Input: This work demonstrates that high friction coefficients between the surfaces do not necessarily correlate with surface damage and that chemically grafted HA acts synergistically with Lub to provide friction reduction and enhanced wear protection to the surfaces.


Input: Surface immobilization of HA by grafting is necessary for such wear protection.


Input: Increasing the concentration of Lub enhances the threshold load that a chemically grafted HA surface can be subjected to before the onset of wear.


Input: Addition of Lub does not have any beneficial effect if HA is physisorbed to the mica surfaces.


Input: Damage occurs at loads less than 1 mN regardless of the amount of Lub, indicating that the molecules in the bulk play little or no role in protecting the surfaces from damage.


Input: Lub penetrates into the chemically bound HA to form a visco-elastic gel that reduces the coefficient of friction as well as boosts the strength of the surface against abrasive wear (damage).


Input: Effects of combination processes on the extraction of pectins from rapeseed cake (Brassica napus L.).


Input: In this study, rapeseed cake (RSC) was used as a source of pectins due to its high carbohydrate content.

carbohydrate


Input: Different combinations of treatments were applied to investigate the effect of combination processes on the extraction of pectin from RSC.


Input: The treatments chosen for combination were a fat removal process (FRP) (solvent extraction using an alcohol-benzene mixture), a chemical treatment (CT) (hydrolysis using 1% hydrochloric acid), and an enzymatic hydrolysis (EH).

alcohol

benzene

hydrochloric acid


Input: After the combined processes, pectins were extracted by isopropanol/ethanol precipitation and the residues were analysed by HPLC or an elemental analyser.

isopropanol

ethanol


Input: The pectin yields and galacturonic acid contents were increased by FRP because 72. 13% of the total fat was removed; additionally, EH had a similar effect.

galacturonic acid


Input: However, CT decreased the yields because the treatment was too harsh and the galacturonic acid broke down.

galacturonic acid


Input: Pectin yields and galacturonic acid contents were highest in the combination process FRP/EH (6. 23% and 64. 23%, respectively).

galacturonic acid


Input: Microencapsulation of aspartame by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation to provide protection and prolong sweetness.

aspartame


Input: The objective of this work was to microencapsulate aspartame by double emulsion followed by complex coacervation, aiming to protect it and control its release.

aspartame


Input: Six treatments were prepared using sunflower oil to prepare the primary emulsion and gelatin and gum Arabic as the wall materials.


Input: The microcapsules were evaluated structurally with respect to their sorption isotherms and release into water (36 degrees C and 80 degrees C).


Input: The microcapsules were multinucleated, not very water-soluble or hygroscopic and showed reduced rates of equilibrium moisture content and release at both temperatures.


Input: FTIR confirmed complexation between the wall materials and the intact nature of aspartame.

aspartame


Input: The results indicated it was possible to encapsulate aspartame with the techniques employed and that these protected the sweetener even at 80 degrees C.

aspartame


Input: The reduced solubility and low release rates indicated the enormous potential of the vehicle developed in controlling the release of the aspartame into the food, thus prolonging its sweetness.

aspartame


Input: Enrichment of two isoflavone aglycones in black soymilk by using spent coffee grounds as an immobiliser for beta-glucosidase.

isoflavone aglycones


Input: Spent coffee grounds, discarded as environmental pollutants, were adopted as enzyme immobilisation solid carriers instead of commercialised solid supports to establish an economical catalytic system.


Input: beta-Glucosidase was covalently immobilised onto spent coffee grounds for the conversion of isoflavone glycosides into their aglycones in black soymilk.

isoflavone glycosides


Input: Optimum conditions were determined to be 40 degrees C and pH 6 using 4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucuronide as an indicator.

4-nitrophenyl beta-d-glucuronide


Input: Operational reusability was confirmed for more than 30 batch reactions and the storage stability was capable of sustaining its highest catalytic activity for 20days.


Input: The kinetic parameters including rate constant (K), time (tau 50) in which 50% of isoflavone deglycosylation was reached, and time (tau complete) required to achieve complete isoflavone deglycosylation, were0. 16 +/- 0. 02min (-1), 4. 54 +/- 0. 32min, 60min for daidzin and 0. 16 +/- 0. 02min (-1), 2. 28 +/- 0. 11min, 60min for genistin, respectively.

isoflavone

isoflavone

daidzin

genistin


Input: The total aglycone content in black soymilk was enriched by 67. 14 +/- 0. 60% in the enzymatic treatment of 60min duration.


Input: Antioxidant activity-guided separation of coumarins and lignan from Melicope glabra (Rutaceae).

coumarins

lignan


Input: The ethyl acetate and methanol bark extracts of Melicope glabra were evaluated for their antioxidant capacities by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity and beta-carotene bleaching/linoleic acid system.

ethyl acetate

methanol

1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH

beta-carotene

linoleic acid


Input: Both extracts exhibited strong inhibition against the DPPH radical (IC50 values of 24. 81 and 13. 01 mu gml (-1), respectively) and strong antioxidant activity in beta-carotene bleaching assay.

DPPH

beta-carotene


Input: Both samples were found to have high phenolic content with values of 39 and 44mg GAE/g as indicated by Follin-Ciocalteau' s reagent.


Input: Antioxidant TLC assay-guided isolation on the methanol extract led to the isolation of a new pyranocoumarin, glabranin (1), umbelliferone (2), scopoletin (3) and sesamin (4), and their structures were determined by spectroscopy.

methanol

pyranocoumarin

glabranin

umbelliferone

scopoletin

sesamin


Input: Compounds (1-3) showed significant activities on DPPH free radical with the IC50 of 240. 20, 810. 02 and 413. 19 mu gml (-1), respectively.

DPPH


Input: However, in beta-carotene bleaching assay, sesamin (4) showed higher inhibitory activity (1mgml (-1), 95%) than glabranin (1) (1mgml (-1), 74%), whilst umbelliferone (2) and scopoletin (3) were slightly pro-oxidant.

beta-carotene

sesamin

glabranin

umbelliferone

scopoletin


Input: Free phenolics and polyphenol oxidase (PPO): The factors affecting post-cut browning in eggplant (Solanum melongena).

phenolics

polyphenol


Input: Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) catalyses oxidation of phenolics, which results in instant but differential browning in many cut fruits and vegetables, including eggplant.

Polyphenol

phenolics


Input: Eight cultivars of eggplant were characterised by their PPO specific activity, phenolic content, browning index, and PPO polymorphism.

phenolic


Input: In fresh eggplant, browning was found to be dependent on both the phenolic content and PPO specific activity, whereas, total phenolic content played a major role in browning of stored fruits.

phenolic

phenolic


Input: Interestingly, although browning index increased in stored eggplant fruits, PPO activity reduced in four out of eight cultivars studied.


Input: Phenolic level was found to increase in all these cultivars during storage.

Phenolic


Input: Although a significant level of homology was observed in PPO nucleotide and conceptually translated protein sequence, two cultivars, which displayed highest PPO specific activity, differed in the 38 amino acid stretch in the peptide region 301-338.

nucleotide

amino acid


Input: Characteristics of antioxidant activity and composition of pumpkin seed oils in 12 cultivars.


Input: The objective of this study was to determine the antioxidant properties, and provide characteristics, of the oil obtained from the seeds of 12 pumpkin varieties belonging to the species Cucurbita maxima Duch. and Cucurbita pepo L.


Input: Another objective was to establish which of the two extracting agents, ethanol or methanol, is more effective.

ethanol

methanol


Input: The seeds of the pumpkin varieties examined differ in chemical composition and antioxidant activity.


Input: The seeds of the cultivars belonging to the species C. maxima are characterised by a higher content of fatty acids than are the cultivars of the species C. pepo.

fatty acids


Input: In the seed oil, unsaturated acids are dominant (oleic and linoleic), and their proportion depends on the pumpkin variety.

oleic

linoleic


Input: The highest content of unsaturated acids has been measured in the oil extracted from the seeds of the cultivar, Jet F1 (C. pepo).


Input: Antioxidant activity analysis has produced the following findings.


Input: The seeds of the pumpkin varieties that belong to the species C. pepo exhibit better antioxidant properties, regardless of the extraction solvent used.


Input: 50% ethanol is more efficient than 80% methanol when used as an extracting agent.

ethanol

methanol


Input: The antioxidant activity values obtained with 50% ethanol are higher than those achieved with 80% methanol.

ethanol

methanol


Input: Owing to the considerable differences in composition among the fatty acids examined, it is possible to choose the desired pumpkin variety for the intended use.

fatty acids


Input: An integrated approach for flavour quality evaluation in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus group) during ripening.


Input: Numerous and diverse physiological changes occur during fruit ripening and maturity at harvest is one of the key factors influencing the flavour quality of fruits.


Input: The effect of ripening on chemical composition, physical parameters and sensory perception of three muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. reticulatus group) cultivars was evaluated.


Input: Significant correlations emerging from this extensive data set are discussed in the context of identifying potential targets for melon sensory quality improvement.


Input: A portable ultra-fast gas-chromatograph coupled with a surface acoustic wave sensor (UFGC-SAW) was also used to monitor aroma volatile concentrations during fruit ripening and evaluated for its ability to predict the sensory perception of melon flavour.


Input: UFGC-SAW analysis allowed the discrimination of melon maturity stage based on six measured peaks, whose abundance was positively correlated to maturity-specific sensory attributes.


Input: Our findings suggest that this technology shows promise for future applications in rapid flavour quality evaluation.


Input: Studies of isothermal crystallisation kinetics of sunflower hard stearin-based confectionery fats.

stearin


Input: The crystallisation and polymorphic properties of three sunflower hard stearins (SHSs) and cocoa butter equivalents (CBEs) formulated by blending SHSs and palm mid fraction (PMF) were studied and compared with those from cocoa butter (CB), to explore their possibilities as confectionery fats.

stearins


Input: The isothermal crystallisation kinetics of these fats were examined by pNMR and DSC at three different temperatures.


Input: All samples studied displayed a two-step crystallisation profile that could be fitted to an exponential-Gompertz equation.


Input: Stop-and-return DSC studies showed that SHSs and CBEs exhibited different crystallisation mechanisms according to their triacylglycerol composition, with a quick formation of metastable crystals, followed by a polymorphic transition to the more stable beta or beta' forms.

triacylglycerol


Input: X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the polymorphic forms of tempered SHSs and CBEs in the long term.


Input: In all cases the resulting fats displayed short spacing patterns associated with beta polymorphism.


Input: These formulations based on SHSs and PMF met all the requirements to be considered as CBEs; therefore they could be used as an alternative to traditional confectionery fats.


Input: Simulated digestion of proanthocyanidins in grape skin and seed extracts and the effects of digestion on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity.

proanthocyanidins


Input: This study investigated the effect of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion on the stability and composition of flavan-3-ols from red grape skin and seed extracts (raw and purified, which are high in proanthocyanidins (PAs)).

proanthocyanidins

PAs


Input: In addition, the effects of digestion on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of these extracts were evaluated.


Input: The extracts were digested with a mixture of pepsin-HCl for 2h, followed by a 2h incubation with pancreatin and bile salts including a cellulose dialysis tubing (molecular weight cut-off 12kDa) at 37 degrees C with shaking in the dark and under N2.

HCl

bile salts


Input: Under gastric conditions, the mean degree of polymerisation (mDP) of seed extracts, raw (mDP =~ 6, p < 0. 05), and purified (mDP =~ 10, p < 0. 05) was stable.


Input: The mDP of the raw skin extracts increased from 19 to 25 towards the end of the digestion.


Input: The PAs were significantly degraded (up to 80%) during the pancreatic digestion, yielding low-molecular-weight compounds that diffused into the serum-available fraction (mDP =~ 2).

PAs


Input: The overall mass transfer coefficient (K) of the seed extracts was 10 (-7) m (2)/s.


Input: After simulated gastrointestinal digestion, over 80% of ACE inhibition by raw seed and skin extracts was preserved.


Input: However, the purified seed and skin extracts lost their ability to inhibit ACE after intestinal digestion.


Input: Transport across Caco-2 monolayers of peptides arising from in vitro digestion of bovine milk proteins.


Input: The entire panel of peptides produced from caseins (CN) and whey proteins (WP) that survive in vitro sequential gastro-pancreatic digestion and translocate across monolayers of Caco-2 cells, used as a model of the intestinal epithelium, has been characterised by HPLC and mass spectrometry.


Input: Among the milk-derived bioactive peptides, only minor amounts of mono-phosphorylated peptides arising from alpha s1-and beta-CN were detected.


Input: The absorption behaviour of two resistant beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg) domains, beta-Lg 125-135 and beta-Lg 40-60, was studied in detail using synthetic peptides.


Input: The IgE-binding properties of the digests recovered from the apical and basolateral monolayer compartments were evaluated by dot-blot, using the sera of milk allergic children (N = 5).


Input: Outcomes indicated beta-Lg 127-135 as a possible " immune sensitising factor " in vivo.


Input: The almost complete loss of the IgE-affinity of CN and WP after digestion points out the need to design in vivo experiments to track the metabolic fate of dietary proteins.


Input: Purification and characterisation of sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein, a novel allergen of red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii).

calcium


Input: Crayfish sarcoplasmic calcium-binding protein (SCP) was purified.

calcium


Input: The physicochemical and polymorphic characterisations were also analysed.


Input: SCP was purified by column chromatography to reveal a single band with molecular mass of 22kDa and further confirmed by mass spectrometry.


Input: The results of physicochemical characterisation showed that SCP was stable in the processes of thermal or acid/alkali treatment, and could be digested by simulate gastrointestinal fluid.


Input: Importantly, the comparison of SCP polymorphism using sera from crustacean-allergic patients demonstrated SCP-II had a weaker IgE-binding activity.


Input: The isoelectric points of SCP subunits a, b and c were 4. 6, 4. 7, and 4. 8, respectively, as determined by two-dimensional electrophoresis and IgE immunoblotting analysis showed that patients' sera reacted to three subunits of SCP.


Input: Finally, it can be concluded that SCP is a stable polymorphic allergen in crayfish, and all of its isotypes and subunits have allergenicity.


Input: Enzymatic modification enhances the protective activity of citrus flavonoids against alcohol-induced liver disease.

flavonoids

alcohol


Input: Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) can be developed by a prolonged or large intake of alcohol in a short period of time.

alcohol


Input: ALD is considered as a leading cause for a liver injury in modern dietary life.


Input: This study was aimed to investigate the effects of orally administrated citrus flavonoids (CFs) and their enzymatically modified ones (EM-CFs) to prevent ALD.

flavonoids


Input: Hesperidin and narirutin were extracted from peels of Citrus unshiu by ultra-sonication and purified further.

Hesperidin

narirutin


Input: These CFs were modified enzymatically through glycosylation and de-rhamnosylation by the actions of cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) and hesperidinase, respectively.


Input: CFs and EM-CFs were fed to ICR mouse along with ethanol for 8weeks, and changes in lipid contents, lipid peroxidation, GSH, antioxidant enzymes activity and proinflammatory cytokines in hepatic tissues were observed.

ethanol

GSH


Input: Administration of CFs and EM-CFs along with alcohol significantly suppressed increases in prognostic parameters of a hepatocellular injury.

alcohol


Input: Especially, EM-CFs fed groups maintained malondialdehyde, GSH levels and catalase activity in hepatic tissues close to those of the normal diet fed group.

malondialdehyde

GSH


Input: Abrupt increases in proinflammatory cytokines such as I kappa B-alpha, TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta and IL-6 in hepatocytes due to a chronic alcohol uptake were significantly suppressed by co-administration of EM-CFs.

alcohol


Input: These results indicate that although the administration of CFs can alleviate ALD through preventing excessive lipid formation, protecting the antioxidant system and suppressing induction of inflammation in hepatocytes, their effectiveness can be further improved by glycosylation and de-rhamnosylation.


Input: Carbon nanotubes-reinforced hollow fibre solid-phase microextraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of carbamate pesticides in apples.

Carbon

carbamate


Input: An effective and sensitive method to determinate five carbamate pesticides in apples was developed by using carbon nanotubes-reinforced hollow fibre solid-phase microextraction (CNTs-HF-SPME) combined with high performance liquid chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-DAD).

carbamate

carbon


Input: The CNTs were dispersed in water via adding surfactant, and then were held in the pores of HF supported by capillary forces and sonification.


Input: The SPME device, which was wetted with 1-octanol, was placed in a stirred apple samples to extract target analytes.


Input: After extraction, analytes were desorbed and analyzed using HPLC-DAD.


Input: Under the optimized extraction conditions, the enrichment factors were achieved in the range from 49 to 308 with good inter-fibre repeatability and batch-to-batch reproducibility, while good linearity ranges and recoveries were obtained.


Input: The limits of detection ranged from 0. 09 to 6. 00ng/g.


Input: Therefore, the results demonstrated that this novel method was an efficient pretreatment and enrichment procedure for the determination of trace carbamate pesticides in apples.

carbamate


Input: A sensitive and selective imprinted solid phase extraction coupled to HPLC for simultaneous detection of trace quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid and methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid in animal muscles.

quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid

methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid


Input: A new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), selective for major metabolites of quinoxaline-1, 4-dioxides, was prepared through bulk polymerisation using quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) as template, diethylaminoethylmethacrylate as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linker in tetrahydrofuran.

quinoxaline-1, 4-dioxides

quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid

QCA

diethylaminoethylmethacrylate

ethylene glycol dimethacrylate

tetrahydrofuran


Input: The synthesised MIP was characterised by Fourier transform infrared and adsorption experiments.


Input: MIP exhibited high affinity, fast kinetics for QCA and good selectivity for QCA and methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (MQCA).

QCA

QCA

methyl-3-quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid

MQCA


Input: MIP obtained was used as a selective sorbent for molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction (MISPE) coupled with HPLC to detect QCA and MQCA.

QCA

MQCA


Input: Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (S/N = 3) of porcine, chicken and fish muscles were 0. 1, 0. 3, 0. 1 mu g/kg for QCA and 0. 2, 0. 3, 0. 1 mu g/kg for MQCA, respectively and good recoveries were obtained in the range from 60. 0 to 119. 4%.

QCA

MQCA


Input: These results indicated the MISPE-HPLC procedure could be successfully used for the determination QCA and MQCA in animal muscles.

QCA

MQCA


Input: Synthesis of amino acid conjugates of tetrahydrocurcumin and evaluation of their antibacterial and anti-mutagenic properties.

amino acid

tetrahydrocurcumin


Input: Tetrahydrocurcumin (THC), the hydrogenated and stable form of curcumin, exhibits physiological and pharmacological activities similar to curcumin.

Tetrahydrocurcumin

THC

curcumin

curcumin


Input: A protocol has been developed for the synthesis of novel conjugates of THC with alanine (2a), isoleucine (2b), proline (2c), valine (2d), phenylalanine (2e), glycine (2f) and leucine (2g) in high yields (43-82%).

THC

alanine

isoleucine

proline

valine

phenylalanine

glycine

leucine


Input: All the derivatives of THC exhibited more potent anti-microbial activity than THC against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica.

THC

THC


Input: The MIC values of the derivatives were 24-37% of those for THC in case of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

THC


Input: Derivatives 2g and 2d exhibited maximum anti-mutagenicity against Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 1538, respectively at a low concentration of 313 mu g/plate, with comparable activity for THC evident only at 3750 mu g/plate.

THC


Input: These results clearly demonstrated that the conjugation of THC at the phenolic position with amino acids led to significant improvement of its in vitro biological attributes.

THC

phenolic

amino acids


Input: Influence of triterpenoids present in apple peel on inflammatory gene expression associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).

triterpenoids


Input: Various ursanic, oleanic and lupanic pentacyclic triterpenoids found in apple peel were studied for anti-inflammatory effects in vitro using T84 colon carcinoma cells.

ursanic, oleanic and lupanic pentacyclic triterpenoids


Input: After pretreatment with single triterpenoids, cells were stimulated with pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, INF-gamma, IL-1 beta).

triterpenoids


Input: Regulation of mRNA expression was analysed for three specific inflammation-associated marker genes (TNF-alpha, IL-8, IP-10) using qRT-PCR.


Input: Furthermore, the effects of ursolic acid (UA) and oleanolic acid (OA) on the synthesis of certain pro-inflammatory proteins were examined.

ursolic acid

oleanolic acid


Input: IP-10 expression was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by all the tested compounds at concentrations <= 25 mu M.


Input: The mRNA expression of TNF-alpha was slightly affected and the IL-8 level was increased.


Input: At the protein level, UA and OA (25 mu M) reduced the synthesis of IP-10; sICAM-1, IL-23 and GRO alpha were slightly repressed.


Input: The TNF-alpha level was not modulated, whereas induction of IL-8 was increased.


Input: UA also enhanced the synthesis of IL-1ra, while OA suppressed the level of I-TAC.


Input: The present study confirms that triterpenoids present in apple peel and beta-damascone may be implicated in the anti-inflammatory properties of apple constituents, suggesting that these substances might be helpful in the treatment of IBD as nutrient supplements.

triterpenoids

beta-damascone


Input: Characteristics and antioxidant activity of water-soluble Maillard reaction products from interactions in a whey protein isolate and sugars system.


Input: The objective of this study was to determine antioxidant activities of water-soluble MRPs (Maillard reaction products) from the reactions between whey protein isolate (WPI) and xylose (X), glucose (G), fructose (F), lactose (L), maltose (M) and sucrose (S) at different initial pH values (3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9).

xylose

glucose

fructose

lactose

maltose

sucrose


Input: MRPs derived from the WPI-X system with increasing of pH rendered the highest browning, reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity.

DPPH


Input: SDS-PAGE analyses indicated formation of cross-linked proteins of large molecular mass produced from WPI-X systems.

SDS


Input: Results of FT-IR analysis indicated that the amide I, II and III bands of WPI from the WPI-X and WPI-G systems were changed by the Maillard reaction.

amide


Input: CD spectroscopy showed that beta-sheet, beta-turns and random coil were increased while the alpha-helix was decreased after the WPI-G and WPI-X system aqueous solutions were heated.


Input: In conclusion, MRPs obtained from the WPI-X system had high antioxidant activity.


Input: Alternanthera paronychioides protects pancreatic beta-cells from glucotoxicity by its antioxidant, antiapoptotic and insulin secretagogue actions.


Input: The antioxidant and antiglucotoxic effects of Alternanthera paronychioides on pancreatic beta-cell were investigated.


Input: Antioxidant assays demonstrated that ethanol extracts of A. paronychioides (EEAP) exhibited the highest antioxidant activity, which also had the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents.

ethanol

phenolic

flavonoid


Input: Two major polyphenolics, ferulic acid and quercetin, were identified from EEAP by HPLC-DAD.

polyphenolics

ferulic acid

quercetin


Input: Effects of EEAP, ferulic acid and quercetin on high glucose (25mmol/L)-induced pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis and dysfunction were further evaluated.

ferulic acid

quercetin


Input: Results showed that EEAP and quercetin but not ferulic acid protected beta-cells from glucotoxicity through several mechanisms, including: (1) maintaining beta-cell viability; (2) suppressing reactive oxygen species production; (3) reducing characteristic features of apoptosis; (4) inhibiting the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 and the cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; (5) upregulating pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 gene expression and the insulin secretagogue action of pancreatic beta-cells.

quercetin

ferulic acid

oxygen

poly (ADP-ribose)


Input: These findings may shed light on the preventive actions of A. paronychioides on diabetic glucotoxicity.


Input: Peach (Prunus persica) extract inhibits angiotensin II-induced signal transduction in vascular smooth muscle cells.

angiotensin II


Input: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a vasoactive hormone that has been implicated in cardiovascular diseases.

Angiotensin II

Ang II


Input: Here, the effect of peach, Prunus persica L.


Input: Batsch, pulp extract on Ang II-induced intracellular Ca (2 +) mobilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and signal transduction events in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) was investigated.

Ang II

Ca (2 +)

oxygen


Input: Pretreatment of peach ethyl acetate extract inhibited Ang II-induced intracellular Ca (2 +) elevation in VSMCs.

ethyl acetate

Ang II

Ca (2 +)


Input: Furthermore, Ang II-induced ROS generation, essential for signal transduction events, was diminished by the peach ethyl acetate extract.

Ang II

ethyl acetate


Input: The peach ethyl acetate extract also attenuated the Ang II-induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor and myosin phosphatase target subunit 1, both of which are associated with atherosclerosis and hypertension.

ethyl acetate

Ang II


Input: These results suggest that peach ethyl acetate extract may have clinical potential for preventing cardiovascular diseases by interfering with Ang II-induced intracellular Ca (2 +) elevation, the generation of ROS, and then blocking signal transduction events.

ethyl acetate

Ang II

Ca (2 +)


Input: mu-Calpain is involved in the postmortem proteolysis of gizzard smooth muscle.


Input: Postmortem changes in proteins that have been implicated in affecting muscle integrity were examined in goose (GG) and duck (DG) gizzard smooth muscle stored at 5 degrees C.


Input: GG and DG smooth muscles were sampled at 0, 1, 3 and 7day of storage.


Input: The pH was approximately 7 in both GG and DG samples during postmortem storage.


Input: Casein zymograms showed that 0-day mu-calpain activity was higher (p < 0. 05) in GG than in DG samples.


Input: As postmortem time progressed, mu-calpain was activated and autolyzed more extensively in GG than in DG samples.


Input: However, mu/m-calpain remained relatively stable in both samples.


Input: Western blots indicated that postmortem desmin degradation was more rapid in GG than in DG samples.


Input: In contrast, alpha-actinin remained nearly unchanged in both samples.


Input: Therefore, our results suggest that mu-calpain has an important role in the postmortem proteolysis of gizzard smooth muscle.


Input: Free fatty acid profiles of emulsified lipids during in vitro digestion with pancreatic lipase.

fatty acid


Input: Individual free fatty acids released from milk protein-stabilized emulsions prepared with milk fat, soya bean oil or tuna fish oil during in vitro digestion with pancreatic lipase were monitored using gas chromatography.

fatty acids


Input: The results showed that saturated fatty acids (C16: 0 and C18: 0) were released faster than unsaturated fatty acids (C18: 1n9, C18: 2n6 and C18: 3n3) from soya bean oil emulsions; short chain fatty acids were released faster than long chain fatty acids from milk fat emulsions; long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, were released more slowly than other fatty acids from fish oil emulsions.

saturated fatty acids

C16: 0

C18: 0

unsaturated fatty acids

C18: 1n9

C18: 2n6

C18: 3n3

fatty acids

fatty acids

polyunsaturated fatty acids

eicosapentaenoic acid

docosahexaenoic acid

fatty acids


Input: The results confirm that the release behaviour of fatty acids from emulsions during digestion is related not only to the position of the fatty acids in the triglycerides in the fat/oil, but also to the length of the carbon chain of the fatty acid.

fatty acids

fatty acids

triglycerides

carbon

fatty acid


Input: The rates and the extents of the digestion of lipids consisting of short chain fatty acids are higher than those of lipids consisting of long chain fatty acids.

fatty acids

fatty acids


Input: Characterisation of muscles from Frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) and catfish (Clarias macrocephalus).


Input: Frigate mackerel (Auxis thazard) and catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) can be used as alternative sources for surimi production.


Input: However, the functionality of surimi is species-dependent.


Input: This study aimed to characterise certain chemical and physical compositions of dark and ordinary muscles from these species.


Input: Catfish, particularly ordinary muscle, was composed of higher contents of lipid and carotenoid than Frigate mackerel muscle (p < 0. 05) but ordinary muscle from Frigate mackerel had the highest phospholipid content (p < 0. 05).


Input: Both dark and ordinary muscles of Frigate mackerel had greater contents of myofibrillar proteins than had catfish muscle (p < 0. 05).


Input: Myosin heavy chain and actin were predominant proteins found in both muscle types of both species.


Input: Dark muscle from Frigate mackerel had the highest sarcoplasmic protein content, especially extractable myoglobin (p < 0. 05).


Input: Muscles from Frigate mackerel had greater content of sodium chloride than had catfish (p < 0. 05).

sodium chloride


Input: The highest contents of iron, copper and selenium were found in Frigate mackerel dark muscle (p < 0. 05).

iron

copper

selenium


Input: The pH of ordinary muscle from both species was higher than that of dark muscle (p < 0. 05).


Input: Frigate mackerel, especilly dark muscle, exhibited the most dark-red colour, as shown by the lowest L (*) and b (*) values with the highest a (*) value and redness index (a (*)/b (*)) (p < 0. 05).


Input: In vitro antioxidant capacity and anti-inflammatory activity of seven common oats.


Input: Oats are gaining increasing scientific and public interest for their purported antioxidant-associated health benefits.


Input: Most reported studies focused on specific oat extracts or particular oat components, such as beta-glucans, tocols (vitamin E), or avenanthramides.

tocols

vitamin E

avenanthramides


Input: Studies on whole oats with respect to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities are still lacking.


Input: Here the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities from whole oat groats of seven common varieties were evaluated.


Input: All oat varieties had very similar oxygen radical absorption capacity compared with other whole grains.

oxygen


Input: In an anti-inflammatory assay, oat variety CDC Dancer inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced nuclear factor-kappa B activation by 27. 5% at 2mg/ml, whereas variety Deiter showed 13. 7% inhibition at a comparable dose.


Input: Avenanthramide levels did not correlate with the observed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Avenanthramide


Input: Further investigations are needed to pinpoint the specific antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, and potential synergistic and/or matrix effects that may help explain the mechanisms of oat' s anti-inflammatory actions.


Input: Microcapsule production employing chickpea or lentil protein isolates and maltodextrin: Physicochemical properties and oxidative protection of encapsulated flaxseed oil.


Input: Flaxseed oil was microencapsulated, employing a wall material matrix of either chickpea (CPI) or lentil protein isolate (LPI) and maltodextrin, followed by freeze-drying.


Input: Effects of oil concentration (5. 3-21. 0%), protein source (CPI vs. LPI) and maltodextrin type (DE 9 and 18) and concentration (25. 0-40. 7%), on both the physicochemical characteristics and microstructure of the microcapsules, were investigated.


Input: It was found that an increase in emulsion oil concentration resulted in a concomitant increase in oil droplet diameter and microcapsule surface oil content, and a decrease in oil encapsulation efficiency.


Input: Optimum flaxseed oil encapsulation efficiency (~ 83. 5%), minimum surface oil content (~ 2. 8%) and acceptable mean droplet diameter (3. 0 mu m) were afforded with 35. 5% maltodextrin-DE 9 and 10. 5% oil.


Input: Microcapsules, formed by employing these experimental conditions, showed a protective effect against oxidation versus free oil over a storage period of 25d at room temperature.


Input: Assay of phenolic compounds from four species of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana L.) fruits: Comparison of three base hydrolysis procedure for quantification of total phenolic acids.

phenolic

phenolic acids


Input: The present study was undertaken to investigate the flavonoid profile in four species of ber (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) fruit.

flavonoid


Input: The 12 flavonoids identified were quercetin 3-O-robinobioside, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, quercetin 3'-O-galactoside, quercetin 3'-O-glucoside, quercetin 3'-O-rhamnoside, quercetin 3'-O-pentosylhexoside, quercetin 3-O-6' malonylglucoside, quercetin 3'-O-malonylglucoside, luteolin 7-O-6' malonylglucoside, luteolin 7-O-malonylglucoside, myricetin 3-O-galactoside, and naringenin tri glycoside.

flavonoids

quercetin 3-O-robinobioside

quercetin 3-O-rutinoside

quercetin 3'-O-galactoside

quercetin 3'-O-glucoside

quercetin 3'-O-rhamnoside

quercetin 3'-O-pentosylhexoside

quercetin 3-O-6' malonylglucoside

quercetin 3'-O-malonylglucoside

luteolin 7-O-6' malonylglucoside

luteolin 7-O-malonylglucoside

myricetin 3-O-galactoside

naringenin tri glycoside


Input: This is the first report on extraction of nine additional flavonoids from the ber fruits.

flavonoids


Input: In addition, we also compared the impact of three different base hydrolysis techniques namely ultrasonic assisted base hydrolysis (UABH), microwave assisted base hydrolysis (MWABH), and pressurised liquid assisted base hydrolysis (PLABH) for the quantification of total phenolic acids.

phenolic acids


Input: Nine phenolic acids, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, vanillin, ortho-and para-coumaric acids, were identified and quantified.

phenolic acids

protocatechuic acid

p-hydroxybenzoic acid

ferulic acid

chlorogenic acid

vanillic acid

caffeic acid

vanillin

ortho-and para-coumaric acids


Input: The three major phenolic acids identified in all four ber species were p-coumaric acid, vanillin and ferulic acids.

phenolic acids

p-coumaric acid

vanillin

ferulic acids


Input: Higher amounts (p < 0. 05) of total phenolic acids in all cultivars were obtained with the PLABH technique as compared to other two procedures (UABH and MWABH).

phenolic acids


Input: Physico-chemical characteristics and sensory evaluation of wheat bread partially substituted with banana (Musa acuminata X balbisiana cv. Awak) pseudo-stem flour.


Input: The physico-chemical and sensorial properties of the control (BCtr), commercial wheat flour (CWF) bread substituted with 10% BPF (banana pseudo-stem flour) (B10BPF) and B10BPF with added 0. 8% w/w (flour weight basis) xanthan gum (XG) or sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) (B10BPFXG and B10BPFCMC, respectively) were examined.

sodium


Input: The proximate analyses revealed that the composite bread had significantly higher moisture, ash, crude fibre, soluble, insoluble and total dietary fibre contents but lower protein, fat and carbohydrate contents than the BCtr.

carbohydrate


Input: Bread incorporated with BPF resulted in a lower volume, darker crumb and lighter crust colour than the BCtr.


Input: The addition of CMC improved the bread volume.


Input: All breads containing BPF had greater total phenolics, and antioxidant properties than the control bread.

phenolics


Input: Sensory evaluation indicated that the B10BPFCMC bread had the highest acceptability.


Input: Variation in nutritionally relevant components in retail Jersey and Guernsey whole milk.


Input: This study investigates the quality of retail milk labelled as Jersey & Guernsey (JG) when compared with milk without breed specifications (NS) and repeatability of differences over seasons and years.


Input: 16 different brands of milk (4 Jersey & Guernsey, 12 non specified breed) were sampled over 2years on 4 occasions.


Input: JG milk was associated with both favourable traits for human health, such as the higher total protein, total casein, alpha-casein, beta-casein, kappa-casein and alpha-tocopherol contents, and unfavourable traits, such as the higher concentrations of saturated fat, C12: 0, C14: 0 and lower concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids.

alpha-tocopherol

monounsaturated fatty acids


Input: In summer, JG milk had a higher omega-3: omega-6 ratio than had NS milk.


Input: Also, the relative increase in omega-3 fatty acids and alpha-tocopherol, from winter to summer, was greater in JG milk.

omega-3 fatty acids

alpha-tocopherol


Input: The latter characteristic could be of use in breeding schemes and farming systems producing niche dairy products.


Input: Seasonality had a more marked impact on the fatty acid composition of JG milk than had NS milk, while the opposite was found for protein composition.

fatty acid


Input: Potential implication for the findings in human health, producers, industry and consumers are considered.


Input: Preparative isolation and purification of seven main antioxidants from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv.


Input: (Du-zhong) leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment.

DPPH


Input: Seven antioxidants were purified from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment.

DPPH


Input: HSCCC was successfully used to separate target antioxidants by three runs with different solvent systems after D101 column chromatography fractionation.


Input: Ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (1: 2: 3, v/v/v) was selected as the optimum solvent system to purify geniposidic acid.

Ethyl acetate

n-butanol

geniposidic acid


Input: Ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (4: 1: 5, v/v/v) was used to isolate caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid.

Ethyl acetate

ethanol

caffeic acid

chlorogenic acid

ferulic acid


Input: While three flavonoids, quercetin-3-O-sambubioside, rutin and isoquercitrin were purified by petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1: 5: 1: 5, v/v/v/v).

flavonoids

rutin

isoquercitrin

petroleum ether

ethyl acetate

methanol


Input: The structures were identified by MS and NMR.


Input: Antioxidant activities were assessed, and compounds 2-7 showed strong antioxidant activities.


Input: This is the first report about separation of antioxidants from E. ulmoides leaves by HSCCC.


Input: The results indicated that the combinative methods using DPPH-HPLC and HSCCC could be widely applied for screening and isolation of antioxidants from complex extracts.

DPPH


Input: Ellagic acid derivatives, ellagitannins, proanthocyanidins and other phenolics, vitamin C and antioxidant capacity of two powder products from camu-camu fruit (Myrciaria dubia).

Ellagic acid

proanthocyanidins

phenolics

vitamin C


Input: The aims of this study were the evaluation of polyphenols and vitamin C content, and antioxidant capacity of dehydrated pulp powder and the dried flour obtained from the skin and seeds residue remaining after pulp preparation from camu-camu (Myrciaria dudia).

polyphenols

vitamin C


Input: Fifty-three different phenolics were characterised by HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS-MS and UPLC-HR-QTOF-MS-MS.

phenolics


Input: The phenolic content of camu-camu flour was higher than that of the pulp powder (4007. 95mg/100g vs. 48. 54mg/100g).


Input: In both products the flavonol myricetin and conjugates, ellagic acid and conjugates and ellagitannins were detected.

flavonol myricetin

ellagic acid


Input: Cyanidin 3-glucoside, and quercetin and its glycosides were only found in the pulp powder, while proanthocyanidins were only present in the flour (3. 5g/100g, mean degree of polymerisation 3).

Cyanidin 3-glucoside

quercetin

proanthocyanidins


Input: The vitamin C content was lower in pulp powder (3. 5%) than in the flour (9. 1%).

vitamin C


Input: The radical-scavenging capacity of both powders was determined by the DPPH, ABTS and ORAC assays, and was higher for camu-camu flour as could be expected for its higher phenolics and vitamin C content.

DPPH

ABTS

phenolics

vitamin C


Input: Comparative analyses with fresh camu-camu berries indicate that some transformations occur during processing.


Input: Analysis of fresh berries showed that ellagic acid derivatives and ellagitannins were mainly present in the seeds, while proanthocyanidins were present both in the seeds and skin.

ellagic acid

proanthocyanidins


Input: Tenderization effect of soy sauce on beef M. biceps femoris.


Input: This study was conducted to evaluate the tenderization effect of soy sauce on beef M. biceps femoris (BF).


Input: Five marinades were prepared with 4% (w/v) sodium chloride and 25% (w/v) soy sauce solutions (4% salt concentration) and mixed with the ratios of 100: 0 (S0, pH 6. 52), 75: 25 (S25, 5. 40) 50: 50 (S50, 5. 24), 25: 75 (S75, 5. 05), and 0: 100 (S100, 4. 85), respectively.

sodium chloride


Input: The BF samples which were obtained from Hanwoo cows at 48h postmortem (n = 24) were marinated with five marinades for 72h at 4 degrees C (1: 4 w/w), and the effects of soy sauce on tenderness were evaluated.


Input: Soy sauce marination resulted in a decrease in the pH value of the BF sample.


Input: However, there were no significant differences in the water holding capacity (P < 0. 05).


Input: The S100 treatment showed the significant (P < 0. 05) increase in collagen solubility and myofibrillar fragmentation index, contributing to decreased shear force compared to S0 (control).


Input: Reduction in intensity of few myofibrillar protein bands were observed for S100 treatment compared to control using SDS-PAGE.

SDS


Input: Scanning electron microscopy revealed breakdown of connective tissue surrounding muscle fibers of the S100 treatment.


Input: The tenderization effect of soy sauce may attribute various mechanisms such as increased collagen solubility or proteolysis which depend on soy sauce level in marinade.


Input: Effects of NaCl and pH on the structural conformations of kidney bean vicilin.

NaCl


Input: Structural changes as a result of variations in pH value and salt concentration were determined for purified vicilin, the major globular protein in kidney beans using intrinsic fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD).


Input: The vicilin consisted of two polypeptide chains of about 43 and 45kDa in size when analysed under reducing SDS-PAGE.

SDS


Input: Amino acid analysis showed that the vicilin had high contents of acidic amino acids and a low lysine/arginine ratio.

Amino acid

acidic amino acids

lysine

arginine


Input: Intrinsic fluorescence measurements were performed to measure exposure of tyrosine and tryptophan as a means of estimating protein conformational changes.

tyrosine

tryptophan


Input: Generally, the vicilin showed an unfolded structure at pH 3. 0, 5. 0, 7. 0, and 9. 0 as evident by the extensive red shift (> 350nm) of the wavelength of maximum tryptophan fluorescence intensity.

tryptophan


Input: At pH 3. 0 and 5. 0, the fluorescence intensity (FI) was greater than values obtained at pH 7. 0 and 9. 0, which suggests that the microenvironment of tryptophan was less hydrophilic at acidic pH.

tryptophan


Input: Addition of NaCl also led to increased FI, an indication of structural changes of tryptophan in response to the hydrophilic environment.

NaCl

tryptophan


Input: These changes in FI were due mostly to tryptophan emission because tyrosine emission (at 303nm) was suppressed.

tryptophan

tyrosine


Input: The far-UV CD spectra showed that vicilin had minimal measurable secondary structures at pH 3. 0 and 5. 0 when compared to pH 7. 0 and 9. 0.


Input: Addition of NaCl led to an increase in the tertiary structure conformation of vicilin as determined from the near-UV CD spectra.

NaCl


Input: Biosynthesis of highly enriched (13) C-lycopene for human metabolic studies using repeated batch tomato cell culturing with (13) C-glucose.

(13) C-lycopene

(13) C-glucose


Input: While putative disease-preventing lycopene metabolites are found in both tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) products and in their consumers, mammalian lycopene metabolism is poorly understood.

lycopene

lycopene


Input: Advances in tomato cell culturing techniques offer an economical tool for generation of highly-enriched (13) C-lycopene for human bioavailability and metabolism studies.

(13) C-lycopene


Input: To enhance the (13) C-enrichment and yields of labelled lycopene from the hp-1 tomato cell line, cultures were first grown in (13) C-glucose media for three serial batches and produced increasing proportions of uniformly labelled lycopene (14. 3 +/- 1. 2%, 39. 6 +/- 0. 5%, and 48. 9 +/- 1. 5%) with consistent yields (from 5. 8 to 9mg/L).

(13) C

lycopene

(13) C-glucose

lycopene


Input: An optimised 9-day-long (13) C-loading and 18-day-long labelling strategy developed based on glucose utilisation and lycopene yields, yielded (13) C-lycopene with 93% (13) C isotopic purity, and 55% of isotopomers were uniformly labelled.

(13) C

glucose

lycopene

(13) C-lycopene

(13) C


Input: Furthermore, an optimised acetone and hexane extraction led to a fourfold increase in lycopene recovery from cultures compared to a standard extraction.

acetone

hexane

lycopene


Input: Effect of recovery methods on the oxidative and physical stability of oil body emulsions.


Input: Three natural oil body emulsions of a similar fat content (~ 5%), but differing in their protein composition were obtained from an aqueous maize germ extract.


Input: The first was prepared by concentrating the aqueous oil body extract with ultrafiltration to a fat content of ~ 5%.


Input: The other two were prepared by initially recovering the oil bodies from the extract by centrifugation, either in the presence of sucrose or by applying isoelectric precipitation at pH 5. 0 and then diluting the resulting oil body creams with deionized water.

sucrose


Input: The oxidative and physical stability of the three emulsions, either as they were or after submission to thermal treatment (100 degrees C for 15min), were studied following storage at 45 degrees C.


Input: The emulsions differed both in their oxidative and physical stability, depending on the recovery method that in turn influenced their continuous phase and/or interfacial membrane protein and/or polar antioxidant composition.


Input: Ultrafiltration resulted in the most stable emulsion.


Input: Mixtures of the natural oil body emulsions with green tea extracts, aiming to serve as a base for functional beverages, were then prepared and studied for their creaming behaviour.


Input: The green tea polyphenols seem to interact with the oil bodies leading to intensive dispersion destabilisation which, however, was halted following carrageenan addition at a relatively very low level.

polyphenols


Input: Effect of temperature on the release of intentionally and non-intentionally added substances from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles into water: Chemical analysis and potential toxicity.

polyethylene terephthalate

PET


Input: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of temperature on the release of PET-bottle constituents into water and to assess the potential health hazard using in vitro bioassays with bacteria and human cell lines.

PET


Input: Aldehydes, trace metals and other compounds found in plastic packaging were analysed in PET-bottled water stored at different temperatures: 40, 50, and 60 degrees C.

Aldehydes

PET


Input: In this study, temperature and the presence of CO2 increased the release of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and antimony (Sb).

formaldehyde

acetaldehyde

antimony

Sb


Input: In parallel, genotoxicity assays (Ames and micronucleus assays) and transcriptional-reporter gene assays for estrogenic and anti-androgenic activity were performed on bottled water extracts at relevant consumer exposure levels.


Input: As expected, and in accordance with the chemical formulations specified for PET bottles, neither phthalates nor UV stabilisers were present in the water extracts.

PET

phthalates


Input: However, 2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol, a degradation compound of phenolic antioxidants, was detected.

2, 4-di-tert-butylphenol

phenolic


Input: In addition, an intermediary monomer, bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate, was found but only in PET-bottled waters.

bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate

PET


Input: None of the compounds are on the positive list of EU Regulation No. 10/2011.


Input: However, the PET-bottled water extracts did not induce any cytotoxic, genotoxic or endocrine-disruption activity in the bioassays after exposure.

PET


Input: Congeners in sugar cane spirits aged in casks of different woods.

sugar


Input: The profile of volatile compounds and aging markers in sugar cane spirits aged for 36months in casks made of 10 types of wood were studied.

sugar


Input: The ethanol content, volatile acidity, aldehydes, esters, higher alcohols, and methanol were determined.

ethanol

aldehydes

esters

alcohols

methanol


Input: In addition, gallic, vanilic and syringic acids, siringaldehyde, coniferaldehyde, sinapaldehyde, vanillin, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural were identified and quantified.

gallic, vanilic and syringic acids

siringaldehyde

coniferaldehyde

sinapaldehyde

vanillin

furfural


Input: The profile of volatile compounds characterised aging in each type of wood.


Input: The beverage aged in oak cask achieved the highest contents of maturation-related congeners.


Input: The Brazilian woods, similar to oak, were jequitib a rosa and cerejeira, which presented the highest contents of some maturation-related compounds, such as vanillin, vanilic acid, syringaldehyde and sinapaldehyde.

vanillin

vanilic acid

syringaldehyde

sinapaldehyde


Input: Although oak wood conferred more chemical complexity to the beverage, Brazilian woods, singly or complementarily, present potential for spirit characterisation and for improving the quality of sugar cane spirits.

sugar


Input: Effects of fisetin supplementation on hepatic lipogenesis and glucose metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats fed on a high fat diet.

fisetin

glucose


Input: The modulatory effects of daily fisetin supplementation for 8weeks on genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia in rats fed a high fat (HF) diet were evaluated.

fisetin


Input: Elevated levels of triglyceride (TG), along with hepatic TG content and glucose concentrations in a high fat diet group were found to be reduced by fisetin supplementation.

triglyceride

glucose

fisetin


Input: The high fat diet significantly increased hepatic mRNA expressions of PPAR gamma, SREBP1C and SCD-1 genes in comparison to the control diet, which was subsequently reversed by supplementation with fisetin.

fisetin


Input: In addition, fisetin supplementation significantly reduced hepatic mRNA abundance of FAS, ATPCL and G6Pase compared to the control group.

fisetin


Input: Finally, epididymal mRNA abundance of GLUT4 was significantly increased by fisetin supplementation, compared to levels in the control and HF groups.

fisetin


Input: Enhancement of GLUT4 expression by fisetin was further confirmed in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

fisetin


Input: Fisetin supplementation decreases cardiovascular risks by ameliorating hepatic steatosis and lowering circulating glucose concentrations.

Fisetin

glucose


Input: Enrichment of polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of Irish brown macroalgae using food-friendly techniques based on polarity and molecular size.

polyphenol


Input: An efficient, food-friendly process for the enrichment of macroalgal phlorotannins from solid-liquid extracts (SLE) of three brown macroalgae, namely Fucus spiralis Linnaeus, Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret and Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis, has been demonstrated.


Input: The initial utilisation of molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) dialysis generated fractions of low molecular weight (LMW) (< 3. 5kDa) and of high molecular weight (HMW) (3. 5-100kDa and > 100kDa) from cold water, hot water and aqueous ethanolic SLE extracts.


Input: An enhancement of the total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging abilities (RSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in the HMW fractions of 3. 5-100kDa and/or > 100kDa from the cold water and aqueous ethanolic extracts was observed.

ferric


Input: The initial weak TPC, RSA and FRAP observed in the LMW fractions relative to the HMW fractions were substantially enhanced following a reverse-phase flash chromatography fractionation method.


Input: Quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (Q-Tof-MS) suggests that phlorotannins of varying degrees of phloroglucinol polymerisation are present in LMW fractions of the three brown macroalgal species.

phloroglucinol


Input: The development of a food-friendly process for the extraction and enrichment of phlorotannins from Irish macroalgae is vital to facilitate the use of this valuable resource in future developments of macroalgal-based functional foods.


Input: Influence of cold pre-fermentation treatments on the major volatile compounds of three wine varieties.


Input: The volatile compounds of wines made from three grape varieties (Monastrell, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah) using three pre-fermentation techniques (grape freezing, dry-ice and cold maceration) and a control treatment were measured.

dry-ice


Input: The different winemaking practices, which are intended to increase the aromatic properties of wines, produced results that depended on the variety concerned.


Input: For example, freezing the Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah grapes produced different results compared with the respective controls, whereas few changes were found on freezing the Monastrell wine.


Input: Differences were significant in the case of some volatile compounds.


Input: Linear discriminant analysis allowed some grouping of the varieties at sampling but not of the pre-fermentation techniques used.


Input: Characterisation of chlorophyll oxidation mediated by peroxidative activity in olives (Olea europaea L.) cv.

chlorophyll


Input: Hojiblanca.


Input: The oxidation of chlorophyll a (chl a) catalysed by peroxidase (POD) from mesocarp of the olive fruit (Olea europaea L., cv Hojiblanca) in the presence of H2O2 and 2, 4-dichlorophenol (2, 4-DCP), is characterised via the individualised quantification of the products of the enzymatic reaction using a new methodology of HPLC-UV spectrometry.

chlorophyll a

chl a

2, 4-dichlorophenol

2, 4-DCP


Input: This innovation has allowed the discovery that, in addition to 13 (2) OH chl a and 15 (1) OH lactone chl a, which are the first products of POD on chl a, the reaction process sequentially creates another series of oxidised chlorophyll derivatives which have not been previously described.

13 (2) OH chl a

15 (1) OH lactone chl a

chl a

chlorophyll


Input: Their origins have been linked to POD activity in the presence of 2, 4-DCP.

2, 4-DCP


Input: Likewise, a study of the effect of the concentration of the various cosubstrates on the POD reaction rate demonstrated that the correct establishment of the relative concentrations of the same ([H2O2]/[2, 4-DCP]/[Chl] = 1: 3: 0. 02) is crucial to explaining inhibition effects by substrates and carrying out optimum measurements.

2, 4-DCP

Chl


Input: Therefore, new essential parameters for the determination of POD activity on a chlorophyll substrate are established.

chlorophyll


Input: Oil composition and characterisation of phenolic compounds of Opuntia ficus-indica seeds.

phenolic


Input: The seed composition of four varieties of Opuntia ficus-indica growing in Algeria was investigated.


Input: Seeds ground into a fine powder were first, subjected to oil extraction and fatty acids analysis.

fatty acids


Input: The phenolic compounds were then extracted from the defatted powder of seeds in order to be quantified and characterised by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS (n)) and to nuclear magnetic resonance (LC-NMR) approaches.

phenolic


Input: In addition, an evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the phenolic extracts was investigated.


Input: Gas chromatography analysis of the seed oil showed high percentages of linoleic acid in the four varieties ranging from 58% to 63%.

linoleic acid


Input: The phenolic profile of the Opuntia ficus-indica seeds displayed a high complexity, with more than 20 compounds detected at 330nm after the LC separation.


Input: Among them, three isomers of feruloyl-sucrose were firmly identified and another was strongly supposed to be a sinapoyl-diglycoside.

feruloyl-sucrose

sinapoyl-diglycoside


Input: High correlations were found between phenolic content in the defatted seed extracts and their antioxidant activity.


Input: The data indicate that the defatted cactus seed wastes still contain various components that constitute a source for natural foods.


Input: Inhibition kinetics of lipid oxidation of model foods by using antioxidant extract of fermented soybeans.


Input: Fermentation by using Aspergillus oryzae has been reported to increase antioxidant activity of soybeans significantly.


Input: The effectiveness of the extract from fermented soybeans was studied in 3 model foods with different complexities, i. e., linoleic acid emulsion, sunflower oil emulsions and bulk sunflower oil.

linoleic acid


Input: For the emulsion systems, oxidation at two different pH values (4. 5 and 7) was also compared.


Input: A reparameterised logistic equation was used to describe and to predict the experimental data.


Input: In general, a good agreement between experimental trends and simulated data from the model was found.


Input: A crude antioxidant extract (5mg/g) showed a comparable antioxidant activity to 0. 26mg/g of butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in the linoleic acid emulsions.

butylated hydroxytoluene

BHT

linoleic acid


Input: The extract exhibited a better capability to retard primary products in the linoleic acid systems than the secondary products.

linoleic acid


Input: The opposite effect was observed in the bulk sunflower oil and its emulsion systems.


Input: A dipeptide and an amino acid present in whey protein hydrolysate increase translocation of GLUT-4 to the plasma membrane in Wistar rats.

dipeptide

amino acid


Input: Whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) is capable of increasing muscle glycogen reserves and of concentrating the glucose transporter in the plasma membrane (PM).

glucose


Input: The objective of this study was to determine which WPH components could modulate translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT-4 to the PM of animal skeletal muscle.

glucose


Input: Forty-nine animals were divided into 7 groups (n = 7) and received by oral gavage 30% glucose plus 0. 55g/kg body mass of the following WPH components: (a) control; (b) WPH; (c) l-isoleucine; (d) l-leucine; (e) l-leucine plus l-isoleucine; (f) l-isoleucyl-l-leucine dipeptide; (g) l-leucyl-l-isoleucine dipeptide.

glucose

l-isoleucine

l-leucine

l-leucine

l-isoleucine

l-isoleucyl-l-leucine dipeptide

l-leucyl-l-isoleucine dipeptide


Input: After receiving these solutions, the animals were sacrificed and the GLUT-4 analysed by western blot.


Input: Additionally, glycogen, glycaemia, insulin and free amino acids were also determined by standard methods.

amino acids


Input: Of the WPH components tested, the amino acid l-isoleucine and the peptide l-leucyl-l-isoleucine showed greater efficiency in translocating GLUT-4 to the PM and of increasing glucose capture by skeletal muscle.

l-isoleucine

l-leucyl-l-isoleucine

glucose


Input: Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and liver protective effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves.

friedelin


Input: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant, free radical scavenging and liver protective effects of friedelin isolated from Azima tetracantha Lam. leaves.

friedelin


Input: In in vitro antioxidant study, the free radical scavenging effect of friedelin on 2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, nitric oxide and superoxide radicals were evaluated.

friedelin

2, 2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl

DPPH

hydroxyl

nitric oxide

superoxide


Input: Friedelin showed very good scavenging effect on DPPH (IC50 21. 1mM), hydroxyl (IC50 19. 8mM), nitric oxide (IC50 22. 1mM) and superoxide (IC50 21. 9mM) radicals.

Friedelin

DPPH

hydroxyl

nitric oxide

superoxide


Input: Friedelin also showed strong suppressive effect on lipid peroxidation.

Friedelin


Input: In in vivo antioxidant study, CCl4 induced oxidative stress on rats produced significant increase in serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels along with reduction in liver superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels.

glutamate oxaloacetate

glutamate pyruvate

lactate

superoxide

reduced glutathione

GSH

glutathione


Input: Pre-treatment of rats with friedelin at 40mg/kg for 7days restored these levels to normality and showed liver protection, comparable to the standard, silymarin (25mg/kg).

friedelin


Input: These results clearly demonstrated that friedelin possessed marked antioxidant and liver protective effects.

friedelin


Input: In vitro bioavailability of total selenium and selenium species from seafood.

selenium

selenium


Input: In vitro bioavailability of total selenium and selenium species from different raw seafood has been assessed by using a simulated gastric and intestinal digestion/dialysis method.

selenium

selenium


Input: Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to assess total selenium contents after a microwave assisted acid digestion, and also to quantify total selenium in the dialyzable and non-dialyzable fractions.

selenium

selenium


Input: Selenium speciation in the dialyzates was assessed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ICP-MS detection.

Selenium


Input: Major Se species (selenium methionine and oxidized selenium methionine) from dialyzate were identified and characterized by HPLC coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS).

Se

selenium methionine

oxidized selenium methionine


Input: Selenocystine was detected at low concentrations while Se-(Methyl) selenocysteine and inorganic selenium species (selenite and selenate) were not detected in the dialyzate.

Selenocystine

Se

(Methyl) selenocysteine

selenium

selenite

selenate


Input: Low bioavailability percentages for total selenium (6. 69 +/- 3. 39 and 5. 45 +/- 2. 44% for fish and mollusk samples, respectively) were obtained.

selenium


Input: Similar bioavailability percentages was achieved for total selenium as a sum of selenium species (selenocystine plus oxidized selenium methionine and selenium methionine, mainly).

selenium

selenium

selenocystine

oxidized selenium methionine

selenium methionine


Input: HPLC-MS data confirmed SeMet oxidation during the in vitro procedure.

SeMet


Input: Oregon' Pinot noir' grape anthocyanin enhancement by early leaf removal.

anthocyanin


Input: Complete cluster zone leaf removal of' Pinot noir' was initiated at three separate pre-v e raison growth stages (bloom, grain-pea size, and bunch closure) and maintained leaf free until harvest, for four growing seasons (2008-2011).


Input: Fruit anthocyanin composition was examined at harvest for the last two vintages (2010 and 2011) and compared to a control-no cluster zone leaf removal.

anthocyanin


Input: Experiments were conducted at two commercially operating Oregon vineyards (site A = 420 rootstock/' Pinot noir' 115 scion and site B = 3309C rootstock/' Pinot noir' 777 scion).


Input: All clusters contained the five anthocyanins typically found in' Pinot noir'.

anthocyanins


Input: Leaf removal at bloom and maintained until harvest produced maximum anthocyanin accumulation in' Pinot noir' grapes (site A = 85. 24mg/100g and site B = 125. 06mg/100g), compared to no leaf removal (control; site A = 57. 91mg/100g and site B = 97. 56mg/100g).

anthocyanin


Input: Even leaf removal at bunch closure (last leaf removal initiation period) increased grape anthocyanin (site A = 73. 22mg/100g and site B = 118. 93mg/100g) compared to control, but total anthocyanins were lower than grapes from bloom leaf removal (first time period).

anthocyanin

anthocyanins


Input: Results differed slightly by vineyard site and rootstock/scion combination.


Input: Inhibitory effects of myricetin on mammalian DNA polymerase, topoisomerase and human cancer cell proliferation.

myricetin


Input: In this study, the inhibitory activities against mammalian DNA polymerases (pols) of 16 major bioflavonoids were investigated.

bioflavonoids


Input: Myricetin (3, 3', 4', 5, 5', 7-hexahydroxyflavone) was the most potent inhibitor of pols amongst the compounds tested, with IC50 values of 21. 3-40. 9 mu M.

Myricetin

3, 3', 4', 5, 5', 7-hexahydroxyflavone


Input: This compound did not affect the activities of plant (cauliflower) pol alpha or prokaryotic pols.


Input: Myricetin also inhibited human DNA topoisomerase II (topo II) activity with an IC50 value of 27. 5 mu M, but did not inhibit the activities of other DNA metabolic enzymes tested.

Myricetin


Input: Myricetin also did not influence the direct binding to double stranded DNA as determined by thermal transition analysis.

Myricetin


Input: It was found to prevent the proliferation of human colon HCT116 carcinoma cells with an LD50 of 28. 2 mu M, halt the cell cycle in G2/M phase, and induce apoptosis.


Input: These results suggest that the decrease of proliferation may be a result of the inhibition of cellular topoisomerase (topo) II rather than pols.


Input: Extra virgin olive oil bitterness evaluation by sensory and chemical analyses.


Input: An experimental investigation was performed on blend extra virgin olive oils (EVOOs) from different cultivars and EVOO from different olive monovarieties (Coratina, Leccino, Maiatica, Ogliarola) with the aim to evaluate the possibility of estimating the perceived bitterness intensity by using chemical indices, such as the total phenol content and the compounds responsible for oil bitterness measured spectrophotometrically at 225nm (K225 value), as bitterness predictors in different EVOO.

phenol


Input: Therefore, a bitterness predictive model, based on the relationship between the perceived bitterness intensity of the selected stimuli and the chosen chemicals parameters has been built and validated.


Input: The results indicated that the oil bitterness intensity could be satisfactorily predicted by using the K225 values of oil samples.


Input: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phenolic substances in meat products smoked with different types of wood and smoking spices.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAH

phenolic


Input: The contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (15 + 1 EU PAH) and phenolic substances (guaiacol, 4-methylguaiacol, syringol, eugenol, and trans-isoeugenol) were investigated in smouldering-smoked Frankfurters and mini-salamis.

polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAH

phenolic

guaiacol

syringol

eugenol

trans-isoeugenol


Input: For the 51 smoking experiments wood chips of oak, poplar, hickory, spruce, fir, alder, beech, and beech with an apple-smoking spice mix, cherry-smoking spice mix, and a mix of juniper berries and bay leaves were tested.


Input: The use of poplar and hickory led to a decrease in the PAH contents in the range of 35-55% compared to the commonly used beech wood.

PAH


Input: Higher PAH contents by using softwood were not observed.

PAH


Input: The use of the rapidly growing poplar seems to be a reasonable approach for reducing the PAH contents in smoked meat products.

PAH


Input: Furthermore, the sum contents of the five phenolic substances in sausages smoked with poplar were higher, or only slightly lower, when compared to the use of beech.

phenolic


Input: Inhibitory effects of water extract of Flos Inulae on mutation and tyrosinase.


Input: In this study, the effects of a water extract of Flos Inulae (WFI) on antioxidant, antimutation and antityrosinase were investigated.


Input: The results showed that WFI inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), an indirect mutagen; and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO), a direct mutagen toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100.


Input: In addition, WFI, in the range of 0. 2-0. 6mg/ml, showed radical scavenging, reducing activities and chelating activity as well as decreased lipid oxidative damage.


Input: Meanwhile, WFI also inhibited tyrosinase activity and NO generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages.

NO


Input: High performance liquid chromatography analysis suggests that the major phenolic constituents in WFI are chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol.

phenolic

chlorogenic acid

rutin

quercetin

luteolin

kaempferol


Input: These bioactive components may contribute to the protective effects of WFI.


Input: The obtained data suggests that Flos Inulae can be applied to antimutation, antityrosinase and anti-inflammation.


Input: Evolution of the aromatic profile in Garnacha Tintorera grapes during raisining and comparison with that of the naturally sweet wine obtained.


Input: The postharvest dehydration is one of the most important steps in obtaining a high quality naturally sweet wine and it can play an important role in modulating the production and the release of volatile compounds.


Input: However, only a few studies have analysed the changes in the free and bound volatile compounds of grapes throughout the process.


Input: In this work, GC-MS was applied to determine the aromatic composition of Garnacha Tintorera grapes subjected to off-vine dehydration or raisining at several points during the process.


Input: The total water loss in 83days was about 62% and the sugar concentration rose from 225 to 464g/L.

sugar


Input: Within the free volatile compounds, isoamyl alcohols, benzaldehyde and guaiacol registered the largest increase above the concentration effect due to water loss; while within the bound volatile compounds were isoamyl alcohols, ethyl vanillate and benzoic acid.

isoamyl alcohols

benzaldehyde

guaiacol

isoamyl alcohols

ethyl vanillate

benzoic acid


Input: The aromatic profile of the raisins obtained were mainly caramelised, floral, phenolic and burned.

phenolic


Input: LC-ESI-TOF-MS identification of bioactive secondary metabolites involved in the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities of the edible halophyte Zygophyllum album Desf.


Input: In this work, liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-TOF-MS) has been applied to screen bioactive metabolites in shoot extract of the medicinal halophyte Zygophyllum album.


Input: Among 10 compounds identified (saponins, flavonoids and sterols) five were reported for the first time in Z. album.

saponins

flavonoids

sterols


Input: Furthermore, novel biological activities of hexane, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts were assessed.

hexane

dichloromethane


Input: Results showed that methanolic extract exhibit the highest antioxidant activity using in vitro ORAC test and anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting by 84. 8% NO release in RAW264. 7 macrophages.

NO


Input: However, dichloromethane extract proved the utmost antioxidant activity in cell (WS1) based-assay (IC50 = 57 mu g/ml) and interesting anticancer capacity against human lung carcinoma (A-549) and colon adenocarcinoma (DLD-1) cells (IC50 = 37 and 48 mu g/ml, respectively).

dichloromethane


Input: These findings can be attributed to the presence of triterpenes, flavonoids and sterols in Z. album, which are widely known as powerful antioxidants and used in various industrial fields.

triterpenes

flavonoids

sterols


Input: Degradation of complex carbohydrate: Immobilization of pectinase from Bacillus licheniformis KIBGE-IB21 using calcium alginate as a support.

carbohydrate

calcium


Input: Pectinases are heterogeneous group of enzymes that catalyse the hydrolysis of pectin substances which is responsible for the turbidity and undesirable cloudiness in fruits juices.


Input: In current study, partially purified pectinase from Bacillus licheniformis KIBGE-IB21 was immobilized in calcium alginate beads.

calcium


Input: The effect of sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentration on immobilization was studied and it was found that the optimal sodium alginate and calcium chloride concentration was 3. 0% and 0. 2M, respectively.

sodium

calcium chloride

sodium

calcium chloride


Input: It was found that immobilization increases the optimal reaction time for pectin degradation from 5 to 10min and temperature from 45 to 55 degrees C, whereas, the optimal pH remained same with reference to free enzyme.


Input: Thermal stability of enzyme increased after immobilization and immobilized pectinase retained more than 80% of its initial activity after 5days at 30 degrees C as compared with free enzyme which showed only 30% of residual activity.


Input: The immobilized enzyme also exhibited good operational stability and 65% of its initial activity was observed during third cycle.


Input: In term of pectinase immobilization efficiency and stability, this calcium alginate beads approach seemed to permit good results and can be used to make a bioreactor for various applications in food industries.

calcium


Input: Influence of pH, metal chelator, free radical scavenger and interfacial characteristics on the oxidative stability of beta-carotene in conjugated whey protein-pectin stabilised emulsion.

beta-carotene


Input: The influence of whey protein isolate (WPI)-beet pectin conjugates formed by dry-heating on the oxidative stability of beta-carotene in O/W emulsions was studied.

beta-carotene


Input: It was mainly focused on the influence of pH, metal chelator, free radical scavenger and interfacial characteristics on the degradation of beta-carotene in the emulsion stabilised by conjugate.

beta-carotene


Input: The conjugate increased the oxidative stability of beta-carotene in the emulsion as compared to their unconjugated mixture at pH 7. 0.

beta-carotene


Input: The desferoxamine retarded beta-carotene degradation at pH 4. 0 more effectively than pH 7. 0 and more effectively in the emulsion with the conjugate than the unconjugated mixture (p < 0. 05).

desferoxamine

beta-carotene


Input: The addition of 200mg/kg alpha-tocopherol significantly improved the stability of beta-carotene in the conjugate stabilised emulsion.

alpha-tocopherol

beta-carotene


Input: The emulsions were washed to remove conjugate not absorbed to the emulsion droplet interface, indicating that unabsorbed emulsifiers could protect beta-carotene.

beta-carotene


Input: It suggested that WPI-pectin conjugate could be used to protect bioactive lipids in emulsions.


Input: Phospholipids in rice: Significance in grain quality and health benefits: A review.


Input: Phospholipids (PLs) are a major class of lipid in rice grain.


Input: Although PLs are only a minor nutrient compared to starch and protein, they may have both nutritional and functional significance.


Input: We have systemically reviewed the literature on the class, distribution and variation of PLs in rice, their relation to rice end-use quality and human health, as well as available methods for analytical profiling.


Input: Phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and their lyso forms are the major PLs in rice.

Phosphatidylcholine

phosphatidylethanolamine

phosphatidylinositol


Input: The deterioration of PC in rice bran during storage was considered as a trigger for the degradation of rice lipids with associated rancid flavour in paddy and brown rice.


Input: The lyso forms in rice endosperm represent the major starch lipid, and may form inclusion complexes with amylose, affecting the physicochemical properties and digestibility of starch, and hence its cooking and eating quality.


Input: Dietary PLs have a positive impact on several human diseases and reduce the side-effects of some drugs.


Input: As rice has long been consumed as a staple food in many Asian countries, rice PLs may have significant health benefits for those populations.


Input: Rice PLs may be influenced both by genetic (G) and environmental (E) factors, and resolving G x E interactions may allow future exploitation of PL composition and content, thus boosting rice eating quality and health benefits for consumers.


Input: We have identified and summarised the different methods used for rice PL analysis, and discussed the consequences of variation in reported PL values due to inconsistencies between methods.


Input: This review enhances the understanding of the nature and importance of PLs in rice and outlines potential approaches for manipulating PLs to improve the quality of rice grain and other cereals.


Input: On the origin of sharp peaks in the X-ray diffraction patterns of xanthan powders.


Input: A series of xanthans containing different levels of the charged group pyruvate has been examined.

pyruvate


Input: The X-ray diffraction patterns of the powders of these materials had different levels of a sharp pattern superimposed on an amorphous background.


Input: As the moisture content increased so the intensity of the sharp pattern increased up to a level between 20% and 40% moisture content where the sharp pattern disappeared.


Input: X-ray diffraction pattern identification software and an inorganic X-ray diffraction database showed the origin of the sharp peaks to be due to sodium sulphate polymorphs.

sodium sulphate


Input: The behaviour of the xanthans was thought to be due to the differences in charge on the molecule; however, the increase in the crystalline component observed with increased amounts of water was unexpected.


Input: The possibility of the drying of samples was considered but the interplay between ions, the charged polymer and the water present was considered necessary to more closely describe the results.


Input: Impact of pectin type on the storage stability of black currant (Ribes nigrum L.) anthocyanins in pectic model solutions.

anthocyanins


Input: The effects of different pectins on the stabilisation of black currant anthocyanins in viscous model solutions at pH 3. 0 were investigated.

anthocyanins


Input: For this purpose, low esterified amidated (AM), low (LM) and high (HM) methoxylated citrus and apple pectins and a sugar beet pectin were added to a purified anthocyanin extract (ACN-E) and to an extract containing anthocyanins and non-anthocyanin phenolics (PP-E).

anthocyanin

ACN

anthocyanins

anthocyanin phenolics


Input: Model systems were stored at 20 +/- 0. 5 degrees C in the dark.


Input: Anthocyanin contents were monitored by HPLC analysis over a period of 18weeks, and half-life and destruction values were calculated.

Anthocyanin


Input: In all pectic model solutions anthocyanin stability was significantly improved compared to stability of the extracts without added pectins (blank).

anthocyanin


Input: Best stabilisation was obtained with AM pectin, followed by LM and HM pectins.


Input: In model systems containing citrus pectins, anthocyanin stabilisation was better compared to that of apple pectins having similar degrees of esterification and amidation, respectively.

anthocyanin


Input: This was primarily due to the strong interaction of delphinidin glycosides with the citrus pectins, whereas stabilisation of cyanidin derivatives was less important.

delphinidin glycosides

cyanidin


Input: Sugar beet pectin improved anthocyanin stability only to a limited extent.

anthocyanin


Input: In the presence of non-anthocyanin phenolics (PP-E) the impact of the pectin source was even more pronounced than the effect of the pectin type.

anthocyanin phenolics


Input: Addition of citrate to pectic systems accelerated anthocyanin decay.

anthocyanin


Input: Stabilising effects of pectins were hardly noticeable when evaluating total phenolic content (TPC, Folin-Ciocalteu) and antioxidant capacity during storage.

phenolic


Input: Highest TPC, TEAC-and FRAP values were observed in systems containing citrus pectin, which was in contrast to sugar beet pectin, where values fell below those of the blank after storage.


Input: Conformational restriction approach to BACE1 inhibitors II: SAR study of the isocytosine derivatives fixed with a cis-cyclopropane ring.

isocytosine

cis-cyclopropane


Input: To improve the efficacy of the conformationally restricted BACE1 inhibitors, structural modifications were investigated using two strategies: (a) modification of the terminal aromatic ring and (b) insertion of a spacer between the aromatic rings.


Input: In the latter approach, another type of inhibitor 17 bearing an ethylene spacer between two aromatic rings was found to exhibit good BACE1 inhibitory activity, while the corresponding conformationally unrestricted compound 25 showed no activity.

ethylene


Input: This result revealed an interesting effect of a conformational restriction with a cyclopropane ring.

cyclopropane


Input: Discovery of ML326: The first sub-micromolar, selective M5 PAM.


Input: This Letter describes the further chemical optimization of the M5 PAM MLPCN probes ML129 and ML172.


Input: A multi-dimensional iterative parallel synthesis effort quickly explored isatin replacements and a number of southern heterobiaryl variations with no improvement over ML129 and ML172.

isatin


Input: An HTS campaign identified several weak M5 PAMs (M5 EC50 > 10 mu M) with a structurally related isatin core that possessed a southern phenethyl ether linkage.

isatin

phenethyl ether


Input: While SAR within the HTS series was very shallow and unable to be optimized, grafting the phenethyl ether linkage onto the ML129/ML172 cores led to the first sub-micromolar M5 PAM, ML326 (VU0467903), (human and rat M5 EC50s of 409nM and 500nM, respectively) with excellent mAChR selectivity (M1-M4 EC50s > 30 mu M) and a robust 20-fold leftward shift of the ACh CRC.

phenethyl ether


Input: The design and synthesis of a potent glucagon receptor antagonist with favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties as a candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.


Input: A novel and potent small molecule glucagon receptor antagonist for the treatment of diabetes mellitus is reported.


Input: This candidate, (S)-3-[4-(1-{3, 5-dimethyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] phenoxy} butyl) benzamido] propanoic acid, has lower molecular weight and lipophilicity than historical glucagon receptor antagonists, resulting in excellent selectivity in broad-panel screening, lower cytotoxicity, and excellent overall in vivo safety in early pre-clinical testing.

(S)-3-[4-(1-{3, 5-dimethyl-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl] phenoxy} butyl) benzamido] propanoic acid


Input: Additionally, it displays low in vivo clearance and excellent oral bioavailability in both rats and dogs.


Input: In a rat glucagon challenge model, it was shown to reduce the glucagon-elicited glucose excursion in a dose-dependent manner and at a concentration consistent with its rat in vitro potency.

glucose


Input: Its properties make it an excellent candidate for further investigation.


Input: Altered cholesterol homeostasis in aged macrophages linked to neovascular macular degeneration.

cholesterol


Input: Abnormal lipid metabolism has been linked to age-related macular degeneration (AMD); choroidal neovascularization in late AMD commonly causes blindness.


Input: Sene et al.


Input: (2013) now demonstrate that in aged macrophages decreased ABCA1 expression, regulated by liver X receptor and miR-33, impairs export of intracellular cholesterol, which promotes neovascular AMD.

cholesterol


Input: Learning from our mistakes: The' unknown knowns' in fragment screening.


Input: In the past 15 years, fragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) has been adopted widely throughout academia and industry.


Input: The approach entails discovering very small molecular fragments and growing, merging, or linking them to produce drug leads.


Input: Because the affinities of the initial fragments are often low, detection methods are pushed to their limits, leading to a variety of artifacts, false positives, and false negatives that too often go unrecognized.


Input: This Digest discusses some of these problems and offers suggestions to avoid them.


Input: Although the primary focus is on FBLD, many of the lessons also apply to more established approaches such as high-throughput screening.


Input: Lignans extracted from Vitex negundo possess cytotoxic activity by G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction.

Lignans


Input: Evn-50 is a lignan compounds mixture extracted from Vitex negundo, a widely used herb in traditional Chinese medicine.

lignan


Input: This study is aimed to define the spectrum of cytotoxic activity of EVn-50, and also to investigate mechanisms underlying the anticancer actions via assessing the influence on cell cycle using EVn-50, and the lignan compound VB1 purified from EVn-50.

lignan


Input: The cytotoxic effect of EVn-50 and VB1 was determined with SRB assay using a panel of cancer cell lines.


Input: Breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-435 and liver cancer cell line SMMC-7721 were selected for further evaluating the effect of EVn-50 or VB1 on cell cycle by flow cytometric analysis.


Input: Apoptosis exerted by EVn-50 or VB1 was measured by TUNEL assay and DAPI staining, and Western blot analysis was utilized to assess the influence on expression and phosphorylation of proteins which are closely related to cell cycle and apoptosis.


Input: EVn-50 possessed a broad spectrum of in vitro anticancer activity for those tested cancer cells, especially sensitive to MDA-MB-435, SKOV-3, BXPC-3, SMMC-7721, MCF-7, HO-8910, SGC-7901, BEL-7402, HCT-116, and 786-O, with the respective IC50 below 10 mu g/ml.


Input: Treatment with EVn-50 or VB1 resulted in arresting the MDA-MB-435 and SMMC-7721 cells at G2/M phase, which was further supported by observations of increased phosphorylation of Histone 3 at Ser10, phosphorylation of Cdk1 at Tyr15, expression of cyclin B1, and decreased expression of Cdc25c.


Input: Moreover, we found that exposure of MDA-MB-435 cells to EVn-50 or VB1 caused obvious apoptosis of MDA-MB-435 cells.


Input: Our data show that EVn-50, lignan compounds extracted from Vitex negundo, possesses a broad spectrum cytotoxic effect via arresting cancer cells at G2/M phase cell cycle and subsequently inducing apoptosis.

lignan


Input: Transfer of metformin across the rat placenta is mediated by organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3/SLC22A3) and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1/SLC47A1) protein.

metformin


Input: In our previous studies we described functional expression of organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3) and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1) protein in the rat placenta.


Input: Since metformin is a substrate of both OCT3 and MATE1, in this study we used the model of dually perfused rat placenta to investigate the role of these transporters in metformin passage across the placenta.

metformin

metformin


Input: We observed concentration-dependent transplacental clearance of metformin in both maternal-to-fetal and fetal-to-maternal directions; in addition metformin crossed the placenta from the fetal to maternal compartment even against its concentration gradient.

metformin

metformin


Input: This transport was completely inhibited by MPP (+), a common OCT3 and MATE1 inhibitor.

MPP (+)


Input: Furthermore, we observed that the oppositely directed H (+)-gradient can drive the secretion of metformin from placenta to maternal circulation, confirming apical efflux of metformin from trophoblast by MATE1.

H (+)

metformin

metformin


Input: In conclusion, we suggest an important role of OCT3 and MATE1 in the transplacental transfer of metformin.

metformin


Input: 2-Hydroxychalcone and xanthohumol inhibit invasion of triple negative breast cancer cells.

xanthohumol


Input: Breast cancer is estimated as one of the most common causes of cancer death among women.


Input: In particular, triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs), which do not express the genes for estrogen/progesterone receptors (ER/PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), have been associated with poor prognosis and metastasis.

estrogen

progesterone


Input: Chalcones, the biosynthetic precursors of flavonoids present in edible plants, exert cytotoxic and chemopreventive activities.

Chalcones

flavonoids


Input: Although mounting evidence suggests the anticancer properties of chalcones, limited information is available regarding the inhibitory effects of chalcones on the aggressiveness of breast cancer cells.

chalcones

chalcones


Input: The present study aimed to investigate the effects of chalcone and its derivatives on the growth and the invasiveness of TNBC cells.

chalcone


Input: Here, we showed that treatment with chalcone, 2-hydroxychalcone, and xanthohumol for 24h inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231cells with IC50 values of 18. 1, 4. 6, and 6. 7 mu M, respectively.

chalcone

xanthohumol


Input: Similarly, Chalcone, 2-hydroxychalcone, and xanthohumol also exerted cytotoxicity in another TNBC cell line, Hs578T.

Chalcone

xanthohumol


Input: Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone, 4-methoxychalcone, and hesperidin methylchalcone did not show the cytotoxicity on the MDA-MB-231cells.

Neohesperidin dihydrochalcone

hesperidin methylchalcone


Input: Xanthohumol and 2-hydroxychalcone induced apoptosis by Bcl-2 downregulation.

Xanthohumol


Input: Importantly, 2-hydroxychalcone and xanthohumol exerted more potent inhibitory effects on the proliferation, MMP-9 expression and invasive phenotype of MDA-MB-231 than chalcone.

xanthohumol

chalcone


Input: These results suggest a potential application of these chalcones as anticancer agents that can alleviate malignant progression of TNBC.

chalcones


Input: Increased dissolution and oral absorption of itraconazole/Soluplus extrudate compared with itraconazole nanosuspension.

itraconazole

Soluplus

itraconazole


Input: The purpose of this article was to compare the in vitro and in vivo profiles of itraconazole (ITZ) extrudates and nanosuspension separately prepared by two different methods.

itraconazole

ITZ


Input: And it was proved truly to form nanocrystalline and amorphous ITZ characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM).

ITZ


Input: The release of ITZ/Soluplus solid dispersions with amorphous ITZ was almost complete while only 40% release was obtained with ITZ nanocrystals.

ITZ

Soluplus

ITZ

ITZ


Input: The amorphous state need not to cross over the crystal lattice energy upon dissolution while the crystalline need to overcome it.


Input: In the in vivo assay, the AUC (0-t) and Cmax of ITZ/Soluplus were 6. 9-and 11. 6-time higher than those of pure ITZ.

ITZ

Soluplus

ITZ


Input: The formulation of the extrudate had an AUC (0-t) and Cmax similar to those of ITZ and also OH-ITZ compared with the commercial capsule (Sporanox (R)).

ITZ

OH-ITZ

Sporanox


Input: The relative bioavailability values with their 95% confidence limit were calculated to be 98. 3% (92. 5-104. 1%) and 101. 3% (97. 9-104. 1%), respectively.


Input: The results of this study showed increased dissolution and bioavailability of the solid dispersion of Soluplus-based carrier loading ITZ prepared by HME compared with the ITZ nanosuspension prepared by wet milling.

Soluplus

ITZ

ITZ


Input: Beneficial effects of asiaticoside on cognitive deficits in senescence-accelerated mice.

asiaticoside


Input: The effect of asiaticoside isolated from Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides (AHS) on the promotion of cognition in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP) was evaluated.

asiaticoside


Input: Six-month old male SAMP8 mice were orally administered 20, 40 or 80mg/kg AHS daily for three months.


Input: SAMR1 mice were used as a " normal aging " control.


Input: The results showed that treatment with AHS significantly improved learning and memory abilities in behavioral tests.


Input: AHS-treated mice showed higher antioxidant enzyme activity and lower lipid oxidation in serum compared with untreated SAMP8 mice.


Input: Mechanistically, studies showed that AHS markedly reduced the content and deposition of beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) by inhibiting the expression of mRNA for amyloid protein precursor, beta-site amyloid cleaving enzyme-1 and cathepsin B and promoting the expression of mRNA for neprilysin and insulin degrading enzyme.


Input: In addition, AHS significantly increased the expression of plasticity-related proteins including postsynaptic density-95, phosphor-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor 1, phospho-calcium-calmodulin dependent kinase II, phospho-protein kinase A Catalytic beta subunit, protein kinase C gamma subunit, phospho-CREB and brain derived neurotrophic factor.

N-methyl-d-aspartate

phospho

calcium

phospho

phospho


Input: Furthermore, AHS increased the levels of acetylcholine (Ach), but decreased cholinesterase (AchE) activity.

acetylcholine

Ach


Input: These results demonstrated that AHS administration may prevent spatial learning and memory decline by scavenging free radicals, up-regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreasing the level of A beta, ameliorating dysfunction in synaptic plasticity, and reversing abnormal changes in Ach level and AchE activity.

Ach


Input: Thus, AHS should be developed as a new drug to prevent age-related cognitive deficits.


Input: Bioreducible alginate-poly (ethylenimine) nanogels as an antigen-delivery system robustly enhance vaccine-elicited humoral and cellular immune responses.

poly (ethylenimine)


Input: Although polysaccharide nanogels have emerged as a novel antigen delivery system for vaccine development, whether modulating the redox sensitivity of nanogels could improve vaccine efficacy remains unclear.


Input: In the present study, we generated bioreducible cationic alginate-polyethylenimine (PEI) nanogels as a novel vaccine delivery system.

polyethylenimine

PEI


Input: Briefly, nanogels were prepared by the electrostatic interaction of negatively charged alginate sodium with branched PEI2k, followed by disulfide cross-linking to generate bioreducible nanogels (AP-SS).

sodium

disulfide


Input: The AP-SS nanogels demonstrated great antigen-loading capacity and minimal cytotoxicity.


Input: The in vitro study showed that reducible AP-SS nanogels not only facilitated antigen uptake by mouse bone marrow dendritic cells (BMDCs), but also promoted intracellular antigen degradation and cytosolic release.


Input: Moreover, AP-SS nanogels significantly enhanced both MHC class I and II antigen presentation by BMDCs.


Input: Compared with the non-reducible nanogels, AP-SS nanogels more potently enhanced vaccine-induced antibody production and CD8 (+) T cell-mediated tumor cell lysis.


Input: Hence, the bioreducible alginate-PEI nanogels could serve as a potent adjuvant to improve vaccine-elicited humoral and cellular immune responses.


Input: Transcellular transport of aconitine across human intestinal Caco-2 cells.

aconitine


Input: Aconitine (AC) is a highly toxic compound present in plants of the genus Aconitum.

Aconitine


Input: The transcellular transport mechanism of AC was investigated using Caco-2 cells.


Input: The flux of AC was time-and concentration-dependent in both apical-to-basolateral and the reverse direction.


Input: The efflux of AC was more than two-fold that in the opposite direction.