Input: Succimer chelation improves learning , attention , and arousal regulation in lead - exposed rats but produces lasting cognitive impairment in the absence of lead exposure . BACKGROUND : There is growing pressure for clinicians to prescribe chelation therapy at only slightly elevated blood lead levels . However , very few studies have evaluated whether chelation improves cognitive outcomes in Pb - exposed children , or whether these agents have adverse effects that may affect brain development in the absence of Pb exposure . OBJECTIVES : The present study was designed to answer these questions , using a rodent model of early childhood Pb exposure and treatment with succimer , a widely used chelating agent for the treatment of Pb poisoning . RESULTS : Pb exposure produced lasting impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation , paralleling the areas of dysfunction seen in Pb - exposed children . Succimer treatment of the Pb - exposed rats significantly improved learning , attention , and arousal regulation , although the efficacy of the treatment varied as a function of the Pb exposure level and the specific functional deficit . In contrast , succimer treatment of rats not previously exposed to Pb produced lasting and pervasive cognitive and affective dysfunction comparable in magnitude to that produced by the higher Pb exposure regimen . CONCLUSIONS : These are the first data , to our knowledge , to show that treatment with any chelating agent can alleviate cognitive deficits due to Pb exposure . These findings suggest that it may be possible to identify a succimer treatment protocol that improves cognitive outcomes in Pb - exposed children . However , they also suggest that succimer treatment should be strongly discouraged for children who do not have elevated tissue levels of Pb or other heavy metals .

Succimer

lead

lead

lead

Pb

Pb

Pb

succimer

Pb

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Pb

succimer

Pb

Pb

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

rats

rats

rats

cognitive impairment

Pb poisoning

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

cognitive and affective dysfunction

cognitive deficits

lead

cognitive and affective dysfunction

lead

cognitive and affective dysfunction

lead

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Pb

cognitive and affective dysfunction

lead

cognitive impairment

lead

cognitive deficits

lead

cognitive impairment

lead

cognitive deficits

lead

cognitive impairment

lead

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

Pb

cognitive impairment

Pb

cognitive deficits

lead

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

lead

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

lead

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

Pb

impairments in learning , attention , inhibitory control , and arousal regulation

lead

Pb poisoning

lead

Pb poisoning

lead

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Pb

Pb poisoning

Succimer

cognitive and affective dysfunction

succimer

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Succimer

cognitive and affective dysfunction

succimer

cognitive and affective dysfunction

succimer

cognitive and affective dysfunction

succimer

cognitive and affective dysfunction

Succimer

cognitive impairment

Succimer

cognitive deficits

succimer

cognitive impairment

succimer

cognitive deficits

Succimer

cognitive impairment

Succimer

cognitive deficits

succimer

cognitive impairment

succimer

cognitive deficits

succimer

cognitive impairment

succimer

cognitive deficits

succimer

cognitive impairment

succimer

cognitive deficits

Succimer

Pb poisoning

succimer

Pb poisoning

Succimer

Pb poisoning

succimer

Pb poisoning

succimer

Pb poisoning

succimer

Pb poisoning

Succimer

lead

Succimer

lead

Succimer

lead

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

Succimer

lead

Succimer

lead

Succimer

lead

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

Succimer

Pb

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

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succimer

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succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

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succimer

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succimer

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succimer

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succimer

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succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

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succimer

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succimer

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succimer

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succimer

Pb

succimer

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succimer

Pb

succimer

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succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

lead

succimer

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succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb

succimer

Pb


Input: Attenuation of methamphetamine - induced nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mice by lipopolysaccharide pretreatment . Immunological activation has been proposed to play a role in methamphetamine - induced dopaminergic terminal damage . In this study , we examined the roles of lipopolysaccharide , a pro - inflammatory and inflammatory factor , treatment in modulating the methamphetamine - induced nigrostriatal dopamine neurotoxicity . Lipopolysaccharide pretreatment did not affect the basal body temperature or methamphetamine - elicited hyperthermia three days later . Such systemic lipopolysaccharide treatment mitigated methamphetamine - induced striatal dopamine and 3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid depletions in a dose - dependent manner . As the most potent dose ( 1 mg / kg ) of lipopolysaccharide was administered two weeks , one day before or after the methamphetamine dosing regimen , methamphetamine - induced striatal dopamine and 3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid depletions remained unaltered . Moreover , systemic lipopolysaccharide pretreatment ( 1 mg / kg ) attenuated local methamphetamine infusion - produced dopamine and 3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid depletions in the striatum , indicating that the protective effect of lipopolysaccharide is less likely due to interrupted peripheral distribution or metabolism of methamphetamine . We concluded a critical time window for systemic lipopolysaccharide pretreatment in exerting effective protection against methamphetamine - induced nigrostriatal dopamine neurotoxicity .

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

dopamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

dopamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

dopamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopaminergic terminal damage

inflammatory

inflammatory

neurotoxicity

hyperthermia

neurotoxicity

mice

dopaminergic

neurotoxicity

dopaminergic

neurotoxicity

dopaminergic

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

dopamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

dopaminergic terminal damage

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

neurotoxicity

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

methamphetamine

hyperthermia

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

Lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

Lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

inflammatory

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

Lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

Lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

Lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

Lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

Lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

Lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

Lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

Lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

Lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopaminergic

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

dopamine

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

3 , 4 - dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopaminergic

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

methamphetamine

dopamine

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

Lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

Lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

Lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

neurotoxicity

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

Lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine

lipopolysaccharide

methamphetamine


Input: Hypothalamic prolactin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels , prolactin signaling , and hyperprolactinemic inhibition of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion are dependent on estradiol . Hyperprolactinemia can reduce fertility and libido . Although central prolactin actions are thought to contribute to this , the mechanisms are poorly understood . We first tested whether chronic hyperprolactinemia inhibited two neuroendocrine parameters necessary for female fertility : pulsatile LH secretion and the estrogen - induced LH surge . Chronic hyperprolactinemia induced by the dopamine antagonist sulpiride caused a 40 % reduction LH pulse frequency in ovariectomized rats , but only in the presence of chronic low levels of estradiol . Sulpiride did not affect the magnitude of a steroid - induced LH surge or the percentage of GnRH neurons activated during the surge . Estradiol is known to influence expression of the long form of prolactin receptors ( PRL - R ) and components of prolactin ' s signaling pathway . To test the hypothesis that estrogen increases PRL - R expression and sensitivity to prolactin , we next demonstrated that estradiol greatly augments prolactin - induced STAT5 activation . Lastly , we measured PRL - R and suppressor of cytokine signaling ( SOCS - 1 and - 3 and CIS , which reflect the level of prolactin signaling ) mRNAs in response to sulpiride and estradiol . Sulpiride induced only SOCS - 1 in the medial preoptic area , where GnRH neurons are regulated , but in the arcuate nucleus and choroid plexus , PRL - R , SOCS - 3 , and CIS mRNA levels were also induced . Estradiol enhanced these effects on SOCS - 3 and CIS . Interestingly , estradiol also induced PRL - R , SOCS - 3 , and CIS mRNA levels independently . These data show that GnRH pulse frequency is inhibited by chronic hyperprolactinemia in a steroid - dependent manner . They also provide evidence for estradiol - dependent and brain region - specific regulation of PRL - R expression and signaling responses by prolactin .

prolactin receptor

prolactin

prolactin

prolactin receptors

PRL - R

prolactin

PRL - R

prolactin

prolactin

PRL - R

suppressor of cytokine signaling

SOCS - 1 and - 3

CIS

prolactin

SOCS - 1

PRL - R

SOCS - 3

CIS

SOCS - 3

CIS

PRL - R

SOCS - 3

CIS

PRL - R

prolactin

ribonucleic acid

luteinizing hormone

estradiol

LH

estrogen

LH

dopamine

sulpiride

LH

estradiol

Sulpiride

steroid

LH

Estradiol

estrogen

estradiol

sulpiride

estradiol

Sulpiride

Estradiol

estradiol

steroid

estradiol

hyperprolactinemic

Hyperprolactinemia

hyperprolactinemia

hyperprolactinemia

hyperprolactinemia

rats

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

suppressor of cytokine signaling

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

CIS

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1 and - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 3

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

SOCS - 1

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin

estrogen

luteinizing hormone

estrogen

LH

estrogen

LH

estrogen

LH

estrogen

LH

estrogen

luteinizing hormone

estrogen

LH

estrogen

LH

estrogen

LH

estrogen

LH

steroid

luteinizing hormone

steroid

LH

steroid

LH

steroid

LH

steroid

LH

steroid

luteinizing hormone

steroid

LH

steroid

LH

steroid

LH

steroid

LH

hyperprolactinemic

steroid

hyperprolactinemic

steroid

Hyperprolactinemia

steroid

Hyperprolactinemia

steroid

hyperprolactinemia

steroid

hyperprolactinemia

steroid

hyperprolactinemia

steroid

hyperprolactinemia

steroid

hyperprolactinemia

steroid

hyperprolactinemia

steroid

prolactin

prolactin

prolactin

prolactin

prolactin

prolactin

prolactin

estrogen

prolactin receptor

estrogen

prolactin receptors

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

prolactin receptor

estrogen

prolactin receptors

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estrogen

PRL - R

estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

Estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

CIS

estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

Estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

CIS

Estradiol

CIS

estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

suppressor of cytokine signaling

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

CIS

estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 3

Estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 1 and - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

SOCS - 3

estradiol

estradiol

Estradiol

estradiol

estradiol

Estradiol

estradiol

estradiol

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

Estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin

estradiol

prolactin receptor

estradiol

prolactin receptors

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

prolactin receptor

estradiol

prolactin receptors

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

prolactin receptor

Estradiol

prolactin receptors

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

prolactin receptor

estradiol

prolactin receptors

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

prolactin receptor

estradiol

prolactin receptors

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

prolactin receptor

Estradiol

prolactin receptors

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

Estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

prolactin receptor

estradiol

prolactin receptors

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

prolactin receptor

estradiol

prolactin receptors

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

estradiol

PRL - R

hyperprolactinemic

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemic

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemic

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemic

Sulpiride

Hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

Hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

Hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

Hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

sulpiride

hyperprolactinemia

Sulpiride

sulpiride

suppressor of cytokine signaling

sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

suppressor of cytokine signaling

Sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

suppressor of cytokine signaling

sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

suppressor of cytokine signaling

Sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

CIS

Sulpiride

CIS

sulpiride

SOCS - 1 and - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 1 and - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 1 and - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 1 and - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 3

Sulpiride

SOCS - 3

sulpiride

SOCS - 1

Sulpiride

SOCS - 1

sulpiride

SOCS - 1

Sulpiride

SOCS - 1

sulpiride

prolactin receptor

sulpiride

prolactin receptors

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

prolactin receptor

Sulpiride

prolactin receptors

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

prolactin receptor

sulpiride

prolactin receptors

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

prolactin receptor

Sulpiride

prolactin receptors

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

Sulpiride

PRL - R

sulpiride

luteinizing hormone

sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

luteinizing hormone

Sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

luteinizing hormone

sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

LH

sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

luteinizing hormone

Sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

LH

Sulpiride

LH

dopamine

sulpiride

dopamine

Sulpiride

dopamine

sulpiride

dopamine

Sulpiride


Input: Ginsenoside Rg1 restores the impairment of learning induced by chronic morphine administration in rats . Rg1 , as a ginsenoside extracted from Panax ginseng , could ameliorate spatial learning impairment . Previous studies have demonstrated that Rg1 might be a useful agent for the prevention and treatment of the adverse effects of morphine . The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Rg1 on learning impairment by chronic morphine administration and the mechanism responsible for this effect . Male rats were subcutaneously injected with morphine ( 10 mg / kg ) twice a day at 12 hour intervals for 10 days , and Rg1 ( 30 mg / kg ) was intraperitoneally injected 2 hours after the second injection of morphine once a day for 10 days . Spatial learning capacity was assessed in the Morris water maze . The results showed that rats treated with Morphine / Rg1 decreased escape latency and increased the time spent in platform quadrant and entering frequency . By implantation of electrodes and electrophysiological recording in vivo , the results showed that Rg1 restored the long - term potentiation ( LTP ) impaired by morphine in both freely moving and anaesthetised rats . The electrophysiological recording in vitro showed that Rg1 restored the LTP in slices from the rats treated with morphine , but not changed LTP in the slices from normal saline - or morphine / Rg1 - treated rats ; this restoration could be inhibited by N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor antagonist MK801 . We conclude that Rg1 may significantly improve the spatial learning capacity impaired by chonic morphine administration and restore the morphine - inhibited LTP . This effect is NMDA receptor dependent .

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

ginsenoside

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

rats

Panax ginseng

rats

rats

rats

rats

rats

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

Morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

morphine

Ginsenoside Rg1

impairment of learning

Ginsenoside Rg1

learning impairment

Ginsenoside Rg1

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

impairment of learning

learning impairment

learning impairment

Ginsenoside Rg1

Ginsenoside Rg1

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

Ginsenoside Rg1

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

Morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

impairment of learning

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

Morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

Morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine

learning impairment

morphine


Input: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for levodopa - induced dyskinesias in Parkinson ' s disease . In a placebo - controlled , single - blinded , crossover study , we assessed the effect of " real " repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation ( rTMS ) versus " sham " rTMS ( placebo ) on peak dose dyskinesias in patients with Parkinson ' s disease ( PD ) . Ten patients with PD and prominent dyskinesias had rTMS ( 1 , 800 pulses ; 1 Hz rate ) delivered over the motor cortex for 4 consecutive days twice , once real stimuli and once sham stimulation were used ; evaluations were done at the baseline and 1 day after the end of each of the treatment series . Direct comparison between sham and real rTMS effects showed no significant difference in clinician - assessed dyskinesia severity . However , comparison with the baseline showed small but significant reduction in dyskinesia severity following real rTMS but not placebo . The major effect was on dystonia subscore . Similarly , in patient diaries , although both treatments caused reduction in subjective dyskinesia scores during the days of intervention , the effect was sustained for 3 days after the intervention for the real rTMS only . Following rTMS , no side effects and no adverse effects on motor function and PD symptoms were noted . The results suggest the existence of residual beneficial clinical aftereffects of consecutive daily applications of low - frequency rTMS on dyskinesias in PD . The effects may be further exploited for potential therapeutic uses .

levodopa

dyskinesias

Parkinson ' s disease

dyskinesias

Parkinson ' s disease

PD

PD

dyskinesias

dyskinesia

dyskinesia

dystonia

dyskinesia

PD

dyskinesias

PD

patients

patients

patient

levodopa

dyskinesias

levodopa

dyskinesias

levodopa

dyskinesias

levodopa

dyskinesia

levodopa

dyskinesia

levodopa

dyskinesia

levodopa

dyskinesias


Input: The glycine transporter - 1 inhibitor SSR103800 displays a selective and specific antipsychotic - like profile in normal and transgenic mice . Schizophrenia has been initially associated with dysfunction in dopamine neurotransmission . However , the observation that antagonists of the glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor produce schizophrenic - like symptoms in humans has led to the idea of a dysfunctioning of the glutamatergic system via its NMDA receptor . As a result , there is a growing interest in the development of pharmacological agents with potential antipsychotic properties that enhance the activity of the glutamatergic system via a modulation of the NMDA receptor . Among them are glycine transporter - 1 ( GlyT1 ) inhibitors such as SSR103800 , which indirectly enhance NMDA receptor function by increasing the glycine ( a co - agonist for the NMDA receptor ) levels in the synapse . This study aimed at investigating the potential antipsychotic - like properties of SSR103800 , with a particular focus on models of hyperactivity , involving either drug challenge ( ie , amphetamine and MK - 801 ) or transgenic mice ( ie , NMDA Nr1 ( neo - / - ) and DAT ( - / - ) ) . Results showed that SSR103800 ( 10 - 30 mg / kg p . o . ) blocked hyperactivity induced by the non - competitive NMDA receptor antagonist , MK - 801 and partially reversed spontaneous hyperactivity of NMDA Nr1 ( neo - / - ) mice . In contrast , SSR103800 failed to affect hyperactivity induced by amphetamine or naturally observed in dopamine transporter ( DAT ( - / - ) ) knockout mice ( 10 - 30 mg / kg p . o . ) . Importantly , both classical ( haloperidol ) and atypical ( olanzapine , clozapine and aripiprazole ) antipsychotics were effective in all these models of hyperactivity . However , unlike these latter , SSR103800 did not produce catalepsy ( retention on the bar test ) up to 30 mg / kg p . o . Together these findings show that the GlyT1 inhibitor , SSR103800 , produces antipsychotic - like effects , which differ from those observed with compounds primarily targeting the dopaminergic system , and has a reduced side - effect potential as compared with these latter drugs .

glycine transporter - 1

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

NMDA receptor

NMDA receptor

glycine transporter - 1

NMDA receptor

NMDA receptor

NMDA Nr1

DAT

NMDA receptor

NMDA Nr1

dopamine transporter

DAT

dopamine

glycine

amphetamine

MK - 801

MK - 801

amphetamine

haloperidol

olanzapine

clozapine

aripiprazole

dopaminergic

mice

humans

mice

mice

mice

Schizophrenia

schizophrenic

hyperactivity

hyperactivity

hyperactivity

hyperactivity

hyperactivity

catalepsy

aripiprazole

catalepsy

clozapine

catalepsy

olanzapine

catalepsy

haloperidol

catalepsy

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

amphetamine

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

hyperactivity

MK - 801

glycine

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

glycine

NMDA receptor

glycine

NMDA receptor

glycine

NMDA receptor

glycine

NMDA receptor

glycine

NMDA Nr1

glycine

NMDA receptor

glycine

NMDA Nr1

aripiprazole

hyperactivity

aripiprazole

hyperactivity

aripiprazole

hyperactivity

aripiprazole

hyperactivity

aripiprazole

hyperactivity

clozapine

hyperactivity

clozapine

hyperactivity

clozapine

hyperactivity

clozapine

hyperactivity

clozapine

hyperactivity

olanzapine

hyperactivity

olanzapine

hyperactivity

olanzapine

hyperactivity

olanzapine

hyperactivity

olanzapine

hyperactivity

haloperidol

hyperactivity

haloperidol

hyperactivity

haloperidol

hyperactivity

haloperidol

hyperactivity

haloperidol

hyperactivity

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

MK - 801

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA Nr1

MK - 801

NMDA Nr1

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA receptor

MK - 801

NMDA Nr1

MK - 801

NMDA Nr1

MK - 801

Schizophrenia

dopamine

Schizophrenia

dopaminergic

schizophrenic

dopamine

schizophrenic

dopaminergic

hyperactivity

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

hyperactivity

NMDA receptor

hyperactivity

NMDA Nr1

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

Schizophrenia

glutamate N - methyl - D - aspartate ( NMDA ) receptor

schizophrenic

NMDA receptor

Schizophrenia

NMDA receptor

schizophrenic

NMDA receptor

Schizophrenia

NMDA receptor

schizophrenic

NMDA receptor

Schizophrenia

NMDA receptor

schizophrenic

NMDA receptor

Schizophrenia

NMDA receptor

schizophrenic

NMDA Nr1

Schizophrenia

NMDA Nr1

schizophrenic

NMDA receptor

Schizophrenia

NMDA receptor

schizophrenic

NMDA Nr1

Schizophrenia

NMDA Nr1

schizophrenic


Input: Fluoxetine improves the memory deficits caused by the chemotherapy agent 5 - fluorouracil . Cancer patients who have been treated with systemic adjuvant chemotherapy have described experiencing deteriorations in cognition . A widely used chemotherapeutic agent , 5 - fluorouracil ( 5 - FU ) , readily crosses the blood - brain barrier and so could have a direct effect on brain function . In particular this anti mitotic drug could reduce cell proliferation in the neurogenic regions of the adult brain . In contrast reports indicate that hippocampal dependent neurogenesis and cognition are enhanced by the SSRI antidepressant Fluoxetine . In this investigation the behavioural effects of chronic ( two week ) treatment with 5 - FU and ( three weeks ) with Fluoxetine either separately or in combination with 5 - FU were tested on adult Lister hooded rats . Behavioural effects were tested using a context dependent conditioned emotional response test ( CER ) which showed that animals treated with 5 - FU had a significant reduction in freezing time compared to controls . A separate group of animals was tested using a hippocampal dependent spatial working memory test , the object location recognition test ( OLR ) . Animals treated only with 5 - FU showed significant deficits in their ability to carry out the OLR task but co administration of Fluoxetine improved their performance . 5 - FU chemotherapy caused a significant reduction in the number of proliferating cells in the sub granular zone of the dentate gyrus compared to controls . This reduction was eliminated when Fluoxetine was co administered with 5 - FU . Fluoxetine on its own had no effect on proliferating cell number or behaviour . These findings suggest that 5 - FU can negatively affect both cell proliferation and hippocampal dependent working memory and that these deficits can be reversed by the simultaneous administration of the antidepressant Fluoxetine .

Fluoxetine

5 - fluorouracil

5 - fluorouracil

5 - FU

SSRI

Fluoxetine

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Fluoxetine

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5 - FU

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Fluoxetine

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Fluoxetine

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Fluoxetine

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Fluoxetine

memory deficits

Cancer

patients

rats

5 - fluorouracil

Cancer

5 - fluorouracil

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

5 - FU

Cancer

Fluoxetine

5 - fluorouracil

Fluoxetine

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Fluoxetine

5 - FU

Fluoxetine

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Fluoxetine

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memory deficits

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memory deficits

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memory deficits

5 - FU


Input: Risk of nephropathy after consumption of nonionic contrast media by children undergoing cardiac angiography : a prospective study . Despite increasing reports on nonionic contrast media - induced nephropathy ( CIN ) in hospitalized adult patients during cardiac procedures , the studies in pediatrics are limited , with even less focus on possible predisposing factors and preventive measures for patients undergoing cardiac angiography . This prospective study determined the incidence of CIN for two nonionic contrast media ( CM ) , iopromide and iohexol , among 80 patients younger than 18 years and compared the rates for this complication in relation to the type and dosage of CM and the presence of cyanosis . The 80 patients in the study consecutively received either iopromide ( group A , n = 40 ) or iohexol ( group B , n = 40 ) . Serum sodium ( Na ) , potassium ( K ) , and creatinine ( Cr ) were measured 24 h before angiography as baseline values , then measured again at 12 - , 24 - , and 48 - h intervals after CM use . Urine samples for Na and Cr also were checked at the same intervals . Risk of renal failure , Injury to the kidney , Failure of kidney function , Loss of kidney function , and End - stage renal damage ( RIFLE criteria ) were used to define CIN and its incidence in the study population . Accordingly , among the 15 CIN patients ( 18 . 75 % ) , 7 . 5 % of the patients in group A had increased risk and 3 . 75 % had renal injury , whereas 5 % of group B had increased risk and 2 . 5 % had renal injury . Whereas 33 . 3 % of the patients with CIN were among those who received the proper dosage of CM , the percentage increased to 66 . 6 % among those who received larger doses , with a significant difference in the incidence of CIN related to the different dosages of CM ( p = 0 . 014 ) . Among the 15 patients with CIN , 6 had cyanotic congenital heart diseases , but the incidence did not differ significantly from that for the noncyanotic patients ( p = 0 . 243 ) . Although clinically silent , CIN is not rare in pediatrics . The incidence depends on dosage but not on the type of consumed nonionic CM , nor on the presence of cyanosis , and although CIN usually is reversible , more concern is needed for the prevention of such a complication in children .

nephropathy

nephropathy

CIN

CIN

cyanosis

renal failure

Injury to the kidney

Failure of kidney function

Loss of kidney function

renal damage

CIN

CIN

renal injury

renal injury

CIN

CIN

CIN

congenital heart diseases

CIN

cyanosis

CIN

contrast media

contrast media

contrast media

CM

iopromide

iohexol

CM

iopromide

iohexol

sodium

potassium

K

creatinine

Cr

CM

Cr

CM

CM

CM

patients

patients

patients

patients

patients

patients

patients

patients

patients

iopromide

Injury to the kidney

iopromide

renal injury

iopromide

renal injury

iopromide

Injury to the kidney

iopromide

renal injury

iopromide

renal injury

contrast media

nephropathy

contrast media

nephropathy

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

renal damage

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

nephropathy

contrast media

nephropathy

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

renal damage

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

nephropathy

contrast media

nephropathy

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

renal damage

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

contrast media

CIN

CM

nephropathy

CM

nephropathy

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

renal damage

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

nephropathy

CM

nephropathy

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

renal damage

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

nephropathy

CM

nephropathy

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

renal damage

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

nephropathy

CM

nephropathy

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

renal damage

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

nephropathy

CM

nephropathy

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

renal damage

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

nephropathy

CM

nephropathy

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

renal damage

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

CM

CIN

iohexol

Injury to the kidney

iohexol

renal injury

iohexol

renal injury

iohexol

Injury to the kidney

iohexol

renal injury

iohexol

renal injury

nephropathy

iopromide

nephropathy

iopromide

nephropathy

iopromide

nephropathy

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

renal damage

iopromide

renal damage

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

CIN

iopromide

nephropathy

iohexol

nephropathy

iohexol

nephropathy

iohexol

nephropathy

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

renal damage

iohexol

renal damage

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

CIN

iohexol

contrast media

cyanosis

contrast media

cyanosis

contrast media

cyanosis

contrast media

cyanosis

contrast media

cyanosis

contrast media

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis

CM

cyanosis


Input: Elevation of ADAM10 , ADAM17 , MMP - 2 and MMP - 9 expression with media degeneration features CaCl2 - induced thoracic aortic aneurysm in a rat model . PURPOSE : This study was designed to establish a rat model of thoracic aortic aneurysm ( TAA ) by calcium chloride ( CaCl ( 2 ) ) - induced arterial injury and to explore the potential role of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase ( ADAM ) , matrix metalloproteinases ( MMPs ) and their endogenous inhibitors ( TIMPs ) in TAA formation . METHODS : Thoracic aorta of male Sprague - Dawley rats was exposed to 0 . 5M CaCl ( 2 ) or normal saline ( NaCl ) . After 12weeks , animals were euthanized , and CaCl ( 2 ) - treated , CaCl ( 2 ) - untreated ( n = 12 ) and NaCl - treated aortic segments ( n = 12 ) were collected for histological and molecular assessments . MMP - TIMP and ADAM mRNAs were semi - quantitatively analyzed and protein expressions were determined by immunohistochemistry . RESULTS : Despite similar external diameters among CaCl ( 2 ) - treated , non - CaCl ( 2 ) - treated and NaCl - treated segments , aneurymal alteration ( n = 6 , 50 % ) , media degeneration with regional disruption , fragmentation of elastic fiber , and increased collagen deposition ( n = 12 , 100 % ) were demonstrated in CaCl ( 2 ) - treated segments . MMP - 2 , MMP - 9 , ADAM - 10 and ADAM - 17 mRNA levels were increased in CaCl ( 2 ) - treated segments ( all p < 0 . 01 ) , with trends of elevation in CaCl ( 2 ) - untreated segments , as compared with NaCl - treated segments . Immunohistochemistry displayed significantly increased expressions of MMP - 2 , MMP - 9 , ADAM - 10 and ADAM - 17 ( all p < 0 . 01 ) in intima and media for CaCl ( 2 ) - treated segments . TIMP mRNA and tissue levels did not differ obviously among the three aortic segments . CONCLUSION : This study establishes a TAA model by periarterial CaCl ( 2 ) exposure in rats , and demonstrates a significant elevation of expression of MMP - 2 , MMP - 9 , ADAM10 and ADAM17 in the pathogenesis of vascular remodeling .

MMP - 2

MMP - 9

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

ADAM

matrix metalloproteinases

MMPs

MMP

TIMP

ADAM

MMP - 2

MMP - 9

ADAM - 10

ADAM - 17

MMP - 2

MMP - 9

ADAM - 10

ADAM - 17

TIMP

MMP - 2

MMP - 9

calcium chloride

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

NaCl

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

NaCl

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

NaCl

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

NaCl

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

TAA

arterial injury

TAA

TAA

rat

rat

rats

rats

arterial injury

calcium chloride

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

CaCl ( 2 )

arterial injury

thoracic aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

TAA

TAA

TAA

calcium chloride

thoracic aortic aneurysm

calcium chloride

thoracic aortic aneurysm

calcium chloride

TAA

calcium chloride

TAA

calcium chloride

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

thoracic aortic aneurysm

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

CaCl ( 2 )

TAA

MMP - 9

MMP - 9

calcium chloride

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

matrix metalloproteinases

calcium chloride

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

matrix metalloproteinases

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

MMPs

calcium chloride

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMPs

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

MMP

calcium chloride

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

MMP - 9

calcium chloride

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

MMP - 9

calcium chloride

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

MMP - 9

calcium chloride

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

MMP - 2

calcium chloride

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

MMP - 2

calcium chloride

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

MMP - 2

calcium chloride

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

MMP - 2

calcium chloride

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 2

CaCl ( 2 )

calcium chloride

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

calcium chloride

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

ADAM

calcium chloride

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

ADAM

calcium chloride

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

ADAM - 17

calcium chloride

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

ADAM - 17

calcium chloride

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 17

CaCl ( 2 )

calcium chloride

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

calcium chloride

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

ADAM - 10

calcium chloride

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

ADAM - 10

calcium chloride

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

ADAM - 10

CaCl ( 2 )

calcium chloride

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

CaCl ( 2 )

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

matrix metalloproteinases

thoracic aortic aneurysm

matrix metalloproteinases

thoracic aortic aneurysm

matrix metalloproteinases

TAA

matrix metalloproteinases

TAA

matrix metalloproteinases

TAA

MMPs

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMPs

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMPs

TAA

MMPs

TAA

MMPs

TAA

MMP

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP

TAA

MMP

TAA

MMP

TAA

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 9

TAA

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

thoracic aortic aneurysm

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

MMP - 2

TAA

thoracic aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

TAA

TAA

TAA

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

thoracic aortic aneurysm

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

thoracic aortic aneurysm

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

TAA

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

TAA

a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

TAA

ADAM

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM

TAA

ADAM

TAA

ADAM

TAA

ADAM

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM

TAA

ADAM

TAA

ADAM

TAA

ADAM - 17

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 17

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 17

TAA

ADAM - 17

TAA

ADAM - 17

TAA

ADAM - 17

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 17

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 17

TAA

ADAM - 17

TAA

ADAM - 17

TAA

thoracic aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

TAA

TAA

TAA

thoracic aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

TAA

TAA

TAA

ADAM - 10

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 10

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 10

TAA

ADAM - 10

TAA

ADAM - 10

TAA

ADAM - 10

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 10

thoracic aortic aneurysm

ADAM - 10

TAA

ADAM - 10

TAA

ADAM - 10

TAA

thoracic aortic aneurysm

thoracic aortic aneurysm

TAA

TAA

TAA


Input: Biochemical effects of Solidago virgaurea extract on experimental cardiotoxicity . Cardiovascular diseases ( CVDs ) are the major health problem of advanced as well as developing countries of the world . The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of the Solidago virgaurea extract on isoproterenol - induced cardiotoxicity in rats . The subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol ( 30 mg / kg ) into rats twice at an interval of 24 h , for two consecutive days , led to a significant increase in serum lactate dehydrogenase , creatine phosphokinase , alanine transaminase , aspartate transaminase , and angiotensin - converting enzyme activities , total cholesterol , triglycerides , free serum fatty acid , cardiac tissue malondialdehyde ( MDA ) , and nitric oxide levels and a significant decrease in levels of glutathione and superoxide dismutase in cardiac tissue as compared to the normal control group ( P < 0 . 05 ) . Pretreatment with S . virgaurea extract for 5 weeks at a dose of 250 mg / kg followed by isoproterenol injection significantly prevented the observed alterations . Captopril ( 50 mg / kg / day , given orally ) , an inhibitor of angiotensin - converting enzyme used as a standard cardioprotective drug , was used as a positive control in this study . The data of the present study suggest that S . virgaurea extract exerts its protective effect by decreasing MDA level and increasing the antioxidant status in isoproterenol - treated rats . The study emphasizes the beneficial action of S . virgaurea extract as a cardioprotective agent .

Solidago virgaurea extract

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

isoproterenol

cholesterol

triglycerides

fatty acid

malondialdehyde

MDA

nitric oxide

glutathione

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Captopril

cardioprotective drug

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

cardioprotective agent

cardiotoxicity

Cardiovascular diseases

CVDs

cardiotoxicity

rats

rats

rats

lactate dehydrogenase

creatine phosphokinase

alanine transaminase

aspartate transaminase

angiotensin - converting enzyme

superoxide dismutase

angiotensin - converting enzyme

Captopril

angiotensin - converting enzyme

Captopril

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

superoxide dismutase

isoproterenol

superoxide dismutase

isoproterenol

superoxide dismutase

isoproterenol

superoxide dismutase

isoproterenol

glutathione

isoproterenol

glutathione

isoproterenol

glutathione

isoproterenol

glutathione

Solidago virgaurea extract

malondialdehyde

Solidago virgaurea extract

MDA

Solidago virgaurea extract

MDA

Solidago virgaurea extract

malondialdehyde

Solidago virgaurea extract

MDA

Solidago virgaurea extract

MDA

S . virgaurea extract

malondialdehyde

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

S . virgaurea extract

malondialdehyde

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

S . virgaurea extract

malondialdehyde

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

S . virgaurea extract

MDA

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

S . virgaurea extract

isoproterenol

Solidago virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

Solidago virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

Solidago virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

Solidago virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

S . virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

S . virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

S . virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

S . virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

S . virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

S . virgaurea extract

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

lactate dehydrogenase

isoproterenol

lactate dehydrogenase

isoproterenol

lactate dehydrogenase

isoproterenol

lactate dehydrogenase

isoproterenol

creatine phosphokinase

isoproterenol

creatine phosphokinase

isoproterenol

creatine phosphokinase

isoproterenol

creatine phosphokinase

isoproterenol

alanine transaminase

isoproterenol

alanine transaminase

isoproterenol

alanine transaminase

isoproterenol

alanine transaminase

isoproterenol

aspartate transaminase

isoproterenol

aspartate transaminase

isoproterenol

aspartate transaminase

isoproterenol

aspartate transaminase

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

angiotensin - converting enzyme

isoproterenol

nitric oxide

isoproterenol

nitric oxide

isoproterenol

nitric oxide

isoproterenol

nitric oxide

isoproterenol

malondialdehyde

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

malondialdehyde

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

malondialdehyde

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

malondialdehyde

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

MDA

isoproterenol

fatty acid

isoproterenol

fatty acid

isoproterenol

fatty acid

isoproterenol

fatty acid

isoproterenol

triglycerides

isoproterenol

triglycerides

isoproterenol

triglycerides

isoproterenol

triglycerides

isoproterenol

cholesterol

isoproterenol

cholesterol

isoproterenol

cholesterol

isoproterenol

cholesterol

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity

isoproterenol

cardiotoxicity


Input: Glial activation and post - synaptic neurotoxicity : the key events in Streptozotocin ( ICV ) induced memory impairment in rats . In the present study the role of glial activation and post synaptic toxicity in ICV Streptozotocin ( STZ ) induced memory impaired rats was explored . In experiment set up 1 : Memory deficit was found in Morris water maze test on 14 - 16 days after STZ ( ICV ; 3mg / Kg ) administration . STZ causes increased expression of GFAP , CD11b and TNF - a indicating glial activation and neuroinflammation . STZ also significantly increased the level of ROS , nitrite , Ca ( 2 + ) and reduced the mitochondrial activity in synaptosomal preparation illustrating free radical generation and excitotoxicity . Increased expression and activity of Caspase - 3 was also observed in STZ treated rat which specify apoptotic cell death in hippocampus and cortex . STZ treatment showed decrease expression of post synaptic markers CaMKIIa and PSD - 95 , while , expression of pre synaptic markers ( synaptophysin and SNAP - 25 ) remains unaltered indicating selective post synaptic neurotoxicity . Oral treatment with Memantine ( 10mg / kg ) and Ibuprofen ( 50 mg / kg ) daily for 13 days attenuated STZ induced glial activation , apoptotic cell death and post synaptic neurotoxicity in rat brain . Further , in experiment set up 2 : where memory function was not affected i . e . 7 - 9 days after STZ treatment . The level of GFAP , CD11b , TNF - a , ROS and nitrite levels were increased . On the other hand , apoptotic marker , synaptic markers , mitochondrial activity and Ca ( 2 + ) levels remained unaffected . Collective data indicates that neuroinflammatory process and oxidative stress occurs earlier to apoptosis and does not affect memory function . Present study clearly suggests that glial activation and post synaptic neurotoxicity are the key factors in STZ induced memory impairment and neuronal cell death .

neurotoxicity

memory impairment

toxicity

memory impaired

Memory deficit

neuroinflammation

excitotoxicity

neurotoxicity

neurotoxicity

neuroinflammatory

neurotoxicity

memory impairment

Streptozotocin

Streptozotocin

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

ROS

nitrite

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

STZ

Memantine

Ibuprofen

STZ

STZ

ROS

nitrite

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

rats

rats

rat

rat

GFAP

TNF - a

Caspase - 3

CaMKIIa

PSD - 95

synaptophysin

SNAP - 25

GFAP

TNF - a

Ibuprofen

neurotoxicity

Ibuprofen

neurotoxicity

Ibuprofen

neurotoxicity

Ibuprofen

neurotoxicity

Memantine

neurotoxicity

Memantine

neurotoxicity

Memantine

neurotoxicity

Memantine

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

Ibuprofen

Streptozotocin

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

STZ

Ibuprofen

Streptozotocin

Memantine

Streptozotocin

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

STZ

Memantine

Streptozotocin

CaMKIIa

Streptozotocin

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

STZ

CaMKIIa

Streptozotocin

PSD - 95

Streptozotocin

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

STZ

PSD - 95

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

STZ

neurotoxicity

Streptozotocin

Caspase - 3

Streptozotocin

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

STZ

Caspase - 3

Streptozotocin

Ca ( 2 + )

Streptozotocin

Ca ( 2 + )

Streptozotocin

Ca ( 2 + )

Streptozotocin

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

STZ

Ca ( 2 + )

Streptozotocin

ROS

Streptozotocin

ROS

Streptozotocin

ROS

Streptozotocin

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

STZ

ROS

Streptozotocin

nitrite

Streptozotocin

nitrite

Streptozotocin

nitrite

Streptozotocin

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

STZ

nitrite

Streptozotocin

TNF - a

Streptozotocin

TNF - a

Streptozotocin

TNF - a

Streptozotocin

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

STZ

TNF - a

Streptozotocin

neuroinflammation

Streptozotocin

neuroinflammatory

Streptozotocin

neuroinflammation

Streptozotocin

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

STZ

neuroinflammation

STZ

neuroinflammatory

Streptozotocin

Streptozotocin

Streptozotocin

Streptozotocin

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

STZ

Streptozotocin

GFAP

Streptozotocin

GFAP

Streptozotocin

GFAP

Streptozotocin

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

STZ

GFAP

Streptozotocin

memory impairment

Streptozotocin

memory impaired

Streptozotocin

Memory deficit

Streptozotocin

memory impairment

Streptozotocin

memory impairment

Streptozotocin

memory impaired

Streptozotocin

Memory deficit

Streptozotocin

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impairment

STZ

memory impaired

STZ

Memory deficit

STZ

memory impairment


Input: Pre - treatment of bupivacaine - induced cardiovascular depression using different lipid formulations of propofol . BACKGROUND : Pre - treatment with lipid emulsions has been shown to increase lethal doses of bupivacaine , and the lipid content of propofol may alleviate bupivacaine - induced cardiotoxicity . The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of propofol in intralipid or medialipid emulsions on bupivacaine - induced cardiotoxicity . METHODS : Rats were anaesthetised with ketamine and were given 0 . 5 mg / kg / min propofol in intralipid ( Group P ) , propofol in medialipid ( Group L ) , or saline ( Group C ) over 20 min . Thereafter , 2 mg / kg / min bupivacaine 0 . 5 % was infused . We recorded time to first dysrhythmia occurrence , respective times to 25 % and 50 % reduction of the heart rate ( HR ) and mean arterial pressure , and time to asystole and total amount of bupivacaine consumption . Blood and tissue samples were collected following asystole . RESULTS : The time to first dysrhythmia occurrence , time to 25 % and 50 % reductions in HR , and time to asystole were longer in Group P than the other groups . The cumulative bupivacaine dose given at those time points was higher in Group P . Plasma bupivacaine levels were significantly lower in Group P than in Group C . Bupivacaine levels in the brain and heart were significantly lower in Group P and Group L than in Group C . CONCLUSION : We conclude that pre - treatment with propofol in intralipid , compared with propofol in medialipid or saline , delayed the onset of bupivacaine - induced cardiotoxic effects as well as reduced plasma bupivacaine levels . Further studies are needed to explore tissue bupivacaine levels of propofol in medialipid and adapt these results to clinical practice .

bupivacaine

lipid

propofol

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

intralipid

medialipid

bupivacaine

ketamine

propofol

intralipid

propofol

medialipid

bupivacaine

bupivacaine

bupivacaine

bupivacaine

Bupivacaine

propofol

intralipid

propofol

medialipid

bupivacaine

bupivacaine

bupivacaine

propofol

medialipid

cardiovascular depression

cardiotoxicity

cardiotoxicity

dysrhythmia

asystole

asystole

dysrhythmia

asystole

cardiotoxic

Rats

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

Bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

lipid emulsions

bupivacaine

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

lipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

medialipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

propofol

intralipid

lipid

cardiotoxicity

lipid

cardiotoxicity

lipid

cardiotoxic

lipid

cardiotoxicity

lipid

cardiotoxicity

lipid

cardiotoxic

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxic

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxic

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxic

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxicity

medialipid

cardiotoxic

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

Bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

Bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

lipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

Bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

Bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

Bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

Bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

medialipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

cardiotoxicity

intralipid

cardiotoxicity

intralipid

cardiotoxic

intralipid

cardiotoxicity

intralipid

cardiotoxicity

intralipid

cardiotoxic

intralipid

cardiotoxicity

intralipid

cardiotoxicity

intralipid

cardiotoxic

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

Bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

Bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

Bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

intralipid

bupivacaine

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxicity

propofol

cardiotoxic

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

cardiovascular depression

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

Bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

propofol

bupivacaine

intralipid

lipid

intralipid

lipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

lipid

intralipid

lipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

lipid

intralipid

lipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

intralipid

medialipid

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

Bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

Bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

Bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxicity

bupivacaine

cardiotoxic

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

Bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression

bupivacaine

cardiovascular depression