concentrations of Mg in diets.

Mg

Mg


Input: Increasing concentrations of Mg in diets decreased (linear and quadratic, P < 0. 01) broken and shell-less egg production, but improved (linear, P < 0. 05) eggshell strength.

Mg


Input: Feed intake was decreased (linear, P < 0. 05) with the concentrations of Mg in diets, but hen-day egg production, egg weight, feed conversion ratio, and Haugh unit were not affected by increasing concentrations of Mg in diets.

Mg

Mg


Input: Hunter L * and a * values of eggshell were decreased (linear, P < 0. 05) as the concentrations of Mg in diets increased.

Mg


Input: In conclusion, feeding aged laying hens with diets containing increasing concentrations of Mg up to 3. 0 g/kg improves eggshell strength, but has no detrimental effects on laying performance.

Mg


Input: Unifying protein inference and peptide identification with feedback to update consistency between peptides.


Input: We first propose a new method to process peptide identification reports from databases search engines.


Input: Then via it we develop a method for unifying protein inference and peptide identification by adding a feedback from protein inference to peptide identification.


Input: The feedback information is a list of high-confidence proteins, which is used to update an adjacency matrix between peptides.


Input: The adjacency matrix is used in the regularization of peptide scores.


Input: Logistic regression (LR) is used to compute the probability of peptide identification with the regularized scores.


Input: Protein scores are then calculated with the LR probability of peptides.


Input: Instead of selecting the best peptide match for each MS/MS, we select multiple peptides.


Input: By testing on two datasets, the results have shown that the proposed method can robustly assign accurate probabilities to peptides, and have a higher discrimination power than PeptideProphet to distinguish correct and incorrect identified peptides.


Input: Additionally, not only can our method infer more true positive proteins but also infer less false positive proteins than ProteinProphet at the same false positive rate.


Input: The coverage of inferred proteins is also significantly increased due to the selection of multiple peptides for each MS/MS and the improvement of their scores by the feedback from the inferred proteins.


Input: Novel insights on the effect of nicotine in a murine colitis model.

nicotine


Input: Studies showed that nicotine has a positive influence on symptoms of ulcerative colitis.

nicotine


Input: In the present study, we explored the effect of nicotine treatment using different routes of administration in the dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) colitis mouse model.

nicotine

sodium sulfate


Input: We also investigated the effects of cotinine, a major metabolite of nicotine, in the model.

cotinine

nicotine


Input: C57BL6 adult male mice were given DSS solution freely in the drinking water for seven consecutive days, and tap water was given thereafter.


Input: Disease severity, length of the colon, colon tissue histology, and inflammatory markers, including colonic myeloperoxidase activity and colonic tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels, were evaluated.


Input: The effect of nicotine and cotinine treatments via various different routes of administration were examined the DSS model.

nicotine

cotinine


Input: In addition, we measured the plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine in our treatment protocols.

nicotine

cotinine


Input: Administration of low, but not high, doses of oral nicotine in DSS-treated mice resulted in a significant decrease in disease severity, histologic damage scores, as well as colonic level of tumor necrosis factor-alpha.

nicotine


Input: However, the anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine was not seen after chronic s. c. or minipump infusion of the drug.

nicotine


Input: Differences in plasma levels of nicotine and cotinine do not seem to account for this lack of effect.

nicotine

cotinine


Input: Finally, oral cotinine alone failed to show a significant effect in the DSS model of colitis.

cotinine


Input: These results highlight that dose and route of administration play a critical role in the protective effect of nicotine in the DSS mouse colitis model.

nicotine


Input: Androgen receptor CAG repeat length modifies the effect of 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on receptor activity in human prostate cells.

Androgen

2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin


Input: Increased incidence of prostate cancer has been reported in men exposed to 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD).

2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin

TCDD


Input: TCDD acts through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which interacts with the androgen receptor (AR).

TCDD

aryl hydrocarbon

androgen


Input: The AR gene contains a polymorphic CAG repeat that influences its transcriptional activity.


Input: We investigated the influence of TCDD on prostate cancer cells (PC-3) and non-tumor prostate cells (PNT1A) on 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone-activated ARs containing CAG repeats within normal length range (16, 22, and 28).

TCDD

5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone


Input: The AhR target gene CYP1A1 mRNA expression was induced by TCDD, but was not affected by the AR CAG length.

TCDD


Input: TCDD had no effect on AR activity in PC-3 cells, whereas the shortest AR variant was induced by TCDD in PNT1A cells.

TCDD

TCDD


Input: In conclusion, the CAG length dependent effect of TCDD on AR activity in PNT1A, but not in PC-3 cells, indicates as a cell-specific effect of TCDD on AR activity.

TCDD

TCDD


Input: The S349T mutation of SQSTM1 links Keap1/Nrf2 signalling to Paget' s disease of bone.


Input: Mutations affecting the Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) gene commonly occur in patients with the skeletal disorder Paget' s disease of bone (PDB), a condition characterised by defective osteoclast differentiation and function.


Input: Whilst most mutations cluster within the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain of the SQSTM1 protein, and are associated with dysregulated NF kappa B signalling, several non-UBA domain mutations have also been identified.


Input: Keap1 is a SQSTM1-interacting protein that regulates the levels and activity of the Nrf2 transcription factor.


Input: This in turn controls the expression of numerous cytoprotective genes that contribute to the cell' s capacity to defend itself against chemical and oxidative stress, through binding to the antioxidant response element (ARE).


Input: The PDB-associated S349T mutation maps to the Keap1-interacting region (KIR) of SQSTM1, however the effects of PDB mutant SQSTM1 on Keap1 function have not been investigated.


Input: Here we show that unlike other SQSTM1 mutations, the S349T mutation results in neither impaired ubiquitin-binding function in pull-down assays, nor dysregulated NF kappa B signalling in luciferase reporter assays.


Input: Keap1 is expressed in differentiating osteoclast-like cells and the S349T mutation selectively impairs the SQSTM1-Keap1 interaction in co-immunoprecipitations, which molecular modelling indicates results from effects on critical hydrogen bonds required to stabilise the KIR-Keap1 complex.

hydrogen


Input: Further, S349T mutant SQSTM1, but not other PDB-associated mutants, showed reduced ability to activate Nrf2 signalling as assessed by ARE-luciferase reporter assays.


Input: Thus, SQSTM1-mediated dysregulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 axis, which could potentially lead to aberrant production of oxidative response genes, may contribute to disease aetiology in a subset of PDB patients.


Input: Adaptive radiation-induced epigenetic alterations mitigated by antioxidants.


Input: Humans are exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) from a number of environmental and medical sources.


Input: In addition to inducing genetic mutations, there is concern that LDIR may also alter the epigenome.


Input: Such heritable effects early in life can either be positively adaptive or result in the enhanced formation of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity.


Input: Herein, we show that LDIR significantly increased DNA methylation at the viable yellow agouti (A (vy)) locus in a sex-specific manner (P = 0. 004).


Input: Average DNA methylation was significantly increased in male offspring exposed to doses between 0. 7 and 7. 6 cGy, with maximum effects at 1. 4 and 3. 0 cGy (P < 0. 01).


Input: Offspring coat color was concomitantly shifted toward pseudoagouti (P < 0. 01).


Input: Maternal dietary antioxidant supplementation mitigated both the DNA methylation changes and coat color shift in the irradiated offspring.


Input: Thus, LDIR exposure during gestation elicits epigenetic alterations that lead to positive adaptive phenotypic changes that are negated with antioxidants, indicating they are mediated in part by oxidative stress.


Input: These findings provide evidence that in the isogenic A (vy) mouse model, epigenetic alterations resulting from LDIR play a role in radiation hormesis, bringing into question the assumption that every dose of radiation is harmful.


Input: Structural asymmetry in the Thermus thermophilus RuvC dimer suggests a basis for sequential strand cleavages during Holliday junction resolution.


Input: Holliday junction (HJ) resolvases are structure-specific endonucleases that cleave four-way DNA junctions (HJs) generated during DNA recombination and repair.


Input: Bacterial RuvC, a prototypical HJ resolvase, functions as homodimer and nicks DNA strands precisely across the junction point.


Input: To gain insights into the mechanisms underlying symmetrical strand cleavages by RuvC, we performed crystallographic and biochemical analyses of RuvC from Thermus thermophilus (T. th. RuvC).


Input: The crystal structure of T. th.


Input: RuvC shows an overall protein fold similar to that of Escherichia coli RuvC, but T. th.


Input: RuvC has a more tightly associated dimer interface possibly reflecting its thermostability.


Input: The binding mode of a HJ-DNA substrate can be inferred from the shape/charge complementarity between the T. th.


Input: RuvC dimer and HJ-DNA, as well as positions of sulfate ions bound on the protein surface.

sulfate


Input: Unexpectedly, the structure of T. th.


Input: RuvC homodimer refined at 1. 28 A resolution shows distinct asymmetry near the dimer interface, in the region harboring catalytically important aromatic residues.


Input: The observation suggests that the T. th.


Input: RuvC homodimer interconverts between two asymmetric conformations, with alternating subunits switched on for DNA strand cleavage.


Input: This model provides a structural basis for the' nick-counter-nick' mechanism in HJ resolution, a mode of HJ processing shared by prokaryotic and eukaryotic HJ resolvases.


Input: Metal bioavailability from different natural prey to a marine predator Nassarius siquijorensis.


Input: Gastropods are often the top predators in marine benthic environments, and trophic transfer is the predominant route by which metals are accumulated in these predators.


Input: In the present study, the potential influences of prey composition on the trophic transfer, accumulation, subcellular distribution and metallothionein induction of six metals (Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) in a predator Nassarius siquijorensis were investigated.

Ag

As

Cd

Cu

Pb

Zn


Input: The snails were fed venerid clams Ruditapes philippinarum, mussels Perna viridis, oysters Crassostrea angulata or barnacles Fistulobalanus albicostatus, each differing greatly in their metal accumulation and handling patterns.


Input: N. siquijorensis showed prey-specific bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of the six metals.


Input: In general, the body burdens of metals in the viscera and muscles of N. siquijorensis increased with increasing exposure period and metal concentration in the four prey.


Input: The calculated trophic transfer factors (TTFs) of the metals in different prey varied and were the highest for clams and mussels prey, indicating that metal bioavailability from these prey was higher than that from barnacles and oysters.


Input: All the studied metals except Pb were enriched during transfer to the snails.

Pb


Input: The subcellular metal distribution in the viscera was affected by prey composition.


Input: Exposure to the four natural prey induced MTs, which may be used as a better biomarker for muscle than for viscera for metal stress.


Input: Our results imply that metals from different natural prey have different bioavailability and may help better understand the trophic transfer of metals in marine benthic food chain.


Input: Inhibitory effect of aqueous spinach extract on degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells.


Input: The inhibitory effect of an aqueous extract from spinach on degranulation of RBL-2H3 cells is herein reported.


Input: The extract significantly suppressed antigen-induced degranulation in a dose-dependent manner without affecting cell viability.


Input: Active substances in the extract were heat-stable and trypsin-resistant with molecular weights ranging from 500 Da to 14 kDa.


Input: The extract inhibited elevation of the intracellular Ca (2 +) concentration caused by stimulation by antigen, while not suppressing degranulation induced by a calcium ionophore A23187.

Ca (2 +)

calcium


Input: Immunoblot analysis revealed that the inhibitory effect results from downregulation of phosphorylation of both Syk kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the signalling pathways involved in degranulation caused by the antigen-antibody interaction.

phosphatidylinositol


Input: Taken together, these findings suggest that aqueous spinach extract has an anti-allergic activity that controls degranulation.


Input: Anthraquinone profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bark extracts of Rhamnus alaternus, R. fallax, R. intermedia and R. pumila.

Anthraquinone


Input: The quantity of phenols, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, were investigated in bark of Rhamnus alaternus L., R. fallax Boiss., R. intermedia Steud.

phenols


Input: et Hochst., and R. pumila Turra from natural stands in Croatia.


Input: The most abundant anthraquinones in the investigated extracts were chrysophanol in R. alaternus (3. 14 mg/g), emodin in R. pumila (0. 339 mg/g), and physcion in R. fallax (2. 70 mg/g) and R. intermedia (0. 285 mg/g).

anthraquinones

chrysophanol

emodin

physcion


Input: The species exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity were R. fallax and R. pumila.


Input: A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extracts and antioxidant activity in some of the assays.

phenolic

flavonoid


Input: All species showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Microsporum gypseum with minimal inhibitory concentrations equal to or below 2. 500 mg/mL.


Input: The results indicate that the investigated Rhamnus species are a source of anthraquinones and other phenols, which act as multifunctional antioxidants with antimicrobial activity.

anthraquinones

phenols


Input: Syzygium aqueum leaf extract and its bioactive compounds enhances pre-adipocyte differentiation and 2-NBDG uptake in 3T3-L1 cells.


Input: The insulin-like and/or insulin-sensitising effects of Syzygium aqueum leaf extract and its six bioactive compounds; 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, europetin-3-O-rhamnoside, phloretin, myrigalone-G and myrigalone-B were investigated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

phloretin

myrigalone-G

myrigalone-B


Input: We observed that, S. aqueum leaf extract (0. 04-5 mu g/ml) and its six bioactive compounds (0. 08-10 mu M) at non-cytotoxic concentrations were effectively enhance adipogenesis, stimulate glucose uptake and increase adiponectin secretion in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

glucose


Input: Clearly, the compounds myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside and europetin-3-O-rhamnoside showed insulin-like and insulin-sensitising effects on adipocytes from a concentration of 0. 08 mu M.


Input: These compounds were far better than rosiglitazone and the other isolated compounds in enhancing adipogenesis, stimulating 2-NBDG uptake and increasing adiponectin secretion at all the concentrations tested.

rosiglitazone


Input: These suggest the antidiabetic potential of S. aqueum leaf extract and its six bioactive compounds.


Input: However, further molecular interaction studies to explain the mechanisms of action are highly warranted.


Input: An improved mass spectrometric method for identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in apple fruits.

phenolic


Input: Thirty-nine phenolic compounds were analysed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with diode array and accurate mass spectrometry detection using electrospray ionisation (DAD/ESI-am-MS).

phenolic


Input: Instrumental parameters such as scan speed, resolution, and mass accuracy were optimised to establish accurate mass measurements.


Input: The method was fully validated in terms of model deviation (r (2) > 0. 9990), range (typically 10-3500 ngg (-1)), intra/inter-day precision (< 6% and < 8%, respectively) and accuracy (typically 100 +/- 10%).


Input: The mass accuracy of each selected phenolic compound was below 1. 5 ppm.

phenolic


Input: The results confirmed that the UHPLC-DAD/ESI-am-MS method developed here was convenient and reliable for the determination of phenolic compounds in apple extracts.

phenolic


Input: Identification of active compounds in vegetal extracts based on correlation between activity and HPLC-MS data.


Input: We propose a method identifying candidates for active compounds in vegetal extracts.


Input: From a collection of samples, the method requires, for each sample, a HPLC-MS analysis and a measurement of the activity.


Input: By applying a correlation analysis between the activity and the chromatographic area for each interval of elution time and m/z ratio, the peaks corresponding to candidates for active compounds can be identified.


Input: Additionally, when peaks are identified, a model can be estimated to predict the activity in new samples.


Input: Both methods are evaluated in one experiment involving the phenolic extract (PE) from 22 samples of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) where the activity is a cytotoxicity index against JIMT-1 breast cancer cells.


Input: In this experiment, the samples were separated into two disjunct partitions: one was used for training (identification of candidates and estimation of prediction model), while the other was used for validation (by comparing the predicted and the measured activities).


Input: Three compounds were identified as candidates to be responsible for the cytotoxicity of the EVOO-PE against JIMT-1 cells.


Input: The prediction model provided an accurate estimation of the activity.


Input: Phillyrin attenuates high glucose-induced lipid accumulation in human HepG2 hepatocytes through the activation of LKB1/AMP-activated protein kinase-dependent signalling.

Phillyrin

glucose

AMP


Input: Phillyrin, an active constituent found in many medicinal plants and certain functional foods, has anti-obesity activity in vivo.

Phillyrin


Input: The aim of our study was to provide new data on the molecular mechanism (s) underlying the role of phillyrin in the prevention of high glucose-induced lipid accumulation in human HepG2 hepatocytes.

phillyrin

glucose


Input: We found that phillyrin suppressed high glucose-induced lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells.

phillyrin

glucose


Input: Phillyrin strongly inhibited high glucose-induced fatty acid synthase (FAS) expression by modulating sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) activation.

Phillyrin

glucose

fatty acid

sterol


Input: Moreover, use of the pharmacological AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibitor compound C revealed that AMPK is essential for suppressing SREBP-1c expression in phillyrin-treated cells.

AMP

compound C

phillyrin


Input: Finally, we found that liver kinase B1 (LKB1) phosphorylation is required for the phillyrin-enhanced activation of AMPK in HepG2 hepatocytes.

phillyrin


Input: These results indicate that phillyrin prevents lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells by blocking the expression of SREBP-1c and FAS through LKB1/AMPK activation, suggesting that phillyrin is a novel AMPK activator with a role in the prevention and treatment of obesity.

phillyrin

phillyrin


Input: Physicochemical parameters that influence carotenoids bioaccessibility from a tomato juice.


Input: In vitro digestion models have been developed to estimate carotenoid bioavailability but most do not consider that their diffusion from fruit matrix to the lipid phase of the bolus could be a limiting step.


Input: Therefore we designed a model in which tomato juice is mixed with oil or oil/water emulsions, and the carotenoids diffusing to oil are measured by spectrometry.


Input: Temperature, pH and tomato juice/peanut oil ratio were evaluated for their influence on carotenoid diffusion.


Input: When oil/tomato ratio was between 0. 11 and 1, extraction of lycopene was limited by the saturation of the oil phase.

lycopene


Input: With a large excess of oil, diffusion was also limited, as only 31 +/- 1% of lycopene could be extracted from the juice.

lycopene


Input: Diffusion did not vary significantly with pH but doubled when temperature rose from 10 degrees C to 37 degrees C.


Input: When the juice was mixed in an emulsion stabilised with bovine serum albumin or phospholipids the maximum extraction decreased to 14. 5 +/- 0. 2% and 18. 5 +/- 1. 5% respectively, indicating that in addition to the saturation of the oil phase at low oil/tomato ratio and in addition to intrinsic properties of the tomato juice in non-saturating conditions, lycopene diffusion was limited by the structure of the interface in emulsions.

lycopene


Input: Effect of heat treatments on the essential oils of kumquat (Fortunella margarita Swingle).


Input: Kumquats (Fortunella margarita Swingle) cultivated in Taiwan are eaten raw or made into candied fruit or fruit tea.


Input: For the experiments described in this paper, essential oils were obtained from kumquat peels or whole fruit by cold pressing, steam distillation or heating in water at 90 degrees C for 15 min followed by steam distillation.


Input: The volatile components contained in the essential oils were identified by direct injection (DI) or headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography (GC).


Input: A total of 43 compounds were identified, of which 37 were verified by DI/GC and 31 by HS-SPME/GC.


Input: Hot water heating increased the yields of essential oils from both peels and whole fruit.


Input: The principal constituents of the oils were similar except for the minor compounds, including linalool, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol, the levels of which increased after steam distillation.

linalool

alpha-terpineol


Input: The whole fruit also contained higher levels of terpene alcohols.

terpene alcohols


Input: Salicylic acid-induced elicitation of folates in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) improves bioaccessibility and reduces pro-oxidant status.

Salicylic acid


Input: Foliage of Coriandrum sativum is a rich source of natural folates amenable for enhancement through salicylic acid-mediated elicitation, thereby holding a great promise for natural-mode alleviation of this vitamin (B (9)) deficiency.

salicylic acid

vitamin (B (9))


Input: In the present study we report salicylic acid-mediated differential elicitation of different forms of folates-5-methyltetrahydrofolate, 5-formyltetrahydrofolate and 10-formyltetrahydrofolate-their stabilities during microwave-drying and bioaccessibilities from fresh and dried foliage.

salicylic acid

folates


Input: The first two compounds nearly doubled and the third increased sixfold post-elicitation, with all three showing concomitant increase in bioaccessibilities.


Input: Although a slight decrease in bioaccessibility was observed in dried foliage, over twofold increase of each form of folate upon elicitation would deliver much higher levels of natural folates from this traditional culinary foliage, which is widely used in many cuisines.


Input: Elicitor-mediated folate enhancement also imparted reduction of oxidative status and the enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activities in coriander foliage.


Input: Short-term comparative study of the influence of fried edible oils intake on the metabolism of essential fatty acids in obese individuals.

fatty acids


Input: The effect of breakfast intake of fried oils containing natural antioxidants or a synthetic autooxidation inhibitor on the metabolism of essential fatty acids focused on obese individuals.

fatty acids


Input: Serum levels of eicosanoids were compared in individuals before and after intake of different breakfasts.

eicosanoids


Input: Univariate descriptive analysis was used to characterise the cohort selected for this study and multivariate analysis to reveal statistical differences of normalised eicosanoids concentrations (determined by solid-phase extraction coupled to LC-MS/MS) depending on the edible oil used for breakfast preparation.

eicosanoids


Input: The results showed that the intake of breakfast prepared with pure sunflower oil subjected to deep frying causes an effect over the eicosanoids profile that enables discrimination versus the rest of individuals.

eicosanoids


Input: The effect was a significant increase in the concentration of hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE) metabolites, indicative markers of the intake of fried oils.

hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

HODE


Input: The concentration of HODE metabolites was lower when the oil contained either natural antioxidants from olive-oil pomace or a synthetic autooxidation inhibitor as dimethylsiloxane.

HODE

dimethylsiloxane


Input: The comparison of the effect of fried sunflower oils with fried extra virgin olive oil shows the benefits associated to the consumption of the latter.


Input: Comprehensive analysis of Phyteuma orbiculare L., a wild Alpine food plant.


Input: Plants which have been traditionally eaten by the alpine population may provide new opportunities for agricultural development in mountain regions.


Input: In this context we have investigated the chemical composition of Phyteuma orbiculare (Campanulaceae), a perennial herb whose leaves have been eaten as salad by rural populations in Valais (Switzerland).


Input: Extracts of different polarities were subjected to comprehensive metabolite profiling using a dereplication platform combining HPLC-PDA-MS, and offline NMR analysis.


Input: Twenty-three compounds, including various phenolic glycosides, a new dimeric phenylpropanoid glucoside, saponins, and fatty acids were identified online, or after targeted isolation.

phenolic glycosides

phenylpropanoid glucoside

saponins

fatty acids


Input: Selected phenolic constituents were quantitatively assessed by HPLC-PDA analysis.


Input: In addition, substances relevant for nutrition, such as beta-carotene, fatty acids, ascorbic acid and minerals were quantified in leaves and flowers.

beta-carotene

fatty acids

ascorbic acid


Input: The antioxidant capacity was determined with an ORAC assay, and total phenolic compounds were quantified.

phenolic


Input: Finally, the phytochemical profile was compared to that of the related species P. spicatum, P. hemisphaericum and P. ovatum.


Input: Neferine induces reactive oxygen species mediated intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

Neferine

oxygen


Input: Evidence has accumulated concerning the medicinal application of Nelumbo nucifera in the treatment of various diseases.


Input: Neferine, an alkaloid from N. nucifera was found to exert cytotoxicity on liver cancer cells HepG2 in a dose-dependent manner.

Neferine


Input: We evaluated its anticancer potential by studying its effect on mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular calcium levels [Ca (2 +)] (i), cell membrane integrity, apoptotic body formation and DNA fragmentation in cultured HepG2 cells.

calcium

Ca (2 +)


Input: The reactive oxygen species level has been increased upon neferine treatment with concomitant decrease in reduced glutathione.

oxygen

neferine

glutathione


Input: Our data further indicate reduction of Delta psi M and increased [Ca (2 +)] (i) during apoptosis induction by neferine with increased expression of apoptotic proteins such as Bax, Bad, cleaved forms of caspase 3, caspase 9 and PARP, with the downregulation of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl2 in HepG2 cells.

Ca (2 +)

neferine


Input: Moreover, the expressions of tumour suppressor proteins p53 and PTEN were upregulated along with the downregulation of P-Akt.


Input: In addition, expression levels of TNF-alpha, p38 and ERK1/2 MAP kinases were increased upon neferine treatment.

neferine


Input: These results imply that mitochondrial-mediated ROS generation induced by neferine leads to caspase-dependent apoptosis in HepG2 cells.

neferine


Input: A sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of fish protein in processed foods.


Input: Fish is one of the most common causes of food allergy and its major allergen is parvalbumin, a 12 kDa muscular protein.


Input: In this study, a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the determination of fish protein in processed foods was developed using a polyclonal antibody raised against Pacific mackerel parvalbumin.


Input: The developed sandwich ELISA showed 22. 6-99. 0% reactivity (based on the reactivity to Pacific mackerel parvalbumin) to parvalbumins from various species of fish.


Input: The limits of detection and quantitation were estimated to be 0. 23 and 0. 70 mu g protein per g of food, respectively.


Input: When the sandwich ELISA was subjected to inter-laboratory validation, spiked fish protein was recovered from five model processed foods in the range of 69. 4-84. 8% and the repeatability and reproducibility relative standard deviations were satisfactorily low (<= 10. 5%).


Input: Thus, the sandwich ELISA was judged to be a useful tool to determine fish protein in processed foods.


Input: Batch and continuous synthesis of lactulose from whey lactose by immobilized beta-galactosidase.

lactulose

lactose


Input: In this study, lactulose synthesis from whey lactose was investigated in batch and continuous systems using immobilized beta-galactosidase.

lactulose

lactose


Input: In the batch system, the optimal concentration of fructose for lactulose synthesis was 20%, and the effect of galactose, glucose and fructose on beta-galactosidase activity was determined for hydrolysis of whey lactose and the transgalactosylation reaction for lactulose synthesis.

fructose

lactulose

galactose

glucose

fructose

lactose

lactulose


Input: Galactose and fructose were competitive inhibitors, and glucose acted as a noncompetitive inhibitor.

Galactose

fructose

glucose


Input: The inhibitory effects of galactose and glucose were stronger in the transgalactosylation reaction than they were in the hydrolysis reaction.

galactose

glucose


Input: In addition, when immobilized beta-galactosidase was reused for lactulose synthesis, its catalytic activity was retained to the extent of 52. 9% after 10 reuses.

lactulose


Input: Lactulose was synthesized continuously in a packed-bed reactor.

Lactulose


Input: We synthesized 19. 1g/l lactulose during the continuous flow reaction at a flow rate of 0. 5 ml/min.

lactulose


Input: Gangliosides and sialic acid effects upon newborn pathogenic bacteria adhesion: an in vitro study.

sialic acid


Input: The effect of the main gangliosides (GM (1), GM (3), GD (3)) and free sialic acid (Neu5Ac) upon the adhesion of pathogenic bacteria implicated in infant diarrhoea is assessed in vitro using the Caco-2 cell line.

sialic acid


Input: Concentrations of the bioactive compounds found in the bioaccessible (soluble) fraction of infant formula and human milk are employed.


Input: Bacterial adhesion behaviour included enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella entericaserovartyphi, Shigella sonnei, Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori.


Input: Three different approaches were assayed: pre-incubation of bacteria and compounds before addition to cells (competition); pre-incubation of the cells with compounds (exclusion); and pre-incubation of cells with bacteria (displacement).


Input: Furthermore, the spatial localization of the most abundant gangliosides, GM (3) and GD (3), in Caco-2 cells has been determined using confocal microscopy.


Input: Results show that GM (3), GD (3), GM (1) and Neu5Ac at the assayed concentrations are able to interfere with the adhesion of several pathogenic bacteria involved in neonatal diseases-the greatest effect corresponding to Neu5Ac, followed by GD (3), GM (1) and GM (3).


Input: Gangliosides GM (3) and GD (3) are located in the apical and basolateral membranes of the Caco-2 cells.


Input: A simple GC-MS method for the screening of betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acid contents in commercial botanicals used as food supplement ingredients.

betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acid


Input: The occurrence of triterpene pentacyclic acids in plants is extensive, but little is known about their availability in commercial extracts.

triterpene pentacyclic acids


Input: A simple GC-MS method for the simultaneous determination of betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids was developed and applied to 38 different commercial plant extracts sold as ingredients for dietary supplements.

betulinic, corosolic, maslinic, oleanolic and ursolic acids


Input: A suitable protocol was set up to perform routine control of a diverse array of samples with different botanical, chemical and physical characteristics.


Input: Remarkable quantities of corosolic acid were found in dried extracts from aerial parts of Lagerstroemia speciosa and Ortosiphon stamineus (14233 and 1132 mg/kg, respectively), while oleanolic acid was abundant in O. stamineus and Crataegus monogyna flowers (2774 and 2339 mg/kg); ursolic was identified in O. stamineus, C. monogyna, L. speciosa and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi leaves (7773, 4165, 2108 and 1034 mg/kg).

corosolic acid

oleanolic acid

ursolic


Input: Only L. speciosa was rich in maslinic acid (4958 mg/kg), while minor amounts of betulinic acid (257 and 80 mg/kg) were detected in L. speciosa and C. monogyna extracts.

maslinic acid

betulinic acid


Input: Lower quantities of triterpenic acids were identified in dried extracts of Harpagophyton procumbens root, propolis, Punica granatum root, Styrax benzoin, Vaccinium myrtillus fruits and Vitis vinifera seeds.

triterpenic acids


Input: Decoctions and fluid extracts lacked or contained very low amounts of triterpenic acids.

triterpenic acids


Input: Results are discussed in terms of quality and safety of these ingredients.


Input: The importance of amylose and amylopectin fine structures for starch digestibility in cooked rice grains.


Input: Statistically and causally meaningful relationships are established between starch molecular structures (obtained by size-exclusion chromatography, proton NMR and multiple-angle laser light scattering) and digestibility of cooked rice grains (measured by in vitro digestion).


Input: Significant correlations are observed between starch digestion rate and molecular structural characteristics, including fine structures of the distributions of branch (chain) lengths in both amylose and amylopectin.


Input: The in vitro digestion rate tends to increase with longer amylose branches and smaller ratios of long amylopectin and long amylose branches to short amylopectin branches, although the statistical analyses show that further data are needed to establish this unambiguously.


Input: These new relationships between fine starch structural features and digestibility of cooked rice grains are mechanistically reasonable, but suggestive rather than statistically definitive.


Input: Immunoreactivity of hen egg allergens: influence on in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of the presence of other egg white proteins and of egg yolk.


Input: Hen egg white comprises of a complex mixture of proteins, which greatly differ in their physicochemical characteristics and relative abundance.


Input: We aimed to identify potential undiscovered egg allergens within the egg white proteome and investigated the existence of matrix effects on the proteolytic stability and resultant IgE-binding of the allergenic proteins.


Input: In addition to the main egg allergens: ovalbumin (OVA), ovomucoid (OM) and lysozyme (LYS), two minor egg white proteins, tentatively identified as ovoinhibitor and clusterin, were found to react with serum IgE from egg-allergic patients.


Input: Egg white exhibited residual immunoreactivity after gastrointestinal digestion due to the presence of intact OVA and LYS, as well as of several IgE-binding peptides derived from OVA.


Input: The presence of egg yolk slightly increased the susceptibility to hydrolysis of egg white proteins and abrogated bile salt-induced precipitation of LYS in the duodenal medium.

bile salt


Input: However, the resultant immunoreactivity against IgE of egg white proteins after in vitro digestion was not significantly modified by the presence of yolk components.


Input: Investigation on the phase behaviour of gelatin/agarose mixture in an environment of reduced solvent quality.


Input: Investigation on the phase behaviour of a biopolymer mixture has been performed using 7. 5% (w/w) gelatin and 1. 5% (w/w) agarose in the presence of variable amounts of polydextrose as the co-solute from low to high levels of total solids.

polydextrose


Input: Mechanical observation of the system was performed using small deformation dynamic oscillation in shear along with thermal studies using modulated differential scanning calorimetry.


Input: Micrographs provided images of the changing morphology of the network with the addition of co-solute.


Input: Agarose and gelatin form non-interactive bicontinuous phases in the aqueous environment.


Input: Systematic increase in the concentration of polydextrose prevents the formation of a stable agarose network, with the polysaccharide chains dispersing in the high solids environment.

polydextrose


Input: Gelatin, on the other hand, retains its conformational stability even at a saturating co-solute environment through enhanced protein structuring.


Input: Vitrification studies on the high solids system at subzero temperatures provides information on the structural and molecular relaxation identified as a glass transition phenomenon.


Input: Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to analyse potential direct interaction between polymers and co-solute.


Input: The extent of amorphicity in the system was confirmed using wide angle X-ray diffraction.


Input: Application of a qualitative and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method for detecting genetically modified papaya line 55-1 in papaya products.


Input: Genetically modified (GM) papaya (Carica papaya L.) line 55-1 (55-1), which is resistant to papaya ringspot virus infection, has been marketed internationally.


Input: Many countries have mandatory labeling regulations for GM foods, and there is a need for specific methods for detecting 55-1.


Input: Here, an event-and construct-specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for detecting 55-1 in papaya products.


Input: Quantitative detection was possible for fresh papaya fruit up to dilutions of 0. 001% and 0. 01% (weight per weight [w/w]) for homozygous SunUp and heterozygous Rainbow cultivars, respectively, in non-GM papaya.


Input: The limit of detection and quantification was as low as 250 copies of the haploid genome according to a standard reference plasmid.


Input: The method was applicable to qualitative detection of 55-1 in eight types of processed products (canned papaya, pickled papaya, dried fruit, papaya-leaf tea, jam, puree, juice, and frozen dessert) containing papaya as a main ingredient.


Input: Physico-chemical changes occurring in oil when atmospheric frying is combined with post-frying vacuum application.


Input: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atmospheric frying followed by drainage under vacuum on the stability of oil, compared to similar frying with drainage at atmospheric pressure.


Input: Changes in the oil were assessed by the free fatty acid (FFA) content, p-anisidine value (AnV), colour, viscosity, fatty acid profile and concentration of tocols.

fatty acid

p-anisidine

fatty acid


Input: The rate of FFA formation in the case of vacuum drainage was found to be about half that of atmospheric drainage.


Input: Oil deterioration by oxidation and polymerisation was also reduced by the use of vacuum drainage.


Input: The AnV of the oil after vacuum drainage was lower by about 12%, the total colour difference was improved by 14% and viscosity was slightly reduced after 5 days of frying, compared to the values for oil that had been drained at atmospheric pressure.


Input: There was a reduction in the loss of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the case of vacuum drainage after 5 days of frying but differences in retention of tocols were only evident in the first two days of frying.

polyunsaturated fatty acids


Input: Non-targeted metabolomic approach reveals urinary metabolites linked to steroid biosynthesis pathway after ingestion of citrus juice.

steroid


Input: Citrus juice intake has been highlighted because of its health-promoting effects.


Input: LC-MS based metabolomics approaches are applied to obtain a better knowledge on changes in the concentration of metabolites due to its dietary intake and allow a better understanding of involved metabolic pathways.


Input: Eight volunteers daily consumed 400 mL of juice for four consecutive days and urine samples were collected before intake and 24h after each citrus juice intake.


Input: Urine samples were analysed by nanoHPLC-q-TOF, followed by principal component analysis (PCA) and Student' s t-test (p < 0. 05).


Input: PCA showed a separation between two groups (before and after citrus juice consumption).


Input: This approach allowed the identification of four endocrine compounds (tetrahydroaldosterone-3-glucuronide, cortolone-3-glucuronide, testosterone-glucuronide and 17-hydroxyprogesterone), which belonged to the steroid biosynthesis pathway as significant metabolites upregulated by citrus juice intake.

testosterone-glucuronide

steroid


Input: Additionally, these results confirmed the importance of using the non-targeted metabolomics technique to identify new endogenous metabolites, up-or down-regulated as a consequence of food intake.


Input: Identification of flavonoids and flavonoid rhamnosides from Rhododendron mucronulatum for. albiflorum and their inhibitory activities against aldose reductase.

flavonoids

flavonoid rhamnosides

aldose


Input: To investigate the therapeutic potential of compounds from natural sources, Rhododendron mucronulatum for. albiflorum flowers (RMAF) and R. mucronulatum flowers (RMF) were tested for inhibition of aldose reductase (AR).

aldose


Input: The methanol extracts of RMAF and RMF exhibited AR inhibitory activities (IC (50) values 1. 07 and 1. 29 mu g/mL, respectively).

methanol


Input: The stepwise polarity fractions of RMAF were tested for in vitro inhibition of AR from rat lenses.


Input: Of these, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) fraction exhibited AR inhibitory activity (IC (50) 0. 15 mu g/mL).

ethyl acetate

EtOAc


Input: A chromatography of the active EtOAc fraction of RMAF led to the isolation of six flavonoids, which were identified by spectroscopic analysis as kaempferol (1), afzelin (2), quercetin (3), quercitrin (4), myricetin (5) and myricitrin (6).

EtOAc

flavonoids

kaempferol

afzelin

quercetin

quercitrin

myricetin

myricitrin


Input: Compounds 1-6 exhibited high AR inhibitory activity, with IC (50) values of 0. 79, 0. 31, 0. 48, 0. 13, 11. 92 and 2. 67 mu g/mL, respectively.


Input: HPLC/UV analysis revealed that the major flavonoids of RMAF and RMF are quercitrin (4) and myricitrin (6).

flavonoids

quercitrin

myricitrin


Input: Our results suggest that RMAF containing these six flavonoids could be a useful natural source in the development of a novel AR inhibitory agent against diabetic complications.

flavonoids


Input: Encapsulation of food grade antioxidant in natural biopolymer by electrospinning technique: a physicochemical study based on zein-gallic acid system.

gallic acid


Input: Gallic acid was successfully incorporated into zein ultra-fine fibres at different loading amount (5%, 10% and 20%) in order to develop an encapsulating technology for functional ingredient delivery using electrospinning.

Gallic acid


Input: The produced fibres exhibit diameters ranging from 327 to 387 nm.


Input: The physical and thermal properties of encapsulated gallic acid were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC); and the interaction between gallic acid and zein was attested by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR).

gallic acid

gallic acid


Input: Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated a different thermal stability of the fabricated complex before and after the gallic acid incorporation.

gallic acid


Input: Lastly, the 1, 1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay showed that the gallic acid had retained its antioxidant activity after incorporation in zein electrospun fibres.

1, 1'-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH

gallic acid


Input: Overall, electrospinning technique had shown promising results as an efficient and effective method for the preparation of sub-micron structured encapsulated functional ingredient that may find uses in food industry.


Input: Suppression of LPS-induced inflammatory activities by Rosmarinus officinalis L.


Input: Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) has been used in folk medicine to treat headaches, epilepsy, poor circulation, and many other ailments.


Input: It was found that rosemary could act as a stimulant and mild analgesic and could reduce inflammation.


Input: However, the mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of rosemary need more study to be established.


Input: Therefore, in this study, the effects of rosemary on the activation of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-kB) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E (2) (PGE (2)), and cytokine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264. 7 cells were investigated.

nitric oxide

nitric oxide

NO

prostaglandin E (2)

PGE (2)


Input: A methanol extract of rosemary and its hexane fraction reduced NO generation with an IC (50) of 2. 75 and 2. 83 mu g/ml, respectively.

methanol

hexane

NO


Input: Also, the methanol extract and the hexane fraction inhibited LPS-induced MAPKs and NF-kB activation associated with the inhibition of iNOS or COX-2 expression.

methanol

hexane


Input: LPS-induced production of PGE (2) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were blocked by rosemary.

PGE (2)


Input: Rosemary extract and its hexane fraction are important for the prevention of phosphorylation of MAPKs, thereby blocking NF-kB activation, which in turn leads to decreased expression of iNOS and COX-2, thus preventing inflammation.

hexane


Input: Reverse micellar extraction of bovine serum albumin-a comparison between the effects of gemini surfactant and its corresponding monomeric surfactant.


Input: Gemini surfactant displayed distinct advantages over monomeric surfactant in the liquid-liquid reverse micellar extraction process.


Input: First, less amount of gemini surfactant than monomeric surfactant was needed for transferring almost complete bovine serum albumin (BSA) into organic phase from aqueous phase.


Input: Second, the loading capacity of gemini surfactant reverse micelle phase was much higher than that of the corresponding monomeric surfactant reverse micelle.


Input: Third, efficient backward extraction (75-92%) of BSA could be effected in a wide pH range from 4 to 9 with gemini surfactant reverse micelle while a pH of ca.


Input: 4. 3 is prerequisite to the recovery of BSA from monomeric surfactant reverse micelle.


Input: So far, the reports about the effect of surfactant structure on protein extraction have been limited.


Input: This study indicates the important role of the spacer of gemini surfactant in protein extraction process and may provide more knowledge on how to optimise surfactant structure.


Input: Reduction of lipid accumulation in white adipose tissues by Cassia tora (Leguminosae) seed extract is associated with AMPK activation.


Input: Natural herbal medications may be one answer to the worldwide epidemic of obesity.


Input: This study examines the effects of Cassia seed ethanol extract (CSEE) upon lipid accumulation in white adipose tissue (WAT).

ethanol


Input: CSEE exhibited a significant concentration-dependent decrease in the intracellular accumulation of trigycerides in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

trigycerides


Input: After being fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 2 weeks, rats were fed CSEE (100, 200 or 300 mg/kg) once daily for 8 weeks.


Input: CSEE caused dose-related reductions in body weight gain (as well as plasma lipid levels and epididymal WAT sizes in HFD-fed rats).


Input: CSEE enhanced the phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and its primary downstream targeting enzyme, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, up-regulated gene expression of carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1, and down-regulated sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase protein levels in epididymal WAT of HFD-fed rats.

AMP

acetyl-CoA

carnitine palmitoyl

fatty acid


Input: CSEE could attenuate lipid accumulation in WAT via AMPK signaling pathway activation.


Input: NMR structure and dynamics of the C-terminal domain of R-type lectin from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris.

C


Input: The C-terminal domain (Ch; C-half) of the R-type earthworm 29-kDa lectin (EW29), isolated from the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, has two sugar-binding sites, in subdomains alpha and gamma, and the protein uses the two sugar-binding sites for its function as a single domain-type haemagglutinin.

C

sugar

sugar


Input: Our previous NMR titration experiments showed that the alpha sugar-binding site is a high-affinity site and the gamma sugar-binding site is a low-affinity site.

sugar

sugar


Input: However, it remains unclear why the alpha sugar-binding site of EW29Ch binds to lactose much more strongly because the crystal structure of lactose-bound EW29Ch showed that the interaction between the alpha sugar-binding site and lactose was almost same as that between the gamma sugar-binding site and lactose.

sugar

lactose

sugar

lactose

sugar

lactose


Input: In the present study, we have determined the NMR structure of EW29Ch in the sugar-free state and performed (15) N relaxation experiments for EW29Ch in both the sugar-free state and the lactose-bound states.

sugar

(15) N

sugar

lactose


Input: The conformation of EW29Ch in the sugar-free state was similar to that of EW29Ch in complex with lactose.

sugar


Input: Conformational changes upon binding of lactose were observed only for the alpha sugar-binding site.


Input: By contrast, the (15) N relaxation experiments revealed a conformational exchange at the alpha sugar-binding site in the sugar-free state, which was suppressed in the lactose-bound state.

(15) N

sugar

sugar

lactose


Input: The conformational exchange phenomenon observed for the alpha sugar-binding site was not observed for the gamma sugar-binding site.

sugar

sugar


Input: Differences in the conformational change and the backbone dynamics between subdomains alpha and gamma may be associated with the difference of the sugar-binding modes between the two sugar-binding sites.

sugar

sugar


Input: DATABASE: Structural data for the NMR structure of EW29Ch in the sugar-free state have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank database under accession number 2RST.

sugar


Input: Comparison the neuropreotective effect of Cortex Phellodendri chinensis and Cortex Phellodendri amurensis against beta-amyloid-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.


Input: Cortex Phellodendron chinensis (CPC) and Cortex Phellodendron amurensis (CPA) derived from the dried bark of Phellodendron chinense Schneid. or Phellodendron amurense Rupr., respectively, are used interchangeably in clinical practice under the name " Huang Bai " for centuries in Chinese medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory conditions.


Input: Previous study in our laboratory demonstrated that CPC and CPA had different anti-diarrheal, anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory effects.


Input: In this present study, we aimed to compare the protective effect of ethanol extract of Cortex Phellodendri chinensis (ECPC) and Cortex Phellodendri Amurensis (ECPA) against beta-amyloid (A beta)-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, a typical model of Alzheimer' s disease.

ethanol


Input: The results showed that ECPC and ECPA contain four common chemical markers such as berberine, but palmatine and jatrorrhizin were not found in CPC in contrast to the presence in CPA.

berberine

palmatine

jatrorrhizin


Input: In addition, both ECPC and ECPA can significantly increase the cell viability in A beta-treated PC12 cells.


Input: Moreover, ECPC and ECPA can markedly elevate the ratio of the protein and mRNA levels of Bcl-2/Bax, while remarkably decrease the release of cytochrome c, and the protein and mRNA expression of caspase-3.


Input: Interestingly, ECPA has better protective effect than ECPC against A beta-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells.


Input: These results indicate that both ECPC and ECPA have potential protective effect against A beta-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells, and ECPA is more potential of the two species to be used in traditional medicine as a neuroprotective agent for the treatment of AD.


Input: The neuroprotective effect of the two species may be mediated, at least in part, via suppressing of the cellular apoptosis.


Input: beta-Asarone, an active principle of Acorus calamus rhizome, inhibits morphogenesis, biofilm formation and ergosterol biosynthesis in Candida albicans.

beta-Asarone

ergosterol


Input: Anti-Candida potential of Acorus calamus rhizome and its active principle, beta-asarone, was evaluated against the human fungal pathogen, Candida albicans.

beta-asarone


Input: beta-Asarone exhibited promising growth inhibitory activity at 0. 5mg/ml and it was fungicidal at 8 mg/ml.

beta-Asarone


Input: Time dependant kill curve assay showed that MFC of beta-asarone was highly toxic to C. albicans, killing 99. 9% inoculum within 120 min of exposure.

beta-asarone


Input: beta-Asarone caused significant inhibition of C. albicans morphogenesis and biofilm development at sub-inhibitory concentrations.

beta-Asarone


Input: Our data indicate that the growth inhibitory activity of beta-asarone might be through inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis.

beta-asarone

ergosterol


Input: Hemolytic assay showed that beta-asarone is non-toxic, even at concentrations approaching MIC value.

beta-asarone


Input: Our results suggest that beta-asarone may be safe as a topical antifungal agent.

beta-asarone


Input: Testing of novel brain-penetrating oxime reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agent surrogates.

oxime


Input: A critical need for combating the effects of organophosphate (OP) anticholinesterases, such as nerve agents, is the current lack of an effective oxime reactivator which can penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB), and therefore reactivate inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the brain.

organophosphate

oxime


Input: Our laboratories have synthesized and have initiated testing of novel phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes (patent pending) that are more lipophilic than currently approved oximes.

phenoxyalkyl pyridinium oximes

oximes


Input: This is a preliminary report on these novel oximes which have been tested in vitro in rat brain homogenates with highly relevant surrogates for sarin (phthalimidyl isopropyl methylphosphonate; PIMP) and VX (nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate; NEMP).

oximes

sarin

phthalimidyl isopropyl methylphosphonate

PIMP

nitrophenyl ethyl methylphosphonate

NEMP


Input: The oximes demonstrated a range of 14-76% reactivation of rat brain AChE in vitro.

oximes


Input: An in vivo testing paradigm was developed in which the novel oxime was administered at the time of maximal brain AChE inhibition (about 80%) (1h) elicited by nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate (NIMP; sarin surrogate).

oxime

nitrophenyl isopropyl methylphosphonate

NIMP

sarin


Input: This paradigm, with delayed administration of oxime to a time when brain AChE was starting to recover, was designed to minimize reactivation/reinhibition of peripheral AChE during the reactivation period which would decrease the availability of the surrogate for entry into the brain; this paradigm will allow proof of concept of BBB penetrability.

oxime


Input: The initial studies of these oximes in vivo with the sarin surrogate NIMP have indicated reactivation of up to about 25% at 30min after oxime administration and substantial attenuation of seizure behavior from some of the oximes.

oximes

sarin

NIMP

oxime

oximes


Input: Therefore these novel oximes have considerable potential as brain-protecting therapeutics for anticholinesterases.

oximes


Input: Contributions of rat Ctr1 to the uptake and toxicity of copper and platinum anticancer drugs in dorsal root ganglion neurons.

copper

platinum


Input: Dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons are affected by platinum-induced neurotoxicity and neurodegenerative processes associated with disturbed copper homeostasis and transport.

platinum

copper


Input: This study aimed to understand the role of copper transporter 1 (Ctr1) in the uptake and toxicity of copper and platinum drugs in cultured rat DRG neurons, and the functional activities of rat Ctr1 (rCtr1) as a membrane transporter of copper and platinum drugs.

copper

copper

platinum

copper

platinum


Input: Heterologous expression of rCtr1 in HEK293 cells (HEK/rCtr1 cells) increased the uptake and cytotoxicity of copper, oxaliplatin, cisplatin and carboplatin, in comparison to isogenic vector-transfected control cells.

copper

oxaliplatin

cisplatin

carboplatin


Input: Cultured rat DRG neurons endogenously expressed rCtr1 protein on their neuronal cell body plasma membranes and cytoplasm, and displayed substantial capacity for taking up copper, but were resistant to copper toxicity.

copper

copper


Input: The uptake of copper by both cultured rat DRG neurons and HEK/rCtr1 cells was saturable and inhibited by cold temperature, silver and zinc, consistent with it being mediated by rCtr1.

copper

silver

zinc


Input: Cultured rat DRG neurons accumulated platinum during their exposure to oxaliplatin and were sensitive to oxaliplatin cytotoxicity.

platinum

oxaliplatin

oxaliplatin


Input: The accumulation of platinum by both cultured rat DRG neurons and HEK/rCtr1 cells, during oxaliplatin exposure, was saturable and temperature dependent, but was inhibited by copper only in HEK/rCtr1 cells.

platinum

oxaliplatin

copper


Input: In conclusion, rCtr1 can transport copper and platinum drugs, and sensitizes cells to their cytotoxicities.

copper

platinum


Input: DRG neurons display substantial capacity for accumulating copper via a transport process mediated by rCtr1, but appear able to resist copper toxicity and use alternative mechanisms to take up oxaliplatin.

copper

copper

oxaliplatin


Input: Elevation of cysteine consumption in tamoxifen-resistant MCF-7 cells.

cysteine

tamoxifen


Input: Tamoxifen (TAM) resistance is a main cause of therapeutic failure in breast cancers.

Tamoxifen

TAM


Input: Although methionine dependency is a phenotypic characteristic of tumor cells, the role of sulfur amino acid metabolism in chemotherapy resistance remains to be elucidated.

methionine

sulfur amino acid


Input: This study compared metabolite profiles of sulfur amino acid metabolism from methionine to taurine or glutathione (GSH) between normal MCF-7 and TAM-resistant MCF-7 (TAMR-MCF-7) cells.

sulfur amino acid

methionine

taurine

glutathione

GSH

TAM


Input: TAMR-MCF-7 cells showed elevated levels and activities of enzymes involved in both transsulfuration from methionine to cysteine and metabolism of cysteine to GSH and taurine.

methionine

cysteine

cysteine

GSH

taurine


Input: Cysteine concentrations in TAMR-MCF-7 cells and medium conditioned by cell culture for 42h were markedly decreased, while GSH, hypotaurine, and taurine concentrations in the medium were increased.

Cysteine

GSH

hypotaurine

taurine


Input: These results show that TAMR-MCF-7 cells display enhanced cysteine utilization.

cysteine


Input: The addition of propargylglycine, a specific cystathionine gamma-lyase inhibitor, and buthionine sulfoximine, a specific gamma-glutamylcysteine ligase inhibitor, to TAMR-MCF-7 cells, but not to MCF-7 cells, resulted in cytotoxicity after sulfur amino acid deprivation.

propargylglycine

cystathionine

buthionine sulfoximine

gamma-glutamylcysteine

sulfur amino acid


Input: These results suggest that cell viability of TAMR-MCF-7 cells is affected by inhibition of sulfur amino acid metabolism, particularly cysteine synthesis from homocysteine and GSH synthesis from cysteine.

sulfur amino acid

cysteine

homocysteine

GSH

cysteine


Input: Additionally, the S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio, an index of transmethylation potential, in TAMR-MCF-7 cells increased to ~ 3. 6-fold relative to that in MCF-7 cells, a finding that may result from upregulation of methionine adenosyltransferase IIa and S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase.

S-adenosylmethionine

S-adenosylhomocysteine

methionine

S-adenosylhomocysteine


Input: In conclusion, this study suggests that TAMR-MCF-7 cells display enhanced cysteine utilization for synthesis of GSH and taurine, and are sensitive to inhibition of cysteine metabolism.

cysteine

GSH

taurine

cysteine


Input: An Indian butyrylcholinesterase variant L307P is not structurally stable: A molecular dynamics simulation study.


Input: The human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity is less than 1% in the serum of silent variant individuals of Vysya community in India.


Input: They are homozygous for a point mutation at codon 307 (CTT --> CCT) resulting in the substitution of leucine 307 by proline.

leucine

proline


Input: The reason for the disappearance of the protein in the serum has not been explicated till date.


Input: Based on this background, we performed molecular dynamics simulation to probe the structural stability of Indian variant (L307P) in comparison with wild and other BChE variants (D70G, E497V, V142M) having differential esterase activity.


Input: The simulation of all the mutants except D70G showed a much larger C alpha root mean square deviation from the wild BChE crystal structure, showing the overall conformational disturbance.


Input: Further analysis revealed that secondary structure of the mutant proteins was not stable.


Input: The orientation of the catalytic triad is also distorted in all the mutants.


Input: The distance between delta nitrogen of His438 to epsilon oxygen of Glu325 and epsilon nitrogen of His438 to gamma oxygen of Ser198 were highly altered in L307P mutant than the wild and other three variants throughout the simulation.

nitrogen

oxygen

nitrogen

oxygen


Input: Such disparity of distances between the catalytic residues may be due to the change in the protein conformation attributing to their differential catalytic activity.


Input: Our studies thus prove that the Indian BChE L307P mutant with negligible activity is possibly due to its structural instability when compared to other BChE variants.


Input: Absolute quantitation of stevioside and rebaudioside A in commercial standards by quantitative NMR.

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: The extract prepared from the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana BERTONI (Asteraceae) contains sweet steviol glycosides, mainly stevioside and rebaudioside A.

steviol glycosides

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: Highly purified stevia extracts have become popular worldwide as a natural, low-calorie sweetener.


Input: They contain various types of steviol glycosides, and their main components are stevioside and rebaudioside A.

steviol glycosides

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: The content of each steviol glycoside is quantified by comparing the ratios of the molecular weights and the chromatographic peak areas of the samples to those of stevioside or rebaudioside A standards of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)/World Health Organization (WHO) Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) and other specifications.

steviol glycoside

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: However, various commercial standard reagents of stevioside and rebaudioside A are available.

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: Their purities are different and their exact purities are not indicated.


Input: Therefore, the measured values of stevioside and rebaudioside A contained in a sample vary according to the standard used for the quantification.

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: In this study, we utilized an accurate method, quantitative NMR (qNMR), for determining the contents of stevioside and rebaudioside A in standards, with traceability to the International System of Units (SI units).

stevioside

rebaudioside A


Input: The purities of several commercial standards were determined to confirm their actual values.


Input: A mutation in the FAM36A gene, the human ortholog of COX20, impairs cytochrome c oxidase assembly and is associated with ataxia and muscle hypotonia.


Input: The mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase) is a multi-subunit enzyme that transfers electrons from cytochrome c to molecular oxygen, yielding water.

oxygen


Input: Its biogenesis requires concerted expression of mitochondria-and nuclear-encoded subunits and assembly factors.


Input: In this report, we describe a homozygous missense mutation in FAM36A from a patient who displays ataxia and muscle hypotonia.


Input: The FAM36A gene is a remote, putative ortholog of the fungal complex IV assembly factor COX20.


Input: Messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein co-expression analyses support the involvement of FAM36A in complex IV function in mammals.


Input: The c. 154A > C mutation in the FAM36A gene, a mutation that is absent in sequenced exomes, leads to a reduced activity and lower levels of complex IV and its protein subunits.


Input: The FAM36A protein is nearly absent in patient' s fibroblasts.


Input: Cells affected by the mutation accumulate subassemblies of complex IV that contain COX1 but are almost devoid of COX2 protein.


Input: We observe co-purification of FAM36A and COX2 proteins, supporting that the FAM36A defect hampers the early step of complex IV assembly at the incorporation of the COX2 subunit.


Input: Lentiviral complementation of patient' s fibroblasts with wild-type FAM36A increases the complex IV activity as well as the amount of holocomplex IV and of individual subunits.


Input: These results establish the function of the human gene FAM36A/COX20 in complex IV assembly and support a causal role of the gene in complex IV deficiency.


Input: Regulation of adipogenesis by cytoskeleton remodelling is facilitated by acetyltransferase MEC-17-dependent acetylation of alpha-tubulin.


Input: Cytoskeleton remodelling is a prerequisite step for the morphological transition from preadipocytes to mature adipocytes.


Input: Although microtubules play a pivotal role in organizing cellular structure, regulation of microtubule dynamics during adipogenesis remains unclear.


Input: In the present paper we show that acetylation of alpha-tubulin is up-regulated during adipogenesis, and adipocyte development is dependent on alpha-tubulin acetylation, as expression of an acetylation-resistant alpha-tubulin mutant significantly inhibits adipogenesis.


Input: Moreover, acetylation of alpha-tubulin is under the control of the acetyltransferase MEC-17 and deacetylases SIRT2 (Sirtuin 2) and HDAC6 (histone deacetylase 6).


Input: Adipocyte development is inhibited in MEC-17-knockdown cells, but enhanced in MEC-17-overexpressing cells.


Input: Finally, we show that katanin, a microtubule-severing protein with enhanced activity on acetylated alpha-tubulin, is actively involved in adipogenesis.


Input: We propose that co-ordinated up-regulation of alpha-tubulin acetylation initiates cytoskeleton remodelling by promoting alpha-tubulin severing by katanin which, in turn, allows expansion of lipid droplets and accelerates the morphological transition toward mature adipocytes.


Input: 2-Amino-4-arylthiazole compounds as TRPA1 antagonists (WO 2012085662): a patent evaluation.


Input: The patent claims 2-amino-4-arylthiazole derivative compounds as inhibitors of the TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin, member 1) receptor.


Input: These compounds are potent antagonists on the basis of the results of in vitro assays, and are expected to be useful for treating conditions and disorders associated with TRPA1 function such as pain, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, rheumatoid arthritic pain, osteoarthritic pain, diabetic neuropathy and inflammatory disorders.


Input: Bioactive constituents of Salvia chrysophylla Stapf.


Input: The dichloromethane extract of the aerial parts of Salvia chrysophylla Stapf (Lamiaceae), which is an endemic species to south-western Anatolia, was studied for non-volatile secondary metabolites for the first time in this study.

dichloromethane


Input: Structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated as sclareol, beta-sitosterol, salvigenin, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid.

sclareol

beta-sitosterol

salvigenin

oleanolic acid

ursolic acid


Input: The lipid peroxidation inhibitory activity and the DPPH free radical scavenging activity of the pure isolates were investigated to establish their antioxidant potential.

DPPH


Input: Their anticholinesterase activity was carried out by the Ellman assay against both enzymes, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase, and diterpene sclareol exhibited fairly good activity against both the enzymes while the two triterpenoids oleanolic and ursolic acids exhibited selective activity against AChE.

sclareol

oleanolic and ursolic acids


Input: Down-regulation of 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 expression in the airway epithelium ameliorates allergic lung inflammation.


Input: Allergic airway inflammation is characterized by increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory cell infiltration, mucus hypersecretion, and airway hyperresponsiveness, in parallel with oxidative DNA base and strand damage, whose etiological role is not understood.


Input: Our goal was to establish the role of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), a common oxidatively damaged base, and its repair by 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (Ogg1) in allergic airway inflammatory processes.


Input: Airway inflammation was induced by intranasally administered ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia) pollen grain extract (RWPE) in sensitized BALB/c mice.


Input: We utilized siRNA technology to deplete Ogg1 from airway epithelium; 8-oxoG and DNA strand break levels were quantified by Comet assays.


Input: Inflammatory cell infiltration and epithelial methaplasia were determined histologically, mucus and cytokines levels biochemically and enhanced pause was used as the main index of airway hyperresponsiveness.


Input: Decreased Ogg1 expression and thereby 8-oxoG repair in the airway epithelium conveyed a lower inflammatory response after RWPE challenge of sensitized mice, as determined by expression of Th2 cytokines, eosinophilia, epithelial methaplasia, and airway hyperresponsiveness.