Input: Moreover, SCPP11 could ameliorate the hematological and biochemical parameters to almost normal and no significant changes in organ weight, and could increase the body weight.


Input: In addition, SCPP11 (at 50mg/kg) could also increased in thymus indexes as well as IL-2 and TNF-alpha levels in serum in vivo and significantly enhance the phagocytosis activity and the productions of NO of RAW264. 7 in vitro.

NO


Input: The results indicated that antitumor properties of SCPP11 might be achieved by improving immune response.


Input: It could be explored as a potential adjuvant against cancer used in the health food and pharmaceutical therapy.


Input: Narirutin fraction from citrus peels attenuates alcoholic liver disease in mice.

Narirutin


Input: This study aimed to demonstrate protective activities of the narirutin fraction from peels of Citrus unshiu against ethanol-induced hepatic damage through an animal study.

narirutin

ethanol


Input: Citrus narirutin fraction (CNF), contained 75% of narirutin, was obtained by an ultra-sonicated extraction and further purification.

narirutin

narirutin


Input: ICR mice were divided into four groups; normaldiet control, ethanol control (6. 5g ethanol/kg), low-CNF (ethanol + 150mg CNF/kg) and high-CNF (ethanol + 300mg CNF/kg) groups.

ethanol

ethanol

ethanol

ethanol


Input: Consumption of alcohol for 8weeks induced severe liver damage with increases in prognostic indicators such as aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase in serum whereas co-administration of CNF suppressed their increases.

alcohol

aspartate


Input: Excessive accumulations in liver TG and TC in ethanol control group were also suppressed by co-administration of CNF.

ethanol


Input: Co-administration of CNF maintained SOD activity, GSH and malondialdehyde levels close to those of the normal diet group.

GSH

malondialdehyde


Input: Chronic consumption of alcohol also stimulated abrupt increases in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta in liver otherwise co-administration of CNF effectively suppressed production of these cytokines dose-dependently.

alcohol


Input: These results indicate that co-administration of CNF with alcohol can alleviate alcohol induced liver damage through preventing lipid formation, protecting antioxidant system and suppressing productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

alcohol

alcohol


Input: Linking pesticide exposure and dementia: What is the evidence?


Input: There has been a steep increase in the prevalence of dementia in recent decades, which has roughly followed an increase in pesticide use some decades earlier, a time when it is probable that current dementia patients could have been exposed to pesticides.


Input: This raises the question whether pesticides contribute to dementia pathogenesis.


Input: Indeed, many studies have found increased prevalence of cognitive, behavioral and psychomotor dysfunction in individuals chronically exposed to pesticides.


Input: Furthermore, evidence from recent studies shows a possible association between chronic pesticide exposure and an increased prevalence of dementia, including Alzheimer' s disease (AD) dementia.


Input: At the cellular and molecular level, the mechanism of action of many classes of pesticides suggests that these compounds could be, at least partly, accountable for the neurodegeneration accompanying AD and other dementias.


Input: For example, organophosphates, which inhibit acetylcholinesterase as do the drugs used in treating AD symptoms, have also been shown to lead to microtubule derangements and tau hyperphosphorylation, a hallmark of AD.

organophosphates


Input: This emerging association is of considerable public health importance, given the increasing dementia prevalence and pesticide use.


Input: Here we review the epidemiological links between dementia and pesticide exposure and discuss the possible pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications of this association.


Input: Mutagenicity of the cysteine S-conjugate sulfoxides of trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene in the Ames test.

cysteine S

sulfoxides

trichloroethylene

tetrachloroethylene


Input: The nephrotoxicity and nephrocarcinogenicity of trichloroethylene (TCE) and tetrachloroethylene (PCE) are believed to be mediated primarily through the cysteine S-conjugate beta-lyase-dependent bioactivation of the corresponding cysteine S-conjugate metabolites S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (DCVC) and S-(1, 2, 2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine (TCVC), respectively.

trichloroethylene

TCE

tetrachloroethylene

PCE

cysteine S

cysteine S

S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine

DCVC

S-(1, 2, 2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine

TCVC


Input: DCVC and TCVC have previously been demonstrated to be mutagenic by the Ames Salmonella mutagenicity assay, and reduction in mutagenicity was observed upon treatment with the beta-lyase inhibitor aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA).

DCVC

TCVC

aminooxyacetic acid

AOAA


Input: Because DCVC and TCVC can also be bioactivated through sulfoxidation to yield the potent nephrotoxicants S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide (DCVCS) and S-(1, 2, 2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide (TCVCS), respectively, the mutagenic potential of these two sulfoxides was investigated using the Ames Salmonella typhimurium TA100 mutagenicity assay.

DCVC

TCVC

S-(1, 2-dichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide

DCVCS

S-(1, 2, 2-trichlorovinyl)-l-cysteine sulfoxide

TCVCS

sulfoxides


Input: The results show both DCVCS and TCVCS were mutagenic, and TCVCS exhibited 3-fold higher mutagenicity than DCVCS.

DCVCS

TCVCS

TCVCS

DCVCS


Input: However, DCVCS and TCVCS mutagenic activity was approximately 700-fold and 30-fold lower than DCVC and TCVC, respectively.

DCVCS

TCVCS

DCVC

TCVC


Input: DCVC and DCVCS appeared to induce toxicity in TA100, as evidenced by increased microcolony formation and decreased mutant frequency above threshold concentrations.

DCVC

DCVCS


Input: TCVC and TCVCS were not toxic in TA100.

TCVC

TCVCS


Input: The toxic effects of DCVC limited the sensitivity of TA100 to DCVC mutagenic effects and rendered it difficult to investigate the effects of AOAA on DCVC mutagenic activity.

DCVC

DCVC

AOAA

DCVC


Input: Collectively, these results suggest that DCVCS and TCVCS exerted a definite but weak mutagenicity in the TA100 strain.

DCVCS

TCVCS


Input: Therefore, despite their potent nephrotoxicity, DCVCS and TCVCS are not likely to play a major role in DCVC or TCVC mutagenicity in this strain.

DCVCS

TCVCS

DCVC

TCVC


Input: First synthesis and biological evaluation of indeno [2, 1-e] pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5-one and related derivatives.

indeno [2, 1-e] pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5-one


Input: The synthesis of indeno [2, 1-e] pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5-one was achieved by intramolecular Friedel-Crafts reaction of the acid chloride 3-methyl-1, 6-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyrazine-5-carboxylic acid chloride (4) using AlCl3 in boiling CS2.

indeno [2, 1-e] pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyrazin-5-one

acid chloride 3-methyl-1, 6-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolo [3, 4-b] pyrazine-5-carboxylic acid chloride


Input: Compound 4 proved to be a versatile compound for the synthesis of several Indenopyrazolopyrazinone derivatives.

Indenopyrazolopyrazinone


Input: The antibacterial and antifungal activities of selected derivatives were evaluated.


Input: Effects of nanoparticles of TiO2 on food depletion and life-history responses of Daphnia magna.


Input: The extent to which different forms of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) aggregated with microalgae, decreased food levels and hence impaired growth, reproduction and fitness of Daphnia magna individuals were studied.

titanium dioxide


Input: Treatments included three different types of nano-TiO2 differing in their coating or crystalline structure but of similar primary size (20 nm) plus a micron-sized bulk material, two exposure levels (1, 10mg/l) and two food ration levels of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris that included a non limiting (1. 5 mu gC/ml) and a limiting one (0. 3 mu gC/ml).


Input: Effects were assessed using standardized chronic tests and assays that maximized food depletion in the water column under semi-static and re-suspension conditions.


Input: Results indicated that the high ion levels in culture medium lead to the aggregation of nanoparticles followed by particle destabilization.


Input: Nanoparticle aggregates interacted with the algae cells, forming clusters.


Input: Large TiO2-algae agglomerates settled readily dramatically depleting the concentration of available food for D. magna.


Input: At limiting food rations food depletion by nanoparticle aggregation had dramatic effects on reproduction and fitness of exposed D. magna at 1mg/l irrespectively of the particle form.


Input: At high food rations effects were only observed for one of the nano-TiO2, P-25, at high exposure levels (10 mg/l) under both semi-static and particle re-suspension conditions, which suggest that P-25 effects were mediated by clogging the gut and hence diminishing food acquisition.


Input: These results indicate that nano-TiO2 may affect the transfer of energy throughout the planktonic aquatic food webs increasing the settlement of edible particles from the water column.


Input: Reproductive and health assessment of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) inhabiting a pond containing oil sands process-affected water.


Input: Previous laboratory based studies have shown that oil sands process-affected waters (OSPWs) containing high concentrations of naphthenic acids (> 25 mg/l) have adverse effects on the reproductive physiology of fish.

naphthenic acids


Input: The purpose of this study was to assess the reproductive development and health of a wild population of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) inhabiting an OSPW pond that has moderate concentrations of naphthenic acids (~ 10 mg/l).

naphthenic acids


Input: Fathead minnows were collected at various times during the period of 2006 through 2008 from Demonstration Pond (OSPW) located at Syncrude Canada Ltd., and two reference sites, Beaver Creek reservoir and Poplar Creek reservoir, which are all north of Fort McMurray, AB, Canada.


Input: Condition factor, gill histopathology, gonadosomatic indices, liver somatic indices, male secondary sexual characteristics, and plasma sex steroids were examined.

steroids


Input: Depending on the time of year that fathead minnows were collected, there were differences in the condition factor, gonadosomatic indices, liver somatic indices, and secondary sexual characteristics of fathead minnows (in males) from Demonstration Pond when compared to the fathead minnows from the reference sites.


Input: In comparison to reference fish, lower concentrations of 11-ketotestosterone were measured in the plasma of male fathead minnows collected from Demonstration Pond in June 2006 and July 2007.


Input: Black spot disease and Ligula intestinalis were prevalent in fathead minnows from the reference sites but were not observed in fathead minnows from Demonstration Pond.


Input: The opercula of fathead minnows from Demonstration Pond also differed from those of reference fish.


Input: An examination of the gills of fathead minnows from Demonstration Pond revealed that were a number of proliferative and degenerative alterations relative to reference fish.


Input: Even though the fathead minnow population has been maintained in this OSPW pond since 1993, the results of this study demonstrate that the OSPW continues to affect the reproductive development and health of the fathead minnows compared to fish collected at reference sites.


Input: Molecular phylogeny of the Indian Ocean Terpsiphone paradise flycatchers: Undetected evolutionary diversity revealed amongst island populations.


Input: We construct a molecular phylogeny of Terpsiphone flycatchers of the Indian Ocean and use this to investigate their evolutionary relationships.


Input: A total of 4. 4kb of mitochondrial (cyt-b, ND3, ND2, control region) and nuclear (G3PDH, MC1R) sequence data were obtained from all species, sub-species and island populations of the region.


Input: Colonisation of the western Indian Ocean has been within the last two million years and greatly postdates the formation of the older islands of the region.


Input: A minimum of two independent continent-island colonisation events must have taken place in order to explain the current distribution and phylogenetic placement of Terpsiphone in this region.


Input: While five well-diverged Indian Ocean clades are detected, the relationship between them is unclear.


Input: Short intermodal branches are indicative of rapid range expansion across the region, masking exact routes and chronology of colonisation.


Input: The Indian Ocean Terpsiphone taxa fall into five well supported clades, two of which (the Seychelles paradise flycatcher and the Mascarene paradise flycatcher) correspond with currently recognised species, whilst a further three (within the Madagascar paradise flycatcher) are not entirely predicted by taxonomy, and are neither consistent with distance-based nor island age-based models of colonisation.


Input: We identify the four non-Mascarene clades as Evolutionarily Significant Units (ESUs), while the Mascarene paradise flycatcher contains two ESUs corresponding to the Mauritius and R e union subspecies.


Input: All six ESUs are sufficiently diverged to be worthy of management as if they were separate species.


Input: This phylogenetic reconstruction highlights the importance of sub-specific molecular phylogenetic reconstructions in complex island archipelago settings in clarifying phylogenetic history and ESUs that may otherwise be overlooked and inadvertently lost.


Input: Our phylogenetic reconstruction has identified hidden pockets of evolutionary distinctiveness, which provide a valuable platform upon which to re-evaluate investment of conservation resources within the Terpsiphone flycatchers of the Indian Ocean.


Input: Improving correlated SERS measurements with scanning electron microscopy: an assessment of the problem arising from the deposition of amorphous carbon.

carbon


Input: For surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates with nonspherical symmetry, it is critical to correlate spectroscopy measurements with imaging by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).


Input: However, the deposition of carbon resulting from e-beam exposure during SEM imaging contaminates the surface of nanoparticles, potentially preventing their further functionalization with Raman probe molecules.

carbon


Input: In addition, the deposited carbon leads to unwanted background SERS signals.

carbon


Input: In this study, we systematically investigated the deposition of carbon during SEM imaging and examined how it affects the functionalization of nanoparticles with probe molecules and impacts the detection of SERS signals.

carbon


Input: Significantly, we found that the carbon could be removed or replaced from the surface of Ag nanoparticles through chemical or physical means, rendering the nanoparticles the capability for correlated SEM/SERS studies.

carbon

Ag


Input: The first report on some toxic effects of green scat, Scatophagus argus an Iranian Persian Gulf venomous fish.


Input: Green scat namely as Scatophagus argus is a venomous aquarium fish belonging to Scatophagidae family.


Input: It can induce painful wounds in injured hand with partial paralysis to whom that touch the spines.


Input: Dorsal and ventral rough spines contain cells that produce venom with toxic activities.


Input: According to unpublished data collected from local hospitals in southern coastal region of Iran, S. argus is reported as a venomous fish.


Input: Envenomation induces clinical symptoms such as local pain, partial paralysis, erythema and itching.


Input: In the present study green scat (spotted scat) was collected from Persian Gulf coastal waters.


Input: SDS-PAGE indicated 12 distinct bands in the venom ranged between 7 and 250 kDa.

SDS


Input: The crude venom had hemolytic activity on human erythrocytes (1%) with an LC100 (Lytic Concentration) of about 1. 7 mu g.


Input: The crude venom can release 813 mu g protein from 0. 5% casein.


Input: Phospholipase C activity was recorded at 3. 125 mu g of total venom.


Input: Our findings showed that the edematic activity remained over 24 h after injection.


Input: The results demonstrated that crude venom extracted from Iranian coastal border has different toxic and enzymatic activities.


Input: This study is pending to further investigation on animal model regarding protein purification and in vivo studies.


Input: An evaluation of the serotonin system and perseverative, compulsive, stereotypical, and hyperactive behaviors in dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mice.

serotonin

dopamine


Input: RATIONALE: Mice lacking the dopamine transporter (DAT) display major behavioral alterations that include hyperactivity, perseverative locomotor patterns, and reduced prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex.

dopamine


Input: OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate perseverative, compulsive, stereotypical, and hyperactive behaviors, as well as serotonin and its involvement with these behaviors, in DAT gene-altered mice.

serotonin


Input: RESULTS: In the open field, mean turn angle and meandering were decreased in DAT knockout (DAT-KO) mice.


Input: DAT-KO mice displayed increased hyperactivity, increased velocity, less time immobile, and a failure to habituate over time in the open field unlike their DAT wildtype (DAT-WT) and heterozygous (DAT-HET) littermates.


Input: DAT-KO mice buried fewer marbles than DAT-WT and-HET mice in an assessment of compulsive-like behaviors, likely due to extreme hyperactivity and related inattention.


Input: Stereotypical head weaving was increased in untreated DAT-KO mice.


Input: Following administration of the 5-HT (1A/7) agonist 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), stereotypical head weaving and forepaw treading were increased more in DAT-KO mice than in DAT-WT or-HET mice.

8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino) tetralin


Input: By contrast, head twitches induced by treatment with the 5-HT (2A/2C) agonist (+/-)-2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane (DOI) were similar in mice of all three DAT genotypes.

(+/-)-2, 5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenyl-2-aminopropane

DOI


Input: 5-HT (1A) autoreceptor function was intact in DAT-KO mice.


Input: Compared to DAT-WT mice, serotonin levels were increased in DAT-HET and-KO mice in frontal cortex and hippocampus, respectively, and serotonin turnover rates were increased ~ 30% in the striatum of DAT-KO mice.

serotonin


Input: CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend and confirm prior behavioral and biochemical characterization of DAT-KO mice.


Input: Hyperactivity, stereotypy, and perseverative behaviors are increased in these mice, with brain-area specific increases in serotonin levels and serotonin turnover, and marked increases in postsynaptic 5-HT (1A) receptor-mediated stereotypic responses.

serotonin

serotonin


Input: Quantum dots exhibit less bioaccumulation than free cadmium and selenium in the earthworm Eisenia andrei.

cadmium

selenium


Input: The present study addresses the bioaccumulation behavior of cadmium selenide quantum dots by Eisenia andrei earthworms in a terrestrial environment.

cadmium selenide


Input: Earthworms were exposed to quantum dot-treated soil for up to 4 wk and analyzed for cadmium and selenium concentration using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

cadmium

selenium


Input: Results were compared with those from earthworms exposed to cadmium nitrate and selenious acid, as positive controls, and those exposed in untreated soil (negative control).

cadmium nitrate

selenious acid


Input: Earthworms exposed to quantum dots showed significant bioaccumulation of cadmium and selenium (5. 3-and 1. 5-fold higher concentration over negative controls, respectively) after 4 wk.

cadmium

selenium


Input: Over the same 4 wk, positive control earthworms accumulated 9. 2-and 2. 2-fold higher cadmium and selenium, respectively, than negative controls for a much more substantial final body burden of the 2 elements.

cadmium

selenium


Input: The concentrations also increased with exposure time; cadmium concentrations increased from 3600 +/- 310 ng/g to 8080 +/- 660 ng/g, from 1 to 4 wk, suggesting that further bioaccumulation may take place with even longer exposure time.

cadmium


Input: The molar ratio of cadmium to selenium in the quantum dot-exposed worms (6. 2) is closer to the ratios seen in positive control worms (7. 2) than to the pure quantum dots (1. 8), which implies that quantum dots are taken up predominantly in the degraded form.

cadmium

selenium


Input: The results suggest that chemical modification of quantum dots to protect them from environmental degradation could potentially reduce bioaccumulation of the nanoparticles by earthworms.


Input: Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32: 1288-1294.


Input: (c) 2013 SETAC.


Input: Polymers for the cell-specific immobilisation of megakaryocytic cell lines.


Input: Primary human megakaryocytes, the precursor cells of platelets, are difficult to collect and cultivate.


Input: Polymers that enrich these cells without affecting their regulation or function are of interest for basic research as well as for cord blood transplantation purposes since co-transplantation of enriched megakaryocyte concentrates increase the success of stem cell therapy.


Input: Herein, polymer microarrays were used for the discovery of substrates for MEG-01 cells, with five polymers identified which selectively bound cells of the megakaryocytic lineage.


Input: Flow cytometry and miRNA profiling revealed that immobilisation had only a minor effect on the cellular maturation status, making the identified substrates potential candidates for concentrating megakaryocytes from patients prior to transplantation.


Input: Plasmonic-enhanced organic photovoltaics: breaking the 10% efficiency barrier.


Input: Recent advances in molecular organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have shown 10% power conversion efficiency (PCE) for single-junction cells, which put them in direct competition with PVs based on amorphous silicon.

silicon


Input: Incorporation of plasmonic nanostructures for light trapping in these thin-film devices offers an attractive solution to realize higher-efficiency OPVs with PCE >> 10%.


Input: This article reviews recent progress on plasmonic-enhanced OPV devices using metallic nanoparticles, and one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) patterned periodic nanostructures.


Input: We discuss the benefits of using various plasmonic nanostructures for broad-band, polarization-insensitive and angle-independent absorption enhancement, and their integration with one or two electrode (s) of an OPV device.


Input: Tuning the Stability of Graphene Layers by Phthalocyanine-Based oPPV Oligomers Towards Photo-and Redoxactive Materials.

Graphene

Phthalocyanine


Input: In contrast to pristine zinc phthalocyanine (1), zinc phthalocyanine based oPPV-oligomers (2-4) of different chain lengths interact tightly and reversibly with graphite, affording stable and finely dispersed suspensions of mono-to few-layer graphene-nanographene (NG)-that are photoactive.

zinc phthalocyanine

zinc phthalocyanine

oPPV

graphite

graphene


Input: The p-type character of the oPPV backbones and the increasing length of the oPPV backbones facilitate the overall pi-pi interactions with the graphene layers.

graphene


Input: In NG/2, NG/3, and NG/4 hybrids, strong electronic coupling between the individual components gives rise to charge transfer from the photoexcited zinc phthalocyanines to NG to form hundreds of picoseconds lived charge transfer states.

zinc phthalocyanines


Input: The resulting features, namely photo-and redoxactivity, serve as incentives to construct and to test novel solar cells.


Input: Solar cells made out of NG/4 feature stable and repeatable photocurrent generation during several' on-off' cycles of illumination with monochromatic IPCE values of around 1%.


Input: Superhydrophobic and Superoleophilic PVDF Membranes for Effective Separation of Water-in-Oil Emulsions with High Flux.

PVDF


Input: A superhydrophobic-superoleophilic PVDF membrane is fabricated via an inert solvent-induced phase inversion for effective separation of both micrometer and nanometer-sized surfactant-free and surfactant-stabilized water-in-oil emulsions solely driven by gravity, with high separation efficiency (oil purity in filtrate after separation > 99. 95 wt%) and high flux, which is several times higher than those of commercial filtration membranes and reported materials with similar permeation properties.


Input: Ultralight and highly compressible graphene aerogels.

graphene


Input: Chemically converted graphene aerogels with ultralight density and high compressibility are prepared by diamine-mediated functionalization and assembly, followed by microwave irradiation.

graphene

diamine


Input: The resulting graphene aerogels with density as low as 3 mg cm (-3) show excellent resilience and can completely recover after more than 90% compression.

graphene


Input: The ultralight graphene aerogels possessing high elasticity are promising as compliant and energy-absorbing materials.

graphene


Input: A Biochemical and Cellular Approach to Explore the Antiproliferative and Prodifferentiative Activity of Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract.


Input: Aloe arborescens Miller, belonging to the Aloe genus (Liliaceae family), is one of the main varieties of Aloe used worldwide.


Input: Although less characterized than the commonest Aloe vera, Aloe arborescens is known to be richer in beneficial phytotherapeutic, anticancer, and radio-protective properties.


Input: It is commonly used as a pharmaceutical ingredient for its effect in burn treatment and ability to increase skin wound healing properties.


Input: However, very few studies have addressed the biological effects of Aloe at molecular level.


Input: The aim of the research is to provide evidences for the antiproliferative properties of Aloe arborescens crude leaf extract using an integrated proteomic and cellular biological approach.


Input: We analysed the composition of an Aloe arborescens leaf extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis.


Input: We found it rich in Aloe-emodin, a hydroxylanthraquinone with known antitumoral activity and in several compounds with anti-oxidant properties.

emodin

hydroxylanthraquinone


Input: Accordingly, we show that the Aloe extract has antiproliferative effects on several human transformed cell lines and exhibits prodifferentiative effects on both primary and immortalized human keratinocyte.


Input: Proteomic analysis of whole cell extracts revealed the presence of proteins with a strong antiproliferative and antimicrobial activity specifically induced in human keratinocytes by Aloe treatment supporting its application as a therapeutical agent.


Input: Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Input: Cytotoxic and apoptosis-inducing activities of steviol and isosteviol derivatives against human cancer cell lines.

steviol

isosteviol


Input: Seventeen steviol derivatives, i. e., 2-18, and 19 isosteviol derivatives, i. e., 19-37, were prepared from a diterpenoid glycoside, stevioside (1).

steviol

isosteviol

diterpenoid glycoside

stevioside


Input: Upon evaluation of the cytotoxic activities of these compounds against leukemia (HL60), lung (A549), stomach (AZ521), and breast (SK-BR-3) cancer cell lines, nine steviol derivatives, i. e., 5-9 and 11-14, and five isosteviol derivatives, i. e., 28-32, exhibited activities with single-digit micromolar IC (50) values against one or more cell lines.

steviol

isosteviol


Input: All of these active compounds possess C (19)-O-acyl group, and among which, ent-kaur-16-ene-13, 19-diol 19-O-4', 4', 4'-trifluorocrotonate (14) exhibited potent cytotoxicities against four cell lines with IC (50) values in the range of 1. 2-4. 1 mu M.

O-acyl

ent-kaur-16-ene-13, 19-diol 19-O-4', 4', 4'-trifluorocrotonate


Input: Compound 14 induced typical apoptotic cell death in HL60 cells upon evaluation of the apoptosis-inducing activity by flow-cytometric analysis.


Input: These results suggested that acylation of the 19-OH group of kaurane-and beyerane-type diterpenoids might be useful for enhancement of their cytotoxicities with apoptosis-inducing activity.

OH

kaurane

beyerane

diterpenoids


Input: Chemical composition and antimicrobial and allelopathic activity of Tunisian Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. WALKER essential oils.


Input: Conyza sumatrensis (Retz.) E. WALKER (Asteraceae) is a spontaneous annual herb, fairly widespread throughout Tunisia, which has rarely been studied or valued in any sector.


Input: Essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation of different parts (flower heads, leaves, stems, and roots) of C. sumatrensis plants, which were collected in autumn (November 2007) at the flowering stage in the area of Monastir, Tunisia.


Input: In total, 98 compounds, representing 88. 1-99. 3% of the oil composition, were identified by GC-FID and GC/MS analyses.


Input: The root essential oil was distinguished by its high content in acetylenes (matricaria ester, 4; 74. 3%), while those from flower heads and leaves were dominated by oxygenated sesquiterpenes (61. 1 and 50. 3%, resp.).

acetylenes

matricaria ester

sesquiterpenes


Input: The oils of C. sumatrensis from Tunisia belonged to a matricaria ester/caryophyllene oxide chemotype.

matricaria ester

caryophyllene oxide


Input: All the oils were evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, and allelopathic activities.


Input: The results indicate that the leaf oil exhibited significant in vitro antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus mirabilis and that the C. sumatrensis oils isolated from the aerial parts presented high mycelia-growth inhibition of Candida albicans and the filamentous fungi tested.


Input: Moreover, the essential oils of the different plant parts inhibited the shoot and root growth of Raphanus sativus (radish) seedlings.


Input: Indeed, the inhibition of the hypocotyl growth varied from 28. 6 to 90. 1% and that of the radicle from 42. 3 to 96. 2%.


Input: Nicotinamide N-oxidation by CYP2E1 in human liver microsomes.

Nicotinamide N


Input: Excess nicotinamide, a form of vitamin B (3), is metabolized through two enzymatic systems and eventually excreted from the body.

nicotinamide

vitamin B (3)


Input: The first system starts with the methylation of nicotinamide by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase, which can subsequently be oxidized by aldehyde oxidase.

nicotinamide

nicotinamide N

aldehyde


Input: The second enzymatic system oxidizes nicotinamide to nicotinamide N-oxide.

nicotinamide

nicotinamide N-oxide


Input: It is located in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes but the precise enzyme is unknown.


Input: We have used human liver microsomes in combination with selective cytochrome P450 inhibitors, specific substrates, and antibodies to identify CYP2E1 as the main activity producing nicotinamide N-oxide.

nicotinamide N-oxide


Input: Our results suggest the potential use of nicotinamide N-oxide as a biomarker of CYP2E1 activity from urine or blood samples.

nicotinamide N-oxide


Input: Optical response of individual Au-Ag @SiO 2 heterodimers.

Au-Ag

SiO 2


Input: The optical extinction response of individual Au-Ag @SiO2 heterodimers whose individual morphologies are determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is investigated using spatial modulation spectroscopy.

Au-Ag


Input: The extinction spectra show two resonances spectrally close to the surface plasmon resonances of the constituting Au and Ag @SiO2 core-shell particles.

Au

Ag


Input: The interparticle electromagnetic coupling is demonstrated to induce a large increase of the optical extinction of the dimer around its Au-like surface plasmon resonance for light polarized along its axis, as compared to that for perpendicular polarization and to that of an isolated Au nanoparticle.

Au

Au


Input: For spherical particles, this interaction also leads to comparable shifts with light polarization of the two dimer resonances, an effect masked or even reversed for particles significantly deviating from sphericity.


Input: Both amplitude and spectral effects are found to be in excellent quantitative agreement with numerical simulations when using the TEM-measured dimer morphology (i. e., size, shape, and orientation of the individual dimers), stressing the importance of individual morphology characterization for interpreting heterodimer optical response.


Input: A polar copper-boron one-electron sigma-bond.

copper

boron


Input: Virtually all chemical bonds consist of one or several pairs of electrons shared by two atoms.


Input: Examples of sigma-bonds made of a single electron delocalized over two neighboring atoms were until recently found only in gas-phase cations such as H2 (+) and Li2 (+) and in highly unstable species generated in solid matrices.

H2 (+)

Li2 (+)


Input: Only in the past decade was bona fide one-electron bonding observed for molecules in fluid solution.


Input: Here we report the isolation and structural characterization of a thermally stable compound featuring a Cu-B one-electron bond, as well as its oxidized (nonbonded) and reduced (two-electrons-bonded) congeners.

Cu-B


Input: This triad provides an excellent opportunity to study the degree of sigma-bonding in a metalloboratrane as a function of electron count.

metalloboratrane


Input: Beyond H (2) S and NO Interplay: Hydrogen Sulfide and Nitroprusside React Directly to Give Nitroxyl (HNO).

H (2) S

NO

Hydrogen Sulfide

Nitroprusside

Nitroxyl

HNO


Input: A New Pharmacological Source of HNO.

HNO


Input: Hydrogen sulfide (H (2) S) has been increasingly recognized as an important signaling molecule that regulates both blood pressure and neuronal activity.

Hydrogen sulfide

H (2) S


Input: Attention has been drawn to its interactions with another gasotransmitter, nitric oxide (NO).

nitric oxide

NO


Input: Here, we provide evidence that the physiological effects observed upon the application of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and H (2) S can be ascribed to the generation of nitroxyl (HNO), which is a direct product of the reaction between SNP and H (2) S, not a consequence of released NO subsequently reacting with H (2) S.

sodium nitroprusside

SNP

H (2) S

nitroxyl

HNO

SNP

H (2) S

NO

H (2) S


Input: Intracellular HNO formation has been confirmed, and the subsequent release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from a mouse heart has been demonstrated.

HNO


Input: Unlike with other thiols, SNP reacts with H (2) S in the same way as rhodanese, i. e., the cyanide transforms into a thiocyanate.

thiols

SNP

H (2) S

cyanide

thiocyanate


Input: These findings shed new light on how H (2) S is understood to interact with nitroprusside.

H (2) S

nitroprusside


Input: Additionally, they offer a new and convenient pharmacological source of HNO for therapeutic purposes.

HNO


Input: Two new compounds from Scolopendra multidens Newport.


Input: Two new compounds, 5 beta-pregnane-2 alpha, 6 alpha, 20 (S)-triol (1) and 8-hydroxyl-3-methoxyl-2 (1H)-quinolone (2), were isolated from Scolopendra multidens Newport.

5 beta-pregnane-2 alpha, 6 alpha, 20 (S)-triol

8-hydroxyl-3-methoxyl-2 (1H)-quinolone


Input: Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR and HR-TOF-MS.


Input: Soluble conjugated one-dimensional nanowires prepared by topochemical polymerization of a butadiynes-containing star-shaped molecule in the xerogel state.

butadiynes


Input: A star-shaped molecule with three butadiyne moieties attached to a central phenyl core was self-assembled via organogel formation in different solvents and subjected to UV irradiation in its xerogels form to give a soluble conjugated 1D nanowire made of three connected polydiacetylene (PDA) chains.

butadiyne

phenyl

polydiacetylene

PDA


Input: The resulting polymer has a slightly lower optical band gap than its linear counterpart and presents no chromism property, indicative of the rigid nature of the polymer thus obtained.


Input: Chimera of IL-2 Linked to Light Chain of anti-IL-2 mAb Mimics IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb Complexes Both Structurally and Functionally.


Input: IL-2/anti-IL-2 mAb immunocomplexes were described to have dramatically higher activity than free IL-2 in vivo.


Input: We designed protein chimera consisting of IL-2 linked to light chain of anti-IL-2 mAb S4B6 through flexible oligopeptide spacer (Gly4Ser) 3.


Input: This protein chimera mimics the structure of IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes but eliminates general disadvantages of immunocomplexes like possible excess of either IL-2 or anti-IL-2 mAb and their dissociation to antibody and IL-2 at low concentrations.


Input: This novel kind of protein chimera is characterized by an intramolecular interaction between IL-2 and binding site of S4B6 mAb similarly as in IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes.


Input: Our protein chimera has biological activity comparable to IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes in vitro, as shown by stimulation of proliferation of purified and activated OT-I CD8 (+) T cells.


Input: The protein chimera exerts higher stimulatory activity to drive expansion of purified CFSE-labeled OT-I CD8 (+) T cells activated by an injection of a low dose of SIINFEKL peptide than IL-2/S4B6 mAb immunocomplexes in vivo.

CFSE


Input: The CSB repair factor is overexpressed in cancer cells, increases apoptotic resistance, and promotes tumor growth.


Input: In the present study we show that a number of cancer cell lines from different tissues display dramatically increased expression of the Cockayne Syndrome group B (CSB) protein, a DNA repair factor, that has recently been shown to be involved in cell robustness.


Input: Furthermore, we demonstrated that ablation of this protein by antisense technology causes devastating effects on tumor cells through a drastic reduction of cell proliferation and massive induction of apoptosis, while non-transformed cells remain unaffected.


Input: Finally, suppression of CSB in cancer cells makes these cells hypersensitive to a variety of commonly used cancer chemotherapeutic agents.


Input: Based on these results, we conclude that cancer cells overexpress CSB protein in order to enhance their anti-apoptotic capacity.


Input: The fact that CSB suppression specifically affects only cancerous cells, without harming healthy cells, suggests that CSB may be a very attractive target for the development of new anticancer therapies.


Input: The effects of cocoa supplementation, caloric restriction, and regular exercise, on oxidative stress markers of brain and memory in the rat model.


Input: The effects of treadmill running (8weeks, 5 times/week, 1h/day at 27m/min), caloric restriction, and cocoa supplementation on brain function and oxidative stress markers were tested.


Input: The Morris maze test was used to appraise rat memory.


Input: Regular exercise significantly improved spatial learning performance.


Input: The level of oxidative stress was measured by the concentration of carbonylated proteins.


Input: The free radical concentration increased in brain of the training groups but not the controls.


Input: The content of reactive carbonyl derivates did not change with exercise, suggesting that the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were well tolerated in this experimental model.

carbonyl

oxygen


Input: Caloric restriction (CR) decreased the accumulation of free radicals in the frontal lobe.


Input: The protein content of brain-derived neutrophic factors (BDNFs) was evaluated and changes did not occur either with exercise or cocoa supplementation treatments.


Input: These data did not show significant effects of the administration of cocoa (2% w/w) on the concentration of ROS, BDNF or on spatial memory.


Input: Conversely, exercise and CR can play a role in ROS generation and brain function.


Input: The neurobehavioral impact of manganese: Results and challenges obtained by a meta-analysis of individual participant data.

manganese


Input: Results from a meta-analysis of aggregated data provoked a new analysis using individual data on the neuropsychological performance of occupationally exposed workers.


Input: Data from eight studies examining 579 exposed and 433 reference participants were included, 28 performance variables analyzed.


Input: The performance scores were adjusted for well-known individual-level covariates; the influence of possible, but unknown study-level covariates was attenuated by means of a z-normalization.


Input: Associations between performance and exposure were estimated by ANOVAs and ANCOVAs, the latter representing multi-level models.


Input: Four cognitive and motor performance variables each indicated significantly lower performances of exposed individuals when confounding was considered; slowed motor performances and deficits in attention and short-term memory were found.


Input: Performance on a single test was significantly related to the biomarker manganese in blood.

manganese


Input: The outcomes on susceptibility were weak.


Input: The slowing of responses was the most distinct feature of performances of exposed workers.


Input: It remains unclear, whether this result is related to the employed tests or provides important information about early stages of the neurotoxic impairment.


Input: More specific cognitive tests need to be employed to answer this question.


Input: The lack of dose-response relationships was related to features of the biomarker: it does not reflect the Mn in brain responsible for changes in performances.

Mn


Input: Proposed pathogenesis for atypical femoral fractures: Lessons from material research.


Input: Atypical femoral fractures (AFFs) have been well defined clinically and epidemiologically.


Input: Less clear are the underlying mechanisms responsible.


Input: This commentary points out the likely sources of decreased resistance to fracture using lessons from bone material studies and biomechanics.


Input: We hypothesize that the key element in the cascade of events leading to failure of the largest and strongest bone in the human body is long-term suppression of normal bone turnover caused by exposure to potent anti-remodeling agents, most notably the bisphosphonates (BPs).

bisphosphonates

BPs


Input: Suppressed bone turnover produces changes in bone that alter its material quality and these changes could lead to adverse effects on its mechanical function.


Input: At the submicroscopic [< 1 mu m] level of collagen fibrils, suppression of bone turnover allows continued addition of non-enzymatic cross links that can reduce collagen' s plasticity and this in turn contributes to reduced bone toughness.


Input: Further, adverse changes in hydroxyapatite crystalline structure and composition can occur, perhaps increasing collagen' s brittleness.


Input: At the microscopic level [~ 1-500 mu m] of the bone-matrix structure, suppressed bone turnover allows full mineralization of cortical bone osteons and results in a microstructure of bone that is more homogeneous.


Input: Both brittleness and loss of heterogeneity allow greater progression of microscopic cracks that can occur with usual physical activity; in crack mechanical terms, normal mechanisms that dissipate crack tip growth energy are greatly reduced and crack progression is less impeded.


Input: Further, the targeted repair of cracks by newly activated BMUs appears to be preferentially suppressed by BPs.

BPs


Input: We further hypothesize that it is not necessary to have accumulation of many cracks to produce an AFF, just one that progresses-one that is not stopped by bone' s several protective mechanisms and is allowed to penetrate through a homogeneous environment.


Input: The remarkable straight transverse fracture line is an indicator of the slow progression of a " mother crack " and the failure of usual mechanisms to bridge or deflect the crack.


Input: Research in AFF mechanisms has been focused at the organ level, describing the clinical presentation and radiologic appearance.


Input: Although today we have not yet connected all the dots in the pathophysiology of BP-induced AFF, recent advances in measuring bone mechanical qualities at the submicroscopic and tissue levels allow us to explain how spontaneous catastrophic failure of the femur can occur.


Input: Infected nail plate model made of human hair keratin for evaluating the efficacy of different topical antifungal formulations against Trichophyton rubrum in vitro.


Input: A novel model of infected nail plate for testing the efficacy of topical antifungal formulations has been developed.


Input: This model utilized keratin film made of human hair keratin as a nail plate model.


Input: Subsequent to infection by Trichophyton rubrum, the common causative agent of onychomycosis, keratin films as infected nail plate models were treated with selected topical formulations, that is cream, gel, and nail lacquer.


Input: Bovine hoof was compared to keratin film.


Input: In contrast to the common antifungal susceptibility test, the antifungal drugs tested were applied as ready-to-use formulations because the vehicle may modify and control the drug action both in vitro and in vivo.


Input: Extrapolating the potency of an antifungal drug from an in vitro susceptibility test only would not be representative of the in vivo situation since these drugs are applied as ready-to-use formulations, for example as a nail lacquer.


Input: Although terbinafine has been acknowledged to be the most effective antifungal agent against T. rubrum, its antifungal efficacy was improved by its incorporation into an optimal formulation.

terbinafine


Input: Different gels proved superior to cream.


Input: Therefore, this study is able to discriminate between efficacies of different topical antifungal formulations based on their activities against T. rubrum.


Input: Use of near-infrared spectroscopy to quantify drug content on a continuous blending process: Influence of mass flow and rotation speed variations.


Input: The aim of this study was to develop a quantitative Near-Infrared (NIR) method which monitors the homogeneity of a pharmaceutical formulation coming out of a continuous blender.


Input: For this purpose, a NIR diode array spectrometer with fast data acquisition was selected.


Input: Additionally, the dynamic aspects of a continuous blending process were studied; the results showed a well-defined cluster for the steady state, and the paths for the start-up and emptying stages were clearly identified.


Input: The end point of the start-up phase was detected by moving block of standard deviation, relative standard deviation, and principal component analysis.


Input: A partial least square (PLS) model was generated for the quantification of the drug, with a standard error of prediction of 0. 2% m/m.


Input: The PLS model was successfully applied for monitoring the drug level at the outlet of the continuous blender.


Input: Furthermore, the PLS model was tested under different flow and stirring rates.


Input: Flow and stirring rate variations caused different powder flow dynamics, which were reflected on the NIR measurements.


Input: Therefore, the PLS model was sensitive to changes in mass flow and rotation speeds.


Input: Charge affects the oral toxicity of poly (amidoamine) dendrimers.

poly (amidoamine)


Input: Poly (amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers have been evaluated for the influence of surface functionality and size on the epithelial barrier of the gut with the goal of identifying safe carriers that can be used for oral drug delivery.

Poly (amidoamine)

PAMAM


Input: Limited studies are conducted to date, however, to assess the toxicity of PAMAM dendrimers in vivo when administered by the oral route.

PAMAM


Input: The goal of this research was to conduct an oral acute toxicity study of PAMAM dendrimers as a function of size and charge in immune competent CD-1 mice.

PAMAM


Input: Maximum tolerated doses (MTD) of PAMAM dendrimers as a function of size and surface functionality were established and clinical signs of toxicity monitored.

PAMAM


Input: Results demonstrate that positively charged dendrimers caused more toxicity, whereas their anionic counterparts were tolerated at ten times higher doses.


Input: Severe signs of toxicity observed for large (G7) cationic amine-or hydroxyl-terminated dendrimers include hemobilia and spleenomegaly.

amine

hydroxyl


Input: The MTD for these dendrimers ranged from 30mg/kg to 200mg/kg.


Input: Anionic G6. 5 or smaller molecular weight carboxyl-, amine-, or hydroxyl-terminated dendrimers (G3. 5-COOH, G4-NH2, G4-OH) on the other hand were tolerated at doses of up to 500mg/kg (300mg/kg in some cases) with minimal or no signs of toxicity.

carboxyl

amine

hydroxyl

COOH

OH


Input: Establishing the MTD of orally delivered PAMAM dendrimers and the influence of surface functionality and size on toxicity aids in the rational design of PAMAM-drug conjugates for oral drug delivery applications.

PAMAM

PAMAM


Input: Modulation of mitochondrial glutathione status and cellular energetics in primary cultures of proximal tubular cells from remnant kidney of uninephrectomized rats.

glutathione


Input: Compensatory renal hypertrophy following reduction in renal mass leads to a hypermetabolic state and increases in basal mitochondrial oxidative stress and susceptibility to several nephrotoxicants.


Input: Previous studies provide conflicting data on whether renal mitochondria after reduction in renal mass undergo proliferation or hypertrophy or both.


Input: In the present study, our goal was to determine whether mitochondria of hypertrophied kidney undergo hypertrophy or proliferation after uninephrectomy using the uninephrectomized (NPX) rat model.


Input: Renal proximal tubular (PT) cells from NPX rats exhibited increased mitochondrial density, membrane potential and protein but no significant difference in mitochondrial DNA, as compared to PT cells from control rats.


Input: Our previous studies showed that overexpression of two mitochondrial anion transporters, the dicarboxylate (DIC, Slc25a10) and oxoglutarate (OGC, Slc25a11) carriers, in NRK-52E cells resulted in increased mitochondrial uptake of glutathione (GSH) and protection from chemically induced apoptosis.

dicarboxylate

DIC

oxoglutarate

OGC

glutathione

GSH


Input: In the present study, we overexpressed DIC-and OGC-cDNA plasmids to assess their function in renal PT cells after compensatory renal hypertrophy.

DIC

OGC


Input: PT cells from NPX rats that were first preincubated with GSH were protected from cytotoxicity due to the mitochondrial inhibitor antimycin A by overexpression of either of the two mitochondrial GSH transporters.

GSH

antimycin A

GSH


Input: Our present results provide further evidence that compensatory renal hypertrophy is associated primarily with mitochondrial hypertrophy and hyperpolarization and that manipulation of mitochondrial GSH transporters in PT cells of hypertrophied kidney can alter susceptibility to chemically induced injury under appropriate conditions and may be a suitable therapeutic approach.

GSH


Input: Screening of transition and post-transition metals to incorporate into copper oxide and copper bismuth oxide for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution.

copper oxide

copper bismuth oxide

hydrogen


Input: A new dispenser and scanner system is used to create and screen Bi-M-Cu oxide arrays for cathodic photoactivity, where M represents 1 of 22 different transition and post-transition metals.

Bi

Cu oxide


Input: Over 3000 unique Bi: M: Cu atomic ratios are screened.

Bi

Cu


Input: Of the 22 metals tested, 10 show a M-Cu oxide with higher photoactivity than CuO and 10 show a Bi-M-Cu oxide with higher photoactivity than CuBi2O4.

Cu oxide

CuO

Bi

Cu oxide


Input: Cd, Zn, Sn, and Co produce the most photoactive M-Cu oxides, all showing a 200-300% improvement in photocurrent over CuO.

Cd

Zn

Sn

Co

Cu oxides

CuO


Input: Ag, Cd, and Zn produce the highest photoactivity Bi-M-Cu oxides with a 200-400% improvement over CuBi2O4.

Ag

Cd

Zn

Bi

Cu oxides


Input: Most notable is a Bi-Ag-Cu oxide (Bi: Ag: Cu atomic ratio of 22: 3: 11) which shows 4 times higher photocurrent than CuBi2O4.

Bi-Ag-Cu oxide

Bi

Ag

Cu


Input: This material is capable of evolving hydrogen under illumination in neutral electrolyte solutions at 0. 6 V vs. RHE when Pt is added to the surface as an electrocatalyst.

hydrogen

Pt


Input: A structural mapping of mutations causing succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency.

succinyl-CoA


Input: Succinyl-CoA: 3-ketoacid CoA transferase (SCOT) deficiency is a rare inherited metabolic disorder of ketone metabolism, characterized by ketoacidotic episodes and often permanent ketosis.

Succinyl-CoA

ketone


Input: To date there are ~ 20 disease-associated alleles on the OXCT1 gene that encodes the mitochondrial enzyme SCOT.


Input: SCOT catalyzes the first, rate-limiting step of ketone body utilization in peripheral tissues, by transferring a CoA moiety from succinyl-CoA to form acetoacetyl-CoA, for entry into the tricarboxylic acid cycle for energy production.

ketone

CoA

succinyl-CoA

acetoacetyl-CoA

tricarboxylic acid


Input: We have determined the crystal structure of human SCOT, providing a molecular understanding of the reported mutations based on their potential structural effects.


Input: An interactive version of this manuscript (which may contain additional mutations appended after acceptance of this manuscript) may be found on the web address: http://www. thesgc. org/jimd/SCOT.


Input: Gelatin-Methacrylamide Hydrogels as Potential Biomaterials for Fabrication of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Constructs.

Methacrylamide


Input: Gelatin-methacrylamide (gelMA) hydrogels are shown to support chondrocyte viability and differentiation and give wide ranging mechanical properties depending on several cross-linking parameters.

methacrylamide


Input: Polymer concentration, UV exposure time, and thermal gelation prior to UV exposure allow for control over hydrogel stiffness and swelling properties.


Input: GelMA solutions have a low viscosity at 37 degrees C, which is incompatible with most biofabrication approaches.


Input: However, incorporation of hyaluronic acid (HA) and/or co-deposition with thermoplastics allows gelMA to be used in biofabrication processes.


Input: These attributes may allow engineered constructs to match the natural functional variations in cartilage mechanical and geometrical properties.


Input: Glyconanosomes: disk-shaped nanomaterials for the water solubilization and delivery of hydrophobic molecules.


Input: Herein, we describe the first report on a new class of disk-shaped and quite monodisperse water-soluble nanomaterials that we named glyconanosomes (GNS).


Input: GNSs were obtained by sliding out the cylindrical structures formed upon self-organization and photopolymerization of glycolipid 1 on single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) sidewalls.


Input: GNSs present a sheltered hydrophobic inner cavity formed by the carbonated tails, surrounded by PEG and lactose moieties.

PEG


Input: The amphiphilic character of GNSs allows the water solubility of insoluble hydrophobic cargos such as a perylene-bisimide derivative, [60] fullerene, or the anti-carcinogenic drug camptothecin (CPT).

perylene-bisimide

[60] fullerene

camptothecin

CPT


Input: GNS/C60 inclusion complexes are able to establish specific interactions between peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin and the lactose moiety surrounding the complexes, while CPT solubilized by GNS shows higher cytotoxicity toward MCF7-type breast cancer cells than CPT alone.

CPT

CPT


Input: Thus, GNS represents an attractive extension of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems.


Input: Three new lanostanoid triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum.

lanostanoid triterpenes


Input: Three new lanostanoid triterpenes, 3 beta, 7 beta, 15 beta-trihydroxy-11, 23-dioxo-lanost-8, 16-dien-26-oic acid (1), 3 beta, 7 beta, 15 beta-trihydroxy-11, 23-dioxo-lanost-8, 16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (2), and 3 beta, 15 beta-dihydroxy-7, 11, 23-trioxo-lanost-8, 16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester (3) were isolated from the EtOAc extract of the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma tropicum.

lanostanoid triterpenes

3 beta, 7 beta, 15 beta-trihydroxy-11, 23-dioxo-lanost-8, 16-dien-26-oic acid

3 beta, 7 beta, 15 beta-trihydroxy-11, 23-dioxo-lanost-8, 16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester

3 beta, 15 beta-dihydroxy-7, 11, 23-trioxo-lanost-8, 16-dien-26-oic acid methyl ester

EtOAc


Input: Their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy as well as MS.


Input: The bioassay of inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of these isolates was evaluated and compound 2 exhibited definite inhibitory activity against AChE.


Input: Strategies to control morphology in hybrid group III-V/group IV heterostructure nanowires.


Input: By combining in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy measurements, we examine the factors that control the morphology of " hybrid " nanowires that include group III-V and group IV materials.


Input: We focus on one materials pair, GaP/Si, for which we use a wide range of growth parameters.

GaP

Si


Input: We show through video imaging that nanowire morphology depends on growth conditions, but that a general pattern emerges where either single kinks or inclined defects form some distance after the heterointerface.


Input: We show that pure Si nanowires can be made to exhibit the same kinks and defects by changing their droplet volume.

Si


Input: From this we derive a model where droplet geometry drives growth morphology and discuss optimization strategies.


Input: We finally discuss morphology control for material pairs where the second material kinks immediately at the heterointerface and show that an interlayer between segments can enable the growth of unkinked hybrid nanowires.


Input: Reversal effect of rosmarinic acid on multidrug resistance in SGC7901/Adr cell.

rosmarinic acid

Adr


Input: Multidrug resistance (MDR) has been a major problem in cancer chemotherapy.


Input: In this study, the aim was to explore the reversal effect and its potential mechanism of rosmarinic acid (RA) on SGC7901/Adr cells.

rosmarinic acid


Input: 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to investigate the reversal index of RA in SGC7901/Adr cell line.

3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

MTT

Adr


Input: The intracellular accumulation of adriamycin, rhodamine123 (Rh123), and the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) were assayed by flow cytometry.

adriamycin


Input: The influence of RA on the transcription of MDR1 gene was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.


Input: The results showed that RA could reverse the MDR of SGC7901/Adr cells, increase the intracellular accumulation of Adr and Rh123, and decrease the transcription of MDR1 gene and the expression of P-gp in SGC7901/Adr cells.

Adr

Adr


Input: These results indicated that RA was a potential multidrug resistance-reversing agent and warranted further investigations.


Input: Two new piperidine alkaloids from Streptomyces sp.

piperidine alkaloids


Input: Two new piperidine alkaloids, streptazones E (1) and F (2), were isolated from Streptomyces sp.

piperidine alkaloids

streptazones


Input: Their structures were elucidated on the basis of MS and NMR analysis.


Input: Synthesis, cytotoxicity and in vitro antileishmanial activity of naphthothiazoles.

naphthothiazoles


Input: The leishmaniasis is a spectral disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania spp, which threatens millions of people worldwide.


Input: Current treatments exhibit high toxicity and there is no vaccine available.


Input: The need for new lead compounds with leishmanicidal activity is urgent.


Input: Considering that many lead leishmanicidal compounds contain a quinoidal scaffold and the thiazole heterocyclic ring is found in a number of antimicrobial drugs, we proposed a hybridization approach to generate a diverse set of semi-synthetic heterocycles with antileishmanial activity.

quinoidal

thiazole


Input: We found that almost all synthesized compounds demonstrated potent activity against promastigotes of Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and reduced the survival index of Leishmania amastigotes in mammalian macrophages.


Input: Furthermore, the compounds were not cytotoxic to macrophages at 5-fold higher concentrations than the EC (50) for promastigotes.


Input: All molecules fulfilled Lipinski' s Rule of Five, which predicts efficient orally absorption and permeation through biological membranes, the in silico pharmacokinetic profile confirmed these characteristics.


Input: The potent and selective activity of semi-synthetic naphthothiazoles against promastigotes and amastigotes reveals that the 2-amino-naphthothiazole ring may represent a scaffold for the design of compounds with leishmanicidal properties and encourage the development of drug formulation and new compounds for further studies in vivo.

naphthothiazoles


Input: (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.


Input: Two new sesquiterpenes from cultures of the basidiomycete Agaricus arvensis.

sesquiterpenes


Input: Two new drimane sesquiterpenoids, 11, 12-dihydroxy-15-drimeneoic acid (1) and 3 alpha, 11, 15-trihydroxydrimene (2), were isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Agaricus arvensis, together with one known compound 3 beta, 11, 12-trihydroxydrimene (3).

drimane sesquiterpenoids

11, 12-dihydroxy-15-drimeneoic acid

3 alpha, 11, 15-trihydroxydrimene

3 beta, 11, 12-trihydroxydrimene


Input: Their structures were established by means of spectroscopic analysis.


Input: Calmodulin as a potential target by which berberine induce cell cycle arrest in human hepatoma Bel7402 cells.

berberine


Input: Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid that has drawn extensive attention since it possesses various biological activities.

Berberine

isoquinoline alkaloid


Input: Several mechanisms have been proposed to interpret the anticancer activity of berberine.

berberine


Input: However, these explanations are mostly based on its downstream-regulated genes or proteins, information on the direct target proteins that mediate the antiproliferative action of berberine remain unclear.

berberine


Input: In the present study, a computational pipeline based on a ligand-protein inverse docking program and mining of the " Connectivity MAP " data was adopted to explore the potential target proteins for berberine.

berberine


Input: The results showed that four proteins, i. e., calmodulin, cytochrome P450 3A4, sex hormone-binding globulin and carbonic anhydrase II, were suggested to be the potential targets of berberine.

berberine


Input: The anti-calmodulin property of berberine was demonstrated with an in vitro phosphodiesterase activity assay.

berberine


Input: Flow cytometric analysis found that G1 cell cycle arrest induced by berberine in Bel7402 cells was enhanced by cotreatment with calmodulin inhibitors.

berberine


Input: Western blotting results indicated that berberine treatment decreased phosphorylation of calmodulin kinase II and blocked subsequent MEK1 activation as well as p27 protein degradation.

berberine


Input: These results suggested that calmodulin might play crucial roles in berberine-induced cell cycle arrest in cancer cells.

berberine


Input: (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons A/S.


Input: Two new sesquiterpenoids from the fungus Ceriporia alachuana.

sesquiterpenoids


Input: Two new sesquiterpenoids, tremulenolide D (1) and muurolane-10 beta, 15-diol (2), together with four known sesquiterpenoids, tremulenediol A (3), 2 beta-hydroxy-alpha-candinol (4), epicubenol (5), and 3 beta-hydroxy-delta-candinol (6), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Ceriporia alachuana.

sesquiterpenoids

tremulenolide D

muurolane-10 beta, 15-diol

sesquiterpenoids

tremulenediol A

2 beta-hydroxy-alpha-candinol

epicubenol

3 beta-hydroxy-delta-candinol


Input: The structures of new compounds were determined by extensive spectroscopic analyses.


Input: Structurally, compounds 1 and 3 are tremulane-type sesquiterpenoids with an unusual perhydroazulene carbon skeleton.

tremulane

sesquiterpenoids

perhydroazulene carbon


Input: Adsorption, organization, and rheology of catanionic layers at the air/water interface.


Input: We have investigated the adsorption and organization at the air/water interface of catanionic molecules released from a dispersion of solid-like catanionic vesicles composed of myristic acid and cetyl trimethylammonium chloride at the 2: 1 ratio.

myristic acid

cetyl trimethylammonium chloride


Input: These vesicles were shown recently to be promising foam stabilizers.


Input: Using Brewster angle microscopy, we observed the formation of a catanionic monolayer at the air/water interface composed of liquid-condensed domains in a liquid-expanded matrix.


Input: Further adsorption of catanionic molecules forced them to pack, thereby forming a very dense monolayer that prevented further vesicle rupture by avoiding contact of the vesicles with air.


Input: Moreover, confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed the presence of layers of intact vesicles that were progressively creaming toward this catanionic monolayer; the surface tension of the vesicle dispersion remained constant upon creaming.


Input: The catanionic monolayer behaved as a soft glassy material, an amorphous solid with time-and temperature-dependent properties.


Input: Using interfacial oscillatory rheology, we found that the monolayer relaxed mechanical stresses in seconds and melted at a temperature very close to the melting transition temperature of the vesicle bilayers.


Input: These results have potential application in the design of smart foams that have temperature-tunable stability.


Input: Three new phenyl-ethanediols from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Fomes fomentarius.

phenyl-ethanediols


Input: Three new phenyl-ethanediols, (1R)-(3-ethenylphenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol (1), (1R)-(3-formylphenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol (2), and (1R)-(3-acetophenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol (3), were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the mushroom Fomes fomentarius, together with two related known compounds, (3-ethylphenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol (4) and (4-acetophenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol (5).

phenyl-ethanediols

(1R)-(3-ethenylphenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol

(1R)-(3-formylphenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol

(1R)-(3-acetophenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol

(3-ethylphenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol

(4-acetophenyl)-1, 2-ethanediol


Input: Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including extensive 2D NMR techniques.


Input: Compounds 1-3 showed weak antimicrobial activity.


Input: p53-mediated autophagy adjustment is involved in the protection of silibinin against murine dermal inflammation and epidermal apoptosis induced by UVB irradiation.

silibinin


Input: Apoptosis in murine dermal cells is retarded by ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation-induced autophagic intervention while simultaneously epidermal cells commit apoptosis, during which inflammatory cytokines released from the lost epidermal cells promote immune responses of dermal inflammatory cells, forming morphological symptoms of acute cutaneous diseases.


Input: Autophagy is involved in prevention or provocation of apoptosis of dermal or epidermal cells of UVB-irradiated mice via modulation of intracellular metabolism, intervening the balance between cell death and survival in dermis and epidermis.


Input: p53 expressed in immune system affects autophagy function through activating or inactivating genes encoding apoptotic factors and inflammatory cytokines.


Input: Silibinin protects dermal and epidermal cells of UVB irradiated skin against abnormally autophagy-mediated apoptosis adjustments.

Silibinin


Input: In this study, how UVB irradiation intervenes autophagy in dermal and epidermal cells as well as how silibinin protects UVB irradiated skin through physiological recovering of autophagy function in dermis and epidermis are focused and elucidated preliminarily.

silibinin


Input: Silibinin treatment (50 mg/kg/day for 4 days) reversed dermal and epidermal autophagy levels from UVB irradiation-induced improper autophagy intervention, repaired the balance between cell survival and death in dermis and epidermis, and protected skin against damage through mediation of p53 activation in dermal and epidermal cells.

Silibinin


Input: Two new coumarin glycosides from Chimonanthus nitens.

coumarin glycosides


Input: Two new coumarin glycosides, namely nitensosides A-B (1-2), together with six known compounds, scopolin (3), 5, 6, 7-trimethoxycoumarin (4), d-calycanthine (5), calycanthoside (6), xeroboside (7), and scopoletin (8), were isolated from Chimonanthus nitens.

coumarin glycosides

nitensosides A-B

scopolin

5, 6, 7-trimethoxycoumarin

d-calycanthine

calycanthoside

xeroboside

scopoletin


Input: The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by comprehensive analysis of IR, MS, and NMR spectroscopic data.


Input: Compounds 3, 4, 7, and 8 showed moderate inhibitory activity against Micrococcus luteus.


Input: Electronic Spectroscopy and Electronic Structure of Copper Acetylide, CuCCH.

Copper Acetylide

CuCCH


Input: The optical spectrum of the linear CuCCH molecule has been investigated for the first time, using resonant two-photon ionization spectroscopy employing ArF (193 nm) or F2 (157 nm) excimer radiation for photoionization.

CuCCH

ArF


Input: Scans over the range 19 400-25 200 cm (-1) were conducted, leading to the observation of three electronic band systems.


Input: These are identified as the [20. 2] a 1 <-- X (1) Sigma (+), the [23. 1] A (1) Sigma (+) <-- X (1) Sigma (+), and the [24. 7] B (1) Pi <-- X (1) Sigma (+) systems, although only the first two have been rotationally resolved.


Input: The a 1 state is tentatively assigned as having (3) Pi 1 symmetry, becoming optically accessible through spin-orbit interaction with the B (1) Pi state.


Input: Vibrational assignments have provided the frequency of the Cu-C stretching mode, nu 3, in the ground and all three excited states, along with both bending modes, nu 4 and nu 5, in the A (1) Sigma (+) and B (1) Pi states, and the Cu-C = C bending mode, nu 5, in the ground state.

Cu-C

Cu-C = C


Input: Comparisons are made to the known electronic states of CuF, CuCl, CuBr, and CuI, and it is argued that like these molecules, the CuCCH molecule is essentially ionic in both the ground and excited states, with the ground state correlating diabatically to Cu (+) (3d (10), (1) S) + CCH (-) (X (1) Sigma (+)) and the excited states correlating diabatically to Cu (+) (3d (9) 4s (1), (1, 3) D) + CCH (-) (X (1) Sigma (+)).

CuF

CuCl

CuBr

CuI

CuCCH

Cu (+)

CCH (-)

Cu (+)

CCH (-)


Input: Human fibrinogen monolayers on latex particles: role of ionic strength.


Input: The adsorption of human serum fibrinogen on polystyrene latex particles was studied using the microelectrophoretic and concentration depletion methods.


Input: Measurements were carried out for pH 3. 5 and an ionic strength range of 10 (-3) to 0. 15 M NaCl.

NaCl


Input: The electrophoretic mobility of latex was determined as a function of the amount of adsorbed fibrinogen (surface concentration).


Input: A monotonic increase in the electrophoretic mobility (zeta potential) of the latex was observed, indicating a significant adsorption of fibrinogen on latex for all ionic strengths.


Input: No changes in the latex mobility were observed for prolonged time periods, suggesting the irreversibility of fibrinogen adsorption.


Input: The maximum coverage of fibrinogen on latex particles was precisely determined using the depletion method.


Input: The residual protein concentration after making contact with latex particles was determined by electrokinetic measurements and AFM imaging where the surface coverage of fibrinogen on mica was quantitatively determined.

mica


Input: The maximum fibrinogen coverage increased monotonically with ionic strength from 1. 8 mg m (-2) for 10 (-3) M NaCl to 3. 6 mg m (-2) for 0. 15 M NaCl.


Input: The increase in the maximum coverage was interpreted in terms of the reduced electrostatic repulsion among adsorbed fibrinogen molecules.


Input: The experimental data agree with theoretical simulations made by assuming a 3D unoriented adsorption of fibrinogen.


Input: The stability of fibrinogen monolayers on latex was also determined in ionic strength cycling experiments.


Input: It was revealed that cyclic variations in NaCl concentration between 10 (-3) and 0. 15 M induced no changes in the latex electrophoretic mobility, suggesting that there were no irreversible molecule orientation changes in the monolayers.

NaCl


Input: On the basis of these experimental data, a robust procedure of preparing fibrinogen monolayers on latex particles of well-controlled coverage was proposed.


Input: A new type of protective surface layer for high-capacity Ni-based cathode materials: nanoscaled surface pillaring layer.

Ni


Input: A solid solution series of lithium nickel metal oxides, Li [Ni (1-x) M (x)] O2 (with M = Co, Mn, and Al) have been investigated intensively to enhance the inherent structural instability of LiNiO2.

lithium nickel metal oxides

Li [Ni (1-x) M (x)] O2

Co

Mn

Al


Input: However, when a voltage range of Ni-based cathode materials was increased up to > 4. 5 V, phase transitions occurring above 4. 3 V resulted in accelerated formation of the trigonal phase (P3m1) and NiO phases, leading to and pulverization of the cathode during cycling at 60 degrees C.

Ni

NiO


Input: In an attempt to overcome these problems, LiNi0. 62Co0. 14Mn0. 24O2 cathode material with pillar layers in which Ni (2 +) ions were resided in Li slabs near the surface having a thickness of ~ 10 nm was prepared using a polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) functionalized Mn precursor coating on Ni0. 7Co0. 15Mn0. 15 (OH) 2.

LiNi0. 62Co0. 14Mn0. 24O2

Ni (2 +)

Li

polyvinylpyrrolidone

PVP

Mn

Ni0. 7Co0. 15Mn0. 15 (OH) 2


Input: We confirmed the formation of a pillar layer via various analysis methods (XPS, HRTEM, and STEM).


Input: This material showed excellent structural stability due to a pillar layer, corresponding to 85% capacity retention between 3. 0 and 4. 5 V at 60 degrees C after 100 cycles.


Input: In addition, the amount of heat generation was decreased by 40%, compared to LiNi0. 70Co0. 15Mn0. 15O2.

LiNi0. 70Co0. 15Mn0. 15O2


Input: Bioactive phenolics from Seriphidium stenocephalum.

phenolics


Input: Chromatographic separation of the ethyl acetate soluble part of the methanolic extract from Seriphidium stenocephalum yielded three new compounds: stenocepflavone (1), stenocepflavan (2), and stenocephol (3), together with cirsimaritin (4), 5, 7, 5'-trihydroxy-3', 4', 6-trimethoxyflavone (5), 5, 6, 7, 5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone (6), and axillaroside (7).

ethyl acetate

stenocepflavone

stenocepflavan

stenocephol

cirsimaritin

5, 7, 5'-trihydroxy-3', 4', 6-trimethoxyflavone

5, 6, 7, 5'-tetrahydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone

axillaroside


Input: All isolates were characterized with the help of spectroscopic data including 1D, 2D NMR, and high resolution mass spectrometry and/or in comparison with the related compounds in literature.


Input: All compounds were tested for in vitro enzyme inhibitory activities against acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, and lipoxygenase.


Input: Compounds 1 and 4-7 exhibited significant activity against all the tested enzymes, whereas compounds 2 and 3 were found inactive.


Input: Applications of flow cytometry to toxicological mycotoxin effects in cultured mammalian cells: A review.


Input: This review gives an overview of flow cytometry applications to toxicological studies of several physiological target sites of mycotoxins on different mammalian cell lines.


Input: Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that may be present in food, feed, air and water.


Input: The increasing presence of mycotoxins in crops, their wide distribution in the food chain, and their potential for toxicity demonstrate the need for further knowledge.


Input: Flow cytometry has become a valuable tool in mycotoxin studies in recent years for the rapid analysis of single cells in a mixture.


Input: In toxicology, the power of these methods lies in the possibility of determining a wide range of cell parameters, providing valuable information to elucidate cell growth and viability, metabolic activity, mitochondrial membrane potential and membrane integrity mechanisms.


Input: There are studies using flow cytometry technique on Alternaria, Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium mycotoxins including information about cell type, assay conditions and functional parameters.


Input: Most of the studies collected in the literature are on deoxynivalenol and zearalenone mycotoxins.

deoxynivalenol

zearalenone


Input: Cell cycle analysis and apoptosis are the processes more widely investigated.


Input: Proteomic and metabolomic approaches to the study of polycystic ovary syndrome.


Input: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is considered a complex multifactorial disorder resulting from the interaction of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle influences.


Input: Nontargeted proteomics and metabolomics have been used in the past years with the aim of identifying molecules potentially involved in the pathophysiology of this frequent disorder.


Input: The biomolecules identified so far participate in many metabolic pathways, including energy metabolism (glucose and lipid metabolism), protein metabolic processes and protein folding, cytoskeleton structure, immune response, inflammation and iron metabolism, fibrinolysis and thrombosis, oxidative stress and intracellular calcium metabolism.

glucose

calcium


Input: These molecules provide key information about molecular functions altered in PCOS and raise questions concerning their precise role in the pathogenesis of this syndrome.


Input: The biomolecules identified by nontargeted proteomic and metabolomic approaches should be considered as candidates in future studies aiming to define specific molecular phenotypes of PCOS.


Input: Antioxidative polyphenols from Nigerian mistletoe Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) parasitizing on Hevea brasiliensis.

polyphenols


Input: Two new phenolic glycosides, linamarin gallate (1) and walsuraside B (2), together with nine known compounds, catechin (3), epicatechin (4), epicatechin 3-O-gallate (5), epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate (6), epicatechin 3-O-(3, 5-O-dimethyl) gallate (7), epicatechin 3-O-(3, 4, 5-O-trimethyl) gallate (8), quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (9), rutin (10), and peltatoside (11), were isolated from the leafy twigs of Nigerian mistletoe Loranthus micranthus (Linn.) parasitic on Hevea brasiliensis.

phenolic glycosides

linamarin gallate

walsuraside B

catechin

epicatechin

epicatechin 3-O-gallate

epicatechin 3-O-(3-O-methyl) gallate

epicatechin 3-O-(3, 5-O-dimethyl) gallate

epicatechin 3-O-(3, 4, 5-O-trimethyl) gallate

quercetin 3-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside

rutin

peltatoside


Input: Compound 1 was characterized as an unusual cyanogenic glycoside, while compound 8 was isolated for the first time from a natural source.

cyanogenic glycoside


Input: This is the first report of a cyanogenic glycoside from mistletoes.

cyanogenic glycoside


Input: The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously elucidated by 1D ((1) H, (13) C), 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, and HMBC) and by mass spectroscopy.

(1) H

(13) C


Input: The antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds (1-11) were evaluated using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay.

2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH


Input: The neuroprotector kynurenic acid increases neuronal cell survival through neprilysin induction.

kynurenic acid


Input: Kynurenic acid (KYNA), one of the main product of the kynurenine pathway originating from tryptophan, is considered to be neuroprotective.

Kynurenic acid

KYNA

kynurenine

tryptophan


Input: Dysregulation of KYNA activity is thought to be involved in neurodegenerative diseases, the physiopathology of which evokes excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and/or protein aggregation.

KYNA


Input: The neuroprotective effect of KYNA is generally attributed to its antagonistic action on NMDA receptors.

KYNA

NMDA


Input: However, this single target action appears insufficient to support KYNA beneficial effects against complex neurodegenerative processes including neuroinflammation, beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) toxicity and apoptosis.

KYNA


Input: Novel insights are therefore required to elucidate KYNA neuroprotective mechanisms.

KYNA


Input: Here, we combined cellular, biochemical, molecular and pharmacological approaches to demonstrate that low micromolar concentrations of KYNA strongly induce neprilysin (NEP) gene expression, protein level and enzymatic activity increase in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells.

KYNA


Input: Furthermore, our studies revealed that KYNA exerts a protective effect on SH-SY5Y cells by increasing their viability through a mechanism independent from NMDA receptors.

KYNA

NMDA


Input: Interestingly, KYNA also induced NEP activity and neuroprotection in mouse cortical neuron cultures the viability of which was more promoted than SH-SY5Y cell survival under KYNA treatment.

KYNA

KYNA


Input: KYNA-evoked neuroprotection disappeared in the presence of thiorphan, an inhibitor of NEP activity.

KYNA

thiorphan


Input: NEP is a well characterized metallopeptidase whose deregulation leads to cerebral A beta accumulation and neuronal death in Alzheimer' s disease.


Input: Therefore, our results suggest that a part of the neuroprotective role of KYNA may depend on its ability to induce the expression and/or activity of the amyloid-degrading enzyme NEP in nerve cells.

KYNA


Input: Molecular tweezers modulate 14-3-3 protein-protein interactions.


Input: Supramolecular chemistry has recently emerged as a promising way to modulate protein functions, but devising molecules that will interact with a protein in the desired manner is difficult as many competing interactions exist in a biological environment (with solvents, salts or different sites for the target biomolecule).


Input: We now show that lysine-specific molecular tweezers bind to a 14-3-3 adapter protein and modulate its interaction with partner proteins.

lysine


Input: The tweezers inhibit binding between the 14-3-3 protein and two partner proteins--a phosphorylated (C-Raf) protein and an unphosphorylated one (ExoS)--in a concentration-dependent manner.


Input: Protein crystallography shows that this effect arises from the binding of the tweezers to a single surface-exposed lysine (Lys214) of the 14-3-3 protein in the proximity of its central channel, which normally binds the partner proteins.

lysine


Input: A combination of structural analysis and computer simulations provides rules for the tweezers' binding preferences, thus allowing us to predict their influence on this type of protein-protein interactions.


Input: SIRT1 inhibits NADPH oxidase activation and protects endothelial function in the rat aorta: Implications for vascular aging.

NADPH


Input: Vascular aging is characterized by up-regulation of NADPH oxidase, oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction.

NADPH


Input: Previous studies demonstrate that the activity of the evolutionarily conserved NAD (+)-dependent deacetylase SIRT1 declines with age and that pharmacological activators of SIRT1 confer significant anti-aging cardiovascular effects.

NAD (+)


Input: To determine whether dysregulation of SIRT1 promotes NADPH oxidase-dependent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impairs endothelial function we assessed the effects of three structurally different inhibitors of SIRT1 (nicotinamide, sirtinol, EX527) in aorta segments isolated from young Wistar rats.

NADPH

oxygen

nicotinamide

sirtinol


Input: Inhibition of SIRT1 induced endothelial dysfunction, as shown by the significantly reduced relaxation to the endothelium-dependent vasodilators acetylcholine and the calcium ionophore A23187.

acetylcholine

calcium


Input: Endothelial dysfunction induced by SIRT1 inhibition was prevented by treatment of the vessels with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin or superoxide dismutase.

NADPH

apocynin

superoxide


Input: Inhibition of SIRT1 significantly increased vascular superoxide production, enhanced NADPH oxidase activity, and mRNA expression of its subunits p22 (phox) and NOX4, which were prevented by resveratrol.

superoxide

NADPH

resveratrol


Input: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha) activation mimicked the effects of resveratrol while PPAR alpha inhibition prevented the effects of this SIRT1 activator.

resveratrol


Input: SIRT1 co-precipitated with PPAR alpha and nicotinamide increased the acetylation of the PPAR alpha coactivator PGC-1 alpha, which was suppressed by resveratrol.

nicotinamide

resveratrol


Input: In conclusion, impaired activity of SIRT1 induces endothelial dysfunction and up-regulates NADPH oxidase-derived ROS production in the vascular wall, mimicking the vascular aging phenotype.

NADPH


Input: Moreover, a new mechanism for controlling endothelial function after SIRT1 activation involves a decreased PGC-1 alpha acetylation and the subsequent PPAR alpha activation, resulting in both decreased NADPH oxidase-driven ROS production and NO inactivation.

NADPH

NO


Input: Block/homo polyplex micelle-based GM-CSF gene therapy via intraperitoneal administration elicits antitumor immunity against peritoneal dissemination and exhibits safety potentials in mice and cynomolgus monkeys.


Input: A block/homo-mixed polyplex micelle, comprising of cationic homo polymer: poly {N'-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl] aspartamide} P [Asp (DET)] and block copolymer: polyethylene glycol (PEG)-b-P [Asp (DET)], has been reported to exhibit the efficient transgene expression in vivo by intratracheal and systemic administration.

poly {N'-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl] aspartamide} P [Asp (DET)]

polyethylene glycol (PEG)-b-P [Asp (DET)]


Input: In the present study, we investigated the potential of immunogene therapy by intraperitoneal (i. p.) administration of block/homo polyplex micelles for peritoneal dissemination.


Input: For evaluation of transgene expression in vivo, block/homo polyplex micelles showed 12-fold higher level in luciferase expression evaluated by bioluminescence imaging system at 24h after the i. p. administration compared with block polyplex micelles composed with only PEG-b-P [Asp (DET)] in nude mice bearing peritoneal dissemination.

PEG-b-P [Asp (DET)]


Input: The distribution of block/homo polyplex micelles and intracellular uptake of pDNA was observed in tumor nodules.


Input: The tumor growth and the prolonged survival rate for the mice harboring disseminated pancreatic cancer more significantly compared with the mock.


Input: The antitumor effect of GM-CSF gene therapy was mediated via the activation of natural killer cells.


Input: For safety evaluation, block/homo polyplex micelles indicated almost no adverse events for patho-physical findings and blood examinations in mice and cynomolgus monkeys, although slight increases in serum fibrinogen were observed in the monkey model.


Input: In conclusion, block/homo polyplex micelle-based immunogene therapy via i. p. administration may be a safe and effective approach for suppressing intractable peritoneal dissemination.


Input: High-glucose environment enhanced oxidative stress and increased interleukin-8 secretion from keratinocytes: New insights on impaired diabetic wound healing.

glucose


Input: Impaired wound healing frequently occurs in patients with diabetes.


Input: Interluekin-8 (IL-8) production by keratinocyte is responsible for recruiting neutrophils during healing.


Input: Intense inflammation is associated with diabetic wounds while reduction of neutrophil infiltration is associated with enhanced healing.


Input: We hypothesized that increased neutrophil recruitment by keratinocytes may contribute to the delayed healing of diabetic wound.


Input: Using cultured human keratinocytes and diabetic rat model, the current study showed that high-glucose environment enhanced IL-8 production via epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent manner in keratinocytes.

glucose

oxygen


Input: In addition, diabetic rat skin showed enhanced EGFR, ERK and IL-8 expression as compared to control rats.


Input: The dermal neutrophil infiltration of the wound, as represented by expression of myeloperoxidase level, was also significantly higher in diabetic rats.


Input: Treating diabetic rats with dapsone, an agent known to inhibit neutrophil function, was associated with improved healing.

dapsone


Input: In conclusion, IL-8 production and neutrophil infiltration are increased in high-glucose environment due to elevated ROS level and contributed to impaired wound healing in diabetic skin.

glucose


Input: Targeting these dysfunctions may present novel therapeutic approaches.


Input: Oxidative stress in the lung of mice exposed to cigarette smoke either early in life or in adulthood.


Input: Birth and early life stages are critical periods characterized by severe alterations of the redox balance and by " physiological " genomic changes in lung cells, which may be responsible for cancer and other diseases in adulthood.


Input: Oxidative stress is a major mechanism accounting for the carcinogenicity of cigarette smoke (CS), which becomes more potently carcinogenic in mice when exposure starts at birth and continues early in life.


Input: We compared herewith a variety of end-points related to oxidative stress, mitochondrial alterations, and cell turnover in the lung of Swiss H mice, either sham-exposed or CS-exposed for 4 weeks, starting either at birth or at 4 months of age.


Input: The results showed that the physiological levels of certain end-points are affected by age.


Input: In fact, the baseline proportion of hypodiploid cells and the mitochondrial potential and mass were higher in adults, whereas 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dGuo) levels, the proportion of necrotic cells, and the extent of autophagy were higher early in life.


Input: Adult mice were more responsive to CS by increasing the proportion of necrotic cells and of cells in S/G2 phase, whereas young mice maintained a high extent of autophagy, exhibited a greater increase of lipid peroxidation products and 8-oxo-dGuo levels, and had a higher frequency of micronucleated cells.


Input: In addition, exposure to CS affected the mitochondrial potential/mass, especially in young mice.


Input: In conclusion, these data provide evidence that oxidative stress and the resulting DNA damage provide a major contribution to the high susceptibility of mice to CS early in life.


Input: Nuclear Flux Densities during a Model Pericyclic Reaction with Energies Well Above and Below the Potential Barrier.


Input: Pericyclic reactions with energies E well above the potential energy barrier B (case E > B) proceed with quantum nuclear flux densities < j > which are essentially proportional to the nuclear densities rho in the femtosecond time domain.


Input: This corresponds to the definition of classical (cl) mechanics, jcl = upsilon cl rho cl, with almost constant velocity vcl.


Input: For the other case E < B, however, that is, in the domain of coherent tunneling, we discover the opposite trend, that is, < j > has maximum value close to the barrier where rho is a minimum (in fact where rho is close to zero).


Input: The general conclusion is that quantum mechanical nuclear flux densities may be at variance from traditional expectations based on classical trajectories.


Input: This prediction calls for experimental demonstration.


Input: The counter-intuitive proof-of-principle is demonstrated for a simple, one-dimensional model of the Cope rearrangement of semibullvalene.


Input: The influence of salinity on acute nickel toxicity to the two euryhaline fish species, Fundulus heteroclitus and Kryptolebias marmoratus.

nickel


Input: Nickel (Ni) is a common pollutant found in aquatic environments and may be harmful at elevated concentrations.

Nickel

Ni


Input: Increasing salinity has been shown to decrease the bioavailability and toxicity of other metals to aquatic organisms.


Input: In the present study, acute Ni toxicity experiments (96-h) were conducted at various salinities (0-36 ppt) to determine the effects of salinity on Ni toxicity to 2 euryhaline fish species, Kryptolebias marmoratus and Fundulus heteroclitus.

Ni

Ni


Input: Nickel concentrations causing lethality to 50% of the fish ranged from 2 mg/L in moderately hard freshwater to 66. 6 mg/L in 36 ppt saltwater.

Nickel


Input: Nickel toxicity to F. heteroclitus decreased linearly with increasing salinity; however, Ni toxicity to K. marmoratus was only lowered by salinities above 6 ppt, demonstrating potential physiological differences between the 2 species when they are functioning as freshwater fish.

Nickel

Ni


Input: Furthermore, the authors investigated the influence of Mg (2 +), Ca (2 +), Na (+), and Cl (-) on Ni toxicity to F. heteroclitus.

Mg (2 +)

Ca (2 +)

Na (+)

Cl (-)

Ni


Input: Freshwater with up to 120 mg/L Ca (2 +) as CaSO4, 250 mg/L Mg (2 +) as MgSO4, or 250 mg/L Na (+) as NaHCO3 did not provide protection against Ni toxicity.

Ca (2 +)

Mg (2 +)

Na (+)

Ni


Input: Alternatively, 250 mg/L Na (+), as NaCl, was protective against Ni toxicity; and the extent of protection was similar to that demonstrated from salt water with the same Cl (-) concentration.

Na (+)

NaCl

Ni

Cl (-)


Input: These results suggest that Cl (-) is the predominant ion responsible for reducing Ni toxicity to K. marmoratus and F. heteroclitus in higher salinity waters.

Cl (-)

Ni


Input: Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32: 1354-1359.


Input: (c) 2013 SETAC.


Input: Evaluation of phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of nitrobenzene with A battery of Vicia Faba assay system.

nitrobenzene


Input: Nitrobenzene (NB) is an important organic compound intermediate that is used widely in industry.

Nitrobenzene


Input: In the present study, to evaluate the phytotoxicity and genotoxicity of NB on plants, Vicia faba was exposed to increasing concentrations of NB (5 mg L (-1), 10 mg L (-1), 25 mg L (-1), 50 mg L (-1), and 100 mg L (-1)).


Input: The data revealed that germination rate and radicle length of V. faba seedlings were promoted by low NB concentrations and short exposure periods, whereas these parameters were inhibited at greater NB concentrations and longer exposures.


Input: When assessed by mitotic index, micronucleus, and chromosomal aberration assays, NB showed dose-dependent genotoxicity at 0 mg L (-1) to 50 mg L (-1).


Input: Environ Toxicol Chem 2013; 32: 1426-1432.


Input: (c) 2013 SETAC.


Input: Evaluation of the mutagenic potential and acute oral toxicity of standardized extract of Ocimum sanctum (OciBest (TM)).


Input: Ocimum sanctum L.


Input: (Lamiaceae) is found throughout India and in many parts of world.


Input: O. sanctum is used for the treatment of various health indications.


Input: In this lieu, it is of prime importance to investigate the safety aspects of the plant.


Input: Hence, the present study was conducted to investigate the possible genotoxic potential and acute oral toxicity of the extract of O. sanctum (OciBest (TM)).


Input: The standard battery of in vitro genotoxicity tests, namely bacterial reverse mutation, chromosome aberration and micronucleus (MN) tests were employed to assess the possible mutagenic activity.


Input: The results showed that OciBest (TM) (7. 9-2500. 0 micro g/mL) did not increase the number of histidine revertant colonies in Salmonella typhimurium strains (TA98 and TAMix) with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9).

histidine


Input: OciBest (TM) (10. 0-100. 0 micro g/mL) did not show structural chromosomal aberrations or increase in MN induction, with and without S9, at the tested dose range in both 4-h and 18-h exposure cell cultures.


Input: Thus, OciBest (TM) is not genotoxic in bacterial reverse mutation, chromosomal aberration and MN tests.


Input: In an acute oral toxicity test, rats were treated with 5 g/kg of OciBest (TM) and observed for signs of toxicity for 14 days and the results did not show any treatment-related toxic effects to Wistar rats.


Input: N-Acetylcysteine prevents doxorubucine-induced cardiotoxicity in rats.

N-Acetylcysteine

doxorubucine


Input: This study is designed to observe the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) on doxorubucine-induced cardiac toxicity in rats both histologically and biochemically.

N-acetylcysteine

NAC

doxorubucine


Input: Totally 32 rats divided equally into four groups were studied.


Input: The first group received only 200 mg/kg NAC intraperitoneal (i. p.) once every 24 h for 5 days (group 1); the second group received 20 mg/kg doxorubucine (DOX) i. p. single dose plus NAC 200 mg/kg i. p. once every 24 h for 5 days (group 2); the third group received DOX 20 mg/kg DOX i. p. single dose (group 3) and the fourth group, which is also the control group, received saline (group 4).

NAC

doxorubucine

DOX

NAC

DOX

DOX


Input: Following 24 h of the final dose, blood samples were drawn from a portal vein and heart tissue were obtained.


Input: Tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were highest in the DOX group.

thiobarbituric acid

nitric oxide

NO

DOX


Input: In the DOX-treated rats, serum TBARS, NO, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine kinase levels were highest when compared with other groups.

DOX

NO

aspartate

lactate

creatine


Input: Except for serum superoxide dismutase levels, all other parameters differed significantly between the DOX plus NAC group and the DOX group.

superoxide

DOX

NAC

DOX


Input: In the DOX plus NAC group, general architecture was preserved better than the DOX group and myofibril loss was minimal compared with the DOX group.

DOX

NAC

DOX

DOX


Input: NAC demonstrated, both biochemically and histologically, to be effective in the prevention of DOX-induced cardiotoxicity in rat models.

NAC

DOX


Input: Evaluation of NAC' s effect on DOX toxicity warrants further clinical trials on cancer patients.

NAC

DOX